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The neurobiology of migraine.
ABSTRACT The understanding of migraine has moved well beyond its traditional characterization as a "vascular headache." In considering the basic neurobiology of migraine, it is important to begin with the concept of migraine as not merely a headache, but rather a heterogeneous array of episodic symptoms. Among the array of phenomena experienced by migraine patients are visual disturbances, nausea, cognitive dysfunction, fatigue, and sensitivity to light, sound, smell, and touch. These symptoms may occur independently or in any combination, and in some patients occur even in the absence of headache. The diversity and variability of symptoms experienced by migraine patients belies a complex neurobiology, involving multiple cellular, neurochemical, and neurophysiological processes occurring at multiple neuroanatomical sites. Migraine is a multifaceted neurobiological phenomenon that involves activation of diverse neurochemical and cellular signaling pathways in multiple regions of the brain. Propagated waves of cellular activity in the cortex, possibly involving distinct glial and vascular signaling mechanisms, can occur along with activation of brainstem centers and nociceptive pathways. Whether different brain regions become involved in a linear sequence, or as parallel processes, is uncertain. The modulation of brain signaling by genetic factors, and by sex and sex hormones, provides important clues regarding the fundamental mechanisms by which migraine is initiated and sustained. Each of these mechanisms may represent distinct therapeutic targets for this complex and commonly disabling disorder.
References (0)
- Cited In (6)
SourceAvailable from: Victor Pikov
Article: Altered brainstem auditory evoked potentials in a rat central sensitization model are similar to those in migraine[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Migraine symptoms often include auditory discomfort. Nitroglycerin (NTG)-triggered central sensitization (CS) provides a rodent model of migraine, but auditory brainstem pathways have not yet been studied in this example. Our objective was to examine brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) in rat CS as a measure of possible auditory abnormalities. We used four subdermal electrodes to record horizontal (h) and vertical (v) dipole channel BAEPs before and after injection of NTG or saline. We measured the peak latencies (PLs), interpeak latencies (IPLs), and amplitudes for detectable waveforms evoked by 8, 16, or 32 KHz auditory stimulation. At 8 KHz stimulation, vertical channel positive PLs of waves 4, 5, and 6 (vP4, vP5, and vP6), and related IPLs from earlier negative or positive peaks (vN1-vP4, vN1-vP5, vN1-vP6; vP3-vP4, vP3-vP6) increased significantly 2 hours after NTG injection compared to the saline group. However, BAEP peak amplitudes at all frequencies, PLs and IPLs from the horizontal channel at all frequencies, and the vertical channel stimulated at 16 and 32 KHz showed no significant/consistent change. For the first time in the rat CS model, we show that BAEP PLs and IPLs ranging from putative bilateral medial superior olivary nuclei (P4) to the more rostral structures such as the medial geniculate body (P6) were prolonged 2 hours after NTG administration. These BAEP alterations could reflect changes in neurotransmitters and/or hypoperfusion in the midbrain. The similarity of our results with previous human studies further validates the rodent CS model for future migraine research.Brain research 05/2014; DOI:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.033 · 2.83 Impact Factor
Article: Recent progress in migraine pathophysiology: role of cortical spreading depression and magnetic resonance imaging.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Migraine is characterised by debilitating pain, which affects the quality of life in affected patients in both the western and the eastern worlds. The purpose of this article is to give a detailed outline of the pathophysiology of migraine pain, which is one of the most confounding pathologies among pain disorders in clinical conditions. We critically evaluate the scientific basis of various theories concerning migraine pathophysiology, and draw insights from brain imaging approaches that have unraveled the prevalence of cortical spreading depression (CSD) in migraine. The findings supporting the role of CSD as a physiological substrate in clinical pain are discussed. We also give an exhaustive overview of brain imaging approaches that have been employed to solve the genesis of migraine pain, and its possible links to the brainstem, the neocortex, genetic endophenotypes, and pathogenetic factors (such as dopaminergic hypersensitivity). Furthermore, a roadmap is proposed to provide a better understanding of pain pathophysiology in migraine, to enable the development of strategies using leads from brain imaging studies for the identification of early biomarkers, efficient prognosis, and treatment planning, which eventually may help in alleviating some of the devastating impact of pain morbidity in patients afflicted with migraine.European Journal of Neuroscience 09/2013; DOI:10.1111/ejn.12368 · 3.67 Impact Factor
Article: Outcome Comparison of Endoscopic and Transpalpebral Decompression for Treatment of Frontal Migraine Headaches[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: This study was designed to compare the efficacy of the transpalpebral versus endoscopic approach to decompression of the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves in patients with frontal migraine headaches. The medical charts of 253 patients who underwent surgery for frontal migraine headaches were reviewed. These patients underwent either transpalpebral nerve decompression (n = 62) or endoscopic nerve decompression (n = 191). Preoperative and 12-month or greater postoperative migraine frequency, duration, and intensity were analyzed to determine the success of the surgeries. Forty-nine of 62 patients (79 percent) in the transpalpebral nerve decompression group and 170 of 191 patients (89 percent) who underwent endoscopic nerve decompression experienced a successful outcome (at least a 50 percent decrease in migraine frequency, duration, or intensity) after 1 year from surgery. Endoscopic nerve decompression had a significantly higher success rate than transpalpebral nerve decompression (p < 0.05). Thirty-two patients (52 percent) in the transpalpebral nerve decompression group and 128 patients (67 percent) who underwent endoscopic nerve decompression observed elimination of migraine headaches. The elimination rate was significantly higher in the endoscopic nerve decompression group than in the transpalpebral nerve decompression group (p < 0.03). Endoscopic nerve decompression was found to be more successful at reducing or eliminating frontal migraine headaches than transpalpebral nerve decompression and should be selected as the first choice whenever it is anatomically feasible. Therapeutic, III.Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 05/2012; 129(5):1113-9. DOI:10.1097/PRS.0b013e31824a2c31 · 3.33 Impact Factor


