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You'll be a stroke of luck in this Satin Ladybug Wing Set. Pair it with a red or black dress and no one will mind this little flying insect on Halloween.
Top off your cute ladybug costume with this pair of Ladybug Glasses. The tops of these frames feature ladybug details along with antennae and clear lenses.
What's bugging you? get it out of your system when you don this clever Antenna headband and shake the blues. Create or complete your ladybug, killer bee or killer-cute costume with this fun headband!
Ladybugs are said to signify luck - all we know is the fellows will be lucky to get a chance to party with you when you create a cute costume with this red and black glittery Ladybug Kit. It includes a tutu, antennae headband and wings!
These dainty Adult Ladybug Wing will complete any ladybug costume or dress (sold separately). Features red wings with black polka dots and a flower detail, with large white wing detail underneath.
Everyone will think they're lucky just to get a glimpse of you in these Ladybug Adult Fishnet Thigh Highs. The black mini diamond net stockings feature a red bow and ladybug applique.
Create or complete your outrageous Halloween costume when you don these stylish Red Shredded Gloves. These red gloves are the perfect accent for any devil or ladybug costume.
Nothing will bug you when you complete your costume with this black and red sequin and marabou antenna headband - be the perfect ladybug!

subset: commoncrawl


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RBFF rolls out new Taking Me Fishing PSAs
The Recreational Boating & Fishing Foundation recently launched its 2012 Take Me Fishing public service announcement. The new "This is a Test" television and radio spots are a retro take-off on 1950s PSAs, and they focus on the need to buy a license or registration while using humor to catch the public's attention. "The fact…more


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If you've noticed any signs and symptoms of diabetes, visit your doctor and get checked now.
Find diabetes-friendly recipes for every meal.
Look for special events, expos, programs and services close to home or a mouse-click away.
We invest in world-class diabetes research to find a cure and help people live healthy lives.
Clothesline accepts gently used clothing, electronics and small household items.
View and download the 2014 accessible and interactive report.
Learn more about our evidence-based Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes.
Spring is here, and the time has come to de-clutter your home for a chance to win a dream vacation as part of Clothesline's Give Away to Get Away campaign!
From now until Jul. 31, 2015, Clothesline is giving you a chance to donate your gently used clothing to enter a draw for a chance to win a $5,000 dream vacation or one of ten $500 travel vouchers!
Full contest details, ways to qualify, and rules and regulations can be found here.
1. Online
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Recent Stories
- Pupils get a taste of science and technology
- Student's solar panel project shines at industry awards
- Lancaster's work to support business and the economy recognised by prestigious award
- Lancaster University launches unique postgraduate agricultural course with support from Waitrose
- Moving to the next generation in wireless technology
- Partnership with EDF Energy to boost student job prospects
- MSc International Innovation gives students chance to work with UK and Chinese businesses
- New Engineering Building wins prestigious architectural awards
- Strong representation in Complete University Guide 2016
- Lancaster University challenges aspiring engineers
Mobile Phone Game Goes Global
Mobile phone designers from Lancashire's two universities have worked together for the first time to create a game which is now being sold worldwide by the computer giant Apple.
The students from Lancaster University and UCLAN have developed an innovative mobile phone game for the iPhone and iPod handsets, which is now on sale on Apple's itunes website.
Industry analysts predict a huge growth in downloads for mobile applications, up from £7bn now to £22bn by 2015.
The game - called "Cabbin' Frenzy" - involves players trying to dominate the chaotic city streets of New York, Paris or London as the boss of a taxi company. Using "touch and drag", players direct up to five cabs at once across a 3D map of the city.
The challenge is to choose the best route to collect and deliver passengers, earning the most money while avoiding collisions.
The students' invention has been backed with £16,000 worth of investment from Lancashire County Council, North West Vision and Media, UCLAN and Preston City Council, while Lancaster University contributed equipment and mentoring.
Lancaster University's Dr Reuben Edwards, from the Department of Communication Systems at InfoLab21 said: "The launch of this new product shows the strengths of the two universities and the potential benefits in bringing together design students from UCLAN and developers from Lancaster University to create commercial applications with the support of local businesses."
The students will earn a bonus if the game sells well, while the profits will be shared between the two software companies involved -GlobiGames Ltd and Shiny Development.
The managing director of GlobiGames Ltd, Peter Melling, praised the students' "maturity and business acumen".
He said: "I believe the stakeholders behind the project were all very impressed by the innovation, work rate and hands-on skills demonstrated by all the students. We've even discussed possible start up opportunities with them because we'd like to create a cluster of games developers here in the North West instead of losing them to London."
Thu 01 July 2010
Associated Links
- Cabbin Frenzy! Beta Preview 1 - watch a demo of Cabbin Frenzy on YouTube
- InfoLab21 - The UK's centre of excellence for ICT
Latest News
Pupils get a taste of science and technology
Over 200 pupils from eight schools across the North West got a taste of what it's like to study STEM subjects at Lancaster University.
Wed 01 July 2015
Student's solar panel project shines at industry awards
An engineering student has received an award in the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Mechatronic Student of the Year contest.
Wed 10 June 2015
Lancaster's work to support business and the economy recognised by prestigious award
Lancaster University's work to support businesses and the economy has been recognised by the inaugural Educate North Awards.
Fri 05 June 2015
Lancaster University launches unique postgraduate agricultural course with support from Waitrose
Lancaster University, with support from leading retailer Waitrose, is launching a new on-line postgraduate course designed to enable food-chain professionals to meet the challenges of future food production.
Tue 02 June 2015


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Ian Bright, senior economist at ING, discusses the findings of ING's latest survey which revealed that the sharing economy is poised for rapid growth in Europe.» Read More
Henry Blodget, Business Insider editor-in-chief & CEO, says Apple is moving into a different market with the Watch and they have not demonstrated they can win in luxury yet.
Discussing the potential deal between Microsoft and Minecraft developer Mojang, with Dan Ives, FBR Capital Markets. "Nadella needs to go aggressive," he says.
Vanity Fair's Betsy Kenny Lack provides insight to some of the greatest comeback stories in business.
CNBC's Josh Lipton reports Mojang, the developer behind blockbuster game MineCraft, may be bought up by Microsoft.
Apple and U2 are teaming up to give away their new album. CNBC Julia Boorstin discusses their exclusive deal to give away 500 million albums to iTunes users.
Discussing the Apple Watch design and security of Apple Pay, with Bruce Tognazzini, Nielsen Norman Group principal. Tognazzini says Jobs would not have liked the dial used to navigate the Apple Watch.
Has Tim Cook stepped out from the shadow of Steve Jobs? Walter Mossberg, Re/code co-executive editor, says if executed correctly, this product pipeline could be huge.
Toni Sacconaghi, Sanford C. Bernstein senior analyst, says consumers are getting a lot more phone for the same price and this may pressure margins at some point. Sacconaghi also weighs in on the revenue opportunity of Apple Pay.
Blaine Hurst, Panera Bread CTO, discusses joining the Apple Pay platform and how the service will work in Panera stores. Hurst says the integration Apple is offering is unprecedented in the space.
Discussing if Apple is a buy after its product unveiling, with Amit Daryanani, RBC Capital Markets analyst, and Steven Milunovich, UBS managing director & analyst.
The "Squawk on the Street" news team assesses Apple's big reveal and if Apple Pay is a win for Visa and MasterCard.
George O'Connor, senior analyst at Panmure Gordon, says Apple's new releases are "follower" and not leader products but that the Apple Pay system was an "excellent idea".
CNBC's Josh Lipton speaks to Visa president Ryan McInerney, about their new "Visa Token Service" which will compliment payment platforms like Apple Pay. McInerney lays out the security features of the new service.
Discussing Apple's new payments platform and the power of their ecosystem, with Darren Chervitz, Jacob Internet Fund.
CNBC's Josh Lipton takes a close look at what the two new iPhones and the watch offer. Lipton also discusses their new payments platform, "Apple Pay."
Discussing expectations for Apple's new iPhone and an iWatch, with Walter Mossberg, Re/code co-executive editor.
Former Apple "chief evangelist," Guy Kawasaki, shares his predictions for new Apple products and discusses if he believes Apple is a hardware or software company.
Discussing how Apple's new product pipeline will impact its stock price, with CNBC's Kayla Tausche, and Roger McNamee, Elevation Partners co-founder. McNamee says it's going to a long time for the payments stuff to matter.
Roger McNamee, Elevation Partners co-founder, discusses Apple's product launch. McNamee says Apple is in a unique position to fundamentally change the way people pay for things.
Jeffrey Gundlach, DoubleLine Capital CEO & CIO, discusses the strength of the US dollar, the European economy and Scotland's possible succession from the U.K.


