text:
2000 Plymouth Voyager Q&A
2000 Plymouth Voyager Question: why does the horn still not work?
2000 plymouth voyager, 2.4L . My airbag light came on so I did some research and found the clockspring could be bad. I had it replaced, but still no horn. I checked the horn itself and is good. There is a small trace of voltage at the black/red wire behind the airbag/ horn assy. at steering wheel. Not enough power to activate horn I guess. What is wrong with it? - mtndew70
Answer 1
first of all, the wire at the top of the steering column is a ground for the horn relay. it is not a power but a ground. the relay may be at fault if you applied voltage to the horn and it worked. Roy - mastertech6371
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text:
Upcoming Calendar
The IPRC will be closed July 3-5th. Happy Independence Day!
Graphic Design Package July
|7:00 pm
|7:00 pm
|7:00 pm
|7:00 pm
Plunge in to the world of layout and design with this value packed series of classes featuring Mac CS6 power! We are offering Beginning InDesign, Illustrator, Photoshop, Advanced InDesign e-books and Websites 101.
All classes are held from 7-9pm in the upstairs classroom.
Day One,
Illustrator: Learn the basics of making a face for your projects! Illustrator is the best program to design covers for your books or records, posters and flyers for your event or project, the basic look of your web-page, or packaging for the things you make. Come to class to with a project in mind and learn how to utilize this program to help you make the most of your ideas.
Day Two,
Photoshop: Learn to touch up your photos or create an entirely new universe using Photoshop! Topics include: importing, moving, and reshaping images; overview of toolbar and functions; layers; vector masks; image effects; intro to ImageReady (Photoshops web design software.)
Day Three,
Beginning InDesign: Put down the glue sticks and scissors and learn to use Adobe InDesign, a powerful page layout and print design program that allows you to create and deliver printed documents or multi-page books that are both attractive and effective. This one-session workshop will get you rolling with InDesign. Improve your workflow with time- and sanity-saving techniques like multiple master pages, nested character and paragraph styles, advanced typesetting skills, pre-press, and more.
Adv. InDesign and eBooks
Day Four,
Final Overview: In this special class we'll overview the interconnections between Illustrator, InDesign, Photoshop, and designing for the Web. This wide-ranging and free-wheeling session will help you connect these powerful design tools together to truly level up your creative game. Come prepared with questions about anything and everything we've covered so far!
Class is from 7-9pm each night
$150 members $225 nonmembers
IPRC Open Collage Night
|6:00 pm
|6:00 pm
|6:00 pm
Come and join us for a low-key, high-fun collage night. We supply magazine, collage materials, some scissors, glue and ambiance. Come and make new paper cutting friends! Hosted by Lesley Harper, Kevin Sampsell, and A.M. O'Malley.
Every 2nd Wednesday the IPRC
Intro to Letterpress
|11:00 am
Learn to set movable lead type and print on a table-top hand press in the IPRC print shop. You'll learn the vocabulary of printing and typesetting while getting a feel for this beautiful and historical process. Leave the class with a printed card and the satisfaction that comes with using 100-year-old equipment! Successful completion of this one-day class allows IPRC members access to open studio print hours so you can keep on printing! This class is held downstairs and runs from 11am-5pm.
7th Annual 24-hour Zine Challenge presented by Portland Zine Symposium
Saturday–Sunday, July 11-12 from 10am-10am
Make a 24-page zine in 24 straight hours! Raise money for Portland Zine Symposium!
In order to meet the challenge, zinesters must create an original 24-page zine from conception to execution in 24 consecutive hours. Encourage your friends and family to sponsor your zine, marathon-style, with all donations benefitting Portland Zine Symposium. Sign up by following the links at www.portlandzinesymposium.org or emailing email@example.com
Kids Comics Class for 8-12 year olds!
|1:00 pm
|1:00 pm
|1:00 pm
|1:00 pm
|1:00 pm
|1:00 pm
|1:00 pm
|1:00 pm
Comix Class is a space designed to help young people develop their creativity, imagination, and artistic skills through comics and cartooning. Students will learn the basics in drawing, character design, composition, storytelling, page layout, and publishing. They will also benefit from working amongst a classroom of peers. Each class begins with a simple lesson introducing new techniques & concepts. For the remainder of the class, kids will work on exercises or personal projects. Repeat students are welcomed and encouraged. Beginners are welcome!
Instructor: Ross Jackson is a professional cartoonist and graduate of the IPRC's Comics Certificate Program. For more information about Mr. Jackson, please check out his work at http://hulloart.tumblr.comScholarships available (email email@example.com for more information)
$20 per session
Class runs from 1-3pm
June 14 register here:
Buy tickets for Comics for Kids 8-12 year olds
June 21 register here:
Buy tickets for Comics for Kids 8-12 year olds
June 28 register here:
Buy tickets for Comics for Kids 8-12 year olds
July 12 register here:
Buy tickets for Comics for Kids 8-12 year olds
July 19th COME SEE US AT THE PORTLAND ZINE SYMPOSIUM
July 26 register here:
Buy tickets for Comics for Kids 8-12 year olds
Buy tickets for Comics for Kids 8-12 year olds
Buy tickets for Comics for Kids 8-12 year olds
Bindfast: The Perfect Bound Journal
|6:00 pm
Using the Bind-Fast 5, you can bind as many as 30 softcover books per hour. In this class we will be learning to bind with blank journals, exploring paper options and playing with design ideas. Completion of this workshop authorizes IPRC members to use the Bind-Fast during supervised binding hours, so you can take your publishing projects to the next level.
Each student will leave class with a freshly bound blank journal! Feel free to bring materials from home to experiment with, various sizes are possible!
Cost: $50 members only
Taught by Megan McCarthy
15th Annual Portland Zine Symposium Kick Off Feat. Cindy Crabb
|7:00 pm
Friday July 17th, 7pm
Cindy Crabb, author of the long-running Doris zine, will be leading an interactive presentation and workshop to kick off the 2015 Portland Zine Symposium! This event is being hosted in partnership with the IPRC and is made possible by a grant from the Oregon Community Foundation.
Advanced Screen Printing 1
|11:00 am
*With training for studio access
*Purchasing a personal screen highly recommended for this workshop
Description: The advanced screen-printing class will cover the techniques necessary to produced a well registered, two-color screen-print. Participants will learn advanced printing skills, such as registration, advanced output film/stencil making techniques, the use of split-fountains, and working with ink additives to further expand their screen-printing abilities
Class runs from 11-5pm
Buy tickets for Advanced Screen Printing
$50 members only
RC Screen Shop & Supply Company
Website: www.rcscreenshop.com (link this)
Phone: (503) 972-7911
Address: 4630 SE 26th Ave, Portland, OR 97202
*$25 & up Aluminum framed screens, quality & price recommended
Blick Art Materials
Pearl District/Portland, OR
*For ink, ink additives, registration acetate, paper
*Highly not recommended to purchase screens here, very low quality for price
Terns & Burton Co.
*For register pins (cmyk and high detail registration)
$50 members only
Portland Zine Symposium 2015 Afterparty
|7:00 pm
Saturday, July 18th
$5 suggested donation
Celebrate with friends old and new after the first day of the Portland Zine Symposium at the afterparty at IPRC! Come hear readings by Dave Roche, Blair Bogin, Vicky Lim, and Jim Joyce. The event will also feature bands, a DJ, and activities TBA. There will be drinks and snacks available by donation, with all proceeds benefitting Portland Zine Symposium.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Some statistics about onionsPosted February 26th, 2015 by asn
Non-technical abstract:
We are starting a project to study and quantify hidden services traffic. As part of this project, we are collecting data from just a few volunteer relays which only allow us to see a small portion of hidden service activity (between 2% and 5%). Extrapolating from such a small sample is difficult, and our data are preliminary.
