text:
DH and I were just having this conversation, and I decided to ask you ladies. What is your alcohol policy for your LO's big day?
Alcohol at Baby's 1st Birthday party? *POLL*
You better hold on to something, this is probably some rocket surgery level stuff about to go down.
Daughter in '79 ~ Wife in '02 ~ Mommy in '10 & '11
Working on losing 60 lbs. in 2015! If I'm being a bitch, it's because I'm hungry.
We'll have a family gathering, and we rarely have those without wine and rum. Our parties usually last all day and all night, and no one ever gets drunk.
We provide some, and some family members bring their own. Same with the food -- there were 120 people invited to Buddy and Evie's first birthday parties, and I'm sure Charlie's will be the same.
Amy, babycenter community moderator
Mom to Bud.Man, Wild.Woman & Crazy.Hair
Bugs, Comments, Questions about BabyCenter? Tell me about it!
I am too cheap to provide it for my guests, but I am undecided on the matter. I doubt I will do any liquor related drinks, though.
I'm not really certain on this. My sons 1st bday happens to be on Thanksgiving. We are having dinner and a small family thing, I'll likely have a nice bottle of wine, but , that's all.
Read my blog, yes I have one too..
Who else voted Squirrel?
Jen, I swore I would never be pregnant again on my mom's birthday. That day is sooooo much better toasted. She makes us listen to her folk/protest music CDs in the car...
Read my blog, yes I have one too..


text:
CAMDEN, New Jersey — Is this how a professional gets down?
Sure, Usher is one of music's most acclaimed performers. He glides across
the stage like it was slicked down with Jheri Curl juice, walks on the tips
of his toes like he's suspended by wires, jumps off high platforms and lands
on his feet with the agility of Lion-O the Thundercat, and does a handstand
with his body's weight rested on one arm.
But on Sunday night at the Tweeter Center he was breaking a cardinal rule of
stage rocking: he had his sweat-drenched back to the audience. All the
females seemed to revel in it — he was, after all, serenading and
acting as a private dancer for a lucky ticket holder who was lying in giant
bed onstage. So he might be on to something with this new moniker he's
bestowing on himself.
"Mr. Entertainment, that's my name," he said, sitting in the arena's
business office about 30 minutes before the show. "I'm going for it. The
party don't stop, man. Who you know doing it like that? R&B has a new face.
It's a totally different game."
During his concerts, which feature openers Faith Evans and Nas (Mr. Cheeks
was originally advertised to be on the tour but, as Usher explained,
"Something happened"), Usher is the audience's pusher. He serves eye and ear
candy, showing why he's drawing comparisons to Michael Jackson and Sammy
Davis Jr.
"I always felt like entertainment doesn't just consist of putting records
together and having hot videos," he said. "You gotta be able to bring it on
the stage. So there's that opportunity. There's a stage, there's a light,
there's the pyro. But it's not just assisted by all of the hoopla of
entertainment. It's really about being able to sing, dance and keep the
crowd going. So based off of the reviews and the audience response every
night, it's been lovely. That's what makes it a hot show for me."
The hottest part of the show for the spectators? Usher thinks it's a toss up
between his singing "U Got It Bad" (most of the time everyone sings, "I'm
your, your girl …" in unison) and current radio staple "U Don't Have to
Call." But if you're lucky enough to actually sit in the audience, you know
for the ladies the hands-down winner is when he strips. Shoes, shirt, pants
— he takes it all off.
As for his own favorite part of the act, the Atlanta transplant said, "I
like having a moment where it's not about music, where it's just about the
control of the moment. A simple hand movement or a look out to the audience
and then a smile and then they erupt. That's hot to me, 'cause you work
diligently at trying to critique and make all of the dancing right, but when
you just lift one single hand and they go crazy, that means something, dude.
You look at them and just smile at them and they lose it, that's it."
When he's not making the crowd swoon or dance, Usher wants to make everyone
think about "What's Going On" in the world, and part of that includes
starting his performances with the national anthem.
"They really get a kick out of that," he said. "It lets them know that even
though the show goes on, I still recognize what's going on in the world. And
as patriotic as I am, this is my little moment for that."
He hopes the grand finale is even more thought-provoking.
"At the end of the show I do a tribute to a lot of our fallen soldiers here
in the music industry, namely Tupac, Biggie, Eazy-E, Selena, Left Eye,
Aaliyah," he explained. "The song is Marvin Gaye's 'What's Going On.' It's
one of my favorites, but I just use it as a moment to recognize all of the
pain that we suffered, dealing with the losses of our loved ones. People in
the audience who have lost someone recently, especially being so close to
New York, I'm sure there are people out in the audience that have lost
family members or [were at least] indirectly affected by 9/11. I think it's
great timing and recognition for all of that. At the end of the show, as
you'll see, I leave them with a sense of peace, equality, unity and love."

subset: commoncrawl


text:
We've been here 4 times; each time, the food was excellent. This is a small family-run business that takes a lot of pride in its food. The menu is not large, but the portions are, and the quality of the ingredients and preparation are first-rate. There's not much to the decor, and it's in a small, nondescript strip mall. Don't let that fool you; as they say where I come from, you can't eat the wallpaper. Go here and eat their food; you won't be sorry.
If you own or manage Arlington Kabob, register now for free tools to enhance your listing, attract new reviews, and respond to reviewers.


text:
Chris Kluwe is going to have a lot more time to blog about gay marriage now.
Chris Kluwe is going to have a lot more time to blog about gay marriage now.
Did Da'rick Rogers smoke himself out of the draft? Even honey badger got drafted.
Cleveland finally makes another pick...S Jamoris Slaughter...Maylock loved the pick.
LeGarrette Blount will be taking his sucker punching talents to New England. Traded for a 7th rounder and Jeff Demps.
Josh Boyd, interesting pick by Ted Thompson. High motor guys always intrigue me and he's one of them. Has a chance to stick, to improve at the next level.
The good die first, And they whose hearts are dry as summer dust Burn to the socket. ~~ William Wordsworth
We're at the 22nd pick in the 7th round. How is Chase Thomas still there?
It doesn't matter who's running things, the Browns are incompetent on draft day.
So should Brady be looking over his shoulder for Gary Nova?
What if the Hokey Pokey really is what it's all about?
Packers UFA's, confirmed and likely to date:
Matt Brown (Personal Twitter account and confirmed by Tom Silverstein) QB Illinois State
Ben Ericksen (Personal Twitter account and confirmed by Silverstein) FS Illinois State
Lane Taylor (rumored, personal Twitter account) OG Oklahoma State
Gilbert Pena (confirmed by Silverstein) NT Mississippi
Jake Stoneburner (Verified personal Twitter account, confirmed by Silverstein) TE Ohio State
Patrick Lewis (confirmed by Silverstein) C Texas A&M
Andy Mulumba (confirmed by Silverstein) OLB Eastern Michigan
Miles White (rumored, Demovsky/Packer Report) WR Louisiana Tech
Angelo Pease (confirmed by Silverstein) RB Kansas State
Jeremy Vujnovich (pending contract offer, via player's agent reported by Demovsky) OT Louisiana College
The good die first, And they whose hearts are dry as summer dust Burn to the socket. ~~ William Wordsworth
Chiefs sign Tyler Bray. No doubt the guy's got the moron gene, but for the 0.5% chance he ever gets his head on straight, I like the signing. Since they refused to draft a guy to groom, he'll do. He's got more talent than most drafted anyway.
Bray as a FA signing is great. You could argue they failed to draft a guy to groom because Philly jumped ahead of them for Barkley in the 4th, though they apparently denied that...
Part of USA TODAY Sports Digital Properties.


text:
Replicating Databases
This tip explains how to replicate databases.
Continue Reading This Article
Enjoy this article as well as all of our content, including E-Guides, news, tips and more.
By submitting your personal information, you agree to receive emails regarding relevant products and special offers from TechTarget and its partners. You also agree that your personal information may be transferred and processed in the United States, and that you have read and agree to the Terms of Use and the Privacy Policy.
Setting up a laptop with mail replication using a modem can take a long time. To speed this process up we replicate to a local harddrive on our network. We then burn the replicated database to CD. On the laptop we begin a replication as usual; however, after the initial database is setup and the status bar reads 5 or more out of # received we stop the replication process. We then copy the burned replica to the laptop replacing the database that is there making sure to remove any read-only attributes of the file. We then start the replication process again to ensure the replication is up to date.


text:
SUMMARY: Imagine your SEM-based lead-generation efforts converting at 17%. Most marketers see their conversions in the single digits the lower single digits when they could be much higher.
Check out how an online education site boosted their course-takers five times. Includes five lead-gen steps and keyword optimization know-how.
Get the latest research on email, lead gen, and social media along with MarketingSherpa updates and promotions.
Email Marketing: How the Kentucky Derby engages customers with relevant email
Read More »
Enter to Win »
Paid Attention by Faris Yakob


text: I would stay at this Courtyard-Castleton again, as matter fact this will be my go to hotel if I'm in Indianapolis. It was clean, bed was comfortable and the staff was very nice. We paid for the breakfast to be included in our rate and we really love it. Nice area some construction going on but not to bad and... More


text:
Welcome to BrainDen.com - Brain Teasers Forum
|Welcome to BrainDen.com - Brain Teasers Forum. Like most online communities you must register to post in our community, but don't worry this is a simple free process. To be a part of BrainDen Forums you may create a new account or sign in if you already have an account.
As a member you could start new topics, reply to others, subscribe to topics/forums to get automatic updates, get your own profile and make new friends.
Of course, you can also enjoy our collection of amazing optical illusions and cool math games.
If you like our site, you may support us by simply clicking Google "+1" or Facebook "Like" buttons at the top.
If you have a website, we would appreciate a little link to BrainDen.
Thanks and enjoy the Den :-)
Guest Message by DevFuse
Community Status Updates
Frost → filly678
Honestly, over the past year or so I've kinda stopped playing mafia on BD (and only joined in the first MM because unreality asked me to replace someone). Besides, I'm usually too busy to have the time to play in one anymore.Jul 24 2010 01:02 AM
Frost → dnae
Hey, Happy Birthday, dnae! I haven't seen you around for a while...I hope you had fun with whatever you did today!Aug 01 2009 04:33 AM
Izzy → Frost
Bah, dreading exams. I've already done FCAT, NRT, and SAT this year, now have finals left.May 06 2009 08:26 PM
Yeah.. I sorta feel sorry for her.
Yeah.. I sorta feel sorry for her.
Frost → Izzy
Heh, not much. Busy with exams...sorta. Oh, I saw that Deborah video. That was just insane.May 06 2009 08:08 PM
Izzy → Frost
Heh. :blush: I think other people on this forum would disagree.. :dry:May 06 2009 01:23 AM
What's up?
What's up?
- Page 1 of 9
- 1
- 2
- 3