text:
- Getting Started
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The Government Contract Assistance Program (GCAP) is part of a nationwideĀnetwork of Procurement Technical Assistance Centers (PTAC) working to help small businesses compete successfully in the government marketplace.
GCAP's Āmission is toĀassist Oregon small businesses to succeed in obtaining Government Contracts, whichĀstimulate theĀgrowth of Oregon's economy. For over 25 years GCAP has assisted Oregon small businesses in creating jobs, fostering economic diversity, and becoming successful government contractors.
ĀGCAP services include:
Step One: Become a GCAP client
GCAP provides technical assistance at no cost.
Step Two: Once you're a GCAP client we will contact you for your initial client assessment, usually within 24 hours of your submission.
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The Pacific Northwest Defense Coalition (PNDC) and the Government Contract Assistance Program (GCAP) will be hosting an introductory webinar on General Services Administration (GSA) Federal Supply Schedules (FSS) contracts.
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text:
Paul McCartney
Lady Gaga & Paul McCartney Are Working on a (Not So) Secret Project Together
Lady Gaga posted a photo with Sir Paul teasing a 'secret' project. Not so secret anymore Mother Monster.
Rihanna, Paul McCartney and Kanye West to Perform at the GRAMMYs
They're going to perform "FourFiveSeconds" together for the first time.
Hear That Kanye West & Rihanna Duet 'FourFive Seconds'
That duet with Rihanna that Kanye West was playing for people off his laptop? It's finally here.
The Parent Trap: 7 Legendary Artists Who Played Coachella
We look at a few legends who have graced the hipster-heavy festival and examine how they were received by the audience.
Paul McCartney Inserted Into Video Game for 'Hope for the Future' Video: Watch
Who's the last artist you'd expect to see inside a video game? Possibly McCartney.
Father Performs Beautiful Version of the Beatles' 'Blackbird' for Dying Newborn: Watch
A tragic story has produced a must-see video that will transform how you hear The Beatles' iconic "Blackbird" forever.
Stream 'The Art of McCartney,' Featuring Covers by Bob Dylan, Billy Joel & More
Fans can get an early listen of the impressive compilation today via a YouTube stream.
Hear Paul McCartney & Wings' Previously Unreleased Lullaby 'Love My Baby'
Curious as to what a lullaby from Paul McCartney might sound like?
Paul McCartney Shares Previously Unheard Version of Wings' 'Beware of Love' Featuring Led Zeppelin's John Bonham: Listen
McCartney announced the Bonham version of the track during a Twitter Q&A.
Paul McCartney Plays Pool in Lost Wings TV Ad: Watch
The video surfaces as reissues of 'Venus and Mars' and 'The Speed of Sound' near release.


text:
Dynamic Figure Drawing: A New Approach to Drawing the Moving Figure in Deep Space and ForeshorteningPaperback
List price $26.67
You save $8.85 33% off
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- Publisher: Watson-Guptill Publications Inc.,U.S.
- Format: Paperback | 176 pages
- Dimensions: 216mm x 276mm x 14mm | 580g
- Publication date: 28 November 1996
- Publication City/Country: New York
- Edition: New edition
- Edition statement: New edition
- Illustrations note: 300 drawings & diagrams
- Sales rank: 31,058
Product description
Figure drawing is the most essential - and the most difficult - of all the skills for the artist to learn. In this manual Burne Hogarth introduces his own system of figure drawing, which should make it possible to visualize and accurately render the forms of the human body from every conceivable point of view. First Hogarth describes the forms of the human figure. Then he demonstrates his "deep space" notion, a systematic sketching order that is the key to drawing the figure with believable interconnection of forms and control of foreshortening. By mastering this remarkable system, artists should be able to draw an amazing variety of poses, actions and gestures without a model, while maintaining the correct relationship between forms.
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Burne Hogarth's (1911-1996) remarkable career spanned over 60 years. He wore many hats in the worlds of fine art, art education, and art publishing. He is most famous for his internationally syndicated Sunday newspaper color page feature "Tarzan" (1937-1950) and for his illustrated adaptations of the Edgar Rice Burroughs novels "Tarzan of the Apes" and "Jungle Tales of Tarzan." A co-founder of the School of Visual Arts in New York City, Hogarth remains one of the most influential figures in art education today.
Customer reviews
By david craven 07 Mar 2011
this is an excellent reference for those who wish to take up figure drawing.
I personally found most of the illustrations however lapsed into the old Greek style of figure portrayal. where, for example, the lower abs hold more fat than is normal. also the number of figures is limited to a single male form and touches very briefly on the female form.
despite its limitations, this is an excellent book, and well worth a read. i found it to be a valuable source of shading reference as well.


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Brad Rock: This year's Jazz not high on the star chart
SALT LAKE CITY — In the Jazz's good years, owner Larry H. Miller had an advertising slogan for his car dealerships that said, "After all, you know this guy!" It worked wonderfully. But a 2013 version is more likely to go like this: "You really should get to know these guys!"
Studious NBA fans might know Gordon Hayward and Derrick Favors, but casual fans in, say, New Orleans couldn't identify them in a lineup. That's partly because the Jazz are the fourth-youngest team in the league and partly because there isn't a current All-Star in the bunch.
"Clearly," general manager Dennis Lindsey said, "we've jumped into the deep end of the pool with our youth movement."
That's not the same as going off the deep end, is it?
"We're not going to run from the challenges we've put forth and some of the decisions we've made to try to develop our young players," Lindsey said.
Kids-R-Us, here they come. With training camp beginning Tuesday, the most experienced players are two guys the Jazz picked up in the summer while clearing cap space — Andris Biedrins and Richard Jefferson (nine and 12 years). Another pair of summer acquisitions, John Lucas III and Brandon Rush, have five years' experience.
The only player from last season with more than three years of experience is the oft-disappointing Marvin Williams, an eight-year veteran.
This year's camp, the 39th in franchise history, has one distinctive characteristic: Rarely has there been less certainty. For instance, there isn't a sure scorer in the bunch. Gone is Al Jefferson, the 18-point, nine-rebound center who seldom let a shot go un-launched. What he did, he did well. He just didn't do defense.
The Jazz knew both Jefferson and Paul Millsap had to go. The team had progressed as far as it could with that group, which was an eighth-place playoff spot in 2012. So eight free agents left the team this off-season, opening the way for the "Core Four" to lead transition — Hayward, Favors, Alec Burks and Enes Kanter.
Although all the aforementioned hav considerable playing time, this will be the first year it's their team, and there is a sense of newness. For 18 years it was John Stockton and Karl Malone, then Deron Williams and Carlos Boozer, and finally Jefferson and Millsap.
Now it's a clean canvas.
"You could make the argument we didn't skip steps by making the young guys play too soon," Lindsey said. "So we'll see how it unfolds."
This is how it will unfold: Barring additions, this year's Jazz will be lucky to make the playoffs. They will resemble a made-over room with the paint still wet. But they won't have a superstar. Lindsey points out that the 2004 Detroit Pistons and the current Indiana Pacers thrived with role players.
"Several teams that have been highly successful don't have a rock-star personality," Lindsey said. "When you're in coaching, you really let the competition define who you are and worry less whether someone in Atlanta can recognize the names of those in your group.
"If you start winning enough, they'll start recognizing."
As the team now stands, that prospect is a long shot. It's still a league of stars. However, the Jazz could have $40 million of cap space again next year, when players such as Dwyane Wade, Rudy Gay, Pau Gasol, LeBron James and Carmelo Anthony potentially become free agents.
Will Jazz fans be patient with their toddler team during the wait?
"I'm really just looking at doing the right things," Lindsey said. "How the market feels it's something you need to be alert to, but it really doesn't factor into the equation of consistently doing the right things. You keep that out of the equation."
In this case it's not a complicated equation anyway. With zero true stars, the Jazz will be hard pressed to do better than last year, without additional help. Otherwise, they'll be a hard team to recognize.
This isn't calculus. Only simple math.
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com; Twitter: @therockmonster; Blog: Rockmonster Unplugged
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acres additional administrative promotions agencies Agricultural Adjustment Administration allotment amount Appropriation Act areas AUCHTER Bang's disease breeding Budget estimate Bureau CANNON Chairman Civilian Conservation Corps COLLINS commodities Commodity Credit Corporation Congress cooperation cost cotton crops dairy decrease Department of Agriculture determine disease economic effect eradication estimates for 1941 experiment stations exports extension Farm Credit Administration farmers Federal field fiscal following justification Forest Service fruit funds grade HERRICK important improvement increase industry infestation insecticides insects investigations JUMP June 30 JUSTIFICATION OF ESTIMATE laboratory land LEAVY livestock ment methods national forests Office operations percent personnel pests plants PLUMLEY present problems promotions in accordance Puerto Rico Purnell Act quarantine reduction region REICHELDERFER Salaries Secretary of Agriculture Secretary WALLACE seed SILCOX SKINNER soil soybeans studies TARVER timber tion TOLLEY trees United weather wheat


