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LEGAL BULLETIN 6.4 Urinalysis Drug Testing Set 6: Due Process in Prison Lewisburg Prison Project, Inc. Bulletin 6.4 P.O. Box 128, Lewisburg, PA 17837 Updated 2002 Phone: (570) 523-1104 Website: www.eg.bucknell.edu/~mligare/LPP.html E- mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Drug testing through the analysis of urine samples has become an established part of prison life. The collection and testing of urine is a limited intrusion upon a person's expectation of privacy, and is therefore a search under the Fourth Amendment of the U.S Constitution. Despite this, random urine testing has been upheld so long as the procedures for picking inmates are "truly random." In other words, the prison cannot pick an inmate to take a drug test without a reason unless that inmate has been selected by random testing procedures. Prisons may also test for cause as long as the request is reasonable. In other words, if a prison has reason to believe that a particular inmate has been using drugs or alcoho l, the inmate can be ordered to take a urine test. Refusal to take a urine test can result in the same liability as if the inmate had tested positive for drug use. The tests applied are almost, but not completely, reliable, so there is a possibility that a person who is not a drug user might be unjustly accused. Unfortunately that claim is not easily proved at the disciplinary hearing or in court. This bulletin will discuss the testing routine, the laboratory tests, and some court cases that tell you what your rights are as to drug testing by urinalysis. TEST PROCEDURES There are different testing procedures that a prison can use to test a prisoner's urine for the presence of drugs. Urine testing procedures are commonly categorized as either screening tests or confirmatory tests. Screening tests are designed to isolate those individuals who might have used drugs from those who definitely are not under suspicion. Therefore, an effective screening device will be highly sensitive in order to minimize false negatives, while sacrificing specificity. Confirmatory tests, a second layer of testing which occur when a specimen tests positive on the initial test, are more specific. A "negative" test result for drug use indicates that the person being tested has not used the drug being tested; alternatively, a "positive" test result constitutes evidence of drug use by that person. A "false positive" is essentially a false accusation that the drug the urine test indicates is present actually is not present. Some jurisdictions require that a chain of custody be kept on all drug tests performed. Chain of custody begins with the collection of the urine and continues through the final reporting 1 of the test results to the inmate. At each stage, the chain of custody provides documentation that standard operating procedures were followed and that the security of the sample was not breached. At each stage, the chain of custody must be signed and dated by the person handling the sample with a brief explanation of what was done with the sample. Any breach in the chain of custody raises serious questions about the validity of the test results. These tests differ in the amount of money it costs to use them and in how accurate they are. Most of the types of tests used are briefly described below. The most commonly used test by prisons is the EMIT test, which is discussed first. The information presented below was found through several different sources, including web pages on the internet, reference books in the library, and cases. EMIT TEST EMIT is an acronym for enzyme multiple immunoassay technique. An EMIT test does not measure the amount of drugs in the urine directly, but instead measures the reaction of an enzyme to a class of drugs. Thus the reliability of the test to detect the presence of a specific drug is not very good. This is because substances that have similar chemical structures will cross-react and give a "false positive" reaction. Some literature suggests that many other legal and over-the-counter drugs may yield positive reactions for certain classes of drugs. However, other literature suggests that this problem has been fixed in the EMIT test. The EMIT test consists of mixing a urine sample with an antibody solution. The reactions which result produce a substance which can be compared to known values through a device known as a photometer. Within 90 seconds the photometer prints on the result card whether the sample is positive or negative for the drug in question. If the initial EMIT test turns up negative, no further action is taken. Certain types of medication may cause a false positive result in a urinalysis test. This means that you could test positive for using a prohibited substance even if you have not done so. Some prison systems make it a policy to ask a prisoner who is selected to undergo a urinalysis test whether or not that prisoner has been taking any sort of medication. If you are not asked if you are taking medication, it is a good idea to mention it if you are. The following is a list of possible drugs that may cause a 'false negative' result on an EMIT test: 2 Generic Drug Brand Name Illicit Drug Falsely Detected Ibuprofen Advil Marijuana Datril Motrin Rufen Fenoprofen Nalfon Marijuana Amphetamines Barbituates Benzodiazephines Methaqualone Naproxen Anaprox Marijuana Apo-Naproxen Naprosyn Navonaprox Ephedrine Acet-AM Amphetamines Amesec Heroin Bronkaid Opiates Bronkotabs Estasule Minus Ephedrol Morax Nyquil Quadrinal Quelidrine Quelichine Quibron Plus Tedral 3 Generic Drug Brand Name Illicit Drug Falsely Detected Phenyloproma- Alka-Seltzer Plus Morphine nolamine Allerest Caldecon Coffee-Break Contac Control Dietac Dimetapp 4-Way Nasal Spray Naldecon Sinarest Sine-Off Sinubid Triaminicin Triminicol Tussagesic Codeine Acetaminoph Morphine w/ codeine A.P.C. w/ codeine Ascriptin w/ codeine Empirin w/ codeine Fiorinal w/ codeine Dextro- Dristan Cough Heroin methorphan Formula Opiates Formula 44-D Morphine Hold Cough Suppressant Nyquil Robitussin-DM Romilar St. Joseph's Cough Syrup Silexin Trucal Tussaminic Vicks Cough Syrup 4 RIA TEST (also known as Abuscreen) RIA stands for radio immunoassay test. The test is an immunoassay, just like the EMIT test. The tests are applied the same way, but the RIA uses radioactive iodine as the detection mechanism rather than an enzyme used in the EMIT test. The RIA test is applied the same way as the EMIT. RIA tests are a little more sensitive than the EMIT and more complex, requiring extensive training to operate it. The RIA is better able to handle a large volume of samples. The most notable user of the RIA test is the U.S. Government, in particular, the Armed Services. The EMIT test is more common because RIA produces radioactive waste, which is difficult to deal with. THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY (TLC) TLC is a form of chroma tography. Chromatography is a method of separation of molecular mixtures that are present in the sample. TLC involve s adding solvent to urine to extract drugs and then comparing color spots on a TLC standard plate. TLC testing is based on the differences in the movement of various substances through a porous supporting medium. The degree of movement and the color are characteristics of certain drugs. This test is not widely used because the results depend to a great extent on the skill and ability of the test operator. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY This test uses a separation technique to divide the urine extracts into component parts. An inert gas carries the urine through separating columns. The samples are broken down by their boiling temperatures and by their attraction to either the liquid or gaseous phases. A substance with an attraction to the liquid phase will take longer to travel through the column than other components. Compounds are identified by their separation time, called retention time. MASS SPECTROMETRY TEST This test is more expensive and sophisticated than the EMIT test. It is also considered the most accurate. The ur ine is injected into a machine and the urine is separated as it travels from the injection port to the detector. As the sample emerges it is ionized by electron bombardment. The compound is then broken up into molecular fragments. The fragmentation pattern is considered to be the "molecular fingerprint" of a specific compound. The resulting product is read by a mass spectrometer. The results are produced on a computer print out. The mass spectrometry is typically used to confirm positive EMIT results. Mass spectrometry will indicate precisely what chemical is present. When used in conjunction with gas chromatography properly, the test is a near perfect method for identification, approaching 99% accuracy. This is necessary because the EMIT will only indicate whether something similar to what's being tested is found. Mass spectrometry is difficult and more costly, which is why the EMIT is given first. 5 FLOURESCEIN POLARIZATION IMMUNOASSAY TEST (FPIA) The test uses cross-reacting antibodies to detect drugs in a class of drugs being tested for. The tracer is measured by fluorescence. Blue light excites the tracer or fluorophone, raises it to an excited energy state, and emits a green light of a different energy level and wavelength. The fluorescent tracer competes for antibody binding sites with the unlabled drug particles in the sample. The tests are designed to use urine as the biological fluid specimen. E-Z SCREEN The E-Z screen is a cannabinoid enzyme immunoassay test. It is a small test that produces results within five minutes. Drops of urine are placed on a small, credit card-sized card and color changes to indicate whether the sample contains levels of canna bis metabolites (marijuana). At this time the E-Z screen test is only available for cannabis (marijuana), but tests for other drugs are being developed. IMMUNOCHROMATOGRAPHIC ASSAY (Drug Check Cup) This test is similar to E-Z screen in method. This test also provides results within five minutes. Unlike E-Z screen, however, this test screens for traces of five different substances present in at least the following amounts: Marijuana 50 ng/ml Cocaine/ Benzoylecgonine 300 ng/ml Opiates/ Morphine 300 ng/ml Phencyclidine 25 ng/ml Amphetamine 1000 ng/ml Note: this test comes with the following advisement from its manufacturer: "The test provides only preliminary data which should be confirmed by other methods such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS. Clinical considerations and professional judgment should be applied to any drug of abuse test result, particularly when preliminary positive results