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A radial flow reactor vessel is disclosed for use in gas purification, separation or reaction processes and most suitably used in prepurification processes. The reactor has internal baskets for confining a bed of active material. The baskets are rigidly supported at both the top and bottom ends of the reactor and have walls that are axially flexible and radially rigid. The vessel has multiple movable support columns designed to facilitate pre-stressing of the baskets to offset axial compressive loads induced from thermal cycling.
1. A radial bed reactor comprising:
a) a substantially cylindrical vessel shell having a vertical longitudinal axis, an upper cap and a lower cap;
b) a substantially cylindrical porous outer basket disposed concentrically inside the shell along the longitudinal axis and attached to the upper cap of the shell;
c) a substantially cylindrical porous inner basket concentrically inside the porous outer basket along the longitudinal axis and attached to the upper cap of the vessel,
d) a bottom support plate disposed inside the shell and connected to the bottom of inner and outer baskets so as to form a solid bottom surface of the baskets; and
f) at least three support columns disposed between the bottom support plate and the lower cap of the vessel with means for moving the bottom support plate and the baskets along the longitudinal axis to provide a predetermined longitudinal tension to the baskets.
2. The radial bed reactor of
3. The radial bed reactor of
4. The radial bed reactor of
5. The radial bed reactor of
6. The radial bed reactor of
7. The radial bed reactor of
8. The radial bed reactor of
9. The radial bed reactor of
10. The radial bed reactor of
11. The radial bed reactor of
12. The radial bed reactor of
13. The radial bed reactor of
14. The radial bed reactor of
15. The radial bed reactor of
16. A cyclic gas reaction process conducted in a radial bed reactor comprising:
a) a substantially cylindrical vessel shell having a vertical longitudinal axis, an upper cap and a lower cap;
b) a substantially cylindrical porous outer basket disposed concentrically inside the shell along the longitudinal axis and attached to the upper cap of the shell;
c) a substantially cylindrical porous inner basket concentrically inside the porous outer basket along the longitudinal axis and attached to the upper cap of the vessel;
d) a bottom support plate disposed inside the shell and connected to the bottom of inner and outer baskets so as to form a solid bottom surface of the baskets;
e) at least one layer of active material distributed around the longitudinal axis in the annular space formed between the concentric baskets; and
f) at least three support columns disposed between the bottom support plate and the lower cap of the vessel with means for moving the bottom support plate and the baskets along the longitudinal axis to provide longitudinal tension to the baskets, and wherein a feed gas enters the reactor and is directed into an outer channel formed between the shell and the outside wall of the outer basket, flows through the wall of the outer basket in a radial direction through the bed, exits through the wall of the inner basket into a central channel aligned with the longitudinal axis of the reactor, and exits the reactor.
17. The gas separation process of
18. The gas separation process of
19. A method for pre-stressing at least the outer basket in a radial flow reactor of the type having:
a) a substantially cylindrical vessel shell having a vertical longitudinal axis, an upper cap, and a lower cap;
b) a substantially cylindrical porous outer basket disposed concentrically inside the shell along the longitudinal axis and attached to the upper cap of the shell;
c) a substantially cylindrical porous inner basket concentrically inside the porous outer basket along the longitudinal axis and attached to the upper cap of the vessel;
d) a bottom support plate disposed inside the shell and connected to the bottom of inner and outer baskets so as to form a solid bottom surface of the baskets;
e) annular space formed between the concentric baskets to accept at least one layer of active material distributed around the longitudinal axis in the annular space; and
f) at least three support columns disposed between the bottom support plate and the lower cap of the shell of the vessel with means for moving the bottom support plate and the baskets along the longitudinal axis,
the method comprising activating the means for moving the baskets downward in a predetermined longitudinal direction to provide longitudinal tension to the baskets.