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Happy 4th of July weekend!
Orthodoxy, marriage, and the State [Second Terrace]
On finding others more or less attractive with time [NY Times]
Happy brides vs. blue brides [Refinery29]
What to Expect from the First Year of Marriage [Verily]
striving for truth ... and normality
by Anna 2 Comments
Happy 4th of July weekend!
Orthodoxy, marriage, and the State [Second Terrace]
On finding others more or less attractive with time [NY Times]
Happy brides vs. blue brides [Refinery29]
What to Expect from the First Year of Marriage [Verily]
We do not draw people to Christ by loudly discrediting what they believe, by telling them how wrong they are and how right we are, but by showing them a light that is so lovely that they want with all their hearts to know the source of it.
Madeleine L'Engle
Racism [The Morning Offering]
Dispatch From Charleston: The Cost Of White Comfort [NPR]
Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America Condemns Shooting at Historic Charleston, S.C. Church [GOARCH]
by Brigid 3 Comments
Dating and engagement are interesting periods. It's so fun to move together from intrigued by each other to twitterpated to loving, at home together, and a good team. But it's an in-between time, it's temporary. It's a time with the unique quality of becoming-close while needing certain distance. And it is really hard to keep our thoughts and actions chaste.
That's worth repeating: it's really hard. It's not just you. We're not broken or wrong, we're designed to yearn to be close to someone else. That's a healthy thing! It leads us closer to one another.
People are wired differently, so we all have different things we yearn for most and different boundaries that work for us. But no matter where we are in life—single, dating, married, widowed, monastic, celibate—we have to strive for chastity. And like all virtues, it is a struggle.
Specifically for the dating/engaged days, here are a few things that help.
*Yes, obviously some choices are pretty objectively better for your spiritual life, but that's not what's most important in this conversation. For some, it's easy to be pretty close without going nuts. For others, holding hands leads to daydreaming leads to the torture of wanting what you can't have. Ask Your Priest (or matushka) if you need help figuring out what boundaries are healthiest for you right now.
It's rarely helpful to say "X and Y are always wrong, A and B are always right." We're all different, and our needs shift over time. Look at the effect your actions have on your spiritual life and your sanity. If a kiss on the cheek makes you daydream so much you stop saying your prayers, then re-evaluate. If holding hands gets you hot and bothered while you're fertile, do things differently this week (and mark your calendar for next month). Doing X or Y may work just fine in a week or a couple months, but if it doesn't work right now, don't shame yourself. Just set your boundaries so they work for you.


text: I booked online with 85 Ch per night + tax including fabulous breakfast and free wifi. The hotel is so clean and spacious. Because we arrived in the morning, they allowed us to store the luggages even though my husband would stay in his conference facility. From my room balcony I could see the lake and the lane with beautiful... More


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Free book giveaway
March 1, 2015 From time to time, the Mirror receives complimentary copies of books, and we like to share these with our readers. more »»
Earth Matters: Storm water management requires everyone's attention
February 28, 2015 An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. While that old axiom holds true for many things, it is especially applicable to storm water management. more »»
Garden Notes: Spotted lanternfly brings new bug threat
February 28, 2015 Editor's note: This column was originally scheduled to be published on Saturday, Feb. 21. A newly discovered pest is lurking in southeastern Pennsylvania. more »»
Hail to the Chieftains: Celtic band to play Penn State ahead of St. Patrick's Day
February 28, 2015 As the region gears up for St. Patrick's Day festivities in March, "legends in the Celtic music realm" will be making a return to the area. The Chieftains will perform at 7 p.. more »»
Symphony Orchestra concert to honor the region's history
February 26, 2015 An immigrant from Hong Kong, Altoona Symphony Orchestra (ASO) Maestra Teresa Cheung says she has long been fascinated with how a young America has evolved while holding on to its short history. more »»
Doctors say trackers, apps can boost care
February 26, 2015 HACKENSACK, N.J. — That phone app keeping track of your exercise and meals might keep you out of the hospital one day. more »»
Challenges for doctors using apps
February 26, 2015 NEW YORK — More hospitals and doctors are starting to use data from fitness trackers and health apps to help treat patients. But they are moving cautiousl. more »»
Free book giveaway
February 22, 2015 From time to time, the Mirror receives complimentary copies of books, and we like to share these with our readers. more »»
Rolling for the sport and fun of it: Derby leagues catching on in Central PA
February 22, 2015 STATE COLLEGE — The pseudonyms, colorful clothes and painted faces remain, but athleticism and competition have replaced the scripted theatrics and pre-determined outcomes. more »»
Who will take home Oscar gold?
February 21, 2015 As with recent Academy Awards seasons, this year's major categories feature very little in the way of genuine competition, with most of the races all but decided come Oscar night. more »»
Trying the stage: Auditions for spring musicals nerve-wracking
February 19, 2015 Megan Marcaurelle-Jones has been a part of more than a dozen plays in her 27 years, and she said auditions still are terrifying. more »»
'Essence' honoree's accidental career
February 19, 2015 LOS ANGELES — "Selma" costume designer Ruth E. Carter never set out to work in Hollywood. more »»
Breaking ground: PSU professor collaborated on boxed music set
February 15, 2015 The Rev. T.T. Rose recorded in 1927 the earliest version of the old gospel song, "If I Had My Wa. more »»
Concert honors Wonder
February 15, 2015 LOS ANGELES — When the Grammys throw a post-awards party to honor Stevie Wonder, just about everybody shows u. more »»
Earth Matters: Rising sea levels present immediate, worldwide concerns
February 14, 2015 Rising sea level doesn't seem too important to those of us here in central Pennsylvania. Those closer to the ocean are a bit more concerned. When ice melts, water rise. more »»
'It's almost like they're one': Altoona couple celebrating nearly 70 years of marriage
February 14, 2015 Jeanne and Clarence Rutherford may go out to eat today, but not necessarily to celebrate Valentine's Day. They most assuredly won't be exchanging presents. more »»
He is the only one: Smith claims four Grammys, including song, record of the year
February 9, 2015 LOS ANGELES — Sam Smith was the king of the Grammys, taking home three of the top four awards, including song and record of the year for "Stay With Me," and best new artist, while Beck won album of... more »»
Free book giveaway
February 8, 2015 From time to time, the Mirror receives complimentary copies of books, and we like to share these with our readers. This week, we are giving away "The Undertaker's Daughter" by poet Toi Derricotte. more »»
Bootstrapping her way to success
February 8, 2015 Kathy Benson was looking for work with more flexibility than her boss would give her. It was 1988, and she and her husband had just moved to Herndon, Va. more »»
Going batty: Huntingdon festival spotlights declining mammals
February 7, 2015 The bats are gone, for the most part, but that isn't stopping Lincoln Caverns near Huntingdon from hosting its ninth annual Batfest on Feb. 14. more »»


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- Apr 6, 2010http://www.gmrtranscription.com/prices.aspx
Faye Bryant Author, Blogger, Scopist Townsend, Tennessee www.scopist4hire.com www.fayebryant.com
On 4/6/2010 8:56 PM, Sally Weeks wrote:
I think the average transcription rate is $3.00 a page.
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Video: Tags: pollination
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NATURE | The Queen of Trees | Wasps Inside the Fig | PBS (#2310)
Inside the fruit of the sycomore fig, a complex drama plays out in miniature. Male fig wasps cut down the flowers that have budded inside. Then, the females pack the pollen from the flowers into... 01:22
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NATURE, television's longest-running weekly natural history series, has won more than 200 honors from the television industry, parent groups, the international wildlife film community and environmental organizations, including the only...


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6 Results for Rocking Chair Pin Cushion in Cincinnati Oh - Antiques Classifieds
Bentwood Rocker with detachable cushions1 month ago on ebay.com
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UP FOR AUCTION WE HAVE A BEAUTIFUL SET OF RETRO ROCKING LOUNGE CHAIRS, NICE SHAPE FOR THEIR AGE, COMES WITH ORANGE CLOTH CURVED CUSHIONS. CUSHIONS ARE IN GREAT SHAPE , NO RIPS1 month ago on ebay.com
This chair pin cushion is in very good condition, I ho not think it has been used sold as is to the lower 48 only thanks and happy bidding!1 month ago on ebay.com
Outhouse style Cabinet or CDs/DVDs TV Stand with Storage Queen Sized Futon with mattress and cover. Forest green. Rocking chair with custom made cushions Pine coffee table and end table ALL SLIGHTLY USED1 month ago on ebay.com


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Discover how to build an Android game and distribute your game in the Google Play app store, using Cocos2d-x development and the Eclipse Platform.
Use Flash Professional CS5 to create a game to play on iOS devices, utilizing device hardware like the accelerometer and integration with a local database.
Todd Perkins shares his insights on all aspects of developing games for the Wii.
Adobe Certified Instructor shows how to create all kinds of games and have fun with ActionScript.
"The tutorials are so clear, precise, and extremely professional. This is definitely my preferred learning style. It makes learning a pleasure." —Margaret L.
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The Message audio Bible is now available on Bible Gateway! Click to learn more.
6:9 This prayer is a model of brevity, asking first for God to be glorified and then for the needs of human life.
Our Father. See "Adoption" at Gal. 4:5.
hallowed be your name. Not just that God's creatures may keep it holy, but that God may Himself hallow it by being the holy Judge and Savior.


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A recognizable face — and voice — in the auto sales industry in Dayton has ventured out on his own.
After a 20-year career with Jeff Schmitt Auto Group, former general manager Steve VanGorder is venturing out on his own with SVG Motors.
If Tim Lamb was a dancer, one might say his foray into becoming an auto dealership brokerage was perfectly choreographed. It was anything but, althoug ...
Dayton's third largest vehicle dealer is branching out into the Columbus market with a recent acquisition.
It's retail Friday for the Dayton Brand Madness competition today as some of the region's biggest malls and auto dealers are matched against each othe ...
Welcome to Dayton Brand Madness! We've taken 64 of Dayton's most famous and iconic brands and matched them up, NCAA tourney-style.
The 28th WDTN Coats for Kids campaign kicks off today with several corporate partners backing the annual clothing drive.
Jeff Schmitt plans to invest in the auto dealership he purchased last week.
One of the largest vehicle dealerships in Dayton is getting bigger. Jeff Schmitt Auto Group has acquired Serra Chevrolet in Miamisburg.