are indicated." ROCHE TESTCUP This is a common on-site test where the specimen is collected in and tested by a single device. Five minutes after the specimen is placed in the TesTcup, a multi-sensitive device on the side conveys a positive or negative determination for a number of substances, depending on the type of TesTcup used (see below). TesTcup Amphetamines, Cocaine, Morphine, THC TesTcup 5 Amphetamines, Cocaine, Morphine, THC, PCP TesTcup Pro 5 Benzodiazepines, Cocaine, Methamphetamines, Morphine, THC TesTcup 501 Amphetamines, Cocaine, Methamphetamines, Morphine 6 TEST - STIK / STATUS STIK Each sample is tested using a strip of paper treated with a series of reactive chemicals. Each chemical detects the presence or absence of a certain narcotic in the urine and displays their results by a change in color. Test – stiks vary by brand and type, but most commonly detect the presence of THC, cocaine, amphetamines, PCP, and opiates. DETETECTION TIME OF CERTAIN DRUGS While researching the information for this Legal Bulletin, we came across several lists which purport to predict how long certain drugs stay in one's system. The following chart was not developed by LPP and is reproduced from another source (Internet website). The LPP cannot and does not vouch for its accuracy. Drug Approximate Detection Time in Urine Using EMIT Amphetamines (crystal, crank) 2-4 days Barbituates: (sedatives) Short-acting (red devils) 1 day Long-acting 2-3 weeks Benzodiazepines (valium) 3-7 days Cannaboids (marijuana) 3-30 days Clenbuterol 2-4 days Cocaine 2-4 days Codeine 2-4 days Euphorics 1-3 days;detectable by GC/MS and RIA; not detectable by EMIT LSD 1-4 days Methadone 3-5 days Methaqualone (qualudes) 14 days Opiates (morphine, heroin) 2-4 days Peptide Hormones Undetectable Phencyclidine (PCP) 2-4 days Phenobarbital 10-20 days Propoxyphene 6 hours-2 days Steroids (anabolic): Oral 14 days; detectable by HPLC, RIA and GC/MS; not detectable by EMIT Injection 1 month There is a similar chart that the Federal Bureau of Prisons includes in its Program Statement 6060.08, "Urine Surveillance and Narcotic Detection." I have reprinted it below. Again, the LPP cannot vouch for its accuracy. 7 Drug Approximate Detection Time in Urine Using EMIT Amphetamines 3 days Methamphetamines 3 days Cocaine 3 days Cocaine Metabolite 3 days Methadone 5 days Methadone Metabolite 5 days Morphine 6 days Codeine 6 days Opiates 6 days Meperidine (Demorol) 6 days Pentazocine (Talwin) 6 days Propoxyphene (Darvon) 6 days Barbituates 11 days Phencyc lidine 11 days Phenobarbital 14 days THC 30 days 4th AMENDMENT CHALLENGES TO URINALYSIS PROCEDURES IN PRISON The Fourth Amendment was originally interpreted primarily to protect people from unreasonable search and seizures. There is no doubt that a drug test is a search. Courts that have faced the issue of drug-testing have unanimously held that forced drug-testing through urinalysis by a governmental entity constitutes a search and seizure within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives' Ass'n, 489 U.S. 602, 617 (1989); National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab, 816 F.2d 170 (5th Cir. 1987). The protection is not absolute, however, for the Fourth Amendment only safeguards an individual's reasonable expectation of privacy. Whether or not the Fourth Amendment applies depends on whether the person can claim a justifiable, reasonable, or a legitimate expectation of privacy that has been invaded by government action. Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 525 (1984). Certainly, individuals have a reasonable expectation of privacy in their urinary function. See Forbes v. Trigg, 976 F.2d 308 (7th Cir. 1992) (prisoners retain protected privacy rights in their bodies). Inmates enjoy a legitimate expectation of privacy not only in the passing of urine, but also in the information that the urine contains. Many drug-testing programs call for direct observation of the individuals submitting to the test. An examination of one's urine may disclose numerous private medical facts other than whether the individual has taken illegal drugs, such as whether the individual is under treatment for depression or is epileptic or diabetic, or has a venereal disease, sickle cell anemia or schizophrenia, or in the case of a female, whether she is pregnant. 8 The fact that urinalysis tests are constitutionally protected searches, however, is not the end of the inquiry. Although a urinalysis is a search and seizure involving legitimate privacy interests, a search is only forbidden if it is unreasonable. Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 132 (1925). Whether or not something is a reasonable search in prison requires balancing the significant and legitimate secur ity interests of the prison against the inmate's privacy interest. Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520 (1979). In general, warrantless urinalysis testing of prison inmates has been considered reasonable even in the absence of probable cause or reasonable suspicion that the individuals tested have used drugs. Lomax v. McCaughtry, 731 F.Supp. 1388 (E.D. Wis. 1990); Ramey v. Hawk, 730 F.Supp. 1366 (E.D. N.C. 1989); Pella v. Adams, 638 F. Supp. 94 (D. Nev. 1986). See also Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520 (Supreme Court held that visual body cavity searches could be conducted without probable cause or reasonable suspicion). Prisoners are entitled to some constitutional protection, but courts in drug-testing cases have held that the government's interest in security and safety outweighs a prisoner's diminished privacy expectations, and therefore the drug testing is not an unreasonable search. Storms v. Coughlin, 600 F. Supp. 1214 (S.D. N.Y. 1984). Prisons can require prisoners to provide urine samples for drug testing for either of two reasons: (1) if there is reasonable cause to believe the prisoner may have been exposed to drugs. For example, see Lomax v. McCaughtry, 731 F.Supp. 1388 (E.D. Wis. 1990) (information from confidential informant established reasonable suspicion to conduct drug test); Grochulski v. Kuhlman, 575 N.Y.S.2d 722 (NY App. Div. 1991) (court upheld regulation that permitted prison to conduct urinalysis based on information from unconfirmed sources). (2) if the prison has a random testing program that is designed to prevent harassment or selective enforcement. Courts have generally upheld random drug testing programs. See Lucero v. Gunter, 17 F.3d 1347 (10th Cir. 1994) (random urine collection and testing of prisoners is a reasonable means of combating the unauthorized use of narcotics); Forbes v. Trigg, 976 F.2d 308 (7th Cir. 1992) (court upheld a program of testing all inmates in a particular job); Spence v. Farrier, 807 F.2d 753 (8th Cir. 1986); Ramey v. Hawk, 730 F.Supp. 1366 (E.D. N.C. 1989); Storms v. Coughlin, 600 F.Supp. 1214 (S.D. N.Y. 1984). However, the program must be truly random. Below are examples of testing procedures that courts have upheld as truly random: • Lucero v. Gunter, 17 F.3d 1347 (10th Cir. 1994) – the Department of Corrections selects inmates for testing pursuant to a computer guided random selection procedure which produces a list of inmates. Once a list is formulated, shift commanders make sure that the selected inmates complete the tests. • Spence v. Farrier, 807 F.2d 753 (8th Cir. 1986) – inmates chosen are tested by unit managers who randomly pull cards from an index card file. However, courts have held that an unnecessary lack of privacy in taking urine samples is unreasonable. See Sepulveda v. Ramirez, 967 F.2d 1413 (9th Cir. 1992) and Storms v. Coughlin, 9 600 F.Supp. 1214 (S.D. N.Y. 1984) (the search should be no more degrading that is reasonably necessary to satisfy the prison's legitimate security interests). DUE PROCESS CHALLENGES TO URINALYSIS PROCEDURES IN PRISON The extensive use of urinalysis, particularly EMIT, by correctional authorities to detect drug use among inmates has been challenged on constitutional grounds. The unreliability of EMIT has been an issue in numerous constitutional challenges where the results of these tests have been used as the basis for disciplinary sanctions on prisoners thereby infringing their liberty interests. The most effective challenges have relied on the right to due process of law. Due process is a fundamental right listed in both the Fifth Amendment (relating to federal government action) and the Fourteenth Amendment (relating to state government action) of the U.S. Constitution. The concept of due process is based on notions of fairness in decision- making processes when the government is one of the interested parties. For a plaintiff to legitimately trigger the procedures of the due process clause, he must show a government deprivation of a constitutionally recognized interest in life, liberty or property. Due process challenges have arisen in both state and federal courts with varying results. So far, both state and federal courts have failed to reach an agreement regarding the proper role of EMIT in the prison disciplinary process and their treatment of prisoners' due process challenges to EMIT. CASE EXAMPLES The following are cases, both state and federal, from across the country. The cases are organized by Federal Court of Appeals Circuits and the states that are within those circuits. It should be noted that when this bulletin was first prepared in 1997, unpublished court cases were included in the case list. When the bulletin was updated in 2002, only published court decisions were included. First Circuit (Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Puerto Rico) Miller v. Moran, 1992 U.S. Dist. Lexis 7586 (D. R.I. 1992) (unpublished) The court held that EMIT confirmatory tests were reliable enough to deny use of alternative methods of drug testing. Kane v. Fair, Civ. No. 136229 (Mass. Super. Ct. 1983) (unpublished) Plaintiffs sought an injunction on the use of an unconfirmed EMIT results of drug use in any disciplinary proceeding. The trial court held that no positive EMIT test result may be introduced as evidence in any disciplinary hearing unless accompanied by evidence that the positive result was confirmed by an alternative method of analysis. The court also held that no sanction may be imposed on account of any previously conducted Disciplinary Board findings based upon unconfirmed EMIT test results. 