20. The method of
21. The method of
22. The method of
23. The method of
24. The method of
25. The method of
26. A substantially vertically oriented split support column structure used in a radial bed reactor vessel to support one or more concentric baskets within the vessel and used to confine active material in the annular space between the baskets comprising:
a) a first support member having a top and a bottom with the top connected to the vessel and the bottom having a first flange;
b) a second member having a top and a bottom with the top having a second flange and designed to removably engage the first flange; and
c) a guide member affixed to one of the first or the second support members which can movably engage the first support member to the second support member along the vertical axis,
wherein one or more removable spacers are positioned between the first flange and the second flange which can be removed to contact the first and second flanges thereby moving the baskets downward.
The present invention relates generally to the field of radial flow reactor vessels used in gas purification, separation, and reaction processes. More specifically, this invention relates to radial flow vessels having internal basket assemblies to retain active material used to remove and/or convert one or more components in a feed stream through adsorption and/or catalytic or non-catalytic reactions and having movable support columns.
The demand for higher reactor throughput continues to increase for a variety of industrial processes linked to oil and gas recovery, alternative fuel production, sustainability of the environment and process emissions. Such demands are partially driven by the ever-increasing cost of fuel and the need for various chemical feed stocks. One example is the demand for larger cryogenic air separation units (ASUs) to meet the growing needs for large quantities of oxygen and nitrogen used in various industrial process industries. ASUs require front end purification reactors (adsorption vessels) to purify the feed air stream by removing carbon dioxide, water, trace hydrocarbons and other contaminants prior to entering the ASU. Larger ASUs require larger "prepurification units", as they are commonly known to treat the incoming feed air prior to cryogenic distillation. This presents a challenge to reactor designers when trying to control the size of the reactor since higher throughput of feed air demands a proportional increase in the frontal flow area provided by the vessels resulting in larger, more costly vessels.
Gas purification, separation or reaction processes using active materials such as adsorbents and/or catalysts are well known in the art and there are several reactor vessel designs in use today for these types of processes. Examples include both vertically and horizontally oriented cylindrical vessels with upward air flow through the bed of adsorbent material, reactant and/or catalytic material during purification, separation or chemical reaction. A third type of vessel, as employed herein, is oriented with a vertical central or longitudinal axis and an internal design that directs the process gas flow radially through the bed. This radial flow design consists of a pressure vessel enclosing gas permeable concentric inner and outer baskets to contain a bed of one or more layers of active material. Radial flow designs offer the ability to increase frontal flow area by increasing the height of the vessel without substantially altering the vessel footprint (ground area requirements). Furthermore, a radial flow design offers a more efficient means of increasing flow area for a compared to either horizontal or axial flow reactor designs.
Radial flow reactors typically operate continuously or in cyclic mode, depending upon the gas treatment process. Many processes, such as adsorption processes, operate cyclically in either pressure swing (PSA), vacuum swing (VSA), temperature swing (TSA) mode or in combinations of these modes wherein one or more components of the feed stream are adsorbed during the adsorption step and then desorbed or otherwise flushed from the adsorbent during the adsorbent regeneration step. When thermal variations accompany these cyclical processes, such as in TSA processes, the changes in temperature cause bed and vessel components in contact with such thermal variations to expand and contract. Depending upon the configuration of the internal components, as well as their manner of connection to the vessel, these thermal expansion and contraction induce loads within the bed are subsequently transferred to the internal components of the reactor. Such thermally induced loads create significant mechanical stresses on all elements of the internal basket assemblies, the magnitude of such induced loads increases with increasing temperature difference. Axial and radial displacement of the basket walls may also result in compression of the bed of active material and the material particles may migrate or be damaged as a result of the basket wall movement. In the worst case, these effects can cause physical breakdown of the active material and/or mechanical failure of the basket assemblies.
