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Ultra-Tight Integration of Pseudolites with INS
Ultra-Tight Integration of Pseudolites with INS Ravindra Babu and Jinling Wang School of Surveying and Spatial Information Systems University of New South Wales Sydney - 2052, Australia foliages, and the effects due to interference can be mitigated. If Abstract - Ultra-tight integration of GPS with INS has been used along with the GPS constellation, the number of ranging proposed to address various problems associated with these signals also increases providing better robustness. These individual systems. However, a low cost INS may not sustain prolonged GPS signal losses which frequently occur in indoors, advantages have led to the augmentation of Pseudolites with foliages, urban environments etc. Moreover, the upcoming GPS in safely critical applications such as aircraft precision applications such as LBS require positioning systems to work in approach and landing, and deformation monitoring. In fact, a all these environments and this stimulates the interests in 'Pseudolite-only-Navigation' is possible where GPS signals developing alternative positioning systems. A 'Pseudolites-only' cannot be received or very weak. constellation which artificially simulates the GPS-constellation is A different set of PRN codes are used for both the an ideal choice to provide positioning solutions in these non- GPS and Pseudolite constellations. While PRN codes 1 to 32 benign environments. The main advantage in using the are assigned for satellite network, the PRN codes 33 to 36 are pseudolites is its flexibility - the geometry and the signal used for ground-based Pseudolites. The power output from the characteristics can be optimized for a particular application. To combat signal degradation due to reflecting/refracting Pseudolite transmitters is usually quite high. When this high environments and receiver dynamics, the pseudolites can be power reaches the receiver tracking both GPS/Pseudolite integrated with INS to improve the overall system robustness. signals, they can jam the weak GPS signals and as well saturate Two problems that affect the receiver performance in the receiver RF-front end. This is called the near-far problem. using 'Pseudolite-only' constellation are: higher rate changes in To resolve this, the Pseudolite transmitters are usually pulsed Doppler due to large geometry changes, and signal fluctuations. with duty cycles ranging from 10 to 30%. For a typical 10% This paper proposes the ultra-tight integration of pseudolites with duty cycle per C/A code epoch, the transmitter is ON for 100 INS to address these potential problems. Firstly, the tracking loop µsec and OFF for 900 µsecs. Therefore, when averaged over performance in dynamic scenarios is enhanced by integrating the one complete epoch the averaged received signal power is INS measured dynamics with the carrier tracking loops. Secondly, as the tracking loops are closed by the integration closer to the satellite power, i.e. -130 dBm. The atmospheric Kalman filter, any larger fluctuations in the Pseudolite I and Q effects are also quite different compared to a GPS signal. The signals will not severely affect the receiver tracking. In this paper, tropospheric influence is predominant for Pseudolite signals as a series of numerical experiments are performed to study the they propagate only through this atmospheric layer. performance of the pseudolite/INS ultra-tight integration. The Despite having multitude of advantages, the results show a significant improvement in measurements Pseudolite signals are vulnerable in indoor environments where accuracy, acquisition times over conventional ultra-tight the signals get degraded significantly due to the presence of integration which uses only GPS signals. The propagation effects several reflecting and moving objects. Though the degradation of the pseudolite signals, its characteristics and their effect on usually will be momentary, nevertheless, this will affect the tracking loops are also discussed in detail. overall system performance. By augmenting with additional sensors, these short-gaps can be bridged. One of the obvious I. INTRODUCTION choices for the augmentation sensors in navigation is the Inertial Navigation System (INS). Though autonomous in Pseudolites, also known as Pseudo-Satellites, are nature, these sensors exhibit errors and when integrated in time ground based GPS signal transmitters that transmit the ranging during the mechanization process, these errors grow. signals on the same GPS L1 frequency of 1575.42 MHz. They Therefore, they need to be continuously calibrated. An can also be considered as additional satellites placed on ground extended Kalman filter integrates both Pseudolite and INS to improve the reliability, availability and the overall geometry measurements to calibrate the INS errors. The focus of this that leads to improved receiver performance. One of the main research is to integrate both these data sets in ultra-tight mode, advantages of the Pseudolites is its flexibility. By placing them i.e., I (in-phase) and Q (quadrature) measurements from at appropriate locations the overall geometry can be correlator are integrated with Position, Velocity and Attitude strengthened, in particular, the vertical geometry can be from INS. A Doppler signal can be extracted from the improved resulting in better vertical accuracy [6] [7]. corrected INS, and when this gets integrated with receiver Furthermore, as the Pseudolite signals are stronger at the tracking loops, any dynamics on the GPS signal caused by the receiver due to shorter distances, the navigation can be user motion is removed. With dynamics removed, the tracking performed in indoors and bandwidth can be reduced resulting in several advantages. The objective of this research is to demonstrate the most of the modern-day commercial receivers tend to operate advantages of integrating Pseudolite and INS in ultra-tight in such non-benign environments where either the signal mode for providing high availability, reliability and positioning strength is too weak or completely blocked. To mitigate these accuracy in indoor environment. Simulation experiments were effects and to have a seamless navigation in indoors and performed with both 'Pseudolites-only' mode and foliages, the Pseudolite/INS integration technique has been 'Pseudolites/INS' integration mode and the results are proposed in this paper. By placing the Pseudolites at provided. For the sake of comprehensiveness, the ultra-tight appropriate locations, a receiver can navigate virtually in any integration philosophy is also given. The results show that the place as the signal strength from Pseudolites is higher than measurements accuracy improves using the Pseudolite/INS GPS. integrated system. The advantage of using Pseudolites for navigation is the improved geometry, defined by GDOP (Geometric Dilution of Precision) which is provided by the trace of the position T −1 II. PSEUDOLITE CONSTELLATION covariance matrix A = ( H H ) where H is the measurement matrix, which improves the overall accuracy, and also The use of GPS signals for indoor navigation is very enhancing the availability and reliability of tracking. The GPS limited as the signal gets heavily attenuated as it penetrates the signals can also be augmented to this to further improve the walls and other structures before reaching the receiver antenna. performance; however, this can be limited only to outdoor The rule of thumb for attenuation is approximately 10 dB/floor; applications as the GPS signals may not be tracked in indoors. however, this depends on the constituents of the structures. For By placing the Pseudolites at suitable locations, the operating example, if the receiver is placed on the ground floor in a 3- environment can be optimized for both geometry and floor building then the received signal strength will be of the availability of signals. order of -160 dBm. To extract such weak signals, high sensitivity or weak signal algorithms have to be implemented which are complex. Any further reduction in the signal strength will render even these techniques ineffective. In fact, Fig. 1. Pseudolite Constellation In using the 'Pseudolite-only' constellation, an receiver are only in the order of meters, when the receiver important consideration that should be given is the errors in the approaches a transmitter, the received power from that signal modeling, as this would be significantly different from transmitter starts increasing significantly which is termed as a the errors on the GPS signals. The atmospheric and multipath near effect, whereas the power drops down much faster from errors are considerably different for Pseudolite signals when the other transmitters which is the far effect. This higher compared to GPS, whereas the receiver noise is common to power from one transmitter subduing other signals is termed as both the signals. As the Pseudolite signals propagate only a near/far problem, and this is of paramount importance to be through troposphere and also at lower elevation angles, the addressed in the case of Pseudolite systems due to the smaller modeling for the tropospheric errors would be different. The geometries involved. tropospheric error component is spatially correlated, i.e. the errors will be almost same for receivers within a boundary. These spatially correlated errors can be reduced by using differential techniques. However, the uncorrelated errors such as multipath and receiver noise require sophisticated signal processing. It should be noted that multipath is the Far Effect predominant error component in the indoor navigation as the received signal bounces off from several reflectors which Normal Operation comprises the environment. For a stationary receiver, the multipath error would be a constant which can be easily accounted for, whereas for a dynamic receiver the multipath Near Effect becomes a time varying component which requires sophisticated signal processing techniques and customized antenna designs. The ionospheric error term can be discarded Pseudolites from the signal model as the signals will not pass through ionosphere. The