We've been working on methods to improve our calculations, but with our current methodology, we estimate that about 30,000 hidden services announce themselves to the Tor network every day, using about 5 terabytes of data daily. We also found that hidden service traffic is about 3.4% of total Tor traffic, which means that, at least according to our early calculations, 96.6% of Tor traffic is *not* hidden services. We invite people to join us in working to research methodologies and develop systems for better understanding Tor hidden services.
Over the past months we've been working on hidden service statistics. Our goal has been to answer the following questions:
- "Approximately how many hidden services are there?"
- "Approximately how much traffic of the Tor network is going to hidden services?"
We chose the above two questions because even though we want to understand hidden services, we really don't want to harm the privacy of Tor users. From a privacy perspective, the above two questions are relatively easy questions to answer because we don't need data from clients or the hidden services themselves; we just need data from hidden service directories and rendezvous points. Furthermore, the measurements reported by each relay cannot be linked back to specific hidden services or their clients.
Our first move was to research various ways we could collect these statistics in a privacy-preserving manner. After days of discussions on obfuscating statistics, we began writing a Tor proposal with our design, as well as code that implements the proposal. The code has since been reviewed and merged to Tor! The statistics are currently disabled by default so we asked volunteer relay operators to explicitly turn them on. Currently there are about 70 relays publishing measurements to us every 24 hours:
So as of now we've been receiving these measurements for over a month, and we have thought a lot about how to best use the reported measurements to derive interesting results. We finally have some preliminary results we would like to share with you:
How many hidden services are there?
All in all, it seems that every day about 30000 hidden services announce themselves to the hidden service directories. Graphically:
By counting the number of unique hidden service addresses seen by HSDirs, we can get the approximate number of hidden services. Keep in mind that we can only see between 2% and 5% of the total HSDir space, so the extrapolation is, naturally, messy.
How much traffic do hidden services cause?
Our preliminary results show that hidden services cause somewhere between 400 to 600 Mbit of traffic per second, or equivalently about 4.9 terabytes a day. Here is a graph:
We learned this by getting rendezvous points to publish the total number of cells transferred over rendezvous circuits, which allows us to learn the approximate volume of hidden service traffic. Notice that our coverage here is not very good either, with a probability of about 5% that a hidden service circuit will use a relay that reports these statistics as a rendezvous point.
A related statistic here is "How much of the Tor network is actually hidden service usage?". There are two different ways to answer this question, depending on whether we want to understand what clients are doing or what the network is doing. The fraction of hidden-service traffic at Tor clients differs from the fraction at Tor relays because connections to hidden services use 6-hop circuits while connections to the regular Internet use 3-hop circuits. As a result, the fraction of hidden-service traffic entering or leaving Tor is about half of the fraction of hidden-service traffic inside of Tor. Our conclusion is that about 3.4% of client traffic is hidden-service traffic, and 6.1% of traffic seen at a relay is hidden-service traffic.
Conclusion and future work
In this blog post we presented some preliminary results that could be extracted from these new hidden service statistics. We hope that this data can help us better gauge the future development and maturity of the onion space as well as detect potential incidents and bugs on the network. To better present our results and methods, we wrote a short technical report that outlines the exact process we followed. We invite you to read it if you are curious about the methodology or the results.
Finally, this project is only a few months old, and there are various plans for the future. For example:
There are more interesting questions that we could examine in this area. For example: "How many people are using hidden services every day?" and "How many times does someone try to visit a hidden service that does not exist anymore?."
Unfortunately, some of these questions are not easy to answer with the current statistics reporting infrastructure, mainly because collecting them in this way could reveal information about specific hidden services but also because the results of the current system contain too much obfuscating data (each reporting relay randomizes its numbers a little bit before publishing them, so we can learn about totals but not about specific events).
For this reason, we've been analyzing various statistics aggregation protocols that could be used in place of the current system, allowing us to safely collect other kinds of statistics.
- We need to incorporate these statistics in our Metrics portal so that they are updated regularly and so that everyone can follow them.
Currently, these hidden service statistics are not collected in relays by default. Unfortunately, that gives us very small coverage of the network, which in turn makes our extrapolations very noisy. The main reason that these statistics are disabled by default is that similar statistics are also disabled (e.g. CellStatistics). Also, this allows us more time to consider privacy consequences. As we analyze more of these statistics and think more about statistics privacy, we should decide whether to turn these statistics on by default.
It's worth repeating that the current results are preliminary and should be digested with a grain of salt. We invite statistically-inclined people to review our code, methods, and results. If you are a researcher interested in digging into the measurements themselves, you can find them in the extra-info descriptors of Tor relays.
Over the next months, we will also be thinking more about these problems to figure out proper ways to analyze and safely measure private ecosystems like the onion space.
Till then, take care, and enjoy Tor!
Tor Browser 4.0.4 is releasedPosted February 25th, 2015 by mikeperry
A new release for the stable Tor Browser is available from the Tor Browser Project page and also from our distribution directory.
Note: The individual bundles of the stable series are signed by one of the subkeys of the Tor Browser Developers signing key from now on, too. You can find its fingerprint on the Signing Keys page. It is:
pub 4096R/0x4E2C6E8793298290 2014-12-15 Key fingerprint = EF6E 286D DA85 EA2A 4BA7 DE68 4E2C 6E87 9329 8290
Tor Browser 4.0.4 is based on Firefox ESR 31.5.0, which features important security updates to Firefox. Additionally, it contains updates to NoScript, HTTPS-Everywhere, and OpenSSL (none of the OpenSSL advisories since OpenSSL 1.0.1i have affected Tor, but we decided to update to the latest 1.0.1 release anyway).
Here is the changelog since 4.0.3:
- All Platforms
- Update Firefox to 31.5.0esr
- Update OpenSSL to 1.0.1l
- Update NoScript to 22.214.171.124
- Update HTTPS-Everywhere to 4.0.3
- Bug 14203: Prevent meek from displaying an extra update notification
- Bug 14849: Remove new NoScript menu option to make permissions permanent
- Bug 14851: Set NoScript pref to disable permanent permissions
Tor Browser 4.5a4 is releasedPosted February 25th, 2015 by mikeperry
The Tor Browser team is proud to announce the release of the fourth alpha of the 4.5 series of Tor Browser. The release is available from the extended downloads page and also from our distribution directory.
Tor Browser 4.5a4 is based on Firefox ESR 31.5.0, which features important security updates to Firefox. Moreover, this release includes an updated Tor, 0.2.6.3-alpha, and switches Scramblesuit and obfs3 bridge support to a new golang-based implementation. We are especially interested in hearing any issues with using obfs3, obfs4, and Scramblesuit in this release.
The release also features several improvements to usability, following the results of the usability sprint at the end of last month. In particular, the Torbutton onion menu and related preference windows have been overhauled to provide more simplicity and more focus. The onion menu now features a much requested "New Circuit for this site" option, and the security and privacy settings window have been simplified. For censored users, the first run configuration wizard was also improved to present the choice of Pluggable Transport before the local proxy information, in an effort to avoid confusion between Pluggable Transports and local proxies. As can be seen from the changelog below, the release contains several other usability tweaks and enhancements as well.