By way of example, the particular problems associated with radial flow reactors are more fully described in a typical thermal swing air purification process. It is advantageous to operate such a reactor by introducing the feed air into the outermost passage between the vessel shell and the outer basket during the adsorption step and by introducing the regeneration gas into the passage enclosed by the inner basket during the desorption step. Thus, feed air is purified by passing radially through the adsorbent bed toward the central axis of the reactor. Regeneration gas passes radially through the bed in the opposite direction to desorb the contaminants and renew the bed for the subsequent cycle. Adsorption of the contaminants from the feed gas occurs at substantially ambient temperature. Regeneration is performed using a thermal pulse wherein heated gas is first introduced for a specified time followed by cold gas, where the cold gas is at about the same temperature as the feed gas. During the heating phase of regeneration, a heat front develops at the inner basket wall and then travels outwardly and radially through the bed. The part of the bed ahead of the heat front remains near ambient temperature, while the part of the bed already traversed by the heat front is at the hot regeneration temperature. When this heat front reaches an intermediate radial position within the bed, the cold gas is introduced to the inner basket space. This gas is warmed as a cold front develops at the rear of the heated zone. The resultant thermal pulse then continues to push the heat front through the remaining adsorbent as the stored energy is consumed by desorbing the remaining contaminants in the bed. The vessel shell and heads remain predominantly at ambient temperature during the entire operation of a cycle, i.e. the ends and shell of the vessel have little contact with the hot gas, remaining at a relatively constant temperature over each cycle, and therefore remain fixed in space. Conversely, the internal components of the reactor experience these temperature variations directly, resulting in thermal expansions and contractions and the associated induced loads and stresses.
The reactor and its internal components must therefore be designed to minimize and accommodate radial and axial movement so that the mechanical integrity of the basket assemblies and the active material contained within the baskets is maintained throughout the thermally induced loads and stresses. Further, the thermally induced mechanical stresses limit the temperature range over which conventional radial flow reactors may operate and these limitations are amplified as the size of the reactor increases thereby limiting the size and application of the reactors.
Thus, there is significant motivation to improve the mechanical design of radial flow reactors to affect greater operational reliability, lower cost and increased process flexibility while still limiting the overall footprint of the reactor vessel. Further, the present reactor is designed to permit a simple and effective means for addressing the problems associated with thermally induced mechanical stresses and thereby enable the aforementioned improvements.
The teachings in the art are varied and inconsistent with respect to the design of radial flow reactors; particularly for vessels undergoing thermal cycling. Conventional cylindrical reactor designs typically include an internal assembly of at least two concentric porous wall baskets with the active material contained in the annular space formed between these baskets. The baskets and vessel shell generally share the same longitudinal axis. Beyond these commonalities, the teachings diverge significantly in describing a variety of means to support the basket assembly. For example, the baskets are either suspended from only the top end of the vessel, supported at only the bottom end, or fixed between both ends of the vessel.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,541,851 discloses a vessel having two concentric layers of adsorbent, each layer contained between two concentric cylindrical grates. Three cylindrical grates are concentric about the same longitudinal axis as the vessel enclosing them. The intermediate grate is axially rigid and radially flexible while the inner and outer grates are axially flexible and radially rigid. All three grates are interconnected rigidly to the vessel shell at their upper end and interconnected rigidly to a solid floating bottom plate at their lower end. The assembly of the three concentric grates is thus suspended inside the vessel from the top head so that the weight of the grates, bottom plate and the adsorbent material is primarily carried by the axially rigid intermediate grate. The intermediate grate expands and contracts in the axial direction. The axial movement of the flexible inner and outer grates follows that of the intermediate grate. The inner and outer grates expand and contract in the radial direction and alternately squeeze and release the adsorbent bed in the radial direction upon heating and cooling. The intermediate grate expands/contracts radially within the bed since it is flexible in the radial direction, and, as a result, imparts very little additional radial squeezing force on the adsorbent bed.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,541,851 discloses in a second embodiment a vessel having three concentric layers of adsorbent and four permeable grates. The inner and outer grates are rigid in both the axial and radial direction and the two intermediate grates are rigid in the axial direction and flexible in the radial direction. All four grates are interconnected rigidly to the shell at their lower ends. At their upper ends, all four grates are free to move in the axial direction with the three outer grates able to slide axially in guides, while the innermost grate terminates in a dome that is able to move freely in the axial direction. Two or more layers of adsorbent can be used in this configuration. As thermal pulses move through the adsorbent bed, the grates alternately are heated and cooled. The design allows each of the grates to expand freely and independently of each other in the axial direction. The radial squeezing forces are transmitted to all three layers of adsorbent because of the circumferential flexibility of the two intermediate grates. Additional details are associated with this design are described by Grenier, M., J-Y Lehman, P. Petit, "Adsorption Purification for Air Separation Units," in Cryogenic Processes and Equipment, ed. by P. J. Kerney, et al. ASME, New York (1984).