Pseudolite constellation that is used for the experiments is shown in Fig. 1. Four Pseudolite transmitters are placed at right angles to each other to give the best geometry. III. PSEUDOLITE SIGNAL PROPAGATION EFFECTS Fig. 2. Representation of Near/Far Effect Despite several advantages of the Pseudolite systems, Fig. 2 is the representation of the near/far effects that there are some serious issues that need to be addressed before are encountered in typical Pseudolite systems. As shown in the its application. Two of the major issues are: Near/Far Problem, figure, for best performance the receiver should be in the Multipath. middle layer which is the normal operation zone. In both the near and far zones, the effects of one transmitter would start A. Near/Far Problem taking precedence over the others degrading the overall It is well known that GPS and Pseudolites are Code- performance. The solution to this effect is the pulsing. Instead Division Multiple Access Systems (CDMA), i.e. of transmitting the signals continuously, the Pseudolites Pseudorandom noise (PRN) sequences of appropriate length transmit in pulses defined by the duty cycle. The typical duty are modulated with the data messages to spread its spectral cycle is about 20% for Pseudolite systems, i.e., the transmitter density over a wider bandwidth to improve the efficiency of is ON for only 20% of the time and transmits about 200 chips transmission. Since the signals from all the satellites are instead of the full 1023 chips. This has the effect of reduced transmitted on the same frequency, the isolation between received power thereby mitigating the near/far effects. different satellites in the receiver is obtained from the cross- correlation properties that can be achieved with the PRN codes. A cross-correlation of 21 to 30 dB is achieved in the case of B. Multipath GPS signals, and as the GPS satellites are about 20,000 km Another issue that needs to be resolved is the away from the receiver on the surface of the earth this property multipath. In the case of indoor navigation, as there are many is maintained for all the satellite signals. However, in the case hindrances to the direct signal transmission, the signal at the of Pseudolite systems, due to the proximity of the receiver to receiver is a superposition of a direct and several the transmitters this cross-correlation property cannot be reflected/refracted signals. The effect of this is the signal guaranteed always. The power received at the receiver is fluctuations which result in the threshold degradation in both inversely proportional to the square of the distance the signal the acquisition and tracking loops of the correlator. The travels. As the distance between Pseudolite transmitter and the simulated multipath used for these experiments is shown in Fig. 3. A 1st order butterworth filter with a time constant of 1 error modeling is removed [4][5]. The I and Q measurements second is used to simulate the multipath errors. for a Pseudolite receiver can be mathematically modeled as A ( n + 1) T [sin ( w e t + φ e ) ] d t + T k p + d rk p + (1) I = ∫ nT 2 d m kp + ε kp A ( n + 1) T [co s( w e t + φ e ) ] d t + T k p + d rk p + (2) Q = ∫ nT 2 d m kp + ε kp where w e = w − w ' and φ e = φˆ − φ ' are the frequency and ˆ phase errors respectively. w & φˆ are the local estimates ˆ generated by the tracking loops and w ' & φ ' are the reference Fig. 3. Indoor Multipath Error Simulation frequency and phase components respectively. Tkp is the p tropospheric delay, drk is the pseudolite location error, C. Pseudolites Propagation Model dmkp is the multipath error, ε kp is the measurement noise. k Normally, the mathematical models for the receiver and p denote the receiver and the pseudolite respectively. It measurements such as I, Q, Pseudo-range, carrier phase can be observed from equations (1) and (2) that there is no comprises the ionospheric correction term for GPS signals. signal propagation correction term for ionosphere, as both the However, as the Pseudolite signals are propagated within the transmitters and receiver are placed on ground. troposphere, the ionosphere component in the measurement I Integrate & D um p IF (ca rrie r+ d ata) NCO L oop D iscrim i Filter nator 90º K alm an Filter Integrate & Q P,V, Att D um p Interpola D oppler tor E stim ate ∇v, ∇θ Strapdow n P,V ,A tt IM U M echanizat ion Fig. 4. Ultra-tight integration IV. ULTRA-TIGHT PSEUDOLITE/INS INTEGRATION The terrestrial psi-angle error model is used for process modeling. The integration of GPS with INS for robust navigation is well known in the field of navigation. Both these systems dr = − ρ * dr + dv have been integrated in loosely-coupled and tightly coupled d v = − (Ω * w ) * d v + ∇ − ψ * f (3) modes for about 2 decades. The start of this decade has dψ = − w *ψ + ε witnessed the development of ultra-tightly coupled architecture in which the tracking loop measurements, I and Q, are dr is the position error vector, dv is the velocity error vector, integrated with the INS data. In addition, a Doppler signal is dψ is the attitude error vector, ρ is the true frame rate with derived from the Kalman filter estimates in conjunction with respect to the Earth, Ω is the Earth rate vector, w is the true the ephemeris which reflects the Doppler on the GPS signal coordinate system angular rate with respect to the inertial due to user movement. This derived Doppler signal when f is the specific integrated with the tracking loops remove the Doppler on the frame, ∇ is the accelerometer error vector, GPS signal caused by the user motion. As the dynamics on the force vector, and ε is the gyro drift rate vector. GPS signal is reduced substantially, the tracking loop bandwidth can be optimized to track only the clock dynamics C. Measurement Model [1]. Since the Pseudolite signals are similar to GPS signals, the The measurement model which relates the I, Q baseband loops can be easily configured to receive the measurements from the Pseudolites with the P, V, A from INS Pseudolite signals, i.e. PRN 33 to 36. The quadrature signals, I is given as [2] and Q, from the correlator are fed to a 17-state extended Kalman filter, 3 position, 3 velocity, 3 attitude, 3 gyro bias, 3 H = [{hxi , hyi , hzi ,1},{hxi , hyi , hzi ,1}]i =1:n (4) accelerometer bias, 1 clock bias, 1 clock drift, which estimates the inertial sensor biases. The ultra-tight integration architecture is shown in Fig. 4. where 'n' is the number of satellites visible and A. Data Processing ∂E[ I ] ∂φe ∂E[ I ] ∂we The Pseudolite measurements at the receiver input are hx1 = + (5) computed based on the receiver trajectory. To maintain ∂φe ∂x ∂we ∂x consistency with the GPS signals, the signal power is and maintained at -130 dBm with an SNR of -20 dB. The trajectory is simulated for indoor environment, and therefore, appropriate multipath noise is added to the signal. As the ∂E[Q ] ∂φe ∂E[Q ] ∂we hx1 = + (6) baseband loops in the correlator are updated at every 1 msec, ∂φe ∂x ∂we ∂x the I, Q measurements are generated at the same rate, and since this data rate is higher for the Kalman filter to process, the where we and φe are the frequency and phase errors measurements are first decimated by a factor of 10. The signal processing based decimation algorithm was applied, though it respectively, and E [I] and E[Q] are defined as was observed that a down sampler produced about the same performance. The simulated INS measurements are also − A c o s ( w e ( n + 1) T + φ e ) − obtained at a rate of 100 Hz. After synchronizing these two E[I ] = (7) 2 we co s(we n T + φ e ) data sets, they are fed to a centralized Kalman filter which estimates the inertial sensor errors. The system equations for A s in ( w e ( n + 1) T + φ e ) − Kalman filter are derived from the number of error states E [Q ] = (8) chosen and the noise models. A 17-state Kalman filter is used 2 w e s in ( w e n T + φ e ) to generate the error estimates in position, velocity, attitude, gyro and accel bias, receiver clock errors. The Doppler derived from the INS position and velocity is interpolated by a factor of V. SIMULATIONS 10 to synchronize with the update requirements of the correlator loops. The Kalman filter estimates the errors by recursively It is convenient to use the simulations to develop the running the process and measurement models. Both these proof-of-concept models, and therefore, the same approach is models are extensively covered in literatures [3] [8] [9], and taken for this research also to test the performance of the ultra- therefore, only the equations are provided for comprehensive tightly integrated Pseudolite/INS in indoor environment. sake. Several software components have been developed, the major being – receiver trajectory generation, Pseudolite/INS signal B. Process Model generation, software based tracking, and ultra-tightly integrated Kalman filter. measurements. These measurements were generated at a 100 Hz rate. B. Software Receiver Performance The simulated Pseudolite signals are fed to the Data FusionTM Corporation's Software receiver to test the performance of acquisition and tracking loops [10]. The receiver is tested in two different modes: i) in a stand-alone mode ii) in ultra-tightly integrated mode where the INS-derived Doppler signal is fed to the baseband loops. Mode 1 Since the total Doppler was within +/- 25Hz and the total frequency bin size was 667 Hz, the number of search bins was limited to 1. The signals are searched in both the code and carrier domains by Delay Locked Loop (FLL) and Frequency Locked Loop to acquire the carrier frequency and code phase Fig. 5. Reference Trajectory respectively. Both the I (in-phase) and Q (quadrature) phase measurements are accumulated and the envelope A. Trajectory, Signals Generation I 2 + Q 2 is compared against the threshold. As the number The user trajectory which is defined by the position, velocity, attitude and time is created in segments. The of frequency bins is 1 in this case the search is performed in reference trajectory that was used for the experiments is shown only code domain which reduces the acquisition time, however, in Fig. 5. In a typical indoor environment, the trajectory