10 Second Circuit (Connecticut, New York, Vermont) Cunningham v. Goord, 274 A. D.2d 814, 711 N.Y.S. 2d 571 (N.Y. 2000) The court held that an inmate's refusal to provide a urine sample rendered him liable for the same penalty as wo uld have been imposed for a positive urine test result. Roman v. Coughlin, 609 N.Y.S.2d 732 (N.Y. App. Div. 1994) Prisoner could not be disciplined for violating a rule requiring that he sub mit to a urinalysis drug test when he was not informed, as state law provided, of the penalties which could accompany refusal. McCormack v. Cheers, 818 F.Supp. 584 (S.D. N.Y. 1993) Court held that the hearing officer should not have relied on a letter from Syva Company regarding the accuracy of the EMIT test when finding the inmate guilty. If the hearing officer had only relied on double EMIT testing procedures, due process would have been satisfied. However, the letter should not have been considered as evidence. Davis v. McClellan, 608 N.Y.S.2d 741 (N.Y. App. Div. 1994) Discipline of New York inmate for testing positive for drug use overturned when record failed to show any testimony regarding the testing procedures used. Harrison v. Selsky, 604 N.Y.S.2d 615 (N.Y. App. Div. 1993) Positive drug test, confirmed by a second positive test, was substantial evidence that the prisoner violated rule against using controlled substances; hearing officer properly denied prisoner's request for yet another drug test, since it could not exonerate past drug use. Simpkins v. Riley, 598 N.Y.S.2d 352 (N.Y. App. Div. 1993) Discipline of New York prisoner for twice testing positive for cocaine on drug test had to be annulled when no effort was made to comply with state regulation requiring that a second confirming test be conducted by a "different trained individual" if available. Smith v. Coughlin, 594 N.Y.S.2d 95 (N.Y. App. Div. 1993) Prisoner who tested positive for opiates and cocaine could not challenge discipline based on theory that consumption of poppy seeds resulted in a false positive for opiates, since the positive drug test for cocaine, standing alone, was sufficient to support the discipline imposed. Rodriquez v. Scully, 568 N.Y.S.2d 211 (N.Y. App. Div. 1991) Positive results of two EMIT drug tests were "substantial evidence" to support the determination that the inmate tested used cocaine. Sweet v. Coughlin, 558 N.Y.S.2d 198 (N.Y. App. Div. 1990) Storing inmate's urine sample in refrigerator for two days did not invalidate the drug test and the results of the "control" tests need not be produced at disciplinary hearing. 11 Peranzo v. Coughlin, 675 F.Supp. 102 (S.D. N.Y. 1987), aff'd 850 F.2d 125 (2d Cir. 1988) Double EMIT testing held sufficient to satisfy due process. Court relied on an American Association of Bioanalysis study which found that 98% of the 730 positive EMIT tests performed by New York's Department of Corrections were accurate indications of drug use. Storms v. Coughlin, 600 F.Supp. 1214 (S.D. N.Y. 1984) Plaintiffs asserted that the possibility they would be disciplined solely on the basis of an unconfirmed EMIT test violated their constitutional right to due process. The judge refused to grant a preliminary injunction since none of the plaintiffs had been disciplined because of the positive results. The judge did not determine the merits of the case. However, he did state that conduct of possession, as opposed to random testing, plus positive drug results would persuasively indicate drug use. Lahey v. Kelly, 518 N.E.2d 924 (N.Y. 1987) Relied exclusively on other judicial decisions to establish required general acceptance of EMIT system. Vasquez v. Coughlin, 499 N.Y.S.2d 461 (N.Y. App. Div. 1986) Relied on other judicial decisions to establish general acceptance of EMIT. Johnson v. Walton, No. 56 1-84 Rm. (Rutland Superior Court, Vermont, Feb. 14, 1985) (unpublished) The Vermont court held that an EMIT test used alone was not scientifically reliable. The court found that although the confirmed method called mass-spectroscopy is 100% reliable and thus optimal, an EMIT test confirmed by a method called Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) will indicate presence of a drug with scientific certainty that goes beyond a reasonable doubt. The court required the confirmation of an EMIT test by either mass-spectroscopy or TLC. Lastly, the court held that the chance of false positives in unconfirmed test results and the concomitant loss of liberty violates a prisoner's minimum fundamental fairness and due process rights. Third Circuit (New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virgin Islands) Thompson v. Owens, 889 F.2d 500 (3rd Cir. 1989) Prisoner could be disciplined for drug use on the basis of drug test even with incomplete chain of custody on urine sample. Frankenberry v. Williams, 677 F.Supp. 793 (M.D. Pa. 1988), affirmed 806 F.2d 1074 (3d Cir. 1988). Due process is satisfied by an EMIT test confirmed by a high performance thin layer chromatography (TLC). 12 Fourth Circuit (District of Columbia, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina) Jones v. United States, 548 A.2d 35 (D.C. 1998) This is a criminal case. The court held that the EMIT system has reached the level of general acceptance in the scientific community to be used as evidence. The court concluded that the EMIT test results are presumptively reliable and thus generally admissible into evidence in every case. Ramey v. Hawk, 730 F.Supp. 1366 (E.D. N.C. 1989) Court held that federal urinalysis policy does not violate due process. Wilson v. State, 521 A.2d 1257 (Md. 1987) The court was not prepared to say that the EMIT test was not reliable in every case (since other courts have held it to be reliable). The court did not know what urinalysis test was used on the probationer in this situation, thus the case was sent back to the trial court to figure out what test was used. The state could not revoke probation based on an unconfirmed lab test admitted into evidence without proof of its reliability. Fifth Circuit (Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi) Wilson v. State, 697 S.W.2d 83 (Tex. Ct. App. 1985) The court concluded that the government failed to establish the scientific acceptance of its equipment and the test results of the EMIT test. The court stressed that there is no proof that the EMIT system was either accepted or rejected anywhere else. The court sent the case back to the trial court to establish the acceptance of the EMIT system. Sixth Circuit (Ohio, Kentucky, Michigan, Tennessee) Byerly v. Ashley, 825 S.W.2d 286 (Ky. Ct. App. 1991) Inmate should not be punished for positive results on urinalysis drug test when chain of custody of urine sample was not established once the sample reached the testing laboratory. Higgs v. Bland, 888 F. 2d 443 (6th Cir. 1989) EMIT test provided sufficient evidence in support of disciplinary sanctions for prisoner drug use to satisfy due process requirements. Seventh Circuit (Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana) Webb v. Anderson, 224 F.3d 649 (7th Cir. 2000) Prisoner claimed that prison officials failed to maintain an adequate chain of custody of his urine specimen. Court held that the omissions in the chain of custody form and toxicology report were 13 not so serious as to preclude reliance upon them by the hearing examiner. Court held that there was no due process violation. Wade v. Farley, 869 F. Supp. 1365 (N.D. Ind. 1994) No due process violation when the prison officials provided the inmate with a copy of the drug test results at the misconduct hearing even though it was for a limited time. Inmate argued that the prison officials needed probable cause to require him to submit to the urine test. The court held that the prison had probable cause, but noted that other courts have held that probable cause is not needed to require an inmate to submit to a urine test. The basis for the test was reasonableness. Forbes v. Trigg, 976 F.2d 308 (7th Cir. 1992) The court held that the prison was not required to publish testing procedures, but that the prison had to use scientifically sound procedures. An inmate could not refuse to be tested because he did not see the testing protocol. A sign, posted ten feet away from inmate's workstation, was sufficient notice of urine testing of inmates in the building. Lomax v. McCaughtry, 731 F.Supp. 1388 (E.D. Wis. 1990) – no constitutional violation of prisoners' rights. Prison conducted urine test after receiving information from a reliable confidential informant that the prisoners were using narcotics. Rucker v. Johnson, 724 F. Supp. 568 (N.D. Ill. 1989) Provision of the substance of a document (the results of the urinalysis test) will satisfy the requirement that a document be provided. Failure to provide the inmate with evidence that proves his innocence does not violate due process unless that evidence is material. Wycoff v. Resig, 613 F. Supp. 1504 (N.D. Ind. 1985) The court held that a positive EMIT test confirmed by a TLC test is sufficient even though Gas Chromatography or Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy might be the best methods with which to confirm an EMIT test. The court further held that all positive EMIT tests in the future should be confirmed by a second EMIT test or its equivalent. People v. Walker, 517 N.E.2d 679 (Ill. App. Ct. 1987) This case addressed the use of double EMIT test results as the sole evidence in a probation revocation hearing. Eighth Circuit (Arkansas, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, N. Dakota, S. Dakota) LuGrain v. State, 479 N.W.2d 312 (Iowa 1991) Iowa prisoners could be found guilty of drug possession for violation of a rule requiring them to provide a urine sample within two hours of a request. 14 Harrison v. Dahm, 911 F.2d 37 (8th Cir. 1990) The court held that it is not a due process violation to fail to administer a second confirmatory test. The reason for this holding was that Spence v. Farrier did not require a second test and that the medical technician testified that the machine was calibrated twice as high as some labs. Spence v. Farrier, 807 F.2d 753 (8th Cir. 1986) The court held that the EMIT test, as used at the Iowa State Penitentiary with a confirmatory second test, contains a sufficient indication of reliability to provide some evidence of drug use. Waterman v. Iowa, 387 N.W.2d 776 (Iowa 1986) The court held that the failure to provide a copy of EMIT test results used by the disciplinary committee did not violate due process when it was not requested by the prisoner and some evidence supported the committee's decision. Harmon v. Auger, 768 F.2d 270 (8th Cir. 1985) The court held that the EMIT test results are 95% accurate and form a sufficient basis for disciplinary action. Jensen v. Lick, 589 F. Supp. 35 (D. N.D. 1984) The court held that prison officials could impose sanctions on prisoners based on an unconfirmed EMIT test. Cited a Center for Disease Control (CDC) study which found EMIT to be 97% - 99% accurate. Ninth Circuit (Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, Alaska) Thompson v. Souza, 111 F.3d 694 (9th Cir. 1997) Prisoner forced to take urine test while prison official watched. Court held that there was no constitutional violation because prisoner was not harassed and because prison had security interests in keeping drugs away from dangerous prisoners. Koenig v. Vannelli, 971 F.2d 422 (9th Cir. 1992) An inmate tested positive for marijuana use on an EMIT test. The test was repeated and the result was again positive. The inmate requested a GC/MS test at his own expense. The court held that an inmate who tested positive for marijuana on an immunoassay drug test was not entitled to a GC/MS drug test at his own expense by an independent laboratory. Sepulveda v. Ramirez, 967 F.2d 1413 (9th Cir. 1992) Court held that an unnecessary lack of privacy in taking urine samples is unreasonable. Bourgeois v. Murphy, 809 P.2d 472 (Idaho 1991) Discipline of a prisoner based on a single, unconfirmed positive drug test was overturned based on inadequate procedures for guaranteeing chain of custody of urine samples. 