text:
- The Inn at Gulf Place
- Villas at Santa Rosa Beach
- 30-A Suites
- Abacos at Santa Rosa
- Beach Highland
- Beach Nest
- Calypso Point
- Coastal Dunes
- Cottages of Santa Rosa Beach
- Courtyards of Santa Rosa Beach
- Cypress Breeze Plantation
- Cypress Dunes
- Gulf Place Cabanas
- Gulf Place Caribbean
- Gulf Place Courtyard
- Gulf Place Six Palms
- Gulf Place Town Center
- Gulf Shore Manor
This property allows you to book online with a credit card. After submitting a reservation request, the owner or manager has 24 hours to accept, at which time your card will be charged and you will receive an email confirmation
Recent Santa Rosa Beach reviews
"We absolutely loved this location and the house. We stayed for a week with our family ranging in ages from 3 years old to 76 years old and everyone was comfortable. We have previously stayed at Seacrest Beach / Rosemary Beach. We really enjoyed Santa Rosa much more - it is very laid back, but there are still several good restaurants within walking and biking distance. The beach is across the street and really nearly everything you need is a short walk or bike ride away. We would love to come back and are so glad we got to experience the west side of 30a!"Guest: Barbara D. Date of Stay: May 2015 Review Submitted: June 1, 2015View listing
"My husband, daughter, and I recently stayed at the Casa Del Mar condo on 30A. It was our first trip to the 30A area and we loved it. The condo was just as advertised. Updated, clean, comfortable, and a short walk to the beach. I loved sitting on the deck and watching the ocean. The beach is very nice and not too crowded. It was very convient having the beach chairs and umbrella each day. There are several Gulf Place beach accesses close by as well as a public beach access with restrooms. We had great food everywhere we went. Stinky's fish camp was so awesome, we ate there twice! We can't wait to return again soon."Guest: Laurel S. Date of Stay: June 2015 Review Submitted: June 23, 2015View listing
"We had to cancel our reservation due to a serious illness. Steve was understanding and returned our deposit. We hope to vacation next year and will choose "Beach Buddy". We appreciate his kindness."Guest: Jan Date of Stay: May 2015 Review Submitted: May 23, 2015View listing
"Our first stay at this cottage and we certainly hope to return! Extremely comfortable and spacious accommodations with plenty of room for relaxing both inside and out! The location provides easy and close access to the beach, shopping, restaurants, parks, etc., without the crowds in that Gulf area! Everything in this beautifully decorated rental cottage was absolutely perfect!!"Guest: Ed & Charlotte E. Date of Stay: April 2015 Review Submitted: April 18, 2015View listing
Santa Rosa Beach Travel Tips
Santa Rosa Beach Homes Offer Access to One of the World's Best Beaches
Nestled along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico in the Florida panhandle is South Walton County. Here, vacationers will find miles of beautiful clear watered beaches and sparkling white sand. For travelers visiting the area, Santa Rosa Beach condos offer excellent accommodations on one of the top 10 beaches in the entire world.
Santa Rosa Beach Homes Provide Excellent Accommodations
Choosing Santa Rosa Beach rentals for your vacation is an excellent choice. These properties are fully furnished and offer many amenities. Travelers will be able to choose from South Walton beach rentals with a variety of floor plans, offering space for couples as well as large families and groups. Located in a truly gorgeous setting, these properties give travelers the chance to experience a lovely vacation in paradise.
Relax in Beautiful Surroundings with Santa Rosa Beach Rentals
When you decide to spend your vacation in one of the Santa Rosa Beach homes, you will find yourself near an array of beautiful scenery. The beaches are among the most pristine in the world, and the sand dunes offer a remarkable view of the power of nature. The area is also home to many walking trails, which make it easy to view many native animals, including birds, mammals, and amphibians. Santa Rosa Beach rentals let you enjoy the area, where the cool Gulf Breeze meets the warm summer sun to create the perfect atmosphere for relaxation and adventure.
South Walton Beach Rentals Let You Experience a Lovely Community
Vacationers return to South Walton Beach rentals year after year. The exciting shops and villages in the area are staffed by friendly locals who take great pride in their surroundings. Also located near Santa Rosa Beach homes are the Eden State Gardens. Here, visitors will find a mansion from the 1800s that houses the largest collection of Louis XVI antiques.
Santa Rosa Beach rentals also provide easy access to cypress swamps, dune lakes, and a state forest. Whether looking for the perfect nature getaway or to experience nearby golf and the annual Jazz Festival, visitors will always find something to love when visiting these South Walton beach rentals.


text:
- ITV Report
- ITV Report
Ten ways to help your pet cope in a heatwave
Live updates
- ITV Report
Man swallowed a goldfish he won at funfair
Callum Clatworthy-Robins posted a video of himself online swallowing a goldfish he had won at a funfair - but it was seen by the RSPCA.Read the full story ›
Appy days for Anglesey's red squirrels
A new app for smartphones and tablets is helping to conserve Anglesey's red squirrel population.
It lets people pinpoint where they have seen the loveable rodent. Others can then log onto the app and and find out where the squirrels are.
The app has been designed by Llandudno based firm Livetech.
Native red squirrels faced wipe-out from Britain before a conservation effort was launched on Anglesey two decades ago.
The success of the campaign is mostly down to a huge effort to control invasive grey squirrels, which were introduced to Britain from America in 1876 and carry a virus that's fatal to its red cousin.
As a result, the number of grey squirrels grew to 2.5 million while the red squirrel population fell to 120,000.
Now experts say the native reds are bouncing back - on Anglesey the population was down to as low as 40, but it's now up to a healthy 700 and they're even spreading across the Menai Strait to Bangor on the mainland.
"The data collected through the app is very useful to us because it helps us keep track of where the red squirrels are going. We monitor distribution and abundance. If you go back 15 years hardly anybody saw a red squirrel on the island, but now people are spotting them more and more often."
Blood and worm ice lollies go down well at the zoo!
It's not just people having a hard time in hot weather - animals are struggling to stay cool too.
Monkeys, meerkats and others at Folly Farm in Kilgetty, west Wales are being treated to some homemade blood and worm ice lollies.
- ITV Report
Appeal after kittens are abandoned in a beer box
The two kittens were found in a taped-up cardboard box which had been left in bushes.Read the full story ›
- ITV Report
Ten ways to help your pet cope in a heatwave
As temperatures begin to rise across Wales, the PDSA has released its top ten tips on how to help your pet keep cool in the heat.Read the full story ›
Nature conservation project preserves Welsh ports
If you think of a nature conservation project, it probably conjures pictures of rolling hills and countryside. But, as James Crichton-Smith has been finding out, you can find wildlife in some truly unexpected places.
Tiny gecko found in Swansea couple's luggage
The RSPCA says a tiny gecko has made its way to Wales after hitching a ride in the luggage of a Swansea couple.
They were holidaying in Grenada in the Caribbean.
The couple contacted the RSPCA and the tiny creature is now in the care of an exotics specialist.
It is hard to identify it due to its size - as it is the size of a postage stamp. But it is some type of gecko - possibly a house gecko, but we don't know for sure.
This wasn't your day-to-day call - but it does happen and I have picked up a couple of similar things before that have been stowaways.
To release a non-native into the wild is an offence (under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981).
Cat's leg amputated after being caught in trap
The RSPCA is appealing for information after a cat was caught and trapped in an illegal gin trap, which resulted in the pet's leg being amputated.
The animal was discovered in a field at Bowdens Lane, Penhow, Caldicot, on 9th June.
Gin traps are designed to catch an animal by its leg, using spring-operated jaws with teeth or a serrated edge. The use of gin traps has been illegal in the UK since 1958, but some are still being used to catch animals such as rabbits and foxes.
It was horrendous - she is only a young cat. She would have been in so much pain. It was lucky someone found her.
Anyone with information is asked to call the RSPCA in confidence on 0300 123 8018.
Council takes dog owner to court over attack
A Welsh council has taken a dog owner to court after his Rottweiler was "dangerously out of control in a public place".
Owain Rhys Lewis, 32, from Criegiau pleaded guilty to the charge at Cardiff Magistrates.
The incident involved his Rottweiler attacking a smaller breed when the dogs were in a local lane. The court heard the defendant had paid £1,100 to the owner of the dog that was attacked in veterinary fees.
The Magistrate ordered the dog to be muzzled and put on a lead no longer than three metres when in a public place. Owain Rhys Lewis was also fined £100, ordered to pay £475 in costs with a victim surcharge of £20.
- ITV Report
Thousands of jellyfish wash up on Welsh beach
Sun, sea, sand - and swarms of barrel jellyfish! Not quite what you expect to find on a trip to the seaside!Read the full story ›


text:
ambra4 28 Nov 09
You need to change the Power Options in Control Panel
Control Panel – Power Options – Click "Change when the Computer Sleeps"
Also Click – "Change Advanced Power Setting"
This thread is now locked and can not be replied to.
Should I upgrade to Windows 10? 8 reasons why you should upgrade to Windows 10... and 2 why you…
We are being sold the ability to spend money we don't have. And we love it
IKinema aims to banish droopy shoulders and wonky spines in animated CG characters
How to use Apple Music in the UK: Complete guide to Apple Music's features


text:
Skip to content. Skip to main navigation.
Connect with UT Arlington
After you have received a residence hall contract offer, complete this form to request a roommate in the University Residence Halls.
If you and your requested roommate have signed a contract for different buildings or different room types (i.e. you are assigned a private room, your requested roommate is assigned a double room), we won't be able to accommodate your request.
All roommates must mutually request each other using this form, and must have a contract for the same Residence Hall and Room Type in order to be matched.
This is your 10-digit ID number beginning with 100.
This is the 10-digit ID number beginning with 100.
IMPORTANT - Your contract for your Residence Hall and Room Type MUST match with your requested roommate(s) in order to be matched successfully.
University Housing
Housing Operations: 817-272-2791, firstname.lastname@example.com and Residence Life: 817-272-2926, email@example.com


text:
The San Francisco 49ers battle the St. Louis Rams in an NFC West showdown on Thursday Night Football.
|comments powered by Disqus
(Dan Rosenstrauch/Bay Area News Group)
Five delicious noshes for that picnic basket
Ready to dine al fresco? Picnic cocktails, addictive fried chicken and tasty salads add up to a quintet of delicious treats for your outdoor feast.
(Photo by Darren Carroll/Getty Images)
Did Tiger Woods cheat with Amanda Dufner?
Lindsey Vonn reportedly caught golfer with his competitor's ex-wife, which is likely why they aren't dating anymore.