does in adverse indoor conditions the loops frequently looses lock not contain any significant dynamics, so a user velocity of 1m/s leading to signal fluctuation. The performance of the was considered for the experiments. For the sake of acquisition loops is shown in Fig. 6. simplicity, a smooth trajectory was created. The initial co- It can be observed from the plot that there is a ordinates and the simulation duration are required to initialize significant degradation in the acquisition performance with the the software. The trajectory profile is then stored in a text total power dropping down. The performance of the PL36 format which is then used for the Pseudolite and INS signal was significantly degraded compared to the other measurements generation. signals, as this may be caused due to the poor geometry The generation of pseudolite signals is similar to the between the user trajectory and the Pseudolite transmitter. It generation of GPS signals except that the Pseudolites use PRN must be noted that the code loop has considerable influence on codes 33 to 36. However, some points worth considering in the acquisition Doppler performance. The tracking the simulation of the signal are: i) the ionospheric errors are not performance is shown in Fig. 7. The vertical axis in the figure considered as the signal do not propagate in ionosphere ii) corresponds to the Doppler changes. Due to the signal standard tropospheric model is used for the preliminary fluctuations the tracking performance also gets degraded, and experiments iii) the signals are modeled with multipath errors most of the time the loops come out of the tracking stage and iv) as the distance between the Pseudolite transmitters and the jump back to acquisition. The Fig. 7 shows that the Doppler receiver trajectory is known, appropriate noises such as biases, variations are about 15 Hz. As the carrier tracking bandwidth errors and measurement noises are added to the signal. The is set at 12 Hz, the loops go back to the previous stage of software receiver processes IF signals only, therefore the narrowband FLL acquisition. Pseudolite signals are generated at an IF frequency of 21.25 MHz. The Doppler modulation for the signals is derived from the relative velocities between the Pseudolite transmitter and the receiver. The signal is stored as a 1 byte integer format which is read by the Software receiver. From the user trajectory, the raw INS measurements, incremental angular and linear velocities, are generated, and accelerometer and gyro biases/scale factor errors, random noises, earth's rotation are added to form the 'true' INS Fig. 6. Acquisition Performance (stand-alone mode) Fig. 7. Tracking Performance (stand-alone mode) Mode 2 strapdown algorithms generate the position, velocity and The same experiments are performed by integrating attitude which are input to the 17-state extended Kalman filter. the INS. After mechanizing the INS measurements, the The filter estimates the INS errors by incorporating the correlator measurements during the measurement update acquisition and tracking performance improves as shown in process. From the corrected INS, a Doppler signal is generated Fig.s 8 and 9 respectively. The Fig. 8. shows that the which reflects the user dynamics. This Doppler signal also envelope power from the acquisition loop is stable. Another contains a residual component resulting from unmodeled reason for the improved performance of the loops is due to the errors. When integrated with the tracking loops, it mitigates usage of medium grade INS (1 deg/hr gyro bias, 10 mg accel. the Doppler on the GPS signal. Though the amplitude bias). However, the loops performance can get degraded even fluctuations are still the same, nevertheless, the external for momentary loss of signal if a low cost INS is used. Doppler from INS helps lock the loop and therefore both the Fig. 8. Acquisition Performance (ultra-tight mode) Fig. 9. Tracking Performance (ultra-tight mode) VI. KALMAN FILTER ESTIMATION alone Pseudolite system. Furthermore, the Kalman filter results also confirm the improved performance of the The error estimates between the reference trajectory integrated system. These are only some of the preliminary and the filter estimated values are shown in Fig. 10. The results, and more research is expected to be conducted in due Kalman filter was run at 100 Hz rate, i.e. GPS measurements course. are processed at that rate. As the I and Q estimates from the tracking loops are within bounds in ultra-tight mode, the Kalman filter position estimates (North and East error ACKNOWLEDGMENT components) are smooth and convergent as shown in the figure. It should be noted that there were no big anomalies This research is supported by an ARC (Australian despite the multipath due to the bridging capability of high Research Council) – Discovery Research Project on 'Robust quality INS. Positioning on Ultra-tight integration of GPS, Pseudolites and inertial sensors'. REFERENCES [1] R. Babu, and J. Wang, "Ultra-tight GPS/INS/PL Integration: A System Concept and Performance Analysis," unpublished. [2] R. Babu, and J. Wang, "Ultra-Tight GPS/INS/PL integration: Kalman Filter Performance Analysis," GNSS 2005, Hong Kong, 8-10 December. [3] I.Y. Bar-Itzhack, and N. Berman, "Control Theoretic Approach to Inertial Navigation Systems". AIAA Journal of Guidance, Control & Dynamics, vol. 11, pp. 237-245, 1988. [4] L. Dai, J. Wang, T. Tsuiji, and C. Rizos, "Pseudolite applications in positioning and navigation: modeling and geometric analysis," International Symposium on Kinematic Systems in Geodesy, Geomatics and Navigation (KIS2001), Banff, 5-8 June 2001, pp 482- 489. Fig. 10. Kalman Filter Estimates [5] C.D. Kee, H. Jun, D. Yun, B. Kim, B.W. Parkinson, T. Langestein, S. Pullen, and J. Lee, "Development of VII. CONCLUSION indoor navigation system using asynchronous pseudolites," 13th International Technical Meeting of The indoor navigation using GPS is really challenging the Satellite Division of the US Institute of Navigation, due to the reduction in signal strength and multipath. Though a Salt Lake City, 19-22 Sept. 2000, pp 1038-1045. Pseudolite-based network can be used in such non-benign environments, nevertheless, the Pseudolite signals are also [6] H.K. Lee, J. Wang, C. Rizos, D. Grejner-Brzezinska, contaminated by the multipath which degrades the and C. Toth, "GPS/Pseudolite/INS integration: performance. Therefore, the integration of an INS is proposed concept and first tests," GPS Solutions, vol. 6, pp. 34- in this paper which provides a better performance than a stand- 46, 2002. alone Pseudolite network. The concept of 'Pseudolites-only' constellation in indoor navigation, and the various issues that [7] J. Stone and J.D. Powell, "Precise positioning with are involved in using this network are illustrated in this paper. GPS near obstructions by augmentation with The ultra-tight Kalman filter which integrates the correlator pseudolites," IEEE PLANS, Palm Springs, 1998, pp and INS measurements is explained. To validate the theory 526-569. and demonstrate the system performance, simulation experiments have been conducted and the results are presented. [8] J. Wang, L. Dai, T. Tsuiji, C. Rizos, D. Grejner- The acquisition and tracking results show that the ultra-tight Brzezinska, and C. Toth, "GPS/INS/Pseudolite integration of Pseudolites and INS is better than the stand- integration: concept, simulation and test," 14th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite [10] K. Krumveida, P. Madhani, C. Cloman, E. Olson, J. Division of the US Institute of Navigation, Salt Lake Thomas, P. Axelrad, and W. Kober, " A Complete IF City, 11-14 Sept 2001a, pp 2708-2715. Software GPS Receiver: A Tutorial about the details," 14th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite [9] J. Wang, T. Tsuiji, C. Rizos, L. Dai, and M. Moore, Division of the US Institute of Navigation, Salt Lake "GPS and pseudo-satellites integration for precise City, Ohio, 11-14 September 2001, pp. 789-829. positioning," Geomatics Research Aus, vol. 74, pp.103-117, 2001b.
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Firefox Co-Founder is Skeptical about Firefox Growth
Blake Ross, the co-founder of Firefox web browser appears to be skeptical about Firefox growth.
Answering to one of the Quora (questions/answers community) members questions (Will Firefox have double-digit market share in 3 to 5 years), he said:
I'm pretty skeptical. I think the Mozilla Organization has gradually reverted back to its old ways of being too timid, passive and consensus-driven to release breakthrough products quickly.
Mozilla's CEO, John Lilly has also responded with the following comment:
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Hike only in December? Despite strong US economic data since they last met, the US Federal Reserve's (Fed) Open Market Committee (FOMC) struck a rather cautious tone in its media conference this week. As a result, market expectations are now pointing to the first hike only in December. (more…)
What are the growing numbers of SA high net worth individuals doing right?
The number of new millionaires in Africa is steadily growing, with more than 160 000 individuals ...
Don't dismiss a business that owns zip
Uber, the on-demand transport business, is now the world's most valuable travel start-up, valued at ...
Can Molefe save Eskom?
Given that state-owned power utility Eskom's woes continue to weigh heavily on the country's economy, ...
Are you fully aware of the costs associated with fire damage?
The recent fires across the South Peninsula in March have highlighted the extreme damage which ...
Top 10 tips on managing your personal budgets – how to become financially savvy
By David Crossley, Practice Manager at BDO Wealth For many people, the gentle art of ...
How probable is a 'Grexit'?
A few months ago we put the probability of a de jure exit at about 25% over the next two years. Today we think that probability has risen to about 40%. However, we have also emphasised that there is a strong possibility of a semi-exit where capital controls are imposed and the ECB (European Central […]
US Fed: data-dependant or data-sceptical?
