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D1, D3 regional finals today
May 29, 2015 It's the moment of truth for local thinclads today. more »»
Belpre, Waterford throwers on to state
May 28, 2015 After winning a district title last week, Belpre's Jackie Cunningham punched her ticket to state Wednesday at the Division III, Region 11 track meet by placing second in the shot put with a throw of... more »»
Falcons close door on 'Jackets
May 28, 2015 WILLIAMSTOWN —Mason Hicks experienced some lows but mainly highs as Wahama defeated Williamstown 11-0 in a Class A Region IV championship game on Wednesday evening. more »»
St. Marys falls 3-2 to Bishop Donahue in regional
May 28, 2015 MOUNDSVILLE, W. V. more »»
On the verge of state
May 27, 2015 Regional track action begins today for Division I and Division III schools. It's the final step for athletes looking to qualify for next weekend's Ohio state meet in Columbu. more »»
St. Marys one win away from state tourney
May 26, 2015 ST. MARYS — Michael Stout's accomplishments as a pitcher definitely serve notice. He's not bad with the bat either. more »»
May 25, 2015 CHARLESTON — The drive for five is mission accomplished for the Doddridge County High School Bulldog. more »»
Sury, Petty strong at district meets
May 25, 2015 MARIETTA?— Waterford's Maddi Sury and Belpre's Sam Petty had strong individual performances while several area track and field squads had strong showings in their respective district meets Saturday... more »»
MHS Roberts vet of regional track game
May 23, 2015 Embrey Roberts is only a sophomore at Marietta High, but already she's a veteran of Ohio Division I track and field postseason competition. more »»
Haught has that 'mile' smile
May 23, 2015 Jacob Haught is capping his Marietta High senior season on a fast-track note. more »»
Several Tigers finish fourth or better at district meet
May 22, 2015 Slower sometimes is fast enough at track and field meets. more »»
Local teams eye Class A track crowns
May 22, 2015 PARKERSBURG — Things are going to be a little more than interesting when it comes to the Class A portion of the West Virginia state track and field meet, which gets underway at 2 p.m. more »»
St. Marys blanked in regional final, 12-0
May 22, 2015 By Kerry Patrick The Marietta Times email@example.com BELMONT — For a brief moment, St. Marys might have figured Wheeling Central's freshman starting pitcher was rattled. On the contrary. more »»
Marietta to host D1 district track meet today
May 21, 2015 When Marietta High's thinclads competed in the East Central Ohio League track and field championships at Don Drumm Stadium on May 15, they did so with the school in mind. more »»
Belpre thrower a district champ
May 21, 2015 CHILLICOTHE — Belpre's Jackie Cunningham shined for the Golden Eagles during Wednesday's Division III Southeast District meet at Southeastern High School. more »»
D3 Southeast District track preliminaries today
May 20, 2015 Waterford and Belpre are up next. The Wildcats and Golden Eagles are scheduled to compete in the Ohio Division III District Track & Field tournament prelims at Southeastern High at 3 p.m. today. more »»
Warren, Fort Frye in district action
May 20, 2015 Pole vaulters Cole Wigal and KyLynn Buchanan claimed district titles Tuesday evening. Wigal, of Warren, vaulted 14 feet in the D2 Southeast District meet in Nelsonville to finish firs. more »»
Warren, Fort Frye, other local teams in action today
May 19, 2015 Warren High had to battle only three other schools when it claimed the Southeastern Ohio Athletic League track and field title at Jackson High last Saturday. more »»
Tiger Navy performs well at Stotesbury
May 19, 2015 PHILADELPHIA — Marietta sent four crews to the Stotesbury Cup Regatta on the Schuylkill River this weekend in Philadelphia, the boys lightweight four, boys varsity four, girls lightweight eight, and... more »»
Warren boys capture SEOAL
May 18, 2015 JACKSON — Warren junior Colton Cantley was the boys' high point scorer with 17-1/2 points as the Warriors claimed the Southeastern Ohio Athletic League (SEOAL) Track & Field Championships at Jackson... more »»

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A collection of photographs "Kaleici360 Panoramic Photography Project" by Levent ŞEN...Kaleiçi is the historic city center of Antalya, Turkey. Until modern times, almost the entire city was confined within its walls. It has structures dating from the Roman, Byzantine, Seljuk, Ottoman and modern Turkish republican eras. The Kaleiçi area is located in the centre-eastern portion of the city along the mediterranean coast fronted by the yacht harbour that dates to the Roman era.The name Kaleiçi means "Inside the Kale" or "Inner Kale" (Kale itself means castle or fortress).The Kaleiçi narrow streets, historical buildings and houses, mosques and surprises offer many opportunities to the photographer…This book is an introduction to these secret labyrinthine thoroughfares.
I am a professional portrait and still-life photographer, and work from my studio base in Antalya, Turkey...
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Portfolio Published 23 jun 2012
Photo Album For The Engagement And Marriage Published 07 jun 2012
Photo Album For Children Published 07 jun 2012
Photo Album For Families Published 07 jun 2012