text:
After signing on as director of "The Penelopiad," Margaret Atwood's feminist take on "The Odyssey," Leda Hoffmann had as many as 20 different notions on how and where to stage it.
Then one day last autumn, she drove past the park with swings under the Holton St. viaduct and thought, "Is that the set for 'Penelopiad' that's been in my head for a year, in the middle of a park?"
One permit from the cooperative City of Milwaukee later, Hoffmann and a cast of 13 actresses are transforming the park into the ancient Greek underworld for a week, beginning Wednesday. She has even incorporated a Stygian crossing into the experience: Hoffmann suggests audience members park on Commerce St., use the stairs across from Lakefront Brewery and walk across the marsupial bridge to find their seat.
In "The Odyssey," Odysseus dallies with goddesses during his long trip home to Ithaca, while his wife Penelope suffers for her fidelity, fending off the many suitors who seem to be as rapacious for her wealth and land as for her body. Atwood's play, adapted from her novella, has Penelope speak freely about her marriage and other subjects, and also gives voice to the dozen maids Telemachus has murdered near the end of the story, ostensibly for sleeping with the suitors.
"It has so much potential for theatricality," Hoffmann said of "The Penelopiad." "The great part is that you're watching this chorus of women play all of the characters, men, old women, young." For example, she finds it fascinating to watch Kelly Doherty, who plays one of the maids, also portray Odysseus.
The actors work through voice, gesture and movement — Wild Space Dance veteran Laura Murphy, no stranger to site-specific work, is choreographing for the production. Props are few and simple.
"Everyone is on stage the whole time. In the park, there is no backstage," Hoffmann said.
Staging a play about Greeks outdoors does echo the theater of ancient Greece, but Hoffmann and the Luminous Theatre cast also have learned to roll with contemporary urban situations.
"Yesterday, we had a middle school student decide she wanted to be in the play," Hoffmann said. "So, for an hour of rehearsal, she just walked around and followed everybody and copied their movements and (said) their lines after them. It was thrilling and wonderful and exciting but strange.
"I want people to stumble on to it and stay and watch — but not be in the middle of it," she said with a laugh.
The cast has also found some unexpected allies during rehearsal. The park is a hangout for some homeless men.
"They know us (now) and they know all the lyrics to all of the songs. Sometimes they sing along," she said.
In her day job as literary coordinator for the Milwaukee Repertory Theater, Hoffmann reads and reports on scripts and synopses for the Rep's artistic staff. A Grinnell College graduate, she first came to town as a Rep directing intern. On her own time, she's begun to make her mark as a freelance director. This summer, she directed Alchemist Theatre's production of "King Lear."
Directing "Lear," which featured a number of young actors, left Hoffmann with a strong sense of "how much people in this town want to work and do good work." Even though "almost everyone is coming from some kind of day job ... everyone wants to be pushed," she said.
What: "The Penelopiad"
When: 8 p.m. Wednesday through Aug. 27
Where: In the park under the Holton St. viaduct
Admission: No tickets necessary, but donations accepted ($10 suggested). A portion of proceeds go to the Milwaukee Women's Center.


text:
The Week's Winners and Losers: Fitbit Debuts, Gap Retreats
A popular pizza chain introduces a new pie that raises the bar on outrageous and a once-popular chain decides to close down stores and shave its HQ payroll.
A popular pizza chain introduces a new pie that raises the bar on outrageous and a once-popular chain decides to close down stores and shave its HQ payroll.
For the first time in more than 40 years, and perhaps ever, McDonald's says the number of U.S. restaurants it has is shrinking.
In the week that was on Wall Street, McDonald's posts another month of negative comps and Spotify upstages Apple's latest push into premium music.
Taco Bell executives are studying a strange new vocabulary emerging on this side of the border -- the lingo of its young customers.
Dunkin' Donuts saw a spike in sales after introducing its own version of the cronut, and now it hopes that chocolate chip cookies will do the same.
Subway wants to give new meaning to its 'eat fresh' slogan by joining the list of food companies to say it's dropping artificial ingredients.
The fried-chicken chain dusts off the retro charm of its deceased founder, hoping to bring back some of the brand's initial finger lickin' good appeal.
McDonald's is rolling out 'artisan' chicken, hoping to make it seem as if a chain with more than 36,000 locations can somehow mass-produce gourmet fare.
To improve the taste of its food, McDonald's is toasting its buns longer so sandwiches will be warmer and searing beef patties to make them juicier.
Plenty of stocks go up and down in any given week. Here are some of last week's best and worst performers.
Taco Bell and Pizza Hut are getting rid of artificial colors and flavors, making them the latest big food companies in the trend toward more natural food.
A Taco Bell in Chicago has applied for a liquor license, a move that would make it the first Taco Bell to serve up stronger beverages than Mountain Dew.
Domino's is making it as easy as possible to order your next pie, once you get past the initially cumbersome setup process.
There's some bad news coming for Chipotle Mexican Grill fans: Prices for some of its signature items will probably be inching higher this summer.
Some of the same workers' rights groups that have grabbed headlines by pushing companies for wage hikes are pushing the conversation toward paid sick leave.
The country's largest Italian casual-dining chain announces a new sandwich and the Blizzard royalty sends mixed signals with its latest menu move.
Carl's Jr. and Hardee's are cramming a summer cookout into one burger, adding a menu item that is made with a beef patty and topped with a split hot dog.
Based on McDonald's latest ad, it looks as though the Hamburglar settled down in the suburbs and spent the last decade perfecting his stubble.
Panera Bread joins the growing list of restaurants and food companies dropping artificial ingredients to meet customer demands for healthier foods.
McDonald's may be developing a taste for a new ingredient as it fights to reinvent itself: Kale.
McDonald's CEO Steve Easterbrook says he's stripping away layers of bureaucracy so the company can move faster to keep up with changing tastes.
Hoping to appeal to potential patrons on lunch breaks or other hurried customers, Buffalo Wild Wings introduces the B-Dubs Fast Break lunch program.
Burger King its biggest sales jump in nearly a decade in the U.S. and Canada during the first quarter, boosted by a pricier Whopper and special promotions.
Chipotle says it has completed phasing out genetically modified ingredients from its food, making it the first national fast-food chain to do so.
McDonald's is developing a new turnaround plan to improve sales and profits as it struggles to regain its footing in the competitive fast-food market.
McDonald's has many strengths that the rivals can only envy, but it will need to put them to good use to remain the world's largest restaurant chain.
Carl's Jr., Wendy's, McDonald's, Wienerschnitzel and Del Taco are all loading toppings onto fries, turning the lowly side dish into an innovative meal.
Bojangles' IPO announcement follows an impressive stream of 19 consecutive quarters of positive year-over-year comparable restaurant sales.
McDonald's introducing a trio of Sirloin Third Pound burgers starting this month, the latest sign the chain is pushing to improve perceptions of its food.
Yum Brands is counting on deliveries to keep the burritos rolling. It's also planning catering, online ordering, a loyalty program and smaller stores.


text:
Criminal Records
Search Criminal, Incarceration & Inmate Records At State Offices
How To Start Your State Criminal Records Search
Begin With State Government Offices
Each state has a different way to maintain and distribute criminal history records to the public. For most states, however, one of three government offices can generally fulfill your criminal records request: 1) the Department of Public Safety 2) the State Police Department or 3) the State Bureau of Investigation. Most states offer a few different record retrieval methods, the most common being by mail, by phone or directly from the state office website. Record search fees apply in most cases and vary depending on the information you're seeking. To search criminal records by state, select a state on this page.
Contact County Offices Directly
In the event that the state is unable to provide the criminal record you're looking for, the next place to search is the court clerk's office in the county where the crime was recorded. Similar to state offices, county court offices often maintain criminal record databases that are available for public access.
Contact The Federal Bureau Of Investigations
To search criminal records on a broader level, the Federal Bureau of Investigation offers access to FBI Identification Records, also commonly referred to as criminal history records. These records are normally associated with fingerprints obtained by the FBI and include information such as: date of arrest, arrest charge, and the disposition of the arrest. To obtain these records individuals must submit an application by mail, a set of fingerprints and payment of about $18, per request.
Select A State
to begin your criminal records search
- Alabama
- Alaska
- Arizona
- Arkansas
- California
- Colorado
- Connecticut
- Delaware
- Florida
- Georgia
- Hawaii
- Idaho
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Iowa
- Kansas
- Kentucky
- Louisiana
- Maine
- Maryland
- Massachusetts
- Michigan
- Minnesota
- Mississippi
- Missouri


text:
You are using an outdated browser. Please
upgrade your browser to improve your ReverbNation experience.
Aug 17
Aug 15
Aug 12
Jul 25
This Artist has not yet set a status.
"Update: CRIMSON GLORY Further Comment On News Of Metal Mind Productions' Upcoming Release Of 5-CD Box Set"
"CRIMSON GLORY Comment On Headling 2011 Karmøygeddon Festival"
"CRIMSON GLORY Comment On Keep It True XIV Appearance"
"CRIMSON GLORY Introduce New Vocalist; Audio Clips Available"
"Update: Vocalist Todd LaTorre To Join CRIMSON GLORY For Upcoming ProgPower USA Tribute Show To MIDNIGHT"
Be the first to ask Crimson Glory a question!
characters remaining
© 2015 eMinor Incorporated
All trademarks are the property of the respective owners. ReverbNation is not affiliated with the trademark owners.
Not listening to anything?
Try one of the ReverbNation Channels


text:
Workout Snacks: Food to Improve Your Workout Performance
Energy stems from food, hence it is important to note which food is an energy booster and which helps in building your body. Add to that the fact that muscle recovery and performance is directly related to what you eat before and after each exercise session, and you realise just how important workout snacks really are. Today we check out the best pre and post workout snacks that help workout performance, rather than make you put on or lose weight. Note that these snacks and foods are best consumed within your individual diet guidelines. Therefore, if you are following a 2000 calorie plan, then ensure that these snacks fit within the stipulated number. So without further delay, we give you the best workout snacks to improve your workout performance! Let's begin... *Images courtesy: © Thinkstock photos/ Getty Images
Workout Tips
In Focus
Monsoon Special
Exercises to Fight Constipation
Constipation is an awkward problem that a lot of...
The Ultimate Yoga Playlist to Get Into the Flow
Pick a yoga routine, and practise the postures...
See How Sushant Singh Rajput Challenges Himself for Extreme Fitness
Weight training is now passé; functional...
Editor's Pick
Across The Net
The Picky Eater Jul 02nd 2015
Attend: 'Bandish' comes to Mumbai
The Metrognome Jul 03rd 2015
5 ways to teach your children about money
The Metrognome Jul 03rd 2015
How not to fall sick as seasons change!
KBhavna's Blog May 26th 2015
Salads that replace summer Lunches
KBhavna's Blog Apr 21st 2015
ShilpsNutriLife Jun 24th 2015
Late night dinners and acidity
ShilpsNutriLife Jun 14th 2015
Shweta in the Kitchen Jun 30th 2015
Shweta in the Kitchen Jun 23rd 2015
Mathri (Whole wheat flaky biscuit)
Daily Swad Sugandh Oct 22nd 2014
Dietician Shreya Jun 13th 2015
Dietician Shreya Apr 17th 2015


text:
The Daily Beast: In the 1920s, Chaim Soutine riffed on Rembrandt's butchery.
At best, he and other dictators will draw the lesson that they need to commit their butchery in other ways.
None of which would pardon nor condone the butchery he is said to have unleashed.
"the trade of a butcher," mid-15c., bocherie, from Old French bocherie (13c., Modern French boucherie), from bochier (see butcher (n.)).