Morningstar: South Africa Scores C Grade
Morningstar Research recently released its biannual Global Fund Investor Experience report, which assesses the experiences of mutual fund investors in 25 countries across North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. South Africa scored a grade of C in the report. Morningstar researchers identified Korea and the United States as the most investor-friendly markets and China the […]
Investing towards a goal
Lately, the investment strategies employed in managing retirement funds have tended to favour a performance-based framework as fund managers chase the best returns. While this strategy may seem more attractive on the surface as it aims to maximise wealth creation, the returns achieved don't always meet the needs of investors in retirement. (more…)
Financial independence vs. retirement
Google "retirement" and you'll find a staggering 208 million results. Google "financial independence" – a term which would be synonymous with retirement in an ideal world – and you will find about 15 million results, says Daphne Byers, Advice Partner at The Wealth Corporation. (more…)
In the upcoming issues of Money Marketing
In our July and August issues we take a look at investing for income and growth, hedge funds, critical illness and the short-term insurance industry. For more information click here.
Public sector wage agreement: an encouraging development
The South African government's recently concluded three-year wage agreement with the public sector unions is an encouraging step towards improving the country's current tepid potential growth. The agreement comprised a consumer price inflation (CPI) plus 2% (7% nominal) increase in 2015, followed by increases of CPI plus 1% in each of 2016 and 2017. There […]
IMF wants tighter regulation of the asset management industry
Today we're privileged to have award winning economist Colen Garrow as our guest newsletter writer. Colen has a BCom (Hons) in Economics. He started a career in banking with Barclays Bank in 1983. He joined Brait, a JSE listed private equity company in 2001. Since his exit from Brait, Colen started Meganomics, a platform being […]
Global investor = Global adviser
Offshore investing and wealth management require a different perspective and view. If a wealth portfolio is global does it make sense to use a global adviser? Mike Abbott, head of Sable Wealth, says that an international adviser can give advice when various jurisdictions are involved, and can build and manage a global portfolio. A growing […]
A volatile rand
The rand has seen marked volatility this year, starting 2014 at R11.55/USD and weakening to R12.49/USD, with retracement to R11.35/USD in Q1 2015, but mainly recording losses against the US dollar. This is according to Investec economist Annabel Bishop. The weakest rand/US dollar exchange rate was reached in 2001 – R13.75. Bishop says that investors […]
South African Investment Panorama study launched
Major investment institutions and leading asset managers have welcomed the recent launch of the South African Investment Panorama survey. The study, which is a project spearheaded by international strategic research company Insight Discovery, is designed to identify the issues that have an impact on South Africa's Independent Financial Advisors. Nigel Sillitoe, CEO of Insight Discovery, […]
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- Regulatory Exams: Flavour of the Month June 29, 2010
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- US Fed: data-dependant or data-sceptical? July 1, 2015
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It's Katherine's first time with a girl! Although, you can't tell because she throws herself into the experience head (and tongue) first! Her kisses are gentle and sweet, her delicate fingers exploring Carly's body, finding every soft nook and wet cranny. A fine sheen of sweat builds up on her brow as both girls experience raw, passionate girlgirl sex...
Sublimely slender Carly is all alone today, playing with her puppies in the backyard so why don't you get to know her a bit more and check out this super hot new video! Her top is off pretty quickly, braless breasts perky in the breeze, the shorts are next but she'll tease you with her panties sliding down ever so slowly...
A lover's embrace is the best place to be. Soft, warm and glowing in the aftermath of a steamy love session where all kinds of yummy licking, kissing, squeezing of bum cheeks and deep fingering was enjoyed. This delicious girlgirl moment between Silvie and Carly will surely melt your screen! So Hot!
Soft, romantic, but soon passion soaked and fervid - Carla and Carly are two entwined beauties releasing their sexual tension in waves of orgasmic bliss! Their soft kisses intensify, their hands feverishly roam each other's body, neck, breasts, nipples, thighs and arse before giving in to temptation and indulging in the ultimate pleasure...
Nothing's more fun than hanging out at the beach with your girlfriends and getting naked! Silvie and Carly told me this was one of their favourite shoots- and even though they were just playfully mucking around, by the end of the day there was so much heat between them they asked to do a raunchy girlgirl together!
It's always nice just to see girls having fun, mucking around or relaxing with their friends- especially when they get their kit off! There's no kissing or naughty touching but lots of fun and laughter in this beach side photo set. Carly and Silvie enjoy the waves, the sunshine, the sand and their friendship.
Video time! Three nerdy(but hot) book lovers delving into forbidden reading... .this can only lead to good things! Plaid skirts and homemade knits are hiding long sexy legs and small but firm, round breasts. They're soon kissing and unbuttoning, smiling and throwing cheeky looks at each other, grabbing lily white breasts and running fingers through long, silky hair....must've been a bestseller!


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AP Biology Course Overview Advanced Placement Biology is a yearlong course that allows students to be exposed to college level material within high school. Classes are held five day's a week for 55 minutes. One day per week classes are 45 minutes long. Students are also required to attend a Saturday session during fourth term to prepare for the exam. The overall topics in this course include: Ecology, Atoms and Molecules, DNA, Cells, DNA, Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis, Cell Division, Genetics, Evolution, Diversity of Life, Plants, and Animals. Students complete several labs during each unit. Many labs require a formal lab write-up. Students are expected to complete summer work prior to September, read the textbook, complete chapter study guides, complete all labs, and exams. Each student receives a calendar with daily lecture or lab and homework assignments. Students are expected to complete vocabulary and answer study guide questions for each chapter. Students are also expected to answer and discuss chapter objectives as provided by Biology 5th Edition by Campbell. The study guide and objective questions provide opportunity for students to think about the over lapping themes: energy transfer, continuity and challenge, regulation, interdependence, and evolutionary significance of form and function. Course Textbook and other Resources Biology 5th Edition by Campbell, Reese and Mitchell. Publisher: Benjamin Cummings. CD Rom with Fifth edition "Biology" by Campbell and Reese. Biology: Concepts and Connections 5th Edition by Campbell. Reece, Taylor, and Simon. Publisher: Benjamin Cummings. AP Biology Flash Cards by Barrons Five steps to a five on the Advanced Placement Examination: Biology by Anestis and Freedson University of Minnesota Medical Lab Trip (heart/lungs, nervous system) Wards AP Biology Lab Sets (12) with CD-Rom Course Grading Exams/Quizzes/Homework 60 % o Multiple Choice o Matching o Short Answer o Essay o Lab Practical o Vocabulary o Chapter Questions o Unit Objective Questions o Projects Labs 40 % o All Wards AP Biology Series Labs o All extension labs as assigned by teacher o Hands-on with specific directions o Hands-on Inquiry Classroom Components LECTURES (75 % of class time): During a typical week we spend several days in lecture. Lectures are presented using an LCD projector. Lecture outlines are given to each student to help them better organize classroom notes. Students are to complete 1-2 hours of homework each evening. They are to complete a study guide with multiple questions for each chapter. The study guide highlights various vocabulary term students should become familiar with. Students are encouraged to join study groups with class members. Questions are discussed in the classroom the following day. Students are expected to organize all work according to units of study. Students are to file all work in their Biology binder at the end of each unit. The binder in kept in the classroom and is used for review and is taken with them at the end of the year. LABS (25 % of class time): When not in lecture students will complete hands on labs. Students work individually or in small groups (2-4) to complete these labs. All formal labs are to be typed with data sheets, tables and or graphs attached. All students in AP science courses are to