text:
A method for recovery of heat generated by the combustion of coal in situ within coal seams in the earth. Three embodiments are described: one, in which the coal seam crops out and into which can be drilled and inserted a pipe, through the coal seam, to a central point, where it is joined with a vertical pipe drilled from the surface. Water is supplied to the pipe at the point of outcrop. Fires are started within the coal seam and supplied with air from the surface by means of drilled boreholes. The heat of combustion converts the water in the pipe to steam which travels up the vertical pipe and is used to drive a turbine generator system. A second embodiment is used where there is an overlying aquifer above the coal seam. Fires are started by means of air supplied through boreholes leading from the surface into the coal seam. The heat of combustion converts the water in the aquifer to steam, which then is circulated out of the aquifer and up to the surface where it drives a turbine generator system. A third embodiment uses the hot combustion gases to heat water to steam in pipes in a vertical borehole.
1. In a coal seam in the earth, the method of burning the coal in situ and recovering the heat of combustion, comprising:
(a) forming at least one horizontal borehole into said seam, substantially parallel to the plane of said seam, to a selected point, and inserting a first casing into said one horizontal borehole;
(b) forming from the surface at least one first vertical borehole to intersect said one horizontal borehole at said selected point, and inserting a second casing into said one first vertical borehole, and joining said first and second casings;
(c) forming a plurality of horizontally spaced second vertical boreholes from the surface into said coal seam in the area of said one horizontal borehole, and supplying air under pressure through said boreholes to said coal seam.
(d) igniting said coal in the vicinity of said air boreholes and continuously burning said coal;
(e) flowing water into said first casing, whereby said water will be converted to steam, and will flow up said second casing; and
(f) flowing said steam into a steam power utilization means.
2. The method as in claim 1 including the additional steps of drilling a plurality of horizontal boreholes to said selected point, inserting a plurality of first casings, and joining said first casings to said second casings.
3. The method as in claim 2 including the steps of drilling a plurality of vertical boreholes at a multiplicity of selected points, placing second casings in each vertical borehole, and joining each second casing to one of said first casings.
4. The method as in claim 3 including the steps of supplying water to each of said first casings and utilizing the steam produced at said second casings.
5. The method as in claim 1 including the additional steps of:
(g) drilling at least one third vertical borehole from the surface into said coal seam in the area of said second vertical boreholes, whereby the products of combustion of said coal will flow up said third vertical borehole to the surface; and
(h) utilizing said products of combustion.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein said coal seam crops out and said horizontal borehole extends from said outcrop into said seam.
This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 631,108, filed Nov. 12, 1975, and now U.S. Pat. No. 4,018,279.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention lies in the field of energy recovery. More particularly, it is concerned with the in situ combustion in shallow thin beds of coal, at shallow depths below the surface of the earth. Still more particularly, the invention lies in the field of the combustion of the coal by supplying air to the coal seam from the surface and utilizing the heat generated by the coal combustion to generate steam which is utilized at the surface of the ground, utilizing the earth (coal and surrounding rocks) as the furnace in the same manner as if it were geothermal.
In one application, this invention lies in the field of outcropping seams of coal where horizontal conduits can be drilled and placed within the coal seam to a specific point, where they join a vertical pipe. Water supplied to the horizontal pipes at the outcrop is heated within the pipes by the combustion of the coal around the pipes, and steam thus formed is carried up the vertical pipe to be used to drive a turbine generator system.
A still further application lies in the field of utilizing coal seams thin or thick, shallow or deep overlain by water sands or by hydrocarbon bearing formations whereby fires are started within the coal seam, and the heat of combustion is then communicated to the overlying aquifer or oil formation. If the overlying bed is an aquifer then steam will be formed which can be carried to the surface to drive an electric generator system. If the overlying bed contains viscous oil, then the heat will cause the oil to be reduced in viscosity sufficiently so that it can be driven by a steam drive, or by pumping water into the seam, which in view of the fire in the coal seam will turn to steam, which will drive the oil to the surface to be collected.
Still a further application involves the burning of coal in situ and carrying the hot gaseous products of combustion up a vertical borehole past a coiled pipe carrying water. Heat is transferred to the water by convection, forming steam which is carried to a turbine, etc.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Subsurface combustion of coal has been carried on in nature, by fires of unknown origin which were started many years ago and are burning continuously to the present date. Also oil companies, coal companies and government research laboratories have investigated many ways of underground combustion of coal, so as to utilize the products of combustion directly, as a coal gasification system. However, none of these methods have become practical as of the present date because of one or more basic difficulties.
It is a primary object of this invention to provide a rather specialized system for the utilization of the heat of in situ combustion of coal in shallow, thin, veins, seams or formations. The situations are specialized in that they are not generally applicable, but are applicable and are particularly useful in specialized areas, such as, for example, where the thin, shallow coal beds outcrop. The beds can be drilled and pipes inserted into the coal bed, in a more or less horizontal direction. Air holes can be supplied from the surface of the coal bed, on both sides of the horizontal pipes, so that combustion can be carried on along the position of the horizontal pipes. The horizontal pipes are supplied with water at the outcrop. The water will be heated and converted to steam, and can be carried to the surface through a vertical pipe drilled from the surface, and adapted to intersect the horizontal pipe or pipes. A plurality of such horizontal pipes can be directed in different directions, from the outcrop to a central vertical pipe, or the use of several vertical pipes can be used.
Another object of this invention is to provide a means for utilizing the heat resulting from the combustion of coal in situ in normally unminable coal veins, at a shallow depth below the surface. This is particularly useful where there is a water bearing formation directly above, and in contact with, the coal seam, or where there is a hydrocarbon bearing formation, where the oil is of such high viscosity that it cannot be produced by ordinary means. Here, by causing an artificial combustion, in situ, in the coal seam, the heat of combustion passes upward into the overlying aquafer and the water is heated and converted to steam, and is produced by one or more vertical pipes drilled into the water sand from the surface. The natural flow of water in the aquafer can replenish the water lost by steam, or additional vertical boreholes can be provided for the introduction of water under pressure into the aquafer.
If the overlying bed above the coal seam carries a very viscous oil, then the heat of combustion, after due course of time for the transmission of the heat vertically into the overlying formation, will cause the viscosity to be reduced to a point where it can be produced by gas drive or water drive. If water is used then there will be a combination of water and steam drive to force the oil, now of reduced viscosity, out through appropriate producing wells.
In a third embodiment, the hot gaseous products of combustion are carried to a vertical borehole in which is installed a coiled pipe, through which water is passed from the surface. The water is heated by heat transfer to the pipe from the hot gases as they flow up the borehole. The water is converted to steam which flows to a turbine, etc.
These and other objects and advantages of this invention and a better understanding of the principles and details of the invention will be evident from the following description taken in conjunction with the appended drawings, in which:
FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate in vertical cross-section and plan views, one embodiment of this invention.
FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate two views, in vertical section and in plan view, of a second embodiment of this invention.
FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate two views of a third embodiment.
Referring now to the drawings, and in particular to FIGS. 1 and 2, there are shown two views of one embodiment of this invention. In FIG. 1 there is a vertical cross-section through the earth, showing the surface of the earth 10, an upper portion of the earth 12, resting on a thin, more or less horizontal seam or vein, of coal 14. Because of the surface topography, and the hillside 16, there will be an outcropping at 18 of the coal seam 14. Because of the availability of the outcrop 18, one or more horizontal boreholes 20 are drilled into the coal seam, parallel to the plane of the coal seam, to a selected point. There is a vertical borehole 22 drilled at said selected point, and a vertical pipe 26 is inserted into that borehole, and is cemented into place around the inner end of pipe 20, inserted into the horizontal borehole. This makes a continuous conduit from the outcrop 18, by means of the pipe or conduit 20 into the portion 28 of the borehole 22, and a pipe or casing 26 cemented around the inner end of the pipe 20 and around the vertical pipe 26.
The cementing of the joints between the horizontal and vertical pipes 20 and 26 in the region 28 permits the flow of water into the pipe 20 by means of a flow line 40 and arrows 42, for example, and the conversion of the water in the pipe 20 into steam in the region of the burning coal in the areas 46. The steam then flows along the pipe 20 and up the pipe 26 in accordance with arrows 44 to the surface where the steam is supplied to a turbine electric system 34, 36 and the power output of the generator goes by power line 38 to a point of application.
A plurality of vertical boreholes 30 are drilled from the surface down to, and into, the coal seam 14 in the vicinity of the horizontal pipes 20. As indicated by arrows 19 air is supplied under pressure to pipes within the boreholes 30, and the air passing down through the pipes into the coal seam maintain the combustion of the coal. The heat of combustion of the coal serves to convert the water in the pipe 20 into steam. The borehole 30 will generally be lined with casing which passes into and through the coal seam. The lower part of the casing will generally be perforated, or slotted, so as to permit the air to pass out into the coal area, but to prevent clinker and other products of the combustion of the coal, from stopping up the cross-section of the casing.
As shown in FIG. 2, plurality of horizontal bores 20A, 20B, 20C etc. and corresponding pipes in these bores, can be formed from different directions into or from the common vertical borehole 22 shown in FIG. 1. However, it is possible also to have a separate vertical borehole 22 and casing 26 for each of the horizontal pipes 20A, 20B, and 20C. The vertical air holes 30 are shown clustered around the position of the pipes 20 so as to completely burn all of the coal in the vicinity of the pipes.
When all of the coal has been burned in the region around one of the pipes, an additional bore 20, and corresponding pipe would be made in another portion of the coal seam where the coal has not yet been burned, so that the combustion can be carried out in the new area, to keep pace with the advance of the burning front. Of course, the original air holes can be used and/or additional air holes drilled as needed.
As shown in FIG. 1 no provision has been made for the passage out of the coal seam, of the products of combustion. If this becomes necessary, it may be desirable to drill one or more additional boreholes, for the passage of the products of combustion from the fires in the regions 46 to pass through the porosity of the coal into the outlet boreholes, to the surface, where the hot gases can be utilized in heat recovery devices, or boilers. If there are any unburned combustibles in the exit gases, they may be supplied, with the combustion air, in a boiler so as to utilize the further heat value of the products of combustion.
Referring now to FIGS. 3 and 4, there is shown a second embodiment of this invention which comprises a portion of the shallow surface of the earth containing a more or less horizontal coal seam 14 overlain by a porous water formation 13, and a portion of the earth 12 up to the surface 10. If the porous zone 13 contains water, then the combustion of the coal in bed 14 can serve to heat the water in the zone 13 to form steam, which can be utilized in a turbine, etc. For example, boreholes 30 are drilled from the surface down to, and into, the coal seam. The lower parts of the casing of these holes would be perforated or slotted for the passage of air down the casing and into the coal seam. The coal would be ignited by methods well-known in the art and combustion would be carried out within the coal seam 14. The heat of combustion would be communicated vertically to the overlying porous zone 13, which is filled with water. Because of the heat transmitted, the water would be converted to steam and steam would pass in accordance with arrows 58 from the porous sand 13, up one or more casings 56 drilled from the surface of the earth down into the water sand, and appropriately cased, so that the steam would pass upward and into a turbine 34 driving a generator 36 to provide power for delivery by the power line 38.
It may be desirable to provide additional cased holes 54 drilled from the surface down into the zone 13, to supply water under pressure, in accordance with arrows 56. This water would provide sufficient pressure in the water zone 13, to create enough back pressure to maintain a high pressure and steam, for efficient turbine operation. No detail is supplied as to the turbine generator and power system, since that art forms no part of this invention.
In FIG. 4 is shown a plan view of the surface 10 indicating a plurality of pipes 56 representing the pipes through which steam is supplied from the subsurface, to the turbine. Also shown are a plurality of spaced air bore holes 30 through which is supplied air for the combustion of the coal. In addition, pipes 54 are provided from the surface, to introduce water into the zone 13 to replenish the water supplied as steam to the turbine if necessary. Although not shown, it is possible to condense the steam issuing from the turbine and pump it back down into the formation 13 with the resulting conservation of water.
In FIG. 3, it is further considered that if an oil zone or an oil bearing formation 13 overlies the coal seam, and if the oil is of a viscous nature, which is not normally produceable, it is possible, where there is coal below the oil formation, to burn the coal, and by means of the heat of combustion, to heat the oil, and thereby reduce its viscosity, so that it can be pumped to the surface. One way of getting more fluid oil to the surface would be by means of pumping a gas down the pipes 54 to create a flow pressure on the oil toward the center of the field. The oil would then flow up the pipes 56. Of course, in the case of an oil formation the vertical pipes 56 would carry oil and would not be connected to a turbine generator system as shown.
It is also possible to force the flow of thinned oil to the producing pipes 56 by flowing water into the pipes 46 at the surface, and causing the water to convert to steam due to the heat provided by the burning coal. This steam would then provide a very effective sweeping or driving fluid to carry the oil into the central portion of the field and to the outlet pipes 56. In this type of situation, it may be desirable to surround the plurality of oil pipes 56 with a ring of input wells 54 arranged in a circle around the pipes 56, for the flow of drive fluid into the oil formation to drive the oil toward the center of the field.
Referring now to FIGS. 5 and 6, there is shown a third embodiment of this invention in which there is a coal seam 14 at a selected depth in the earth. There are a plurality of vertical boreholes to which air is supplied under pressure 30 and which boreholes intersect the coal seam and the air flows in accordance with arrows 82 so that after the coal is ignited it will continue to burn and the hot products of combustion will pass through the pores of the coal seam and possibly through radial bores 70 to a central relatively large diameter vertical borehole 72. This will be cased or lined with concrete with cement as is customary. There is a continuous conduit which consists of pipe 75 which passes condensed steam from the turbine 34 in accordance with arrows 79 downward through a first pipe 76 which joins a second vertical pipe 78 at the bottom of the borehole. The condensed steam goes down as hot water through pipe 76 and is heated and passes upward in accordance with arrows 80 through the second pipe 78 in which the water is heated to steam and the steam then goes into the turbine 34 where it drives the turbine and the steam is then condensed and passes as hot water through the pipe 75 and back down into the borehole.
The hot product of combustion 84 pass up the borehole in accordance with arrows 84 and 86 and by convection heat the pipes 76 and 78 and thereby heat the liquid water inside the pipes turning the water into steam so as to drive the turbine.
The products of combustion 86 then vent at the surface end of the borehole and are utilized in any way that may be desired such as for example passing to a waste heat boiler for further utilization of the heat content of the products of combustion.
The down going pipe 76 is shown as a sinuous pipe. It will undoubtedly be advantageous to coil that pipe 76 possibly as helix surrounding the vertical pipe 78 thus providing a greater surface area of pipe for heat transfer from the upwardly flowing gases to the pipe and to the water inside the pipe. No further detail of the construction of these pipes is needed since this is a common type of situation where such as in the convection section of a heater where hot gases are passed over a plurality of pipes for heating a liquid in the pipe thereby recovering the waste heat that still remains in the products combustion just prior to their issuance through a stack to the atmosphere.
This embodiment as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 is different from either of the other two body embodiments shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 and in FIGS. 3 and 4. In the former the pipe containing the water passes through the zone where the coal is actually being burned and is therefore in a hotter environment and therefore there is a greater rate of heat transfer. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the water is in a planar contact over the surface of the coal seam and heat is transferred from the hot coal into the water sand and from there to the water where it is converted to steam which passes to the turbine. Here in this embodiment the combustion of the coal provides a continuous stream of products combustion which flows from the points of air inlet 82 through the burning zone and through a volume either drilled or otherwise formed 70 or through porous regions which have previously been burned. The hot products of hot gases which are products of the combustion then pass out through the borehole and deliver their heat to the pipes 76 and 78 by convection and then pass out to the atmosphere or to some other heat recovery means such as is well known in the art.
FIG. 6 shows in planned view the spacial arrangement of the air holes in a pattern surrounding the central bore holes 72.
Other elements of FIG. 5, which have not been specifically described, are similar to the corresponding elements having the same numbers in FIGS. 1 and 3 and therefore need no further description.
No detail has been provided on the methods or apparatus required for drilling the horizontal and vertical boreholes, and for setting casing, etc. since all of this art is well-known in the oil industry. While we have talked of "more or less" horizontal coal seams, it will be clear that the coal seams can be tilted to any angle of dip in which they may be found. It may be valuable in that case to design the drilling of the pipes and the air holes in such a direction as to take advantage of the dip of the coal seam.
While it is old in the art, to generally burn coal in situ in the earth, and to recover its products of combustion, we have invented particular embodiments which utilize the geological environments in which:
(a) the coal seam crops out, and
(b) where the coal seam is overlain by either a water formation or a formation containing very viscous oil, which normally cannot be produced except by being heated and then driven through the formation.
Although the physical requirements of these two embodiments are rather specific, they do have considerable advantage in that:
(a) they eliminate the mining of the coal which would be unprofitable, particularly for thin seams;
(b) they eliminate waste in the mining of coal;
(c) they eliminate the dust pollution, etc.;
(d) they eliminate the transportation of coal;
(e) they can recover all available energy and usuable gases;
(f) the methods are applicable to any depth of the coal seam, although the economics would indicate that they are best for relatively shallow coal seams;
(g) they can utilize thin coal seams that would never be mined;
(h) the burning of the coal can be regulated by the amount of air pumped to obtain all the energy that can be captured with the described facilities;
(i) the energy can be transmitted as electrical energy, the cheapest form of energy transportation.
While the invention has been described with a certain degree of particularity it is manifest that many changes may be made in the details of construction and the arrangement of components. It is understood that the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments set forth herein by way of exemplifying the invention, but the invention is to be limited only by the scope of the attached claim or claims, including the full range of equivalency to which each element or step thereof is entitled.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
Original Image