text: My boyfriend and I were staying in the nearby hotel Golden Tulip (great for the price by the way), but their menu wasn't that strong or reasonably priced, so we went to Ratatoiulle. It was empty apart from us and didn't look like it would ever get very busy. The waitress couldn't speak English and... read more


text:
Student of the Week: Zach Baumgart
What Wellness Class are you taking, and how is it going so far? Would you recommend this class to others? Why?
I am taking Spinning Class right now and it is going fantastic. I would recommend this class to others for two reasons. The first is that Jodi Gee, the instructor, is a fantastic and motivational instructor. The second is that each individual can get out of the class what he/she wants. If one puts in a lot of effort every class then one will see great results! Also, the class is very informative about spinning, flexibility, nutrition, and exercise
What positive changes are you noticing since you have started your Wellness Class? Tell us something fun about your wellness journey!
I have noticed that since I have started my Wellness Class I am more nutritionally-conscious about what I am ingesting in my body. In short, I am paying more attention to what I am eating!


text:
VIEWS: 23 PAGES: 12 POSTED ON: 2/1/2012 Public Domain
Intersatellite Links: Lower Layer Protocols for Autonomous Constellations Kerri L. Kusza, Michael A. Paluszek Princeton Satellite Systems 333 Witherspoon Street Princeton, NJ 08540 609-279-9606 email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract - In order to have autonomous formation-flying satellite constellations in low earth orbit (LEO), the satel- lites in the constellation must be able to communicate with each other directly via intersatellite links (ISLs). Current ISL implementations use lower layer link proto- cols based on existing networking protocols such as X.25 and LAP-B, which were not designed specifically for ISL use. This paper compares current and upcoming lower layer protocols in an attempt to identify a protocol for widespread ISL use such that interaction among differ- ent constellations is possible and the addition of new sat- ellites to existing constellations is simpler. 1.0 INTRODUCTION Figure 1: Conceptual depiction of autonomous constellation courtesy of the AFRL TechSat 21 (Technology Satellite of Recent advances in micro electro-mechanical systems the 21st Century) program. (MEMS) permit robust microsatellites to be built. The com- bined resources of several of these smaller, smarter satellites This paper compares and contrasts existing standards such as for applications such as distributed aperture remote sensing, X.25/LAP-B, TCP/IP, ATM, and even the wireless IEEE has significant scientific, performance and cost advantages 802.11 protocol to determine which best meets the needs of over using large, heavy, single-mission satellites. In order to the ISL lower layers for an autonomous constellation. The effectively combine the resources of autonomous, formation- comparison also includes a discussion of the upcoming Con- flying constellations of smaller satellites, the satellites must sultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) Prox- have the ability to communicate with each other. imity-1 protocol that was created specifically for proximity- range space links, and evaluates the CCSDS Proximity-1 Autonomy implies minimal dependence on ground stations stack against the X.25 stack. for communication purposes, and so intersatellite links (ISLs) must be used to allow satellites to share their individ- ISL and Low Layer Protocol Definition ual information and use their combined resources to achieve a more complex goal. Selecting the lower layer protocols for Intersatellite links are two-way communication paths use with an ISL-based communication system demands a between satellites. They have the potential to provide flexi- comparison of system requirements against the functionality bility in the space segment implementation while maintain- of existing standards. Using an existing standard is simplest ing or reducing the cost of the system's earth segment [1]. As in terms of cost and time. However, standards currently used described in Section 2, the low layer protocol choice is a key in similar applications for ISLs are based on terrestrial net- part of ISL design for autonomous constellations because it working protocols developed over a decade ago and are not must guarantee reliable transfer. Reliable transfer is critical necessarily optimized for short range space links. Modifica- for autonomous constellations from a navigation and data tions to optimize existing protocols for use in ISLs are not collection standpoint. Messages must be delivered error-free, simple and are almost always proprietary. This does not in order, no duplicates, and without added delay[2]. Addi- encourage communication with other nearby constellations tional requirements, including data rate, range and power, or simplify adding new satellites to an existing constellation. must also be considered. Autonomous constellations in gen- eral also require significant networking and multiple access This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. capability. Air Force Office of Scientific Research under Contract F29601-99-C-0029. November 21, 2000 1 Types of ISL Media and Data Rate Requirements nificantly smaller and more efficient. The first Milstar launch was in 1994. The first commercial test of onboard processing Radio frequency (RF) and Optical (laser) are the two pri- and intersatellite links was Iridium (LEO) in 1998. mary communication media for an ISL. Optical has the advantage of higher data rates, low probability of intercept, smaller size, and lower power. However, it also has much more complex acquisition and tracking, may have additional delays in converting electrical signals to optical, and is fairly new as far as flight implementation is concerned. The current advantage is with radio links for throughputs on the order of 10Mbps. Optical links may be more advantageous for throughputs at several tens of Mbps or more [3]. For the requirements of an autonomous constellation of LEO micro- satellites or nanosatellites with data rates currently on the order of 1Mbps, RF links are more than adequate. ISL Multiple Access Multiple access schemes require an additional layer in the low level stack for media access control (MAC) which is dis- cussed in the brief link layer outline in Section 2. Use of a spread spectrum link for multiple access in an autonomous constellation is desirable as spread spectrum links can pro- vide resistance to intentional jamming, mask the transmitted Figure 2: An artist's conception of TDRSS. signal in the background noise to prevent eavesdropping, provide resistance to degrading and multipath effects on the signal, and also provide range-measuring capability. The two Another well-known constellation that uses crosslinks is major types of spread-spectrum systems are direct-sequence NASA's TDRSS (Tracking and Data Relay Satellite Sys- spread spectrum (DSSS) and frequency-hop spread spectrum tem). TDRSS, also GEO, tracks and communicates with (FHSS). In DSSS, a spreading code with a rate much higher Earth-orbiting spacecraft such as the International Space Sta- than the data rate multiplies the data sequence to spread the tion (ISS) and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and trans- spectrum, and for FHSS, a synthesizer driven by a pseudo- mits their data to ground stations on Earth. It offers both random noise generator provides a carrier that changes fre- single access and multiple access support in downlinking quency in a pseudorandom manner [4]. data and can handle a variety of frequency bands, but the system is not very similar to an autonomous, formation-fly- Using the IEEE 802.11 standard as a reference (with US ing constellation in terms of data rate, power consumption, standards requiring < 1W of RF power), current implementa- or size. tions of FHSS achieve rates only up to 1-2Mbps. Current implementations of DSSS can achieve rates up to Out of the multitude of commercial satellites currently on 11Mbps[5]. FHSS will get faster when the cost of using an orbit or the design table, only a handful have ISLs as equalization circuit to reduce inter-symbol interference (ISI) opposed to a bent-pipe or demod/remod approach. Within at higher data rates goes down. FHSS should be used where that handful, some are GEO constellations, some are LEO it is desirable to avoid high power, narrow band interference constellations and a few are in-between and will be referred and the lower data rate of a few Mbps is acceptable [3]. Sec- to as MEO (medium earth orbit) constellations [6]. tion 3 will discuss IEEE 802.11 in more detail. Most of the broadband constellations such as Spaceway ISL Constellations and Low Layer Protocols (Hughes) and V-Stream (PanAmSat) are GEO and in general have power, mass, and data rate requirements that exceed the When considering ISL low layer protocols for autonomous range currently required by an autonomous LEO constella- constellations, it is useful to briefly discuss existing non- tion. The MEO and LEO constellations have more similar autonomous satellite constellations that have successfully requirements and some relevant commercial constellations used crosslinks. are listed in Table 1. Most of these constellations do not use ISLs, and those that do are further detailed in Table 2. Milstar was the first geostationary (GEO) constellation to use intersatellite links and onboard processing to get a short It is interesting to note that out of the fixed constellations that message to strategic bomber pilots and missile commanders use ISLs, only Iridium has actually made it to launch and during a nuclear war. The original spacecraft were initially operation. large and consumed a lot of power, but new designs are sig- November 21, 2000 2 TABLE 1. Constellations in LEO/MEO Corporate Orbit, Altitude, Constellation Sponsor Number of Sats Mass ISL Operation Ellipso Boeing, Lockheed, MEO, 7000km 17 sats 500 kg No 2002* L3 Comm, Harris elliptical, equatorial Globalstar Qualcomm, Alca- LEO, 1410km, 48 sats 450kg No 1999 tel Iridium Motorola LEO, 780km, 66 sats 700kg Yes 1998 Leo One DaimlerChrysler LEO, 950km, 48 sats 192kg No 2003* Aero, Lockheed Orblink Orbital Sciences MEO, 9000km, 7 sats 1360kg Yes 2002* Skybridge Alcatel LEO, 1500km, 80 sats 1250kg No 2002* Teledesic ICO, Motorola, LEO, 700km, 288? sats 771kg Yes 2005* Lockheed, Boeing The (*) indicates operational date based on projections in November 2000. TABLE 2. Constellations with ISLs ISL ISL Data Connection ISL Constellation type ISL band Rate Description Protocols Iridium RF 22.55- 25 Mbps 4 per satellite Motorola proprietary 23.55GHz 2 intra-plane ATM-like switching 2 inter-plane Orblink RF 65.0- 15 Gbps 2 per satellite Proprietary simple 71.0GHz 2 intra-plane switching Teledesic RF 60GHz 155 Mbps 8 per satellite Teledesic proprietary Permanent and ATM-like switching dynamic links Other Formation-Flying Constellations • TechSat 21 (AFOSR) autonomous cluster of formation- flying microsatellites that operate cooperatively to per- Commercial LEO constellations are not the best comparison form the function of a larger, single satellite. The satel- to an autonomous formation-flying constellation, but it is lites will share data processing, payload, and mission interesting to note that most do not use ISLs, and of those functions via RF ISLs. that do, it is clear from the above table that there is no stan- dard non-proprietary protocol. However, programs do exist The NMP ST5, SNAP-1, and TechSat 21 programs are dis- to develop autonomous, formation-flying constellations with cussed in detail in Section 4 because they use RF ISLs for ISLs, such as: formation-flying constellations and are similar enough to • NASA's New Millennium Program Space Technology 5 make a comparison of their lower layer protocol choices. (NMP ST5) with RF ISLs. • Surrey Satellite Technology (SSTL) just launched the 2.0 BRIEF NETWORKING OVERVIEW (Surrey Nanosatellite Applications Platform) SNAP-1 This section considers standard lower layer protocols or pro- and Tsinghua-1 with RF ISLs [6], [7]. tocol combinations for use with ISLs on an autonomous for- mation-flying constellation. A brief overview of the OSI November 21, 2000 3 Application Layer Manages user interface to network. File access and (Messages) transfer, virtual terminal. Application Programming Presentation Format conversion, data encryption, compression and (Format of Data) expansion. Session Establishes, maintains and synchronizes dialog between (Dialog Btwn Apps) communicating applications on remote computers. Transport Sequencing, acknowledgment, flow control. Message (Segments) multiplexing. Fragmentation and reassembly. Network Creates and routes packets (also called datagrams). Net- (Packets, Datagrams) work-wide logical addressing. Data Link Creates frames, encapsulates packets or data. Physical (Frames) address management. Error checking / retransmission. Physical Layer Transmits a bit stream that meets physical and electrical (Bits) interface requirements between user and network Figure 3: The OSI reference model. Although current communication networks do not explicitly follow this model, it is a good reference for understanding what is needed to make communication work. This paper is prima- rily concerned with the functions of the unshaded lower layers in this figure. model and description of lower layer functionality is fol- Logical Link Control and Media Access Control lowed by a discussion of the protocols[10]. Logical link control (LLC) is a subclass of HDLC (high level The OSI Reference Model data link control)1 that is often used as the link layer protocol in local area networks (LANs). LANs typically have rela- The ISO (International Standards Organization) created the tively short, low BER links that operate at high bit rates. OSI model to define a common way to connect processes. It Errors are relatively infrequent and the round trip time (RTT) is not necessarily a followed model in communication net- is fast. It is acceptable for these networks to operate in con- works, but it serves well as a basic guide for what needs to nectionless, best-try mode where all retransmission and flow happen in order for communication to be successful. The control functions, if needed, are left to a higher protocol OSI model has seven layers and is outlined in Figure 3. layer. LLC can be used whenever error detection, correction, and sequencing are either unnecessary or implemented by a Lower Layer Functionality higher layer and do not need to be replicated in the lower The lower three layers of the OSI model, the network, data layers. LLC is used to initiate transfer with minimum over- link, and physical layers, are of primary concern in this head (each additional layer adds headers with bits in addition paper, since they have the largest role to play when it comes to the information to be transferred). If run in a connection- to reliable and efficient communication via ISL. Many of the oriented mode instead, LLC is similar to HDLC except fram- standard protocols such as X.25 / LAP-B, ATM, TCP/IP, and ing and error detection are done in the MAC sublayer. As IEEE 802.11 cover all or parts of these three layers within shown in Figure 4, the MAC layer controls resource sharing, their protocol definitions, and the boundaries between these collision avoidance, and interface with the physical layer. layers get blurred. It is simpler to group the three lower lay- ers together when attempting to compare protocol stacks for ISLs. The next section briefly covers some important consid- 1. To help clarify, a connection-oriented LLC is most similar to erations of lower layer functionality such as connection-ori- IEEE 802.2, the IEEE version of HDLC. HDLC was originally ented vs. connectionless, error control, flow control, the role called SDLC by IBM, and renamed HDLC when ISO made a standard out of it. There is also the ITU-T version of HDLC of the LLC (logical link control) and MAC sublayers, the called link access protocol, or LAP, and balanced mode is LAP- space channel environment before going through the previ- B. IEEE 802.3 is a MAC layer for bus networks, 802.4 is a MAC ously listed protocols in further detail. The X.25/LAP-B and layer for token bus networks, and 802.5 is a MAC layer for IEEE 802.11 protocols are covered in more depth than ATM token ring networks. IEEE 802.11 is the MAC and physical lay- and TCP/IP as they are better fits for an autonomous forma- ers for a wireless network and is discussed in further detail later tion-flying constellation. in this paper. November 21, 2000 4 Data Link Data Link Layer LLC MAC MAC Physical Layer Physical Physical Layer Figure 4a: In a low BER and high bit rate LAN Figure 4b: In a multiple access system such as a such as an Ethernet, often the data link layer wireless network, a MAC layer is implemented has LLC and MAC sublayers. The LLC is typi- to control shared access of the communications cally connectionless to avoid setup overhead, medium, collision avoidance between users, and and the MAC ensures that the link