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Camp Kupugani
|This article does not cite any references or sources. (March 2014)
Camp Kupugani is a multicultural summer camp for young women and young men, in girls-only and boys-only sessions, with an emphasis on teaching them to recognize and eliminate stereotypes. It is located in Leaf River, Illinois and is the only private, residential summer camp facility in the United States under black ownership. It is also an American Camp Association member.
A Harvard University graduate in psychology[citation needed] and the Canadian-born son of Jamaican immigrants, Kevin Gordon first started working with children in 1984. He has been in the camp business since 1990, when he first worked at a girls camp in Wisconsin. After college graduation, he continued working as an assistant camp director.
The Program[edit]
Kupugani for Girls[edit]
|This article appears to contain a large number of buzzwords. (February 2014)
The camp's diversity education program is designed to allow girls from diverse cultures and backgrounds to form a community while having fun, being empowered, and learning critical social skills. There are two choices, either a two-week session or a four-week session. Curriculum modules range from positive self-image and self-expression to leadership and economic literacy. Each week brings special activities and interactive games emphasizing diversity, self-confidence, decision - making, assertiveness, and communication skills. Everyone plays together and learns from each other, reinforced by everyday cabin life. For camp specific activities, they offer rock climbing, swimming, river walks, Gaga, crate stacking and other fun activities like canoeing and night hikes under the stars. The program has been widely recognized in the media, including features in Ebony Magazine, on the Tavis Smiley Radio program, and on WCPT Chicago radio, as well as articles in "Afrique" and "Insight News".
Kupugani for Boys[edit]
The camp's diversity education program also caters to boys in a boys-only session, bringing varied backgrounds together for two weeks developing leadership skills and maximizing confidence. The curriculum focuses on team-building and accessing different cultures to self-expression and self-esteem. The camp presents opportunities to build an inclusive community and experience cross-cultural exchanges, dialogues and growth as well as learning to communicate positively. Some of the activities offered include rock climbing, dam jumping, mud volleyball, GaGa, river floating, crate stacking and playing under waterfalls. Piloted in 2009, the camp now has a full program for boys aged 7 to 15 years old.
Kupugani Mother Daughter Weekend[edit]
|This article appears to contain a large number of buzzwords. (February 2014)
This weekend focuses primarily on reaffirming the relationships between the mothers and their daughters while building an empowered and diverse community of women. The curriculum allows for mothers and daughters to individualize their experience and have structured programs to feel comfortable getting to know one another and others around them. The program is designed to accentuate the skills and bonds that are present between mother and daughter as well as learn from one another and create emotional support systems between mothers. The activities include such things as rock climbing, river walking, campfires, playing under waterfalls and night hikes under the stars. The weekend also brings special activities and interactive games emphasizing relationship building, diversity, team building trust exercises and self-confidence.
The camp draws its population from a wide range of children. In addition to campers from as far as Japan, Spain, and England, others have joined them from California, Texas, New Mexico, Louisiana, Georgia, and Wisconsin, in addition to children from the camp's region of Northwest Illinois. The campers' ethnic backgrounds are a mix: including Caucasian, Black/African-American, Hispanic/Latina, Asian, South Asian, and Biracial, including of Native American and Middle Eastern descent.
Comparative statistics[edit]
A recent American Camp Association survey shows that independent, for-profit residential camps have 89% white attendance with less than 4% African-American, less than 4% Hispanic/Latino(a), just over 2% Asian, and just over 1% bi-racial.
External links[edit]
- Camp Kupugani - official site