text:
Homegrown designs from another era
Story | Jan 30, 2012 | 7:56 PM
Homegrown designs from another era
Story | Jan 30, 2012 | 7:56 PM
Commentary: 'Superfruits' don't have superpowers
Story | Jan 31, 2013 | 2:32 PM
Just like fashion, foods have trends, especially when it comes to the promotion of good health. This is strange because we usually think of food being just food, nothing too special. However, our society has recently been on a health watch, and foods...
Check It Out: Kick it up a notch with holiday cooking
Story | Oct 30, 2010 | 4:11 PM
As autumn's shorter days and longer nights provide us with cool weather, more of us will be spending time indoors. With the holidays approaching and the cooking and baking season upon us, the Food Network on television is a popular destination for recipes...

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Originally written on Fox Sports | Last updated 10/4/11
The Vancouver Canucks claimed right wing Dale Weise off waivers from the New York Rangers on Tuesday. Weise was pointless with 19 penalty minutes in 10 games with the Rangers last season, but spent most of the year with their American Hockey League affiliate, where the 23-year-old had 18 goals, 38 points and 73 penalty minutes in just 47 games. The 6-foot-2 Winnipeg native was originally selected in the fourth round of the 2008 draft by the Rangers, and is expected to compete for playing time on the Canucks fourth line.
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Tokushima Prefecture chooses the Dell Latitude 10 tablet for its business network management program
Date : 4/1/2014
The touch screen is simple and easy to use and the camera captures the business card information without any manual input. Using Dell Latitude 10 tablets to run the Sansan business card management system has made us far more effective in maintaining industry networks to support long-term growth in the region.
Tetsuya Nii, Deputy Director, Tokyo Office, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan
ChallengeTokushima Prefecture wanted to increase the reach and value of its business network by creating an online database of contacts that can be accessed by its increasing mobile workforce.
SolutionThe organization implemented the Sansan® business card management service on Dell Latitude 10 tablets to enable a quick method of storing, sharing and updating the business connections of each employee.
Benefits• Ease of maintaining networks improves with highly reliable tablets
• Long-term value of personal networks increases through instant access to data
• Meets growing demands for mobility and security
• Online access for every resident is an achievable goal with tablet technology
• Improved information sharing increases sales productivity


text:
I am trying to introduce some generics-style approaches from .NET into my iOS development. I am retrieving a list of custom objects of type Example.
I have defined a protocol that Example class implements:
@protocol ExampleProtocol
@property(nonatomic,assign) int Id;
@property(nonatomic,copy)NSString *Description;
@property(nonatomic,copy)NSString *Icon;
I then retrieve my NSMutableArray of Example as follows:
id<ExampleProtocol> anExample = [arrayOfExampleProtocols objectAtIndex:0];
The problem I have is that
anExample is always empty regardless of the contents of the NSMutableArray. My ultimate aim is to be able to reference the properties with the following syntax:
id<ExampleProtocol> anExample = [arrayOfExampleProtocols objectAtIndex:0];
NSString *test = [anExample Description];