is used to interface with the physical layer such as in fairly, as well as interfacing with the physical IEEE 802.11. layer. Causes of Error in the Space Channel called LAP-B (balanced link access procedure) that is based on the asynchronous balanced mode (ABM) of HDLC [12], There are several different kinds of error that need to be con- [13]. sidered and corrected for in order to ensure the desired BER and positioning accuracy specified for an autonomous con- In addition to ABM, there are two other modes of HDLC, stellation. The first kind are bit errors. Single and double bit normal response mode (NRM) and asynchronous response errors are usually simple to correct for using CRC codes. mode (ARM). NRM involves a master-slave relationship However, burst errors, where many bits are corrupted at between users, the master commands and the slave(s) once, may not be corrected by CRC codes and occur more respond. ARM also uses a master-slave relationship, but the frequently than single bit errors. Depending on the burst slaves are effectively allowed to talk without being spoken to length, FEC should be able to help with recovery and avoid first. ABM is the democratic process where each user has an retransmissions. Bit slips may occur, where bits are lost due equal status and may both command or respond. There are to variations in the respective clock rates of the transmitter also three non-operational modes of HDLC that deal with and receiver. There is also the possibility that an entire disconnecting and initialization. packet is lost due to incorrect addressing, or hardware error because of electrical interference or thermal noise. In this HDLC uses a flag to signal the start and end of a frame case, it is necessary to either retransmit or ignore the lost (01111110) and bit-stuffing to avoid a repeat of that packet. The possibility of link failure, due to a damaged or sequence in the rest of the frame. HDLC uses continuous RQ out of range spacecraft, also must be designed for. Space link with reject (go-back-n), selective reject, and multi-selective designs also have to consider variable RTTs, increased noise reject options. The information to be sent is encapsulated in or bursts of noise, limited bandwidth, single event upsets, a variable length frame called an I-frame. HDLC can also spacecraft antenna obscurations, limited processing power, use the I-frame to piggyback acknowledgments in the other program memory, and data buffering, and sometimes the for- direction for its RQ functions. HDLC uses unnumbered ward and return links are not symmetric [1], [11]. frames (U-frames) to set up and tear down a link, and super- visory frames (S-frames) for error and flow control. Recall also that HDLC uses CRC-CCITT as a frame check 3.0 EXISTING LOWER LAYER OPEN PROTOCOLS sequence (FCS) for error checking. The send window of HDLC has been extended from 3 bits (can send 7 frames at a HDLC and X.25 time) to 7 bits (can send 127) for long range links. In gen- eral, HDLC assumes a fairly reliable link and focuses more The high-level data link control on flow control than error control. (HDLC) protocol is designed for the X.25 data link layer, to perform synchro- LAP-B is used to control I-frames being sent across a nous or asynchronous, code-transpar- packet-switched network, such as an X.25 network. As men- LAP-B ent transmission. It has been used tioned previously, LAP-B is HDLC ABM, and treats all I- primarily for higher bit rate, long range Physical X.21 frames as though they were command frames. LAP-B could links such as ground-space satellite not handle multiple physical links until the addition of the links or multiplexed circuit networks. multilink procedure (MLP) extension. MLP treats a set of X.25 The X.25 packet-switched network single link procedures as though they were a pool of links to layer protocol runs on a data link layer transfer user frames over. It has its own sequence numbers, November 21, 2000 5 Transport TCP ATM AAL IP or X.25 Network Network X.25 IP ATM AAL PPP or IEEE LLC 802.2 ATM Data Link LAP-B 802.X MAC 802.11 Physical Physical Physical X.21 Physical Physical 802.11 OSI Model X.25 TCP/IP ATM IEEE 802.11 Figure5: Possible lower layer protocol stacks for an ISL, taken from the pool of existing commercial standards. IEEE 802.2 is the IEEE modified version of HDLC. and if a link goes down, it will simply continue using the transfer. Another goal was not only to interconnect networks reduced set of links in its pool. with the same or compatible architectures, but to connect networks that were physically different. The ITU-T X.25 standard specifies X.21 at the physical layer and LAP-B at the data link layer. X.25 functions primarily at In TCP/IP the transport layer is providing the reliable end-to- the network layer. The basic strategy behind X.25 is to allo- end data transfer, and TCP is connection-oriented even cate buffer space to a "virtual circuit" on initialization, then though its IP is connectionless. IP can run over X.25, ATM, use the sliding window algorithm for flow control to keep the IEEE 802.2 and a number of other lower layers. It has been sender from overrunning the allocated buffers. The initial set said that IP can run over two tin cans and a piece of string up of the virtual circuit can be rejected by the sender if they [8]. know that there won't be enough buffers allocated to them. If this happens, or if a virtual circuit cannot be set up (due to Although the TCP/IP combination is in fact a reliable com- heavy loading) then a clear-request control packet goes back munication protocol stack, it is intended to connect and run to the sender, explaining why a connection could not be over many different physical networks with their own exist- established. ing lower layer protocols. Here it is not currently considered as a stand-alone candidate lower layer protocol stack for use X.25 and LAP-B can certainly work over intersatellite links in an autonomous constellation in this paper, but it may be for an autonomous formation-flying constellation, and there considered at the internetworking level for a more advanced currently are versions of HDLC being flown on some con- formation-flying constellation. stellations designed with ISLs (such as SNAP-1). The ques- tion is whether or not there will ever be a common ATM implementation widely used enough that it will be standard when the goal is to have different kinds of satellites from dif- Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM AAL ferent clusters or even missions easily interact, or whether a (ATM), or cell-switching, is IP or X.25 protocol designed specifically for intersatellite or wireless used primarily for broadband multiservice networks and ser- ATM AAL links would work better. vices such as voice, images, ATM TCP/IP data, video, and videoconfer- encing. ATM uses a packet TCP/IP is a two-protocol stack that has transfer mode based on asyn- Physical taken over 30 years to evolve. The net- chronous time division multi- TCP work layer protocol is called the Inter- plexing. User information is ATM net Protocol (IP) and the transport transported in fixed-length layer is called Transport Control Proto- IP blocks, called ATM cells. Each col (TCP). The two protocols are fairly PPP or IEEE cell is 48 bytes long plus 5 bytes intuitive and public domain - there are 802.X of header for a total of 53 bytes. A cell is a hybrid of digi- no licensing fees for using them. The tized voice transmission slots and variable length, multi- ISO has created standards based on Physical plexed data frames. It is much easier to implement switches them, however [14]. and hardware for fixed length cells, since everything is uni- TCP/IP form. No error control is performed on cells, and no The primary purpose of the TCP/IP sequence numbers are required for retransmission [8], [9]. combination was to build an intercon- nection of networks that provided worldwide information November 21, 2000 6 Start Header End Flag Address Control Information FCS Flag 8 8/16 8/16 Variable Length 16/32 8 Figure 6: HDLC Standard / Extended frame format [13] With ATM, it is not simple to implement things like broad- for DSSS, 1 Mbps using BPSK (binary PSK) or 2 Mbps cast or multicast due to its connection-oriented and switched using QPSK (quadrature PSK). nature. It does not behave the same as a shared-media LAN. This is currently still a problem and attempts at resolving it In terrestrial systems, DSSS works reliably at greater dis- involve either a revision of the protocols or developing an tances than FHSS (150m vs. 250m for a reliable link at ATM LAN "emulation." For this reason, ATM will not be 1Mbps) but keep in mind these terrestrial transmitters are further discussed in this paper, since simple use of broadcast operating at very low power, for example 30mW is used for and multicast methods is necessary for an autonomous con- the 802.11 compatible WaveLAN card. The US 802.11 spec- stellation. ifies a maximum RF power level of 1W. How well 802.11 would scale up to the 10km range required by an autono- IEEE 802.11 mous constellation has not yet been determined. Wireless LANs are becoming more The MAC layer for 802.11 has frames with sequence control popular in the US and Europe, and Network and retry fields to help minimize interference since the RF as demand for products has grown, components are omnidirectional. The sequence control fields standards have been developed to LLC 802.2 work with type, subtype, duration, and fragmentation fields ensure that they are interoperable. MAC 802.11 that are concerned with reliability. Carrier sense multiple The US wireless LAN standard is Physical access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) is used to avoid known as IEEE 802.11 [5], [15]. potential confusion between detecting collisions and noise. 802.11 The MAC layer also handles acknowledgments in 802.11. IEEE 802.11 allows for three differ- Because there is an interframe spacing period of 50 micro- IEEE 802.11 ent kinds of physical layers, includ- seconds for all users, the receiver can do a quick 32-bit CRC ing direct sequence spread spectrum check and send back an ACK in 10 microseconds, while the (DSSS) and frequency hopping medium is still free. The MAC layer also supports "hidden" spread spectrum (FHSS) which were described earlier. The users that are not within range of their intended recipient but third kind of physical layer is the infrared. Infrared is not can see someone in between. considered here due to range restrictions. It is also seldom used for wireless terrestrial LANs for the same reason. IEEE 802.11 uses fragmentation to deal with high RF inter- ference conditions to allow faster sending and receiving. FHSS breaks up the total bandwidth into frequency channels Regular beacons (~ every100 milliseconds) are sent to every and takes pseudorandom "hops" from channel to channel user in range that includes a timestamp, traffic map, and sup- after a predetermined time interval has elapsed. For 802.11, ported data rates. the time interval is < 300ms. As mentioned earlier, this alle- viates any collision avoidance issues as the signal is trans- IEEE 802.11 has many features that the autonomous constel- mitted on any one given frequency only for a very short lations could make good use of, but it remains to be deter- amount of time. The channel bandwidth is 1MHz, and FHSS mined whether or not IEEE 802.11 can adequately scale up avoids repeat use of a channel if at all possible. FHSS uses to the desired power and range requirements. The 802.11 Gaussian FSK (frequency shift keying) to modulate the sig- standard specifies operation in the ISM unlicensed 2.4 GHz nals. FHSS operates in either a 1Mbps or a 2Mbps mode. band, in which the FCC limits output power to 1 Watt. The 802.11 MAC protocol can probably be used, but the physical Instead of dividing the bandwidth into channels, DSSS layer would at least need to be adapted to a different fre- spreads the signal across the entire bandwidth, which quency and to be compliant in transmitting at higher power increases bandwidth utilization. The signal modulation is levels. based on PSK (phase shift keying) and is fed to a spreader chip which then multiples the signal with a pseudorandom signal called a chip sequence, which is based on the eleven- 4.0 CCSDS LOWER LAYER PROTOCOLS chip Barker sequence. IEEE 802.11 specifies two data rates CCSDS Proximity-1 November 21, 2000 7 Interfaces btwn transceiver and on-board data sys- I/O Sublayer tem and their applications. Routing, segmentation. Defines expedited and sequence controlled data Data Link Data Services Sublayer services like frame ordering and accept/reject. Frame synchronization, delimiting, FEC and/or Frame Sublayer CRC codes. Defines how session established, maintained, and MAC Sublayer terminated - bridges physical and data link layers. Physical Specifications for optimizing link reception and Physical Layer symbol acquisition. Figure 7: The CCSDS Proximity-1 protocol stack [11]. The CCSDS Proximity-1 protocol is There are also two grades of service (sequence controlled based on the CCSDS telecommand IP, CCDS or and expedited) that determine how reliably service data units frame and is intended for cross-support SCPS-NP (SDUs) are sent. One is more connection-oriented, and the purposes on proximity links. Proximity Data Link other is essentially connectionless. Each grade must be links are defined as being short range, bi- accessed through their own service access point (SAP). Prox-1 directional, fixed or mobile radio links to communicate among landers, rovers, Physical The Sequence Controlled service grade ensures that data is orbiting constellations, and orbiting Prox-1 reliably transferred across the space link and delivered in relays. Proximity links have short time order, without gaps, errors, or duplications within a commu- delays, moderate (not weak) signals, and Prox-1 nication session. Making sure there are no duplications short, independent sessions [11],[16]. between the termination and initiation of a session is a responsibility that is left to a higher layer. The Sequence With respect to the OSI Model, Proximity-1 (Prox-1) func- Controlled service is based on a go-back-n type of ARQ. The tionality corresponds to the Physical and Data Link layers. Prox-1 version of an acknowledgment, or "standard report" However, the Prox-1 data link functionality is broken up into from the receiving end to the sending end is called a proxim- not two, but four sublayers, the frame sublayer, MAC sub- ity link control word (PLCW). layer, data services sublayer, and an Input/Output sublayer as shown in Figure 7. Expedited service is essentially connectionless and intended for use either with higher level protocols that provide their Prox-1 supports both synchronous and asynchronous modes own retransmission features, or in exigent circumstances of communication. For synchronous links, the Prox-1 frame such as spacecraft recovery. Expedited SDUs are sent with- is fixed length, and frames are transmitted continuously for out ARQ, and they are sent independently of Sequence Con- the duration of the session. The fixed length frames are use- trolled SDUs. When using expedited service, it is possible to ful in weaker signal environments as FEC block-coding deliver portions of SDUs that are greater than the maximum (Reed Solomon) can then be used for the added coding gain. frame size allowed for the link. Asynchronous links have variable-length frames, and are intended for use on links with short time delays, moderate In the most recent version of the CCSDS Red Book for Prox- signal strength, and short session duration. Prox-1 also uses 1, Issue 2, the physical layer focuses on use on Mars, since the virtual channel approach to communication links, how- its first implementation was on Mars Observer '01. In an ever, fixed and variable length frames cannot be multiplexed upcoming version, there should be an addendum that out- on the same channel. lines a physical layer suitable for use on Earth with fre- quency bands near 26GHz pending FCC approval. Prox-1 Two types of data services are provided - one that accepts supports many data rates, currently between 2kbps and and delivers packets, and one that accepts and delivers user- 2Mbps. It also allows for convolutional coding (1/2 con- defined data. In the first, packets that are delivered are of a straint length 7 Viterbi) for FEC and specifies a link with standard format, such as CCSDS source packets, SCPS BER <10-6 for both coded and uncoded links. It also allows packets, IP packets, encapsulation packets, etc. In the sec- for Doppler tracking. ond, the data transmitted does not have to be recognized by the Prox-1 protocol as a standard packet, but just the user's The frame sublayer accepts frames from higher layers, adds data. the PLCW data to complete the frame, forms a status report November 21, 2000 8 and includes it in the frame, determines the order of trans- May 1999, and as mentioned in the previous section, can run mission, and forms the proximity link transmission units over Prox-1 [17]. (PLTUs) to be sent. On the receiving end, the frame layer delimits the PLTU, performs FEC or error detection, verifies CCSDS AOS that it is error free, verifies that it was sent by an acknowl- edged user, and routes it to a higher layer. CCSDS extended its previous space/ground and ground/ space link recommendations to reflect the needs of the The frame structure includes an attached synchronization Advanced Orbiting Systems (AOS) of the 1990s and beyond, marker (ASM) that is 24 bits long when only CRC is used providing a more diverse and flexible set of data handling for error detection, and 32 bits long when Reed Solomon services. These services are intended for uses such as FEC is used. Since Reed Solomon codes are block codes, manned and man-tended space stations, unmanned space they can only be used with fixed length frames. The Prox-1 platforms, free-flying spacecraft, and any other spacecraft 32-bit CRC can be used with both fixed and variable length needing services to concurrently transmit multiple digital frames. data types such as audio and video. However, the AOS proto- cols are not intended for space-space links, as the Prox-1 The MAC sublayer is responsible for establishing, maintain- protocol is [18]. ing, and terminating a session. Prox-1 defines away channel contention for single links by using a hailing frequency and a check before allocating channel resources. With multiple 5.0 AUTONOMOUS CONSTELLATIONS AND ISLS links, a collision avoidance approach is taken, where the New Millennium Program ST5 hailing transmit time is staggered to try to avoid contention. NASA's Space Technology 5 (ST5) mission, called "The The data service sublayer exists to control the order of the Nanosat Constellation Trailblazer" is the fourth deep space user data to be transferred, including commands (directives) mission in NASA's New Millennium Program. ST5 is slated that are to be transmitted within one session. Expedited ser- as a secondary launch in 2003 and plans to fly a constellation vice ensures delivery of frames in the order that they are of three nanosatellites (21.5kg each) at about a 200km by received from a higher layer, but there is no error checking. 