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A semiconductor optical device, for example a laser, has a composite optical waveguide including a tapered, MQW active waveguide in optical contact with a substantially planar, passive waveguide. The fundamental optical mode supported by the composite waveguide varies along the length of the composite waveguide so that, in a laser, the laser mode is enlarged and is a better match to single mode optical fibre. A method for making such semiconductor optical devices is also disclosed.
1. A method for making a semiconductor optical device, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) epitaxially growing a planar wafer on a substrate, the wafer comprising an optically active region above an optically passive region;
(b) defining a first mesa comprising the active region;
(c) forming a mask on the first mesa, the width of the mask being less than the width of said first mesa, the mask width varying along the length of the mask; and
(d) defining a second mesa, of substantially the same width as the first mesa, which second mesa comprises the passive region, and redefining the first mesa to correspond to the mask.
2. A method for making a semiconductor optical device as in claim 1 further comprising the steps of:
(e) reducing the width of the active region by etching with a selective etchant; and
(f) performing a heat treatment sufficient to cause material transport.
3. A method for making a semiconductor optical device as in claim 1 further comprising the steps of:
(g) performing a first stage overgrowth to form optical and electrical confinement layers along the sides of said first and second mesas; and
(h) performing a second stage overgrowth over the first and second mesas.
4. A method for making a semiconductor optical device as in claim 1 wherein step a is carried out using metal organic vapour phase epitaxy.
5. A method for making a semiconductor optical device as in claim 2 further comprising the steps of:
(g) performing a first stage overgrowth to form optical and electrical confinement layers along the sides of said first and second mesas; and
(h) performing a second stage overgrowth over the first and second mesas.
6. A method for making a semiconductor optical device as in claim 2 wherein step a is carried out using metal organic vapour phase epitaxy.
7. A method for making a semiconductor optical device as in claim 3 wherein at least one of steps g and h is carried out using metal organic vapour phase epitaxy.
This application is a division of our prior application Ser. No. 08/700,925 filed Aug. 23, 1996 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,929 which is, in turn, a continuation of PCT application PCT/GB95/00387 filed Feb. 24, 1995 which, in turn, is a continuation-in-part of 08/252,006 filed May 31, 1994.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor optical device, and to a method for fabricating a semiconductor optical device, and in particular to a semiconductor optical device which is adapted to form a low loss interconnection with an optical fibre.
2. Related Art
The development of semiconductor devices and optical fibres, for example for use in optical communications systems, has occurred very much in isolation from each other. Semiconductor devices, for example lasers, have been developed and optimised with their own particular requirements in mind, for example for lasers, low threshold, high bandwidth, narrow linewidth and high output power are all desirable. These requirements, in combination with the fundamental limitations imposed by the available semiconductor materials, in particular their refractive index, has meant that very small waveguide modes have been essential in order to optimise the functionality of these semiconductor optical devices. In contrast, the requirements for optical fibres have been the need for low loss, low material and waveguide dispersion, a range of mechanical properties (including being handleable), and the ability to be spliced. Although the progression from multi-mode to single mode fibres has seen a reduction in the waveguide mode size for optical fibres, the mode size for single mode fibres which in practice can be spliced, is very much larger than the waveguide mode sizes found in semiconductor optical devices. The spot size (1/e2 diameter) of standard telecommunications single mode optical fibre at a wavelength of 1.55 μm is approximately 10 μm, whereas the spot size at the output facet of a typical double hetrostructure semiconductor laser is 1.0 μm by 1.5 μm.
This large mismatch between the mode spot sizes of semiconductor optical devices and optical fibres means that coupling efficiencies between the two are very low, for example as low as 10% for a laser and a cleaved single mode fibre. In addition, tight alignment tolerances are required in order to maximise the coupling efficiency between a semiconductor laser and an optical fibre, which dramatically increases the cost of packaging semiconductor devices. One of the key economic requirements for the implementation of FTTH (fibre to the home) is the availability of low cost packaged semiconductor lasers. The largest proportion of the cost of the laser is incurred in packaging the device, and a major contribution to this cost is the need to use sub-micron active fibre alignment techniques to align the fibre to the semiconductor laser.
A technique for increasing the coupling efficiency between semiconductor devices and optical fibre is described in "Low Loss Coupling Between Semiconductor Laser And Single Mode Fibre Using Tapered Lensed Fibres" I W Marshall, British Telecom Technology Journal, Vol. 4, No. 2, April 1986. This paper describes how lenses can be formed on the end of single mode fibres by first drawing the fibre to a taper, by holding it under tension in the arc of a fusion splicer, and then forming a lens by melting the tip of the taper. While this technique does indeed increase the coupling efficiency between the fibre and the semiconductor laser, it significantly increases the cost of packaging these devices. In addition to the cost of actually forming the lens, higher alignment tolerances are required when such a lens is utilised, relative to those required with a cleaved fibre end. This arises because the sensitivity of the coupling loss to misalignment of the lensed fibre increases as the lens radius decreases, so that alignment tolerances must be traded for increased coupling efficiency.
An alternative approach to increasing the coupling efficiency between semiconductor optical devices and optical fibres, which also reduces the alignment tolerances required when packaging these devices, comprises the use of passive mode converters. Such devices are described in, for example, "Highly Efficient Fibre Waveguide Coupling Achieved By InGaAsP/InP Integrated Optical Mode Shape Adapters" presented at European Conference on Optical Communications 1993 by T Brenner and H Melchior and "Spot Size Converters Using InP/InAlAs Multiquantum Well Waveguides For Low Loss Single Mode Fibre Coupling" Electronic Letters 1992, Vol. 28, pp 1610-1617, N Yoshimoto et al. These devices are passive optical components which serve to optically connect single mode fibres to semiconductor devices by utilising tapered waveguide sections to transform the small semiconductor modes into the much larger mode of a single mode fibre. A very gradual change in the waveguide parameters of these passive mode converters is required to allow the optical mode to expand adiabatically, in order to avoid high losses. Although these passive mode converters do improve the coupling efficiency between semiconductor devices and optical fibres, and also increase the alignment tolerances, they comprise a further component which must be aligned and packaged between the semiconductor optical device and the optical fibre, and thus increase the complexity, size and cost of these packaged devices.
A laser having an integrated passive tapered waveguide which increases its output spot size is described in "Tapered Waveguide InGaAs/InGaAsP Multiple Quantum Well Lasers" T L Koch et al, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 2, No. 2, February 1990. This device employs a conventional multi-quantum well active layer, and a number of passive waveguide layers which are successively etched at different points along the length of the device in order to achieve a stepped, tapered waveguide. The active layer is evanescently coupled to the passive tapered waveguide, and a further passive "outrigger" waveguide spaced a considerable distance from the tapered waveguide, is also employed. The design allows little flexibility for the optimisation of the laser, for example the active layer is limited in thickness by the need to achieve a high degree of evanescent coupling to the passive tapered waveguide. This thickness limit on the active layer limits the high temperature performance of the laser. Furthermore the use of a stepped, tapered passive waveguide requires a large number of additional stages of photolithography, and thus considerably increases the complexity and cost of device fabrication.
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a semiconductor optical device comprising a composite optical waveguide having first and second ends, the composite waveguide comprising:
a first optically waveguiding region of semiconductor material, which first region is optically passive and is substantially planar, and
a second optically waveguiding region of semiconductor material, which second region is optically active, comprises a multi-quantum well structure, and is tapered along a substantial part of the length of the second region, from the first end to the second end of the composite waveguide, in a direction substantially parallel to the plane of the first region,
wherein the first and second regions are in optical contact, and the size of the fundamental optical mode supported by the composite waveguide varies along the length of the composite waveguide and wherein the first region is of substantially constant width along the length of the composite waveguide.