Here is the full changelog for changes since 4.5-alpha-3:
- All Platforms
- Update Firefox to 31.5.0esr
- Update Tor to 0.2.6.3-alpha
- Update OpenSSL to 1.0.1l
- Update NoScript to 220.127.116.11
- Update obfs4proxy to 0.0.4
- Use obfs4proxy for ScrambleSuit bridges
- Update Torbutton to 18.104.22.168
- Bug 13882: Fix display of bridges after bridge settings have been changed
- Bug 5698: Use "Tor Browser" branding in "About Tor Browser" dialog
- Bug 10280: Strings and pref for preventing plugin initialization.
- Bug 14866: Show correct circuit when more than one exists for a given domain
- Bug 9442: Add New Circuit button to Torbutton menu
- Bug 9906: Warn users before closing all windows and performing new identity.
- Bug 8400: Prompt for restart if disk records are enabled/disabled.
- Bug 14630: Hide Torbutton's proxy settings tab.
- Bug 14632: Disable Cookie Manager until we get it working.
- Bug 11175: Remove "About Torbutton" from onion menu.
- Bug 13900: Remove remaining SafeCache code in favor of C++ patch
- Bug 14490: Use Disconnect search in about:tor search box
- Bug 14392: Don't steal input focus in about:tor search box
- Bug 11236: Don't set omnibox order in Torbutton (to prevent translation)
- Bug 13406: Stop directing users to download-easy.html.en on update
- Bug 9387: Handle "custom" mode better in Security Slider
- Bug 12430: Bind jar: pref to Security Slider
- Bug 14448: Restore Torbutton menu operation on non-English localizations
- Translation updates
- Update Tor Launcher to 0.2.7.2
- Bug 13271: Display Bridge Configuration wizard pane before Proxy pane
- Bug 14336: Fix navigation button display issues on some wizard panes
- Translation updates
- Bug 14203: Prevent meek from displaying an extra update notification
- Bug 14849: Remove new NoScript menu option to make permissions permanent
- Bug 14851: Set NoScript pref to disable permanent permissions
- Bug 14490: Make Disconnect the default omnibox search engine
- Bug 11236: Fix omnibox order for non-English builds
- Also remove Amazon, eBay and bing; add Youtube and Twitter
- Bug 10280: Don't load any plugins into the address space.
- Bug 14392: Make about:tor hide itself from the URL bar
- Bug 12430: Provide a preference to disable remote jar: urls
- Bug 13900: Remove 3rd party HTTP auth tokens via Firefox patch
- Bug 5698: Fix branding in "About Torbrowser" window
- Windows:
- Bug 13169: Don't use /dev/random on Windows for SSP
- Linux:
- Bug 13717: Make sure we use the bash shell on Linux
Note: Once again, the individual bundles of both Tor Browser series are signed by one of the subkeys of the Tor Browser Developers signing key from now on. You can find its fingerprint on the Signing Keys page. It is:
pub 4096R/0x4E2C6E8793298290 2014-12-15 Key fingerprint = EF6E 286D DA85 EA2A 4BA7 DE68 4E2C 6E87 9329 8290
Tor Weekly News — February 25th, 2015Posted February 25th, 2015 by harmony
Welcome to the eighth issue in 2015 of Tor Weekly News, the weekly newsletter that covers what's happening in the Tor community.
Tor 0.2.6-alpha-3 is out
Nick Mathewson announced the third ("and hopefully final") alpha release in the Tor 0.2.6.x series. The major user- and operator-facing changes in this release include support for AF_UNIX sockets, allowing high-risk applications to reach a local Tor without having to enable other kinds of networking activity; a new warning for relay operators, in order to make it even harder to accidentally run an exit node; improvements and additions to the directory system; and much else besides.
See Nick's announcement for the full changelog, and download your copy of the source code from the distribution directory, but note that "this is an alpha release", so "please expect bugs".
Tails 1.3 is out
The Tails team announced version 1.3 of the anonymous live operating system. This release brings several major new features, including Bitcoin support with Electrum; connections to Tor using the obfs4 pluggable transport; an AppArmor profile to protect the filesystem against some kinds of attack on Tor Browser; a simpler Tails drive creation process on Mac and Linux; and more intuitive handling of computer trackpads.
See the announcement for links to the full list of changes and known issues, and download your copy from the website or, if you already have a running Tails, using the incremental update system.
CITIZENFOUR wins many awards
Laura Poitras' documentary film CITIZENFOUR, recording the initial encounters between herself, journalist Glenn Greenwald, and the American surveillance whistleblower (and sometime Tor relay operator) Edward Snowden, has been decorated at numerous awards ceremonies over the past few months for its artistic and political achievement.
The filmmakers have been tireless in their activism on behalf of Tor and the free software community both in the mainstream press and at community conferences; upon receiving the Ridenhour Documentary Film Prize last week, Laura called attention to the role of these projects in the production process: "This film and our NSA reporting would not have been possible without the work of the Free Software community that builds free tools to communicate privately. The prize money for the award will be given to the Tails Free Software project."
CITIZENFOUR went on to win the Independent Spirit and Academy Awards for Best Documentary Feature over the weekend. The recognition is richly deserved. Thanks to Laura and her colleagues for their extraordinary work over the last two years!
Miscellaneous news
Giovanni Pellerano released a security advisory for a bug in GlobaLeaks that was introduced on 28th January 2015, and fixed on 16th February. The bug could have allowed an attacker to read any file in the /var/globaleaks/ directory with the exception of the Tor onion service key; if you installed or upgraded your GlobaLeaks instance on or between those dates, please see Giovanni's announcement for more details, and upgrade again as soon as possible.
Nathan Freitas announced Orbot version 15-alpha-4, featuring bridge scanning and distribution via QR code, and simpler configuration for pluggable transports like meek, among other improvements.
Rob Jansen announced a major new release of Shadow, the Tor network simulation tool. New features include support for running Bitcoin software inside the simulation, client activity modelling using dependency graphs, and much more.
Yaron Goland updated the Tor Onion Proxy libary, a project to "enable Android and Java applications to easily host their own Tor Onion Proxies using the core Tor binaries". This release incorporates newer software and a simplified build process.
The organizers of the Workshop on Surveillance and Technology issued a call for papers ahead of their event, which will be held on June 29th. The deadline for submission is midnight UTC on March 11th; please see SAT's website for topics covered by the workshop and submission guidelines.
Bendert Zevenbergen relayed another call for participation, this time in the ACM SigComm2015 workshop on "Ethics in Networked Systems Research".
This issue of Tor Weekly News has been assembled by Harmony and Roger Dingledine.
Want to continue reading TWN? Please help us create this newsletter. We still need more volunteers to watch the Tor community and report important news. Please see the project page, write down your name and subscribe to the team mailing list if you want to get involved!
Tails 1.3 is outPosted February 24th, 2015 by tails
Tails, The Amnesic Incognito Live System, version 1.3, is out.
This release fixes numerous security issues and all users must upgrade as soon as possible.
New features
Electrum is an easy to use bitcoin wallet. You can use the Bitcoin Client persistence feature to store your Electrum configuration and wallet.
The Tor Browser has additional operating system and data security. This security restricts reads and writes to a limited number of folders. Learn how to manipulate files with the new Tor Browser.
The obfs4 pluggable transport is now available to connect to Tor bridges. Pluggable transports transform the Tor traffic between the client and the bridge to help disguise Tor traffic from censors.
Keyringer lets you manage and share secrets using OpenPGP and Git from the command line.
Upgrades and changes
- The Mac and Linux manual installation processes no longer require the
isohybridcommand. Removing the
isohybridcommand simplifies the installation.