follow a district/school rubric adapted for individual content areas (Biology, Chemistry and Physics). Some labs are informally assessed. EXAMS: Students take final unit exams as well as short quizzes during longer units. Exams consist of both multiple choice questions and essay question from previous AP exams. When quizzes are given they consist of multiple choice, matching, and short answer questions. Students take a full-length exam prior to the AP College Board Exam; this is done on a weekend. Course Outline Length of UNIT TOPIC/S CHAPTER LAB/s and or Unit ASSIGNMENT PROJECT/s Summer 1 Ecology and Read and Individual and One Behavior complete study controlled plant lab Week guides for: 50, 51, (Formal). Interactions 52, 53, 54, 55 AP Lab 12: Individual and Dissolved oxygen Group Behaviors and temperature (Formal). AP Lab 11A: pill bug behavior (Formal). Two 2 Atoms and Read and Buffer Lab Weeks Molecules complete study (various guides for: 2, 3, 4, homogenates) Bond types 5, 6, (Formal). Water Molecular Carbohydrates Models. Lipids Enzyme Lab Proteins with apple, potato, Nucleic Acids chicken, liver Enzymes (heat/pH changes) (Formal). AP Lab 2: Enzyme Catalysis (Formal). Two 3 Cells Read and Prepared Weeks complete study Prokaryotic vs. Cell types guides for: 7, 8, 11 Eukaryotic Cell parts and Microscope Lab. function Cell edible Membrane model (2-D). Transport AP Lab 1: Communication Diffusion and Osmosis (Formal). Cell size using math cube as model. Three 4 DNA Read and DNA Week complete study extraction from Structure and guides for: 17, 18, cheek cell Lab. function 19, 20 DNA Model. Transcription AP Lab 6: Translation Molecular Virus Genetics (Formal). Bacteria Genetic Ethics Genetic Research and Engineering Presentation. Biotechnologies Ethics Two 5 Cellular Respiration Read and AP Lab 4A: Weeks and Photosynthesis complete study Plant Pigment guides for: 9, 10 Chromatography Cycles and steps (Formal). for each AP Lab 4B: Photosynthesis (The light Reaction)(Formal). AP Biology Lab5: Cell Respiration (Formal). Two 6 Cell Division Read and AP Lab 3: Weeks complete study Mitosis and Mitosis guides for: 12, 13 Meiosis (Formal). Meiosis Evolution paper timeline. Soladaria Lab. Two 7 Genetics Read and AP Lab 7: Weeks complete study Genetics of Monohybrid guides for: 14 Organisms crosses (Formal). Dihybrid crosses Pedigrees Karyotyping Winter 8 Evolution Read and AP Lab 8: Break and complete study Population Two Evidence guides for: 22, 23, Genetics and Weeks Mechanisms 24, 25, 26 Evolution (Formal). Evolution paper timeline. Fossil Lab (how are fossils made: casts and molds). Three 9 Diversity of Life Read and Bacteria (5) Weeks Evolutionary complete study Gram-staining Lab Relationships guides for: 27, 28, (Formal). 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, Prokaryotic Introduction to: 34 Diversity Lab. Prokaryotes Moss, fern Protists (sori), - Endosymbiosis gymnosperm Plants (cones) - Evolution of angiosperm vascular tissue (flowers) Fungi Introduction Lab. Animals Two 10 Plants Read and AP Lab 9: Weeks complete study Transpiration Lab Transport guides for: (Formal). Behavior of 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 Celery Lab: Plants Vascular tissue observation. Four 11 Animals Read and AP Lab 10A: Weeks complete study Blood Pressure Digestion guides for: 40, 41, Lab (Formal). Circulation 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, AP Lab10B: Gas Exchange 47, 48, 49 Fitness Test Immune Systems (Formal). Homeostasis AP Lab10C: Hormones Heart Rate and Reproduction Temperature Nerves (Formal). Muscles Sheep Brain Sense Organs Dissection Lab. Tobacco Worm Dissection Lab. Senses Lab. 3 Weeks A Review Review Unit Labs chosen objectives and according to areas Overview review goals of need. of each unit Complete Unit Short labs for review Packets review 3 Weeks B Individual Project Complete individual project Controlled of student choice. experiment Must cover AP Research paper Theme or AP Lab. Children's book Plant scavenger hunt Teach Elementary School students
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Old MacDonald - by Duck Duck Moose
Common Sense Media says
What parents need to know
Parents Need to Know
Parents need to know that Old MacDonald - by Duck Duck Moose is a basically an interactive music video for the classic children's song. As the song plays, and the scene changes with each new stanza (but only when the child wants to move on), kids can tap, poke, or slide objects onscreen, causing all sorts of silly things to happen. The app runs in an endless loop, so the fun doesn't need to end when the song does.
What kids can learn
- music
- imagination
What Kids Can Learn
While Old MacDonald – by Duck Duck Moose was created with some educational intent, it appears to have limited learning potential. This is really more of an app for kids to enjoy and sing along to a familiar song. The interactive elements associated with each verse give an old song a new feel. They are meant for kids to discover and explore rather than to explicitly teach. The humor in some of the features makes some verses more memorable than others and makes the song engaging. Don't be surprised if your kids ask for your copy of The New Yorker!
User reviews
Parents say
Kids say
What's it about?
Kids can sing along to the classic Old MacDonald song. In addition to recording their own voice, kids can hear the song sung in different languages and played with different instruments. They might not actually learn to sing the song in French or play it on the violin, but the exposure to these different sounds is great. While many of the interactive elements are less relevant to the song and are more just-for-fun than what we usually see from Duck Duck Moose, kids will enjoy discovering what they can do on each page.
Is it any good?
OLD MACDONALD - BY DUCK DUCK MOOSE has more of the publisher's trademark humor -- the kind of sight gags that are very silly, yet feel somehow sophisticated at the same time (a pig paints a portrait, a cow reads "the Moo Yorker"). They'll definitely make kids laugh, and quite possibly adults, too. Even the classic song itself is turned on its head at times ("Old MacDonald had a bulldozer?"). Exploring each scene and finding out what he or she can make happen is half the fun for kids, though. And a cool feature allows kids to record themselves singing "Old MacDonald." Loads of fun all around.
App details
|iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad
|Release date:
|May 6, 2010
|Kids Games
|Duck Duck Moose
|Minimum software requirements:
|iOS 3.0 or later


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Bahr Auto Repair
- (860) 489-6077
- S. 1065 Main St
- Torrington CT 06790
Read user reviews
Bahr Auto Repair1065 South Main Street, Torrington, CT 06790, United StatesShowing 3 reviews out of 3 total
Dxxx Hxxx07/25/145 Stars - Quick HONEST service! They always take the time to make sure I'm informed about all the work they've done and they get it right the first time. Thanks guys!......and Jen is great too!!Wisdom House01/21/145 Stars - Our truck had a broken fuel line and we needed it really soon for snowplowing . These folks managed to get the parts overnight, repair the truck and have it ready for the oncoming snows. I have never seen such good, efficient and caring service. I highly recommend their services.Rob Gouin08/08/135 Stars - Un-f******-believable. These people are amazing, we were in a bind and they helped us out, even replaced an out light for us and charged us like two dollars for it and were really kind, offered to store our vehicle for us. If I am ever in that area again, I will without a doubt go there for anything I need.


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The First Academy 14, Kathleen 10
Published: Friday, September 6, 2013 at 10:25 p.m.
Last Modified: Friday, September 6, 2013 at 10:25 p.m.
ORLANDO | The First Academy held off Kathleen 14-10 on Friday after scoring a pair of first-half touchdowns.
Kathleen's Ja'Von Harrison scored on a 6-yard touchdown run in the second quarter, and Gildardo Mata kicked a 32-yard field goal in the third quarter for the Red Devils, who fell to 1-1 on the season.
Kathleen will host Lake Gibson next week.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.
Photos |Your Photos
Poll Previous Poll Results
Vote for the Lakeland Automall Athlete of the Week
|Mary Peace, Lakeland Christian: Scored six goals to lead Vikings to 1A-9 district title.
|Mary Metheny, Frostproof: Scored a goal in the semi, played strong defense at sweeper in an upset victory in the final.
|Destiny Small, Kathleen: Had 26 points, 10 rebounds, 6 assists in PINK OUT Shootout.
|Sa'Derian Perry, Lake Gibson: Remained undefeated with victory over Jenkin's Ethan Owen.
Number of votes cast: 357


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Nepal Vs Bermuda: LIVE
Posted on18Mar 2012
Welcome to the live coverage of Nepal Vs Bermuda. This is the first ever encounter between both the teams at any level. Bermuda is best remembered by cricket fans for Dwayne Leverock, who played in the World Cup 2007. Most cricket lovers haven't forgotten his eye popping, diving catch at the slips, off the bat of Robin Uthappa. If you want to have a glimpse of it, click here. For preview of the match by Cricket Nepal, click here.