15 Ferguson v. Department of Corrections, 816 P.2d 134 (Alaska 1991) Removing an inmate from work program after a single unconfirmed positive EMIT urine test violated the inmate's due process rights. Pella v. Adams, 702 F.Supp. 244 (D. Nev. 1988) Inmate was given an EMIT test. He tested positive for marijuana. The test was repeated and tested positive again. Expert testified that the accuracy rate of the EMIT test is considerably over 90%. The court held that an EMIT test, confirmed by a second EMIT test, is sufficiently reliable so as not to violate a prison inmate's due process rights. However, the prison must show a valid reason for denying an inmate an opportunity to have his urine tested by a more effective test at his own expense. In re Johnston, 109 Wash. 2d. 493, 745 P.2d 864 (Wash. 1987) A positive test result from a single EMIT test constitutes sufficient evidence to uphold a prison disciplinary committee's imposition of sanctions against the inmate. Tenth Circuit (Wyoming, Utah, Co lorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico) Lucero v. Gunter, 52 F.3d 874 (10th Cir. 1995) Requiring a prisoner to submit to drug testing did not violate his Fourth Amendment right when he was randomly selected for testing. McDiffett v. Stotts, 902 F.Supp. 1419 (D. Kan. 1995) A drug testing program which targeted "high risk" prisoners with a history of drug abuse or who were suspected of drug use did not violate the prisoner's Fourth Amendment rights despite its lack of randomness. Scaife v. Wilson, 861 F. Supp. 1027 (D. Kan. 1994) Prison's random drug testing program did not violate prisoner's right to due process. Adkins v. Martin, 699 F. Supp. 1510 (W.D. Okl. 1988) The court held that the testing procedures used by the contract facility to conduct the test, including the use of two separate and independent tests, each having a different scientifically accepted methodology, eliminates for constitutional purposes any false positives as a result of kidney ailments or medication for those ailments. Eleventh Circuit (Alabama, Florida, Georgia) Martin v. State, 616 S.2d 384 (Alaska Ct. App. 1993) Failure to show chain of custody of urine sample which tested positive for drug use entitled prisoner to a new disciplinary hearing. 16 Smith v. State, 250 Ga. 438, 298 S.E.2d 482 (Ga. 1983) Plaintiff's probation was revoked on the basis of an unconfirmed EMIT test. The Supreme Court of Georgia held that the device used to detect the presence of marijuana in one's system was reliable and that the results of a urinalysis test based on such evidence were admissible. Hunt v. State, 173 Ga. App. 638, 327 S.E.2d 500 (Ga. Ct. App. 1985) Inmate's probation was revoked on the basis of a positive EMIT test. Inmate moved for a continuance on the ground that he wished to have an independent expert evaluate the test results. The motion was denied because inmate waited six weeks to file the motion. In affirming the denial of inmate's motion, the Court of Appeals noted that the two Georgia courts did not discuss the constitutional implication of sanctions imposed on the basis of the unconfirmed EMIT test. URINALYSIS TESTING IN PRISONS ACROSS THE COUNTRY Below is a list of urinalysis testing procedures of the Department of Corrections of various states throughout the country (all information updated 12/01 unless otherwise noted): Arkansas* – Uses the Roche testcup and dip sticks for the testing of inmates, confirmation tests are not performed. California – Tests are performed either onsite by trained personnel or offsite in a contracted laboratory. Onsite, the Roche TesTcup 5 is used. Lab testing is done initially using the immunoassay process. If a positive result is obtained, a thin layer chromatography is used to confirm the presence of opiates, cocaine, and THC while a Gas Chromatography test is used to confirm positive results for amphetamine/methamphetamine, PCP, and ethanol. Colorado – Drug testing is limited to either immunoassay or Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Alcohol testing may occur through either urine or breath analysis. Connecticut – An initial on-site test is performed by the prison officials. In the case of a positive result, confirmation GC/MS tests are done at an outside lab. Florida – Initial on-site test followed by a GC/MS lab confirmation test for all "non-negative" results. Hawaii* – Uses the Syva/Behring (ETS Plus) EMIT system as well as a NIDA (National Institute of Drug Abuse) Certified Laboratory to screen positive urine using the GC/MS for confirmations. Idaho – Initial screen is done with an on-site test kit. Positive results are confirmed using either GC/MS, TLC, HPLC, or "an instrument that is at least as sensitive as the initial screening instrument." Illinois – Drug Check Cup #5 is used, a type of immunochromatographic test. 17 Indiana – Initial test performed using the EMIT method. Confirmation test is done using the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) test. Iowa* – Uses the EMIT test. If the first test is positive, a second test is done on the same sample. Kentucky* – The Roche ONTRAK system is used. Positive results are sent to the central lab or a contract lab in certain parts of the state for confirmation. The central lab uses the Abbot system. The second test is performed on the original sample. Louisiana* – Urinalysis procedures can be found at Department Regulation No. C-02-007, Inmate Drug/Alcohol Testing Program. According to the regulation, Louisiana uses (for drug testing) the OnTrak test, the AccuSign DOA series test kits and Pharmscreen for internal testing. Urine samples may also be sent to state contract laboratory facilities, hospital laboratory facilities and treatment centers with laboratory facilities utilizing Beckman CX7 when conducted by appropriately trained and/or certified staff. Maryland* – Uses the EMIT test. If the first test is positive, a confirmation test is done on the same sample with a second EMIT test. Massachusetts* – Uses the Roche OnTrak slide and test cup for drug screens, by the immunoassay methodology. If the results are negative, but based on available information, illegal drug use is suspected, the prison may request that the sample be tested again. All positive screens are confirmed using GC/MS. Michigan – Typically, EMIT tests are initially performed. In the case of a positive result, the outcome is confirmed by means of a Gas Chromatography (GC) test. The use of on-site, instant test kits is approved, but usually reserved for times when an immediate result is required. Minnesota – Roche Testcup and test-stik type tests are approved for use by the department of corrections. Additional testing is done by Medtox, an outside contractor, that uses its own testing procedures, independent from the DOC. Missouri* – Uses the Roche On-Line Kit (KIMS); an antigen/antibody inhibition procedure based on kinetic interaction of molecules in solution. If positive, a second test is conducted using Thin- Layer Chromatography. Montana – If the first test is positive, a second test is performed on a new sample from the same specimen. New Hampshire* – New Hampshire does an initial EMIT. If the result is positive, a second confirmatory test is done. If the drug suspected is marijuana or cocaine, the second test is an ETS test. An ETS test uses the same technology as the EMIT test but it is a different instrument. A different technician runs the test. If the suspected drug is an opiate, PCP or amphetamines, the second test is a GC/MS. 18 New Jersey* – Uses the EMIT test. Out of approximately 10,000 samples that are screened each month, about 15% are positive. The positive results are confirmed by using the GC/MS. New York – One of two forms of EMIT tests are used on-site: either EMIT or EMIT ETS. North Carolina – All laboratories screen samples using an EMIT test. Positives are screened twice. A third party confirmation test, using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS) is offered. North Dakota – Initial test-stik procedure is performed in the presence of the inmate. If positive, a second test-stik is done. If this second test is positive, the sample is sent to a lab for further confirmation. Ohio – All samples are screened using EIA (Enzyme Immunoassy test or EZ test). All positive results are tested twice for confirmation. Oklahoma – Tests used include test-stiks and the Roche TesTcup 5. Upon obtaining a positive result, a confirmation test is done using the same technology and in the presence of the inmate/offender if possible. Oregon – Initial automated screening is performed using an EMIT test. In the case of a positive result, or if additional testing is required, then the sample is sent to a lab for GC/MS testing. Rhode Island* – Uses the EMIT test for initial screening. A second EMIT test is used to confirm positive results. South Dakota* – Uses the EMIT test. If the first test is positive, a confirmation test is conducted by GC/MS. Tennessee – Initial screen is done with an on-site EMIT test kit. In the case of a positive result, the remainder of the specimen is sent to a lab for confirmation using an EMIT test with GC/MS. Utah* – Uses the EMIT system. Washington – All testing is done by a certified substance abuse testing facility in Washington state. Positive results are subsequently confirmed. The standard drug tests and authorized limits for all offenders are as follows: Amphetamines/Methamphetamines 1,000 ng/ml THC (Marijuana) 50 ng/ml Cocaine Metabolite 300 ng/ml Opiates 300 ng/ml Additional tests may be ordered if there is a suspicion of other drug use: Barbiturates 200 