36,000km altitude to monitor the magnetosphere. The data service sublayer is responsible for ensuring the reli- ability of the sequence controlled data. Like TechSat 21, the spacecraft will be used to test the "vir- tual satellite" concept of operating a constellation as a single The Input/Output sublayer will determine how to integrate system. The ST5 satellites will attempt to perform coordi- received packets into the frames with functions such as seg- nated movements, communication, and scientific observa- menting, etc. to interface with the lower sublayer using two tions of the magnetosphere as if they were a single larger queues, one for expedited and one for sequence controlled. spacecraft. This includes the goal of having the spacecraft autonomously stay in contact with each other, share informa- The Prox-1 protocol seems like a very good fit to the needs tion, and reconfiguring onboard instruments and systems to of the lower layers in an autonomous constellation, which behave as a single unit. The mission is managed by NASA's isn't surprising since it was specifically designed for such Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) in Greenbelt, Mary- ISLs. The protocol has not yet become an approved CCSDS land. standard but is currently in stable Red Book phase. It is the only protocol being considered for use by spacecraft JPL is working on the miniature spacecraft communications involved in the Mars Network, and is the primary protocol system that provides the capability to communicate between being considered by the New Millennium Program ST5 con- spacecraft and determine the positions of spacecraft relative stellation, which is discussed in Section 5. to each other and the ground using GPS, which is very simi- lar to the TechSat 21 ISL communications approach. The CCSDS SCPS data rate for ST5 will be lower, however, because it does not The SCPS protocol stack is the "space equivalent" of TCP/IP currently include transferring a great amount of payload and was designed with the goal of extending internet connec- data. For a scenario where data is transferred in order to do tivity into space. In addition to the error-protected, parallel processing using constellation resources, the data sequenced data streams with real time acquisition and quick rate would significantly increase. look analysis of the standard CCSDS protocols, it also sup- With respect to a lower layer protocol selection for this ports automatic, real-time retransmission to provide com- project, sources at JPL report that they started out not con- plete and best-effort data streams and reliable file transfer. sidering any options other than the CCSDS Proximity-1 The SCPS protocol stack begins at the network layer, as does specification. This was chosen due to some similar work TCP/IP, so although it remains a contender as a higher layer being done at JPL on the Mars Network cross-links where protocol, it is not a complete lower layer protocol. The SCPS Proximity-1 is required. They have recently started consider- Network Protocol (SCPS-NP) went CCSDS Blue Book in November 21, 2000 9 The SNAP-1 and Tsinghua-1 ISLs are RF, with a 9.6kbps data rate. SNAP-1 uses an HDLC controller implemented in a FPGA for communication at close range, as well as for the synchronous uplink and downlink. The electrical power con- sumption of the ISL RF system is on the order of 400 mW. There is currently no goal for SNAP-1 to communicate with any other spacecraft than Tsinghua-1. The GPS ranging on SNAP-1 will be accurate only to about 15 meters. TechSat 21 As described earlier, TechSat 21 is the autonomous forma- Figure 8: Artist's conception of ST5 ing using the MAC layer of IEEE 802.11, but have not as of the writing of this paper done a thorough evaluation on it[19]. The data rate that ST5 will be using is low, only about 1kbps at the moment, and they are looking at using the S frequency band. The spacecraft are power limited, with the transceiver at less than 10W, including the baseband processor and RF power electronics. The maximum ranges they are designing to vary between 100 to 10,000km, depending on mission configuration and life-cycle. Figure 9: The Surrey SNAP-1 satellite. SSTL SNAP-1 and Tsinghua-1 tion-flying constellation being developed by AFOSR for remote sensing applications and currently has a test flight The Surrey Nanosatellite Applications Platform (SNAP) is a demo scheduled for 2003 and plans to have an operational flexible commercial 6.5kg nanosatellite platform aimed at cluster by 2005. The microsatellites will be in close proxim- providing access to space at a reasonable cost. SNAP func- ity clusters, with the possibility of 40 clusters in orbit at a tionality includes formation flying, inter-spacecraft commu- time. One of the goals of this program is to be able to easily nications, on-board navigation, propulsion, and machine interchange single satellites and thus be able to vary the vision for remote inspection. The Tsinghua-1 microsatellite capabilities of the cluster[20]. is a joint venture between Tsinghua University in China and SSTL. Tsinghua-1 carries a camera capable of 39 meter res- olution images in three spectral bands and is designed to be a 6.0 SUMMARY prototype for a future Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) proposed by SSTL, a network of five small satellites Recap to monitor natural and man-made disasters. First, a description of ISL functionality was given, and it was Both SNAP-1 and Tsinghua-1 were launched from the shown that the ISL designs for current GEO and LEO broad- Plesetsk Cosmodrome into a 650km sun-synchronous orbit band or mobile communications networks are not similar on June 28, 2000. The recent update is that most of the sys- enough to the requirements for an autonomous formation- tems have already been tested successfully, although there is flying constellation that their lower layer protocols be con- no itemized list currently available, and it is not known sidered for comparison. This was followed by a brief over- whether the ISL has yet been tested [7]. view of the networking principles necessary to compare lower layer protocols against each other. Then, a detailed The primary goals of the SNAP-1 mission included demon- summary of existing and upcoming protocol standards were strating an intersatellite communication channel between the presented: two satellites, experimenting with GPS ranging between the two satellites, and demonstrating formation flying. SNAP-1 It was concluded that ATM did not adequately support multi- is currently doing earth observing with four sub-miniature ple access, TCP/IP and SCPS were too high up the protocol CMOS cameras. stack to be considered as a lower layer protocol, AOS was not intended for space-space links, and that the IEEE 802.11 physical layer would need to be entirely revamped to meet November 21, 2000 10 physical layer requirements. Both X.25/LAP-B and CCSDS- Prox-1 offers two grades of service, one with fixed length Proximity-1 remained as possible options for the ISL lower frames and the other expedited with variable length frames. layer protocol, and the possibility of using the IEEE 802.11 All HDLC frames are variable length. This means that no MAC layer was also acknowledged. block coding can be used with FEC in HDLC to reduce the bit error rate. If there are ranging requirements, for example Three similar missions that have been or are being designed that satellite position information be sent with a bit error rate were described. The requirements of the NMP ST5 space- less than 10-12, then high performance block codes such as craft more closely match those of TechSat 21 in terms of the Reed-Solomon codes would be beneficial in attempting power, range, and multiple access. However, since all three to achieve this, especially at greater distances with lower programs have come to the conclusion that either some ver- SNR. sion of HDLC (SNAP-1) or CCSDS Proximity-1 (ST5) should be used, this paper will conclude with a comparison HDLC uses modes - it has three operational modes, the of the two. mode of choice for ISLs being ABM. In addition it has three non-operational modes for disconnecting and initialization. X.25/LAP-B vs. CCSDS Prox-1 Proximity-1 is modeless, telemetry, command and ranging/ timing services can all take place concurrently without It is evident that Proximity-1 was designed specifically for scheduling or switching modes by mission operations. Prox- close-range space-space links, where X.25 was created 1 was also designed with the realization that the forward and almost 30 years ago with terrestrial networks in mind. How- return links may not be symmetrical, where HDLC was ever, there are existing commercial parts, experience, and designed for symmetric links. support for an X.25 or HDLC system where there are no commercial parts or support for Prox-1 yet available, Added bonuses for Prox-1 include the fact that since Prox-1 although that should change as Prox-1 becomes an approved can carry CCSDS frames in its packets, it should be possible CCSDS standard (blue book). There have been recent talks to communicate directly with a CCSDS ground station as with NASA GSFC about manufacturing chips, and Prox-1 backup. Also, if it is desirable at some point to talk to other has been implemented already on the Mars Surveyor 2001 autonomous spacecraft near to the constellation, it would be Orbiter. Prox-1 has also been baselined by ESA for the Mars prudent to choose a protocol that other agencies are likely to Express MARESS transceiver and Beagle II lander for their use. CCSDS is prevalent in ground/space communications, 2003 mission. However, commercial parts are not the same and Prox-1 will be a CCSDS standard that is intended for as specific flight hardware, which would probably still need space-space communication and supported by both national to be procured in either case. and international agencies. However, Prox-1 is currently still in Red Book stage and HDLC has decades of commercial The HDLC-based X.25 protocol depends on a specific eight- production and existing engineering expertise, even though it bit sequence to determine the start and end of a frame, and to was not intended for use on intersatellite links. An experi- ensure it is not repeated, it uses the technique of bit-stuffing mental comparison of two similar implemented systems on the rest of the data. This could be problematic given that including a cost estimate is needed to determine whether the in low SNR environments, cycle slips can occur at the benefits built into Prox-1 will outweigh the availability of receiver, which show up as one or more bit slips in the data. existing standards such as HDLC or IEEE 802.11. This could cause an HDLC frame to be interpreted as two separate shorter frames or a long frame could be split into two shorter frames. This should not happen with Proximity- 7.0 REFERENCES 1, as there is an attached synchronization marker (ASM) that is either 24 or 32 bits long, depending whether block coding [1] Jacobs, I.M., Binder, R., Hoversten E.V. "General Pur- is used or not. This allows for more reliable synchronization pose Packet Satellite Networks," Proceedings of the IEEE, and advance knowledge of frame length, as the probability of vol. 66, no. 11, pp. 1448-1467, 1978. error in the frame length field is very low. [2] Bertsekas, D. and Gallager, R. Data Networks, 2nd edi- Recall that HDLC uses a 16-bit CRC check called CRC- tion, Prentice Hall, 1992. CCITT, and from the discussion of CRC checks that this CRC can protect against all single, double, and odd bit errors [3] Maral, G., Bousquet, M. Satellite Communications Sys- plus burst layers that are shorter than the degree of the poly- tems, 3rd edition, Wiley, 1998. nomial, which is 16 in this case, provided no other errors occur within the frame. Prox-1's CRC may be able to protect [4] Ziemer, R.E and Tranter, W.H. Principles of Communica- up to 32 bit long burst lengths. The FEC option that Prox-1 tions, Systems, Modulation and Noise, 3rd edition, Boston: provides can correct still more errors, possibly up to multiple Houghton Mifflin, 1990. packet errors. However, a longer CRC or use of FEC increases the amount of overhead. November 21, 2000 11 TABLE 3: Basic Requirements for Formation Flying Constellations ISL: TechSat 21 NMP ST5 SSTL SNAP-1 Power <15 W <10W ~ 400mW Range ~ 10km 100-10,000km ? Data Rate 0.1-2Mbps ~ 1kbps 9.6kbps Band Ku-band? S-band S-band S/C Mass ~ 120kg Micro ~ 21.5kg Nano 6.5kg Nano Multi Access? Yes Yes No Altitude 700km 200-35,000km 650km Protocol ? Prox-1 HDLC [5] Welch, J. (1999) "Wireless Networking and the AirPort, control (HDLC) procedures - Elements of procedures. Inter- IEEE 802.11", MacTech vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 14-32, Decem- national Standard, ISO/IEC 4335-1. 5th ed. Geneva: ISO ber 1999. 1993. [6] Wood, L. Correspondence with Lloyd Wood at Univer- [14] Murhammer, M. et al. (1989) TCP/IP Tutorial and sity of Surrey regarding existing LEO/GEO constellations Technical Overview, 6th edition, Prentice Hall. and SNAP-1, June-July, 2000. [15] Lough, D., Blankenship, K., Krizman, K. (1997) A [7] Salvignol, J. Correspondence with Jerome Salvignol at Short Tutorial on Wireless LANs and IEEE 802.11, Virginia Surrey Satellite Technology Limited, July 21, 2000. Polytechnic Institute and State University. [8] Peterson, L., Davie, B. (1996) Computer Networks, a [16] Kazz, G. Correspondence with Greg Kazz at JPL Systems Approach, Morgan Kaufmann. regarding CCSDS Proximity-1, July 10, 2000. [9] Halsall, F. (1996) Data Communications, Computer Net- [17] Space Communications Protocol Specification (SCPS) - works, and Open Systems, 4th edition, Addison Wesley. Network Protocol (SCPS-NP), Recommendation for Space Data System Standards, CCSDS 713.0-B-1. Blue Book. [10] Information Technology - Open Systems Interconnec- Issue 1. Washington, D.C., CCSDS, May 1999. Adopted as tion - Basic Reference Model: The Basic Model. Interna- ISO/DIS 15893. tional Standard, ISO/IEC 7498-1. 2nd ed. Geneva: ISO 1994. [18] Advanced Orbiting Systems, Networks and Data Links: Architectural Specification, Recommendation for Space 11] Proximity-1 Space Link Protocol, Recommendation for Data System Standards, CCSDS 701.0-B-2. Blue Book. Space Data System Standards, CCSDS 211.0-R-2. Red Issue 1. Washington, D.C., CCSDS, November 1992, Recon- Book. Issue 2. Washington, D.C., CCSDS, January 2000. firmed June 1998. Adopted as ISO 13420:1997. [12] X.25 Recommendation (10/96) Interface between Data [19] Farrington, A. Correspondence with Allen Farrington at Terminal Equipment (DTE) and Data Circuit-terminating JPL regarding NMP ST5, July 17, 2000. Equipment (DCE) for terminals operating in the packet mode and connected to public data networks by dedicated [20] Zetocha, Paul (2000) TechSat-21 Command, Control, circuit, ITU-T. and Communications Planning Document, Version 1.03, June 6, 2000. Draft. [13] Information Technology - Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - High level data link November 21, 2000 12
Pages to are hidden for
"Intersatellite Links Lower Layer Protocols for Autonomous "Please download to view full document