- The tap-to-click and two-finger scrolling trackpad settings are now enabled by default. This should be more intuitive for Mac users.
- The Ibus Vietnamese input method is now supported.
- Improved support for OpenPGP smartcards through the installation of GnuPG 2.
There are numerous other changes that may not be apparent in the daily operation of a typical user. Technical details of all the changes are listed in the Changelog.
Known issues
See the current list of known issues.
Download or upgrade
Go to the download page.
What's coming up?
The next Tails release is scheduled for April 7.
Have a look to our roadmap to see where we are heading to.
Do you want to help? There are many ways you can contribute to Tails. If you want to help, come talk to us!
Support and feedback
For support and feedback, visit the Support section on the Tails website.
Tor 0.2.6.3-alpha is releasedPosted February 19th, 2015 by nickm
Tor 0.2.6.3-alpha is the third (and hopefully final) alpha release in the 0.2.6.x series. It introduces support for more kinds of sockets, makes it harder to accidentally run an exit, improves our multithreading backend, incorporates several fixes for the AutomapHostsOnResolve option, and fixes numerous other bugs besides.
If no major regressions or security holes are found in this version, the next version will be a release candidate.
You can download the source from the usual place on the website. Packages should be up in a few days.
NOTE: This is an alpha release. Please expect bugs.Changes in version 0.2.6.3-alpha - 2015-02-19
- Deprecated versions:
- Tor relays older than 0.2.4.18-rc are no longer allowed to advertise themselves on the network. Closes ticket 13555.
- Major features (security, unix domain sockets):
- Allow SocksPort to be an AF_UNIX Unix Domain Socket. Now high risk applications can reach Tor without having to create AF_INET or AF_INET6 sockets, meaning they can completely disable their ability to make non-Tor network connections. To create a socket of this type, use "SocksPort unix:/path/to/socket". Implements ticket 12585.
- Support mapping hidden service virtual ports to AF_UNIX sockets. The syntax is "HiddenServicePort 80 unix:/path/to/socket". Implements ticket 11485.
Tor Weekly News — February 18th, 2015Posted February 18th, 2015 by harmony
Welcome to the seventh issue in 2015 of Tor Weekly News, the weekly newsletter that covers what's happening in the Tor community.
Onion services
Anonymous web services hosted in the Tor network have until now been referred to as "hidden services". Although this name accurately describes one of their properties, it does not convey some of the other benefits that the system provides, like end-to-end encryption without a purchased SSL certificate, or self-authenticating domain names outside of the commercial DNS system. Furthermore, as Aaron Johnson points out, words like "hidden" and "dark" have an unnecessarily negative connotation.
Aaron and other members of the SponsorR team declared themselves in favor of using the word "onion" (as in "onion routing") to characterize Tor-protected web services. "Hidden services" could be renamed "onion services", while websites offered as onion services are "onionsites"; an onion service's URL is its "onion address", while the dreaded "Dark Web" becomes simply "onionspace".
A full list of new and more precise terminology is in Aaron's message and on the Tor wiki; please feel free to contribute to the discussion on the tor-dev mailing list with your thoughts.
Miscellaneous news
Nathan Freitas of the Guardian Project announced the release of version 15-alpha-3 of Orbot. This release includes more work on VPN support, and builds on last week's early release of the PLUTO library to offer support for meek, although it is not currently possible to use both at the same time. See Nathan's announcement for usage instructions and download links.
Yawning Angel asked for comments on an implementation of a proposal to let Tor create "ephemeral" onion services, using key material that is supplied at runtime rather than stored on the disk. See Yawning's post for a detailed explanation of the concept and a link to the new code; however, trying to run this untested and unreviewed new branch "WILL BROADCAST YOUR SECRETS TO THE NSA'S ORBITAL SPACE STATION", so don't do that.
Yawning also announced version 0.0.4 of obfs4proxy, which "is more useful for the Tor Browser people than anyone else, since it means that the next build can remove the old go.crypto cruft from the build process, and the ScrambleSuit client provider can be switched over to obfs4proxy like obfs2 and obfs3 have been".
SiNA Rabbani announced that Faravahar, the directory authority which he operates, will be moving to a new IP address on Friday.
Thanks to cuanto for running a mirror of the Tor Project website and software!
Thomas White published a guide to configuring an Nginx webserver as a hidden service: "It isn't intended to be a hardening guide or an ultra secure way of hosting, but it is for people who want to casually publish some static HTML files or with a little extra configuration to host some applications".
Collin Anderson and the University of Toronto's Citizen Lab made a joint submission to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, examining the importance of digital security software such as Tor in upholding free expression and the right to privacy.
carlo von lynX wondered about the truth of the statement that "it would take latencies in the order of hours to fully make communications impossible to shape and correlate". Roger Dingledine clarified : "It's actually worse than that — we have no idea. I'd love to have a graph where the x axis is how much additional overhead (latency, bandwidth, whatever) we're willing to add, and the y axis is how much additional security (anonymity, privacy, whatever) we can get. Currently we have zero data points for this graph."
This issue of Tor Weekly News has been assembled by Harmony and Roger Dingledine.
Want to continue reading TWN? Please help us create this newsletter. We still need more volunteers to watch the Tor community and report important news. Please see the project page, write down your name and subscribe to the team mailing list if you want to get involved!
Tor Weekly News — February 11th, 2015Posted February 11th, 2015 by harmony
Welcome to the sixth issue in 2015 of Tor Weekly News, the weekly newsletter that covers what's happening in the community around Tor, "your online an-onionising software".
The 2015 Tor UX Sprint
Many open-source privacy tools struggle with questions of usability: so much effort goes into ensuring they are secure that few resources are left over to work on the user experience. But as Linda Lee and David Fifield write, "usability is critical to security": user interface issues "can degrade user experience, cause confusion, or even cause people to accidentally deanonymize themselves".
To explore, and hopefully solve, some of these problems, a group of Tor developers, designers, users, and researchers met at UC Berkeley at the start of the month. As part of the weekend, users were asked to walk through the process of installing and running Tor Browser, noting aloud their assumptions and reactions as they went.
Issues and "stopping points" (where users find the process too difficult to continue) discovered during these sessions were noted, and have been assigned tickets on Tor's bug tracker. For more details of the event and its outcomes, please see Linda and David's post; "if you are interested in helping to improve the usability of Tor Browser, get in touch by email or IRC".
Tor and the Library Freedom Project
As Tor Weekly News reported last September, Massachusetts librarian and activist Alison Macrina has been leading a campaign to educate colleagues and library patrons on the state of digital surveillance and the use of privacy-preserving software such as Tor and Tails. As Alison and April Glaser wrote at the time, "libraries provide access to information and protect patrons' right to explore new ideas, no matter how controversial or subversive".
These initial workshops formed the basis for the Library Freedom Project, which has just received a grant from the Knight Foundation to expand its activities beyond the New England region. In a guest post on the Tor blog, Alison introduced the project, the motivations behind it, and its plans for the next few years, as well as suggesting some possible areas for collaboration with the Tor community in the future: "One specific way that librarians can help the Tor Project is with usability issues – we have lots of experience helping ordinary users with common usability problems […] Librarians can also run dev sprints, help update documentation, and generally advocate for tools that help safeguard privacy and anonymity."
For more information on the Library Freedom Project, or to propose your own ideas, please see the project's website. Thanks to Alison and colleagues for this important work!