text:
Page 1
Copyright 2000 Psychonomic Society, Inc.766
Memory & Cognition
2000, 28 (5), 766-773
In 1976, Schvaneveldt, Meyer, and Becker demonstrated
that the effectiveness of a homograph as a related prime
depended on the context that preceded the homograph.
When a homograph was preceded by a word that was re-
lated to the same meaning as was the subsequent target
(e.g., SAVE–BANK–MONEY), responses were faster than re-
sponses to homographs preceded by an unrelated word
(e.g., DAY– BANK–MONEY). These in turn were faster than
responses to triples containing a prime related to the other
meaning of the homograph (e.g., RIVER–BANK–MONEY).
Subsequently, Onifer and Swinney (1981) reported that
homographs embedded in auditory disambiguating sen-
tences primed lexical decisions to visually presented words
related to either of the homograph's meanings. However,
if the target was delayed for 1.5 sec, only the context-
appropriate meaning of the homograph was primed. Sev-
eral theorists have proposed that the selection of one
meaning of a homograph leads to the immediate active
suppression of alternative meanings (Gernsbacher, 1990;
Neill, 1989).
Krueger (1990) found that processing the second of two
sentences containing the same homograph in alternate
meaning contexts was slower than processing following
a control sentence. Simpson and Kang (1994) determined
that a homograph that had primed the naming of a word
related to one of its meanings actually slowed performance
on a subsequent word related to an alternate meaning. On
the basis of their extensive review of homograph research,
they concluded, "Processing one meaning of a homograph
and responding to that meaning results in the active and
specific inhibition of competing meanings" (Simpson &
Kang, 1994, p. 376).
In the present investigation, we tested whether the in-
hibition of competing meanings observed by Simpson
and his colleagues in reaction time studies extended to
the discrete response selection required by the word as-
sociation test (WAT). The WAT enabled us to examine
whether priming a homograph in the direction of one of
its meanings makes associates related to its alternative
meaning less available. Using the WAT allowed us to eval-
uate the residual effect of responding to a homograph in
two different contexts on responding to that homograph
in a subsequent neutral context.
Early studies of priming in the WAT (Clifton, 1966;
Cofer, 1967; Cramer, 1968; Segal, 1967; Segal & Cofer,
1960; Storms, 1958) defined priming on the basis of a
specific preselected associate of the word association
stimulus. With the exception of Cramer, the preselected
word was presented in an orienting task. An increase in re-
sponse frequency of that word indicated priming. Segal
reported that the likelihood that homographs initially em-
bedded in an analogy test were produced on a subsequent
WAT depended on whether the association stimulus was
We thank Christian DeBiasi, Susan DeGuilio, and Sara Jamshidi,
who served as experimenters. Three reviewers of an earlier version of
this manuscript, Doug Nelson, Dani McKinney, and Greg Simpson,
provided thoughtful ideas that resulted in clarification of the ideas pre-
sented. We are grateful to them, as well as to Jim Erickson, for their crit-
ical reviews. Correspondence should be addressed to D.S. Gorfein, De-
partment of Psychology, University of Texas, Box 19528, Arlington,
TX 76019-0528 (e-mail: email@example.com).
The selection of homograph meaning:
Word association when context changes
University of Texas, Arlington, Texas
College of Mount St. Vincent, Riverdale, New York
St. Peter's College, Jersey City, New Jersey
In a study of lexical ambiguity processing, responses to homographs were examined in a word as-
sociation task. The context of repeated exposures of a homograph was manipulated by requiring a re-
sponse to a word related to a meaning of the homograph on the trial prior to homograph presentation.
A change of that relationship reduced the effectiveness of the contextual item as a prime on the sec-
ond occurrence of the homograph. In response to a third unprimed occurrence of the homograph, as-
sociations were consistent with a conclusion that when semantic contexts are opposed, a "primacy ef-
fect" is obtained. The overall effects in the studies reported are seen as consistent with the theoretical
view of Simpson and Kang (1994) that processing and responding to one meaning of a homograph re-
sult in the inhibition of alternative meanings. A mechanism to account for that inhibition is proposed.
Page 2
identical to, related to, or different from the meaning pre-
sented in the analogy. The word association stimulus RIVER
elicited the response BANK with greatest frequency if the
analogy had been "BANK is to RIVER," a lesser frequency
if the analogy had been "BANK is to STREAM," and at near
chance levels if the analogy had been "BANKis to MONEY."
Cramer (1968) presented homographs in the context
of two words selected to guide the production of a par-
ticular response. Participants were told to read aloud the
first two words on a trial (e.g., ANGER, FIGHT) and then
produce a word association to a third word (TAP). Perfor-
mancewas scored for the response HIT. In another group,
the word TAP was preceded by WHISKEY and ALE and the
target word was BEER. Both contexts elicited their re-
sponses at greater than normative frequency.
In our studies priming is defined as an increase in the
frequency of WAT responses that are related to a partic-
ular meaning of a homograph (e.g., responses related to
the financial meaning of BANK). Cramer (1968) analyzed
the increase in responses related to the primed meaning
of the homograph (e.g., beverage-related responses to
the stimulus TAP given the primes WHISKEY and ALE). She
concludedthat beyond an increase in the specific response
BEER, the prime had little influence. However, Cramer's
manipulation may have led participants to treat the task
as a problem-solving task and use the 6sec provided to re-
spond to find a common response word to WHISKEY, ALE,
and TAP.
Berger, Bubka, and Gorfein (1990) reported an increase
in responses from the primed meaning class of a homo-
graph. Words from a meaning class were more likely to
be elicited to a homograph when the previous trial re-
quired a response to a related word than when the prior
response was to an unrelated word. Responding to LIVER
on a WAT trial increased the frequency of responses such
as HEART to the homograph ORGAN on the next trial.
The three experiments in this paper used a similar
method of presenting homographs and primes in a WAT.
The participant viewed a series of words and was in-
structed to write the first word to come to mind on each
trial. An advantage of this method is that prime trials are
not distinguished from homograph trials. This is in marked
contrast to priming in the naming task and to typical sin-
gle-trial priming events in lexical decision. It also differs
from the priming technique employed in the WAT by
Cramer (1968) in which the participant only read the
primes and responded to the homograph.
In our experiments, each homograph initially followed
a word related to one meaning and on a second occurrence
was preceded by a word related to its alternative meaning.
For example, ORGAN was presented on trial n preceded by
the related word LIVER on trial n ? 1. The word MUSIC
occurred on trial n + 23 and the homograph ORGAN again
on trial n + 24. This allowed us to test the hypothesis that
the first occurrence of the homograph would result in a
diminished effect of the second-occurrence prime as con-
trasted with the effect of a first-occurrence prime. We
were also interested in whether the effect of earlier prim-
ing trials would carry over to trials where the homograph
was presented in a neutral context. Continuing the pre-
vious example, we examined which response class would
be elicited when ORGAN was presented on trial n + 64 fol-
lowing an unrelated stimulus (HAT) on trial n + 63. We
also examined whether the effect on the neutral primed
trials depended on the time between the homograph oc-
currences. Experiment 1 tested these conditions.
Thirty-two Adelphi University students participated in Experi-
ment 1 as part of a requirement for an introductory psychology
course. The participants in all experiments were native English
speakers. Participants were assigned to list at random.
Twenty-eight homographs were selected from the Adelphi norms
(Gorfein, Viviani, & Leddo, 1982). Items were selected so that the
two meanings of the homograph were reasonably balanced. The
mean proportion of occurrences for the more common (dominant)
meaning of the 28 homographs was .605, with a range of .50–.72.
We used homographs that had two distinct meanings, when all senses
of a meaning were scored as the same meaning. Therefore the sec-
ondary meaning of the homograph had a normative proportion of
.395. The mean frequency of occurrence per million of the homo-
graphs was 48.25 (Kuˇ cera & Francis, 1967).
Two primes were chosen for each homograph, one related to its
dominant meaning and the other to its secondary meaning. The
choice of prime word was somewhat arbitrary since relatedness
norms for the homographs did not exist at the time of list creation.
It was our aim to select words that while related to the homographs
chosen would be unlikely direct associates of the homograph, to
minimize what Cofer (1967) called "direct priming." Across par-
ticipants the same prime preceded a first and a second occurrence
of a homograph equally often. We therefore compared the amount
of priming obtained from the same prime when it preceded a first
occurrence with priming when it preceded a second homograph oc-
currence. We look at a homograph MARCH following the prime DE-
CEMBERwhen the participant has earlier responded to ARMYpreced-
ing MARCH and in the absence of the earlier experience. Because of
the counterbalancing, the actual size of the relationship between any
prime and homograph is largely irrelevant to the questions asked.
Materials were divided into four subsets matched on meaning
dominance and were arranged into four unique word lists so that each
homograph appeared in each condition of the experiment once. Two
context conditions (mixed and single) were included in each list. In
the mixed condition, 14 homographs were presented three times.
These homographs were preceded by a prime related to one meaning
on their first occurrence, by a prime related to the alternate mean-
ing on second occurrence, and by a word unrelated to either meaning
on third occurrence. In the single-prime condition, the remaining 14
homographs were presented twice, preceded by a related prime on
the first occurrence and by a word unrelated to either meaning on
the second occurrence. On first occurrence, half (7) of the homo-
graphs in each condition were preceded by a word related to their
dominant meaning while the remaining homographs were preceded
by a word related to their secondary meaning.
Each list was constructed in three parts. Part 1 (Trials 1–84) of
each list included the first occurrence of the 14 homographs and their
primes in the mixed-prime condition and the 14 homographs and
Page 3
primes in the single-prime condition, as well as 28 filler items. Filler
words were unrelated to the homographs. A set of 12 filler items
was also included between Parts 1 and 2 to ensure a minimum sep-
aration of first and second occurrences of homographs. Actual sep-
aration varied from 24 to 142 trials with a mean of 82 events.
Part 2 (Trials 97–166) included the second occurrences of the 14
mixed-prime homographs preceded by their alternate meaning prime.
Homographs in the single-prime condition were replaced by unre-
lated words, which were preceded by the alternative meaning prime
of each replaced homograph. Part 2 included 28 filler trials, with
half of the fillers being repetitions of Part 1 filler words.
Part 3 followed Part 2 immediately or was delayed by 40 filler
trials. Delay was manipulated between lists and resulted in Part 3
trials of either 167–206 or 207–262. The 56 trials of Part3 included
the third occurrences of the 14mixed-prime homographs, 14second
occurrences of the single-prime homographs, and a third occurrence
of 14 fillers, as well as a second occurrence of another 14 fillers.
Counterbalancing homographs across the meaning primed on
first homograph occurrence (dominant or secondary), prime context
conditions (mixed or single), and delay (0 or 40 trials) resulted in
eight unique lists that were employed equally often in the experiment.
Participants were tested individually on the WAT. Single words
were presented centered on a computer screen, along with their trial
numbers. Participants were instructed to write the first word each
item brought to mind alongside the trial number on the answer sheet
provided. No mention was made of primes or homographs. From
the participant's standpoint, each word was a unique item in the WAT.
After responding, the participant pressed the space bar and the next
item appeared on the screen. If no response was made and 6 sec
elapsed, the next trial was presented. Participants were informed that
some items would be repeated and were instructed that they should
always write the first word that came to mind. The task occupied
20–25 min.
Results and Discussion
A rater blind to the prime assigned the response to each
homograph to a meaning class. When a response could
not be readily assigned to one of the two meanings of a
homograph, a second rater attempted to classify it. Omis-
sions and responses that could not be scored were dropped
from the analyses (2.1% of all responses). The reliability
of scoring was measured by having two raters score 28
homograph trials from the Part 3 data of a random sam-
ple of 10 participants. Of the 280 total judgments of re-
sponses, 278 were in agreement (99.3%).
The score in each condition was the proportion of scor-