text:
DescriptionThis genre includes action games that focus on close-combat fighting, unarmed or using melee weapons; the emphasis is on executing precise moves (punches, kicks, etc.) when facing opponents who usually use similar tactics against the playable character. Characteristic for these games is reliance on martial art techniques. Fighting games are traditionally divided into two broad categories: Versus fighters and Beat 'em 'ups / Brawlers.
|Game Title
DOS (1996) and Windows 3.x (1996)
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Marvel Nemesis, the fighting game that pits Marvel Comics' most famous characters against the Imperfects created by Electronic Arts, received...
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When New York City is attacked by aliens, the greatest heroes (and villains) in the Marvel Universe confront them. Marvel...
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Marvel Super Heroes is a 2D fighting game and the second Capcom title to feature characters from the Marvel comic...
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Marvel Super Heroes Vs. Street Fighter is a 2D fighting game and the first to combine characters from Capcom's Street...
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Marvel Super Hero Squad is an action beat-em-up game for one to four players that is based on the animated...
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Dr. Doom has united supervillains as the Masters of Evil. Now for the first time ever, over 20 Marvel superheroes...
Nintendo DS (2009)
Marvel Ultimate Alliance 2 shrinks the console game to fit on Nintendo's handheld. It is still in 3D and played...
PlayStation 2 (2009), PSP (2009) and Wii (2009)
Marvel Ultimate Alliance 2 continues the four-player mayhem of the previous Marvel Ultimate Alliance and, before that, the X-Men Legends...
Xbox 360 (2009) and PlayStation 3 (2009)
Marvel Ultimate Alliance 2 continues the four-player mayhem of the previous Marvel Ultimate Alliance and, before that, the X-Men Legends...
Xbox 360 (2007)
This gold edition is a re-release of Marvel Ultimate Alliance with eight additional downloadable characters for the original game now...
PlayStation 2 (2007) and Xbox 360 (2007)
This Special Edition is a budget release of Marvel Ultimate Alliance in the Greatest Hits series. Next to the main...
PlayStation 2 (2002), Dreamcast (2000), Xbox (2002), Xbox 360 (2009), PlayStation 3 (2009), iPhone (2012), iPad (2012) and Arcade (2000)
Marvel vs. Capcom 2 is the sequel to the 2D fighting game Marvel vs. Capcom: Clash of Super Heroes. The...
Xbox 360 (2011) and PlayStation 3 (2011)
Doctor Doom and Dormammu, two known Marvel villains, joined forces with a variety of other Marvel villains with intentions to...
PlayStation (1999), Dreamcast (1999) and Arcade (1998)
Marvel vs. Capcom: Clash of Super Heroes is a 2D fighting game that combines characters from Capcom's videogames with characters...
Mary Shelly's Frankenstein is an adventure/fighting hybrid based on the 1994 film of the same name. You play as Frankenstein's...
Amiga (1997)
Master Axe is a classic beat-'em-up game where you pick a character and fight 1-on-1 with another character controlled by...
Game Boy (1989)
As a master in karate and the sole survivor of your village, you must confront the evil Akuma and defeat...
DOS (1986), Amiga (1988) and Commodore 64 (1986)
Defend your country from the evil forces of Sanjo in Paragon's first commercial game, Master Ninja. This is a traditional...
Game Gear (1994) and SEGA Master System (1993)
In the year 20XX, a U.F.O. lands in the area around Megalo City. A team is sent to investigate, but...
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Top games by as rated by the press:
- 96 SoulCalibur
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Games must have at least a Critic Score of 80 to be considered.
Top games by as rated by our users:
- 5.00 2in1 Pack: Battle Arena Toshinden - Fatal Fury 3 (1999)
- 5.00 A.I. Wars: The Insect Mind (1996)
- 5.00 Aliens vs Predator (Survivor Edition) (2010)
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- 5.00 Astérix & Obélix XXL 2: Mission: Las Vegum (2005)
Games must have at least 1 votes and a User Score of 4.0 to be considered.
Fighting is part of Themes. This group of genres contain:
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text:
New Haven Police Chief James Lewis told the Associated Press.
That is why Malloy is campaigning on a lonely stretch of barber shops and boxing gyms in New Haven a week before the election.
She is a research fellow at Yale Divinity School in New Haven, Connecticut, where she lives.
City in southern Connecticut.
Note: Location of Yale University.


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Web Letter
You should look it up, Mr. Alterman. August 7, 2001, is when Condi Rice showed Bush the infamous memo. The statement you referred to he made to a CIA agent who came down a few weeks later to reinforce the seriousness of the situation.
Gregory F. Bachelis
West Bloomfield, MI
Mar 4 2009 - 3:05pm