ng/ml Benzodiazepines 100 ng/ml Methadone 300 ng/ml 19 Propoxyphene 300 ng/ml Ethanol 20 ng/ml "Other" West Virginia – Screenings are done using the SYVA 30 R Biochemical System (EMIT type test) and the instacheck field test kit. Wisconsin* – Uses the FPIA test. If the first test is positive, a confirmation test is performed using the GC/MS. *Last updated 1997 URINALYSIS TESTING OF FEDERAL INMATES If you are a federal inmate, yo u should refer to Program Statement 6060.08, "Urine Surveillance and Narcotic Identification." This Program Statement was written by the Federal Bureau of Prisons and establishes the program for urine testing in all federal prisons. At the date of this bulletin, the Program Statement was last updated in 1999. PS 6060.08 states that 5% of each institution's total inmate population shall be randomly tested every month. However, exactly 10% shall be randomly tested every month in all U.S. Penitentiaries, with the exception of ADX-FLO-MAX, Florence, Colorado and the U.S. Penitentiary Marion, Illinois, which shall follow the 5% random testing monthly. In addition, 3% of inmates in Minimum Security Institutions are to be tested. The Program Statement also sets forth testing for inmates involved with community activities, inmates suspected of using drugs, disruptive group members, and inmates with a history of drug abuse. In addition, inmates who have been found to have committed any of the following acts will be tested monthly for 24 months: Refusing to Provide a Urine Sample, Introduction of Drugs or Drug Paraphernalia, Use of Drugs or Related Paraphernalia, or Possession of Drugs or Related Paraphernalia. The problem of shy bladders is somewhat addressed in the "Procedures" section of the Program Statement. It states that the Captain or Lieutenant may extend the time for giving a urine sample if warranted by specific situations (such as documented medical or psychological problems or dehydration). The Program Statement also states that a second confirmatory test is done on a positive result before it is reported to the institution. Retesting at the inmate's expense is not permitted. The Program Statement provides that urinalysis shall be performed exclusively by a laboratory approved by the Central Office. Certain types of drugs are listed for which the lab is supposed to test. They are: 1. Morphine, 2. Methadone (& metabolite), 3. Codeine, 4. Other Opiates, 20 5. Barbituates, 6. Amphetamines, 7. Cocaine (& metabolite), 8. Phencydidine (PCP), 9. THC (marijuana). WHAT CAN YOU DO In most cases where a prisoner finds he has a "false positive" test result which shows drug use, he will not be able to win his case in court, even though he is clean. However, if you believe that you have a strong case and can prove one of the errors described in this bulletin, and want to challenge your drug charge in court, take these steps. 1. File and follow up on all informal and formal grievances and administrative remedies. You have to exhaust your administrative remedies before a court may hear your claim. Do not omit this step. This step is required by the Prison Litigation Reform Act if you are to file a civil rights lawsuit. 2. Make careful records of what happened, of names of officers and witnesses, dates, and anything important regarding the testing procedures; send a copy of your records out for safekeeping. 3. Try to obtain an attorney. If you cannot, send for our Legal Bulletin 1.1, "Civil Actions" or another prisoners' legal guide. Study them. 4. Decide what kind of claim to file: a) If you have been subject to unreasonable search and seizure, as explained above, you may possibly have a Fourth Amendment claim. b) If the use of a single test or careless procedures have caused you to be unjustly charged, you may have a Fifth/Fourteenth Amendment claim for lack of due process. c) If you decide to claim that you have been subject to disciplinary segregation or lost "good time" unjustly, you may have a habeas action, claiming that you lost liberty without cause. However, you should be aware that a recent United States Supreme Court case greatly limits this option. Sandin v. Connor held that a prisoner does not have a liberty interest in remaining out of disciplinary custody and in general population. Therefore, courts will be more and more reluctant to review cases that challenge a prison's decision to confine a prisoner to disciplinary custody. All a prison needs is "some evidence" of guilt to sanction a prisoner. As the cases above discussed, a "hot" urine is "some evidence" of guilt, even if it was a "false positive." 5. Write to the U.S. District Court, which serves you, and ask for forms for the legal action you have chosen: a) For claims of denial of constitutional rights, as in 4(a), ask for § 1983 forms if you are a state prisoner. Ask for § 1331 forms if you are a federal prisoner. 21 b) For habeas forms, as in 4(b), ask for a habeas claim. In either case you will receive "fill in the blank" forms, including "in forma pauperis" forms, which are not too difficult to complete. 22
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Perspectives on Children's Spiritual Formation: Four Views
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Product Description
The four viewpoints:
- Contemplative-Reflective Model focused on prayer, reflection and storytelling is explained by Dr. Scottie May, professor of Christian Education at Wheaton College.
- Instructional-Analytical Model focused on bible study and memorization is explained by Gregory C. Carlson and John K. Crupper, both on staff with AWANA
- Pragmatic-Participatory Model focused on active learning and practical application is explained by Trisha Graves, Childrens Pastor at Mariners Church, Irvine, CA.
- Media-driven Engagement Model focused on high-energy instructional technology is explained by Bill Baumgart and Greg Carper, both on staff with KIDMO
Editor Michael J. Anthony is professor of Christian Education at Biola University and Talbot School of Theology. He has earned a Ph. D. from Claremont Graduate School and lives in Irvine, CA.
Product Information
|Format: Paperback
Number of Pages: 352
Vendor: B&H Books
Publication Date: 2007
Dimensions: 8.50 X 5.50 X 0.88 (inches)
Availability: In Stock
Series: Perspectives
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Publisher's Description
Perspectives on Children's Spiritual Formation presents in counterpoint form four views of children's spiritual formation and four related methods of Christian Education. Each chapter is written by a prominent person(s) representing his or her view. Contributors also respond to the other viewpoints. Views include the contemplative-reflective model (cultivating a quiet, worshipful spirit), instructional-analytic model (involving child evangelism and Bible memorization), pragmatic participatory model (focusing on high-energy activities, often seen in mega-churches), and the media-driven active-engagement model (using a video-based curriculum with limited teacher training).
Author Bio
Michael J. Anthony is professor of Christian Education at Biola University/Talbot School of Theology and has served as a visiting professor of Christian Education at Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. He received his Ph.D. from Claremont Graduate School and has authored several books on Christian education. Anthony lives in Irvine, California.
Product Reviews
John Dekle4 Stars Out Of 5January 17, 2009John DekleThe book demonstrates how broad the term "evangelical" has become in an effort to become inclussive. This becomes evident in Michael Anthony's inability to gain consensus on the meaning of "Spirituality" from the four presenters. Overall the book provides good perspectives on approaches to Christian education with children.
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We have lived in this home since 1997 and love the area! We are so close to the beach and anything else you could possibly need! We have been beginning to travel more, and it's quickly becoming one of our favorite things! Chris loves to cook, play piano and guitar, write, exercise, and photography (you'll see lots of his photos on the walls), I like to read, walk, visit friends, and spend time with my kids! Our grown children will be available in our absence to help with anything you may need - just minutes away! Enjoy our home in beautiful sunny, southern California!


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Town Square
What neighborhoods are good for trick-or-treating?
Original post made by alp, another community, on Oct 18, 2008
Comments (8)
a resident of North Whisman
on Oct 20, 2008 at 1:45 pm
The Mercy-Bush neighborhood near downtown is usually pretty lively for trick-or-treating. We have some friends who live on View St and they took us around their area last year. There were a lot of decorated homes on Loreto, Velarde, and Bush Streets. I haven't been by there yet this year to see how many homes are decorated.
Our area around Devonshire Park and Murlagan Ave is usually pretty lively since there are a number of families in the area with school age children.
Have fun and be safe out there!
a resident of Whisman Station
on Oct 20, 2008 at 4:25 pm
Where is that phenomenal haunted house in Mountain View? I heard about it last year but was never got there in time.
a resident of Castro City
on Oct 20, 2008 at 4:46 pm
The FearNet house
Web Link
a resident of North Whisman
on Oct 21, 2008 at 9:02 am
It looks like the DC Cemetery will be open again this year at 840 Bush Street, between Yosemite and Fairmont. They even have "kid friendly" hours on certain days.
Web Link
a resident of Jackson Park
on Oct 24, 2008 at 8:28 pm
the liveliest place to take the kids trick or treating is on montecito st, burgoyne st, and farley st, because they fix up homes and there is alot of kids around the area i live on central and there is hardly any kids that live around here. so my husband and i take them over on that side because it is more funnier. happy halloween and have a safe halloween have fun and get plenty of candys
a resident of North Whisman
on Oct 25, 2008 at 10:55 am
I hear that THE place to go is the Willow Glen neighborhood in San Jose.
a resident of Old Mountain View
on Oct 29, 2008 at 8:24 am
How about your own neighborhood? That's what makes a neighborhood.
a resident of Monta Loma
on Oct 29, 2008 at 2:26 pm
Things are pretty lively in Monta Loma,thanks in particular to the local e-list that compiles a list of homes friendly to the very young set who will be going around about 5 or 5:30ish. But we get a lot of other action too, largely from neighborhood families. Thompson is pretty good, but so is Adele/Lida/Palmer.