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David Williams appears in 7 issues in this volume.
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January 31, 2013
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Return of Batman, Part 3 of 4
February 7, 2013
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Return of Batman, Part 4 of 4
February 21, 2013
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Unlucky Thirteen
May 2013
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Dr. Quinn's Diagnosis, Part 1 of 2
May 2013
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An air ionizing apparatus that produces both positive and negative ions has a housing with air inlet and outlet passages, a plurality of spaced apart air ionizing electrodes and a high voltage supply which applies positive and negative voltages to separate electrodes. A fan creates an airflow that carries the ions out of the housing, the fan preferably being between the electrodes and the outlet passages to promote intermixing of positive and negative ions.
1. Bipolar air ionizing apparatus for generating and releasing a flow of air including intermixed positive and negative ions, comprising:
a housing having an air inlet passage and an ionized air outlet passage that is spaced apart from said inlet passage;
a fan disposed in said housing to draw a flow of air into said housing through said inlet passage for directing a flow of air and ions through said outlet passage and out into the external environment, said fan having a rotary hub and blades which turn about a rotational axis that is aligned between said air inlet passage and said air outlet passage;
a cylindrical air duct encircling said fan and being concentrically oriented on said rotational axis to extend from said fan to said air outlet passage;
first and second pairs of air ionizing electrodes disposed in said housing at a location in the air flow path between said air inlet passage and said fan for producing positive ions about each of the first pair of electrodes and for producing negative ions about each of the second pair of electrodes, each of the electrodes in said first and second pairs of electrodes being diametrically oriented about the rotational axis substantially laterally to the flow of air and equidistantly spaced from the rotational axis of the fans and being sufficiently spaced equidistantly apart about said rotational axis to enable said air flow to carry at least a portion of the positive and negative ions away from respective ones of said first and second pairs of electrodes and out of said housing through said outlet passage without neutralization of the ions from ones of the first and second pairs of electrodes by contact with other of said first and second pairs of electrodes; and
a high voltage supply connected to the first and second pairs of electrodes for applying high D.C. voltage of positive polarity to each of the electrodes of the first pair of electrodes and for applying high D.C. voltage of negative polarity to each of the electrodes of the second pair of electrodes to produce supplies of both positive and negative ions in said flow of air about the respective first and second pairs of electrodes to be carried in said air flow through said outlet passage.
2. The bipolar air ionizing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the surfaces of the rotary hub and blades are coated with an electrically insulating material.
3. The bipolar air ionizing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the cylindrical air duct is comprised of an electrically insulating material.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/222,189 filed on Mar. 31, 1994, now abandoned, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/931,108 filed on Aug. 17, 1992, now abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/728,565 filed on Jul. 11, 1991, now abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/567,595 filed on Aug. 15, 1990, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,055,963.
This invention relates to apparatus for increasing the ion content of air and more particularly to air ionizers which produce both positive and negative ions.
Increasing the ion content of the air within a room can be desirable for a variety of reasons. For example, a high negative ion content freshens the air and has beneficial physiological effects on persons who breathe the air. Air ions of either polarity act to remove dust, pollens, smoke and the like by imparting an electrical charge to such particulates. The charged particles are electrostatically attracted to walls or other nearby surfaces and tend to cling to such surfaces.
Some usages of air ionizers require production of both positive and negative ions. Most notably it has been found that a high concentration of both types of ion acts to suppress accumulations of static electricity on objects in a room. Static electrical charges attract air ions of the opposite polarity and the attracted ions then neutralize the static charges. This can be of particular value in certain industrial operations such as in the clean rooms where microchips or other miniaturized electronic components are manufactured. Accumulations of static charge attract contaminants to such products and may also directly damage a microchip or the like.
An advantageous type of ionizing device has sharply pointed electrodes to which high voltages of the order of several thousand volts are applied and which are exposed to the ambient air. Positive and negative high voltages are applied to separate electrodes or are alternately applied to the same electrode. The resulting intense electrical field near the pointed end of the electrode converts the nearby molecules of the constituent gases of air into positive and negative ions. Ions with a polarity opposite to that of the high voltage are attracted to the electrode and neutralized. Ions of the same polarity as the high voltage are repelled by the electrode and by each other and disperse outward into the surrounding air. Dispersal of the ions is usually accelerated by directing an airflow through the electrode region and out into the room.
The positive and negative ions in the air flow should be thoroughly intermixed if the apparatus is to suppress static charges on objects rather than creating such charges. This condition is not met immediately since the ions of different polarity are produced at separated electrodes or at different time periods at the same electrode. Such intermixing does occur gradually as the airflow progresses away from the ionizing apparatus but it has heretofore been necessary to keep the ionizer a sizable distance away from objects that are to be protected to avoid subjecting the objects to incompletely mixed concentrations of ions of one polarity. It would be more convenient in many instances if the ionizer could be closer to the objects on which static charge is to be suppressed.
The present invention is directed to overcoming one or more of the problems discussed above.
In one aspect of the invention, a bipolar air ionizing apparatus includes a housing having an interior chamber, at least one air inlet passage and at least one air outlet passage. At least a pair of spaced apart electrodes are disposed in the housing and are exposed to ambient air. The apparatus further includes high voltage supply means for applying high voltages to the electrodes including both positive and negative voltages in order to produce both positive and negative ions in the ambient air. A fan draws air into the housing through the inlet passage and directs air out of the housing through the outlet passage. The fan is located between the electrodes and the outlet passage and promotes intermixing of the positive and negative ions as the air flow travels towards the outlet passage.
Fans or the like for creating the airflow that carries ions away from the electrode region and out into the room have heretofore been placed upstream from the electrode at a location between the electrodes and the air intake of the ionizer. In the present invention, the fan is situated between the electrodes and the outlet of the ionizer in position to accelerate intermixing of positive and negative ions. This enables the ionizer to be placed closer to objects which are to be protected from electrostatic charge accumulations.
The invention, together with other aspects and advantages thereof, may be further understood by reference to the following description of the preferred embodiments and by reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a front elevation view of a D.C. bipolar air ionizer in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 is an elevation section view of the apparatus of FIG. 1 taken along line 2--2 thereof.
FIG. 3 is an electrical circuit diagram depicting electrical components of the apparatus of the preceding figures.
FIG. 4 is a diagramatic depiction of an A.C. bipolar air ionizer embodying the invention.
Referring jointly to FIGS. 1 and 2 of the drawings, a bipolar air ionizing apparatus 11 in accordance with this embodiment of the invention includes a hollow housing 12 which is a portable rectangular box in this example. The housing 12 may have any of a variety of other configurations and in some instances may be defined by pre-existing strucures into which the components of the ionizing apparatus are installed.
Housing 12 has a back wall 13 with a broad air inlet passage 14 and a front wall 16 with a similar air outlet passage 17. Grills 18 and 19, each having a plurality of open areas 21, are secured to the front and back walls 16 and 13 respectively to prevent entry of human fingers and other sizable objects into the housing 12.
A portion of the airflow path through housing 12 is defined by a cylindrical duct 22 situated in the front region of the housing behind the air outlet passage 17. The duct 22 is attached to and supported by the housing front wall 16. The airflow 24 is created by a rotary fan 25 having an electrical motor 26 which is positioned in coaxial relationship with duct 22 and which is supported by spider arms 27 which extend to the duct. Motor 26 turns a coaxial hub 28 from which the fan blades 29 extend.
A sub-housing 32 contains components of the electrical circuit of the ionizer 11 that will hereinafter be described and is preferably situated out of the path of the airflow 24, the sub-housing being centered below the air duct 22 in this embodiment.
Molecules of the gases in the airflow 24 are ionized by the intense electrical field in the immediate vicinity of pointed tips 33 of a plurality of needle-like electrodes 34 and 35 that extend into the airflow and to which high voltages are applied. Such electrodes 34, 35 are often referred to as ion emitters although ions do not in fact emerge from the electrodes but are instead created by the interaction of the electrical field with gas molecules that are near the electrode tips 33. The electrodes 34, 35 extend from electrical insulators 36 which in this embodiment are attached to the inner walls of housing 12 through insulative brackets 37. Other electrode mounting techniques may be used.
A minimum of two spaced apart electrodes, including a positive electrode 34 and a negative electrode 35, are needed to establish a self-balancing effect in accordance with the present invention and additional pairs of electrodes may be present to increase ion output. In this embodiment, with reference to FIG. 3, there are two positive electrodes 34 and two negative electrodes 35 situated between duct 22 and the housing backwall 13. The two positive electrodes 34 are colinear and the two negative electrodes 35 are also colinear and oriented at right angles to the positive electrodes. The four electrodes 34, 35 are also preferably coplanar and the pointed tips 33 are equidistantly spaced from the center 38 of the electrode array which center is preferably directly behind the centerline of duct 22 and the rotational axis of fan 25.
A flow of charged ions from an electrode 34, 35 to any nearby grounded conductor or low resistance path to ground detracts from the desired self-balancing effect. Referring again to FIG. 2, this is prevented by forming components that might otherwise provide a low resistance path to ground of plastic or other insulative material or by covering such components with a layer of insulative material. In the present example, housing 12 including grills 18 and 19, duct 22 and hub 28 and blades 29 of fan 25 are all formed wholly of insulative plastic. Components which are necessarily conductive and grounded, such as portions of motor 26 and circuit sub-housing 32, are covered with layers 39 of insulative material.
Referring again to FIG. 3, the electrical circuit of this embodiment of the air ionizer 11 includes a control switch 41 having a sliding conductive member 42 which can be manually shifted from an OFF position to a LOW position or to a HIGH position. Switch 41 receives alternating current from a utility power source through a plug 43 and power cord 44 having a pair of conductors 46 and 47 with conductor 47 being the neutral or grounded conductor. The neutral conductor 47 is connected to one terminal 48 of fan motor 25 and to one input terminal 49 of a high voltage supply 51.
Control switch 41 further includes a first pair of spaced apart contacts 52 and 53 which are respectively connected to the other input terminal 54 of high voltage supply 51 and the other fan motor terminal 56. A second pair of spaced contacts 57 and 58 are each connected to power conductor 46. A third set of spaced apart contacts 61 and 62 respectively connect to high voltage supply terminal 54 and motor terminal 56, the connection between contact 62 and motor terminal 56 being made through a voltage dropping resistor 63.
Sliding member 42 bridges only contacts 57 and 58 at the OFF position of the switch and thus fan 25 and high voltage supply 51 are unenergized. Member 42 bridges the power contacts 57 and 58 as well as contacts 61 and 62 at the LOW position of the switch 41 thereby actuating both the high voltage supply 51 and fan 25. Fan 25 operates at a relatively slow speed at this switch setting as resistor 63 reduces the voltage received by the fan motor 26. At the high setting of switch 41, member 42 bridges power contacts 57 and 58 and contacts 52 and 53. This again energizes high voltage supply 51 and sends full power to fan motor 26 to produce a higher velocity airflow within the apparatus.
High voltage supply 51 applies a continuous positive voltage to electrodes 34 and a continuous negative voltage to electrodes 35, which voltages may typically be in the range from about 3 KV to about 20 KV in order to accomplish air ionization.
Supply 51 includes a voltage step up transformer 64 having a primary winding 66 which is arranged to receive only the positive half cycles of the alternating current that is transmitted to power input terminal 54 through switch 41. In particular, terminal 54 is connected to one end of primary winding 66 through a resistor 67 and diode 68 or other unidirectional circuit element that blocks the negative half cycles from the winding. A capacitor 69 and another diode 71 are connected between the other end of winding 66 and the neutral input terminal 49 with the diode being oriented to transmit positive current to the terminal 49 and to block reversed current. Another resistor 72 connects power terminal 54 with neutral terminal 49 through the same diode 71. An SCR (silicon controlled rectifier) 73 or similar circuit element is connected across the primary winding 66 and capacitor 69 to discharge the capacitor during negative half cycles of the alternating current as will hereinafter be described in connection with the operation of the circuit. SCR 73 is triggered into conduction at such times by a gate connection 74 to neutral terminal 49. Another diode 76 is connected in parallel with SCR 73 and is oriented to conduct current in an opposite direction in order to suppress ringing or oscillation in the circuit following discharge of the capacitor 69.
Transformer 64 is preferably of the ferrite core type and has a secondary winding 77 which provides a voltage step up ratio of 100:1 in this example although other ratios are also suitable. The ends of secondary winding 77 define first and second circuit junctions 78 and 79 respectively of the high voltage region of supply 51. A positive high voltage storing capacitor 81 is connected between junction 78 and the positive electrodes 34 and a negative high voltage storing capacitor 82 is connected between the same junction and negative electrodes 35. A diode 83 conducts positive voltage from junction 79 to capacitor 81 and another diode 84 conducts negative voltage from the same junction to capacitor 82.
In operation, positioning of switch 41 at either the LOW or HIGH settings turns on fan 25 and transmits alternating current to input terminals 49 and 54 of the high voltage supply. Capacitor 69 charges through resistor 67 and diode 68 during the positive half cycles of the alternating current. Positive current also flows from input terminal 54 to input terminal 49 during the positive half cycles through resistor 72 and diode 71. The resulting voltage drop across diode 71 prevents firing of SCR 73 into a conductive state during the positive half cycles.
Gate voltage from terminal 49 causes SCR 73 to become conductive when the voltage at terminal 54 turns negative following each positive half cycle of the alternating curent. This causes an abrupt discharging of capacitor 69 through primary winding 66 and the SCR. Thus a brief high voltage spike is induced in the transformer secondary winding 77 during each negative half cycle of the alternating current. Capacitor 81 charges to a high positive voltage through diode 83 when the voltage spike is rising and capacitor 82 charges to a high negative voltage as the voltage spike decays.
Capacitors 81 and 82 remain continuously charged to high positive and negative voltages until the ionizer 11 is turned off as the charging process reoccurs during each negative half cycle and there is no discharge path having a conductivity sufficiently high to enable a sizable discharge during the course of a single cycle. Thus the capacitors 81 and 82 apply essentially D.C. voltages to the positive and negative electrodes 34 and 35. Consequently, positive ions are continuously created at the tips of electrodes 34 and negative ions are continuously created at the tips of electrodes 35. Positive ions are electrostatically repelled by the charge on the positive electrodes 34 and by each other and are attracted to nearby objects or surfaces having a less positive or neutral or negative charge. Similar effects occur at the tips of the negative electrodes 35. Consequently, the ions travel away from the electrode 34 or 35 at which they were generated and intermix with the airflow through housing 12 and with each other.
The above described air ionizing apparatus 11 inherently maintains a balanced equal output of positive and negative ions and continues to do so in the presence of changing conditions that have heretofore made it necessary to use ion sensors and feedback systems for the purpose. Such self-balancing is brought about by several aspects of the apparatus.
A first such aspect is that the electrodes. 34 and 35, secondary winding 77, circuit junctions 78, 79, the positive high voltage producing side 86 of the circuit including capacitor 81 and diode 83 and the negative high voltage producing side including capacitor 82 and diode 84 are all electrically isolated from ground and from any conductive path capable of conducting direct current. Thus such components, which constitute the high voltage region of high voltage supply 51, are in an electrically floating condition and can acquire a D.C. bias voltage if there is an imbalance in the rate at which positive and negative ions leave the closed system.
If, for example, there is a decrease in the output of positive ions relative to the output of negative ions, positive charge accumulates as there is no path through which it can drain away to ground. This results in a positive D.C. voltage bias in the high voltage region of supply 51 including at electrodes 34 and 35 and circuit junctions 78 and 79. This bias increases the positive voltage at electrodes 34, causing increased positive ion production, and reduces the negative voltage at electrodes 35 thereby re-reducing negative ion output. The production of positive and negative ions is re-equalized. A similar re-equalizing occurs if negative ion output decreases relative to positive ion output although the bias voltage is negative in this case.
Ions produced by an electrode 34 or 35 are strongly attracted by the electrodes of opposite polarity if the electrodes are in proximity to each other. An ion which is drawn to an electrode of opposite polarity is neutralized by charge exchange. Ion losses from this effect can be minimized by spacing the electrodes apart to the extent that is practical given the need for intermixing of positive and negative ions before the ions reach objects that are to be protected from static charge. In some usages of the present invention, where very precise balancing of ion outputs is needed, it may be preferable to provide a relatively close electrode spacing including in some instances a spacing that causes ion flow to be predominately between electrodes of opposite polarity rather than out of the housing 12. This can be advantageous in some applications of the system as decreases in the spacing of the electrodes 34 and 35 bring about a faster response of the system to incipient imbalances of positive and negative ion outputs. The need to maintain an adequate ion output limits the minimal electrode spacing that is practical under most conditions. Electrode spacings below about one inch cause almost all of the ion current to be between electrodes leaving very few ions in the air outflow. The tips of the electrodes 34 and 35 of this particular embodiment are spaced apart by three inches although the spacing may be varied subject to the considerations discussed above.
Self-balancing is further enhanced by equalizing the conductivities of the several paths by which charge can leave the positive and negative electrodes 34 and 35. This includes the ion current leakage paths through air to grounded objects within the housing 12. The conductivities of such paths can be minimized by the hereinbefore described covering of grounded objects with insulation. Positioning the positive and negative electrodes 34 and 35 to be equidistant from grounded components to the extent possible aids in balancing leakage of this kind that cannot be eliminated.
Ion current leakage through air to external objects that are close to the front of the housing 12 can also tend to unbalance the system. This is minimized by the placement of electrodes 34 and 35 towards the back of the insulative housing 12, behind the fan 25. Close spacing of the electrodes 34 and 35 also acts to minimize the effect of any differences in the length of the ion flow paths from the positive and negative electrodes to such objects although as previously discussed electrode spacing must be sufficient to provide for the needed rate of ion output. The above described insulation arrangements and placement of the electrodes 34 and 35 also minimize direct current leakage paths from the high voltage region of supply 51 and substantially equalize such leakage to the extent that it cannot be eliminated.
The above described embodiment of the invention is a D.C. or direct current air ionizer 11 in that high voltage is continuously present at the electrodes 34 and 35. Referring to FIG. 4, the invention can also be embodied in A.C. or pulsed air ionizers lla in which each ion emitter electrode 88 and 89 produces both positive and negative ions during alternating intervals.
The A.C. air ionizer 11a of this example includes a voltage step up transformer 64a which is of the iron core type in this case. The primary winding of transformer 64a recieves alternating current through an on-off control switch 41a and an electrical power cord 44a having a connector plug 43a suitable for engagement with a standard utility power outlet.
Opposite ends 91 and 92 of the secondary winding 93 of transformer 64a are coupled to electrodes 88 and 89 respectively. The electrodes 88 and 89, of which there are only two in this particular example, are spaced apart and are disposed in a colinear relationship. Air ionizer 11a has been depicted in schematic form in FIG. 4 as the mechanical structure, including the housing 12a in which the electrical components are disposed and including a motor driven fan 25a for generating an airflow through the housing, may be simlar to corresponding portions of the previously described embodiment of the invention.
In operation, closure of switch 41a applies alternating current to primary winding 66a of transformer 64a inducing cyclical high voltage pulses at the ends 91 and 92 of secondary winding 93 and thus at electrodes 88 and 89, the high voltage pulses which are applied to electrodes 88 and 89 being of opposite polarity at any given instant. Thus the electrodes 88 and 89 generate air ions of opposite polarity during the peaks of the high voltage pulses.
As the high voltage side of the circuit, including secondary winding 93 and electrodes 88 and 89 is isolated from any conductive path capable of conducting direct current to ground, an inherent self-balancing of positive and negative ion output occurs for the same reasons that have been previously described with respect to the first embodiment of the invention. The midpoint 96 of secondary winding 93 is in effect a circuit junction comparable to the circuit junction 78 of the previously described embodiment as one half 97 of the winding constitutes a first high voltage producing circuit that applies voltage of one polarity to electrode 88 while the other half 98 of the winding is a second high voltage producing circuit that concurrently applies high voltage of opposite polarity to the other electrode 89. If output of ions of one polarity starts to drop relative to the output of ions of the other polarity, an accumulation of charge of the one polarity occurs at the electrodes 88 and 89 and in secondary winding 93. This creates a D.C. bias voltage on the electrodes 88 and 89 that increases output of ions of the one polarity and decreases output of ions of the other polarity thereby causing the ion outputs to remain in balance.
While the invention has been described with respect to certain particular embodiments for purposes of example, many modifications and variations are possible and it is not intended to limit the invention except as defined in the following claims.
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Consider yourself very lucky to have access to this book if you are interested in game physics. Its a very rare technical book and it could easily serve as a text book for... Read morePublished 11 days ago by BOOK REVIEW
As many others reviewers have noted, this book requires a high level of mathematical maturity. I would recommend at LEAST 3 semesters of calculus and a solid understanding of... Read morePublished 14 months ago by Eli
On the positive side, this book does not shy from the math behind rigid body physics -- and more, such as fluid dynamics. Read morePublished 15 months ago by Luke
You should be up on your calculus for this book as other reviewers indicated but there are sections which present linear algebra adequately and approximate solution methods to... Read morePublished 16 months ago by Paul A. Bonyak
I have mixed feelings about this book. One one hand, it has everything you need to know about physics. That's a good thing. Read morePublished 20 months ago by Lou
The book contains so much information. As an engineer, I was surprised to see how much "real" physics there was in the book. Read morePublished 22 months ago by Amazon Customer
The kindle version of this book is missing the cover page and the table of contents. TOC is kind of handy when reading a book.Published 23 months ago by wm
I'm a game programmer with hard mathematical background(4 calculus courses(including calculus on several variables), 2 courses on linear algebra, groups, rings and ordinary... Read morePublished on June 18, 2012 by Luis Enrique Vargas