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Utilization of Psychological Services 2007-2008 Pasadena City College Office of Psychological Services 1570 East Colorado Boulevard, L-108 Pasadena, CA 91106-2003 626-585-7273 Introduction Since 1950, the Psychological Services Program has been an integral part of the educational experience at Pasadena City College and has been helping students to creatively handle the stresses of college life. Learning to master these challenges will enhance a student's psychological, interpersonal, educational, and career development while at PCC and long after leaving the campus. The Psychological Services Program is committed to helping college students increase their awareness, knowledge, and resources in order to successfully meet the challenges of encountering new ideas, relating to others from diverse backgrounds, and coping with the transitions of adulthood. This utilization report will summarize data collected from those students who received direct services from this department, in the form of individual psychotherapy, and provide a comparison between 06-07 and 07-08 student data. These statistics do not include those students who were enrolled in the DSPS-Psychological Disabilities Program, or those students who received "indirect" services in the form of classroom presentations, walk-in counseling, emergency assistance or campus-wide consultations. Student Demographics Information describing the demographic characteristics of the students seeking psychological counseling was collected from the standard pre-counseling intake form completed at the first session. In total, 296 students received psychological counseling this academic year for a total of 1026 scheduled personal counseling sessions. These figures do not include those students who were seen through the DSP&S Psychological Disabilities Program, walk-ins, or emergencies. Age The average age of students seeking psychological counseling was 26.5 years, with 76.0 % of the total number of students seen 30 years of age and under. The rest of the students fell between the ages of 31-40 years (13.9%), 41-50 years (4.7%), and 51+ years (5.4%). AGE STUDENTS 2006-2007 STUDENTS 2007-2008 18-30 years 75.8% 76.0% 31-40 years 11.7% 13.9% 41-50 years 7.2% 4.7% 51+ years 2.7% 5.4% Figure 1: Distribution in Age Figure 2: Distribution in Age Comparison While the average age of the students seen for psychological counseling was 26.5 years, this average is skewed due to the small but significant number of students that are of much older age. The frequency distribution above illustrates that more than three quarters of the students who utilize our services are between the ages of 18-30. This trend is consistent with student data from the previous year at Pasadena City College Psychological Services, with majority of the students between the ages of 18-30 seeking services. 2 Gender Out of the 296 students seen for psychological counseling, 194 were female (65.5%) and 102 were male (34.5%). This trend is also consistent with previous years at Pasadena City College Psychological Services, and is also consistent with utilization statistics found in other college counseling centers. In the mental health and also medical field, women tend to demonstrate a higher degree of help-seeking behaviors than men. Ethnicity/Race Data on the racial distribution of students seeking psychological counseling was also collected and compared with a Spring 2008 census of students at Pasadena City College as this is the most recent date available. The chart below illustrates the comparative data (Note: the category of "Multiracial" was not included in the Fall 2005 PCC census). STUDENT PCC Spring 2008 PSYCH PSYCH. Ethnicity/Race CENSUS SERVICES SERVICES STATS 2006-2007 STATS 2007-2008 Hispanic/Latino 34.2% 28.0% 31.7% Asian-Pacific 30.5% 29.9% 24.3% Black/African 5.9% 5.5% 6.8% American Native American 0.6 % 0.3% 0.3% Multiracial -----% 7.6% 6.1% (PCC Filipino) 4.9% White 19.3% 20.4% 21.6% Other 4.5% 8.2% 9.1% Figure 3: Distribution by Race/Ethnicity Figure 4: Distribution by Race/Ethnicity Comparison (PCC vs. Psych Services Stats 2007-2008) Figure 5: Distribution by Race/Ethnicity Comparison (Psych Services Stats 2006-2007 vs. 2007- 2008) The most notable differences observed when comparing the racial background of those students who come to Psychological Services to the demographic make-up of PCC as a whole are seen in students of Asian-Pacific Islander descent. It is also noteworthy that "multiracial" is not a category listed in the PCC Census Student Characteristics, but "Filipino" is listed. Psychological Services does not assess "Filipino" , while PCC does not assess "Multiracial" as a category. Asian-Pacific students make up 30.5% of the total student population here at PCC, while 24.3% of the students who utilized Psychological Services were Asian- Pacific Islanders. The underutilization of mental health services by Asians has been well documented nationwide in community agencies, hospitals and university settings. In 2001-2002 a videotape of mock counseling sessions for International Students was developed to meet this need. It was thought that if Asian students saw the nature of psychological counseling then it might desensitize them to the process. In the last few years a more targeted outreach was endorsed to ensure awareness of our services by Asian-American and International students. This years statistics show a 4.2% difference between the PCC Asian Pacific population and Psychological Services reflecting a significant decrease in the number of Asian-Pacific students seeking services. For the 3 last several years there has been one Chinese speaking therapist in the office. Although research suggests that Asians prefer non-Asian therapists, we hypothesized that possibly having a native speaking therapist in the office last year made it easier to accept the premise of seeking therapy. This year, we had two Chinese speaking therapists, which disputes this hypothesis. In addition, one Chinese speaking therapist made an extraordinary effort to reach out to the PCC community by speaking to academic groups, and conducting workshops on a variety of subjects. Interns will continue conducting ESL outreach by speaking to selective ESL classrooms. It is also crucial to work in partnership with campus student organizations to promote healthy mental health, and provide workshops targeting potential issues for multicultural student population in a college setting. In addition to the above monthly collaboration with the International Student Services staff to address potential issues for international students is also important. Collaboration will continue in the form of workshops to train the staff, monthly review meetings, and emergency consultation. An outreach to the Office of International Students has been helpful and will continue. The percentage of Hispanic/Latino students seeking services increased by 3.7% over last year. As Hispanic/Latino students make up 33.9% of the total student population at PCC, the increase of Hispanic/Latino students using services is important to note. A more focused outreach to the Hispanic population, such as that previously directed toward the Asian-Pacific population in 2001, appears to be having an effect. One factor to consider is that in 2005-2006, there was a Spanish speaking therapist half time and in 2006-2007 a Spanish speaking therapist was only available one day a week for four hours. Having a Spanish speaking therapist in the office for the full half-time internship this year may have contributed to the increase in Hispanic/Latino students seeking services. Another noteworthy statistic is the percentage of students who identified themselves in the category of "Other." For the year 2006-2007, it was suggested students be encouraged to clearly indicate their racial background rather than identifying in the category of "Other." Front office staff was trained to review students" responses and clarify any ambiguity. It was suggested that the 2007-2008 office staff be trained in the same manner to encourage continuation of this more precise identification. In 2007- 2008, the category of "Other" rose 1% compared to 2006-2007. Possibly students of mixed race are choosing "Other" rather than "Multiracial" as they feel the "Other" designation is most closely aligned with their racial heritage. Consideration of adding the "Filipino" category to our intake sheet (to match the data collection approach of PCC) could be helpful in aligning with the way the college collects data. Perceived Problems On the intake questionnaire students requesting services were asked to indicate what concerns they had and to what extent they felt troubled by these concerns. For the purposes of this utilization review, only those concerns that were marked as "quite a bit" or "very much" were included. The table below indicates the top five and bottom five concerns, and the percentage of students that endorsed these items. 4 TOP 5 CONCERNS BOTTOM 5 CONCERNS Excessive worry over college 60.3% Eating pattern 20.0% performance or future goals Anxiety or nervousness 59.3% Effects of childhood abuse or 19.0% neglect Depression or deep sadness 51.3% Thoughts of harming yourself 12.8% or others Relationship problems 43.4% Concerns over sexuality 8.6% Difficulty paying attention and 41.7% Alcohol or other drug use 5.0% concentrating Figure 6: Top Five Reasons for Seeking Services As seen in these results, student"s most pressing concerns usually relate to academic performance, and the most prominent clinical issues are anxiety and depression. Attention and concentration difficulties are also common symptoms of anxiety and depression. A large number of students come to Psychological Services or are referred to us by their professors specifically to assess attention and concentration problems (e.g. ADHD). Number of Sessions The primary modality of treatment for Psychological Counseling is short-term, solution focused counseling. Due to the large student population and the resources of this department, this treatment orientation best fits the needs of the college. As seen in this utilization review, slightly less than half of the students (47.7%) are seen in 5 sessions or less. The mode of this sample was one session, with 123 students (12.0%) receiving a single session. While the mode of one session remains consistent for the 7 years these statistics have been recorded. Coming for only one session may indicate students being "crisis oriented" and only seek help during the crisis. While slightly less than half of the students were seen in 5 sessions or less, this year"s distribution between 6 and 15+ reflected 15 students with 6 sessions, 27 students with between 7 -14 sessions and 13 students having 15 or more sessions. Over the past 7 years, the "number of sessions" used by individual students has risen 1-2% each year, with the most significant increase, (19.0% this year compared to 15.9% last year), seen in the 15+ category. The chart below illustrates the distribution in number of sessions. NUMBER OF SESSIONS STUDENTS 2007-2008 STUDENTS 2006-2007 1-5 47.7% 45.0% 6-10 23.9% 24.7% 11-14 9.5% 14.3% 15+ 19.0% 15.9% Figure 7: Distribution in Number of Sessions Attended 2006-2007 Figure 8: Distribution in Sessions Comparison 5 Satisfaction Survey During the month of April and May, Psychological Services asked students to fill out brief questionnaires to assess the quality of our psychological counseling and to gain input and feedback on potential additional services. In addition to surveys distributed to current Spring "08 Students, 25 students selected randomly from the Fall "07 semester were sent questionnaires. Students were asked to fill out these surveys anonymously, and a total of 34 questionnaires were completed. Overall, 97.0% of the students rated the quality of our services as "excellent" or "good," with 64.7% rating our services as "excellent" and 32.3% rating our services as "good." When asked if the services helped them stay in school, 94.1% answered "yes, definitely" or "yes, I think so". When asked if therapy helped them deal with their problems more effectively, 91.2% responded "yes, it helped a great deal" or "yes, it helped somewhat". 