We'd be going ahead with the live coverage as soon as it starts (1545 Hrs NST = 1000 Hrs GMT)
Latest Tweet
Recent News
International13th Jan 2015
Nepal prepares to battle for WCL Div 2Pepsi ICC World Cricket League (WCL) Division 2 will see six Associate teams locking horns in Namibia and Jimmy Hansra of Canada, Nicolaas Scholtz of Namibia, and Paras Khadka of Nepal, say their teams are prepared for a tough battle. During the eight-day tournament that commences on 17 January, Canada, Kenya, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands and […]
Recent Opinion
21st Jan 2014
Forgettable outing


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A condensed Shanghai clip from 2009 - 2011. I can't believe this is all the distinctive clips I have. A few remaining ones were all filmed while I sat in the taxi, and they all look the same. :(
Music by Twin Sister, "Gene Ciampi"
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text: Recent Struggles for Top Teams Should Help You Appreciate No. 3 Wichita St. From CollegeBasketballTalk.com Feb 19, 2014 Share Tweet Next ARTICLE » Use your ← → (arrow) keys to browse more stories Brian Spurlock-USA TODAY Sports 51 Reads 0 Comments As we headed towards tip-off for the early games on Wednesday night, I couldn't help but be … underwhelmed. ... Continue Reading on CollegeBasketballTalk.com »


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Vacon Oyj: Vacon Plc sells its holdings in The Switch Engineering Oy Vacon Plc, Stock Exchange Release, 2 July 2014 at 9.00 (EET) On 1 July 2014, Vacon Plc and the other shareholders of The Switch Engineering Oy (The Switch) signed a definitive agreement with Yaskawa Electric Corporation (Yaskawa) to sell all of their shares in The Switch to Yaskawa. It is estimated that the sale will be completed at the beginning of the third quarter. The Switch is a customer of Vacon Plc's in the generation of renewable energy. The customer relationship with The Switch remains intact. Vacon owns directly approximately 14% of the shares of The Switch. Further, Vacon has a holding of approximately 5% in The Switch through the investment fund Power Fund I. The sale of The Switch's shares does not have impact on Vacon's result in 2014. VACON PLC Further information: *Vesa Laisi, President and CEO, Vacon Plc, phone +358 (0)40 8371 510, vesa.laisi(at)vacon.com Vacon in brief: Vacon is driven by a passion to develop, manufacture and sell the best AC drives and inverters in the world - and provide customers with efficient product lifecycle services. Our AC drives offer optimum process control and energy efficiency for electric motors. Vacon inverters play a key role when energy is produced from renewable sources. Vacon has production and R&D facilities in Europe, Asia and North America, and sales offices in 30 countries. Further, Vacon has sales representatives and service partners in nearly 90 countries. In 2013, Vacon's revenues amounted to EUR 403.0 million, and the company employed globally approximately 1,600 people. The shares of Vacon Plc (VAC1V) are quoted on the main list of the Helsinki stock exchange (NASDAQ OMX Helsinki). Driven by Drives, www.vacon.com Distribution: NASDAQ OMX Helsinki Financial Supervisory Authority Main media ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This announcement is distributed by NASDAQ OMX Corporate Solutions on behalf of NASDAQ OMX Corporate Solutions clients. The issuer of this announcement warrants that they are solely responsible for the content, accuracy and originality of the information contained therein. Source: Vacon Oyj via Globenewswire HUG#1809750
Vacon Oyj: Vacon Plc sells its holdings in The Switch Engineering Oy
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Saturday, April 11, 2015
Beverages and opportunities to meet other students in the Sutherland Bldg lobby.
Steven Mostert, Director of Admissions
Room 9, Sutherland Bldg.
Carole Eiben, Director of Financial Aid
Room 9, Sutherland Bldg.
Gina Kaufman, Asst Director of Student Life & Dan Kim, Off Campus Housing Coordinator
Room 9, Sutherland Bldg.
Students follow Lion Ambassadors to the Lares Bldg.
Gina Kaufman, Asst Director of Student Life & Marcia Delia, Student Life Coordinator
Room 9, Sutherland Bldg.
Dan Kim, Off Campus Housing Coordinator
Banquet Room, Lares Bldg.
This is the students' chance to meet each other and make possible roommate connections.
Representatives from local apartments will be available to give you the information you need about renting and living in their communities.
Campus tours will be available with our Lion Ambassadors from 11:45 - 1pm. Last tour will head out at 1pm.
Lares Bldg.
If there are any apartments in which you are interested, please use this time to visit them. Their rental offices will be open for you.
Penn State staff will be leaving campus at 2pm.
Penn State Abington Admissions


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U.S. Fans Abound For WWC Final Steelers Exploring '23 Super Bowl Bid Canadian Officials Tout World Cup Attendance Capacity At Wimbledon Reduced Due To Heat U.S.-Germany WWC Semifinal Nearing A Sellout All-Star Game Prices Rising On Secondary Market New MGM-AEG Arena Could Host PBR IndyCar's Future At Fontana In Doubt Travelers Championship Gets Record Crowds MLB Changes HR Derby Format
Upcoming Conferences and Events
Sep 17
Oct 28-29
Nov 4-5
Dec 9-10
SBD/3/Events Attractions
Published March 3, 1998
Doral-Ryder Open tournament officials "have not capped ticket sales, but they're considering it," due to the participation of Tiger Woods, according to Randall Mell of the Ft. Lauderdale SUN-SENTINEL. The event was expected to attract more than 100,000 fans for the week without Woods, but his presence has "driven up attendance by as much as 40,000 at other events." The GTE Byron Nelson Classic and the MasterCard Colonial both closed their gates with sellouts when Woods played last summer (SUN-SENTINEL, 3/3). ...The Visitors Bureau of Greater Kansas City is expecting 27,000 fans -- about 70% from out of town -- at this week's Big 12 men's and women's basketball tournaments. Execs expect the combined spending to top $18M (K.C. STAR, 3/3).


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The Envoy Razor
1st stage and valve combination ready to thread into a standard Scuba cylinder 350-6240. 2nd stage is a balanced Envoy.
The Performance Graph shown above has a lot of information, but all of that information boils down to the final "EXT WORK OF BREATHING" number. In this case it is 1.05 joules per litre. That means that it took 1.05 joules of energy at the mouthpiece to move 1 litre of air in and out. The US Navy considers a regulator that has a work of breathing LESS than 1.4 J/L at this depth and breathing rate, as a class "A" regulator. This istheir top ranking. The US Navy Tests are done at 1500 psi inlet pressure. Note that this test was done with less than half that inlet pressure (727 psi) and yet theEnvoywas still able to meet the Class "A" rating level.A real regulator value!


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Filed under: Government, Religion, Science, Society, tech, Terrorism, University of Missouri | Tags: a fine line, atheist, blogging, Cherenkov radiation, jim downey, nuclear power, physics, religion, science, St Pat's Day, technology, University of Missouri, Wikipedia
I had reason to look up this item the other day, and was surprised that I hadn't ever posted it to the blog. So, in honor of St Pat's Day (well, OK, not really, but there is a connection…), here's a little something from my old archives from a few years ago.
So I wander into this nuclear reactor . . .
This morning's news that the NRC has declined to force nuclear power plants to take additional precautions to prevent the breach of a nuclear reactor's core by attack with a jetliner comes as little surprise, given the Bush administration's attitudes about actual security issues.
But, as always when I hear such news reports, I was taken back to a sunny spring morning some 30 years ago, when me and a couple of college buddies wandered into a nuclear reactor.
It was the weekend of St. Pats day, and we were at the University of Missouri – Rolla to party with a friend of ours who was an engineering student there. I think it was Friday morning, and our friend had some classes he had to attend, so myself and my two friends decided to just explore the campus a bit (we all attended schools elsewhere).
I had considered Rolla for school myself a few years previously, when I had been thinking of going into physics (a dream derailed by poor higher-math skills). So when we came across the research reactor building, I wanted to have a look.
We just wandered in. No, seriously. We just wandered into the building, through a couple of sets of doors, and soon found ourselves standing at a railing, looking down at the glowing blue core of the nuclear reactor. In this day and age it is hard to imagine such a thing – and even at the time it seemed more than a little odd.
A few minutes after we came in, a nice fellow who fit the stereotype image of a science professor came over to us. Short, grey, bearded, balding, wearing a white lab smock over his shirt and jeans. He sort of looked us over, asked what we were up to . . . and then gave us an impromptu tour of the place (after tagging us with personal dosimeters).
It was fascinating, to me at least. The reactor core at this facility sits at the bottom of a large swimming pool, about 20 feet down. That provides all the necessary protection from the radiation generated from operation of the fission reactor (which doesn't produce much power, and doesn't use the sort of fuel used in nuclear weapons). Herr Doktor explained all this to us non-scientists, and also explained the eerie blue glow coming off the reactor (which was then in operation).
It was a color like I've never seen before or since – a soft electric blue that was both intriguing and repulsive. I knew what it was, having been interested in physics: Cherenkov radiation, caused when the radioactive particles generated by the fission reactions are faster than the speed of light in the water. But it's the sort of thing that lasts in the memory, embedded there in a way not unlike a religious experience – hard to describe, or explain, or convince others of, yet extremely vivid for the one who experienced it.
Now, I'm not religious. I'm an atheist, in fact. I understand what that blue glow is – yet, whenever someone claims that they have had a religious experience, I can tie it to that same feeling I had on first seeing that other-worldly blue glow.
Well, anyway, I had to share that personal experience, and add a bit of perspective on the changes we've seen in terms of security over the last 30 years.
Jim Downey
Filed under: Brave New World, Civil Rights, Connections, Constitution, Government, NPR, Predictions, Privacy, Society, tech | Tags: blogging, civil liberties, DHS, drones, jim downey, Martin Niemöller, NPR, predictions, privacy, Secret Service, technology, Washington Post, Wikipedia
First they flew to watch for illegal immigrants, and I did not speak out—
Because I was not an illegal immigrant.
