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Video of Simon Cowell Talking American Idol on Piers Morgan 2011-03-11 03:05:00
Video: Simon Cowell Says American Idol Is "Better" Without Him This Season — Agree or Disagree?
by Celebrity
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Simon Cowell stopped off to chat with his good friend Piers Morgan in an interview that airs on Monday. The former American Idol star is currently preparing for the Fall release of his new show, The X Factor, with judge rumors all over ranging from Jessica Simpson to Mariah Carey. Simon spoke about his former gig, which narrowed the field down to 12 last night, saying that the new fresh faces and formula are already a winning combination. He said, "They've got their energy back, and their confidence." So what do you think, is AI better this season?
Simon Cowell
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Burkina 4 years
The contestants this season suck minus the country boy and the gospel guy. Simon would've been honest, and thats not what the 15 year olds can handle.
Nicky5 4 years
I totally agree ^^ Steven and Jennifer are just too nice and they lack words, their excuses always are that I can't judge you the performance was too good, or just wow, Randy is the only one talking about their singing. Jennifer and Steven are fun but they don't know how to judge properly. Simon would have ripped most of the contestants apart.


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25 Reasons You Should Date a Canadian, Eh
21 Reasons You Should Have a Hot Summer Romance With Pizza
If Disney Characters Were on Instagram, It'd Look JUST Like This
23 "Love" Notes That Show What Marriage Is Really Like
Did You Have an American Girl Doll? Well, You've Never Seen Them Like This . . .
Do You Think These Tweets to E L James Are TOO Harsh?
Put Your Relationship to the Test With These 8 Situations
15 Awkwardly Unsexy Stock Photos
You HAVE to See What 1 Woman Thought "Freezing Eggs" Meant
26 Things You're Doing That Are Actually Annoying Your Co-Workers
14 Signs You're the Mom of Your Friend Group

subset: commoncrawl


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Deer Population Control Using Contraception
Expand Messages
- Letter to Anna from Mark
I understand that interest in controlling deer populations using
contraception is high in some parts of New Jersey, and it is very important
that people understand the requirements for success.
First, the contraceptive method must be highly effective and long-lasting
with a single dose. Efficacy must remain high for 5 or more years without
boosting.The cost of capturing deer is high - $300 - 500 / deer on average,
even under favorable conditions. While delivering boosters using darts may
be somewhat less expensive, it still does cost time and money, and there are
significant technical challenges (e.g., how do you know how many deer have
to be boosted?).
Second, the treatment should be safe for the treated animals. It should be
safe for the treated individuals, and there should be no adverse effects on
the social organization and behavior of treated animals. pZP vaccines have
been studied for >20 years in several species (e.g., deer, horses,
elephants) and no significant adverse effects are known. pZP vaccines have
also been used extensively with zoo animals. SpayVac has been used safely in
hundreds of animals.
The only contraceptive agent that has been proven to meet the performance
criteria is SpayVac, a pZP immunocontraceptive vaccine. As concluded by
Killian et al. (2006): "...the only formulation of single-shot PZP vaccine
that appears to consistently produce a high degree of contraception lasting
multiple years is SpayVac."
[As you may be aware, there is one "blemish" on SpayVac's record: A few
years ago, the pZP used in SpayVac was exposed to 85 degrees C (185 F),
rather than the usual 75 degrees C (167 F). The pZP exposed to the higher
heat treatment lost effectiveness. Subsequent batches of SpayVac, treated at
75 degrees C, have been highly effective.]
Please feel free to give me a call if you have any questions. I have also
attached the abstract of a paper that I will deliver at the 6th
International Conference on Fertility Control for Wildlife, which will be
held in York, England, in early September.
All the best,
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text:
Prosecutors agree to lower bond for Memphis mother accused of child abuse in missing baby case
The mother of a missing infant lowered her head and faced the wall Tuesday during a brief hearing in Shelby County General Sessions Court, where her attorney and prosecutors agreed to a $250,000 bond — half the original bond.
Leslie Ballin, the attorney for Andrea Walker, said he doubts she could pay the amount needed to get out of jail on the reduced bond on felony aggravated child abuse charges related to her 7-week-old daughter, Aniston Walker.
The 33-year-old mother has remained behind bars since her arrest Jan. 10, one day after Aniston's father reported the infant missing.
"She's appropriately depressed," Ballin said of the mother.
The lead Memphis police investigator on the case and one of the first officers to respond to the defendant's home were in court Tuesday in case Ballin pressed for proof of probable cause his client committed aggravated child abuse.
Walker told police that while she drove her 5-year-old son to school, she left the baby and her 3-year-old boy home alone in a locked house, in the 5600 block of Falling Bark Drive, near Sycamore View and Raleigh-Lagrange, police allege. She said when she returned, the baby was gone.
Prosecutors initially charged the mother with two counts of aggravated child abuse, neglect or endangerment of the 3-year-old as well as the baby. But after private discussions Tuesday with Ballin, Asst. Dist. Atty. Jennifer Nichols agreed to drop the two counts involving the older child.
Ballin agreed to drop his motion to dismiss charges. Ballin also agreed to waive a preliminary hearing on the remaining two charges involving the missing infant, sending the case to Criminal Court. The next step is for prosecutors to present the case to a grand jury.
Neither Nichols nor Ballin would discuss details of the pending investigation.
Ballin said, "I can tell you we are making progress in her defense."
When asked where is the missing baby, he replied, "I'm not sharing any information."
"There's always a possibility charges can be upgraded," Nichols said.
The veteran prosecutor acknowledged difficulties with criminal cases where the victim can't be located.
"It presents its own unique challenges but they can be prosecuted and will be prosecuted," Nichols said. "We'll let the jury decide what happened."
She pointed to the 2010 case of Shakara Dickens, who claimed her 9-month-old was missing. Dickens was convicted of second-degree murder in 2012 even though the girl's body was never found. Dickens eventually admitted to smothering the child in her Raleigh apartment and dumping the body in an apartment dumpster.
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Problem solving enthusiast
United Kingdom - Last active: 03/29/2014 - Tests: 2
I am enthusiast with problem solving skills. Love to use software to improve way how we work with information. I strongly believe that every solution proposed must be as simple as possible... but not simpler than required. Fan of google apps and grails.
Short Developpment
France - Last active: 10/07/2013
Many languages
Digital Life Consultant & Handyman
United States - Last active: 06/06/2013 - Tests: 3
Let me be your digital guru. I have a BS in Computer Science from the University of California and a lifetime of experience building Linux servers, setting up networking for businesses, customizing user experiences, consulting and designing custom workflows. Have an open-ended tech question? Are you certain that something must be possible but you're not quite sure how best to accomplish it? Is your computer in disarray? Do you want to be more efficient in your digital work? I offer consulting services addressing the above mentioned as well as: - spreadsheet creation - requirements document drafting (my background is in Software Engineering) - small business consulting - article writing and/or editing - project management for web and mobile applications - UI/UX design for mobile and web applications - web research and presentation - creation of professional presentations I have consulted with many individuals and businesses to develop custom solutions to any digital needs. Not sure if your requirements fall under the above categories? Just send an email and I'll get back to you with either a quote or an honest recommendation of where else you may find your answer.
Management -Advertising-Customer Sale-Negotiation
Cameroon - Last active: 2 months ago - Tests: 6
I am dynamic, I have a capacity to anticipate on the challenges of futur, good strategycally thinking skill, opportunist, acustomed to work in a multicultural environnment. I am also characterise by my passion that bring me put all my strengh to overcome challenges. I behave as a Global business manager and I am optimistic about the future. One of my main particularity is that I always behave differently. Behaving differently is the gateway of originality and success. It is why I am always at the right place at the best time. I express fluently in French and English and basicaly in German. Prepare to face challenges on a global environment, I will work professionally to boost your competitiveness and your productivity.
- Ecommerce Platform Development
- Marketing strategy
- Customer service
- Business Continuity Planning
- Project management
- Affiliate Marketing
- Business Analysis
- Google Spreadsheets
- Fundraising
- database management
- Corporate Finance
- Public Relations
- Sales Promotion
- Translation English French
- Translation French English
- Business Development
Quality Assurance Analyst
Philippines - Last active: 11/17/2013 - Tests: 6
I have 5 years of data analysis and database design, and 3 years of quality assurance testing under my belt. I spent a total of 2 years working in Utah and San Francisco, understanding the Client's work culture and their systems. I have spent 3 years working online (work at home) for a concierge service company in San Francisco whose biggest client is VISA. I would like to extend my expertise to the world and learn relevant and up to date technologies in return and I chose oDesk as my medium.