Thus, in contrast to the device disclosed by Koch et al which comprises an active region of uniform cross-section, and a tapered passive region, a device according to the present invention comprises a tapered multi-quantum well active region in optical contact with a passive planar waveguide. This arrangement gives far greater flexibility in the design of active semiconductor optical devices having large output spot sizes. For example, because the multi-quantum well active region is laterally tapered i.e. tapered in a direction parallel to the plane of the passive waveguide, there is greater flexibility in the allowable thickness of the active layer. This multi-quantum well active layer can be chosen to be sufficiently thick that the device has good high temperature performance, without degrading the degree of optical coupling between the active and passive waveguides. This extra degree of flexibility in design arises because the active region becomes less strongly guiding as it is tapered, and because it comprises a multi-quantum well structure. The use of a multi-quantum well structure allows greater flexability in the design of the composite waveguide, for example, the average refractive index of the active layer can be kept reasonably low, while still ensuring that effective amplification occurs in this active region. The use of a lower refractive index active layer, facilitated by the presence of a multi-quantum well structure, enables the length of the tapered portion of the active region to be reduced. Furthermore, due to the lower average refractive index of a multi-quantum well active region, this active region can be truncated at a larger width, thus reducing the overall device length. Since the costs of a semiconductor device are in part related to the size of the semiconductor chip employed, this reduction in taper length will allow a reduction in device cost.
The use of a multi-quantum well structure active region also facilitates the simplification of the passive waveguiding region, and preferably the passive region is of substantially constant width along the length of the composite waveguide.
The present invention thus provides, for example, a laser having a large spot size output which is better matched to the spot size of standard single mode telecommunications optical fibre, whose other characteristics, for example threshold current, and high temperature performance, have not been unduly compromised. Such large spot size lasers achieve higher coupling efficiencies to optical fibres, and thus allow simple cleaved fibre ends, rather than expensive tapered lensed fibre ends, to be employed. The use of cleaved fibre ends, in combination with a large spot sized laser, may improve the fibre alignment tolerances to such an extent that low cost passive (i.e. without active monitoring of the laser light launched into the fibre) fibre alignment techniques could be employed during the packaging process. Conventional semiconductor laser packages incorporate an active cooling device (e.g. a Peltier element) for maintaining the temperature of the laser chip at a low level, for example at, or below room temperature. A further reduction in the cost of packaged lasers may be achieved if the active cooling device for the laser chip is excluded. This may be possible with lasers according to the present invention because of their good high temperature performance.
Advantageously the tapered part of the optically active region is truncated. Although truncation of the taper does cause loss due to the discontinuity in refractive index experienced by light travelling down the taper, it has surprisingly been found that this truncation loss does not greatly affect the performance of devices according to the present invention. This truncation of the taper allows the taper length to be reduced significantly. Furthermore, it is believed that truncating the taper avoids the undesirable effect of non-radiative recombinations at the edge of the active region which could become significant as the active volume is reduced.
Advantageously the optically active region is tapered in a direction substantially perpendicular to the plane of the passive region. Reducing the height, as well as the width, of the optically active region will further reduce the strength of the optical waveguiding of this region, thus increasing further the size of the optical mode supported by the composite waveguide. Tapering the height of the optically active region may also reduce the loss due to truncation of the taper.
According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a method, comprising the steps of
1) epitaxially growing a planar wafer comprising an active region above a passive region;
2) defining a first mesa comprising the active region;
3) forming a mask on the first mesa, the width of the mask being less than the width of said first mesa, the mask width varying along the length of the mask; and
4) defining a second mesa, of substantially the same width as the first mesa, which second mesa comprises the passive region, and redefining the first mesa to correspond to the mask.
The method of the present invention thus provides a simple, two stage, technique for defining a composite waveguide structure having a tapered active region, and a planar passive region. The method has the further advantage that optical and electrical confinement layers can be easily grown right up to the sides of the first and second mesas, for example to form the reversed biassed current blocking layers of a buried hetrostructure device.
The invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 shows a schematic of the composite waveguide structure employed in a large spot size laser according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph of the critical taper length against the width of the active waveguide, calculated using Love's method;
FIG. 3 is a graph of the single pass loss vs. active waveguide width truncation for a 16 well MQW active layer on a 3.0 μm wide, 0.16 μm thick passive guide;
FIG. 4 shows an epitaxially grown planar wafer;
FIGS. 5 a) to e) show various stages in the growth of a double mesa structure, of a large spot size laser according to the invention;
FIGS. 6 a) to d) show further stages in the growth of the double mesa structure from each end of the device;
FIGS. 7 a) and b) shows the device after notching, and material transport, with the confinement layers in place;
FIGS. 8 a) and b) shows the device after second stage overgrowth;
FIGS. 9 a) and b) show a schematic cross section of the completed device from each end;
FIG. 10 is a graph of the threshold current of large spot size lasers according to the invention having different taper lengths, as a function of temperature;
FIG. 11 is a graph showing the coupling efficiency of large spot size lasers of different taper lengths to standard cleaved fibre;
FIG. 12 is a graph showing the coupling efficiency of large spot size lasers having different taper lengths to cleaved small core fibre;
FIG. 13 is a contour plot showing the optical field distribution calculated for a 7 μm wide, 0.07 μm thick, 1.1 μm quaternary passive waveguide with 5 μm InP overgrowth and arsenic doped silica glass (ASG);
FIG. 14 is a graph showing the truncation loss against active waveguide width for a 16 well active layer device having the passive waveguide shown in FIG. 13;
FIG. 15 is a graph showing the critical taper length according to Love's method for a 16 well active layer device having the passive waveguide shown in FIG. 13;
FIG. 16 is a graph showing truncation loss against active waveguide width for an 8 well strained active layer device having the passive waveguide shown in FIG. 13;
FIG. 17 shows the critical taper length by Love's method for an 8 well strained active layer device having the passive waveguide shown in FIG. 13;
FIG. 18 is a graph showing the taper profile for a linear taper, and a three section taper of 60 μm taper length, compared to the critical taper length by Love's method;
FIG. 19 is a graph of calculated field profiles for 10μm core single mode fibre and a large spot laser having a 7 μm wide, 700 Å thick passive region;
FIG. 20 is a graph of coupling loss measured to 10 μm core cleaved fibre as a function of taper length measured at 50 mA drive current and 20� C., for a large spot size laser having an 8 well MQW active region and 7 μm wide, 700 Å thick passive region; and
FIG. 21 is a graph of coupling loss measured to 10 μm core cleaved fibre as a function of taper length measured at 50 mA drive current and 20� C. for large spot size laser having 8 well MQW active region, and 5 μm wide, 800 Å thick passive region.
The exemplary embodiment of the present invention is a large spot size laser, although it will be appreciated that the present invention may be advantageously applied to any semiconductor optical device, and that some such devices, for example an optical amplifier, may require the optically active region to be tapered at both of its ends.
When designing a large spot size laser, a number of, sometimes conflicting, design considerations need to be taken into account. The passive waveguide should have a spot size which is well matched to the spot size of the waveguide into which the laser mode is to be launched, for example an optical fibre or an ASG (arsenic doped silica glass) waveguide. The tapered active region needs to be tapered sufficiently slowly so as not to cause excessive loss, and yet sufficiently rapidly so as to give a device of reasonable length. The theoretical basis of these design considerations will now be discussed, before describing the fabrication of a large spot size laser, and the performance of the resulting device.
Referring to FIG. 1, the composite waveguide structure comprises an MQW (multi-quantum well) active waveguide 1 and a passive planar waveguide 2. The active waveguide comprises a section of constant width 3, and a tapered section 4.
Dealing firstly with the design of the passive waveguide 2. The passive guide structure 2 was modelled using a finite difference programme which indicated that a passive guide 0.16 μm thick by 3.0 μm wide would give a spot size of 3.8 μm by 2.6 μm, where the spot size was measured as 1/e2 of the guided mode intensity. These results show this structure is a good candidate for the passive guide, since its spot size would be well matched to both cleaved small core fibre and ASG waveguides (which have a spot size of approximately 3.5 μm). The choice available for the material wavelength, and therefore refraction index, of the passive guide 2 is fairly broad. The main consideration is that the material wavelength of the passive guide 2 should be less than that of the active region 1 to ensure it is low loss. Reducing the wavelength and therefore refractive index of the passive guide 2 will allow its thickness to be increased, thus giving a degree of design latitude. The passive waveguide should have a thickness and refractive index which ensure that it remains single-moded at the wavelength of operation, for efficient coupling to single mode optical fibre.
The length of the passive waveguide 2 should be greater than the length of the active waveguide 1, so that after the end of the tapered active waveguide the mode of the composite waveguide is allowed to "settle down" before it reaches the front facet of the device. This is desirable because the spot size of the mode at the point where the tapered region is truncated will in general be smaller than the guided mode supported by the passive region. Therefore once the mode passes from the tapered region into the passive region, having incurred some loss at the interface of said regions, it will slowly expand and evolve into the passive waveguide mode. The length of the passive region required to achieve this is dependant on the design of both the active and passive guides.