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VOMA Presents: Shook Twins w/ guest Guy Russo (formerly of Broken Fences)
- Music
- 307 Chestnut Street, Johnstown, PA, 15906
StudioPM Johnstown, PA - Guided Painting BYOB Social (Wine B&L)
Venue Of Merging Arts
Friday, June 28, 2013 from 7:00 PM to 10:30 PM (EDT)
StudioPM - A creative studio experience to create art,
play, drink and socialize.
Friday June 28, 2013
$35 admission includes guided instruction, ALL materials and supplies plus special B & L Wine offer.
June's theme and inspiration: Wine!
This session's instructor: Natalie Poldiak
Take home masterpiece: your own hand-painted, acrylic painting on canvas based off a Natalie Poldiak original.
All June StudioPM registrants will receive a special offer from B & L Wine Cellars (Cambria City) in Johnstown, PA. Offer includes free wine tasting and 10% off any bottle in stock. B & L offer is good from Friday, June 21 through Sunday June 30, 2013 (during normal B & L business hours). Visit their website at http://BandLWineCellars.com for hours. A printed copy of your June StudioPM registration is required to redeem the wine offer at B & L Wine Cellars during the two week period stated above.
StudioPM welcomes all skill levels. No artistic experience necessary!
Advance reservations ARE REQUIRED for this event. Seating is limited to 20 guests. Payment options include credit (online), or check and cash (at the door).
This is an age 21 and over BYOB event. Bring your own beverage of choice. IDs will be checked at the door. Light snacks will be provided, other savory or sweet treats are welcome to share but not required.
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Four Surprisingly Great Movie Tie-In Games
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Retail Game Deals Round-up - Jan 23 - Free XBL or PSN Card w/ Dead Space 2
1624d ago - XMNR: The local retail store deals are out once again and there are still a few good deals to be... | Nintendo DS
The Twelve Games of Christmas: Day Seven
1645d ago - We're over half way through the Twelve days of Christmas and subsequently over half way through 2... | Nintendo DS
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Hull, MAUSA
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Jazz, R&B, Classic Rock
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A transplant from Western Mass I lived in Cambridge the 1st 5 yrs here, now on Nantasket beach but love going back to Cambridge and Somerville for live music!
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I am a retired medical systems analyst; my hobbies are quilting, reading, and walking with my dogs. I'm also slightly addicted to foreign police shows on Netflix.
I'm a transplant from New England; raised two sons who make fun of me and keep me flexible. I'm fairly easygoing and really am enjoying this AirB'nB (which I'm new to as you can probably tell). My house is a little quirky but I think quite comfortable (and I'd love your feedback as to how to improve on that). I am friendly but aware that in your situation, I might want to just get to a shower and bed so you can have as much privacy as you like.