- Google search
- Quantitative Analysis
- Data Analytics
- Data Structures
- Database design
- Functional testing
- Manual Test Execution
- Software Testing
- User acceptance testing
- Usability testing
- Business Analysis
- Requirements analysis
- Musical composition
- Microsoft Excel
- Microsoft Word
- SEO Keyword Research
- Internet research
- Bugzilla
- Proofreading
- Google Spreadsheets
- Google Docs
- Basecamp
Google AdWords Specialist / PPC Manager
United States - Last active: 02/04/2014 - Tests: 3
- Dedicated administrative support professional with 16+ years providing outstanding support to senior executives. - Intermediate in MS Word, Excel, Publisher and Internet applications; able to learn new programs. - Skilled in research, analyzing data, writing, proofing and editing. - Paid Advertising (PPC) 5+ years as owner/manager of PPC Consulting Group (Google AdWords, Bing/Yahoo, FaceBook, LinkedIn, Twitter) - Detail-oriented, accurate, and dependable, with an uncompromising work ethic. - An active listener with strong interpersonal skills. Strive to understand client needs and provide exceptional results.
Software Developer/Programmer
Greece - Last active: 12/24/2013 - Tests: 1 - Portfolio: 1
Technology lover, passionate about computers and especially about software applications field decided to follow that career path, combining my personal interests with my job. Experienced in Business Software and Software Analysis through my career as an ERP Consultant and Developer, I never stop trying to improve and extend my knowledge and get involved in as many software fields as I can, such as Artificial Intelligence, Databases, Mobile Applications, Web, Games Development, etc, with particular interest in Natural Language Processing (NLP) Algorithms. I am also interested in Business Analysis and Planning, Project Management, Marketing, Economics and Management. Specialties: ERP/CRM Consulting, Database Development, Information Systems Analysis and NLP Applications
- database management
- Data Entry
- Database Modeling
- database programming
- Data Analytics
- Database Administration
- Database design
- Data Warehousing
- Data mining
- Transact-SQL
- Microsoft Excel
- Microsoft Word
- Microsoft PowerPoint
- Microsoft Access Administration
- Microsoft Outlook Development
- Microsoft Visio
- Microsoft Visual Studio
- Adobe Dreamweaver
- Adobe Photoshop
- SAP Crystal Reports
- Adobe Fireworks
- Adobe Acrobat
- Adobe Flash
- Assembly Language
- JavaScript
- Java
- Algorithms
- Business Planning
- Business Analysis
- Economic Analysis
- Financial analysis
- Financial Accounting
- Software Testing
- Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
- Project management
- Econometrics
- Translation Greek English
- Translation English Greek
- Windows XP Administration
- Accounting
- MySQL Administration
- PostgreSQL Administration
- Geographic Information System (GIS)
- Natural language processing
- .NET Framework
- Blog Writing
- Google Docs
- Google+
- Google Spreadsheets
SEO / SEM / SMM / Translations / Data entry
Israel - Last active: 11 days ago - Tests: 1
Native Russian speaker Additional languages - English / Hebrew Master's Degrees in Computer Science, Ulyanovsk State Technical University, Russia Strengths 1. Proven ability to reach goals 2. Extensive familiarity with the Russian culture and media 3. Strong organizational and problem-solving skills 4. Excellent customer service and support skills 5. Excellent web research and analytical abilities 6. Efficient, accurate, and detail-oriented 7. Excellent oral and written communication skills 8. Excellent comprehension and retention skills 9. Process improvement ability 10. Comfortable working in a wide variety of environments • Content management/translations/copywriting/proofreading in English, Russian & Hebrew • SEO Copywriting/Editing in English, Russian & Hebrew (web content, e-mail campaigns, ads, newsletters) • SEO Management • SEO (Yandex/Google) / SMM / SEM • Technical SEO • Keyword Research • Social Media Optimization and Marketing (SMO/SMM) • Internet Market Research • Usability Design • Evaluation/testing/re-designing of site's structure
DataEntry / Transcriber/ Blogger / Freelance writer
Costa Rica - Last active: 16 days ago
Thank you for viewing my profile! I am a detailed and thorough professional with administrative experience. I specialize in delivering quality services with respect for strict deadlines and high expectations. I am equipped with a dedicated office complete with computer, copier/scanner , phone and color printer. I provide creative and detailed administrative, writing, translating, transcribing and editing services. I excel at working under tight deadlines with strict expectations. I possess the self discipline and time management skills necessary to have served as a virtual employee. I can bring value to you business.
Google Research, Data Entry, Data Mining, Photoshop
Philippines - Last active: 22 hours ago - Tests: 6 - Portfolio: 2
"Web Researcher, Email Harvester, Data Miner, Data Entry Specialist" I have 5 years experienced on Internet Cafe as a Owner. I have lots of experienced on managing this kind of job specially on Web Research, Data Entry, Typing Job, Audio Remix, Video Editing, Digital Photo Printing, Photo Editing using Photoshop, Computer Technician, Downloading, Uploading, and Installing Software or Games. Now I'm here in oDesk and my client's satisfaction is my top priority, and my keys are: 1.) Follow the given Instruction carefully. 2.) Being accurate to every details. 3.) Working with Speed. 4.) Submitting the project on time. 5.) Being respectful to my clients and treat him/her as My Boss. Wilbert is hard worker / full time worker.


text:
More On Legal & Compliancefrom The Advisor's Professional Library
- Where Are We Headed? The ultimate compliance goal is to help ensure that everyone associated with an advisory firm acts ethically at all times. Advisors and RIAs should do the right thing, even when regulators are not looking over their shoulders.
- RIAs and Customer Identification Just as RIAs owe a duty to diligently protect their clients privacy and guard against theft, firms also play a vital role in customer identification. Although RIAs are not subject to an anti-money laundering rule, securities regulators expect advisors to address these issues in their policies and procedures.
The Committee for the Fiduciary Standard on Thursday announced that it had named Morningstar columnist W. Scott Simon as Fiduciary of the Year for his contributions to advancing the role of the authentic fiduciary standard.
Simon is a lawyer, certified planner and accredited investment fiduciary analyst, and also the author of "The Prudent Investor Act: A Guide to Understanding." In addition, Simon writes the monthly "Fiduciary Focus" column for Morningstar Advisor that offers insights on a variety of fiduciary investment issues and advocates for higher standards of care. He is also the author of "The Prudent Investor Act: A Guide to Understanding."
As an expert on the Uniform Prudent Investor Act and the Restatement 3rd of Trusts (the Prudent Investor Rule), Simon is credited by the Committee for the Fiduciary Standard for embodying its five core fiduciary duties:
- Put the client's best interests first
- Act with prudence, meaning with the skill, care, diligence and good judgment of a professional
- Avoid misleading clients--provide conspicuous, full and fair disclosure of all important facts
- Avoid conflicts of interest
- Disclose fully and fairly manage, in the client's favor, unavoidable conflicts
"Scott, with his combination of legal expertise and work as an investment advisor, has made numerous outstanding contributions to the cause of advancing the vital role of the fiduciary standard to investors, capital markets and society," said Roger Gibson, chief investment officer of Gibson Capital and the chairman of the Committee for the Fiduciary Standard, in a statement.
The award, which is named for Professor Tamar Frankel of the Boston University School of Law, was presented at the fi360 Conference by 2011 winner Ron Rhoades.
"It is extraordinarily gratifying to be honored by a group of individuals whose work I admire and seek to emulate," Simon said in a statement. "It is my hope that through this committee's work and advocacy by others within the fiduciary community, we can continue to educate the retirement planning industry of the critical, central importance of the fiduciary standard."
Read Fiduciary Standard Does Not Increase Costs, Study Says at AdvisorOne.


text: Spencer Pratt: I'm a Celebrity Music Video by Free Britney at June 1, 2009 4:57 pm. Comments Share Tweet Email Spencer Pratt's first single, "I'm a Celebrity." Created for his new NEW reality show, I'm a Celebrity, Get Me Out of Here! Edit Delete Follow Heidi Montag? Stars: Heidi Montag, Spencer Pratt Related Videos: Heidi Montag Videos, Spencer Pratt Videos Related Post: I'm a Celebrity: The Spencer Pratt Music Video Uploaded by: Free Britney Uploaded: June 01, 2009


text:
Originally written on Steelers Depot | Last updated 9/20/12
The last time that the Pittsburgh Steelers faced the Oakland Raiders they handled them easily at Heinz Field. The 35-3 win was not without incident though as Raiders defensive end Richard Seymour was ejected for an open-handed punch to the face of quarterback Ben Roethlisberger just seconds after he threw a 22-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Emmanuel Sanders with just under two minutes to go in the first half. After completing the throw, Roethlisberger then began walking forward and appeared to say something to Seymour, who proceeded to turn and punch the quarterback in the jaw with his Read more [...]
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Meet the Locals and Hear Their Stories in the Loire Valley - Because we know the area intimately we can take you to all sorts of places that you might not otherwise see. Along the way we will often talk to locals who...
Monday, 26 November 2012
Bike Racks at Cheverny
The Loire à Vélo website should give you much of the information you need to plan a cycling holiday here.