Turning now to the design of the active waveguide 1 and in particular to the length of the tapered section 4, the method employed to calculate the required taper length is an approximation based on Love's method (see J D Love, W M Henry, W J Stewart, R J Black, S Lacroix and F Gonthier, "Tapered Single Mode Fibres and Devices, Part 1: Adiabaticity Criteria", IEE Proc J, 1991, Vol 138, No. 5, pp343-354) of calculating critical taper lengths for optical fibres. The method is derived from the physical argument that the local taper length must be larger than the coupling length between the fundamental mode and the dominant coupling mode if loss is to be small. A local taper angle is defined by Q(z)=tan-1 |dp/dz| where z is the distance along the taper, and p=p(z) is the local guide radius. In this approximation the local radius ρ is replaced by the local active half width w. The coupling length between the fundamental and second mode is taken to be the beat length zb. Where ##EQU1## and β1 and β2 are the respective propagation constants. Therefore the local taper angle is given by ##EQU2## where n1 and n2 are the effective indices of the guided modes and in this case n2 is the substrate index if the guide is designed to be single moded. Integrating Q over all active widths gives a critical taper length zc. For taper lengths >>zc the loss will be small and the taper can be assumed to be adiabatic. While for taper lengths <<zc there will be significant loss into the substrate.
The critical taper length according to these calculations for different widths of active waveguide 1 are plotted in FIG. 2. From this it can be seen that as the active waveguide width is reduced, and particularly as it approaches zero, the taper length required for adiabatic mode expansion increases rapidly. Therefore it is important to assess the loss of the composite waveguide structure if the active width is truncated before it has tapered down to zero width. This truncation loss is calculated by carrying out an overlap integration between the passive waveguide mode and the mode in the tapered waveguide at the specified active width. The field profiles required for these integrals are obtained using a finite difference method. The results of this calculation are plotted in FIG. 3 and it can be seen that if the active waveguide width is reduced to 0.3 μm prior to truncation the single pass is <1 dB. It should be noted that these loss values assume that the guide taper has been adiabatic up to the point of truncation.
The length of the untapered section 3 of the active waveguide required, depends on the design of the active region, and the length of the taper 4. The length of the untapered section 3 required is reduced as the available gain from the active region is increased, or the length of the tapered section 4 is increased. The amount of gain available from the active region can be increased, in a multiquantum well laser, by increasing the number of wells. This has the effect of reducing the device length required for a specified threshold current. Clearly as the length of the tapered section 4 of the active region is increased, the length of untapered section 3 required will reduce, and it should be noted that with very long taper lengths, for example 800 m μm, an untapered section 3 of the active region may not be required at all.
A further advantage in employing a MQW structure active region, as opposed to a bulk semiconductor active region, is that the average refractive index of the active region can be reduced compared to that of a bulk active region. This enables the refractive index of the active region to approach more closely the index of the passive waveguide, with the effect that a lower loss is suffered by the composite mode at the end of the active region.
The fabrication of a large spot size laser will now be described. The process schedule for the fabrication of the large spot size laser is as follows:
______________________________________ 1 Grow planar wafer 2 Define first, wide mesa 3 Define second tapered mesa 4 Notch active layer, heat treat to cause material transport and carry out first stage overgrowth of confinement layers 5 Remove oxide 6 Carry out second stage overgrowth 7 Define ternary mesa 8 Define contact window 9 Thin to 90 μm 10 Deposit p side metal 11 Deposit n side metal______________________________________
With reference to FIG. 4, a planar wafer is grown by conventional MOVPE techniques, comprising an n doped InP substrate 5, an n doped InP buffer layer 6, a 1.1 μm quaternary passive waveguide layer 7 which may be either n doped or undoped, an n doped InP spacer layer 8, an active layer 9, and a p doped top InP layer 10. Further details of these layers are given in Table 1.
TABLE 1______________________________________Layer Composition Thickness Doping______________________________________Cap InP 0.2 μm p5-7e17 Top SCH 1.3 Q 100 Å nominally undoped MQW active See below 0.268 μm nominally undoped Bottom SCH 1.3 Q 100 Å nominally undoped Spacer layer InP 0.2 μm n 1-2e18 Passive guide 1.1 Q 0.16 μm n 1-2e18 Buffer InP 3 μm n 1-2e18 Substrate InP 300 μm n 1-2e18______________________________________
Where the term SCH refers to a separate confinement heterostructure. The MQW active layer is composed of sixteen 80 Å thick InGaAs wells, separated by fifteen 80 Å 1.3 Q barriers, and has an average refractive index of 3.477 at 1.55 μm (cf 3.56 for bulk active material designed to lase at 1.55 μm).
Since the passive waveguide is fairly weakly guiding the doping of the substrate and buffer layers are matched so as to prevent optical energy being launched into substrate modes.
Once the planar wafer has been grown by MOVPE, a silica layer is deposited by CVD (Chemical Vapour Deposition) and a mask 11 (shown in FIG. 5) is defined by photolithography and etched in a 10% solution of buffered HF. This silica mask 11 defines the final width of the passive planar waveguide 2. The dimensions of the passive waveguide 2 will depend on the waveguiding properties desired, for the large spot size laser described herein the passive waveguide 2 has a constant width of 3 μm, and extends along the whole length of the device. The first, wide mesa is then etched down to the bottom of the active region 9, as shown in FIG. 5b. The mesa is first dry etched using 15% methane/hydrogen reactive ion etching (RIE), to a depth that is within 0.1 μm of the base of the active layer 9. The mesa is then wet etched in 3:1:1 (Sulphuric Acid:Hydrogen Peroxide:Water) to the bottom of the active layer 9. This etchant is selective and stops at the top of the InP spacer layer 8. The plan view of the planar wafer, shown in FIG. 5c, shows the constant width of this first mesa. A second stage of silica deposition, photolithography and etching is then carried out, to give a tapered mask 12, shown in FIGS. 5d and e. This mask 12 defines the final width of the active layer 9. The second, tapered, mesa is now etched by employing a dry etch followed by a wet etch, as for the first mesa. The etch details are the same as above. The thickness of the spacer layer 8 and passive guide 7 are equal to or less than the depth to which the mesa is dry etched. This ensures that the passive guide is completely etched through, since the etch rate of 3:1:1 is strongly dependent on the composition of the guide, and reduces as the material wavelength is shortened. In addition to removing material from the top InP layer 10 and the active layer 9 at either side of the mask 12, this etch also removes material from the spacer layer 8 and passive layer 7 at either side of the first, uniform width, mesa. In this way the terraced structure shown in FIG. 6a is formed. FIG. 6a shows a schematic cross-section of the device from the direction 18 shown in FIG. 1, while FIG. 6b shows a schematic cross-section of the same device in the direction 19 shown in FIG. 1. The tapered end of the mask 12 has been truncated, as can be seen in FIG. 5e, and thus at the end 19 of the device shown in FIG. 6b, all of the active layer 9 and top InP layer 10 have been etched away.
The active layer 9 is then "notched" (shown in FIG. 6c) by applying an etchant which attacks only the active layer 9. A suitable etchant comprises sulphuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and water in the ratio 3:1:1. This "notching" of the active layer 9 is believed to provide a clean, fresh surface on the side of the active layer 9, which benefits the subsequent processing steps.
The whole device is then heated to approximately 700� C. for 20 minutes in an over pressure of phosphine in order to cause material transport. This treatment converts the mesa shape from that in FIG. 6c to that in 7a, and also covers the edge of the active region with InP.
Optical and electrical confinement layers 13 and 14, shown in FIG. 7, are grown to the top of the tapered active mesa 1. The first confinement layer 13 comprises 0.5 μm p type InP at 7-8e17, while the second confinement layer 14 comprises 0.4 μm n type InP at 1-2e18. These confinement layers 13 and 14 serve to confine the electrical carriers and the photons generated from recombinations of these carriers, to the active layer 9.
Finally, the device is overgrown with 1.0 μm p type InP at 7-8e17 followed by 1.5 μm of p type InP at 1-2e18 which comprises layer 15 and 0.1 μm of p type InGaAs at >1e19 which comprises the contact layer 16.