82.3% of the respondents indicated that they would "definitely" recommend our services to a friend and 73.5% of the students responded they "definitely" would return for services if needed. When asked about reasons why a student decided not to return to therapy, 35.2% responded "meeting with my therapist solved my problem", while 29.4% said "there wasn"t enough time to fit therapy in my schedule." Regarding the number of sessions, 45.4% of the students responded that the number of sessions that they received was sufficient to meet their needs. Another 45.4% of the students responded that the number of sessions did meet their needs, "but they could have used more." (This information was not asked on the survey this year) When asked about how soon you were seen in our office after you made initial contact, 32.3% of the students reported that they were seen by a counselor within 2 days of contacting the office, and 50% were seen within 3-5 school days. 17.6% of the students in 2007-2008 reported waiting between 6 and 10 school days, a significant drop from the 24.8% of students reporting that they had to wait between 6 and 10 school days for an appointment in 2007-2008. This may be due to the increase in hours scheduled this year for individual counselors, as one of the providing Doctoral programs increased the hours required of their interns. This is an area for discussion as this same school has now decided to rescind the increased hourly requirement. In reviewing our philosophy of utilizing a brief solution-based approach to the therapy practiced in Psychological Services, 47.7% of the respondents have had 1-5 visits with their counselor, with 52.3% of the students having 6 or more visits with their counselor. When asked about "Walk-in" times, 50% of our students responded either "definitely" or "maybe" they would have used "Walk-in times if services were offered at different times." While one student suggested, "more consistent "Walk-in" hours through the week" would be helpful, a variety of times were suggested. If these suggestions were implemented, "walk-in" hours would be available all the hours the office is open. The one student remarking that often "Walk-in" hours conflicted with class times supports the suggestions made by other students. Finally, when asked "how satisfied are you with the variety of services received (including individual counseling, outreach presentations, walk-in times referrals to community contacts)" 94% responded "very or mostly satisfied." (Also not asked) 6 Here are some of the comments made by students who received services: "(Therapist named) is the future of the business. Give her a raise." "Warm and welcoming first impression is of critical importance in determining if a student would continue the service or not." "Looking forward to coming back." "So far everything is great. I have only had 2 appointments as of now, but I am looking forward to the rest." "I am glad I came to talk to a therapist. I really need to talk about my problems." "The services are helpful." "(Therapist named) has changed my life for the better. With his help, I was able to significantly raise my grades this semester and build a new sense of self worth and self esteem that I did not know before receiving therapy from him." "The young ladies in the evening help me a lot. They were very kind in giving me advice not to give up on my success in math. (Front office staff named). "The services I received helped me out a lot for the better of myself." "The therapist was very compassionate, attentive and helpful. The therapist I saw gave me positive tools I can use for the rest of my life as well as in the now." "Great service + great people." "(Therapist named) rocks! But some of the gals upfront are rude and talk to each other or on the phones loudly & the music is bad. This should be a relaxing place." "I hope this service is never replaced." "Good useful service." "Going to therapy for me was useful because it helped me to see I had a problem. It allowed me to decide to get serious about getting more help." "Sometimes difficult to have a consistent time to meet with therapist, as sometimes my regular time was already booked." "One of my therapists said I was making excuses." "My therapist (Therapist named) was excellent. I have even decided to follow him if he leaves." "Overall, I would rate the psychological program as great." Last year it was suggested that increased participation for this questionnaire be encouraged by the counselors and the front office staff to better enable our office to improve the quality of services. It was suggested that the questionnaire be given to all clients by the front office staff when they check in, to be filled out before their therapy treatment. While a great effort was made to assist in the distribution of the questionnaire, the number of questionnaires collected has remained consistent over time. It is suggested that the practice of randomly mailing 20- 25 surveys to fall students who do not return for Spring semester be continued. Summary Psychological Services provides both direct and indirect services. Students encounter a variety of stressors related to their academics and their personal lives. Due to the broad age range encountered in a community college, students may experience developmental milestones and conflict in their personal lives such as entering adulthood, marital and familial discord, changes in career, etc. In addition to this, in the community college environment more severe psychological disorders and disabilities may be factors in many students" lives. Psychological Services provides support and intervention for a 7 broad range of students, from those experiencing temporary setbacks and obstacles to those living with chronic mental health problems. Important findings of this utilization review are: The average age of students seen at Psychological Services this year was 26.5 years, with the majority of students (76.0%) using our services are between the ages of 18-30 years. More women (65.5%) than men (34.5%) use our services. Compared to the racial demographics of PCC as a whole, fewer Asian students use our services (24.3% utilizing services versus 30.5% PCC population) while the use by Hispanic students using our services (31.7%) rose this year (over last year) by 3.7%, bringing the number of Hispanic students using our services closer to the PCC demographic of 34.2%. The top concerns of students seeking counseling were excessive worry over college (60.3%), anxiety or nervousness (59.3%), and depression or deep sadness (51.3%). Just under half of our students (47.7%) were seen in 5 sessions or less, where as just over half of our students (52.3%) were seen 6 or more sessions. 4.4% of our students used 15+ sessions. This is a significant change from previous years where the majority of students (80.9% in 2005-2006) were seen in 1-5 sessions, but is more closely aligned to the way students used Psychological Services last year. Overall, 97.0% of the students rated the quality of our services as "excellent" or "good," with 64.7% rating our services as "excellent" and 32.3% rating our services as "good."." The majority of the students (94.1%) responded that they would recommend our services to a friend, and 73.5% of the respondents indicated that they would "definitely" return for services if needed. Regarding the number of sessions, 47.7% of the respondents have had 1-5 visits with their counselor. An increase was seen in the number of students indicating they would "definitely" return for services if needed (73.5%). No students reported that they had to wait for more than 2 weeks for an appointment, and 82.3% were seen within 2-5 school days. The time period between initially seeking services and being scheduled for an appointment is a significant improvement over previous years. This is interesting when noted that additional therapist hours scheduled were increased this year as well. Finally, 94.1% of the students indicated that the psychological services helped them stay in school and work toward their goals. Completed by: Gail G. Ellis, Psy.D. Registered Psychologist 8 9
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Baltimore supermarket swaps guns for groceries
A crowd came with .22-caliber rifles wrapped in trash bags, Saturday night special handguns, rusted shotguns handed down from grandparents.
Join the discussion
PoliceOne top 5
- 1 10 secrets cops know that most people don't
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> Burnley
Businesses for Sale in Burnley, VIC 3121
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Asian Grocery/Fruit & Vegetable Supermarket (PC2097)
BURNLEY 3121 Business For SaleRichmond: Asian Grocery, Fruit & Vegetable Supermarket. Situated among Victoria Street busy main shopping precinct.An upmarket presentation, with quality fruit and vegetables. Competitive price...
Richmond-Victoria Garden Newsagency (WN481)
BURNLEY 3121 Business For SaleNo newspaper delivery service, no early mornings! Newsagency, gift and book store are in one stable and steady business. Excellent location - close to City. Developing area, increasing population...
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It is almost a truism that marketing has become highly technology-intensive. A nearly ubiquitous component of any marketing technology portfolio is email marketing. In fact, there is a high probability your company is already using some form of it, even though you might not be aware of it. A related component is marketing automation. Customers often talk of these in the same breath. In this article, we will look at this distinction in some detail and also summarize what marketers should know when evaluating these technologies.
Marji McClure
Oct 05, 2006
Preserving seemingly ephemeral web content is a daunting task. The problem is even more difficult because the content of web pages changes and the pages themselves come and go with great frequency, which means simply collecting URLs isn't enough to keep tabs on valuable content. To help make digital content preservation possible, Internet Archive, a San Francisco-based nonprofit has led a charge to effectively capture and store web content.
Since its inception ten years ago, Internet Archive has focused on ensuring the availability and accessibility of internet content by creating an internet library to permanently store digital content for anyone to view at any time. Beyond the content it has chosen to preserve, last year Internet Archive launched a service called Archive-It to help organizations seeking an easier way to archive valuable web content. The project recently released Archive-It 2 in its continued effort to archive the web.
"It's a fallacy that if something is on the web, it will stay there," says Kristine Hanna, director of web archiving services for Internet Archive. "It's not like a piece of paper you put in a file folder and it will be there forever. There's an urgent need for people to understand that the web is who we are. It's our culture and our social fabric, and we don't want to lose any of it."
At present, Internet Archive's complete library contains 65 billion pages of web content—including books, moving images, and software (about 40,000 in each category). To archive material, Internet Archive uses a web crawler that scans the entire web for documents created during a specific time period. The documents are then catalogued and placed on the organization's servers. The content is stored in repositories around the world—San Francisco, Egypt, Amsterdam, and France.
In mid-2005, Internet Archive launched the beta version of Archive-It, a web-based subscription service to help "memory institutions" create and archive their own web collections, in order to provide two main benefits. First, these institutions are able to preserve their desired web content. Second, their collections are available for viewing by the general public on the Internet Archive site, enabling the nonprofit to build its offerings simultaneously. Archive-It 1 officially launched in January, followed by 1.5 in May and the most recent point release, 2, in late July.
Hanna says Archive-It was designed mainly for institutions (state archives, state libraries, and university libraries) that have a mandate to archive their web content and that lack the resources (staff, budget, and technical capabilities) to do so. "We are collaborating with institutions to save material that normally wouldn't be, that we probably wouldn't save on our own, that they couldn't save on their own," Hanna says. "We're joining forces to make sure that all of this knowledge is not lost."
To begin creating a collection, subscribers can select as many as 300 websites associated with a particular topic to be crawled, and Archive-It can be programmed to crawl those sites as often as desired (from daily to weekly to quarterly). Once archived, subscribers can subsequently search (either by text or URL) the archived web pages—which look exactly like the pages when they were captured on the web. Those searches can be conducted on either the Internet Archive or Archive-It sites. Users can search by a variety of criteria, including subject, date, relevance, institution, and collection. Advanced search options include the ability to search between dates.
Version 2 of Archive-It offers several new features not available in previous editions. Subscribers can now conduct test crawls, which enable them to see the type of web material that would populate a specific collection before it is archived permanently. There is also a metadata search capability, which allows metadata to be included in the text searches of materials in a collection. Archive-It Pro enables subscribers to set caps on how many web documents are collected from a website. It can also block the collection of materials from desired websites.
The collections created by subscribers cover a wide range of subject matter. The North Carolina state government has created a collection of web pages from various state boards, commissions, and agencies. Indiana University, for example, wanted to archive all of the university's web pages. "They're not sure what's going to be of value later," says Hanna. "They are able to capture everything now." Subscribers can view and download reports regarding the status of the crawls. Archive-It is available by annual subscription—the most popular package is priced at $10,000 and allows subscribers to build three collections with up to 10 million URLs.
Internet Archive has plans to expand the reach of the Archive-It service by targeting smaller entities, such as independent researchers, local libraries, and small non-governmental organizations, with a lower-priced version. As Hanna says, "The Internet Archive's universal approach to the dissemination and access of information is embodied in its Archive-It service that anybody or any organization can use."
(www.archive.org; www.archive-it.org)