Posted by Susan at 09:00
Labels: Towns and Villages near Preuilly
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|Research > Growth > Research projects > Land & marine transport projects > Improving safety at sea
|Improving safety at sea
In 1994, the roll-on, roll-off (ro-ro) ferry Estonia capsized with the loss of more than 850 lives. As recently as December 1999, the 25-year-old, single-hulled oil tanker, Erika, broke in two just 40 miles off the Brittany coast, releasing more than 10,000 tonnes of heavy oil into the sea and polluting 400 km of coastline. These disasters demonstrate the need for continued effort to improve safety at sea to protect human life and the environment.
Much has been achieved over recent years - the number of major oil spills, for example, has dropped from more than 80 a year in the 1970s to less than 40 a year in the 1990s. The amount of oil entering the sea from ships has been cut by about 60% during the same period. Similarly, a great deal has been done to make ro-ro ferries much safer. But, there is still much to do.


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Glenerin Inn, Mississauga
- Free WiFi and free parking
Main amenities
- 21 smoke-free guestrooms
- Restaurant and bar/lounge
- Full-service spa
- Breakfast available
- Conference center
- Limo/town car service
- 24-hour front desk
- Coffee/tea in the lobby
- Air conditioning
- Daily housekeeping
- Garden
- Computer station
What's around
- In a regional park
- University of Toronto Mississauga (0.6 mi / 0.9 km)
- Erin Mills Town Centre (2.9 mi / 4.6 km)
- Mississauga Civic Centre (4 mi / 6.5 km)
- Mississauga Celebration Square (4.1 mi / 6.7 km)
- Playdium (5.8 mi / 9.4 km)
Room is small bur suffices.
This was my second visit to the Glenerin Inn. I enjoyed it very much. I think for the…
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $97
- Standard Room, 1 Queen Bed
- Junior Traditional
Recommended hotels
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 21 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 2 floors
- Check-out time is 11 AM
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum check-in age is 18
- Minimum Spring Break check-in age is 18
Travelling with others
- Pets not allowed
Extra people
- Roll-away beds available, charges may apply*
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Free self parking
- Accessible parking
- Extended parking
Other information
- Smoke-free property
- Resort fee included
Nearby Three Star Mississauga hotels
In the hotel
- Cooked-to-order breakfast daily (surcharge)
- Restaurant
- Bar/lounge
- Room service (during limited hours)
- Coffee/tea in the lobby
- Full-service spa
- Spa treatment room(s)
- Hiking/biking trails on site
- Golf lessons available nearby
- Golfing nearby
- Mountain biking nearby
- Downhill skiing nearby
- Number of meeting rooms - 6
- Conference space
- Meeting rooms
- Conference space size (feet) - 5500
- Conference space size (meters) - 511
- Conference center
- Computer station
- 24-hour front desk
- Limo or Town Car service available
- Hair salon
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Wedding services
- Number of buildings/towers - 2
- Year Built 1927
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Garden
- Fireplace in lobby
- Television in lobby
- Disabled parking
- Accessible path of travel
- Accessible bathroom
In the room
- Climate control
- Air conditioning
- Ceiling fan
- Bathrobes
- Slippers
- Iron/ironing board
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Down comforter
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Sofa bed
- Sofa bed size double
- Premium bedding
- Pillowtop mattress
- In-room massage available
- Yard
- Individually decorated
- Individually furnished
- Private bathroom
- Shower/tub combination
- Designer toiletries
- Hair dryer
- 32-inch flat-screen TV
- Cable TV channels
- IPod docking station
- Desk
- Free weekday newspaper
- Free WiFi
- Free local calls
- Refrigerator (on request)
- Daily housekeeping
Top Mississauga hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Mississauga
Nearby hotels
Special features
The Spa at the Glenerin has 4 treatment rooms including rooms for couples and outdoor treatment areas. Services include massages, facials, body wraps, and body scrubs. A variety of treatment therapies are provided, including aromatherapy and Ayurvedic.
The spa is open select days. Children under 12 years old are not allowed in the spa without adult supervision.
DiningOnsite venue - Overlooking the garden, this restaurant serves breakfast, brunch, lunch, and dinner. Reservations are required.
Glenerin Inn, Mississauga's small print
Also known as
- Glenerin
- Glenerin Inn
- Glenerin Inn Mississauga
- Glenerin Mississauga
Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.
Children under 12 years old are not allowed in the spa without adult supervision.
This property does not have elevators.
Parking height restrictions apply.
Reservations are required for massage services and spa treatments and can be made by contacting the property before arrival at the number on the booking confirmation.
Mandatory fees
The charges below are included in the total price displayed:
- Resort fee
Optional extras
Rollaway beds are available for CAD 15.00 per day
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


text:
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hummingbird spreads her tail over three red dianthus; white background
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- Copyright: Mike Truchon
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text:
President Obama's moves to downgrade relations with Egypt are encouraging the military-backed government in one of America's major Middle East allies to rekindle ties with Russia.
Egypt's former ambassador in Moscow this week sent a signal to Washington about Cairo's new interest in the Kremlin.
Raouf Saad told the Voice of Russia radio that President Vladimir Putin understands the threat facing Russia and Egypt from extremists linked to al Qaeda and the Muslim Brotherhood, which had moved Egypt toward Islamic fundamentalism under ousted President Mohammed Morsi.
"Russia realizes and knows what kind of threat is hovering over the region," Mr. Saad said, adding that the U.S. appears "puzzled" by the massive popular uprising that sparked the military to overthrow Mr. Morsi in July.
"The Egyptian revolution that astonished the world has put the United States in an embarrassing situation. It doesn't know what to do next," Mr. Saad said.
The Obama administration strongly supported Mr. Morsi, who was democratically elected last year, and tried to discourage Egyptians from rising up against him.
The State Department early this month responded to his ouster by freezing about one-third of the $1.6 billion in annual U.S. aid to Egypt.
Meanwhile, Egypt is moving toward Russia for the first time in about three decades, as Mr. Putin prepares for a visit to Cairo. The two countries had close relations in the 1950s and 1960s under Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser, but Egyptian President Anwar Sadat realigned the country toward the West in the 1970s.
The diplomatic dance comes as Mr. Obama appears to be ignoring Egypt. His national security adviser, Susan E. Rice, told The New York Times on Sunday that the administration's priorities in the Middle East are Iran, Syria and Arab-Israeli peace talks.
The news from Yemen on Monday was very important. In fact, the first Associated Press dispatch at 4:59 p.m. Washington time was labeled "URGENT."
Yemeni residents in the capital, Sanaa, told reporters they heard an explosion and heavy gunfire near the U.S. Embassy, which has long been a target of Islamic terrorists.
That initial news flash was picked up around the world, as major cable TV companies posted the dispatch. Reporters from Washington to the Yemeni capital scurried to get more details — any details.
They were quick to come, but the news organizations were slow to react. Why let facts ruin a good story?
Twelve minutes after the first report, Mohammed Albasha, a spokesman for the Yemeni Embassy in Washington, took to Twitter to calm the feverish reporters who suspected another Benghazi-style attack story.
Mr. Albasha insisted the U.S. Embassy in Yemen was not under assault.
By 6:28 p.m., he tweeted the cause of the chaos.
"The explosions heard near [the] US Embassy in Sanaa were wedding fireworks. Police detained persons who set the fireworks," he said.
The fireworks were set off about 2 miles from the embassy.
However, at 7:04, the AP still clung to a possible blockbuster.
"Yemeni security officials said that an explosion followed by what sounded like heavy gunfire had been heard near the U.S. Embassy Monday, but government spokesmen later said that the blast was fireworks from a wedding procession," the AP reported.
An hour later, Mr. Albasha teased the journalists.
"To all my Washingtonian followers Umm I'm sorry for the 'explosive' wedding/ending to your Monday," he wrote. "Have a good one."
• Embassy Row is published on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. James Morrison can be reached at email@example.com or @EmbassyRow.
© Copyright 2015 The Washington Times, LLC. Click here for reprint permission.


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A woman says she was knocked to the ground by a car and Put-in-Bay police failed to call emergency medical assistance to help her.
Another oversight from the June incident, the woman said, was that the elderly driver was not cited for the accident because he is friends with Put-in-Bay police Chief Ric Lampela.
The woman was pinned between her vehicle and the man's station wagon before she fell to the ground, according to both her and the Put-in-Bay police report.
She described her injuries in a witness statement.
"I was knocked to the ground…. injuring my left knee, right arm, right cheek and side of my face."
She went to the hospital the next day after police did not call EMS that night.
"Officers cleared the scene," the report concludes, after describing the woman's injuries as "minor."
She asked to remain anonymous, in part because Lampela has been accused of holding grudges and using his position and police force to retaliate against certain individuals and businesses.
Lampela has dodged numerous questions, phone calls and public records requests regarding multiple allegations of police misconduct.
Dennis Rectenwald, retired educator and superintendent, said he spoke out against Lampela's department at council meetings in years past, earning himself a spot on chief's alleged list.