The contact layer 16 is patterned, a silica mask 17 is deposited, and a contact window is defined in this mask 17 in a conventional manner. The device is completed by depositing p and n side titanium-gold metal contacts. FIG. 9 shows a schematic cross-section of the completed device, from direction 18 in FIG. 9a and from direction 19 in FIG. 9b.
A number of large spot size lasers have been fabricated, using tapered masks 12 having different taper lengths 4. The taper lengths employed were 60 μm, 180 μm, 400 μm and 800 μm. Two mask taper profiles were used, a linear taper, and a three section approximation to the critical taper length curve shown in FIG. 2.
The dimensions of the three section tapers employed are given in Table 2, and FIG. 18 shows the three section taper for the 60 μm taper length, together with the 60 μm linear taper profile, and the critical taper length curve for 60 μm.
TABLE 2______________________________________ Taper section lengths in μm'sActive Width 60 μm 180 μm 400 μm 800 μm in μm taper taper taper taper______________________________________1.0-0.6 14 42 92 185 0.6-0.4 20 60 134 265 0.4-0.3 26 78 174 350______________________________________
Preferably the optically active region is tapered along at least 5% of its length and more preferably more than 10% and less than 80% of its length. However, it may in some applications be tapered along its entire length.
The performance of the large spot size lasers is good, the shorter taper length lasers show only a small increase in threshold current when compared to conventional lasers. The threshold currents for different taper length devices as a function of temperature are shown in FIG. 10, as are those for a conventional un-tapered laser. All the devices operated to a high temperature i.e. 70� C., as can be seen from FIG. 10.
Coupling measurements carried out between these large spot size lasers and cleaved fibres show a significant improvement compared to conventional lasers. Coupling measurements to standard 8-9 μm core optical fibre, are shown in FIG. 11, and to small core fibre in FIG. 12. The results obtained for standard fibre, show coupling losses down to 4.5 dB for the 800 μm taper device, which represents a 5 to 6 dB improvement in mean coupling strength over an un-tapered device. It can be seen that the performance of both linear and 3 section taper devices are comparable, and that only a small increase in coupling is obtained as the taper length is increased from 60 to 800 μm. The modest spot size of this device, increased from ≈1 μm to ≈3 μm (1/e2 of intensity), meant that no improvement in alignment tolerance was observed for tapered devices when compared to un-tapered devices. In order to increase the alignment tolerance to cleaved fibre, the spot size of the device would need to be enlarged much further. However the use of cleaved fibre as opposed to lens ended fibre increases the 3 dB alignment tolerance from �1.5 μm to �3.5 μm.
Better results were obtained for coupling to small core fibre (1/e2 ≈2.0 μm) (as shown in FIG. 12) since the laser spot size is better matched to the spot size of this fibre. In this case it can be seen that mean coupling efficiencies of up to -1.5 dB have been obtained. The 3 dB alignment tolerance of the tapered devices to this small core fibre was �2.0 μm.
In order to improve the coupling loss between large spot size lasers and optical fibre further, a device with a spot size more closely matched to cleaved standard single mode fibre is required. Both design work and experiment work has been carried out which shows it is feasible to fabricate such a device.
If the laser spot size were increased to ≈8 μm it would closely match the mode size of standard single mode fibre. This could allow losses of 1 dB or less to be obtained when coupling to cleaved standard single mode fibre. One of the first problems encountered is the result of the large spot size. While it is relatively easy to design a passive guide that will give a spot 8 μm by 8 μm it is not so easy to fabricate a device with it. Such a structure would require ≈8 μm of InP to be grown over the guide if the field in the vertical axis was not to be distorted. Since the maximum thickness that can be easily regrown is ≈5 μm, this limits the vertical height to less than this. However there are no such constraints on the horizontal spot size. Therefore a guide of 1.1 μm quaternary 7 μm wide by 0.07 μm thick is chosen as the passive guide, since this gives a spot 8 μm wide by 5 μm high whose index and profile are virtually unaffected by the limited overgrowth thickness. The calculations for this structure were carried out using a variable grid finite element programme, and a contour plot of the E-field for this structure is shown in FIG. 13.
A 16 well MQW active region was initially modelled for the upper active guide structure. The taper length required was calculated using Love's method and the taper length was found to be virtually identical to that shown in FIG. 2. However the single pass loss at the truncation point was found to be much larger, (see FIG. 14), than previously calculated due to the greater mode expansion. These results indicated that the active width would need to be reduced to 0.1 μm before truncation if this loss was to be kept sufficiently low. This greatly increases the taper length required, (see FIG. 15), suggesting that a critical taper length of over 600 μm would be required, greatly increasing device length, and tightening the active width tolerance required.
To improve the active width tolerance, the effect of a reduced active thickness was investigated, both theoretically and experimentally. An eight well strained MQW active region was chosen, since this structure is known to have good high temperature performance. See, for example Nobuhara H, Tanaka K, Yamamoto T, Machida T, Fujii T and Wakao K, "High-Temperature Operation Of InGaAs/InGaAsP Compressive-Strained QW Lasers With Low Threshold Currents", IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett., 1993, 5, (9), pp. 961-962, or Namegaya T, Kasukawa A, Iwai N and Kikuta T, "High Temperature Operation Of 1.3 μm GaInAsP/InP GRINSCH Strained-Layer Quantum Well Lasers", Electron. Lett., 1993, 29, (4), pp. 392-393.
The planar design used in the 8 well device is similar to that of the 16 well device. The planar is epitaxially grown on an n doped InP substrate by atmospheric pressure MOVPE and consists of; a 3 μm thick n doped InP buffer layer, a 0.16 μm thick n doped 1.1 μm wavelength quaternary guide, a 0.2 μm thick p doped InP cap. The MQW active layer consists of 8 wells of In0.84 Ga0.16 As0.68 P0.32, which have a mismatch of +1% with respect to InP, and a nominal well thickness of 70 Å. The 140 Å thick 1.3 μm wavelength quaternary barriers are stained -0.5% relative to the substrate to compensate for the strain in the wells. The MQW active layer has an average refractive index of 3.447 at 1.55 μm. The MQW structure is surrounded by 100 Å thick SCH with the same composition and strain as the barriers. The device is then fabricated into BH lasers as described above.
A comparison of the threshold current at 20� C. for unstrained 16 well and strained 8 well low threshold devices are shown in table 3. As can be seen the 8 well devices have room temperature threshold currents of less than half that of the 16 well devices. The threshold current of the 8 well devices remains low at elevated temperatures, with values of ≈1.5 mA being observed for devices with 60 μm and 180 μm tapers at 80� C., FIG. 2, compared to ≈13 mA for untapered 300 μm long devices.
TABLE 3______________________________________ Taper lengthDevice Type None 60 μm 180 μm 400 μm 800 μm______________________________________Unstrained 8.5 mA 11.5 mA 12.6 mA 14.0 mA 20.7 mA 16 well MQW Strained 8 4.2 mA 4.8 mA 4.9 mA 5.8 mA 7.0 mA well MQW______________________________________
Comparison of unstrained 16 well and strained 8 well MQW laser threshold currents at 20� C. vs. taper length for devices with a 300 μm long untapered active section.
The active layer thickness is thus reduced from ≈0.27 μm for the 16 well to ≈0.17 μm for the 8 well active layer. These changes in waveguide design reduce the theoretically calculated truncation loss as a function of active width, (see FIG. 16), allowing the truncation width to be increased to 0.2 μm. However the taper length as a function of active width was also increased, (see FIG. 17), due to the smaller index difference between the guided and substrate modes. The net effect of this was a small decrease in taper length to ≈500 μm for the device. This device was calculated to have a lateral e-field modal size equal to that of 10 μm core, cleaved fibre, see FIG. 19. The mode size was calculated using a variable grid finite difference method. The calculated overlap between the calculated fields suggests a coupling loss of 0.7 dB should be obtained. The fabricated device was measured to have a minimum coupling loss, for the 800 μm taper device, of 1.8 dB, see FIG. 20. The higher measured coupling loss is due to the model underestimating the lateral mode size of the device. While this resulted in lower coupling efficiency it gave larger alignment tolerances. The lateral 3 dB alignment tolerance measured experimentally was �5.5 μm rather than the 3.5 μm one would expect theoretically. It can be seen that this increase in alignment tolerance is of benefit because it further increases the ease of passive alignment. The fact that the mode is oversized is confirmed by the measured farfield FWHM for this device of 5.5� by 10� (10 μm cleaved fibre has a FWHM of ≈7.5� at 1.55 μm wavelength). In order to slightly reduce this oversized mode, a device in which the passive guide has been strengthened slightly has been fabricated. This device has a passive region which is 5 μm wide by 800 Å thick, while still retaining an 8 well MQW active region. As can be seen from FIG. 21, this has resulted in a further reduction of coupling loss to ≈1.2 db, for the 800 μm taper device.