Then they flew to look for marijuana farms, and I did not speak out—
Because I was not a marijuana farmer.
Then they flew to watch the White House, and I did not speak out—
Because I was not the President.
Then … and then … and then …
Jim Downey
Filed under: Connections, Emergency, Failure, Flu, Government, Health, NPR, Pandemic, Predictions, Preparedness, Science, Science Fiction, Survival, Travel | Tags: blogging, CDC, Ebola, flu, health, Homeland Security, influenza, jim downey, NPR, pandemic, predictions, science, Science Fiction, St. Cybi's Well, survival, The Atlantic, TSA, WHO, writing
… St Cybi's Well, what with an incompetent theocratic government in place:
So imagine the scenario. A deadly flu pandemic is beginning in the northeast. TSA agents are asked to report for work in the germ incubators that are airports to keep the transportation system running. And while their bosses in Washington, D.C. can't supply them with reliably functioning respirators to protect them from infection, they're keeping thousands that may not work on hand, thinking they may hand them out for "employee comfort," like security theater karma for those who make us remove our shoes and take our water.
But sadly, scarily, it isn't. Rather, that passage is from the following news item:
The Department of Homeland Security Is Not Prepared for a Pandemic
As the Department of Homeland Security endeavors to prevent another 9/11, a terrorist attack that killed nearly 3,000 Americans, it is worth remembering that there are far deadlier threats out there. I speak not of ISIS or Ebola, but the influenza virus. The flu pandemic that began in 1918 killed 675,000 Americans. That is to say, it killed about as many Americans in a couple years as the AIDS virus has in decades. Worldwide, that same flu pandemic killed an estimated 30 to 50 million people. It would take 16,000 attacks like 9/11 to equal that death toll. Those figures powerfully illustrate the case for redirecting some of what the United States spends on counterterrorism to protecting ourselves from public health threats.
Of course, money only helps if it isn't squandered. Take the extra $47 million dollars that Congress gave the Department of Homeland Security in 2006 to prepare for a pandemic. As a recent Inspector General report explains in depressing detail, a lot of that money was wasted. And one darkly hilarious passage in the audit reveals what may be the most galling example of security theater ever.
Oh, joy.
But it's OK, because the rest of the world is ready to step up and fight against a viral threat which could explode into millions of cases in just a few weeks, right?
Um …
Dire Predictions On Ebola's Spread From Top Health Organizations
Two of the world's top health organizations released predictions Tuesday warning how bad the Ebola outbreak in West Africa could get.
Both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization agree that the epidemic is speeding up. But the CDC's worst-case scenario is a jaw-dropper: If interventions don't start working soon, as many as 1.4 million people could be infected by Jan. 20, the agency reported in its Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.
Sometimes it feels less like I'm writing a cautionary work of fiction and more like I am looking back and writing an historical account …
Jim Downey
Filed under: Artificial Intelligence, Brave New World, Connections, DARPA, Expert systems, Google, Government, Guns, Predictions, Science, Science Fiction, tech, Violence | Tags: 30mm cannon, artificial intelligence, blogging, DARPA, drone, Dune, Frank Herbert, Google, Hunter-seeker, jim downey, Ma Deuce, Mil-Tech, Predator, predictions, science, Science Fiction, technology, The Atlantic
Yeah, it's cool and all, but I can't be the only one who looked at the news about Google X's Drone Program …
A zipping comes across the sky.
A man named Neil Parfitt is standing in a field on a cattle ranch outside Warwick, Australia. A white vehicle appears above the trees, a tiny plane a bit bigger than a seagull. It glides towards Parfitt, pitches upwards to a vertical position, and hovers near him, a couple hundred feet in the air. From its belly, a package comes tumbling downward, connected by a thin line to the vehicle itself. Right before the delivery hits the ground, it slows, hitting the earth with a tap.
… and thinks "generation 1.0 Hunter-seeker", right? I mean, this basically jumps from needing a large military drone to having a backpack assassination tool. Why worry about collateral damage with a missile when you can just drop a cigarette-pack lump of high explosive in someone's lap, using a cell phone and facial-recognition software to make sure of your specific target?
Or how I look at the self-driving car and think "hmm, add a Ma Deuce and/or 30mm cannon, and you've a small autonomous tank".
Yeah, OK, perhaps I'm just too cynical. But human nature being what it is, you've gotta think that there was a reason why DARPA has been behind the development of these technologies …
Jim Downey
Filed under: Connections, Emergency, Failure, Flu, General Musings, Government, Health, Pandemic, Plague, Predictions, Preparedness, Science, Science Fiction, Society, Survival, Violence | Tags: blogging, Ebola, Elliot Hannon, fire-flu, Foreign Policy, health, influenza, jim downey, Laurie Garrett, pandemic, predictions, science, Science Fiction, Slate, society, St. Cybi's Well, writing
Sorry for my absence here — I've been very busy with a another big project, one which I can't discuss publicly just yet. But soon.
Without wanting to buy-into the complete panic in some corners about Ebola, here are a couple of very sober articles to consider, which are less about the actual disease and more about what such a pandemic does to the society it hits:
Looters Attack Liberia Ebola Quarantine Center, Patients Under Observation Return Home
Battling the deadly outbreak of Ebola in Liberia has been a mammoth task for the country's government and international aid agencies. Over the weekend combating the virus' spread got even harder when a quarantine center in Monrovia was attacked, and 17 patients being monitored for possible infection fled the medical facility. The Liberian government initially said all of the patients had been relocated to another facility after the West Point health center was looted on Saturday, but later admitted that 17 patients had gone "back into their communities," the BBC reports.
And this one from last week:
You Are Not Nearly Scared Enough About Ebola
Attention, World: You just don't get it.
You think there are magic bullets in some rich country's freezers that will instantly stop the relentless spread of the Ebola virus in West Africa? You think airport security guards in Los Angeles can look a traveler in the eyes and see infection, blocking that jet passenger's entry into La-la-land? You believe novelist Dan Brown's utterly absurd description of a World Health Organization that has a private C5-A military transport jet and disease SWAT team that can swoop into outbreaks, saving the world from contagion?
Wake up, fools. What's going on in West Africa now isn't Brown's silly Inferno scenario — it's Steven Soderbergh's movie Contagion, though without a modicum of its high-tech capacity.
And from that second article, more to my point:
I myself have received emails from physicians in these countries, describing the complete collapse of all non-Ebola care, from unassisted deliveries to untended auto accident injuries. People aren't just dying of the virus, but from every imaginable medical issue a system of care usually faces.
That's the thing — a pandemic is bad enough in its own right, when a disease such as Ebola has a mortality of more than 50% under the best conditions. Consider how much worse the impact will be once the overall public health system collapses due to the death of doctors and nurses, when deliveries can't be made to restock supplies, when whole cities are quarantined, when people begin to really panic.
That is the horror of a true global pandemic. Like the one in St Cybi's Well.
Cheery thought, eh?
Jim Downey
PS: Two other unrelated things I want to mention. The first is thanks to all who participated in Helping Cassandra – you made a real difference. And the second is just to link to a blog post about some black powder shooting I did this past weekend with some very fun historical guns.


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It's amazing what a craving for a salty snack can do to people, like say, even divert an airplane. Or at least that's the reason being given for a situation over the weekend in which nearly 300 United Airlines passengers crew members were stuck at a Belfast airport for nearly 24 hours. [More]
United Flight Delayed In Belfast Because Of Crackers, Could Cost Airline $550,000
Four Alaska Airlines Crew Members Sue Boeing Over Toxic Fumes That Leaked During 2013 Flight
We imagine that working as a flight attendant can be a difficult job: serving hundreds of passengers each flight, traipsing from one city to another, and ensuring that the cabin of the aircraft is equipped and prepared for all situations. One thing these crew members shouldn't have to worry about: working in an environment with toxic fumes. But that's apparently what happened during an Alaska Airlines flight in 2013, and now four flight attendants are suing Boeing Co. [More]
Disruptive Passenger Leaves Fellow United Travelers Stranded In Belfast Terminal For Nearly 24 Hours
United Airlines had a decidedly less-than-stellar week when it came to dealing with larger-scale customer service issues. Just days after the company faced the ire of travelers who had to spend the night hunkered down at a cold Canadian military base, the airline found itself on the receiving end of more backlash after nearly 300 passengers and crew were made to wait five hours on the tarmac and sleep in a closed terminal after their flight was diverted. [More]
Warrant: Researcher Claims He Commandeered Flight Through In-Flight Entertainment System
Nearly a month after a government report identified security weaknesses within the airline industry, including the possibility that newer airplanes with interconnected WiFi systems could be hacked, a recently obtained Federal Bureau of Investigation search warrant shows a security researcher claims he briefly took control of an aircraft after hacking into the plane's in-flight entertainment system. [More]
Family Claims They Were Escorted Off United Airlines Flight After Autistic Daughter Deemed Disruptive
A trip home from the most magical place on earth was anything but magical for an Oregon family after they claim their United Airlines flight made an emergency landing and they were escorted from the flight because of their autistic daughter. [More]
Police: "Serial Stowaway" Known For Trying To Sneak Onto Planes Arrested At Two Chicago Airports
A woman who's been caught multiple times — with varying instances of success — trying to sneak aboard planes without a ticket has been arrested at two Chicago airports within a month trying to pull her signature stowaway move, police say. [More]
Dozens Of American Airlines Flights Delayed Over Pilot iPad Glitch
Flights get delayed for any number of reasons: bad weather, crew members running late, mechanical problems and trouble with pilots' iPads. Okay, that last one doesn't seem routine, but American Airlines says that was exactly the reason why dozens of the airline's flights were delayed Tuesday night. [More]
Delta Cutting Some International Flights Later This Year
If you were planning to fly Delta Air Lines for an overseas trip this holiday season, you might want to start making other plans. The airline aims to cut its international flights by about 3% during the last three months of 2015. [More]
Cheapo Euro Airline Ryanair Denies Plans To Launch Transatlantic Flights To The U.S.