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A thermoplastic composition, such as PET, contains an inert iron compound such as FeP, FeSi, or combinations thereof, having no chemical activity in the PET, with or without certain quantities of elemental metals, such as antimony, and a reducing agent or other stabilizer such as phosphite or phosphoric acid. A method for forming this composition is also disclosed. The composition may also optionally contain a color stabilizer, a DEG inhibitor and stress crack inhibiting agents.
1. A composition of matter comprising at least 95 percent of a thermoplastic polymer, and from about 10 PPM to about 500 PPM, based on the weight of the polymer, of an inert iron compound having no chemical reactivity to the thermoplastic polymer selected from the group consisting of iron phosphides, iron silicides, or combinations thereof.
2. The composition of
3. The composition of
4. The composition of
5. The composition of
6. The composition of
7. The composition of
8. The composition of
9. The composition of
10. The composition of
11. A composition of matter comprising at least 95 percent by weight of a thermoplastic polymer, an inert iron compound having no chemical reactivity with the thermoplastic polymer selected from the group consisting of iron phosphides, iron silicides, or combinations thereof, and a phosphorus stabilizer in either the trivalent or pentavalent state.
12. The composition of matter of
13. The composition of matter of
14. The composition of matter of
15. The composition of
16. The composition of
17. The composition of
18. The composition of
19. A blend of polyethylene terephthalate with one or more of FeP, Fe2P, Fe3P, and FeSi; an antimony catalyst; and a phosphite or a phosphate.
20. The blend of
21. A preform, capable of being formed into a container, prepared from a composition of matter comprising:
at least 95 percent by weight of a thermoplastic polymer; and
from about 10 PPM to about 500 PPM of an inert iron` compound having no chemical reactivity to the thermoplastic polymer selected from the group consisting of iron phosphides, iron silicides and combinations thereof;
wherein the preform has a faster heat up time than the heat up time for a preform made from composition of the same thermoplastic polymer but not including the inert iron compound having no chemical reactivity to the thermoplastic polymer.
22. The preform of
23. The preform of
This application claims the benefit of Provisional Application No. 60/172,819, filed Dec. 21, 1999.
The field of this invention relates to thermoplastic polymers, especially PET, which are modified to improve their heat-up characteristics while maintaining viable color and low haze.
Heretofore, various compositions have been prepared to reduce the heat-up time in preforms before they are blown into containers for food or beverages. This reduction can be affected by adding components to a thermoplastic polymer, like PET, to increase its ability and efficiency to absorb electromagnetic radiation (EMR) during heat-up. These additives, however, cannot have a substantial negative impact on color or haze properties of the resultant PET bottle or container.
One attempt to reduce heat-up time in PET was taught in Pengilly U.S. Pat. No. 4,408,004 by providing a high clarity, low haze polyester containing carbon black. More recently, use of graphite has been found to be a more effective additive than carbon black in this regard.
Certain iron oxides may also accomplish this function. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 4,420,581 discloses the use of Fe2O3 (red iron) for this purpose. In International Publication No. WO 99/37708, a disclosure is made that Fe3O4 may be even more effective than Fe2O3. Finally, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,408,004 and 5,419,936 incorporate elemental antimony, produced by the action of a reducing agent on the antimony polymerization catalyst, to reduce heat-up times.
None of these disclosures incorporate a compound, especially an iron alloy, where the iron in the iron compound is inert or chemically unreactive with the polymer or with any other additive to the polymer. Thus, the need continues to exist for such a composition of matter.
The discovery of this invention comprises a thermoplastic polymer, exemplified by poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), having its heat-up rates drastically improved while not substantially adversely affecting its color properties or haze content. By the term "substantially adversely affecting", it is meant that these properties are maintained at or below the desired levels for useful compositions. Generally, this means that, on a preform, L*, a* and B* values should be maintained in a tolerable range wherein preform L* is less than 60, and the a* (red/green value) and b* (blue/yellow value) should be close to neutral (0) or minus values, and not greater than plus 3.0 or plus 7.0, respectively. For production of acceptable preforms and bottles, preform haze values should be kept below 60%, and bottle haze values should be kept below 6%.
Thus, the invention is specifically directed toward PET with an inert iron compound selected from iron phosphide, iron silicide, or combination thereof, in a quantity effective to reduce heat-up time, but not large enough to negatively impact qualities of L*, b*, and a* color properties or haze content. The compositions of this invention may also contain elemental metals, such as antimony, and a reducing agent, to further increase the PET's heat-up rate. If no element metals are used, the composition may still include a non-reducing stabilizer to increase the PET's heat-up rate.
Thus, the present invention generally provides a composition of matter comprising a thermoplastic polymer, an inert iron compound having no chemical reactivity to the thermoplastic polymer, and an elemental metal.
One or more other aspects of the present invention may be found in a composition of matter comprising a thermoplastic polymer, an inert iron compound having no chemical reactivity to the thermoplastic polymer, and a phosphorus stabilizer in either the trivalent or pentavalent state.
Still other possible aspects of the present invention may be provided by a blend of PET with one or more of FeP, Fe2P, Fe3P, and FeSi; an antimony catalyst; and a phosphite or a phosphate.
At least one or more of the advantages of the present invention over the known art relating to thermoplastic polymers, which shall become apparent from the specification as follows, are accomplished by the invention as hereinafter described and claimed.
The FIGURE is a graphical representation showing re-heat surface temperatures and temperature differences for Sample Resins F through I.
Manufacturers who produce bottles from preforms are constantly seeking process efficiencies. They need to operate their equipment at maximum rates of production to maintain operation efficiencies. This reduces production costs. Therefore, manufacturers continually pressure their resin suppliers to provide resins with faster heat-up rates for use in their IR ovens, used to re-heat preforms for the bottle blow molding operation. The most viable means to accelerate resin heat-up rate is via additives.
Although essentially any thermoplastic polymer can be employed, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) resins and PET copolymer resins are generally used for the production of food containers. Other thermoplastic polymers known to be particularly suitable for food containers and the like are poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN) resins or copolymers thereof. Such copolymers of PET and/or PEN can also comprise isophthalic acid (IPA or PIA). This invention relates to compositions of matter comprising thermoplastic polymers, preferably polyester polymers, and more preferably, PET and its copolymers with IPA and/or with PEN. It is preferred that the composition of present invention contain at least about 95% polyester, preferably in the form of PET.
A PET polyester is usually produced via a condensation reaction whereby a dicarboxylic acid, a hydroxyalkyl, or hydroxyalkoxy substituted carboxylic acid, or a combination thereof, having from 2-40 carbon atoms, is reacted with a polyhydric alcohol, such as a glycol or diol containing from 2-20 carbon atoms. The reaction may alternatively be conducted with an ester of the polycarboxylic acid in an transesterification reaction to form the basic melt phase polyester with the off product being ethylene glycols (EG) or other glycols, such as are used to prepare the polymer, and water. The dicarboxylic acids, and/or a hydroxyalkyl, or hydroxyalkoxy substituted carboxylic acids, are usually aryl in nature, containing from 8-16 carbon atoms. The preferred aryl dicarboxylic acid is terephthalic acid (TPA) with the COOH substitution being in the para position. This monomer is also referred to as PTA. Other dicarboxylic acids can also be used, such as an isophthalic acid (IPA or PIA) (or a naphthalene dicarboxylic acid or naphthalene carboxylate) (NDA or NDCA).
The glycol component can be any glycol having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms with the preferable glycol being ethylene glycol or propylene glycol. Glycol ethers having from 4 to 12 carbon atoms may also be used.
The preferred polyester used in this invention is a terephthalate polyester having a relatively high content of IPA up to 5% or more. It is also contemplated that between about 2 and about 10% of a PEN may be added to the polymer chain.
The reaction of the dicarboxylic acid with the glycol can be catalyzed with antimony. The antimony is usually based on antimony trioxide, Sb2O3 (ATO) or antimony triacetate, Sb(CH3CO2)3 (ATA). It is usually used as an ethylene glycol solution. This catalytic compound is contained in the final polymer as a terephthalate and/or glycolate salt (esters). It is also possible to provide a reducing agent such as hypophosphorus acid, or its esters, such as phosphites or phosphonites, to provide a trivalent phosphorus ion (P+3) to reduce the Sb2O3 to elemental antimony, Sb0. The quantity of elemental Sb may vary from about 3 PPM elemental Sb to about 250 PPM elemental Sb depending on the quantity of catalyst added and the degree of reduction of that catalyst using the trivalent phosphorus ion. The active antimony catalyst, trivalent antimony (Sb+3), may be present in a quantity of from about 40 to about 400 PPM and the trivalent phosphorus (as hypophosphorus acid, phosphite, or phosphonite), as a reducing agent, may be present in an amount ranging from about 7 to about 160 PPM.
The compositions of this invention may also contain other elemental metals other than antimony, such as copper, silver, or a combination thereof, produced by a reducing agent, to further increase the PET's heat-up rate.
The compositions of matter of the present invention do not necessarily require a reducing agent and a precipitated elemental metal such as antimony, Sb. The inert iron compounds discussed below can also provide a substantial improvement in heat-up performance of polyester resins that do not employ precipitated metallic antimony, Sb0, from the oxidation-reduction reaction between the antimony catalyst and the phosphite stabilizer. These polyester resins are stabilized with non-reducing pentavalent phosphorus (P+5) additives such as phosphoric acid and its esters. Preferably, these phosphorus stabilizers can be added in amounts ranging from about 3 PPM to about 120 PPM based on the weight of the PET.
The polyesters of this invention may also, optionally, contain color stabilizers, such as certain cobalt compounds. These cobalt compounds can be added as cobalt acetates or cobalt alcoholates (cobalt salts or higher alcohols). They can be added as solutions in ethylene glycol. Polyester resins containing high amounts of the cobalt additives can be prepared as a masterbatch for extruder addition. The addition of the cobalt additives as color toners is a process used to minimize or eliminate the yellow color, b*, of the resin. Other cobalt compounds such as cobalt aluminate, cobalt benzoate, cobalt chloride and the like may also be used as color stabilizers. It is also possible to add certain diethylene glycol (DEG) inhibitors to reduce or prevent the formation of DEG in the final resin product. Preferably, a specific type of DEG inhibitor would comprise a sodium acetate-containing composition to reduce formation of DEG during the esterification and polycondensation of the applicable diol with the dicarboxylic acid or hydroxyalkyl, or hydroxyalkoxy substituted carboxylic acid. It is also possible to add stress crack inhibitors to improve stress crack resistance of bottles, or sheeting, produced from this resin.
The color and brightness of a polyester article can be observed visually, and can be quantitatively determined by a HunterLab ColorQUEST� Spectrophotometer, in a reflectance mode, with a 2� observer angle and a D65 illuminant. This instrument uses the 1976 CIE L*, a*, b*, designations of color and brightness determination, such that an a* coordinate defines a color axis wherein plus values are towards the red end of the spectrum and minus values are toward the green end; a b* coordinate, which defines a second color axis, wherein plus values are towards the yellow end of the spectrum and minus values are toward the blue end; and an L* coordinate wherein higher values indicate enhanced brightness of the material.
The color with regard to polyester bottle preforms having a nominal sidewall cross-sectional thickness of about 0.125 inch (3.175 millimeters) is generally indicated by an a* coordinate value ranging from about minus 3.0 to about plus 3.0, more preferably from about minus 2.0 to about plus 2.0, and most preferably from about minus 1.0 to about plus 1.0; and a b* coordinate value ranging from about minus 5.0 to about plus 7.0, more preferably from about minus 4.0 to about plus 4.0, and most preferably from about minus 3.0 to about plus 3.0. . Thus, it is preferred that the bottle preform is essentially neutral or colorless in hue (as measured on a sample having a sidewall cross-sectional thickness of about 0.125 inches).
The brightness of the bottle preforms discussed above is measured on the L* coordinate axis wherein higher values denote greater brightness. L* values for the bottle preforms discussed herein should generally be greater than 65.0, more preferably greater than 70.0, and most preferably greater than 75.0 (as measured on a sample having a sidewall cross-sectional thickness of about 0.125 inches).
FeP, Fe2P, and Fe3P exemplify the iron phosphides useful in this invention. All of these compounds are alloys including inert iron (i.e., iron which is chemically unreactive with any of the thermoplastic polymers of this invention) by deactivating reaction with phosphorus.
Any iron compounds which are left chemically inert with respect to reactivity with the polymers of this invention are potentially suitable for the present invention. To that end, iron silicides (FeSi) may be used and have been found to be particularly useful in some respects. The most preferred inert iron alloy or compound is a ferrophosphorus combination of FeP, Fe2P and FeSi available under the tradename FerroPhos�. This preferred ferrophosphorus/ferrosilicon composition or mixture may have a typical composition of FeP 18-39%, Fe2P 49-62% and FeSi 6-18%. This material may be commercially purchased from Occidental Chemical Corporation of Dallas, Tex. The preferred product constitutes a dark gray, odorless power having a specific gravity of 6.53 and bulk density of 19 lbs./gal. This composition may come in different grades with the microfine grade 2132 being the most preferred grade of this composition.
The inert iron compounds, and more preferably, the iron phosphide compositions may be present in sufficient quantities to achieve the preform reheat performance desired of the composition of the present invention. Generally, amounts ranging from about 10 PPM to about 500 PPM, more preferably, from about 25 PPM to about 150 PPM, and most preferably, from about 35 PPM to about 70 PPM, are used.
Thus, it will be appreciated that the composition of matter of the present invention contains a majority of the thermoplastic polymer, which is at least about 95% and more preferably, about 99% PET, or combinations of PET with IPA or PEN.
Also, it will be appreciated that other heat-up additives such as graphite can be added to the composition. Where graphite is used in combination with the iron phosphide, iron silicide or combination thereof, it may be used at levels ranging from about 0.5 to about 3 PPM based on the weight of the PET.
As set forth above, the addition of the inert iron compound to the homopolymer or copolymer of PET substantially improves the bottle production rate by improving the bottle preform reheat performance. This increase in bottle preform reheat is due to the high electromagnetic radiation (EMR) absorbent properties of the particular inert iron additives, which improve the ability of the polyester to absorb the InfraRed (IR) radiation used to reheat the preforms prior to blowing bottles for sale.
The inert iron compound may be placed into the polymer at any time during the polymer's or copolymer's production. It can be added during the esterification phase and/or during the polycondensation phase of the melt polymerization to produce the polyester resin. With proper drying it can be added directly during extrusion processing of polyester resin to make bottle preforms or polyester sheeting. It can also be added during extrusion processing of polyesters to form a masterbatch for subsequent let down addition to extrusion processed polymer, to the desired levels. The inert iron composition is not reactive to the polymer; therefore, it is very process friendly as to how its addition is made to the polymeric composition of matter. It can even be placed into the composition by addition to the esterification dicarboxylic acid or a hydroxyalkyl, or hydroxyalkoxy substituted carboxylic acid/diol admixture used to make the melt polymer, and to molten low molecular weight (0.35-0.65 dl/g IV) polyester prior to pelletizing and solid state polymerization of the pellets to obtain a higher intrinsic viscosity (IV). It can also be added to polyester melt polymerization processes that produce high IV resin not requiring solid state polymerization.
A copolymer of PET was made having IPA in a quantity of 2.9 mol % with 97.1% terephthalic acid. The polymer was made in a commercial apparatus using antimony oxide catalyst with cobalt acetate as a color stabilizer. The experiments produced Resins A-E to show a comparison of resins with the iron phosphides (FeP) both with and absent additional graphite (KS6) additives. Table I shows monomer composition for each resin.
Table II shows additives and amounts, and L*, a*, b*, and haze values of the preforms from resins A-E. The graphite used is labeled KS6.
For improved heat-up performance, it is desired to have preform L* less than 60, while always considering that the a* (red/green value) and b* (blue/yellow value) corresponds to the L* values, they should be close to neutral (0) or minus values. For production of acceptable preforms and bottles, preform haze values should be kept below 60%, and bottle haze values should be kept below 6%.
The reheat times for Resins A-E were developed to determine the lowest possible re-heating time for preforms made from the Resins A-E. Table III shows minimum preform re-heat times for acceptable bottles for Resins A-E.
The higher preform surface temperatures at shorter re-heat times shows the improved IR heat energy absorption efficiency imparted to the resin by incorporation of the ferrophosphorous/ferrosilicon (FerroPhos�) (FeP) additive with or without graphite (KS6) present.
After the preforms were heated, they were blown into bottles and the color properties and percent haze were calculated for these bottle. The values of the colors and percent haze are shown in Table IV for Resins A-E.
From these results it can be seen that the addition of ferrophosphorus and/or ferrosilicon compounds, with or without the presence of graphite, can significantly reduce preform heat-up time requirements to allow faster bottle production with negatively impacting preform and bottle color and haze values.
The resins described in the previous example all used a phosphite stabilizer. Thus, the heat-up performance of the resin is a combined effect of the added iron phosphides/iron silicide content of the ferrophosphorus (FeP) additive and precipitated metallic antimony, Sb0, from the oxidation-reduction (REDOX) reaction between the antimony catalyst and the phosphite stabilizer, a reducing agent.
The iron phosphides/iron silicide can also provide a substantial improvement in heat-up performance of polyester resins that do not employ precipitated metallic antimony, Sb0, from the oxidation-reduction reaction between the antimony catalyst and the phosphite stabilizer. These polyester resins are stabilized with non-reducing pentavalent phosphorus (P+5) additives such as phosphoric acid and its esters.
A commercial PET resin having a quantity of 1.8% IPA, and prepared by the reaction of isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol (created in-situ with or without additional DEG added), antimony oxide catalyst, phosphoric acid stabilizer (i.e., a phosphite), and cobalt acetate tetra-hydrate color toner, was modified with the FerroPhos� ferrophosphorus/ferrosilicon additive.
Table V shows monomer and stabilizer composition of polyester resins F-I, while identifying the EMR absorbers present.
Resins F through H are commercially produced resins, and Resin I is Resin H containing the experimental ferrophosphorus additive. Resins F and G are phosphite stabilized compositions. Resin G is a faster heat-up version of Resin F, accomplished by increased REDOX precipitated Sb0 level by use of increased phosphite content. Resin H is a phosphoric acid stabilized composition, and Resin I is resin H with 120 PPM FerroPhos� ferrophosphorous/ferrosilicon added.
Table VI shows the preform color and haze values for resins F through I.
Table VII below shows average bottle data for Resins F through I, including the amount of FerroPhos� ferrophosphous/ferrosilicon additive in Resin I with applicable aesthetic color values for L*, a*, b*, and % haze.
Table VIII shows the average preform temperature for each of the Resins F through I.
In Table VIII, without the aid of REDOX precipitated metallic antimony, Sb0, phosphoric acid stabilized Resin I (Resin H with 120 PPM FerroPhos�) achieved equivalent heat absorption performance to that of a commercial high heat-up rate product, Resin G. This is shown by an equal temperature increase over the non-FerroPhos� containing Resin H, as obtained for Resin G over Resin F by the addition of more trivalent phosphorus stabilizer to precipitate additional Sb0 for improved hear-up performance.
FIG. 1 shows in graphic form preform re-heat surface temperatures and temperature differences for Resins F through I of this example. These temperatures are those measured at the preform surface by an IR scanning temperature sensor just prior to bottle mold closure at the time of bottle blow molding. The resulting increase in preform surface temperature at mold closure for Resin I, (i.e., Resin H with 120 PPM FerroPhos�), implies faster heat-up rates and faster processing potential.
Addition of ferrophosphorus/ferrosilicon compounds to naphthalate containing or naphthalate-based polyesters results in likewise improved heat-up efficiencies.
The L* drop and comparable b* values for ferrophosphorus/ferrosilicon modified PET resin-based containers, film, or sheeting, is acceptable from an aesthetic point of view. It is believed that the % haze increase at 120 PPM is not destructive to the commerciality of the resin, and products made from it.
Thus, it should be evident that the composition of the present invention is highly effective in improving the heat-up characteristics of various thermoplastic polymers. The invention is particularly suited for PET, but is not necessarily limited thereto. The composition of the present invention can be used with known equipment, methods and the like, for the manufacture of, among other things, preforms for bottles.
Based upon the foregoing disclosure, it should now be apparent that the use of the composition described herein will carry out the objects and advantages set forth hereinabove. It is, therefore, to be understood that any variations evident fall within the scope of the claimed invention and thus, the selection of specific component elements can be determined without departing from the spirit of the invention herein disclosed and described. In particular, thermoplastic polymers according to the present invention are not necessarily limited to PET. Moreover, as noted hereinabove, other elemental metals can be substituted for the antimony preferably employed. Thus, the scope of the invention shall include all modifications and variations that may fall within the scope of the attached claims.
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text: ----- Original Message ----- From: "Earnie Boyd" <earnie_boyd@...> To: <mingw-dvlpr@...> Sent: Wednesday, 21 May 2003 12:00 Subject: [MinGW-dvlpr] GCC Cvs - MinGW branch > I understand why we don't want to have a GCC CVS Repository apart from > the main GCC CVS Repository. However, is it possible to have a branch > in the GCC CVS that all MinGW compiler developers can use to sandbox? > If the answer is no, shouldn't we allow for a CVS sandbox here? That > way each individual sandbox can update the CVS sandobx on a regular > basis and allow for mutual collaberation as CVS was meant to be used > for. The daily changes could be committed to the sandbox and everyone > stays current. I see binutils benefitting from this method as well. > > The way I would like this sandbox to be structured is: > > 1) Import the Official CVS version. > 2) Create a sandbox branch > 3) Periodically update the Official CVS version with Official changes > 4) Merge those changes to the sandbox. > > Pros? > > Cons? If your volunteering to do the maintenance? Wouldn't you like mingw changes to be in sync with cygwin too? FSF is the best place for this kind of thing. Chris has tried it. Ask him if it is worth it. Not having a local branch forces us to make every effort to get our patches committed and forces other interested folk to download, test and hopefully patch official sources. That is a good thing. Danny > > Earnie. > > > > ------------------------------------------------------- > This SF.net email is sponsored by: ObjectStore. > If flattening out C++ or Java code to make your application fit in a > relational database is painful, don't do it! Check out ObjectStore. > Now part of Progress Software. http://www.objectstore.net/sourceforge > _______________________________________________ > MinGW-dvlpr mailing list > MinGW-dvlpr@... > https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/mingw-dvlpr