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Bloglovin' helps you to keep up with your favorite bloggers like The Sartorialist and Cashmere & Cupcakes for fashion, Smitten Kitchen for food, and millions more. Bloglovin' has every kind of blog you'd want to read, whether its a Wordpress, Blogger or Tumblr blog.
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Blogaway for Android (Blogger)
Currently only works with blogger (www.blogger.com)
With Blogaway for Android, you can publish to your blog in seconds. Write a few words, attach photos and videos from your phone, and Blogaway does the rest. Blogging has never been easier.
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Some feedback is welcome =)
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5)Add a new blogger as your neighbor and accept anybody who wants to become one of your neighbors.
Thank you for using Naver apps. We will continue to improve our products and to provide up-to-date services.
In case a problem or an error occurs while using the app, please feel free to leave your inquiry on NAVER Customer Center (WEB: m.help.naver.com/mail.nhn, MAIL: firstname.lastname@example.com) Please note that an accurate assessment and answer to your problem may not be possible if you do not provide us with a direct inquiry to the above Customer Center. Please understand that leaving us a feedback comment on the review board, while greatly appreciated, does not suffice as a direct inquiry.
Bloggeroid for Blogger
Blog with simple Blogger client, create & edit posts on any of your blogs, create & delete comments.
Create draft posts.
Share your posts to Google+ (if installed) and other apps.
Add multiple images to your Blogger posts. Decide where in post your images should be placed.
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Work with multiple blogs/Blogger accounts.
Save and Load your posts to and from SD.
Add information where you are to blog post.
Works extra well on all phones with physical keyboard.
(in case of problem, please contact with developer. Comment with info like "doesn't work for me" or similar will not help me to find solution for your problem, additionally I'm not able to answer for comment, so mail me, I will try to find solution).
If you are using 2-step verification you need to generate app specific password.
With over 25 million downloads, Socialcam is the easiest way to capture, share and view videos on your Android phone. Now with video filters, front facing camera, upload from gallery, and a complete redesign.
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The app is under active development, more is coming soon!
Blogger-droid (Ad-free)
You can:
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Client for blogger.com (blogspot.com).
*** Follow Blogger-droid on Twitter - @bloggerdroid ***
Do you need support, have any questions or a feature request, send a mail to: firstname.lastname@example.com or use GTalk: firstname.lastname@example.com
Q: I keep getting a CAPTCHA error?
A: The CAPTCHA handling in the app is a known bug, to get rid of the CAPTCHA requirement you need to use a browser
and log in at http://www.blogger.com and/or http://picasaweb.google.com and/or http://www.youtube.com (depending on which google service requiring CAPTCHA)
with the same credentials that you're using in Blogger-droid app.
Q: I get a 403 or 404 error when trying to publish blog posts with pictures?
A 1: To be able to post pictures, you must activate your account @ http://picasaweb.google.com, all pictures uploaded from Blogger-droid will end up in the default album 'Drop box'.
A 2: Your Google account may be full.
A 3: Your 'Drop box' album may be full. It seems like there is a limit of 1000 pictures in a album.
A 4: Make sure there is no unwanted spaces in your username, some keyboard software have a tendency to add a space at the end.
Q: I can't publish blog posts with pictures?
A: To be able to post pictures, you must activate your account @ http://picasaweb.google.com.
Blogg.no sin mobil-app lar deg blogge og følge vennene dine som vanlig - også når du er på farten.
Lar deg logge inn og skrive, lagre og publisere innlegg i bloggen din på blogg.no. Bildeopplastning fra album eller direkte fra kamera.
Du kan også bla og slette i arkivet, og godkjenne/skjule eller slette kommentarer.
LiveJournal Classic
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Blogaway Pro (Blogger)
Currently only works with blogger (www.blogger.com)
With Blogaway for Android, you can publish to your blog in seconds. Write a few words, attach photos and videos from your phone, and Blogaway does the rest. Blogging has never been easier.
* Handles multiple accounts and blogs
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* Add multiple photos and videos
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* Drafts auto saved locally
* Add a signature to be attached to your posts
* Manage your reading list by adding other blogger blogs
* Bookmark posts to read them later
* View comments on your posts
* Moderate comments (Approve, Mark Spam, Delete)
Blogger User Panel
Have nice using app.
-- If you get such "https://accounts.goog..." errors, please check your internet connection and then click on "Go Back Blog" button.
--When you log out it will show you your blog home page.
-- If somehow application stucks, click on "Refresh blog" button.
Please check my web page and contact me in any case.
We Heart It
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Keep hearting on We Heart It!
The new VK app lets you enjoy all this and much more.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- Family & Education
- 12525 Ella Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77014
Freshman Parent Welcome Reception - August 9, 2013
UHD - Office of Student Activities
Friday, August 9, 2013 from 6:00 PM to 8:00 PM (CDT)
We are honored to cordially invite you to the Freshman Parent Welcome Reception at the University of Houston-Downtown. The Freshman Parent Welcome Reception is a welcome to our incoming freshman class and their parents. It is an opportunity for you to visit with our Interim Provost of Academic and Student Affairs, Ed Hugetz, along with a host of freshman faculty members, the SGA student president and other distinguished student leaders.
We encourage you to attend the reception with your parents and/or guests. If you plan to attend with your parents/guests, please make sure you request a ticket for each guest (including yourself) that plan to attend the reception. You can bring up to two parents/guests with you to the welcome reception.
The event is located in the One Main Building, Room A300 (UHD Special Events Room). Please refer to the campus maps and directions link http://www.uhd.edu/about/map.htm for directions and parking (be advised that there is construction going on around the campus and parking detours may be in effect).
If you have any questions, please contact the Office of New Student Orientation at (713) 221-8022 or by email at email@example.com. We look forward to seeing you at the UHD Freshman Parent Welcome Reception.
University of Houston-Downtown
Office of Student Activities
Room 204-South
(713) 221-8573
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Below are top resources on SparkPeople for Oblique Crunches.
4-Count Crunches
10 reps
Use the abs to crunch up for 3 counts, and then slowly lower for 1 count.
... Read more
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Knee to Ches... Read more
We often get questions about the best abs exercises—after all, who doesn't want to tone their tummy in the least amount of time? There are countless exercises that target the abs, including fitness DVDs (Does "8 Minute Abs" ring a... Read more
Measuring your fitness level regularly is one way to find out if you're making progress. Most fitness centers have trained staff who can evaluate your body composition, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and cardiovascular endurance, b... Read more
Whether you're just starting an exercise program, or you've been at it for years, there is one thing on everyone's wish list: a toned stomach. Well-defined abdominal muscles are glorified as being sexy, healthy and youthful. You may have... Read more
...throw in: reverse crunches. I actually did some for the first time in a long (I mean LONG) time. Keep posting! :D 386... Read more
Standing bicycle crunches are great: put your hands behind your head, and bring your left knee up while rotating and bringing your right elbow to meet. Repeat w/ right knee-left elbow. Woodchoppers and standing Russian twists are good, too.... Read more
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Hello All!
I am kind of new here. I started my journey last June and I have lost 59 pounds as of last Friday. I am excited and very motivated. My exercise is currently a mile 5 days of the week that takes between 30-34 minutes depending on the d... Read more
Hi Everyone
My sisters wedding is in 141 Days (JUNE 26th)
I am the Maid of Honor
I ordered it small to push myself to lose the weight.... I still don't fit yet!!!!!!!!
It is a size 12 and I hope that I can get into it by then.