able responses that were judged to be related to the dom-
inant meaning of the homograph. Priming was defined
as the difference between the chance value (.605) and the
observed proportion of each condition. For the dominant
prime, a priming score was the proportion of responses
in the dominant direction1minus .605. Priming for sec-
ondary primes was defined as .605 minus the proportion
of dominant responses. The alpha level for all analyses
was set at .05 in all experiments.
Table 1 reports the proportion of dominant meaning
responses to the homographs as a function of the prime
history in each part of the experiment as well as a prim-
ing score for each condition. Each of the eight priming
scores was significantly greater than zero priming by a
two-tailed t test. This indicated that our method, which
defined priming in the WAT in relation to the meaning
class of the response, produced results similar to those of
earlier studies that defined priming with respect to spe-
cific response targets (Cramer, 1968; Segal, 1967).
The nature of the design necessitated several analyses
of variance (ANOVAs). An ANOVA2of Part 1 indicated
that the observed proportion of dominant responses was
significantly different when the homograph was preceded
by a prime trial related to the dominant meaning (.767)
than when the prime trial item was related to the secondary
meaning [.427, F(1,30) ? 165.17, MSe? 0.0112].
All homographs in Part 2 were in the mixed-context
condition and so were primed with the meaning alternate
to that primed in Part 1. The proportion of dominant re-
sponses to each of the Part2 primes differed significantly
[F(1,30) ? 18.26, MSe? 0.0424], with the proportion
of dominant responses when the prime was dominant
(.725) being greater than when the prime was secondary
(.504). The magnitude of priming in Parts 1 and 2 was
compared in an ANOVA of the priming scores (Part 1 vs.
Part 2, by current prime). The mean priming effect in
Part 1 (.170) was significantly different from the mean
priming effect in Part 2 [.121, F(1,60) ? 5.32, MSe?
0.0216]. These results indicate a reduction in the effec-
tiveness of a prime of one homograph meaning givenprior
exposure to an alternate meaning prime. This finding is
consistent with the loss of prime effectiveness in word
naming (Simpson & Kang, 1994; Simpson & Kellas,
1989). The implications of these results are addressed in
the General Discussion.
Part 3 tested how the prime history of a homograph
influenced subsequent responses to that homograph in a
neutral context. Priming in Part 3 was defined as the pro-
portion of responses that were related to the meaning
Table 1
Proportion of Dominant Meaning Word Association Responses
(Score) and Observed Priming in Each Part of Experiment 1
Prime History
Part 1
Prior Current
— Dominant
— Secondary
Part 2
Prior Current
Part 3 Unprimed
Part 2
Part 1
Note—Priming is the deviation from the normative baseline of .615.
*Priming in Part 3 is defined with respect to the Part 1 prime for all
Page 4
primed in Part 1. We then compared the amount of prim-
ing in Part3 to the amount in Part1. A 2prime type (dom-
inant, secondary) ? 3 prime history (Part 1, Part 3 single,
Part 3 mixed context) ? 2 delay (0 or 40 items between
Parts 2 and 3) mixed-model ANOVA was performed.
Neither the effect of delay [F(1,30) < 1] nor any of its in-
teractions approached significance (F < 1, in all cases).
The effect of prime history was significant [F(2,60) ?
11.10, MSe? 0.0279]. A post hoc analysis employing
Tukey's procedure for pairwise comparisons (Myers &
Well, 1991, pp. 84–86) indicated that the higher propor-
tion of primed responses in Part1 (.170) was significantly
different from the priming observed in Part 3 to items in
the single-prime condition (.089) or to those in the mixed
prime history condition (.053). The difference within
Phase3 was not significant. However, the amount of prim-
ing in the single-prime condition [t(31) ? 4.61] and the
mixed-prime condition [t(31) ? 2.39] was significant in
the direction of the Part 1 meaning. The effect in the
mixed condition is remarkable in that not only was there
a departure from the more recent Part 2 prime, but also
there was a significant "primacy effect." This effect was
not unlike the classical effect of primacy in trait descrip-
tions in the social psychological literature (see Anderson,
1996). The results were also consistent with results we
have reported elsewhere for both spelling and word asso-
ciation responses to nonhomographic homophones (Gor-
fein & Walters, 1989; Walters, 1988).
Experiment 1 established the effect of the initial pro-
cessing of a homograph on selecting an alternate mean-
ing of that homograph in a new context. Further, process-
ing homographs in two different contexts prior to a test in
a neutral context resulted in a primacy effect. In the single-
prime condition, responses to homographs in a neutral
context showed a return toward the normative baseline.
In Experiment 2, we attempted to characterize these
findings more precisely. The interval between first and
second occurrences of homographs in the mixed-prime
condition was large and variable in Experiment 1. In Ex-
periment2, the separation between first and second occur-
rences of homographs was fixed at either 10 or 30 items.
A control condition was added in which previously
primedhomographs were presented in neutral contexts at
the same lags as the first two occurrences in the mixed-
prime condition. This allowed a comparison of priming in
the mixed-context condition to control items with similar
priming history.
We reexamined the delay between the alternate mean-
ing context in Part 2 and the neutral context in Part 3 in
the mixed-prime condition. We hypothesized that as the
delay between the second and third occurrences increased,
the primacy effect would become stronger due to a loss
in effectiveness of the most recent prime. We saw this as
similar to the loss of recency effects in free recall over a
filled interval (see, e.g. Glanzer & Cunitz, 1966).
In Experiment 1, we manipulated type of prime (dom-
inant, secondary) as a within-subjects condition. In Ex-
periment2, the meaning of the first-occurrence prime was
manipulated as a between-groups variable; one experi-
mental group was assigned dominant primes and the
other group secondary primes.
Forty-eight Adelphi University students and 64 students at the
University of Texas at Arlington served in this experiment to fulfill
a course requirement. Participants were assigned to the four exper-
imental conditions in a counterbalanced manner. Each of the four
between-groups conditions included an equal proportion of the sam-
ples drawn from the two universities.
We created lists with the 28 homographs and the 56 prime words
from Experiment1. Four basic list types were constructed by manip-
ulating lag between the first and second occurrences of a homograph
(10 or 30 trials) as a between-lists variable and delay between the sec-
ond and third occurrences (3 or 20 trials) as a within-lists factor.
In one set all 28 homographs were primed in the dominant direc-
tion on their first occurrence and in another set of lists, items were
primed in the secondary direction. On the second occurrence, half
of the items on each list were primed by their alternate meaning
prime (mixed-context condition) and half by the unrelated alternate
prime of another homograph (unrelated-prime control condition).
Counterbalancing to ensure that every homograph appeared in each
condition resulted in 16 different lists.
Each list consisted of 222 trials. Homograph sets were interwoven
in the list. Therefore the second and third occurrences of some ho-
mographs preceded the first occurrence of others. Filler items, half of
which were repeated at varying intervals, occupied 82 trial positions.
The procedure and instructions were identical to those of Exper-
iment 1 except that a fixed 6-sec trial was employed.
The design of the study was a mixed model. Lag between first and
second occurrences (10 or 30 items) and Part 1 prime meaning
(dominant, secondary) were between-groups variables. Contextual
history (mixed or control) and delay between second and third oc-
currences of a homograph (3 or 20 trials) were within-groups vari-
ables. The task required 23 min to complete.
Results and Discussion
The proportion of scorable responses in the direction
of the normative dominant meaning of the homograph
was used for all conditions.
We collapsed the third-occurrence data across the delay
intervals between second and third occurrences and re-
served this delay variable for a separate ANOVA. A 3 (1st,
2nd, or 3rd occurrence) ? 2 (dominant or secondary prime
on first occurrence) ? 2 (prime history, mixed or con-
trol) ? 2 (lag, 10 or 30 trials between 1st and 2nd homo-
graph presentation) mixed model ANOVA was performed.
The lag between first and second homograph occur-
rences did not produce a significant main effect and did
not enter into any interaction. Table 2 presents the pro-
portion of responses scored as dominant meaning re-
sponses to the homograph collapsed over lag. Since, in
this experiment, the primes were not equated for rela-
Page 5
tionship to the homographs, we restrict our reporting of
results to the effectiveness of the repetition conditions.
The initial priming direction interacted both with occur-
rence [F(2,216) ? 67.20, MSe? 0.016] and with prime
history [F(1,108) ? 21.47, MSe? 0.017]. There were
no significant main effects of occurrence or prime his-
tory and no interaction between the two.
However, these effects must be interpreted in light of
the significant three-way interaction between occurrence,
prime history, and initial prime direction [F(2,216) ? 6.23,
MSe? 0.016]. In the control condition (unrelated con-
text on second occurrence), the effect of the initial prime
was reduced on the second occurrence as control item re-
sponses shifted toward the norm and then remained un-
changed on the third occurrence. In the mixed condition,
the alternate meaning was successfully primed on the
second occurrence. Further, on the third occurrence, per-
formance moved back toward the first-occurrence mean.
A second ANOVA examined the primacy effect based
on initial homograph meaning. As shown in Table 2, the
means for the mixed items moved in different directions
from the second to the third occurrence of the homo-
graph based on initial meaning primed. Means for homo-
graphs initially primed in the dominant direction moved
toward the dominant meaning, while means for homo-
graph initially primed in the secondary direction changed
in that direction. A 2 (dominant, secondary prime) ? 2
(second or third occurrence) ANOVA was performed to
see whether this observed effect was significant. The
significant interaction [F(1,108) ? 15.32, MSe? 0.026]
indicates that responses to the unprimed third occur-
rences of homographs in the mixed condition are in the
direction of the initial priming experience.
We had hypothesized that the longer the delay between
the second and third occurrences of the homograph, the
greater the change toward the initially primed meaning.
The hypothesis was not supported; the change toward the
initial prime was .06 in the Lag 3 delay condition, while
the corresponding change in the Lag20 condition was .04.
Neither the effect of the lag between first and second
occurrences nor the delay prior to testing the third oc-
currence in the mixed prime history condition had a sig-
nificant effect on performance. Nevertheless, in the control
condition the effect of the prime declined significantly
(.09) from first occurrence to the neutral primed second
occurrence. In the mixed condition, there was a similar
decline of second prime effectiveness (.05) relative to the
neutral context third occurrence. It must be concluded
that decline was relatively rapid at a lag of 3 or fewer
items. A possible explanation of the rapid change is that
a portion of the immediate priming effect depends on the
N ? 1 prime being in the active state. Like the "auto-
matic priming" of Posner and Snyder (1975), that activa-
tion may decay in a matter of seconds or be disrupted by
another word presentation. In that event, the prior prime
would be inactive before the next occurrence of a homo-
graph even at short lags.
In the mixed condition on second occurrences, .583 of
the responses were in the dominant direction despite the
presence of a secondary meaning prime. Responses to the
dominant primed condition were near baseline at .601.
These data are compatible with the "inhibition of compet-
ing meanings" hypothesis of Simpson and Kang (1994).
Alternatively, it might be argued that computing priming
from the normative baseline is misleading because the
first-occurrence prime produces a temporary shift in the
normative frequency of the homograph meanings, lead-
ing to an underestimate of the amount of priming. The
results with respect to second occurrences in Experiment2
speak directly to this point. As shown in Table 3, com-
putations of priming based on the control condition, which
reflect any change in baseline, do not support this expla-
nation. The amount of priming in relation to the appro-
priate control was .09. This value was slightly more than
half of the priming obtained (.17) for the first-occurrence
prime. Some form of inhibition of alternative meanings
results from the processing of a homograph within a spe-
cific semantic context.
Table 2
Proportion of Dominant Meaning Word Association Responses
(Score) and Observed Priming in Each Part of Experiment 2
Prime HistoryScore Priming
Part 1
Part 2
Prior Current
Part 3 Unprimed
Part 2
Part 1
Note—Priming is the deviation from the normative baseline of .615.
*Priming in Part 3 is defined with respect to the Part 1 prime for all
Table 3
Effect of Context on Second-Occurrence Responses to
Homographs (Score): Change in the Direction of
Second-Occurrence Prime Event
Second Neutral
FirstSecond Mixed