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text:
For a hot minute in 2008, the entire blogosphere was plagued with one pressing question: Are you at the Pizza Hut or at the Taco Bell?
Who knew that two goofy guys repeating a couple of stupid phrases could have been the beginnings of a credible -- hell, revered -- rap group that Rolling Stone gave accolades to last year? (Truth: The magazine named the single "hahahaha jk?" one of the best singles of 2010.) Das Racist transcended its meme status with two serious (well, sort of) mixtapes: 2010's Shut Up, Dude and Sit Down, Man. Now, they're coming to The Granada on March 30. And you can win tickets. Yes, you!
To win tickets, tell us: Are you at the Pizza Hut or the Taco Bell, or are you at the Taco Bell -- and why? (Note: answers that claim that you are, in fact, at the combination Pizza Hut and Taco Bell will be disqualified.)
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Workshop on Ten-Digit Numbering Plan for Internet-Based TRS
July 29, 2010
Video of Workshop on Ten-Digit Numbering Plan for Internet-Based TRSAgendaNews Release
Chairman Genachowski Address to National Congress of American Indians
July 29, 2010
Workshop: The Role of Content in the Broadband Ecosystem
July 29, 2010
The free flow of information among a wide range of users has had much to do with the growth in...
DTV Consumer Education Workshop (Consumers in Rural Areas and on Tribal Lands)
July 29, 2010
Video of DTV Consumer Education Workshop (Consumers in Rural Areas and on Tribal Lands)...
Tribal Event
July 22, 2010
Senior staff of CGB and WTB participated in several panel discussions on the tower siting review...
Americans with Disabilities Act 20th Anniversary Celebration...
July 21, 2010
On Monday the country marked an extraordinary milestone as we celebrated the twentieth anniversary...
Spanish Version of the National Broadband Plan Release
July 12, 2010
En un número creciente de hogares americanos se habla español, pero más de la mitad de todos los...
Getting It: the FCC's Role in Bringing Broadband to Health Care
June 28, 2010
It's nice to hear from someone in the public that the FCC "gets it."I heard just such a remark in...
Workshop: Innovation, Investment, and the Open Internet
June 13, 2010
Coordinator info: Carol Simpson (202) 418-2391
From Kansas City to St. Paul
June 10, 2010
I traveled out to the heartland of the country for a two-city tour over the last few days. My first...