Rectenwald was recently handcuffed following a traffic citation after he exited his vehicle on his property.
Multiple witnesses told the Register Rectenwald had his hands raised and police never told him to get back in his car. Still, police handcuffed the 68-year-old because they thought he might be armed, according to the report.
When Rectenwald asked why he was being handcuffed, police said he charged at them.
"There is a lack of consistency, a lack of fairness," Rectenwald recently said of the department and its enforcement of the law. "People are starting to say 'enough is enough."
Put-in-Bay Resort employees are fighting charges they say are personal and unrelated to any illegal act.
Two employees were arrested for obstruction of justice last September when they could not immediately print paychecks for a recently terminated employee, and because they would not share information about the terminated employees with officers.
"I had nothing to do with them," one of the employees recently told the Register.
The general manager was arrested the day before for not immediately supplying police with paperwork from the resort's golf cart vendor.
Her case was continued for a third time last week by Ottawa County Prosecutor Mark Mulligan.
Lampela and Put-in-Bay Mayor Margaret Scarpelli failed to attend a scheduled mediation hearing July 1 regarding the arrest. Scarpelli says she is conducting an investigation, though resort personnel contend she has never viewed video surveillance from the arrests.
The owner of the resort said he became an enemy of Lampela when he had a disagreement with the chief over a noise ordinance about five years ago.


text:
A method of providing forward error correction for data services uses a parallel concatenated convolutional code which is a Turbo Code comprising a plurality of eight-state constituent encoders wherein a plurality of data block sizes are used in conjunction with said Turbo Code. A variation uses the method in a cellular radio system. Another variation uses the method in both forward and reverse likes of a cellular radio system.
1. A data signal, embodied in a carrier wave generated by a wireless telephony apparatus, comprising:
data that has been encoded by a Turbo encoder including a plurality of constituent encoders, each adapted to encode data using a convolutional code,
wherein at least one of the plurality of constituent encoders has a transfer function of:
G(D)=[1, (1+D+D3)/(1+D2+D3)], wherein D denotes unit delay in presentation or data bits to the encoder.
2. The data signal of
3. A data signal, embodied in a carrier wave generated by a wireless telephony apparatus, comprising:
data that has been encoded by a Turbo encoder including a plurality of constituent encoders, each adapted to encode data using a convolutional code,
wherein at least one of the plurality of constituent encoders has a transfer function of:
G(D)=[1, (1+D+D3)/d(D)], wherein D denotes unit delay in presentation of data bits to the encoder.
4. The data signal of
5. The data signal of
6. A data signal, embodied in a carrier wave generated by a wireless telephony apparatus, comprising:
data that has been encoded by a Turbo encoder including a plurality of constituent encoders, each adapted to encode data with a convolutional code,
wherein at least one of the plurality of constituent encoders has a transfer function of:
G(D)=[1, (1+D+D3)/(1+D2+D3), (1+D+D2+D3)/(1+D2+D3)], wherein D denotes unit delay in presentation of data bits to the encoder.
7. The data signal of
8. The data signal of
9. The data signal of
10. A data signal, embodied in a carrier wave generate by a wireless telephony apparatus, comprising:
data that has been encoded by a Turbo encoder including a plurality of constituent encoders, each encoder adapted to encode data with a convolutional code,
wherein at least one of the plurality of constituent encoders has a transfer function of:
G(D)=[1, nx(D)/d(D), ny(D)/d(D)], wherein nx and ny are polynomials specifying feed forward connections and d(D)=(1+D2+D3); wherein D denotes unit delay in presentation of data bits to the encoder.
11. The data signal of
12. The data signal of
13. The data signal of
This is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/156,372, filed May 28, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,665,829, which is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/235,582, filed Jan. 22, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,430,722.
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. � 119(e) of the filing dates of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/072,368, filed Jan. 23, 1998, No. 60/074,932, filed Feb. 17, 1998, No. 60/075,742, filed Feb. 23, 1998, and No. 60/076,464, filed Mar. 2, 1998.
The present invention relates to error correction in data communications, and more particularly, to forward error correction (FEC). Even more particularly, the present invention relates the selection and use of optimal Turbo Codes in high performance data communication systems, such as emerging third generation terrestrial cellular mobile radio and satellite telephone systems, for which flexibility in supporting a wide range of system requirements with respect to transmission data rates, channel coding rates, quality of service measures (e.g., latency, bit-error rate, frame error rate), and implementation complexity are highly desirable.
Forward error correction (FEC) is required in terrestrial and satellite radio systems to provide high quality communication over the RF propagation channel, which induces signal waveform and spectrum distortions, including signal attenuation (freespace propagation loss) and multi-path induced fading. These impairments drive the design of the radio transmission and receiver equipment, the design objective of which is to select modulation formats, error control schemes, demodulation and decoding techniques and hardware components that together provide an efficient balance between system performance and implementation complexity. Differences in propagation channel characteristics, such as between terrestrial and satellite communication channels, naturally result in significantly different system designs. Likewise, existing communication systems continue to evolve in order to satisfy increased system requirements for new higher rate or higher fidelity communication services.
In the case of terrestrial cellular mobile radio telephony, Analog Mobile Phone System (AMPS) is an exemplary first generation system; the U.S. IS-136 and European GSM time-division multiple-access (TDMA) standards and the U.S. IS-95 code-division multiple-access (CDMA) standard are second generation systems; and the wideband CDMA standards currently under development (e.g., CDMA 2000 in the U.S. and UTRA in Europe) are third generation systems.
In the third generation systems the development of flexible, high-speed data communication services is of particular interest. Desirable features include the ability to perform rate adaptation and to satisfy a multiplicity of quality-of-service (QoS) requirements.
Traditional forward error correction (FEC) schemes for communication systems include use of convolutional codes, block codes such as Reed-Solomon or BCH codes, and/or concatenated coding schemes.
Turbo Codes are a relatively new class of block codes that have been demonstrated to yield bit error rate (BER) performance close to theoretical limits on important classes of idealized channels by means of an iterative soft-decision decoding method.
A Turbo encoder consists of a parallel concatenation of typically two systematic, recursive convolutional codes ("constituent codes") separated by an interleaver that randomizes the order of presentation of information bits to the second constituent encoder with respect to the first constituent encoder. The performance of a Turbo Code depends on the choice of constituent codes, interleaver, information block size (which generally increase with higher data rates), and number of decoder iterations. For a particular Turbo Code, in which the constituent codes are fixed, one can ideally adjust the block size and number of decoder iterations to trade-off performance, latency, and implementation complexity requirements. As the block size changes, however, a new interleaver matched to that block size is required.
In a CDMA network with synchronized base stations, the forward link channels (from base station to user terminal) can be designed to be orthogonal, using, for example, Walsh-Hadamard spreading sequences. This is generally not possible, however, for reverse link channels (from user terminal to base station), which therefore operate asynchronously using spreading sequences that are only quasi-orthogonal. Thus, the reverse links in a synchronous CDMA network typically experience more interference and therefore may require stronger FEC (via lower rate codes) than the forward link channels do.
In an asynchronous CDMA network, the forward and reverse link channels are more similar in terms of interference levels, so it is possible to use a common FEC scheme (or at least more similar FEC schemes) on the two links.
The flexibility and high performance of Turbo Codes make them a potentially attractive technology for sophisticated data communications services. It is therefore desirable to identify Turbo Codes and Turbo coding FEC schemes that best match diverse service requirements with respect to data rates and coding rates while minimizing implementation complexity.
The present invention advantageously addresses the above and other needs by providing methods for designing and using universally optimized Turbo Codes.
The present invention advantageously addresses the needs above as well as other needs by providing an approach for designing universal constituent codes of Turbo Codes providing optimal performance in conjunction with a variety of different interleaver depths and Turbo Code rates.
The present invention is characterized, in its most basic form as a method of providing forward error correction for data services using a parallel concatenated convolutional code (PCCC) which is a Turbo Code comprising of a plurality of eight-state constituent encoders wherein a plurality of data block sizes are used in conjunction with said Turbo Code.
In one variation, the method of forward error correction further uses a universal Turbo Code in a cellular mobile radio system.
In one embodiment, the method of forward error correction further uses a universal Turbo Code in a forward link and a reverse link of a cellular mobile radio system.
Specific universal Turbo Codes, with sets of optimized puncturing patterns capable of providing several commonly used code rates, are identified that provide uniformly near-optimal bit error rate and frame error rate performance over a wide range of information block sizes (hence, data rates) for a set of supported code rates.
Several universal Turbo Codes are identified herein and differ from each other in terms of: 1) the targeted code rate for which the choice of constituent encoders is optimized; and 2) flexibility with regard to the lowest code rate supported.
A suite of preferred universal Turbo Codes is provided from which a Turbo Coding FEC scheme is crafted to best meet the specific design requirements of a sophisticated data communication system.
The above and other aspects, features and advantages of the present invention will be more apparent from the following more particular description thereof, presented in conjunction with the following drawings wherein:
Appendix A is a compilation of figures, collectively referred to herein as 'analogous' figures, curves or simulations or the equivalent.
Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding components through out several views of the drawings.
The following description of the presently contemplated best mode of the invention is not to be taken in a limiting sense, but is made merely for the purpose of describing the general principles of the invention. The scope of the invention should be determined with reference to the claims.
There are at least two primary aspects of the current invention: 1) forward error correction schemes for data services based on specific 'universal' Turbo Codes demonstrated to provide near optimal performance over a wide range of information block sizes and code rates; and 2) the method by which specific Turbo Codes having the above mentioned desirable properties can be designed.
Turbo Codes are particularly well-suited to data applications because of their excellent error correction capabilities at low signal-to-noise (SNR) ratios and their flexibility in trading off BER and frame error rate (FER) performance for processing delay. The data services under consideration in the hereinafter-described embodiments are consistent with third generation Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) cellular mobile radio standards currently in development and are typically more delay-tolerant than low-rate voice services.
The universal Turbo Codes specified herein (and the method of finding such codes), however, are also applicable to data services in other cellular mobile radio systems (e.g., the European Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA) standard used in GSM) as well as other systems, such as satellite or other wireless communications systems. Several specific Turbo Codes are therefore identified that provide different optimizations regarding these requirements. Others would also be possible.
In order to optimize the performance of Turbo Codes for data services, it is desirable to have a set of "universal" constituent codes that provide optimal or nearly optimal performance in conjunction with a variety of different Interleaver depths and Turbo Code rates, thus avoiding tailoring each optimization of particular Turbo Codes.
Referring first to
A signal from a mobile station ('mobile signal') received at a base station Receive antenna 122 is amplified in a Base RF receiver 124 and demodulated in a Spread Spectrum Demodulator 128, using the same PN-code used by the mobile RF transmitter 118, to de-spread the signal. The demodulated symbols are de-interleaved by a Channel De-Interleaver 130 and input to a Viterbi decoder 132. The decoded information bits are reconstructed into receive data blocks 136 and forwarded to the data terminal equipment at the receive end of the system.
Referring next to
Transmit data Blocks 202 from data terminal equipment are segmented and framed at a Segmentation Processor 204 into fixed frame lengths and applied to a Turbo Code encoder 208. The output from the encoder 208 is fed to a Channel Interleaver 212 to pseudo-randomize the code symbols. The Channel Interleaver 212 provides output to a Spread Spectrum Modulator 214 which uses a user specific PN-code from a PN Generator 216 to create a spread spectrum signal, carried on a RF carrier to a mobile RF transmitter 218. The channel interleaver 212 is distinguished from a turbo code interleaver (not shown), which is a component of the encoder 208. The mobile RF Transmitter 218 coupled to a Transmit Antenna 220 uses a high power amplifier (not shown) at the Transmit Antenna 220 to radiate the signal to the base station.
A signal from the mobile station received at a base receive antenna is amplified in a base RF receiver 224 and demodulated in a Spread Spectrum Demodulator 228, which uses the same PN-code as used by the mobile RF transmitter 218, to de-spread the signal. The demodulated symbols are de-interleaved by the Channel DE-Interleaver 230, and input to the Turbo Code decoder 232. Decoded information bits from the Turbo Code decoder 232 are reconstructed at a Reconstruction Processor 238 into receive data blocks 236 and forwarded to the data terminal equipment at the receive end.
Referring to
Both encoders 306, 308 produce, in addition to the information bits 302 (also referred to as systematic bits 302), parity bits 310, 314 which are punctured by puncturer 312 to achieve a desired overall Turbo Code rate. It is also possible to puncture systematic bits.
The constituent codes of a Turbo Code are usually systematic, recursive convolutional codes. The simplest and most widely known recursive convolutional codes have rate 1/2 and transfer function:
The rate of a Turbo Code is changed by changing the selection of output bits 310, 314 for puncturing or transmitting. In all the cases herein, a "1" indicates transmitting; a "0" indicates puncturing.
It is not possible to achieve Turbo Code rates lower than 1/3 without either increasing the number of constituent encoders or increasing the number of output parity bits per constituent encoder. The latter is usually preferred in order to reduce implementation complexity. In this case, one considers a rate 1/3 systematic, recursive convolutional code with transfer function:
Using two such constituent codes provides any Turbo Code rate between 1/5 and 1 through puncturing, or deleting.
Turbo Codes are decoded using iterative decoding methods, as shown in the block diagram of FIG. 4.
Each of the constituent codes are decoded separately using likelihood estimates of the other constituent decoder 406 or 416 as 'a priori' information. The constituent decoder 406, 416 must be of a soft-input/soft-output type, such as the Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) algorithm, the sub-optimal Soft-Output Viterbi Algorithm (SOVA), or variations. After both constituent decoders have processed the data, the process can be repeated.
In practice, the turbo decoders 406, 416 are usually limited to a fixed number of iterations consistent with the implementation complexity and performance objectives of the system.
The second decoder 416 accepts the soft decision 414 described above and produces an improved soft decision 420 on information bits which are then interleaved by an interleaver 422 and fed to the first decoder 406 as a priori information. The whole process is repeated as many times as desired. Final output 420 is obtained by making hard decisions or the soft decisions out of the first or second decoder.
In accordance with the present invention, a single mother Turbo Code and various puncturing patterns are sought to derive uniformly good codes for various code rates and information block sizes.
A methodology for determining universal constituent codes is developed by first limiting the initial pool of possible universal constituent codes in accordance with trade-off studies between performance and implementation complexity. In accordance with the present invention, performance studies using different state codes have shown that eight-state constituent codes provide a good performance trade-off.
Universal constituent codes are first optimized according to the primary code rate of the targeted application. For example, in the case of CDMA data communications, separate optimizations can be done for the forward and reverse links since the reverse links usually require lower code rates for higher coding gain.
The following steps, more fully described below, are used to produce Turbo Codes optimized for rate 1/2 and rate 1/3:
Once generated, best Turbo Codes of lower rates such as 1/4, which are compatible with the rate 1/2 and 1/3 Turbo Codes determined by the above steps, can also be determined.
Rate 1/2 Constituent Codes
The following describes how rate 1/2 constituent codes are determined in one embodiment.
First, a list of candidate eight-state, rate 1/2 constituent code polynomials are determined.
Table 1 lists the determined denominator polynomials d(D) and numerator polynomials n(D) in octal notation. There are twelve constituent code candidates considered for initial screening purposes.
Each of the twelve (12) polynomials is expressed in octal form in Table 1, and has a corresponding binary and polynomial notation. The binary equivalent, for example of octal 13, is binary 1011. Binary 1011 corresponds to a polynomial d(D)=D0(1)+D1(0)+D2(1)+D3(1)=1+D2+D3.
Next, the candidate Turbo Codes are simulated with an interleaver size of 1000 bits and three decoder iterations. The preliminary screening, which results are shown in FIG. 5 and
The results of FIG. 5 and
Next, a corresponding performance of the eight-state Turbo Codes, using simulated data with the candidate universal codes at each rate and Interleaver depth, is used to construct Table 2. A sample performance study or simulation is shown in
Table 2 below shows the approximate SNR loss for simulated data due to using a non-optimized code at rates 1/2 and 1/3 and Interleaver depths of 512, 1024, 2048, and 3072 bits.
In a similar simulation using sixteen-state codes, pairs denoted as 31-33 and 31-27 are also shown in sample
With separate simulations, the difference in performance amongst the different interleavers using the above six (6) candidate pairs is observed to be within 0.05 dB.
Finally, the results of Table 2 show that the following rate 1/2 constituent code pair provides the best overall performance across the ranges of rates and Interleaver sizes studied:
which represents octal 13 and octal 15, respectively.
In each tabulated case, the performance of Codes 13-15 is within 0.05 dB to the best performing code for that rate and Interleaver size.
This constituent code is thus selected as the basis for Turbo Code designs where higher code rates such as 1/2 and 1/3 are dominant.
Rate 1/3 Constituent Code
The following describes how rate 1/3 constituent codes are determined. Similar to the rate 1/2 constituent codes, rate 1/3 constituent code candidates are identified in Table 3 below for building near optimal Turbo Code rates of 1/4 and 1/5. For this case, the constituent code candidates for a Turbo Code must have three (3) polynomials instead of two (2).
In order to build an overall rate 1/4 Turbo Code, various puncturing schemes must be considered in combination with each constituent codes of Table 3.
The various puncturing schemes of
The puncturing patterns of
Next, each of the three (3) code triads of Table 3 is combined with the four (4) puncturing patterns 910, 920, 930 and 940, of
The performance of the twelve (12) Turbo Codes above is then used to select three (3) best Turbo Code candidates for a more detailed evaluation. Based on the simulation results shown in
One of the Turbo Codes of codes A through C is next selected for further evaluation using simulated data at various additional Interleaver frame sizes to verify that the puncturing patterns are also good at other Interleaver depths.