U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,485 discloses a vessel containing an annular adsorption bed which is bounded by inner and outer baskets. A single layer of adsorbent is taught which is contained between the two permeable concentric baskets, both of which are flexible in the axial direction and rigid in the radial direction. At least one of the baskets is rigidly fastened to the top end of the vessel. The inner basket is rigidly connected at its lower end to a bottom support member and further supported on lower a hemispherical cap of the shell by ribs arranged like a star. The outer basket is directly supported at its lower end by the bottom cap. A ratio of coefficients of thermal expansion of the baskets relative to that of the "free flowing" active material or adsorbent is claimed to be in the range of 0.25-2.0. It teaches that this combination of features essentially eliminates the relative motion of particles of the free flowing material due to the thermal cycling of the baskets. It also suggested that pre-stressing at least one of the baskets reduces the axial stresses that develop within the baskets as a result of thermal cycling, although no description of the method to pre-stress is provided. Additional details are also described by U. von Gemmingen, "Designs of Adsorptive Dryers in Air Separation Plants", Reports on Science & Technology, 54:8-12 (1994).
U.S. Pat. No. 6,086,659 discloses a radial flow adsorption vessel that has a plurality of grates, wherein at least one of the grates is flexible in both the axial and radial directions. This "bidirectional flexibility" is preferably imparted to at least one of the intermediate grates. Many combinations of axial/radial flexibility/rigidity are offered for the inner and outer baskets. The grates are rigidly attached to both the top of the vessel and to a bottom plate. The bottom plate may be floating or semi-rigidly or rigidly attached to the bottom head of the vessel. One or more intermediate grates are disclosed as a means to contain various layers of adsorbents within the vessel.
German Patent No. DE-39-39-517-A1 discloses a radial flow vessel having a single layer of adsorbent contained between two concentric permeable grates, both of which appear to be rigid in both the axial and the radial direction. The outer basket is rigidly connected to the top end of the vessel and to a floating bottom plate. The inner basket is flexibly connected to the top end of the vessel through the use of an expansion bellows or a sliding guide. The lower end of the inner basket is connected rigidly to the floating bottom plate. The entire basket assembly is thus suspended from the top end of the vessel with the outer basket carrying the weight of the assembly and the adsorbent contained therein. The inner grate is enclosed on the adsorbent side with a gas permeable compressible material or mat to absorb any radial compressible forces resulting from thermal expansion and contraction.
As illustrated above, the patent art teaches many variations within basic design configurations wherein inner, outer, and/or intermediate baskets may possess axial flexibility, radial flexibility, or combinations thereof. All of these designs have various deficiencies, most notably a continuing problem with thermally induced stress, shearing, and possible damage to the equipment and active material. Notwithstanding these teachings, there is no clear direction for the design of a radial flow reactor to mitigate or eliminate these problems. Moreover, there are no teachings on methods for pre-stressing the internal baskets or on reactors designed for this purpose.
The present radial flow reactor is designed such that the internal basket assembly containing the bed of active material is rigidly supported at both the top and bottom ends of the vessel. The size and geometry of the perforations in the basket walls largely dictate the amount of axial flexibility and radial rigidity that results to minimize thermally induced movement and to control stresses and loads, thereby mitigating axial and radial buckling of these walls. The present reactor also provides a simple and advantageous means of pre-stressing the baskets which is used herein to describe the act of placing the baskets in tension at ambient temperature.