I... Read more
I spend 8 to 12 hours a day in a chiar. I do oblique crunch turns whenever i turn my chair to get a little work out in.... Read more
are so healthy and good to eat ......easy to cook and cheap to make...... Read more
Challenge yourself to do 100 or more crunches a day!!... Read more
Love handles, the spare tire, the middle age spread: Call it what you will, but nobody likes having excess flab around the waistline (not even when we name it cute things like "muffin" top). And while you can target the oblique muscles loca... Read more
In college I was a dancer, and Pilates was part of my daily training. Somehow I would ''get through'' the mat classes, just going through the motions, but miraculously, I was never sore. My roommate, on the other hand, would be double... Read more


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With the iTunes store only opening in 2003, the digital music industry is still pretty young, but it's far from devoid of competition, commerce and platinum-selling artists. The most successful of these, it turns out, is none other than Rihanna.
While next week should be more exciting, the last round of rap sales were pretty lacklustre. With ASAP Rocky's album dropping to number 12, it's the first week in some time with no hip hop or R&B in the top ten.
This week saw a range of debuts from a range of artists. The top entry within rap and R&B went to Jason Derulo who slid in at number four, just under Rocky who managed to have another strong week.
Yesterday we saw Lil Durk and Dom Kennedy's first week sales for Remember My Name and By Dom Kennedy respectively.
After a few uneventful weeks on the charts, ASAP Rocky and Boosie Badazz brought some much-needed excitement with their strong debuts. Each a respective triumph, Rocky took the number one spot, while Boosie moved in comfortably at number 3.
It was assumed that Donnie Trumpet and The Social Experiment's experimental opus, SURF, would be a free release, but when the LP appeared on iTunes as a complimentary download, it definitely came as a surprise to fans.
ASAP Rocky's "A.L.L.A." & Boosie's "Touch Down 2 Cause Hell" First Week Sales Jun 2, 2015 at 06:44pm
ASAP Rocky's first album arrived after "Fuckin' Problems," still the rapper's biggest single to date, so when A.L.L.A.
It was another less-than-stellar week on the Billboard 200, at least for rap releases.
This week saw the debut of Snoop Dogg's Pharrell-helmed funk opus, which had a pretty modest opening, placing at number 14. While Tech N9ne blew us away with his top 5 debut last week, he fell considerably this cycle, moving all the way down to number 20.
Snoop Dogg's new album is yet another reinvention for the versatile Doggfather, and while the singles he's released are pretty radio-ready, the first week sales are set to be fairly low.
This wasn't a very exciting week for rap on the charts. Over the last couple cycles we've seen the same albums slowly descending, with Drake being the only record to have a second wind in recent weeks.
Ciara's got a modest hit on her hands with the Future-skewering ballad, "I Bet," but unfortunately it won't be enough to translate to an impressive sales week.
While Yelawolf managed a big debut this week, topping his previous album peak of 27 by hitting number 3 on the Billboard 200, rap lost a fair bit of ground.
The first week numbers are officially in for Yelawolf's highly anticipated sophomore album Love Story.
This week marks the end of an era, with Wiz Khalifa's "See You Again" unseating the seemingly invincible "Uptown Funk". The success of Khalifa's record was seen in album sales as well with Furious 7 moving up to the top spot on the Billboard 200.
This week is an exciting not only due to a lot of movement in the chart, but the fact that four rap albums take up the top spots on the Billboard 200.
Last week's big releases came from Wale and Ludacris, though projections predicted that neither artist would hit the 100k mark.
While there were a couple of debuts this week, the top 2 albums were not able to be unseated. Kendrick Lamar's To Pimp A Butterfly is still sitting comfortably atop the charts, while the Empire soundtrack trails not-so-far behind.
The biggest story from last week's charts is far-and-away Kendrick Lamar's To Pimp A Butterfly, which hit iTunes a week earlier than expected, which seems to have benefitted the LP, despite a rocky start to the release.
This week we're seeing a new entry with G-Unit's The Beast Is G-Unit EP hitting the charts. Although it moved under 20k opening week, we doubt the Unit is too upset.
This week Drake is knocked from his pedestal ever so slightly, as Big Sean's new album Dark Sky Paradise is ushered in at #1. Drake moves to #4, which still isn't a bad look, considering he's above rivals Chris Brown and Tyga.
We'll be seeing a lot of Drake on Charts Don't Lie for the foreseeable future. The rapper dominated the Billboard 200 last week, and after getting bumped from #1 by Imagine Dragons' new album, he's sitting comfy at #2, moving over 150k in his second week.
First Week Sales Projections For Big Sean's "Dark Sky Paradise", Tyga & Chris Brown's "Fan Of A Fan" Feb 25, 2015 at 06:13pm
It's a big week in rap releases, with both Big Sean and the Chris Brown/Tyga project hitting stores this Tuesday. The projections are in, and while neither are doing Drake numbers, both albums are coming in with decent sales.
Obviously the biggest topic of this week's Charts is Drizzy Drake. The rapper utilized the surprise release tactic that we've seen several artists find success with over the last year or two, and it definitely paid off for him as well.
It was estimated last week that Drake's surprise release, If You're Reading This It's Too Late, would move around half a million units in its first week out.
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After a lot of dilly-dallying, the final release date poster of Nagarjuna`s Damarukam has come out.
All the major news dailies now carry the advertisements of the film with the release date - October 20th.
Anushka Shetty is the heroine in this film which is being directed by Srinivas Reddy and produced by R Venkat. Devi Sri Prasad has scored the music.
Images: Telugucinema.com


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July 03, 2015
A medical professional who makes her living promoting a drug that combats dementia begins struggling with her own splintering mind in Sharr White's character study The Other Place, starring Laurie Metcalf in a role she created to acclaim Off-Broadway in 2011. Manhattan Theatre Club presents the Broadway premiere at the Friedman Theatre. Zoe Perry, John Schiappa and Daniel Stern also star, under Joe Mantello's direction. Read more here.
Show Name:
30 Jun 2015
Screenplay Complete for Larry Kramer's "The Normal Heart" Sequel; Details Revealed
29 Jun 2015
"We're Going To Continue Fighting" — Dustin Lance Black On the Steps Toward a Fully Equal America
28 Jun 2015
The Audience, With Helen Mirren, Plays Final Performance on Broadway Today
24 Jun 2015
Holy Moly! Find Out How to Win Tix to Broadway's Act of God, a Night in NYC and a "Blissage"
24 Jun 2015
Their Favorite Things: An Act of God Star Christopher Fitzgerald Shares His Theatregoing Experiences
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Top players, toughest opponents, guys that will make a leap in 2015, and much more covered here. [details]
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Play VideoMichigan gets commitment from four-star WR 7/3/2015
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7/3/2015Rivals 150: Who joins Jackson on top?
7/3/2015Rivals Spotlight: Jake Allen
7/3/2015Rivals Spotlight: Bryce Folsom
7/2/2015Boudreaux to line up with Irish


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Emerson College Today
Class adopts family for holidays
More than 30 students in the Global Marketing Communication and Advertising graduate program have purchased gifts for a financially struggling family living in Boston.
Students re-energize at Late Night Buffet
Late Night Buffet at Little Building.
Writing the Film Musical culminates in the final class, when the student teams showcase their work in a live performance.
Professor behind Sugar gets fellowship
Performing Arts Professor Robbie McCauleycan finally share the exciting news that she has been selected for the United States Artists' fellowship program.
First-Year Writing Program recognized
The First-Year Writing Program, in the Writing, Literature and Publishing Department, has been selected to receive a certificate of excellence from the Conference on College Composition and Communication.
Nisreen Galloway '14 hopes her new website, SimmerMagazine.com, will become the go-to authority for young adults looking for dazzling dining experiences.
Ploughshares Winter 2012 issue now available
Ploughshares is excited to announce that the Winter 2012 issue edited by Ladette Randolph and John Skoyles is now available.
Grad student from Congo gets Weston Award
A Communication Management graduate student from Congo, Africa, recently received the Weston Award, which provides supplemental grants to exceptional students from Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
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Supreme Court
Old man.
And what should we do if we don't like the opinions from the Supreme Court?
Sensational headline for a rather innocuous statement, once taken in context.
The question was about constitutionality of income tax, not whether the government has the power to tax or not!
Good call Justice Scalia. Don't get too upset when he takes up your offer though. These guys are living in a bubble and don't see what is coming.