Vidalia laid to rest
Now that Vidalia, the graphical user interface for Tor, has been completely unmaintained "for too long to be a recommended solution", Sebastian Hahn has removed the last links to Vidalia-related content from the Tor Project website. If you are still using a version of Tor Browser (outside of Tails) that contains Vidalia, it is almost certainly too old to be safe, so please upgrade as soon as possible.
Vidalia is still shipped in the latest version of Tails, however, so the Tails team has been working on a simple interface to replace one of the most-missed features of the defunct program, the circuit visualization window. The Tor Browser team have already implemented a similar per-site circuit diagram in the current 4.5-alpha series, so there should soon be no reason at all for users to continue controlling their Tor through Vidalia.
More monthly status reports for January 2015
The wave of regular monthly reports from Tor project members for the month of January continued, with reports from George Kadianakis, Pearl Crescent, Michael Schloh von Bennewitz, Nick Mathewson, Karsten Loesing, and Arlo Breault.
Mike Perry reported on behalf of the Tor Browser team, and George Kadianakis sent out the report for SponsorR.
Miscellaneous news
George Kadianakis linked to the technical report produced by the team working on statistics related to the amount of hidden service usage on the Tor network; Karsten Loesing added some more information regarding the fraction of network activity this represents. These are advanced calculations, so if you're not experienced in data science but want to know more about this topic, the team will be back shortly with a more "casual-reader-friendly" analysis of the results.
"Fresh off a round of real-world intensive testing and debugging using spotty 2.5G coverage in the foothills of the Himalayas", Nathan Freitas of the ever-intrepid Guardian Project announced the first release candidate for version 14.1 of ChatSecure, the "most private" messaging client for Android and iOS, featuring numerous improvements to usability, stability, and network handling. Please see Nathan's announcement for the full changelog.
Nathan also shared a "very early" incarnation of PLUTO, "a simplified means for developers to include traffic obfuscation capabilities into their applications" with initial support for obfs4 and meek. "We think many apps could utilize this approach to defeat DPI filtering, and that this would be useful to offer decoupled from the way Tor integrates it".
David Fifield posted a tutorial for configuring the meek pluggable transport to work with hard-to-block HTTPS websites interested in helping censored Tor users, rather than the large content delivery networks it currently uses, along with the regular summary of the costs incurred by meek's infrastructure last month: "meek has so far been a smashing success. It's the #2 pluggable transport behind obfs3 and it moved over 5 TB of traffic last month. But the costs are starting to get serious." If you have ideas for supporting this vitally important anti-censorship tool, please see David's message for more details.
Also in meek news, Across The Great FireWall published a Chinese-language introduction to the concepts underpinning this pluggable transport. Other resources (in Chinese and other languages) are listed on the wiki.
Nick Mathewson took to the Tor blog to explain exactly what Tor design proposals are for and how they are written, and offered status updates (and review recommendations) for some new and still-open proposals.
Nick also asked relay operators to contribute their advice to a relay hardening guide that could be shipped with Tor.
Arturo Filastò asked for help in coming up with a roadmap for the future of the Open Observatory of Network Interference, asking for opinions on a range of possible development, deployment, and research projects. Feel free to let the ooni-dev list know which of the ideas catches your attention.
After soliciting feedback on including newer pluggable transports in Tails, the Tails team decided to focus on obfs4 and then ("tentatively") meek for upcoming versions of the anonymous live operating system.
Tom "TvdW" van der Woerdt wrote a detailed report on his experience implementing a Tor client from scratch in the Go programming language, following Tor's specification document. One instance of "GoTor" briefly broke the Tor relay speed record with 250 megabytes/second, but Tom ultimately decided that Go isn't the right language for such a thing, as its library support doesn't make it easy enough to do. Thanks to Tom for running the experiment, and catching some specification errors in the process!
Even though Tor Browser is not vulnerable to the recent WebRTC IP attack proof-of-concept proof-of-concept, Mike Perry nevertheless invited "interested parties to try harder to bypass Tor in a stock Firefox using WebRTC and associated protocols (RTSP, SCTP) with media.peerconnection.enabled set to false", before a plan to enable WebRTC-based QRCode bridge address resolution and sharing in Tor Launcher is implemented.
Shadow, the tool by Rob Jansen that allows full Tor network simulation, now has a new website. As Rob wrote: "The new website still uses the Jekyll engine, and is a stripped down customized version of the open source SOLID theme. Please send me feedback if you have it."
Jillian York of the EFF discussed the problems of over-reliance on US government funding — and the dearth of other funding streams — for anti-surveillance tools, including Tor.
Seven of the eleven activists arrested last year in Spain for, amongst other things, having had email accounts with the technical collective Riseup — longtime Tor allies and operators of one of the directory authorities — have been released from prison. As Riseup wrote following the arrests, "security is not a crime": "Giving up your basic right to privacy for fear of being flagged as a terrorist is unacceptable."
Easy development tasks to get involved with
Two problems confronting Mac users who want to download Tor Browser are the "disk image" format and Apple's Gatekeeper security system. If these users try to run Tor Browser directly from the disk image window that opens after downloading, they will receive an error telling them "Firefox is already running", and if they correctly move the program to the Applications folder, Gatekeeper will prevent them from running it directly anyway.
If you have access to a machine running the latest version of Mac OS X, and want to spend ten minutes making life easier for Tor users, the Tor Browser download page would benefit from screenshots showing users how to drag the program to the Applications folder, and how to disable Gatekeeper by control-clicking on the Tor Browser icon when running for the first time. Please see the relevant bug ticket for a nice set of example screenshots; your contribution will be gratefully received!
This issue of Tor Weekly News has been assembled by Harmony, Roger Dingledine, Kate Krauss, and David Fifield.
Want to continue reading TWN? Please help us create this newsletter. We still need more volunteers to watch the Tor community and report important news. Please see the project page, write down your name and subscribe to the team mailing list if you want to get involved!


text:
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From I-75, Take Northside Drive Exit. Go East on Northside Drive. Turn right on Collier Road. Turn left on Peachtree Road. Turn left on Colonial Homes Drive @ Houston's. Look for the leasing office with the green awning on the left.
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text:
about Todd FlowerdayA Roman Catholic lay person, married (since 1996), with one adopted child (since 2001). I serve in worship and spiritual life in a midwestern university parish.
about John Donaghy
John is a lay missionary since 2007 with a parish in western Honduras. Before that he served in campus ministry and social justice ministry in Iowa. His ministry blog is http://hermanojuancito.blogspot.com
He also blogs reflections on the lectionary and saints/heroes/events of the date at http://walktheway.wordpress.com
He'll be a long-term contributor here analyzing the Latin American bishops' document from their 2007 Aparecida Conference.
Bible Readings
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charlesincenca on The Armchair Liturgist: Clergy… Todd on Reconciliation Lectionary: 1 P… Dick Martin on Reconciliation Lectionary: 1 P… David D. on Swans Top Arsenal, Man Ci… Liam on Swans Top Arsenal, Man Ci… David D. on Swans Top Arsenal, Man Ci… John Donaghy on Fantastic Composition of … Chris on Some Elaboration on "A P… Todd on Reconciliation Lectionary: 1 P… Dick Martin on Reconciliation Lectionary: 1 P…
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Daily Archives: 1 June 2009
What is Tridentine Catholicism?