text:
Chris Pressey
My main interest is in the design of pathological programming languages. While this subject is not entirely (perhaps not even primarily) mathematical, it does rely significantly on results from computability, computational complexity, and formal languages. Results from pretty much any field are welcome additions if they can be applied to the design of a programming language to make it (more) pathological. Currently I am somewhat interested in the possibilities of abstract algebra in this regard.
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Discover what's up in the business of marketing each Friday.
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Systems and methods for locating the shooter of supersonic projectiles are described. Muzzle blast signals are neither sought nor required. The system uses at least two sensors, with each sensor having a 3-axis accelerometer. The sensors are spaced apart at least 1 meter and have each a diameter of about one centimeter. The three accelerometer signals of each sensor represent pressure gradients and are processed to find the shockwave arrival angle unit vector, the shockwave arrival time instant and peak pressure. Noise signals seldom cause false detections with this sensing method because the sensors have maximum sensitivity at the high frequency characteristics of shockwaves, while their sensitivity to the low frequency characteristics of ambient noise is relatively low.
1. A sensor for determining a pressure gradient generated by a shockwave, comprising:
a support structure;
a substantially spherical body made of aluminum and elastically supported by the support structure for movement in at least two directions;
an accelerometer enclosed in the body and generating an output signal in response to a force applied to the body;
wherein the force is produced by the pressure gradient and the output signal indicates a magnitude and direction of the pressure gradient.
2. The sensor of
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5. The sensor of
6. A system for determining the trajectory of a supersonic projectile comprising:
at least two spaced-apart sensors, the sensors supported by a support structure at known coordinate positions and encountering a shockwave generated by said supersonic projectile, each sensor comprising;
a substantially spherical body elastically supported by the support structure for movement in at least two directions;
an accelerometer enclosed in the body and generating an output signal in response to a force applied to the body, wherein the force is produced by a pressure gradient of said shockwave and the output signal indicates a magnitude and direction of the pressure gradient and an arrival time of the shockwave at the sensor; and
a processor processing the output signals and the arrival times from the at least two sensors and unambiguously determining said trajectory of said supersonic projectile.
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The present invention relates to law enforcement technologies and security, and more particularly to methods and systems for determining the origin and direction of travel of supersonic projectiles based on shockwave-only information.
Systems and methods are known that can determine the general direction and trajectory of supersonic projectiles, such as bullets and artillery shells by measuring parameters associated with the shockwave generated by a projectile. One such system, described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,241,518 includes at least three spaced-apart sensors, with each sensor incorporating three acoustic transducers arranged in a plane. The sensors generate signals in response to the shockwave which are related to the azimuth and elevation angle to the origin of the shockwave. Shock-wave-only measurements are unable to determine the distance between the sensor(s) and the origin of the shockwave. Distance information is typically obtained from the muzzle flash or muzzle blast.
The azimuth and elevation angle of a shooter with reference to the sensor location are typically determined by measuring Time-of-Arrival (TOA) information of the shockwave at each sensor. Each of the sensors encounters the shockwave at a different time and generates a signal in response to the shockwave pressure. The signals from the various sensors are processed, and a direction (azimuth and elevation) from the sensor(s) to the origin of the shockwave and hence the trajectory of the projectile can be determined.
Conventional systems employ microphones, which can be relatively closely spaced (e.g., 1 meter apart) or widely dispersed (e.g., mounted on a vehicle or carried by soldiers on a battlefield), and measure shockwave pressure omni-directionally at their respective locations. One exemplary antenna includes a total of 7 omni-directional microphones, with 6 microphones distributed over the surface of a sphere (approx. diameter 1 m) and the seventh microphone located in the center of the sphere. An arrangement with less than 7 microphones can produce lobes in the spatial sensitivity pattern of the microphone array.
The relatively large antenna size and the large number of sensors can be a major disadvantage, for example, in vehicle-mounted systems. In addition, prior systems sense sound pressure and hence require special high-pass and low-pass filters for correctly differentiating between shockwave signals and ambient noise signals. Ambient noise signals can be as large or even larger than shockwave sound pressures. In addition, systems that omni-directionally measure sound pressure can generate ambiguous solutions in which the Time-of-Arrival of the shockwave at a given set of sensors is nearly identical for two mirror-symmetric shooter locations.
It would therefore be desirable to provide a system and method that is able to determine the trajectory of a supersonic projectile with a smaller number of sensors that occupy less space, and is also capable of differentiating between shockwave signals and ambient noise and eliminating the ambiguity in the determination of the shooter position.
The disclosed methods and systems are directed, inter alia, to force sensors for determining the origin and direction of travel of supersonic projectiles based on shockwave-only information.
According to one aspect of the invention, a sensor for determining a pressure gradient generated by a shockwave includes a support structure, a substantially spherical body elastically supported by the support structure for movement in at least two directions, and an accelerometer enclosed in the body and generating an output signal in response to a force applied to the body. The force is produced by the pressure gradient and the output signal indicates a magnitude and direction of the pressure gradient.
According to another aspect of the invention, a system for determining the trajectory of a supersonic projectile includes at least two spaced-apart sensors, wherein the sensors are supported by a support structure at a known location and encounter a shockwave generated by the supersonic projectile. Each sensor includes a substantially spherical body elastically supported by the support structure for movement in at least two directions, and an accelerometer enclosed in the body and generating an output signal in response to a force applied to the body. The force is produced by a pressure gradient of the shockwave and the output signal indicates a magnitude and direction of the pressure gradient and an arrival time of the shockwave at the sensor. The system further includes a processor that processes the output signal and the arrival time from at least two sensors to provide parameter information for determining the trajectory of the supersonic projectile.
According to yet another aspect of the invention, a method for estimating the trajectory of a supersonic projectile, with the projectile producing a shockwave, includes the steps of providing at least two spaced apart sensors having a known location and orientation, whereby each sensor is adapted to measure a three-dimensional pressure gradient at the sensor location. The sensors generate a shockwave information signal in response to the measured pressure gradients. The method further includes the steps of processing the shockwave information signal and determining from the shockwave information signal trajectory parameter information of the projectile.
Embodiments of the invention may include one or more of the following features. The accelerometer can be a three-axes accelerometer that produces output signals representative of an acceleration in three mutually independent, for example orthogonal, directions. The substantially spherical body can made of a lightweight metal, such as aluminum, or a plastic material, such as a plastic (polyurethane) foam. The foam can be protected by a protective, e.g., waterproof layer for operation in harsh environments.
The support structure can be a frame of suitable shape, for example circular or rectangular, with the body being supported in the frame by a wire, a thread or a tape. Advantageously, the support of the body can include damping means. Alternatively, the body can be supported on an elastic member that permits excursions in three independent directions, such as a spring.
Advantageously, the frame and/or the support structure has a relatively low characteristic oscillation frequency, for example less than 1 kHz, preferably less than 100 Hz, so as not to interfere with the shockwave detection.
The shockwave information signal can include magnitude and direction of the pressure gradient measured at two or more sensors and the time of arrival of the shockwave at the sensors. The parameter information for determining the trajectory of the supersonic projectile can include shooter direction azimuth, shooter direction elevation, trajectory direction azimuth, trajectory direction elevation, muzzle velocity, and bullet drag coefficient.
Further features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments and from the claims.
The following figures depict certain illustrative embodiments of the invention in which like reference numerals refer to like elements. These depicted embodiments are to be understood as illustrative of the invention and not as limiting in any way.
The invention is directed, inter alia, to a system and method for determining the direction, as defined by azimuth and elevation, of a shooter location and a trajectory of supersonic projectiles. The system includes two or more sensors, with each sensor having three accelerometers, the signals of which are processed to find the shockwave arrival angle unit vector, the shockwave arrival time instant and peak pressure. The sensor's sensitivity is greatest at the high frequency characteristics of shockwaves and much less at the lower frequency characteristics of ambient noise.
Referring now to
The sensor 12 does not experience a net force when the uniform pressure is applied, even if the magnitude of the pressure changes. In this situation, the output signal of the accelerometers is zero, except for a possible constant bias. However, if the sensor 12 is exposed to a pressure gradient, i.e. when the pressure on one side of the sphere 12 is different from the pressure on another side of the sphere 12, then a net force is applied to the sensor 12 in the direction of the pressure gradient, creating an acceleration that is proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the sensor mass. The output signals of the accelerometer elements 15 a, 15 b, 15 c is representative of the acceleration experienced by the sensor 12 in the respective X, Y, Z directions.
Various types of accelerometers are known in the art, such as accelerometers micromachined from silicon, piezoelectric materials, and the like. A suitable accelerometer is, for example, the Endevco Model 25A ISOTRON accelerometer, available from Endevco Corporation, San Juan Capistrano, Calif. Accelerometers should be selected to have a low cross-axis coupling or crosstalk, for example, less than 1%, for reliably decoupling the signals generated in three independent directions.
As shown in
A principal advantage of the pressure gradient sensor is its relatively low sensitivity to low-frequency forces and/or pressure gradients.
Referring now to