To confirm the basic methodology, the performance of a Turbo Code based upon Constituent Code No. 1 (for example) is simulated for frame sizes of 1024, 2048 and 3072 bits. Sample results for BER/FER performance of Code #1 at 1024 bits is shown in FIG. 13 and confirms the basic methodology.
Next, a rate 1/4 Turbo Code candidate is selected from Candidate Turbo Codes A through C which provides the best overall performance at all Interleaver depths, in the simulation resulting in FIG. 14 and analogous figures, such as those depicted in Appendix A. In the case of the rate 1/4 Turbo Code, optimization based on BER performance gives a different result than optimization based on FER performance. Turbo Code B has the best overall FER performance and Turbo Code C the best overall BER performance, for the simulated data.
Thus, FER optimized Turbo Code B is selected as the basis for the design since FER performance is usually the more important criteria for data services. On the other hand, Turbo Code A can be punctured to give the same universal Turbo Code identified previously as optimal for rate 1/3 (by puncturing all parity bits from the n2 (D) polynomial). Hence, Turbo Code A is the preferred choice for the forward link rate 1/4 codes in order to have a single universal mother code to implement all of the different code rates.
Although current third generation CDMA encoding primarily concerns rate 1/4 channel encoding on the reverse link, rate 1/3 and rate 1/2 channel coding may be required for some of the highest rate data channels. A universal Turbo Code for rate 1/4, rate 1/3, and rate 1/2 can be designed, wherein the underlying constituent code is the same and only the puncturing pattern used is different. The method for generating the higher rate Turbo Codes from the rate 1/3 constituent code follows.
Rate 1/3 Turbo Codes Optimized at Rate 1/4
Using the constituent codes derived from the rate 1/4 optimized Turbo Codes above, namely Turbo Code B, the rate 1/3 and rate 1/2 Turbo Code can be designed to be compatible thereto. Thus, Constituent Code No. 2 (from Code B) is used as the basis.
Next, in
Then the two (2) best patterns are selected for further consideration. Next, the performance of these two (2) patterns are compared at further Interleaver depths 1024, 2048 and 3078 bits.
Pattern 2 is then selected as the best performer over the various Interleaver depths from further simulations analogous to that of
Rate 1/2 Turbo Codes Optimized at Rate 1/4
Rate 1/2 Codes can also be optimized at lower rate codes for similar compatibility as described above.
As in the rate 1/3 case optimized at rate 1/4, similar simulation curves to
Preferred Universal Turbo Codes Optimized for Rate 1/2 and 1/3
Information bit stream X(t) 1902 is received at a switch 1922, and is processed in accordance with several modular adders 1904, 1908, 1920, 1910, 1914, 1918, 1919, and several shift registers 1906, 1912 and 1916 which are hard-wired to represent two (2) numerator polynomials and one denominator polynomial.
A first numerator polynomial over a denominator polynomial, represented by "1101", is hardwired to return output Yo(t) by combining: X(t) 1902 with a result of modulator adder 1920 to create a first bit W(t); the modular sum (second bit) of shift register 1906 and W(t) from the modular adder 1908; another zero bit (third bit) indicated by the lack of connection to the register 1912; and the modular sum (fourth bit) of another register 1916 and a result of modular adder 1908 from modular adder 1998. The result is Yo(t)=W(t)+So(t)+S2(t).
The result of a modular adder is a "1" if the two bits are different, and a "0" if the two bits are the same. Output Yo(t) represents the output from numerator Polynomial No. 1 and the denominator polynomial. Output Y1(t) represents numerator Polynomial No. 2 and denominator polynomial.
Initially, S0=S1=S2=0 and the values of the registers 1906, 1912, 1916 are shifted from left to right after each clock cycle increment. Thus, S0(t+1)=W(t); S1(t+1)=S0(t), and S2(t+1)=S1(t).
The optimal puncturing matrices, shown in
More complicated puncturing patterns can be used to achieve other possible coding rates. For example, it is possible to select optimal puncturing patterns to achieve rates 3/8 and 4/9 for Turbo Codes optimized at rates 1/2 and 1/3; and to achieve rates 2/9 and 3/8 for Turbo Codes optimized at rate 1/4 using the preferred Turbo Codes identified in the invention.
Similar to
The second pattern is a extension of the first pattern allowing both constituent encoders to have the same rate, namely 6/11. The extension pattern duplicates the same pattern (matrix) for another three (3) bits but moves the location of one transmission bit from one encoder to another, essentially flipping a "1" in one encoder while flipping a "0" in another encoder at the analogous locations.
Thus, one exemplary Turbo Code design, optimized for Turbo Code rates 1/2 and 1/3, and universal for all Interleaver depths, has the preferred generator polynomials d(D)=1+D2+D3, n1(D)=1+D+D3, and n2(D)=1+D+D2+D3.
The preferred puncturing patterns for various code rates are:
A simplified version of this code is the universal Turbo Code design consisting of two constituent encoders having generator polynomials d(D)=1+D2+D3 and n1(D)=1+D+D3. (The third polynomial n2(D) is not used, so the corresponding output is not generated and the encoder block diagram is simplified by removing the corresponding connections.) This universal Turbo Code design supports a minimum code rate equal to 1/3 (instead of 1/5). The corresponding preferred set of puncturing patterns are:
The basic block diagram for a preferred constituent encoder is shown in FIG. 25.
Two more extension Patterns 7 and 8 of the above Patterns 5 and 6 duplicate the same patterns for another three information bits, but move the location of one of the transmission bits in the parity sequence from one encoder pattern to another. The extension allows both constituent encoders to have the same rate, namely 6/11 at each encoder.
Thus, one preferred Universal Turbo Code design optimized for Rate 1/4 uses two constituent codes having polynomials d(D)=1+D+D3, n1=1+D2+D3 and n2=1+D+D2+D3.
The below puncturing patterns are associated optimized patterns as previously discussed for Turbo Code rate 1/4 and FER performance for most commonly used Turbo Code rates, where n1 represents output bits associated with a first numerator polynomial, and n2 represents output bits associated with a second numerator polynomial:
These preferred puncturing patterns can also be cyclically shifted without affecting performance. The cyclically shifted patterns are equivalent.
Turbo Coding FEC Schemes for CDMA Data Services
The set of preferred universal Turbo Codes described heretofore in this invention provide a suite of flexible high performance channel codes that are well suited for sophisticated data communication systems requiring a variety of low speed and high speed data services. This suite of preferred universal Turbo Codes allows the crafting of different Turbo encoding schemes to meet the specific requirements of particular data communication systems.
As a first example, either of the following two FEC schemes is well-suited and recommended for a synchronous CDMA data communications network (such as the third generation CDMA 2000 system currently under development):
As a second example, either of the following FEC schemes is well-suited and recommended for an asynchronous CDMA data communications network (such as the third generation CDMA systems currently in development in Europe and Asia):
The choice of which option to implement depends on the expected dominant code rate, minimum code rate, and implementation complexity constraints as well as other system requirements. Of course, additional puncturing patterns could be designed in accordance with the teachings of this invention to provide other Turbo Coding rates.
Other Variations
The universal Turbo Codes identified for high-speed data services are especially suitable for third generation CDMA cellular mobile radio systems but could be easily applied to other systems as well.
Well known variations such as Frame Oriented Convolutional Turbo Coding (FOCTC) could also be used in conjunction with the preferred universal constituent codes and universal Turbo Codes of this invention. The design methodology for selecting universal constituent codes and universal Turbo Codes can also be applied to alternate Turbo Code structures such as those involving more than two constituent encoders, and those involving serial concatenation instead of or in addition to parallel concatenation.
The exemplary preferred puncturing patterns described herein can be refined or modified in various ways by those skilled in the art. For example, a cyclic shift of a preferred puncturing pattern offers substantially equivalent performance as the preferred puncturing pattern described herein. Furthermore, specific data communication systems may require different and additional puncturing patterns to support rate matching. These puncturing patterns may be designed in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
While the invention herein disclosed has been described by means of specific embodiments and applications thereof numerous modifications in variations could be made thereto by a skilled artisan and without departing from the scope of the invention set forth in the claims.
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Vanilla Buttercream
Recipe courtesy of Lynn Kearney for Food Network Kitchens
- Yield:
- enough to frost a 9-inch 2 layer cake
- 6 tablespoons butter
- 3 cups confectioners' sugar
- 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
- 3 to 8 tablespoons milk
In a double boiler over hot water melt the butter. Remove from heat and allow to cool for 5 minutes. In an electric standing mixer add butter and confectioners' sugar. Beat until mixture resembles chalky beads. Add the vanilla and the milk, 1 tablespoon at a time, until it is a spreadable consistency. Beat again until fluffy -- adding more milk if necessary.
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Whether you're visiting Chile solo, as a couple or family of 3, this Cozy, Fully Furnished downtown flat is a fantastic choice. You'll find yourself in a PERFECT location, close to the best sights this iconic Latin American city has to offer.