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Super 8 Houston/Webster/Nasa
Super 8 Houston/Webster/Nasa
Hotel Guest Rating: 7.9/10
18103 Kings Row Drive
Houston, TX 77058
Hotel Freebies Available*
• On Sale Now -> Save 20% on select dates show dates
• On Sale Now -> Save 15% on select dates show dates
• On Sale Now -> Save 25% on select dates show dates
• Free Breakfast show dates
• Free Internet in Room show dates
Welcome to the Super 8 Houston/Webster/Nasa
Along with free breakfast, free internet access and wonderfully down-to-earth rates, Priceline guests at Super 8 Houston/NASA Webster can shoot to Space Center Houston at the speed of light.
Hotel Features
This two-floor, interior-corridor Super 8 offers 62 spacious, well-equipped rooms complete with premium cable TVs, desks, free high-speed internet access and coffeemakers. The hotel serves a complimentary continental breakfast, and there's an outdoor swimming pool to enjoy. Wash and fold some clothes at the on-site laundry facilities, and park for free.
Hotel Location
The Super 8 is outheast of downtown Houston off I-45 en route to Galveston. It's a five-minute drive from Houston Space Center, where kids of all ages can get in touch with their inner astronaut. Clear Lake, also known as the boating capital of Texas, is a 10-minute drive, as is Kemah Boardwalk. There guests can enjoy good old-fashioned amusement park rides, seaside shows and seafood dining overlooking Galveston Bay. The property is located 15 miles from William P. Hobby Airport.
Guest Favorites
The value-priced Super 8/Houston/Webster/NASA "doesn't disappoint," with free breakfast, a pool and a great location near the Space Center and other great Houston attractions.
Super 8 Houston/Webster/Nasa Amenities
- 24-hour front desk
- Accessible facilities
- Accessible parking
- Air conditioning
- Alarm clock
- Balcony/Lanai/Terrace
- Bus parking
- Business center
- Coffee/Tea maker
- Coin operated laundry
- Complimentary continental breakfast
- Complimentary in-room coffee or tea
- Cribs
- Desk with lamp
- Express check-in
- Express check-out
- Family/oversized room
- Free local calls
- Free newspaper
- Heated pool
- High speed internet access
- High speed internet connection
- Hot breakfast
- Ice machine
- Ironing board
- Jacuzzi
- Meeting rooms
- Microwave
- Non-smoking rooms (generic)
- Outdoor parking
- Outdoor pool
- Parking
- Pets allowed
- Photocopy center
- Rollaway bed
- Security
Hotel Information
You must show a valid photo ID and credit card upon check-in. Please note that all special requests cannot be guaranteed and are subject to availability upon check-in. Additional charges may apply. Guests are required to show a photo identification and credit card upon check-in. Please note that all Special Requests are subject to availability and additional charges may apply.
Hotel Guest Reviews of the Super 8 Houston/Webster/NasaOur hotel ratings and reviews are from real hotel guests. Priceline.com ensures that its reviews are guests-only by proactively sending hotel surveys to customers after they've completed their hotel stays. In the post-stay surveys, priceline.com hotel customers are asked a number of questions about their stay and the hotel. On a scale of 1-10 with 10 being the best, the survey asks guests to rate their overall experience and specifically rate the hotel's cleanliness, staff and location. Priceline.com does not allow site visitors to post unsolicited hotel reviews.
Sort by: All Travelers | Business Traveler(1) | Solo Traveler(3) | Traveling as Couple(12) | Family with Young Children(9) | Family with Teens(4) | Senior Traveler(4) | Group Traveler(4)
Adrian from Houston, TX
June 18, 2015
June 18, 2015
clean ,good hospitality, peaceful,
Verified Hotel Guest from El Paso, TX
April 29, 2015
April 29, 2015
The bed was comfortable, room was clean.
Verified Hotel Guest from Austin, TX
March 30, 2015
March 30, 2015
How close it was too where i needed to be
The shower water temperature was not consistent
Verified Hotel Guest from Hewitt, TX
March 16, 2015
Family Traveling with Young Children
March 16, 2015
Family Traveling with Young Children
The breakfast was nice. Waffles, sausage biscuits, breakfast burritos, yogurt, fruit, juice, cereal. The hotel was quite at night.
The bathtub was dirty, like stained dirty. It was kinda gross.
It was a good place to stay. I was worried cause it was only a 2 1/2 star motel, but it was actually ok.
Debbie from Hollister, MO
March 16, 2015
March 16, 2015
Room was nice and clean.Service was good.Would stay there again.
Verified Hotel Guest from League City, TX
February 19, 2015
February 19, 2015
when entering the room the room smell like smoke you did not have a table seating area or did it have a kitchen area it just didn't look presentable for me to sleep in
like I said it just wasn't presentable for me to stay it stinks it didn't have what I wanted in the room and they also wouldn't change me to an no smoking room
Manuel from Kerrville, TX
February 4, 2015
February 4, 2015
Staff very helpful. Clean
good location friendly staff
Chester from Friendswood, TX
January 28, 2015
January 28, 2015
Nice people, nice breakfast, overall very happy and would definitely recommend to others.
Praveenkumar from Dallas, TX
January 20, 2015
Group Traveler
January 20, 2015
Group Traveler
We were taken by surprise to see how nicely the rooms were maintained.. We stayed there for a night before visiting NASA.. The staff are courteous and the room is worth every penny... We will definitely stay there when we visit Houston again..
Kellie from Chicago, IL
December 11, 2014
Family Traveling with Teens
December 11, 2014
Family Traveling with Teens
Staff was friendly. Location was safe and easy to travel to restaurants and other locations. Free WiFi even worked in the parking lot.
Breakfast area was really small, so filled up quickly with a lot of guests. Ice machine on the second floor never worked.
Reviews of Super 8 Houston/Webster/Nasa
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(1 - 10 of 45 reviews)
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Things to see and do - Turkey
Leaving for Turkey
Nearby hotels
Novotel Kayseri from39 €Book
Real House Boutique Hotel from45 €Book
ibis kayseri from120 TRYBook
Things to do nearby
Istanbul by Night: Turkish Dinner and Show
- 81 €
- Book
Gallipoli Day Trip from Istanbul
- 151 €
- Book
2-Day Troy and Gallipoli Tour from Istanbul
- 228 €
- Book
Kosdere Hotel Biga
Kosdere Hotel Biga
Address : Sakarya Mh. 327 Sk. No: 1 Biga TR - 17200 Biga
from : 46 EURBook
Only 500 metres to the Biga town centre, Kosdere Hotel Biga offers free Wi-Fi and air-conditioned rooms with a satellite TV and balcony. The rooms at Biga Hotel Kosdere come with simple furnishings. A private bathroom with hairdryer is also standard. Some suites also offer a seating area. Daily breakfast is served in buffet style. The hotel also has an à la carte restaurant where you can taste local dishes. The bar serves refreshing drinks. The front desk is available 24/7. Room service can also be provided. You can benefit from car rental services offered at Kosdere Hotel Biga. Only 70 km to Bandirma Ferry Port, the hotel is a 40-minute drive to Lapseki. Canakkale Airport is 90 km away. Free private parking is available on site.
Useful Information
- Address : Sakarya Mh. 327 Sk. No: 1 Biga TR - 17200 Biga17200Biga
Main services
- Air conditioning
- Satellite TV


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Grid List
Buffalo Nickel HatITEM: 9885 This distressed cowhide leather hat brings that authentic western heritage to life with metal Buffalo Nickel motif accents on its band. Crafted with hidden steel wire in the brim's edge for personalized shaping. Looks great on women too! Imported.Learn More
Regular Price: $170.00
Special Price $68.00
Color Block HatITEM: 9267 Elevate your style for a more modern look. Stitched brim, color-block design in 100% wool, crushable and packable. In fact, it looks great on women too. Made in the USA.Learn More
Regular Price: $50.00
Special Price $20.00
Crushable Bucket HatITEM: 9266 The slim, contemporary styling of a bucket hat is a great new way to keep warm. Just fold it up and take it with you everywhere. 100% fleece. Looks fabulous on men and women. Made in the USA.Learn More
Regular Price: $45.00
Special Price $18.00
Genuine Shearling CapITEM: 9253 Eurostyle shearling cap for him or her. Add personality and style to your cold-weather look with this very fashionable lush genuine nappa shearling cap. Classic eight-piece construction, with a roomy. Total warmth and comfort. Made in the USA. Leather clean.Learn More
Regular Price: $145.00
Special Price $58.00
Ladies Cloche Hat in SuedeITEM: 9839 Top it off right. The cloche hat moves effortlessly into the new millennium. This retro downtown designer-look classic features a poly lining and button detail. It's the perfect accessory for women of all ages. Available in water and stain-resistant suede or smooth lambskin. Made in the USA. Leather clean.Learn More
Regular Price: $70.00
Special Price $28.00
Ladies Leather Gloves with RufflesITEM: 9851 Slip into these elegant, supple lambskin leather gloves with lovely ruffles at the wrist and a warm, brushed fleece lining. Imported. Leather clean.Learn More
Regular Price: $87.50
Special Price $35.00
Ladies Retro Leather BeltITEM: 9510 A great ladies belt with retro appeal Add 60's cool to your outfit with this patchwork belt of full grain leather. Top stitching and multi natural coloring gives it a patched look. With small brass grommets, studs, and buckle. Great with jeans. 1" wide. Imported.Learn More
Regular Price: $24.00
Special Price $9.60
Ladies Studded BeltITEM: 9952 Ladies studded belt. Our versatile 1 1/4" wide leather belt features gold and silver pyramid studs on a figure 8 braiding. Imported.Learn More
Regular Price: $34.00
Special Price $13.60
Lord Daniel Zip SweaterITEM: 4058 It's the masterful detailing of this pure cotton designer sweater that ups the style factor of a zip front cardigan jacket. Luxurious faux suede trim on the shoulders, pockets, and zipper pulls make this a sweater you can dress up or down— always with class. Imported. Dry clean.Learn More
Regular Price: $110.00
Special Price $44.00
Mens deerskin glovesITEM: 9462 Exclusively designed to keep you super-warm on super-cold days, these luxurious deerskin leather gloves have a fleece lining for extra insulation. Cinched with elastic at the wrists to lock out the cold. Classic three-point styling. Imported.Learn More
Regular Price: $100.00
Special Price $40.00


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Terms of Service; Didn't Read 0.4.1.1-signed No Restart
by Abdullah Diaa, Hugo
"I have read and agree to the Terms" is the biggest lie on the web. We aim to fix that. Get informed instantly about websites' terms & privacy policies, with ratings and summaries from the www.tosdr.org initiative.