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Showing Suppliers 1 - 15 of 15
Time Mark Corporation (4 Products)
Business Type: Manufacturer
Description: Time Mark Corporation was founded in early 1972 and incorporated in the state of Oklahoma on May 2nd of the same year. Design efforts began on a line of monitoring devices for sensing the condition of three-phase power lines. Time Mark product lines have expanded greatly, as customers needs... (more)
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Address: 11440 E. Pine Street, Tulsa, OK
Address: 11440 E. Pine St., Tulsa, OK
Bulk Systems & Services Inc.
Address: PO Box 1402, Sapulpa, OK
Business Type: Manufacturer, Distributor
Driscoll Automatic Control Company
Address: PO Box 52583, Tulsa, OK
Business Type: Distributor
FW Murphy
Address: 5311 South 122nd East Avenue, Tulsa, OK
Business Type: Manufacturer
HSI Sensing (Hermetic Switch, Inc.)
Address: 3100 Norge Road, Chickasha, OK
Business Type: Manufacturer
Description: When HSI Sensing Started HSI Sensing began manufacturing reed switches in 1968. Continuous growth and facilities expansion have characterized the past 40 years. Manufacturing moved to their present location in 1976, and the physical plant has been expanded three times since then. The last... (more)
Input/Output, Inc.
Address: 5824 S. Peoria, Tulsa, OK
Business Type: Distributor, Service
Kenco Engineering Co.
Address: 10001 E. 54th St. PO Box 470426, Tulsa, OK
Business Type: Manufacturer
Kimray, Inc.
Address: 52 NW 42nd Street, Oklahoma City, OK
Business Type: Manufacturer
Mallard Control
Address: 1500 SE 89th Street, Oklahoma City, OK
Business Type: Manufacturer
Myers-Aubrey Co.
Address: 7477 E. 46th Place PO Box 470370, Tulsa, OK
Business Type: Service
Paul King Co.
Address: 1030 N. Owasso Ave., Tulsa, OK
Business Type: Distributor
Siemens Industry, Inc. – Solutions, Automation and Drive Technologies
Address: 408 US Highway 60, Bartlesville, OK
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Thorco Holdings, LLC
Address: 420 East Archer, Tulsa, OK
Business Type: Distributor
WellMark LLC
Address: 1903 SE 29th Street, Oklahoma City, OK
Business Type: Manufacturer

subset: commoncrawl


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Written on: by speedysteve 1945 (1 review written)
Good Points
Bad Points
Totally unconcerned once they have your money.
General Comments
I would not go on holiday with Jewel In The Crown if it was free.They left my wife and i stranded at Dalaman airport after the bus left us after waiting only 10 mins.This was at only 15 45 and there were no reps or anybody to help us.This was on a bank holiday Monday when 5 flights arrived at the same time not our fault at all.We paid £43 for a taxi and they refused to return as they said it was our problem.
Written on:
I found this review helpful because..we had similar issues with jewel in the crown and find on returning that their customer service is none existant prefering to take the word of their reps over customers who have paid good money for bad holidays.
" Fabulous hotel, " Read More
" Never book hotel room " Read More
Written by RodolfoA
" Fantastic Holiday " Read More
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" Shocking " Read More
" My holiday 2015 " Read More