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We hope to see you soon.
Read our guest reviews, if you wish ; )
To Your New Home in Chile!
Raúl & Team
Servicios disponibles para los huéspedes
Fast Internet Wi Fi 20 megas, Free Telephone for landlines in Santiago (for delivery food, booking tours, etc) Cable TV, small Gym available on floor 17th.
In the same building we have 2 restaurants, Sushi and Pizza, Pasta, I do recommend them 110% with delivery food too.
Interacción con los huéspedes
I will be your host during your stay, from arrival I´ll give the Apartment keys and I´ll have maps you with info about Santiago and sorroundings , I´ll be very happy to answer all of your questions ! you will enjoy the City !
El Barrio
It is Santiago Historic Neighbourhood, from here we have most tourist spots available just walking,
Great isn´t it !
Plaza de Armas, Mercado Central, Cerro Santa Lucia, Museums, La Vega, Bellavista, Lastarria and much more...
Cómo moverse
We have 2 subway stations within few blocks, Metro Santa Ana & Metro Moneda, excellent and modern transportation in Santiago.
I´ll have available for our guests the "BIP Card" for all public transportation in the City.
|Sleeps up to 2, 1 bedrooms
|Will consider
|Corporate bookings, Long term lets (over 1 month)
|Family friendly
|Great for children of all ages
|Pets welcome, No smoking at this property
Features and Facilities
|Internet access, DVD player
|Shared indoor pool
|Central heating, TV, CD player, Telephone, Satellite TV, Wi-Fi available
|Kettle, Toaster, Iron, Hair dryer
|Clothes dryer, Cooker, Microwave, Fridge, Freezer, Washing machine
|1 bedroom, 1 bathrooms of which 1 Family bathrooms
|1 Sofa beds, Double beds (1), Dining seats for 3, Lounge seats for 1
|Linen provided, Towels provided
|Shared indoor pool, Balcony or terrace
|Suitable for people with restricted mobility, Wheelchair users
The Santiago Metropolitan Region
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Calendar last updated:06 Jul 2015
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Farkle Proliferator
Joined: Jun 2005
Location: Little Marais, MN
Oddometer: 2,350
Exploring Northern Minnesota and Ontario July 2011
I had a great weekend of riding, camping and relaxing with some fellow inmates this past weekend, so I thought I'd share some pictures. Here it goes.
Day 1. Saturday July 23rd.
I had to finish up some work Saturday morning, so that left me with half a day and nothing to do. Since Mike_S and I had planned on riding Sunday morning, I decided to swing up from Duluth the night before and camp out in Grand Marais. Since, I had a late start Saturday afternoon, I didn't do much riding, just buzzed up to GM and setup camp.
Beautiful day! Some strong winds, but I won't complain!
I got camp setup and the local GM campgrounds and then promptly walked to the Gun Flint Tavern.
At the GFT, I tended to business at hand.
By the way, that Myrcenary Double IPA is awesome and I have to get me one of those signs for my garage!
Minding my own business, I met this cool girl that was just in town for the day too. I must have looked lost while staring at my map or something. Whatever it was, she took pity on me and we hung out for dinner. We got to talking and before we knew it we were doing the Grand Marais bar crawl around town. She was an unbelievable singer and she blew up the local Karaoke seen!
Good times!
Minnesota North Shore Shindig 10-13 September 2015 -- Finland, MN
Proliferator of Farkles of Mass Percussion
jwalters screwed with this post 07-26-2011 at 07:28 PM
Farkle Proliferator
Joined: Jun 2005
Location: Little Marais, MN
Oddometer: 2,350
Day 2: Grand Marais to Ontario
Day 2:
I'll keep my narrative brief, here is our GPS tracks.
Morning came too quick. But I was looking forward to the route Mike had in store. We met up at the Java Moose at 8am not sure if anyone else was going to show. To our surprise, Tom and FotoTex stopped by to say hi! Unfortunately, FotoTex's bike was in Texas (this problem needs to be resolved Don). Nonetheless, we hung out downing coffee and comparing the similarities between the BMW F650 and Tom's Aprilia.
Then it was time to hit the road. Unfortunately, Tom wasn't able to make the day's trip either because of family matters, but it was great both of them stopped by to say hi. Tom, road us out of town and then disappeared like magic. Great meeting you guys, until next time!
First stop, the little town of Hovland, MN. Mike's knowledge of the North Shore is very apparent when riding with him. I really enjoyed some of the places he pointed out as we traveled north. We stopped by the historic Hovland loading dock. This was the primary method of getting goods and people to/from the North Shore before the highway was built. Later, we bushwhacked to the old Hovland hotel! Great stuff!
We couldn't help but admire some of the great buildings along the water. You can almost picture how life was here years ago. The cargo ships like The America coming into port, kids running towards the dock and people anticipating the arrival of friends, family and precious cargo. The ships were truly the life blood of these towns.
From this website:
"HOVLAND, the oldest organized township of this county, is in compliment to a pioneer settler named Brunes for his native place in Norway. The village is located in section 20. In 1888 Ole Brunes and Nels Ludwig Eliasen, two Norwegian carpenters from Duluth, built a log cabin on Brunes's homestead, the two families living together until Eliasen finished a cabin on the adjoining homestead, and other settlers followed. Fishing, logging, and trapping were the principal occupations. Until the post office was established in 1889, the community was called Chicago for the bay on which it is located, that name being used primarily by the Booth Packing Company as their ship's regular stop to pick up fishermen's boxes and barrels. The name was rejected by local residents because it was a corruption of the Ojibwe word Shikag/Jikag, meaning "skunk"; the name Hovland was submitted by Anna Brunes, taken from her grandfather's estate in Norway."
Onward! Mike had the line on an old CN railroad grade west of Thunder Bay. Mike's navigation skills took us right to it! About a quarter mile down the railroad grade we came to this!
This shot below gives a better sense of scale. That's Mike on his F650 going through the tunnel!
Back on the railroad grade, we continue west mostly parallel to the Trans Canadian highway. The old railroad bed had some really cool elevated sections, which gave us some awesome views at tree top level.
I wish I had my fishing pole with me...
We decided between my loaded down KTM 990 and myself, I was much heavier than Mike's rig. So I crossed the bridge first. It held so Mike followed. Come to think of it, that's pretty much the only time I lead that day...hmmm..
We followed the railroad bed for a while, but decide to wonder back towards Grand Marais. We thought we found a sneaky way back to the border, unfortunately we came to this.
We managed to take a "short cut" through some logging operations. Unfortunately, it was a dead end after a few miles. Good place to stop for lunch!
We back tracked to the Canadian highway and slabbed it back to the border. The slab turned out to be quite a nice route, we headed south on Ontario's 595 through South Gillies and then west on some rural two lane roads.
That night, I swung down to FotoTex's campsite and enjoyed some company around their campfire! Great stuff!
Minnesota North Shore Shindig 10-13 September 2015 -- Finland, MN
Proliferator of Farkles of Mass Percussion
jwalters screwed with this post 07-28-2011 at 12:40 PM
Farkle Proliferator
Joined: Jun 2005
Location: Little Marais, MN
Oddometer: 2,350
Day 3: Grand Marais, Up the Gunflint, Down to Duluth
Day 3: Grand Marais to Duluth via the Gun Flint Trail.
Here was my route from Day 3.
In the morning, I packed up camp in Grand Marais and planned on be-lining it straight to Duluth. But the call of the Gun Flint Trail was too strong, so after some coffee and donuts in GM, I swung up the GFT! First thing first, I had to stop by the local airport and look into some aircraft rental. Unfortunately, the guy at the FBO said they didn't have any aircraft to rent. In fact, he continued, I was the only person in 4 months to ask about renting an airplane for the day.
A quick detour to the old Grand Marais runway. Note the FAA required yellow X's on old runways. Yep, no mistaking that for the active.
Welcome to Minnesota airports...
After leaving the airport, I cruised non-stop to the Trails End cafe for some coffee. It's been a while since I've ridden the whole Trail, the nice sweepers makes for a really enjoyable ride. I was sad to come to the end, but looking forward to check out the Trails End Cafe and Outfitters.
There was a "Back in 45 minutes" note on the door of the cafe, unfortunately, the author forgot to mention the time they posted the note. Worst case, scenario was a 45 minute wait, but the day was too nice, and I didn't really need the coffee anyway. Onward.
The roadside view...
Next time I'm bringing my telescoping fishing pole.
On my way back to Grand Marais, I stopped by Trail Center which was open! I missed this stop during the Minnesota North Shore Shindig thanks to a 3 1/2 inch nail in my rear tire. Redemption was sweet! It was my first visit to Trail Center, what a cool place! And an added bonus, they sell gas!
After a cup of soup, I left Trail Center on some dirt roads south towards Brule Mountain. The roads were fantastic, well packed and well marked.
The minimal maintained roads (FR 315/152 and FR 325) were perfect for my loaded down KTM. Nice hard pack gravel, and fun hills.