The present invention is a radial flow reactor used in gas separation processes and particularly for purification of air by adsorption and/or a catalytic or non-catalytic reaction. The reactor has two concentric porous internal baskets which confine the active material, typically a free-flowing particulate solid, within the baskets and within the cylindrical shell. The baskets are rigidly supported at both the top and bottom ends of the vessel and have walls that are axially flexible and radially rigid to minimize thermally induced stresses and loads. The reactor vessel has support columns that are affixed to a bottom plate which is affixed to the bottom of the baskets and are movable. Preferable, the support columns are a split support column assembly that provides means to simply and effectively pre-stress the internal baskets, defined as the act of placing the baskets in tension at ambient temperature, thereby mitigating the adverse effects of thermally induced mechanical stresses.
The force required to pre-stress the baskets to the proper pre-tension is captured with the reactor vessel positioned upright in it operating orientation by utilizing the inherent mass of the solid active material loaded in the bed between the concentric baskets. The bottom support plate is affixed to split column supports (support columns), and moves with the upper sections of these supports permitting pre-stressing of the baskets. Combining the basket design with the split column support system provides a means to apply a predetermined amount of pre-stress during the loading of the active material, the act of filling the bed, thereby significantly mitigating thermally induced mechanical stresses and reactor size limitations.
Thus, the present invention represents a more reliable design of a radial bed reactor vessel with an internal basket assembly. Not only is a pre-stressing method provided, but a support column is provided for the basket assembly that enables pre-tensioning of the baskets by either mechanical means or by using the resident force potential of the weight of the active material.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, a radial bed reactor is provided comprising:
In another embodiment of this invention, a cyclic gas reaction process using the inventive radial bed reactor is provided.
In another embodiment of this invention, a method is provided for pre-stressing at least the outer basket in the radial flow reactor.
In yet another embodiment of this invention, a split support column is provided for used in the radial flow reactor.
For a more complete understanding of the present invention, reference should be made to the following Detailed Description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
Referring to
Within shell (2) is a bed (8) containing active material which is confined between two concentric cylindrical containment members, hereafter referred to as "baskets" (9, 10). The basket arrangement is best understood by viewing
Referring again to
The vertical walls of the baskets (9, 10) are perforated over a majority of their length to make them permeable to gas flow and to impart structural characteristics such that the baskets attain axial flexibility and radial rigidity to minimize movement and to control the stresses and loads that are thermally induced during operation. Permeable sections of the basket walls are preferably fabricated using perforated metal sheets, welded and rolled into cylinders. The metal is typically steel or steel alloy, selected based upon physical properties, ease of perforating, corrosion resistance, weldability and cost requirements. The thickness of the basket wall materials depends upon several structural considerations, as would be understood by one skilled in the art, and the selected material and its thickness need not be the same for the inner and outer baskets. Typical basket wall thickness, however, would be between 3 mm and 35 mm.
One skilled in the art recognizes that while the basket walls must be gas permeable or porous (perforated) to allow fluid flow, the particular size, shape and orientation of the holes or perforations will influence the directional flexibility of the basket walls. For example, and as best illustrated in
It has also been found through structural analysis that stiffening ribs (32) are preferably added and attached to the inner basket (9) to mitigate buckling due to the external pressure applied by the active material, herein also termed "radial buckling." The stiffening ribs (32) are typically structural supports made of metal or other rigid material (preferably with the same thermal expansion characteristics as the inner basket material) that are placed on the inside wall of inner basket (9) such that each rib lies in a horizontal plane and extends continuously around the circumference of inner basket (9). Stiffening ribs (32) are spaced at regular intervals to increase the basket stiffness so as to resist the radial squeezing forces resulting from thermal cycling of the baskets and enclosed bed.
The active material may be further contained and/or divided within bed (8) using metal or other porous and flexible materials. For example, screens can be used to line the perforated metal walls of the baskets when the perforations or slots are larger than the particle size of the active material such as illustrated in
Depending upon the type of gas treatment process, the active material may need to be regenerated at regular intervals in a repeating cyclic manner. During this process, a regeneration gas is introduced to the vessel and flows radially through the bed of active material before exiting. The path of the regeneration flow is typically reversed relative to the path of the feed flow. For reactor vessels of the present invention, the gases always flow radially through the active material, regardless of where the feed and regeneration gases enter the vessel.