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All hotels in Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
1 room, 2 adults
3930 Stahl Dr Se, Grand Rapids, MI, 49546, United States of America, 1800-687-236 (Australia Toll Free)
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Very nice experience. Rooms were clean, staff friendly and courteous. The continental…
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From 90 reviews
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Hotel Info: 1800-687-236 (Australia Toll Free)from A$165
- Deluxe Room, 2 Queen Beds
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Nearby Two Star Grand Rapids hotels
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I'll break this down on why I chose Darby Hendrickson...
I want to choose Jim Dowd also because like Hendrickson, he has no real big upside anymore and can be easily replaceable.
Richard Park is going to be the third guy cut when our rookies starting hitting stride but I give him the benefit of the doubt. Good teams need clutch players like these that turn it up in the post-season and Park really came through in the post-season and should be rewarded for that. He needs to stay consistant. He has speed, he has the ability but he doesn't have the consistancy to be a regular NHL player. He is a solid 3rd line/4th line guy for now but once guys like Hannula, Berzins (if ever him!), Cavosie, Cullen start really hitting stride and starting push Park will be the first one out to make room for these guys.
Stevenson is going to be one of the guys I don't think cut until Wanvig absolutely, positively proves that he can take over for Stevenson. Stevenson is one of those guys you don't immediately replace when a guy like Wanvig starts really showing some skills. It takes time. Stevenson is no means a power forward but he does add a lot of grit, size, and heart to the front lines. To me he is irreplaceble until Wanvig really, really pushes Stevenson hard for his spot or Stevenson has to retire. Stevenson maybe slow, and maybe one of the 'worst' players on the Wild goal wise but he adds a lot of characteristics to the front.
Brown from what I hear has greatly improved over the summer. He might be pushed into number 5 or 6 defensemen and I rather see Marshall and Bombardir go before he does. He is a fighter, which is good, and a tough guy. I want to give him the benefit of the doubt and see if he finally has hit his stride. He's only 29 and has a couple more years before he leaves.
Jason Marshall I want him to go but there is no one really to replace him on the defensive corp that I see ready. Michalek, Reitz, Heid, and Roche still need time in the minors to really hit their consistancy and to gain confidence. For now Marshall will be a scratch but when needed he adds a little added grit to the blueline but he doesn't add a lot. He will be the first to be cut I believe once our defensemen really prove that they are ready.
Laaksonen, I think the only real person that is going to challenge Laaksonen for his position is Hannula. They are basically one in the same. Both are solid two-way players but Hannula needs to prove himself in Houston. Laaksonen also has a one year contract, making his release a little easier to swallow. He's getting up there in age, but I don't think that's a factor. I see him gone when Hannula shows he is ready.
Bill Mucklat, give him another year. He's old yes, but his season last year was cut short because of a very cheap hit. I give him the benefit of the doubt that he'll thrive under the Wild's leadership and guidance and will have another solid season.
Matt Johnson, we basically don't have any enforcers to replace Johnson, so he sticks. He is also a very reputable goon/enforcer, so he sticks indefinitely.
Darby Hendrickson is the one I would replace. He is off-injured a lot, and we got his replacement in Choiunard and Wallin. Shouldn't be hard since he is getting up there in age.