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Jun 22nd, 2015
9:03 pm
June 22nd, 2015 | Sci-Tech, University
Paul Cleary, dean of public health school, to step down
The search for a new dean of the School of Public Health has begun.
The search for a new dean of the School of Public Health has begun.
Due to financial difficulties, the Yale-New Haven Health System is shutting down two clinics — one in Branford and one in East Haven.
Bruce Alexander, vice president for the Office of New Haven and State Affairs, announced in a letter on Tuesday addressed to New Haven city officials that Yale plans to hire 500 New Haven residents within the next two years.
On July 1, the Yale Alumni Magazine will become a department of the University.
University Chief Communications Officer Elizabeth Stauderman '83 LAW '04 will be taking a position at the University of Rochester in the fall.


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10. New York
Pest control company Orkin recently announced its 2012 list of the top U.S. cities for bed bug problems. According to a news release, Orkin's parent company, Rollins Inc. ROL, -2.06% , which operates eight pest control brands nationwide, saw a nearly 33% increase in 2012 in what the company called "bed bug business," compared with 2011. The cities are ranked in order of the number of bed bug treatments Orkin performed from January to December 2012 along with their shift, if any, in ranking compared with January to December 2011. No. 10 on the list? New York, ranking slightly better than its No. 9 spot last year.
9. Dallas/Fort Worth
The Dallas-Fort Worth region improved slightly over the previous year's rankings, where it was No. 7 in the U.S. "This list shows that bed bugs continue to be a problem throughout the U.S.," Orkin entomologist and Technical Services Director Ron Harrison said in the news release. "Based on the diversity of cities on the list, we all need to be very cautious when we travel — whether it is business or pleasure, or to visit family, friends or vacation. We need to be vigilant wherever we are and take the proper precautions."
8. Cleveland/Akron/Canton
The Cleveland region moved up five spots on the list this year. Seattle/Tacoma jumped 14 spots in 2012, to No. 13 on the list. Other cities making significant jumps include Indianapolis, Omaha and Milwaukee. Orkin noted that sanitation isn't a factor when it comes to the development of bed bugs. Other common misconceptions are that they can only be found in bedrooms. They can be found in kitchens and bathrooms, and not only are homes a potential risk, but they can infest hospitals, movie theaters, planes, office buildings and gyms.
7. Washington
Political jokes aside, the nation's capital rose from No. 8 on the list in 2011 to No. 7 last year. People may believe bed bugs transmit diseases, but according to the Journal of the American Medical Association, bed bugs can carry more than 30 different human pathogens — but there is no evidence that bed bugs can transmit diseases.
6. Columbus, Ohio
Columbus held steady in the rankings, year over year. The common bed bug (Cimex lectularius) has long been a pest — feeding on blood, causing itchy bites and generally irritating human hosts. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) all consider bed bugs a public health pest.
5. Cincinnati
Cincinnati remains in the top five, but that's down four spots from last year's list. According to the EPA, it is believed that the recent increase in bed bugs in the U.S. may be due to more travel, lack of knowledge about preventing infestations, increased resistance of bed bugs to pesticides, and ineffective pest-control practices.
4. Denver
Denver also held steady in its No. 4 spot on the list. The EPA notes that controlling bed bugs takes time and patience. There are a variety of nonchemical approaches that have been shown to be effective. In addition, pesticides are available to aid in the control process. Combining chemical and nonchemical treatments in a unified approach often makes the most sense, according to the EPA.
3. Los Angeles
Los Angeles moved up two places in this ranking. Orkin's Harrison said, "education and prevention are key. Inspect your bedroom regularly, and be cautious when traveling. Adult bed bugs resemble apple seeds in size and color, while newly-hatched babies can be about the size of a pinhead and pale in color. Check mattress seams, sheets and furniture, behind baseboards, electrical outlet plates and picture frames." According to the Mayo Clinic's website, the risk of encountering bedbugs increases if you spend time in places with high turnovers of nighttime guests — such as hotels, hospitals or homeless shelters.
2. Detroit
Detroit moved up one spot in the year-over-year rankings. Cities that dropped off the top 50 list altogether for 2012 include Philadelphia; Des Moines/Ames, Iowa; Salisbury, Md.; Salt Lake City and West Palm Beach/Fort Pierce, Fla.
1. Chicago
Replacing Cincinnati as the No. 1 spot for bed bug business in 2012: Chicago. For more information on bed bugs, the health hazards they may pose and prevention and treatment of infestations, check out information from the Mayo Clinic; and the EPA's Bed Bug Information Clearinghouse, which includes related material from universities and federal, state and local agencies.
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Advancement Via Individual Determination (AVID)
Advancement Via Individual Determination (AVID) is a system to prepare students in the academic middle for four-year college eligibility. It has a proven track record in bringing out the best in students, and in closing the achievement gap.
AVID targets students who are typically under-represented in four year colleges, students in the academic middle (2.0-3.5), and those who may be the first generation in the family to attend college. All AVID students who have the desire to take part in this ongoing elective course are required to complete an application and take part in an interview prior to being selected. For more information on the nation-wide success of this 30+ year old program, visit www.avid.org.
In its sixth year in ACPS, AVID will boast an estimated 430 6th-12th graders for the 2014-2015 school year. Both Francis C. Hammond Middle School and George Washington Middle School have an estimated enrollment between 95-130 students in the AVID elective. At T.C. Williams High School, 9-11 will support cohorts of approximately 60-80 at each grade level. We look forward to the class of 2015 to graduate 18 AVID seniors. Most of these students have been with AVID since its inception in 2009. The overall enrollment exceeds the ACPS AVID system's goal of a 10% growth from SY2013.
It's Recruitment Season
The recruitment season is here. AVID site teams at each school are busy planning recruitment efforts targeting students in the academic middle who are eager to learn more about how to be college ready. Teams have planned AVID orientation meetings at their schools and will follow-up with a parent information session during the months of January and February. Please look for more information in your school's newsletter or calendar of events. AVID personnel will also be at each school's elective fair taking. All interested students are required to complete an application and take part in an interview before the team confirms complete enrollment. If your son or daughter meets the above criteria mentioned and would like to learn more about the AVID elective, please contact Quanda Fudd at Francis C. Hammond Middle School, Stephanie Smith at George Washington Middle School or Rhea Butler at T.C. Williams High School.
College Campus Visits
Across the AVID systems at FCH, GW, and T.C. Williams, students have visited more than six colleges or universities so far this year. As an integral part of the AVID elective curricular, students learn about and visit small and large, rural and urban, and private and public institutions that all offer a very different feel for students once they step foot on campus. Students are taught "you gotta visit to know," so students take part in college trips each quarter, typically more than 16 higher education visits after four or more years of AVID.
Jefferson-Houston AVID Expansion
Plans are in the works to expand the AVID secondary elective to Jefferson-Houston secondary students. Informational overviews will be held in December for Jefferson-Houston staff, students and parents. Pending ACPS budget approval, a single cohort of students will begin the AVID elective at the start of the 2015-2016 school year after being selected through the required recruitment process. It is expected that approximately 20 Jefferson-Houston middle schoolers will have the opportunity to take part in the pilot year expansion.
Recent News
- ACPS AVID Newsletters:
Fall 2013 (PDF) Winter 2014 (PDF) Spring 2014 (PDF) Fall 2014 (PDF)
- College Readiness is Focus for AVID Students
- Special ACPS Video Share: ACPS Teacher In Focus, AVID 9 teacher Rhea Butler
- National Journal: There's a Race Gap in the Toughest Classes at Most High Schools
- Special Guest Speaker Video: The Value of AVID
- AVID Speaker Inspires T.C. Students
- Hammond AVID Students Visit College, Attend Wizards' Game
- Hammond AVID Students Start School Year with Community Service, Speakers
- T.C. Williams AVID Students Hard at Work Over Summer
- ACPS AVID Schools Achieve Highly Certified Status
- AVID Teams Plan for College Readiness
- AVID Celebrates Graduating Seniors with Breakfast for Dinner Fundraiser
- AVID 9 Students Attend Event at U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
- T.C. Williams AVID Celebrates Recognition of Students, Teacher
- Great Showing by AVID Students at HBCU Festival
- Recruitment Begins for Expanded AVID Program
- AVID Seniors Visit Three Hampton Roads Colleges
- Assorted Activities Keep AVID Students Busy during Holiday Season
- T.C. Williams AVID Students Kick off the 2013-14 School Year by Volunteering
- ACPS AVID Teams Dream Big at AVID Summer Institute
- AVID Students Participate in College Fair and Hear Motivational Speakers
Contact Information
Jodie Peters
AVID District Director/Reading and Writing for Secondary Success
Alexandria City Public Schools
1801 W. Braddock Road
Alexandria, VA 22302
Tel: 703-824-6784


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Celeb Spotlight
Jewel on Her Hubby: '[He] Really Was Protective of His Diaper Duty'
You look fabulous! How are you balancing motherhood with health and fitness?