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Guangzhou City Haizhu Dist. Fengyang Bailange Clothing Ingredients Firm
|Business Type:
|Trading Company
|Main Products:
|Guangdong, China (Mainland)
|Year Established:
|Number Of Employees:
|11 - 50 People
|Total Annual Sales Volume:
|Main Markets:
Why choose Bailange? 1\Rich experience: 17 years in this field; 20 years technology accumulation 2\Custom...
Why choose Bailange?
1\Rich experience:
17 years in this field; 20 years technology accumulation
2\Customer reputation:
" Bailange only make refined product" since 2006
3\Solid strength:
ornament factory, Calico horses factory , lace factory three
4\The risk of commitment:
If unqualified products,unconditional refund or redo
A Supplier Assessment Report provides verified information about a company's production and trade capabilities. This includes factors such as company legal status, human resources, export records, production capacity, quality assurance, customer service, production process management, R&D, certifications and more. View sample.
Company Capability
Trade Capacity
Western Europe : 50.00%
North America : 20.00%
Production Capacity
Email to this supplier


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Home Design on Flipboard
By Nicholas Chen | Nicholas Chen created a magazine on Flipboard. "Home Design on Flipboard" is available with thousands of other magazines and all the news you care about. Download Flipboard for free and search for "Nicholas Chen".
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House Sar
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Apartment in Tel Aviv / Maayan Zusman Interior Design
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Lavish Modern Family Home in Singapore by Hyla Architects
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Ikea: 7 Predictions For What Your Home Will Look Like In 2020
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Epic Man Loft By The Playing Circle
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The Playing Circle is a design studio that knows exactly how to build a stylish home that's made for living rather than clinical photoshoots. After …Design Language
Closse Residence
This suburban home on Montreal's south shore was built by the father of our client in the 1960's. After over 50 years without having much work done, it was in need of some rejuvenation. The original house lacked natural light and had a series of closed rooms surrounding a central stair.
The first …South Shore
Living Rooms Round Up
Here's a fast spherical up of the dwelling rooms that we're ogling at this exact second. They don t all fall into one specific class or fashion of …
The house MP28 is located in a private residential area in Cancun, Mexico, and is developed on a unique corner terrain, in connection with a donation area, which offers a green area and multiple types of plants and feel of open space.
The volumetric shape of the house is performed in an "L" figure. …
Casa Caja: Low-Cost Concrete House Designed to DIY
This simple house composed of donated, low-cost materials offers a template for affordable homes that can be designed and built by their owners with …Architecture
Modern ranch style home with land-loving layout and materials
New Zealand's Parsonson Architects designed the Wairau Valley House in Rapaura, set amidst a rustic melange of farms, orchards, vineyards and the …
Small Footprint, Soaring Stature: Modern vertical house maximizes views and nature
This "earthy-meets-industrial" house by Coates Design Architecture holds its head up high here on Bainbridge Island in Washington State. The home's …
Modern Family Home in The Netherlands: Tradition with a Twist
JagerJanssen Architects designed this home in Meppel, the Netherlands for a Dutch family who wanted something a little different. The Van Leeuwen …Architecture
This Stunning Vacation House Was Built From A Ruin
This cozy house on Pico Island gorgeously merges past and present architecture.
A stony ruin on the volcanic island of Pico, in the North Atlantic Ocean's Portuguese Azores, was turned into a cozy vacation home that gorgeously combines the old with the new.
Inês Vieira da Silva and Miguel Vieira, of …Portugal
JRB House
Besides improving the quality of life of those who inhabit it, the project's main goal is to satisfy the clients' needs and materialize their ideals. This great house works toward the conservation and preservation of the environment via the implementation of electric energy generation and …