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Searched for: "dynamic spectrum access with learning for cognitive radio"
Content Types
About 5 results for "dynamic spectrum access with learning for cognitive radio"
Collaborative Anti-jamming in Cognitive Radio Networks Using Minimax-Q Learning
Cognitive radio is an efficient technique for realization of dynamic spectrum access. Since in the Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) environment, the Secondary Users (SUs) are suscepti...
A Radio Spectrum Measurement Platform for Spectrum Surveying in Cognitive Radio
This paper presents a sophisticated radio spectrum measurement platform specifically envisaged and designed for spectrum occupancy surveys in the context of Dynamic Spectrum Access...
SpiderRadio: A Cognitive Radio Network With Commodity Hardware and Open Source Software
In this paper, the authors present SpiderRadio a cognitive radio prototype for dynamic spectrum access networking. Spider-Radio is built using commodity IEEE 802.11a/b/g hardware a...
Algorithms for Dynamic Spectrum Access with Learning for Cognitive Radio
The authors study the problem of dynamic spectrum sensing and access in cognitive radio systems as a Partially Observed Markov Decision Process (POMDP). A group of cognitive users ...
Repeated Auctions With Learning for Spectrum Access in Cognitive Radio Networks
In this paper, spectrum access in cognitive radio networks is modeled as a repeated auction game subject to monitoring and entry costs. For secondary users, sensing costs are incur...


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Tags: adele, sharp, such, aura, about, lights, room, , definitely, set, hot, uncensored, poses, world, famous, earl, miller, shot, gorgeous, faceknock-out, body, than, last, babes, porn stars, threesome
Submited: 6 years old
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Adele Sharp has such an aura about her that she lights up a room. She definitely lights up the set with hot, uncensored poses for the world famous Earl Miller! Every shot of her gorgeous face,knock-out body is better than the last.