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Girls Casual Dresses
Find easy-to-wear cute casual dresses at Sophias Style. Whatever the season or occasion find girls causal dresses for all ages at prices that won't break the bank. Add Girls Shoes and Hair Accessories and she is dressed for comfort and fun.
Shop by Size
Richie House Little Girls White Pleated Forest Printed Dress 2-6
Our Price: $32.99
KidCuteTure Designer White Ilana Ruffle Tier Dress Girls 2T-14
Our Price $78.00
Sale Price: $47.00
KidCuteTure Mary Dress in White sizes 2T-14
Our Price $84.00
Sale Price: $51.00
KidCuteTure Michelle Dress in Silver/White sizes 2T-14
Our Price $79.00
Sale Price: $48.00
Little Mass White Ribbed Gold Stud Love Layer Dress Little Girls 2T-6X
Our Price $54.99
Sale Price: $26.19
Princess Linens Light Pink Sash Pink Pique Dress Little Girls 6M-6
Our Price: $47.85
Littlest Golfer White Logo Polo Dress Baby Toddler Little Girls 6M-16
Our Price: $44.99
Our superior customer service and fast shipping makes finding girls casual dresses fast, fun and simple. Pair cute casual dresses with Girls Shoes and Hair Accessories to complete her look. See Girls Size Chart for casual dress size guidelines.