"And what should we do if we don't like the opinions from the Supreme Court?" I guess "revolt" is the only option left there, as well, as there is nothing in the Constitution addressing the possibility of a rogue SCOTUS. For 2 centuries now, they have arrogated to themselves the Sole and Final Authority of what is or is not Constitutional, essentially starting the concept of "writing law from the bench," a practice effectively copied by rogue activist judges all over the place today. This is how we got saddled with Obamacare. Who ever got the idea in their heads that "Court decision = Law"? Andrew Jackson understood that little bit of cognitive dissonance when he said of his own Chief Justice: "He has made his decision, now let him enforce it." Last I checked, the SCOTUS didn't have an army to call its own.
The income tax is an excise tax on the use of federal privilege, extended to everyone receiving a W2 or 1099, which declares the payment to be of that nature, and supported by the complicity of the courts in taking such declarations at face value and throwing up many impediments to getting to any sort of ruling on the nature of the activity taxed. If only the American people understood how they have been misled, there might be a revolt. Scalia isn't going to let on anything about the nature of the tax to help that along, though.
He is exactly right. The people always reserve the right to revolt against government tyranny, no matter what the law says. We don't need to be the slaves of the ruling elite just because the ruling elite wrote laws that say we do. In fact, it was a tax revolt that gave birth to the Nation in the first place.
Scalia is fat and stupid. How did he become a Supreme Court justice?
If supreme court does not abide by our Constitution maybe we should all revolt
Because in the end you just end up burning down your own neighborhood and enemy powers will swoop in to fill the void as the new masters.
What you can do as individuals though is make a choice. There are still 250+ countries in the world where you can move to.
Competition drives quality. Force US justices compete against foreign justices by being responsible. If all talented professionals left town, US would have less tax base, and prestige and glory of US justices will go down the drain to the level of ridicule of the world as just another bunch of old unaccountable men and women.
With US dollar being reserve currency, the revolt is coming from commodity producing citizens US likes to label as terrorists.
Joos moving to Asia (Singapore) is a sign of a declining empire.....Germany -> France -> UK -> USA -> Singapore
Singapore has low taxes.
Scott O is correct. Scalia would never answer that question truthfully even thought it would take quite a long time, maybe days. Most people don't engage in taxable activity so you owe no tax and in the tax code what is really taxable is excess gross, so your trade of labor for money is not excess gross, just what 2 parties freely agreed upon.
"A free people and the IRS cannot coexist," Bob Minarik.
Scalia is wrong, the so-called government doesn't have the right to take anyone's money in universal income taxes.If he swore to uphold the Constitution of the United States, there is no provision to take those taxes. the 16th Amend. was never ratified and additionally fundamentally conflicts w/ the original precepts of the main body of the original. Now if he is talking that his oath of office is superseded by the declared bankruptcy, then that is another story.
There is a process before an actual armed revolt. States can impose the 10th amendment nullification of Fed. tyranny. Michigan & Montana has.
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Who are the Americans accused of trying to join ISIS? A new study released this morning by Fordham Law School's Center on National Security breaks down the numbers.
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Baristas converge at the 2013 World Barista Championships
Australians have become very discerning when it comes to coffee and the coffee we now brew -- and consume -- ranks amongst the best in the world.
This week, Melbourne is hosting the 2013 World Barista Championships, with 55 nations taking part.
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Video: Nite Jewel: "Stay a Little Longer"
By Evan Minsker on September 11, 2013 at 2:36 p.m. EDT
"Stay a Little Longer" is a previously unreleased track from Nite Jewel. Its music video is an abstract affair, featuring a series of fluctuating shapes and colors, directed by Cole MGN and Emily Jane Kuntz.
Video: Julia Holter and Nite Jewel: "What We See"
By Evan Minsker on September 4, 2012 at 1:00 p.m. EDT
This October, the arts collective Dublab will release the Light From Los Angeles compilation. It features music by Los Angeles artists, including Sun Araw, Lucky Dragons, Dntel, Teebs, and more. Every song on the compilation will get an accompanying video, all shot with Digital Harinezumi cameras.
Below, watch the video for "What We See", a collaboration between Julia Holter and Nite Jewel. It was directed by Delaney Bishop and Jose Wolff. Also below, watch the trailer for the compilation, as well as Holter's video for "Our Sorrows".
Nite Jewel to Perform Kraftwerk's Album Computer World in Full, With Peanut Butter Wolf
By Carrie Battan on May 8, 2012 at 4:10 p.m. EDT
On June 1 at the Ford Amphitheatre in Los Angeles, Ramona Gonzalez, aka Nite Jewel, will perform Kraftwerk's album Computer World in its entirety, taking a cue from... Kraftwerk, who very recently performed Computer World in its entirety. The performance is part of an event called Krautrock Classics, presented by Dublab and the Goethe-Instutit Los Angeles, that's being billed as "an evening of cosmic German music."
Video: Nite Jewel: "One Second of Love"
By Carrie Battan on March 1, 2012 at 10:42 a.m. EST
On March 6, Secretly Canadian will release One Second of Love, the new record from Californian electro-pop songstress Ramona Gonzalez, aka Nite Jewel. Here's the new Delaney Bishop-directed video for the album's title track, a conceptual clip that is somewhat indecipherable. Beware the 2:21 mark, where things take a turn for the gross.
Chairlift to Tour With Nite Jewel
By Carrie Battan on January 11, 2012 at 12:25 p.m. EST
Something is the upcoming album from Brooklyn electro-pop duo Chairlift, out January 23 in the UK via Young Turks and the following day through Columbia in the U.S. In support of the new record, the band has announced a massive tour that includes dates in North America, Australia, Singapore, Europe, and the UK.
Nite Jewel Announces New Album
By Jenn Pelly on December 6, 2011 at 9:15 a.m. EST
Nite Jewel: "One Second of Love" (via SoundCloud)
On March 6, California artist Ramona Gonzalez will release a new album, One Second of Love, under her Nite Jewel moniker. It follows 2009's Good Evening, and is her first album for Secretly Canadian. It features the previously released single "She's Always Watching You". Listen to the title track above and check out the tracklist below.
Yours Truly Launch Record Label
By Tom Breihan on January 24, 2011 at 11:15 a.m. EST
Big K.R.I.T. and Grillade: The Wuz Here Sessions sampler (via SoundCloud)
Videographers/bloggers/Pitchfork.tv contributors Yours Truly are launching a new label called Love Letters Ink. The imprint's first release, out soon, is a collaborative EP from Mississippi rapper/producer Big K.R.I.T. and San Francisco R&B band Grillade. The Wuz Here Sessions, which will be available digitally and on vinyl, features Grillade and K.R.I.T. reworking tracks from K.R.I.T.'s K.R.I.T. Wuz Here mixtape, with K.R.I.T. adding new vocals, as well as one new track. You can hear a sampler from the EP above, and there's a video trailer below. You can also listen to the track "Neva Go Back" over at Forkcast.
The label's second release, a single from L.A. space-pop project Nite Jewel, is due in March.
New Release: Nite Jewel: Am I Real?
By Tom Breihan on July 12, 2010 at 5:30 p.m. EDT
Artist: Nite Jewel
EP: Am I Real?
Release Date: July 20 (digital), August 16 (vinyl)
Label: Self-released
Listen: Nite Jewel Remixes Caribou
By Tom Breihan on March 24, 2010 at 9:30 a.m. EDT
Caribou: Odessa (Nite Jewel Remix)
L.A.-based lo-fi space-pop project Nite Jewel work dark magic on "Odessa", the BNM'ed new single from Caribou. City Slang will release the remix as part of a Europe-only 12" single, but you can stream or download it above.
The original "Odessa" will appear on Swim, the new Caribou album, due April 20 from Merge (in North America) and City Slang (in the UK and Europe). Watch the "Odessa" video here.
SXSW Thu: The Wrens, Chairlift, Rye Rye, Gun Outfit, Nite Jewel, Micachu
By Amy Phillips on March 20, 2009 at 2:45 p.m. EDT
Photos by Amy Phillips; Above: The Wrens
Tom Breihan's SXSW Report: Wed | Thu | Fri | Sat
Ryan Dombal's SXSW Report: Wed | Thu | Fri | Sat
Amy Phillips' SXSW Report: Wed | Fri | Sat
Micachu [Emo's Annex; 8 p.m.]