(This is Neil) The purpose of this post is to attract your attention to the learned Jesuit historian Robert Bireley's recent Presidential Address to the Catholic Historical Association, published in the April, 2009, Catholic Historical Review. What, then, is "Tridentine … Continue reading
Posted in Church History, Neil 10 Comments
Dr Tiller and Blame
The Catholic blogosphere, awash in posts on Dr Tiller, tries to make some sense of the senseless. Most bloggers are covering the obvious aspects quite well, and I have no wish to walk the well-trod path, except for one statement: … Continue reading
Posted in Commentary, Politics 22 Comments


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Root Catalog
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2-in-1 Gruene Steamer Mop & Handheld Cleaner$119.00The Gruene Steamer Mop & Handheld Cleaner is a steam mop and handheld steamer that can be used as a steam mop and also as household steam cleaner. Learn More
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1 of 1 people found the following review helpful
Nice for fans,
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text:
Original recipe yields 18 servings
Amount per serving ({{servings}} total)
Based on a 2,000 calorie diet
Ready In
while baking the batter from a different moon pie recipe, i suddenly realized that i didn't have the incredients for the marshmallow filling. i didn't want to waste the batter so i searched "al...
Maybe others will have a better result. For me, I found it difficult to follow the directions, particularly after doubling the recipe, but the text of the recipe didn't likewise adjust. The fros...
Just o.k. Cookie part was a bit bland and so was the filling. I might try it with butter and see if that helps.


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The rejectionist absolutism of Morris and others is simplistic, a-historical, full of inaccuracies and arrogantly one-sided.
On the other hand, the success of the Olympics could be arrogantly misused by English politicians.
late 14c., from Old French arrogant (14c.), from Latin arrogantem (nominative arrogans) "assuming, overbearing, insolent," present participle of arrogare (see arrogance). Related: Arrogantly.


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Khasta Kachori
24 Sep 2010
|For the filling:
|Chana dal
|1 Cup (16 tbs), soaked for 3-4 hrs
|Jeera powder
|1 Teaspoon
|Ginger garlic paste
|1 1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Green chilies
|3 , finely chopped
|Garam masala
|1 Teaspoon
|To Taste
|Wheat flour
|2 Cup (32 tbs) (For The Dough:)
|1 Teaspoon (For The Dough:)
1. Prepare soft dough first and keep aside.
2. Grind chana dal coarsely, adding very little water in a mixer. Add jeera powder, ginger-garlic paste, green chillies, garam masala and salt and let the mixer run for 3-5 minute as it will add some air to batter to make it light
3. Boil large amount of water in a big vessel. Add some salt to it.
4. Divide dough in small portions i.e. lemon sized balls and make thin puris out of it.
5. Put 1 tbsp full of chana dal on a puri and fold it like gujjia sealing the edges completely.
6. Put it in the boiling water and let it cook for 10-15 minute or till done.
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Khasta Kachori Recipe


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The first FIFA 15 deals are here with a big price cut that basically brings the price of the new FIFA game down to $35. This is not as good as the Madden 15 deal that dropped the price to $15 after all savings, but if you want a FIFA 15 deal you can't be […]
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While it probably isn't a sign that the carrier is making room for the iPhone 6 release, Verizon is discounting a handful of flagship smartphones, including the iPhone 5s, knocking 50% off the price tag. The original promotion actually began earlier last month and was supposed to end at the end of July, but it […]
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Amazon's flagship ereader, the Kindle Paperwhite, is seeing a limited-time discount down to $99 from it's normal $119 price tag. The deal applies to both versions of the Paperwhite, with the $99 getting you the model with Special Offers, and $119 getting you the version without Special Offers. Considering this, we'd almost be inclined to just […]
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Now that the brand new Amazon Fire Phone is officially available online and from AT&T stores, some app deals have arrived. This morning, Amazon announced a special deal on Android apps direct from the Amazon Appstore, delivering 30 paid apps completely free. Whether you own the new Amazon Fire Phone, an Amazon Kindle Fire or […]
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Last week a huge deal on the Moto X arrived offering big savings on the flagship smartphone as rumors swirl about a successor, and yesterday Motorola announced they've extended that deal. In what they're calling the Moto X Back to School sale buyers can now get the impressive smartphone at a major discount. The Moto […]
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There was a time and place, in a galaxy not so very different from our own, that life on a planet called Pop looked rather dire. Then along came the Human League, with cool synth stylings that promised a smart and savvy future, a sound the people on Pop could really relish. Now this was not the Human League we're shaking our booty to at '80s revival nights, but the Human League of "Being Boiled" and "Black Hit of Space". A band of miscreant smarty-pants who understood that what we were all looking for was an art-school project we could dance to, the early Human League was it, briefly. When the band split, we got the not so smart pop of "Don't You Want Me" and the agit-pop stylings of Heaven 17. Theirs was electronic soul music, a little twisted funk for some less-than-funky times, as "We Don't Need This Fascist Groove Thing" amply demonstrated. At the time, perhaps it was pop too smart for its own good. Although, Penthouse and Pavement proved that they understood all too well the complicated relationship that existed between the pop and business worlds. Businessmen as entertainers, popstars as savvy corporate bureaucrats—resplendent in sharp suits, Heaven 17 literally wore the contradictions of the pop world on their sleeves. This was self-conscious and just-shy of serious pop music with a hook, a pop culture phenomenon that understood the twin virtues of danceability and social commentary. And for a moment it worked.
This was almost 20 years ago, and although we're still in dire need of smart popstars, we're certainly long past caring about Heaven 17. Their last albums barely matter and with Absolutely the Best Live it's not entirely clear why their first live performance should have ever been recorded. Somebody spent time setting up the gigs, somebody spent time recording it, somebody spent time producing and mastering it and somebody spent some time packaging it. Sadly, nobody appeared to spend time talking them out of it, if only to save everybody else's time.
The songs are what you expect performed a decade after they were recorded: tired and anemic, puffed up with some rhythm tracks and lame banter by Glenn Gregory. There's a little hollering to rouse the crowd out of its stupour, but nobody's really buying it. And, let's face it, Heaven 17 were all about buying something (even if they were winking at us). Better turn that wink to blink, as in blink and hope you miss this.
Here, the canon is dusted off ("Let Me Go", "Temptation") and put alongside some new material. As a soul revival, it's stale. As an experiment in studio-heavy synthpop going live in analogue (as 'unplugged' as they might possibly get), it's about as offputting as you can imagine.
And while they might have imagined themselves poised for world domination at an earlier date, today it seems so misplaced. This is not a cynical marketing move (they were all about celebrating cynicism and irony at some level); rather this is just straight-up bad. Bad timing, bad music. Time to unplug this project for good.
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FM Magazine
This Week On FM Magazine: Martha Graham Dance Company
Deb Gordon's guest was LaRue Allen, Executive Director of the Martha Graham Dance Company, which was started in New York by Ms. Graham 89 years ago and is the world's oldest dance company.
This Week On FM Magazine: The Ellen Hermanson Foundation
Deb Gordon's guest was Julie Ratner, founder of the Ellen Hermanson Foundation, named in honor of her younger sister Ellen, who died from breast cancer in 1995 at the age of 42.
This Week On FM Magazine: IRS Free Filing
The IRS wants to ensure that taxpayers are informed about the option to Free File as an alternative to having to pay to file their federal taxes, and Deb Gordon's guest was Patricia Svarnas, IRS Field Media Relations Spokesperson for New York and New Jersey.
This Week On FM Magazine: The Fashion Foundation
Deb Gordon's guest was Amanda Munz, founder of The Fashion Foundation – a New York based 501c3 non-profit with the mission to provide school supplies to underserved students to help nurture their education.
This Week On FM Magazine: Queens Named 2015 Top Tourist Destination
Queens Borough President Melinda Katz was Deb Gordon's guest to spotlight Queens and its distinction as the best United States tourist destination for 2015 according to Lonely Planet's Annual Survey.