Measurements of a shockwave's three unit vectors and arrival time at two or more of the aforedescribed pressure gradient sensors are sufficient to determine uniquely the shooter location, bullet trajectory, and caliber. Relative to an origin (0, 0), the shooter is located at point P (PX, PY, PZ), the sensor at point C (CX, CY, CZ), and the bullet trajectory is shown emanating from the shooter in the direction of |{right arrow over (A)}|. The vector distance between the shooter and jth sensor is |{right arrow over (D)}j|, the closest point of approach (CPA) of the bullet to the sensor is |{right arrow over (R)}j|, and the path followed from the point where the shockwave is radiated from the trajectory to the jth sensor is {right arrow over (S)}. The Mach angle of the bullet is θ=sin−1(1/M), M=V/c0. M is the Mach number of the projectile, V is the supersonic velocity of the projectile, and c0 is the (pressure- and temperature-dependent) speed of sound. The 'miss-angle' between trajectory and the jth sensor is γi. The trajectory is characterized by its azimuth angle α measured counter clockwise from the x-axis in the x-y plane and by its elevation angle φ measured upward from the x-y plane. The equations that define the shockwave arrival time tj and unit vector at the jth sensor are written in terms of these geometrical quantities.
The time of arrival is equal to the time
wherein t0 is a time reference (firing time). The closest point of approach (CPA) between the projectile trajectory and the jth sensor is
The CPA (or |{right arrow over (R)}j|) can be independently determined from the measured slope of the shockwave depicted in
Mj is the projectile's Mach number at the point where sound is radiated to the jth sensor along the projectile's trajectory |{right arrow over (A)}|, and ρ, c, β are the atmospheric density, sound velocity, and non-linear parameter β≅1.3. The slope of the shockwave is its peak pressure Ps divided by the half-span Ts (see
The velocity V of the projectile can be assumed to be constant along its trajectory, if the sensors are closely spaced, so that there is insignificant loss of speed between the times the projectile radiates to the different sensors. In a more general case, however, a mathematical ballistics model that predicts the arrival time of a shockwave at any general point in space as a function of the full set of parameters can be used. It is derived from physical principles, and has an accuracy of approximately 10 parts per million (ppm). The mathematical model is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,178,141, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. For comparison, conventional empirically derived ballistic models have nominal 1 m accuracy at 1 km, or 1000 ppm.
The ballistic model includes the bullet drag coefficient Cb, which depends upon the projectile's caliber. The caliber may be estimated from either the peak pressure Ps or the half-span Ts, using the following equation that depends upon projectile's parameters S (cross sectional area), L (length), and K (a constant dependent upon bullet shape).
Once the caliber is found, its unique drag coefficient Cb is known. This parameter is important in the ballistic model prediction of projectile's trajectory. In the context of the present discussion, the drag coefficient is assumed to be proportional to the square root of Mach number M. A more accurate model is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,930,202, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The distance |{right arrow over (A)}j| and the time tj A
The following nonlinear equations must be solved when the ballistic model predictions are included:
The three-bar equals signs indicate where the right hand side is forced to equal the measurement data on the left. The following identities were used to simplify the equations; these equations do not contain data:
Accordingly, there are 10 independent nonlinear equations, of which only 8 are required (redundancy). Normalized accelerometer signal voltages in the x, y, z directions for the jth sensor are denoted vxj, vyj, vzj, i.e., the subscripts 1 and 2 denote the two different accelerometers or pressure gradient sensors. Therefore, the nonlinear equations can be solved for the unknown parameters. In addition, two of the unknowns (drag coefficient and muzzle velocity) are uniquely related to the projectile's caliber, which can be estimated from the independent equation involving CPA (or |{right arrow over (D)}j|) and shockwave pressure slope. This fact allows for the inclusion of constraints on CPA while solving the equations, thereby improving the accuracy of parameter estimation. If additional sensors are used, then redundant data collected this way can be used in the solver further to improve parameter estimation accuracy.
One possible estimation algorithm for trajectory estimation is a variant of the Levenberg-Marquardt method of non-linear least squares. The variation is in the weighing of the residuals. The weighing method used gives an L1 type solution: i.e., minimum absolute value. The weights at each iteration are recalculated using the size of the residuals to effectively "throw out" outliers. The L1 Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is detailed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,930,202 and operates as follows:
1. Compute the residuals, weights, and the initial cost, E0;
2. For the kth iteration, calculate the elements of a weighted derivative matrix, H;
3. Calculate the next estimate of x by solving for δx and adding it to the current value of x;
4. Calculate the new weights, weighted residuals, and cost, Ek, at the new state, xk;
5. If the cost is greater than the previous cost, discard this estimate of x(k), increase λ by a substantial factor, for example by a factor 10, and repeat from step 3; or
6. If the cost is less than the previous cost and the solution has not converged, decrease λ by the same factor and repeat from step 2.
There are three ways of exiting the iteration loop: reaching convergence, reaching the maximum number of allowed iterations (e.g., set at 50), or having λ increase to a predetermined limit. Convergence is defined by the ratio of the new cost, to the previous cost x(k)/x(k−1). If the ratio is between 0.9995 and 1, either at a local minimum has been reached or the cost function surface has a flat valley, so that further iterations will not improve the result. A status flag is typically returned indicating which condition occurred.
Is has been found that a global minimum of the shooter direction and the projectile trajectory can be computed more quickly and reliably by using an evolutionary genetic algorithm (GA). GAs mimic natural evolutionary principles and apply these to search and optimization procedures. Most classical point-by-point algorithms use a deterministic procedure for approaching the optimum solution, starting from a random guess solution and specifying a search direction based on a pre-specified transition rule, such as direct methods using an objective function and constraint values and gradient-based methods using first and second order derivatives. However, these methods have disadvantages, for example, that an optimal solution depends on the selected initial solution and that most algorithms get "stuck" at a sub-optimal solution.
Unlike classical search and optimization methods, a GA begins its search with a random set of solutions, instead of just one solution. Once a random population of solutions is created, each is evaluated in the context of the nonlinear programming problem and a fitness (relative merit) is assigned to each solution. In one embodiment, the fitness can be represented by the Euclidean distance between a calculated solution and the measured solution. For example, one solution can be defined by the shockwave-induced voltages and Time-Difference-of-Arrival (TDOA) at the two or more sensors j. In other words, the goal is to find
wherein the sum is taken over all sensors. Alternatively or in addition, the minimum residual of the CPA (|{right arrow over (D)}|) distance can also be used as a criterion:
Intuitively, an algorithm having a small value of ΔVmin, Δτmin and/or Δ|D|min is better.
While the invention has been disclosed in connection with the preferred embodiments shown and described in detail, various modifications and improvements thereon will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the spirit and scope of the present invention is to be limited only by the following claims.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Puerto Rico Topics
Democracy Now! stories, posts and pages that relate to Puerto Rico
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Navy Bombs Vieques, But Democrats Back Away From Their Call for Immediate Halt to Thebombing, As Washington Mobilizes for WarThe Navy resumed bombing the island of Vieques on Monday, in its first full-scale military exercises since theSeptember 11 attacks.September 28, 2001 | Story
As Navy Pounds Vieques with Largest Bombing Operation in Years, Jackie Jackson, Dennisrivera and Robert Kennedy, Jr. Speak Out After Serving Jail Time for Their ProtestsNavy security personnel fired rubber bullets and tear gas at protesters and journalists on Vieques yesterday asthe Navy resumed its bombing of the island. More than 23,000 marines, sailors and soldiers engaged in the largestmilitary maneuvers on the island since a civilian was killed by Navy bombing two years ago. At least 12 protestorsinvaded the Navy range in an attempt to stop the latest round of bombing and shelling.August 03, 2001 | Story
- The people of Vieques yesterday voted overwhelmingly to demand that the Bush Administration immediately stop bombingthe island and calling on the Navy to leave Vieques entirely. The Navy had said it would continue its bombing thisweek regardless of the outcome of the referendum.July 30, 2001 | Story
Jailing of Puerto Rican Leaders and Civil Rights Activists Outrages Opponents of US Bombingof ViequesOn Wednesday a federal judge sentenced 12 people, including New York City Council member Adolfo Carrion, New YorkState Assembly member Jose Rivera, Bronx County Democratic leader Roberto Ramirez, and the Reverend Al Sharpton tojail for their role in a protest last month against the continued US bombing of the Puerto Rican Island of Vieques.May 25, 2001 | Story
Al Sharpton and Puerto Rican Leaders Sentenced to 40-90 Days for Protesting the Navy'sbombing of Vieques; 24 People Sentenced Prison for Trespassing On the School of the AmericasYesterday in Columbus Georgia 26 people, including an 88 year old nun and a senior NASA research scientist, werefound guilty in Federal District Court of criminal trespass for protesting at the US Army School of the Americas atFort Benning.May 24, 2001 | Story
- 27 people were arrested in front of the United Nations yesterday, protesting the continued bombing of Vieques. Rosa Clemente is with the David Sanes Rodriquez Brigade, joining us on the telephone from the New York jail commonly known as the Tombs, where she and 26 others are being held.May 16, 2001 | Story
- Activists are gearing up for the resumption of U.S. Navy bombing exercises today on the Puerto Rican island ofVieques. They say that about 40 protesters are still on the bombing range. The Navy plans to resume bombingpractice that began on Friday but was halted yesterday for a religious ceremony.April 30, 2001 | Story
- Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld last week ordered the Navy to suspend its bombing of Vieques for the month ofMarch. The order came two days after Puerto Ricans launched a new effort for an immediate and permanent end to thecontinued US bombing of the island. In a new tactic, some 160 Puerto Ricans and supporters lobbied Congress lastweek, and Puerto Rican Governor Sila Calderon asked Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld to halt the naval...March 05, 2001 | Story
- The conflict between the US Navy and the people of the Puerto Rican island of Vieques flared up again last week when the US Navy demanded that Governor-elect Sila Calderon back a deal between the Navy and her predecessor. The White-House-brokered agreement, reached last January, allows the Navy to continue bombing Vieques until 2003 in exchange for returning several thousand acres of land to Puerto Rican control by December 31, this year.December 22, 2000 | Story
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