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11am: 25-13
4pm: 02-18
9pm: 27-20
EZ2 Lotto Prize: P4,000.00 per 10 peso play
Draw Date: August 10, 2013 (Saturday)
Once again, the EZ2 result and winning numbers are as follows…
EZ2 result 08/10/2013 (Saturday):
11:00AM (Morning Draw) Result – 25-13
04:00PM (Afternoon Draw) Result – 02-18
09:00PM (Evening Draw) Result – 27-20
Winning combinations must be in exact order.
Analysis: Coming soon…
See our latest lotto result compilation for all draws here. These are the PCSO lotto result topics found on this page: 'EZ2 lotto result August 10 2013' - 'pcso lotto august 10 2013' -Best of Luck!
You may also want to check the EZ2 LOTTO RESULT July 3 2015, the EZ2 LOTTO RESULT July 2 2015, or the complete draw result history in the link above.


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Jim Wallis on the Deepwater Horizon spill
Jim Wallis is an evangelical Christian writer and political activist, best known as the founder and editor of Sojourners magazine and of the Washington, D.C.-based community of the same name. He is author of God's Politics: Why the Right Gets It Wrong and the Left Doesn't Get It (Harper) and The Soul of Politics (HarperCollins).
I interviewed him June 2.


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1984 Cadillac Eldorado BiarritzGM made only 600 of these FULLY equipped beauties. one for each Caddy dealer in North America then they archived the... More
Take a look at this BEAUTIFUL - RARE - 1949 Cadillac Series Sixty-Two Sedan !! We just purchased this vehicle from the previous older... More
1975 Cadillac Coupe DeVille 2dr. hardtop coupe, finished in Roxena Red with a white vinyl top and red interior. ery nice condition, loaded with... More
In the world of vintage luxury, size is king. This 1975 Cadillac Coupe DeVille D'Elegance proves it in every way, from the extra... More
1965 Cadillac Fleetwood Sixty Special 73,000 Original, One owner Miles in Good to Excellent condition. Runs and drives great with no problems. It has been serviced... More
1962 Cadillac Series 62 Convertible - eBay Listing Fixed Just arrived at SportsCar LA. This Series 62 has been in... More
Up for sale in our Houston showroom is one very elegant 1993 Cadillac Eldorado Sport. The Eldorado has a history behind it from the... More
1962 Cadillac Coupe deVille, Original miles. 3rd owner (I've owned it since 1999). Power Steering, antenna, brakes, seats 2 door hardtop V-8 The condition is excellent to good. Appraised... More
1962 Cadillac deVille Convertible. I've had this car since 1984, its third owner. Always garaged, the car has been driven about 500 miles a... More
1970 Cadillac Deville 4D HardtopThis car just came in.More information and additional pictures will follow as soon as possible.For more information you should contact... More
1991 Cadillac Brougham, 5.0 engine, 17,425 miles, finished in Sable Black with soft Black Leather interior, Black Cloth roof complimented by a crisp red... More
2011 Cadillac SRX (SUV). Wife bought as GM executive car at 8,000 miles. Now 94K actual miles, always garaged, pampered and maintained. No damage... More
Elvis lives here in this one owner 1976 Cadillac Deville has been in same family since new. no rust or damage history. unmolested last... More
1981 Cadillac Seville Roadster. 6.0 V8 engine, automatic transmission, power steering, power brakes, power windows, power locks, power leather seats, cruise control and more.... More
1968 Cadillac Eldorado, Great original car needs paint and new top to be a great show car. Runs excellent 41,000 original miles, new master... More
1985 Cadillac Eldorado Biarritz, This beautiful car was owned by our 100 year old Grandmother. She hardly drove it and it is in very... More
1990 Cadillac Brougham, A classic beauty !! Rides like a dream! 5.7L V8 engine, 78,467 original miles- always garaged, Original paint- brand new tires,... More
The My Hot Cars Team is thrilled to offer you an American Classic in this 1965 Cadillac De Ville Convertible. Engine Displacement: 429... More
1987 Cadillac DeVille American ClassicThis loaded classic has only 29477 miles on an 8-cylinder engine with automatic transmission. It is a four 4door Sedan... More
1987 Cadillac Allante 2 Passenger Roadster 17,813 Certified Miles Coach built by Pinin Farina, the worlds greatest coach builder. The greatest marriage between American engineering and Italian coach... More
~CALL US FOR A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE CAR! WE DO A 150+ POINT CHECK ON EACH VEHICLE AND ARE HAPPY TO SHARE... More
Conv, Nice well kept car, nice paint and good orig int, new top, full power cold fact a/c, ps, pb, runs/drives good... More
1984 Eldorado Biarritz Convertible If you are interested in this vehicle or have any questions, please call Larry at 503-614-8604 Less than 88,000 miles. I have owned this vehicle... More
1985 Cadillac Eldorado Convertible with Biarritz package: 4.1L CID V8 Engine (numbers match), Original - Paint, Chrome, Wire Wheels, Top Options include: A/C (needs new... More
We are open to reasonable trades and offers. Call Derek for details at 727-361-8026. Here we have an ultra-low mileage Cadillac Deville... More
1963 Cadillac 62 Convertible, Body and paint excellent. Mechanically rebuilt (engine, trans., rear end, etc.). Interior and top good. Drive it home.... More
1973 Cadillac Coupe de Ville, the car is finished in its factory original red paint and chrome, white vinyl top, and red leather upholstery.... More
1987 Cadillac AllanteBeautiful classic find must see! 1987 Cadillac Allante low millage showroom condition. Original tires and wheels with second set on car hard... More
1949 Cadillac 61, Head turner always attracts compliments. Runs great. Rare manual transmission, beautiful paint and chrome. Previously owned by Martin Swig, founder of... More
Well kept, nice body and paint, great orig int, new top, full power V8, auto, ps, pb, very sharp, runs/drives great... More
1967 Cadillac Coupe deVille 2 Dr. in high gloss re-finish in original ``Grecian White`` factory color. Complemented by the Maroon fabric / leather... More
1972 Cadillac Eldorado Convertible - A truely elegant,classic automobile. The exterior color is Willow green with white leather enterior ,green carpets and trim. This... More
A beautiful, big and powerful 1976 Cadillac Eldorado Convertible. With the big 500 C.I. V8 motor coupled to the smooth shifting 3-speed automatic transmission,... More
Selling my all original, national award winning, 1984 Cadillac Eldorado. The car was purchased new at Coulter Cadillac, Phoenix, AZ in June, 1984. The... More
1991 Cadillac Allante Convertible, all original and never in snow or salt. stored. runs & drives great!... More
Coupe, Blue ext., Blue leather int., Auto, VIN: 0259... More
Just arrived, this beauty spent most of its life in the southern USA. A Michigan collector purchased it about four years ago and completed a cosmetic... More
1970 Cadillac DeVille Convertible Chassis no. F0300660 472ci OHV V8 Engine Single Rochester 4-Barrel Carburetor 375bhp at 4,400rpm 3-Speed... More
1980 Cadillac Seville Fuel InjectionThis Seville is in a very good condition. The car has been very well maintained and there are a lot... More
1975 Cadillac Coupe DevilleWhen you drive around in a classic car you are paying attention you areActually driving you are physically involved in the... More
1964 Cadillac Coupe DevillePowder blue with white hard topMostly all originalPower everythingAC112642 milesV8 auto transmissionVehicle is located in Tyngsboro MA.Qualified buyers may be eligible... More
Cadillac, 1976 Coupe DeVille, original owner, 20,302 original miles, completely original down to the floor mats, never seen snow, $17,500 or best offer. 630-710-5562... More
Hello, this is for a 1960 Cadillac Eureka Endloader Hearse. These cars were custom and very few in 1960s and are even more rare... More
Just arrived, an amazing example of the first generation Cadillac Seville. Cadillac introduced this mid-size model in 1976 to compete with the successful European sedans of... More
1990 Cadillac Allante finished in pearl white paint with a black soft top and a clean gray leather interior. It is powered by a... More
1978 Cadillac ElDorado in Black with Black Leather Interior. Odometer shows 15,395 miles, (believed to be original). S-code 425ci w/4bbl, FWD, leather, Cabriolet option... More
Just Toys Classic Cars is proud to present a great piece of Americana from the Rat Pack Era. Before you is a 1963... More
1971 Cadillac Eldorado Convertible, the 1st one ever built body #1 serial #2, yes the first 7th generation Cadillac built, the last built in 1976 is... More
Take a look at this STUNNING - TWO OWNER SINCE BRAND NEW !! - LOW ORIGINAL MILEAGE - MOSTLY ORIGINAL SURVIVOR - 1977 Cadillac... More
This Cadillac/Le Salle Club member has a beautiful 1984 Cadillac Eldorado Convertible with 102k original miles for sale. All factory brochures and service records... More
1971 Cadillac Coupe DeVille, 2-dr. hardtop. This beautiful low (24,587) mile, one former owner Coupe DeVille is finished in stunning Pewter Firemist with a... More
1973 Cadillac Coupe Deville - 6D47R3Q278510 Mileage: 9,558 This is really one of a kind! A 1973 Cadillac Coupe Deville with only 9,558 miles! Original tires... More
1990 Cadillac BroughamClassic cars have heritage and history and a completely unique style thatSets them apart from all the other cars on the road... More
1993 Cadillac Allante Convertible For Sale or Trade Fully loaded roadster that cost $62,000 delivered new. Powered by 4.6L V8 DOHC Northstar engine, with... More
1984 Cadillac Seville SedanThis Cadillac Seville is in good condition and mostly original.The car is packed with lots of luxury options:- Electric windows- Electric... More
BIARRITZ; CLEAN CARFAX. This 1985 Cadillac Eldorado is powered by a 4.1 Liter V8 engine and is backed by a 4-speed automatic transmission. The... More
1995 CADILLAC ELDORADO ETC 4.6 LITRE NORTHSTAR 34,000 ORIGINAL MILES YEAR: 1995 MAKE: CADILLAC MODEL: ELDORADO... More
This 1994 Cadillac Eldorado is for sale in our Louisville KY showroom. The Eldorado was manufactured by Cadillac for almost 50 years. Starting off... More
Up for sale in our Tampa Showroom is this stunning 2002 Cadillac El Dorado Collector Series. The Collector Series was built to be the... More
In the mid-1970s, General Motors envisioned a common front-wheel-drive compact car platform that could be used in all of its divisions, including Cadillac. This... More