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Deb Gordon spotlighted Alzheimer's Awareness Month with Charles J. Fuschillo, Jr., former NY State Senator and President & CEO of the Alzheimer's Foundation of America…
This Week On FM Magazine: New York Kidney Walk
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This Week On FM Magazine: Changing Images Art Foundation, Inc.
Deb Gordon's guest was Arlene Sullivan, Artist, Co-Founder and Executive Director of the Changing Images Art Foundation, Inc., a not for profit with the mission of providing "medicine for the soul" by painting murals and walls in various institutions and injecting color and life into the surroundings of the sick and elderly, as well as children in schools and shelter systems.
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Deb Gordon's guest was Nancy Carbone Founder and Executive Director of Friends of Firefighters, Inc, a non-profit she started in 2001, shortly after the events surrounding September 11 with the mission to provide long term […]
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Deb Gordon's guest was Stew Leonard, CEO of Stew Leonard's food stores spotlighting the Stew Leonard III Water Safety Foundation, which Mr. Leonard founded in 1990, along with his wife Kim, shortly after their 21 month old toddler drowned in their family pool. The Leonards have pledged to do everything they can to prevent this tragedy from happening to other families.


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Dr. Greene is an entomologist and national IPM coordinator for the GSA's Public Building Service in Washington, D.C. He can be reached via e-mail at email@example.com.
Action thresholds are dead. So why haven't they been buried?
No other aspect of structural IPM doctrine so perfectly captures the essence of the discipline's idealistic wing as does the commandment to establish action thresholds (ATs). Far more theatrics than science, this deeply rooted tenet of pest management orthodoxy is a Rorschach test of a practitioner's background and objectives. Along with a few other anachronistic elements in the urban IPM playbook, once proposed as solutions for chemical risks that have long since been reduced to the vanishing point by more effective means, the idea that reactive control measures must be withheld until a pest population reaches a certain level of (numerically defined) disruption serves mainly to sabotage the credibility of the IPM paradigm for the audiences we most want to convince. It is the antithesis of the common-sense approach that IPM is supposed to embody.
Since we are talking about an armchair concept from the 1970s that has never been a widespread constituent of street-level IPM practice, why should we be concerned about it now? The answer lies in the maturation of pest control's image from a unidimensional, janitorial trade distinguished by rote chemical application into an environmentally savvy discipline that is ideally practiced by experts with a multitude of integrated skills. Starting with the rise of the medieval guilds, increased professionalization always has been accompanied with an emphasis on formal credentialing as a means to ensure quality and exclude charlatans (as well as anybody else who doesn't bow to the authority of the credentialing organization). Although I and many others see this trend as unfortunate when it comes to the validation of IPM practice, it is not going away and should be regarded as an inevitable toll of doing business in the 21st century.
In the world of public buildings (the sector that always has nurtured the vanguard of structural IPM), the premier custodian — indeed, the undisputed definer — of the green zeitgeist is the U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Rating Systems. And along with those other now-obsolete, procedural relics from structural IPM's formative years (we'll talk about those in future articles), the establishment of ATs by a building's "IPM team" is a non-negotiable requirement to qualify for LEED's Integrated Pest Management credit. Moreover, LEED gives a pass to facilities that hire contractors who are certified by one of the three IPM credentialing programs in the U.S., two of which also mandate the AT approach.
Since the mainstream of IPM practice manages to routinely prevent and control pests with a minimum of risk and without ever giving a thought to ATs, how did this curious state of affairs come to be?
The antecedents of ATs were integral to the first formulation of IPM principles for agriculture. Perhaps the most intellectually exciting and theoretically satisfying aspect of this revolutionary approach to controlling crop pests was its mathematical core. The two quantitative pillars of the strategy are the economic injury level (EIL) — the lowest population density of a pest that will cause economic damage — and the economic threshold, the point in time at which a control action should be initiated to prevent the EIL from being reached. As generally interpreted, the EIL is essentially a speculative concept that is extremely difficult to determine for any given cultivated field because of all the shifting variables contributing to that site-specific situation in that particular year. But not so for the economic threshold — regardless of its degree of accuracy in presaging an actual economic loss, it is a real-life moment, defined by a somewhat arbitrary pest population or crop damage level, when the control decision must be made.
Three historical aspects of this methodology are vital to analyzing its conceptual descendants. First and foremost, the process was always presented as a business plan for the owner of that crop. Second, "control" implied the expensive procedure of mechanized pesticide spraying that, in a conventional, non-IPM system, would be done by schedule and often with excessive, cost-inefficient frequency. Third, since those pesticides were broad-spectrum in effect, they inevitably had critical biological consequences beyond their immediate target. Thus, in addition to its role in maximizing a farmer's profit, more incisive chemical use also conferred more expansive benefits in terms of increased environmental quality. It was this latter aspect of the early IPM paradigm that, of course, was — and still is — so alluring to such a broad range of citizens.
The first major diffusion of IPM thinking beyond crops was to ornamental plantings in urban landscapes. This was the grand entrance in the mid-1970s of the game-changing William Olkowski, who realized that the concept of pesticidal intervention as an efficiency-driven, situation-specific contingency to prevent significant pest damage could be seamlessly adapted to street tree canopies. Although spraying this sort of inventory certainly conferred an economic burden as well, the trees were simply being maintained for visual appeal rather than being grown for profit, thereby eliminating the need to reconcile cost against financial return. Taking advantage of the system's diminished complexity — the goal was distilled down solely to minimizing insecticide use — Olkowski shifted the currency of decision making away from dollars to appearance. He termed the point in progressive canopy defoliation at which pesticides were necessary to avoid future damage that the average onlooker would perceive as unsightly to be the aesthetic injury level (AIL). Of even greater importance, Olkowski shifted the calculation of AILs away from a rigorous process of crunching vast pools of biological and economic data in elaborate models (which distinguished the prescription of EILs) to a subjective exercise involving nothing more complicated than public opinion surveys.
Olkowski's conceptual leap was enormously influential beyond urban horticulture. It held out the possibility of a logical way to minimize chemical treatments for pests in buildings, the last frontier for the quickly spreading IPM ethos. Only a few years after the introduction of the AIL concept, Gary Piper and Gordon Frankie of Texas A&M University picked up the ball and ran with it in a fateful 1978 textbook chapter. Their discussion of the importance of public education in urban cockroach management programs began innocuously enough, focusing on the fatal flaw of classical (i.e., commodity-based) IPM when applied to the staples of fear and loathing: "The philosophy of integrated roach control is to manage populations at unobjectionable levels rather than to eradicate them. Obviously, this philosophy is incompatible with the public's current preconception and expectation of pest control."
But the revolution was young, and imbued with that central IPM vision of manipulation based on mathematics, they next threw down a provocative gauntlet that was to reverberate for decades: "Determination of realistic levels of tolerability or aesthetic injury levels, A.I.L., (i.e., levels of insect abundance or damage which offend the aesthetic values of people)...are important to the development of an effective cockroach management system. Human attitude toward these domiciliary insects ranges from indifference to intolerance, but in most instances only very low numbers (zero to five cockroaches observed per week) inside a residence are acceptable."