I just tried to be really patient with myself. A friend told me it'll take a good nine months to get your body back. It took you nine months to get into that shape and it takes nine months to get back out of it. And that was really true, I tried to be really patient. I think a lot of moms expect the weight to come off magically the second they have their baby, and it certainly doesn't. Just try to be kind and patient with yourself and give your body time. I just tried to eat healthy and sensibly but I eat a lot, you know I was breastfeeding and I was fricking starving. I couldn't believe the amount I was eating. I was like "I'm never going to lose weight this way!" But your body does its thing and it'll come back; I didn't really do anything drastic.
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Curt hitch for Mazda MPV
Reviewed By Ruben M (Wendell, NC) Reviewed for a 2003 Mazda MPV —4/29/2014 11:02 AM
Fits perfectly and the installation was very simple. autoanything had the best price with shipping included. Thank you.
Reviewed By Edward M (Stephens City, VA) Reviewed for a 2014 Ford Focus —6/29/2015 3:24 PM
Brilliant design that gives you confidence in what you hook up to hitch. By using the six existing holes you don't have any drilling of the frame. Installing is a breeze If you take a minute to go over instructions before starting. It took me 45 min to install by myself and if you have a friend available it could easily be done under a half hour.
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8795 Thomas Drive, Panama City Beach, FL
Spinnaker...Food for the Body, Drink for the Spirit, Music for the Soul!
Chef Specialties
Featuring Chef Pietro's Mouth Watering Creations
Bayou Gumbo
"Spin" Mac n Cheese
Smoked Gouda Chicken Quesadilla
View Our Menu Items
Upcoming Events
Check out what's happening at Spinnaker
July 5 @ 10:00 pm
Big Richard is a fun variety party band from Houston, Texas that employs the finest musicians and entertainers in the area. The band is known for its non-stop, action-packed stage show {...}
July 5 @ 10:10 pm
Spinnaker Beach Club & Paradise Grill takes Karaoke to new heights in Panama City Beach by giving Karaoke Stars the "Feel like a Rockstar Experience." You can perform on the {...}
July 5 @ 11:55 pm
Lip Sync Throwdown
Lip Sync Throwdown Ready to make a total fool of yourself in front of hundreds of strangers? If your singing makes the worst karaoke contestant cringe, have no fear… You {...}
July 10 @ 10:00 pm
Grand Theft Audio is the newest, most original, cover band, to ever hit the scene! This band does unique versions of all your favorite hits of the 80's 90's and {...}
July 16 @ 7:00 pm
Little Black Dress
Ladies, Little Black Dress is back Thursday, July 16th and this month's event continues our new "Shades of Summer" theme! We will have an hourly designer sunglasses give-away with four pairs {...}
July 17 @ 10:00 pm
Formed in June 2012, and based out of Pensacola, FL, Gypsy Riot is charged and ready to take over the southeast cover scene! Bringing a fresh take on all of {...}
List of Upcoming Events
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Inside Higher Ed. September 4, 2013. College enrollment fell by 467,000 in the fall of 2012, according to a Census Bureau report released Tuesday. The decline followed substantial increases in previous years. Most of the 2012 decline came from older students (those 25 and older). Their enrollment fell by 419,000.
Upcoming Events
Workshop: Best Practices in Ac...
July 15, 2015
Education Management Boot Camp
August 12-13, 2015
31st Annual Conference
October 7-9, 2015
Hyatt Regency La Jolla


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Who spiked the punch? Vodka or rum, mixed drinks or shots, get recipe ideas for your next party.
About StumbleDNA StumbleDNA
Gorillatoes's Interests
Independent and edgy, get a different spin from alternative news that's far from mainstream.
Explore the biology and physiology of the human body. Like Grey's Anatomy, minus the love triangles.
From baby animals to wild creatures to exotic pets, discover cute pictures and more about animals.
Flex your creativity by exploring performing arts, literature, music, visual arts and more.
What's your sign? Explore astrology and soon you'll be looking to the stars for your horoscope.
No telescope? No problem. Explore astronomy, from the Big Bang to the mission to Mars.
We all need a little pampering sometimes. Explore makeup trends, hairstyles, skincare and more.
Think ordinary is boring? Explore the weird, the strange, the obscure, and the downright freaky.
Learn about brain disorders and the symptoms of neurological, psychological and nervous system diseases.
When the going gets tough, the tough stay zen. Explore Buddhist beliefs, religion and spirituality.
In the woods or on a beach, are you happiest in a tent? Learn more about camping sites, gear and more.
Explore canoeing and kayaking, whether you'll be paddling on a peaceful lake or down whitewater rapids.
With order comes disorder. Learn about chaos theory, controlled chaos and the butterfly effect.
Keep reaching higher! Rocks, walls, mountains or trees: explore climbing gear, gyms, training tips and more.
What's your style? From your shoes to your accessories, make a statement with your clothing.
Find out more about collegefashion-net.
Whether you like romantic comedies or black comedies, have a laugh by Stumbling through funny films.
Explore continuing education programs, online classes, credits, professional licenses and more.
From Bohemians to Beats to Hippies, learn about counterculture movements around the world.


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Smooth running 350 cu. In. V-8 327 heads, Dual exhaust, 4 speed manual transmission, Power steering, Power brakes, Refinished in Bright Ermine White... More
1966 Chevrolet Impala If you are interested in this car or have more questions, please call Gerry (Gary) at 360-687-6221 One owner 1966 Impala. Ground up restoration. 15 inch... More
Description: This 1964 Chevrolet Impala SS Sports Coupe which has been family owned since new and purchased at the famous Felix Chevrolet in Los Angeles,... More
1979 Chevrolet Impala Caprice, one owner, low mileage, new tires, excellent original condition, must sacrifice at only $5,000.... More
Passing Lane Motors, LLC, St. Louis''s Premier Classic Car Dealer, is pleased to offer this 1964 Chevrolet Impala for sale! Highlights Include: 327 Engine Automatic Transmission Power Steering Power... More
1968 Chevrolet Impala Convertible1968 Chevrolet Impala Convertible model in mint conditionTriple Black metallic exterior with a matching Black leather interiorAlso with a Black Convertible... More
1966 Chevrolet impala This very rare, numbers matching "IJ" block casting number 427 CID 390 HP with a Turbo Hydramatic transmission. All original, completely untouched... More
1967 Chevrolet Impala SS ConvertibleBig block 454 cui badged as a 427. 4 Speed Manual Transmission. Marina Blue Paint with White Convertible top. Blue... More
Sometimes just finding a clean old car is a great thing. Take this 1969 Chevy Impala for example. The great look is accentuated by... More
1959 Chevrolet Impala Bubble Top Rare Red & White Color Combination 348 cid Big Block V8 Tri-Power Rochester Carburetor's Power Steering Desirable Continental Kit Optional Dual Spotlights MotoeXotica Classic Cars is pleased... More
1965 Chevrolet Impala SS original 350 auto power brakes power steering. flawless paint and chrome. original wheels and caps come with the car. show... More
Stk. 1865 1962 Chevrolet Impala SS Originally introduced in 1958, the Impala was restyled on the GM B platform for the first time in 1961.... More
Up for sale in our Houston showroom is one of Chevrolet??s most successful full-size cars the Impala. The Impala has been a car to... More
GR Auto Gallery is pleased to present this 1963 Chevrolet Impala SS 409 for purchase. The 1963 Impala offered a new look ''Jet Smooth''... More
Just in! Call or visit our website for more information.... More


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1873 T$1 Trade Dollar, Judd-1276, Pollock-1418, R.5, PR65 NGC....
2007 September Long Beach, CA Signature Coin Auction #446
|Sold for:
|Not Sold
|Auction Ended On:
|Sep 28, 2007
|Item Activity:
5 Internet/mail/phone bidders
110 page views
|Long Beach, CA
|Printable auction results for all items in the 2007 September Long Beach, CA Signature Coin Auction.
Toned 1873 Trade Dollar Pattern1873 T$1 Trade Dollar, Judd-1276, Pollock-1418, R.5, PR65 NGC. A distinctive Trade dollar pattern with a small head of Liberty facing left set amid a large, open field with 13 stars at the margin. The reverse has the required legends mostly set in the middle of that side, surrounded by an olive wreath, and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA at the upper periphery. Struck in silver with a reeded edge. Nicely reflective, the surfaces are gray-lilac over each side with deeper peripheral color. (PCGS# 61561)
Judd-1276, PR65
Judd-1276, PR65
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