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What do you think? Give us your opinion. Anonymous comments allowed.
#150 to #3 - hazellekat (06/21/2013) [-]
obliviate is what will happen
#104 to #3 - senhortobias (06/21/2013) [-]
there are spells who make you not want to go there, or just ignore the existence of the ruins


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Dekker/Perich/Sabatini has hired Mark Frauenglass as an architect. Frauenglass has more than 30 years of architectural design experience including government, education, commercial, and hospitality projects. Frauenglass is a LEED accredited professional and has designed projects in New Mexico and Colorado.
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We are Utah's Premier Indoor Shooting Range and Firearms Dealer more
Buy and sell new and used guns! more
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All the presess are setup for you to get your hands on. Knowledgable staff. Everything was in stock. It'... more
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Oyster's here to save Father's Day. Because you were going to get your dad socks, or a tie, or razor blades. You were! You were. In honor of every ki...
High school graduation etiquette involves several steps, for both future graduates and their friends and family.
If you have a single dad, do not surprise him by creating an online dating profile for him. This is a big no no. I know it's progressive and he may even appreciate it but ... becoming your dad's pimp? That's just creepy.
Sometimes I'm bumbling through airport security with three daughters, diapers and pacifiers flying in all directions; sometimes I'm flying luxuriously solo, rocking my wireless office. Both of these types of Dad-travel require different levels of preparedness and equipment.
I'll admit it; I suffer from this disease, which I just coined. It's an affliction that has netted me numerous eye rolls and shouts of, "Come on, we're two holes behind," from my playing partners as they watch me hunched over a fairway lake's edge with my extendable pole/plastic scoop thingy.
It's amazing how these little creatures, the cavefish and the seahorse, can teach us such a powerful lesson. It is important to forget what you lack and find a way for you to use what you have.
Well, it's that time of year again, folks -- the time of year when parents grapple with what to get their children's teachers in appreciation for their year-long service.
Sometimes showing up to an occasion with a ubiquitous bottle of nonvintage Veuve Cliquot Champagne just isn't enough. But giving a well-conceived wine...
Father's Day is the toughest gift-giving day of the year, after Give-Your-Girlfriend-Jewelry-She-Won't-Hate Day. Dad is set in his ways, he's already got all the Bluetooth-enabled gear he's ever going to fumble through, and sending flowers is something you should do but never will.
Give the gift of connection this Father's Day with stylish, cutting-edge tech gifts to compliment quality time with Dad. Here are 7 Dad 2.0 gift picks for 2014.
It will be a nice Father's Day gift to hear the words, "Dad, I got my own car insurance."
It's that time of year again, when we congratulate our favorite college and post-degree graduates and cheerfully send them off into the working world!...
Not too long ago, I wrote about 5 Sites to Help You Get Your Guy and showed you a few sites that get into the minds of men. We all know that men are n...
Want to be a hero? Scoop up one of these toys and surprise your little ones with it after the show!
Just because you are a good person who practices empathy and compassion doesn't mean you're a doormat. If someone tries to dump their negativity on you remember the problem is not yours unless you choose to accept it.
We are purposefully placed together to help each other grow, that is the essence of family. God whispered "You are enough" into each of these folded papers, quieting the questioning voice inside me, constantly wondering if I will have what it takes when they need to take what I have.


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The Clinging Death
BEAUTY SMITH slipped the chain from his neck and stepped back.
For once White Fang did not make an immediate attack. He stood still, ears pricked forward, alert and curious, surveying the strange animal that faced him. He had never seen such a dog before. Tim Keenan shoved the bulldog forward with a muttered "Go to it." The animal waddled toward the centre of the circle, short and squat and ungainly. He came to a stop and blinked across at White Fang.
There were cries from the crowd of "Go to him, Cherokee!" "Sick 'm, Cherokee!" "Eat 'm up!"
But Cherokee did not seem anxious to fight. He turned his head and blinked at the men who shouted, at the same time wagging his stump of a tail good-naturedly. He was not afraid, but merely lazy. Besides, it did not seem to him that it was intended he should fight with the dog he saw before him. He was not used to fighting with that kind of dog, and he was waiting for them to bring on the real dog.
Tim Keenan stepped in and bent over Cherokee, fondling him on both sides of the shoulders with hands that rubbed against the grain of the hair and that made slight, pushingforward movements. These were so many suggestions. Also, their effect was irritating, for Cherokee began to growl, very softly, deep down in his throat. There was a correspondence in rhythm between the growls and the movements of the man's hands. The growl rose in the throat with the culmination of each forward-pushing movement, and ebbed down to start up afresh with the beginning of the next movement. The end of each movement was the accent of the rhythm, the movement ending abruptly and the growling rising with a jerk.
This was not without its effect on White Fang. The hair


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User #142,191 signed up 9/28/2010 and last accessed 5/25/2011
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No votes recorded.
This was still a little rough and seemed to lack the depth of the typical Estate. Still very nice.
Drinking very well, this is an excellent wine with good depth and richness. Excellent balance.
Fairly plush but maintained baance quite well. Great depth but not as much structure as I like. Still excellent.


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Jimmy Choo
'Abel' Pump
|Item # 980419
(Designer Specialists are available from 7am to 1am Eastern.)
Details & Care
A pointy-toe pump with a high slender heel is crafted from glossy Spanish leather.
- 4" heel.
- Leather upper, lining and sole.
- By Jimmy Choo; made in Italy.
- Salon Shoes.
Watch the video: Shoe Fit Fundamentals
Learn More: How to Measure Heel Heights
Jimmy Choo EU Sizing
Jimmy Choo shoes are constructed on a European shoe last and developed using a European size system. Unfortunately there is no universal standard size conversion chart, so converting European to US sizes is an inexact science. We strive to fit-test every Jimmy Choo shoe, and we continually analyze customer feedback on fit. Taken together, this information helps us to provide the fit recommendations you see posted above. Just as the EU to US translations can vary from brand to brand, so does every individual's foot shape and fit preferences, so we understand that our fit recommendations may not work for every customer.


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Items tagged exhibitions london international industry art 1862 in MV Collections
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Medal - International Exhibition, London, Prize, Great Britain, 1862
Alternative Name(s): London World Exposition 1862 Medal Class 1 bronze medal awarded to Sir Frederick McCoy 'for collection of fossils, illustrating the order of the sedimentary rocks, ...Images: 2
Ticket - Gentlemen's Season Ticket, Victorian Exhibition, Melbourne 1861, International Ex ...
Gentlemen's season ticket to attend the Victorian Exhibition in Melbourne in 1861, and the subsequent International Exhibition in London, 1862. Housed in ornate gilt binding by William ...Images: 2
Paint Box - Watercolour, Charles Roberson & Co, circa 1860s
Alternative Name(s): Paintbox, Watercolour Box, Colour Box, Paint Pallette Rectangular wooden paint box containing pallette of watercolour paints. Made by Charles Roberson & Co, no. 99 ...Images: 1