Even though I was fully loaded, I decided to take some roads that weren't on my map. Things were going pretty well, I was finding the mud holes, but once the mud was higher than my boots, I decided to turn around by East Twin Lake. It wasn't to be.
Garmin decided it could route me directly from FR152/315 south to the Grand Marais airport. Unfortunately, this took me through some private property.
I respect private property, but sometimes I think land owners just put these signs on the roads around their property to limit traffic. After all, whose going to challenge them?
Anyways, in this case, the land owner was correct and Garmin was wrong. I stopped and talked with the land owner for a few minutes, nice guy and he was very friendly. I back tracked to FR325 (S. Brule Rd) and swung back up torwards the GFT.
That's pretty much it! I met back up with the Gun Flint Trail and swung into Grand Marais. Then continued south to Duluth. Last stop of the weekend was at the landing behind the AmericInn in Silver Bay for a quick dip in Lake Superior. After the cool down, I hopped in the saddle and made it back to Duluth.
Good times with good people! Until next time!
Minnesota North Shore Shindig 10-13 September 2015 -- Finland, MN
Proliferator of Farkles of Mass Percussion
jwalters screwed with this post 07-26-2011 at 07:45 PM
Beastly Adventurer
Joined: Apr 2010
Location: Sand Hollow, Idaho
Oddometer: 1,134
Brought back some old memories when I meandered around the area 20-25 years ago. Beside riding some of the old FR roads, lakes and what not, the only thing I remember is camping at Gooseberry Falls, seeing my first Black Bear, and how some of the old mining towns/ports (Silver Bay, Two Harbors?) looked abandoned with the decline of Taconite mining.
Anyway, Thanks for sharing your ride.
P.S. I also remember going to Thunder Bay and visiting some old tourist fur trading fort complete with re-enactors. Still there?
Newbie KLR adv rider
Joined: Jan 2006
Location: Longmont, CO
Oddometer: 1,299
Lived in MN for 4 years with a Connie and while it was fun, I wish I was there with my new KLR, but I will put up with Colorado for now
04 Connie - Sold, but looking again!
I wonder what is over that dirt thingamagig?
Studly Adventurer
Joined: Mar 2011
Location: mn north shore
Oddometer: 781
Beastly Adventurer
Joined: Feb 2007
Location: Granbury Texas
Oddometer: 2,816
Glad you dropped by for a visit at the GM Campground. Safe travels to Dubai and hope to meet up again. I see you dropped by Trail Center to eat, we ate there today. Love that place.
Joined: Jul 2006
Oddometer: 14
Nice write up Jesse! I put a lot of miles on my f650, but sadly most of them are commuter miles. You've inspired me to put a nice cake of mud on the fenders this weekend!
Farkle Proliferator
Joined: Jun 2005
Location: Little Marais, MN
Oddometer: 2,350
I think you and I are the only representing party from the Easy Readers. Jamie might still have his Guzzi. Glad to hear you are still at it! I forgot you got the 650 now. What a perfect bike for Colorado!
Funny, just the other day, I was looking through some old Road America pics and found some sweet shots of the old "Penatrator". What a sweet machine.
Minnesota North Shore Shindig 10-13 September 2015 -- Finland, MN
Proliferator of Farkles of Mass Percussion
Studly Adventurer
Joined: Jan 2008
Location: Thunder Bay Ontario Canada
Oddometer: 730
Looks like you had a great day for a ride.
There's lots of ways to get from the border to the old railbed on good trails and dirt roads. You would hardly touch pavement on some of them.
Farkle Proliferator
Joined: Jun 2005
Location: Little Marais, MN
Oddometer: 2,350
I bet! I can't wait to ride more of them! Since we were only up there for a day ride, a little highway was fine, some of the paved backroads were really nice too.
Minnesota North Shore Shindig 10-13 September 2015 -- Finland, MN
Proliferator of Farkles of Mass Percussion
Gnarly Adventurer
Joined: Oct 2009
Location: Southern Minnesota
Oddometer: 226
Thanks for the sharing all that Jesse,I felt like I was right there with you.
Hoping to see you again at NSS-2 next year.
06 Ulysses
Farkle Proliferator
Joined: Jun 2005
Location: Little Marais, MN
Oddometer: 2,350
Right on!
Minnesota North Shore Shindig 10-13 September 2015 -- Finland, MN
Proliferator of Farkles of Mass Percussion
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- The Clip 'N Carry's innovative design and non-slip Velcro strap allows for the Clip 'N Carry to attach to ANY stroller bar - horizontal, diagonal or vertical.
- It can even be used on umbrella strollers.
- The heavy-duty carabiner clips have been tested for strength to ensure durability.
- The spring-lock hook is fully closed which discourages theft, keeps your bag securely attached and won't get caught on clothing.
- Using 2 hooks allows for safer cargo distribution to avoid tipping.
- Packaged in a 2-pack.


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$7,500 5 bed 48 Scott Road, Needham MA, 02492
Previously Listed: $7,500 5 bed
48 Scott Road, Needham, 02492
Commute to Downtown Needham
This apartment is in Needham. Nearby parks include Needham Conservation Land, Walker Gordon Field and Claxton Field.
48 Scott Road has a Walk Score of 4 out of 100. This location is a Car-Dependent neighborhood so almost all errands require a car.
Stunning stone front newer mansion available immediately. Set on a fabulous acre in Country Way Estates cul-de-sac. The 1st & 2nd floor total 6100 sf, 6 BR's, 6 full/2 half baths. The home features elegant archways, large mudroom, magnificent trim, signature double island kitchen which opens to the family room with fireplace & coffered ceiling and a library with gallery. The second floor features an amazing master suite with fireplace, large deck overlooking lawns, dual walk in closets, four additional bedrooms with en suite baths and the laundry room. Other features include a 3 Car garage with direct entry to house and basement, beautiful stonework and covered front porch.
Pets allowed: No
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Needham, Massachusetts, 02492
Almost all errands require a car.
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View all Needham apartments on a map.
Popular apartment searches include hardwood floor, fireplace and fitness.
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48 Scott Road is in the city of Needham, MA. Needham has an average Walk Score of 37 and has 28,886 residents.Learn More About Needham


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We liked this, although it seemed like the scallions dominated the flavor in the dish. I'm guessing my scallions must have been bigger than Bev's :lol: Anyway, it seemed like it needed something so I added a teaspoon of sugar and that helped quite a bit. Picky daughter liked it too. Thanks Bev!
Bev, this was absolutely wonderful. My Dh and I ate the entire recipe at one sitting! You are correct, the corn must be fresh off the cob. Thanks for another great one


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On this wonderful culinary tour of Savannah, you'll visit 7 unique restaurants and specialty food locations. The 7 visits are chosen, subject to availability, from a list of 15 Savannah locations, including the Lady & Sons restaurant, owned by the Queen of the Food Network, Paula Deen. You may even get to meet Paula and/or her sons if Lady & Sons is available and they are at the restaurant.
Eat your way through Savannah on this tasty tour! Your Foody Tour guide will lead you on foot though the heart of the historic district while you taste the delicious foods that make Savannah's culinary scene so unique. You'll visit 7 restaurants or specialty food locations, including the Lady & Sons - owned by Paula Deen, the "Queen of the Food Network." This progressive lunch will leave you full, so come hungry!


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According to reports the Steelers have signed free agent kicker Piotr Czech. Czech was with the Baltimore Ravens last year for training camp and graduated from Wagner College. He is expected to be a camp kicker for the Steelers and not a threat to Jeff Reed.
Do the Steelers need a place kicker, or are they looking at Piotr Czech to keep their place kicker fired up? What do you think? Does he have a chance.
Merely a camp kicker. Most teams carry two kickers through camp. Barring some unforeseen circumstance, I think reeds job is very safe.
Czech it a crazy kicker you guys should be happy you have him!
Even if u sign a contract can you still be cut from the team. How does that work?
I don't think you guys understand the potential that this guy has. He has a really strong leg, his accuracy continues to improve, and lets not forget that he was a crazy athlete in high school with basketball and track. he even did track at Wagner and won the division in the triple jump. Don't tell me he's not a threat.
I doubt it seriously. Teams always bring 2 kickers to camp. Reed knows the winds in Heinz field like nobody else.
I went to school with Piotr at Keyport High…..he was a major athlete. Give the guy a chance! I think you got a great kicker…..he deserves it, trust me. He was one of the nicest guys.
Piotr was a supurb athlete when I was in high school with him. Its no suprise he's doing so well. Just watch him this season. He'll blow you out of the water! I am so proud of him!
Czech is a phenomenal kicker.. his consistency is up there with the greats & his power is AMAZING!!! at his schools pro day(wagner) he was very consistent & kicked a 59 yard field goal!! a 59 yard field goal!! give the guy a chance he's def. good at what he does..
Already been released!
what happened to piotr czech? Such a great kicker. Why isnt the NFL giving him a chance?
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