text:
Thanks for redeeming.{{else}}
Success! Thanks for repurchasing.{{/if}} {{else}} {{#if Expired}}
Increase my visibility!{{else}} {{#if IsMultiPack}}
{{#if HasMultiPack}} You have {{MultiPackCount}} top spot(s) left. Now loading you into the search listings... {{else}} You have used all top spots. Now loading you into the search listings... {{/if}}{{else}}
We are loading you into the search listing pages...{{/if}} {{/if}} {{/if}} {{/if}}
{{Current}} just saw you!{{/if}} {{#if LastTopSpotPurchaseIsMulti }} {{#if HasAnyTopSpot}}
{{#if HasFreeTopSpot }} {{ UnclaimedTopSpotFree }} Free {{/if}} {{#if HasPaidTopSpot }} {{#if HasFreeTopSpot }} & {{/if}} {{ MultiPackCount }} {{/if}} Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{else}}
0 Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{/if}} {{else}} {{#if HasFreeTopSpot }}
{{ UnclaimedTopSpotFree }} Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{/if}} {{/if}} {{else}} {{#if HasResults}}
{{Current}} see you now!{{else}} {{/if}} {{/if}}
You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
23 year old man | Lacey, WA, USA | Seeking women 18-35 within 5 miles
Im looking for new friends to hang out with!
Hi I am installer at cartoys. I go to school full time for CAD. I love the outdoors however I havent had much time to enjoy it lately. I ride a 2011 yamaha stryker. I work on cars and I love trucks. My fravorite type of truck is a diesel. I like all kinds of music but I spend most of my time listening to rush and country music. I have very high morals and pride. I am kind, generous, fun, honorable and trustworthy. I am a hard worker and love to take a break now and then. I am not looking to "hook up." I have only been with one girl so that says alot about what im looking for. I want someone that can be my friend and girlfriend.
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Fishing/Hunting , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Playing cards , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Video games
Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Martial arts, Other types of exercise, Running, Skiing, Swimming, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 1-2 times per week.
I like Cats, Dogs, Exotic Pets, Fish, Horses
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|5'8" (172cms)
|4'10" (147cms) to 5'6" (167cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned
|Black, Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
|Light brown
|Auburn / Red, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Silver, Dark blonde, Grey, Platinum
|No Way
|No Way, Occasionally
|Social Drinker
|Never, Social Drinker
|No preference
|$25,001 to $35,000
|Less Than $25,000, $25,001 to $35,000, $35,001 to $50,000
|I'll tell you later
|Never Married
|Have kids:
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|Not sure
|No preference
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
|Christian / Other
|No preference
|No preference
|Some college
|High school