Maybe April Fool's Day comes early in Ireland? Just four days after European budget airline Ryanair announced its board approved plans to launch transatlantic flights, the company backtracked, saying no such plans have ever been in the works. [More]
United Airlines Flight Forced To Turn Around After Passenger Reportedly Makes Run For Cockpit Door
A United Airways flight bound for Denver was forced to turn back to Washington Dulles Airport after a passenger reportedly made a rush for the cockpit door, and had to be restrained. An airline spokesman says the passenger "failed to comply with crew instructions" last night. [More]
Court Sentences Former Korean Air Executive To One Year In Prison For "Nut Rage" Incident
Showing that the country does not take it lightly when the upper-class behaves badly, a South Korean court just handed down a prison sentence of one year for the former Korean Air executive who went into an infamous "nut rage" over improperly served macadamias on a flight in December last year. [More]
If You're Flying Anywhere Near The Northeast Today Or Tomorrow, Call Your Airline Now
If you watch TV, read newspapers, or consume any news source at all on the internet up to and including Facebook and Twitter, you've probably heard that there's a monster snowstorm bearing down on the northeast. And that means bad times at the airport: over 2000 flights for today have already been cancelled, along with nearly as many tomorrow. [More]
Plane Diverted After Drunk Woman Allegedly Demands A Parachute, Attacks Crew With Prosthetic Leg
It doesn't matter what weapon you use — threatening anyone with bodily harm is never okay. That's why a flight from Tunisia to Edinburgh, Scotland was diverted to London after a woman who was reportedly drunk allegedly attacked cabin crew with her prosthetic leg, after demanding "cigarettes and a parachute." [More]
Old Man Winter's Latest Storm Effort Has Canceled 4,500 Flights… So Far
Yes, winter happens ever year. But goshdarnit if people aren't completely fed up with Old Man Winter's blustery temper this season, which has already seen thousands of flights canceled. Including those canceled over the weekend in preparation for this latest bit of blizzarding, at least 4,500 flights have been ditched and thousands others delayed. [More]
Early Birds Beware: Buying Tickets To Europe Too Far In Advance Could Cost You
Planning a trip abroad? We've always been told that buying airfare far in advance was the best way to snag a good deal, but what if we told you that you could purchase significantly lower airfare just two months before your trip? You'd think we're crazy. But we're not. [More]


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Rohde & Schwarz has introduced the R&S TSM-DVB DVB-T diversity test receiver to address the need for mobile measurements in digital networks.
The TSM-DVB is now available in combination with the company's R&S ROMES coverage measurement software to provide information about transmitter signal quality.
The R&S TSM-DVB DVB-T diversity test receiver replaces traditional network coverage measurement methods, including the need to meet CCIR guidelines with a 32.81ft high antenna at a test station and reception tests while the vehicle is moving.
The mobile measurement provides quick and reliable measurement values up to speeds of 62mph. The test system supports all DVB-T modes.
For more information, visit www.rohde-schwarz.com .
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Internist, Cardiologist (heart)
13 years of experience
Video profile
13 years of experience
Video profile
Northwest Dallas
5939 Harry Hines Blvd
Ste 935
Dallas, TX 75235 Phone number & directions
5939 Harry Hines Blvd
Ste 935
Dallas, TX 75235 Phone number & directions
License & Identifications
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Learn more about Dr. Sandeep Das:
View the full profile to get information on:
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Patient Reviews
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Specialties & Research
Dr. Sandeep Das, MD is board certified in Cardiovascular Disease.
- He has special expertise in 12 areas:
- Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
- Bradycardia
- Chest Pain (Angina)
- Cholesterol Management
- Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
- Endocarditis
- Heart Block
- Heart Failure
- High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
- High Cholesterol (Hypercholesterolemia)
- Obesity
- Unstable Angina
Education & Awards
Dr. Das graduated from Drexel University , Philadelphia. He has 3 awards.
Dr. Das has 8 hospital affiliations:
- UT Southwestern University Hospital - Zale Lipshy
- UT Southwestern University Hospital - St. Paul
Home > Find an Internist > TX > Dallas Internists > Dr. Sandeep Das, MD
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- Additional Information
- Dr. Sandeep Ram Das MD is a male Internist, has 13 years of experience and practices in Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Disease.
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Dr. Sandeep Das practices Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Disease near Dallas, TX.
See Dallas Internists and Dallas Cardiologists.


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Dallas ISD Job Fair July 21, 2015
- Family & Education
- 1201 E 8th St,, Dallas, TX, 75203
UNT Dallas Fiesta FAFSA/TASFA Night
UNT Dallas Office of Undergraduate Recruitment and Admissions
Thursday, February 27, 2014 from 6:00 PM to 9:00 PM (CST)
Need help completing and submitting either the Free Application For Student Aid (FAFSA) or the Texas Application for State Financial Aid (TASFA)? Let the UNT Dallas Offices of Financial Aid and Scholarship and the Office of Undergraduate Recruitment and Admissions help!
Who: Graduating high school seniors, entering new freshmen or transfer students, or current college students and their families. Anyone needing help with completing a FAFSA or TASFA!
What: Expert assistance and advice to accurately complete and submit either the FAFSA or TASFA.
When: Thursday, February 27, 2014, 6:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m.
Where: UNT Dallas (7300 University Hills Blvd. Dallas, Texas 75241)
Dinner will be served! For additional information, please contact the firstname.lastname@example.com or (972) 780-3642, Monday through Friday, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.
The first and only 4-year public university in Dallas, Texas.
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Select Local Merchants
Our Families Country CafeRead MoreThe way the interior of Our Families Country Café is decorated gives off a keenly familiar feeling—like home, if home had the cozy welcome-home ambience of a TV-family dining room. A florist shop's worth of plants, flowers, and knickknacks peppers the wooden walls, tables, and beams, and a decorative sign invites diners openly to "Seat Yourself." Once you take in the restaurant's good humor, a home-style feast of American favorites awaits touchdown between your fork and knife. Throughout the day, the kitchen staff flips hot cakes, scrambles omelets, grills burgers, and pours creamy gravy on crispy country fried steaks, all made in the name of down-home country cooking. Heartier eats include USDA Choice rib-eye steaks that start at 6 ounces like grandma used to make, or go up to 30 ounces, like Mr. T's grandma used to make.10591 S Rainbow Blvd.Las Vegas, NV US
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Afsandi Restaurant and MarketRead MoreFor falafel, hummus, kebabs, and more, check out Las Vegas' Afsandi Restaurant and Market. Plan to indulge a bit at Afsandi Restaurant and Market, though, because they don't offer any low-fat fare. Take the kids along too — Afsandi Restaurant and Market is a great spot for families with food that even little ones will love. Take advantage of the restaurant's wifi, which is available for a small surcharge. The noise level can sometimes reach near deafening levels, so save your conversations for another night. If you're strapped for time, take out food from Afsandi Restaurant and Market. Impress the guests at your next gathering by calling in Afsandi Restaurant and Market for catering. If you're driving, be sure to take advantage of the nearby lot. You'll like your bill almost as much as your meal at Afsandi Restaurant and Market, with meals usually costing less than $15. You can pay with Visa, Mastercard, Discover, American Express or any major credit card. Afsandi Restaurant and Market has three square meals a day on the menu, so swing by for breakfast, lunch, or dinner.5181 W Charleston BlvdLas Vegas, NV US