Since the presence of even a single cockroach has always been clearly unacceptable to those who actually pay the bill for pest control service in most venues, the expression "zero to five" became an inflammatory symbol to the industry rank and file watching from the trenches. Even leaders in the trade who were generally sympathetic to the new IPM paradigm did not hide their scorn that control actions could possibly be governed by the on/off switch of any sort of rigidly prescribed number that (in stark contrast to an economic threshold) had basically been pulled out of a hat. I was present at a particularly sardonic conversation among several influential pest control company owners that uncharitably speculated whether Piper or Frankie would tolerate the observation of five cockroaches per week in their own offices, much less their homes.
Despite the strong whiff of absurdity, quite a few members of the newly developing urban IPM community in academia and government were still willing to give the concept a try. Their efforts were often dismissed by those in the industry as the idle abstractions of dreamers whose paychecks did not depend on direct customer reaction. In reality, their motives were no different than those of Olkowski — it was the standard industry operating procedure of excessive surface/space spraying by schedule (with the common organophosphate and carbamate products of the era) that provided even the most down-to-earth reformers with all the incentive they needed to search for a compelling, mechanistic alternative that could provide the basis for a more restrained approach.
In a 1984 article that served to define the challenge, Pat Zungoli and William Robinson of Virginia Tech noted that most residents in public housing projects perceived cockroaches as a serious problem and had minimal tolerance for even low numbers in their living space. They also predicted that tolerances would diminish even further as control success increased (a fundamental concept discussed by structural IPM prophet Hugo Hartnack in the 1940s), thus leading to a progressively diminished acceptability of programs that aimed for suppression rather than total elimination. Acknowledging that "The level of control must reflect the attitudes of the target audience," they emphasized that acceptance of the AIL concept was dependent on resident education programs to sell the idea.
All in all, it was not a particularly strong endorsement. Interestingly enough, this paper also marked the general demise of the term "aesthetic injury level" among structural entomologists — within a few years, it had been almost completely replaced with the stronger, more operationally oriented "action threshold." And although there were a few additional attempts by academic researchers to get a handle on the issue, by the mid-1990s, the concept had largely been abandoned. A status review written by Robinson and Brian Forschler of the University of Georgia in 1999 is equally valid today. Their discussion focused on ants and termites, but applies to the total structural pest assemblage:
"There are…no established action thresholds for insect pests, including ants or termites, in the urban environment…It is our opinion that there are two major reasons why research-based action thresholds have not been established for urban ant and termite pest species. First, research designed specifically to provide background information for action threshold establishment has not been conducted, or the available scientific literature has not been collated to provide both the monitoring program and measure(s) of population indices needed. Second, monitoring an insect pest population is labor-intensive and time consuming. As a result, most practitioners and consumers are not willing to underwrite the maintenance of a monitoring program because of the inherent cost involved."
With the industry firmly united in opposition for pragmatic reasons, and many in the urban entomological community preferring that ATs be objectively based (while acknowledging that the necessary data simply didn't exist), there remained only one stakeholder group who continued to be strongly receptive to the concept — the environmental and social activists who promoted IPM almost exclusively as a pesticide reduction issue, and who, by the early 1990s, were increasingly focusing their efforts on schools. Ironically, for much of the decade, these reformers advocated ATs as an essential IPM component far more often than they actually specified them in real-life circumstances.
But supporters were emboldened in 2000 by the publication of a remarkable document commissioned by the Maryland Department of Agriculture, funded by an EPA grant, and written by the venerable pest management consulting team of Larry Pinto and Sandra Kraft. Entitled "Action Thresholds in School IPM Programs," the eight-page pamphlet boldly strode in where others had feared to tread, proposing concrete examples of ATs for 23 pest categories, from ants to yellowjackets. As one of the most ambitious attempts to bring this type of quantification to life, the guidance has since been reproduced by countless other sources of information on school IPM. The section on cockroaches offers the following values:
No mention was made of the rationale behind these numbers, but that wasn't the point. Pinto and Kraft made a valiant effort at what they had been hired to do by one of the most ideologically strict school IPM programs in the country. In so doing, by having the intellectual honesty to take the AT concept to its logical conclusion, they created an almost satirical instruction — the perfect argument for dispensing with the notion entirely (Figure 1).
In summary, the inclusion of ATs in structural pest management doctrine was probably an inevitable phase in the journey to make the biorational aspects of agricultural IPM relevant for the built environment. Unfortunately, the original paradigm was based on economic principles designed to meet the business needs of farmers — in retrospect, not a robust choice for an acid test of IPM legitimacy in structural venues. Today, this legitimacy derives from an emphasis on prevention, an analytical, systems approach to problem solving, and a restrained use of pesticides (with no sprayed formulations of any type unless absolutely necessary), rather than a Procrustean, numerical aspect to decision-making.
Here are the top five reasons why ATs should be allowed to fade away for good:
1) They're arbitrary and inflexible (at any given moment). Pest challenges in buildings often involve numerous, complex variables that cannot be readily distilled into precise laws. A responsive process based on a highly subjective, prescribed quantity is the exact opposite of the site-tailored philosophy that IPM represents.
2) They're ignored by the customers. ATs are the Prohibition of structural IPM. Not only do they subject the program to ridicule as concealed cans of illicit bug spray proliferate behind the backs of the earnest IPM missionaries, they put the technician on the front line into an untenable position with the building occupants.
3) They emphasize superficial data collection rather than synthetic problem solving. Since one of the primary objectives of an IPM program is to employ specialists who are capable of skill-based, qualitative decision-making rather than blindly following a numerical cookbook, an unavoidable interpretation of ATs is that they are an admission of failure in hiring, training or writing contract specifications.
4) They're already set at one or very close to one for most pests in most programs that use them. Since "prophylactic" chemical treatments in the absence of pests are already banned in even the most rudimentary IPM programs, one might legitimately ask how an AT of one functionally differs from no AT whatsoever.
5) They're now superfluous for decreasing pesticide use and risk. Back when indoor treatments were synonymous with monthly hosing of pest-free baseboards, ATs may have made sense as simply another way of stating that this would not be tolerated. But the world has changed and IPM has matured. Minimization of risk nowadays is "built in" with universal rules of engagement that emphasize baits, traps and other non-chemical approaches where scheduled surface and volumetric spraying used to rule (Figure 2). Essentially, IPM has made action thresholds obsolete.
The author gratefully acknowledges Larry Pinto and Sandra Kraft for their review of this manuscript, which has been adapted from a forthcoming book on the theory, history and practice of IPM in buildings. The opinions expressed herein are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the U. S. General Services Administration (GSA). Dr. Greene is entomologist and national IPM coordinator for the GSA's Public Building Service in Washington, D.C. He can be reached via e-mail at agreene@ giemedia.com.


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July 01, 2015
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The Top 10 In Action Sports
01Brick By Brick: Camping Lego Style
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10From Intense Trails to Intensive Care: Dicing with Death In a Mountain Biking Paradise
Nike Snowpark Montafon
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We've visited the Nike Snowpark Montafon last Weekend, which we packed in this small Edit. We were able to get some Snake&Hammers-shots and hit the park a few times! Enjoy our GAME OF BITCH! (The rules are simular to the Game Of Skate, but we've bitched it up!) Thanks for the nice time and the perfect shaped park setup! Riders: Vincent Frey Manuel Manca Michael Strobel-Schmidt Filmed by Luis Trautmann Edited by Frederick Boitel & Luis Trautmann
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Directed by Lee Seok-hoon (이석훈)
Screenplay by Cheon Seong-il (천성일), Choi I-yeong (최이영), Lee Seok-hoon (이석훈)130min | Release date in South Korea : 2014/08/06
Based in the start of the Chosun times, this movie is about a whale that swallows a royal sea; pirates and bandits then go searching after it.
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