Everything about Micachu teeters on the edge of being unbearably adorable. Well, almost everything. 21-year-old Londoner Mica Levi has Annie curls, a delightful burr in her speak-sing vocals, and a pseudonym that sounds like something you'd call a pet or a young child ("Aww, aren't you just the cutest little Micachu?"). Her ramshackle songlets bounce along with childlike abandon, shambling, dissonant bedroom indie shot through with DIY electronic flourishes. Live, Micachu plays tiny children's guitars slung around her neck with ratty string, a playing card stuck into the fretboard to alter the sound. And she and her bandmates wear coordinated hand-stenciled t-shirts.
But (and this is a giant but), Micachu's lyrics are far from adorable. They concern adult topics like sex, STDs, stress, and neuroses. Hearing her sing about such things while watching her bounce about has jarring effect, like getting cursed out by a first grader. But Micachu is plenty charming and full of interesting sonic ideas, so for the time being, she can fuck with expectations all she wants, it's fine by me.
Nite Jewel [Red 7 Patio; 9:10 p.m.]
Nite Jewel principal Ramona Gonzalez makes lo-fi etherea that sounds like Kate Bush meeting Gary Numan at the bottom of a bong. She floats in the same freaky Los Angeles orbit as Ariel Pink, but for some reason, I can stomach Nite Jewel's trips more than Ariel's. Probably has something to do with the dance beats that ground her gentle throb and keep it from flying too far off into the cosmos.
Live, Nite Jewel wasn't much. Joined on stage by co-conspirator Emily Jane, Gonzalez plinked away at a table of electronics, cooing softly and swiveling her hips. It was alluring at first, but quickly grew boring. At one point, she put on a pair of big plastic sunglasses. The move came across as gratuitous, like an American Apparel ad come to life.
Gun Outfit [Red 7; 10 p.m.]
Post Present Medium, the record label run by No Age drummer Dean Spunt, invaded Red 7 with an army of bands playing scuzzy, back-to-basics punk. Fittingly, the banner behind the stage was a ragged sheet with the PPM logo hand-painted on it, held up by duct tape-- a sharp contrast to the slick, professional corporate ads that cover just about every other available surface during SXSW. Metaphor alert!
Olympia, Wash., trio the Gun Outfit have an appealing darkness about them-- on record, at least. Their PPM debut album Dim Light vibes Nick Cave in the vocals and early X in the guitars, with a bit of early Sonic Youth sheen to it. Unfortunately, little of that came across at this show. They were just another punk band going through the motions.
Chairlift [Red 7 Patio; 11 p.m.]
I've always been in awe-- and more than a little jealous-- of girls like Chairlift singer-keyboardist Caroline Polachek. She's just seems so effortlessly beautiful, never looking like she's wearing makeup or paying any attention to what she's wearing, yet radiating sexiness and peace and happiness.
Last night, Polachek wore a ripped-up men's button down shirt-- sleeves cut out to reveal a black bra-- and tight denim shorts. And I don't know WHAT was going on with her legs-- she either has lines resembling the outlines of some very complicated stockings tattooed on her, or she drew them on there. Either way, it looked amazing. If most people did that, we would just look like idiots with weird lines scrawled on our legs. But Polachek pulled it off gracefully.
It would be easy to hate on someone like Caroline Polachek if you just looked at her, but Chairlift's music is too seductive to dismiss. Polachek's sprightly soprano tumbles through fluffy cotton candy synthesizer clouds, spouting nonsense about pencils, garbage, and physical health as if mid-acid trip. And the band was just so damn happy up there, smiling and dancing throughout. (The thought did cross my mind that maybe they were all on ecstasy. I mean, guitarist Aaron Pfenning was wearing a sport coat with no shirt underneath, a fashion choice nobody would make while sober, right?) No hateration to be found here.
Plus, they didn't even play "Bruises", their star-making song from the iPod commercial! That takes balls.
Rye Rye [Ace's; 12 a.m.]
Hands down the funniest performance I've seen at SXSW so far-- though no fault of Rye Rye's. The teenage Baltimore club phenom enlisted a pair of dancers to back her up during her set at the comically designed Aces Lounge (A bar inside a hole in the stage?! Seriously?!). But these dancers tired easily. Very easily. I'm talking, like, after literally 30 seconds of dancing, they would stop and wander to the back of the stage and sit down to catch their breath. This happened easily six or seven times throughout the 20-minute set. So the dancers spent most of the time sitting on some steps, chatting and breathing heavily while Rye Rye worked it up front. Come on, guys! Try harder! This is embarrassing!
Rye Rye has a bright future ahead. She's the first artist signed to M.I.A.'s Interscope-affiliated imprint N.E.E.T., and has a debut album coming soon featuring collaborations with M.I.A. and Diplo, among others. She isn't quite a fireball live performer yet, but her set showed the makings of something exciting. Her music might not necessarily appeal to M.I.A. fans right off the bat, since it's pretty straightforward Baltimore club music with little genre-hopping influence, but singles like "Wassup Wassup" and "Shake It to the Ground" might just crossover to mainstream party rap fans. Who knows? If "Paper Planes" can conquer the world, anything's possible, right?
The Wrens [Prague; 1 a.m.]
After hours spent searching for the Next Big Thing at SXSW, checking out bands attempting to woo jaded industry insiders, it was refreshing to take in the Wrens' set. These dudes have been there, done that, and done it again. Nobody is running to their laptop to blog about hot up and coming buzz band the Wrens. So their headlining set at the Absolutely Kosher showcase was packed with true believers, dudes who knew all the words and spent the whole time shouting along, not Twittering.
Frustratingly, the set was short on new songs, with only one and a half (the half serving as the intro to "She Sends Kisses") played. Both were slow, pretty ballads that stood in sharp contrast to the fired-up Meadowlands tracks that made up the rest of the set. Kevin Whelan served as ringmaster/ringleader, jumping around and screaming with hardcore intensity, offering up his bass to the crowd to pass over their heads. At the end of the show, as Whelan took a seat behind a keyboard for "This Is Not What You Had Planned", Charles Bissell knelt down and planted a kiss on his cheek. It was love all around.
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I Remember It Well composed by Frederick Loewe - Digital Sheet Music
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4 years of computer graphics education or equivalent experience. ISN's Catalog Graphic Designers produce layouts for magazines catalogs copy sheets and digital...
May 20 - Lakeland, FL
I need a graphic designer who can edit some photo. It is urgent and I will give you some direction....
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Proficient knowledge of current graphic design trends/styles/developments as well as technological advances in the field....
Technical Writer – 176985
Our client has a simple but ambitious mission, to develop market-leading infrared and sensing technologies which enhance everyday life. From saving energy, to saving lives our client is making a real difference in our world.
As a Technical Writer, you will work with the Product Development Team, Engineering, Quality Assurance, and Marketing to create new and maintain existing product ...
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Directv Representatives Needed ASAP
Entry Level Positions -- Retail Sales / Management / Customer Service
We currently have openings in entry level retail sales, management, customer service and event promotions. With our continued growth, we are currently looking for new, energetic and motivated individuals that are looking to start or advance their career into management.
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Graphic Designer (Lead Role) - 182470
Our client is an Online Tea Company that provides high-quality, pesticide-free tea to tea-lovers world-wide. They offer a small selection of premium tea sourced from the mountains of the Himalayas.
They are seeking a highly enthusiastic self-starter who can work independently. This is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to build a brand from the ground up. Duties include designing print ...
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Lakeland - Arch & engineering
Web/Graphic Designer
ProEdit has a new opening for a Web/Graphic Designer for a full-time, on-site, 3-month contract position in Lakeland, FL (33811). The graphic designer will produce marketing, interactive, and dynamic web materials. The designer will also produce designs for stationery, print ads, trade show booths, banners, billboards, marketing collateral and illustrating.
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Jun 11 -
Lakeland - Marketing & PR
The world's largest sign and graphics franchise, is seeking an enthusiastic and organized individual, with good presence and people skills, to assist with everyday activities of the sign shop. These activities will include assisting the owner with administrative work, answering phones, speaking with customers, dealing with walk-in customers, determining signage needs, customer collections, ...
Jun 2 -
Wesley Chapel - Retail & wholesale
May 12 -
Lakeland - Business & management
May 10 -
Lakeland - Business & management
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