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The 8 Best Horror Movies of 1954
In our list of the best horror movies in 1954 we have Godzilla (Gojira) & Killers From Space. The top movie is Godzilla (Gojira) scoring 5/10 stars in our movie review and has an average user score of 6/10 stars from 5 users. Starring in this 1954 movie is Kenji Sahara, Hiroshi Hayashi, Akira Takarada, Haruo Nakajima, Akihiko Hirata, Fuyuki Murakami, Toranosuke Ogawa, Ren Yamamoto, Takeo Oikawa, Ryosaku Takasugi. The second best 1954 horror movie is Killers From Space scoring 4/10 stars in our movie review and has an average user score of 6/10 stars from 5 users. These are the best horror films of 1954 and we hope you enjoy the 2 movies in our list of 1954 horror movies.
List of 1954 Horror Films
Godzilla (Gojira) (1954)
Kenji Sahara, Akihiko Hirata, Hiroshi Hayashi, Akira Takarada, Haruo Nakajima - The ocean's surface boils white-hot and a Japanese freighter mysteriously vanishes in the Pacific. Rescue boats meet the same fate, and the superstitious villages of Odo Island fear an ancient legend…
Killers From Space (1954)
Peter Graves, Ron Gans, Ben Welden, Burt Wenland, Lester Dorr - Shot on a budget of about $4.78, Killers from Space is one of those fun old 50's sci fi movies that provides plenty of unintentional laughs. Peter Graves plays a scientist riding in a plane to observe…
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Low funding harms Central African Republic famine relief
A new United Nations report reveals that low funding is harming efforts to feed war victims in the Central African Republic. Only 38 percent of funding has been obtained for feeding at least 1.25 million people. This as famine conditions rapidly develop in the impoverished country.


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The Future of Fishing From Shore – Bait Launcher [VIDEO]
As you can plainly see, Spring has sprung in western Montana. There is still a few opportunities for ice fishing, but most of all the fishing is on open water. Time to bust out you rods and do a little shore fishing


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I enjoy the extremes of weather such as and especially Lightning and violent events that occur in storms (such as large hail), and sites in the sky that are amazing or unusual to see as another example.You likely will not see much of any pictures such as "clear days" from me.I have so far lived in South Texas/Corpus Christi, TX, all of my life to now, and there is definitely not very much storm type weather a lot of times. But every now and then there usually is, and at least one significant event annually. So I try to make the best out of anything that comes this way; usually in the mid-Fall and mid-very late Spring seasons.
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Friday May 22, 2009
Corpus Christi, TX (Current Weather Conditions)
Caption: This developing shower had a good small lenticular cloud formation at the head of this cumulonimbus. Isolated heavy showers were forming around the area as of right now around 1:30 p.m. Surprisingly, yesterday's skies here around coastal South Texas wasn't anything like this except for some mid-high level clouds. Which shows more of the unpredictability of weather that happens around here during this time of year, despite the somewhat significant increase in low-level moisture/instability today.
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Tel: (217)429-0563
Northwest Christian Campus is a private Christian School located on the west side of Decatur, Illinois.
We offer grades Kindergarten through High School and we have a preschool program for 3 and 4 year olds.
School Overview
|School Membership(s)School Assoc.
|Association of Christian Schools International (ACSI)
|Religious Affiliation
|Grades Offered
|Grades Prekindergarten - 12
|Year Founded
Student Body
|Total Students
|52 students
|Student Body Type
|% Students of Color
State avg.: 32%
|Students by Grade
Academics and Faculty
|Total Classroom Teachers
|5 teachers
|Student : Teacher Ratio
National avg.: 13:1
|% Faculty w/Advanced Degree
|Average Class Size
|7 students
Finances and Admission
|Admission Deadline
|None / Rolling
|Acceptance Rate
National avg.: 85%
|Admissions Director
|Total Sports Offered
|3 sports
|Basketball, Cross Country, VolleyballBasketball, Cross Country,
Nearby Schools:
All Schools | High Schools | Elementary Schools | Preschools | Public Schools
Show me:
- School Location Miles Students Grades
DecaturSt Patrick School
412 N Jackson St
Decatur, IL 62523
(217)423-4351(Roman Catholic)2.4 mi | 193 students | Gr. PK-8
DecaturSt Teresa High School
2710 N Water St
Decatur, IL 62526
(217)815-2431(Roman Catholic)2.5 mi | 286 students | Gr. 9-12
DecaturAntioch Christian Academy
3475 N Maple Ave
Decatur, IL 62526
(217)875-0529(Baptist)2.6 mi | 45 students | Gr. PK-6
DecaturSt. James School
249 S Webster Street
Decatur, IL 62521
(217)422-7031(Roman Catholic)2.7 mi | 106 students | Gr. K-8
DecaturOur Lady Of Lourdes School
3950 Lourdes Dr
Decatur, IL 62526
(217)877-4408(Roman Catholic)3.3 mi | 263 students | Gr. PK-8
School Reviews
Area Statistics
Rental Market Monitor
Recent Articles
Updated June 28, 2015
When it comes to choosing a private school, there are so many choices to consider that the project can be a huge challenge to most of us. We offer some help and advice to help you get started.
Sending your child to a foreign language school makes good sense when you have been posted to this country from abroad and in other circumstances as well.
Do you need financial aid? Not sure? Confused by how financial aid works? Here are some answers.
More ArticlesPaying For It, Why Private School, Elementary Issues, Running a Private School, Pre_elementary


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Radio Flyer Classic Dual Deck Tricycle
Radio Flyer Classic Dual Deck Tricycle with stylish handlebars and fenders is a fun ride. The controlled turning radius and low center of gravity makes the tricycle easy for children to ride on. It also has an adjustable seat to make it convenient for different heights.
Why You'll Love It: The tricycle has a double deck rear step and durable steel spoked wheels and rubber tires
Age: 2 to 5 years
Weight Limits: Up to 49 lbs
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|Radio Flyer Classic Red Dual Deck Tricycle
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|Radio Flyer Classic Pink Dual Deck 12" Tricycle
$67.99 $89.99
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Comments about Radio Flyer Classic Red Dual Deck Tricycle:
Our daughter is still a bit too small to ride this trike on her own, but she loves to sit on it and have us push her around. She's going to LOVE it when she can ride it independently.


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Let Snowdon Mountain Railway take you on a journey of a lifetime to the rooftop of Wales. Snowdon, at 3,560ft dominates the landscape of Snowdonia National Park in North Wales. Claim this mountain peak, the highest in Wales, as a lifetime's achievement. With stunning scenery and awe-inspiring views it's all part of a great day out for you and your family in North Wales.
Welcome to Snowdon Mountain Railway. Majestic Snowdon dominates the glorious, ancient landscape of North Wales. At 3,560ft (1,085m) it is a true mountain and a place of legend – said to be the burial place of the giant ogre Rhita, vanquished by King Arthur. Some believe that Arthur's Knights still sleep beneath.
On Saturday 27th June we will be celebrating 120 years of service from our oldest locomotive, Enid. Come along for a day of fun with cake, face painting, prizes and more! Throughout the day we will be... Read more »
Click here for an up-to-the-minute Snowdon Summit Met Office report.
Online Ticket Prices
Adult: (16 years+)
Return From £27.00
Child: (3 - 15 years)
Return From £18.00


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The University of Minnesota, Morris will produce The Laramie Project: Ten Years Later November 1-3. For more information and tickets, please visit their website here.
With your help we can continue our work to share Matthew's dream of replacing the hate in the world with understanding, compassion, and acceptance.
Young LGBTQ people share their journeys of erasing hate