text:
Treating Chronic Pain Without Opiates – A Day Without Pain*
With increasing abuse of prescription drugs affecting every facet of society, Dr.Mel Pohl talks with Kinshasha about treating chronic pain without the use of opiates and/or other prescription painkillers. Focus is on a holistic approach to living with chronic pain.
Feature Presentation – from the Atlanta Radio Theater Company we get Blues for Johnny Raven. This is the first Episode, The Ambience Man. Author Thomas E. Fuller takes the tropes and memes and styles of the radio detective and makes them part of the story. Characters even talk about the detective's interior monologue and how the exposition effects the story. In the end gumshoe Johnny Raven finds himself up against the city's biggest Ambience dealer.
It' s a radio side trip starting off w some get down instrumentals at the top of hour 1 and moving outward from there.
Privacy Statement
© KFAI, 1808 Riverside Avenue, Minneapolis, MN 55454 Tel: 612-341-3144


text:
Talking to Your Doctor About Viral Upper Respiratory Infections (Colds and Influenza)
You have a unique medical history. Therefore, it is essential to talk with your doctor about your personal risk factors and/or experience with viral upper respiratory infections (colds and influenza). By talking openly and regularly with your doctor, you can take an active role in your care.Here are some tips that will make it easier for you to talk to your doctor:
- Bring someone else with you. It helps to have another person hear what is said and think of questions to ask.
- Write out your questions ahead of time, so you don't forget them.
- Write down the answers you get, and make sure you understand what you are hearing. Ask for clarification, if necessary.
- Don't be afraid to ask your questions or ask where you can find more information about what you are discussing. You have a right to know.
- Is there any chance this is more serious than a common cold (or a self-limited flu)?
- Do I have any medical conditions that might worsen because of this virus?
- What can I do to prevent complications?
- What treatments do you recommend?
- Do I need anything besides rest, good nutrition, humidified air, over-the counter (OTC) drugs, and maybe a warm bath?
- Do you have a favorite remedy, like honey and vinegar or herbs like Echinacea?
- Should I get a flu shot each year?
- Is there anyone around me who might need special protection because of my virus?
- Should I, or anyone I live with, take preventive doses of medication (medicine to prevent the flu)?
- Should I call if I am not getting better in 10 days or if I'm getting worse at anytime?
- What other symptoms should I be on the lookout for?
More from Beliefnet
Current Research From Top Journals
Chewing Gum After Surgery May Improve Digestive Tract Recovery
Early Peanut Consumption Associated with Lower Risk of Peanut Allergy in High Risk Children
Breastfeeding May Decrease the Risk of Childhood Obesity
Tonsillectomy May Reduce Number of Sore Throat Days in Children
April 2015
A systematic review found that participants given chewing gum after abdominal surgery may have a faster return to normal for their digestive system. Unfortunately, the quality of trials is low and more research will need to be done before this simple solution is confirmed.
previous editions
Early Peanut Consumption Associated with Lower Risk of Peanut Allergy in High Risk Children
March 2015
Breastfeeding May Decrease the Risk of Childhood Obesity
February 2015
Tonsillectomy May Reduce Number of Sore Throat Days in Children
February 2015


text:
2012 BMW M3 Coupe presented in Silverstone Silver with Fox Red/Black interior. Only 26,143 miles since new. Rare 6-Speed Manual, $67,235 MSRP over $10,000... More
2012 Mercedes Benz SL550 presented in stunning Steel Grey over Black Leather and Contrasted Stitching. Original $113,295 MSRP with over $9,000 in factory options... More
2012 Bugatti Veyron 16.4 Super SportTo be OFFERED AT AUCTION at RM Auctionâ Monterey event, August 13-15, 2015. Click here to view this listing... More
- All-billet short stroke 152 CI V-twin - Designed by Andrew Broadley of Lola Cars fame - Built in partnership with Ilmor Engineering -... More
*** ONLY 15768 MILES *** PANAMERA S! LISTED NEW FOR $105385.00! 22 LEXANI 10-SPOKE ALLOY WHEELS! FRESH TIRES! SPORT CHRONO PKG PLUS! PREMIUM PKG... More
A JUST TRADED PANAMERA 4. BLACK WITH BLACK LEATHER. JUST SERVICED 800 MILES AGO.... More
The Jaguar XK line marks a pivotal moment in Jaguar's long and prestigious life. The new XK was created when Ford had sold its... More
Clean Carfax Report1 Local Owner/Garage KeptRear Entertainment/Rear Camera/LoadedHere at The Last Detail, we strive to find the lowest mileage, all original vehicles, and we... More
''The CTS-V five-door wagon has an undeniably broad portfolio of talents: It can eat corners like it does highway miles, it will devastate the... More
Here is a beautiful 2012 Nissan 370Z with the Touring pkg. this car is just a tad over 15k miles and is a beautiful... More
Here is a like new 14k. This bad boy has only 14k miles and is a sport! Automatic transmission and so much more on... More
The SLS AMG was designed to be a modern, retro-look edition of the legendary 1950s 300 SL Gullwing. Designed by Mark Fetherston, the new... More
As family-haulers go, the Mercedes-Benz R350 is a nice rig - perhaps too nice for the sippy-cup-and-Cheerios gang. Even though the R350 doesn't fit... More
Mustang 2012 GT Premium 5.0 L V8, 6 Speed Automatic, 2,950 Miles, Fully Optioned, Including Navigation, Red Candy Metallic, 19" Tires & Aluminum Wheels, 1 Owner, Always... More
2012 BMW 328i COUPE JET BLACK EXTERIOR BLACK DAKOTA LEATHER INTERIOR ONLY 25K MILES CARFAX CERTIFIED NO ACCIDENTS NO DAMAGE... More


text: Went for a weekend away and to see the covered bridges. The grounds were beautiful in the late fall and well kept. Overall B&B is very small,we went hoping to find a site for our future wedding but any parties over 30 will not be easily accomodated anywhere there. It took us overall 20 minutes to leisurely walk around the... More