Again referring to
When radial flow reactors like the present invention are utilized in conjunction with a thermal swing regeneration step, or with other thermal cyclic processes to clean or reactivate catalytic material, the internal baskets contract and expand with the decrease and increase in temperature of the gas treatment process, respectively, as described above. Such thermal expansions and contractions of the baskets occur both radially and axially relative to the longitudinal axis of the reactor vessel, inducing stresses in the baskets and all internal components and fixture means. In the present invention, the baskets are constrained at the top and the bottom of the vessel. Under such constrained support, significant internal stresses will develop within the porous basket walls in response to the cyclic temperature variations.
When the thermally induced axial stresses approach or exceed the predetermined allowable stress limits for axial buckling, as determined from the basket material properties and perforation geometry, then it is preferred to pre-stress the porous walls of the internal basket to offset the effects of these induced axial loads. Such pre-stressing is applied axially (parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical pressure vessel) and in such a way to offset the thermally induced stress. Because the present baskets are constrained at the top and bottom, the induced thermal stress is compressive. Pre-tensioning the baskets offset, at least partially, these thermally induced compressive stresses. Thus, the initial temperature rise of the porous wall serves to relieve the pre-stress (pre-tension) in the basket since the thermally-induced axial compressive stress acts opposite to the tensile pre-stress. Once the pre-tension is completely relieved, the compressive axial stress may continue to develop in the porous basket walls as temperature increases further. However, the resulting maximum compressive stress is less than it would have been if the pre-tensioning had not been applied, i.e. the compressive stress is offset by the amount of tensile pre-stress. Depending upon the amount of pre-stress applied to the baskets, it is possible to control the maximum resulting stress at the heated condition to be zero, or to be tensile or compressive.
Thus, in addition to selecting the material properties and perforation geometry of the baskets, it has now been found that pre-stressing at least the outer basket (10) is necessary to insure against axial buckling due to the compressive stresses that develop during the heating of basket (10) and its components. While the art provides no specific teaching as to the methods for pre-stressing the baskets, the present invention introduces a simple method based upon a split column support design within the reactor vessel. While various mechanical methodologies for pre-tensioning the porous basket walls may be applied, the preferred method of this invention is to utilize the inherent weight of the active material as described below. Hence the design of the present reactor vessel provides the means for an easier and effective method to achieve such pre-stressing.
Pre-stressing the baskets mitigates or eliminates the axial compressive stress on the baskets caused by thermal expansion during the elevated temperature part of the process cycle. Outer basket (10), due to its larger diameter and relatively smaller thickness, is particularly subject to axial buckling from the induced thermal loads and is pre-stressed herein. Preferably, both inner and outer baskets are pre-stressed simultaneously. Alternatively, the outer basket (10) may be pre-stressed independently by temporarily disconnecting the inner basket (9) from the upper cap (3) of vessel (1), e.g. as may be advantageous in certain alternative means of loading active material into the vessel. In addition to preventing axial buckling, pre-stressing the baskets allows thinner basket wall construction and/or may extend the maximum allowable operational temperature if desired.
Before describing the pre-stressing method, further description of the vessel is needed. As shown in
The assembly of support column (12 a) shown in
The pre-stressing process is conducted using the split column supports. In the preferred method, the substantial weight of the active material loaded into bed (8) is utilized to pre-tension baskets (9, 10). In this embodiment, baskets (9, 10) are rigidly affixed at the top of shell (2) to upper cap (3) and to the bottom support plate (7). Bottom support plate (7), baskets (9, 10) and upper support columns (12 b) are temporarily allowed to move in the axial direction by disconnecting flange pairs (60) and removing spacers (65).
The implementation of pre-stressing of the baskets is now described in greater detail wherein the function of the split support column will be made apparent.
The mating flanges (60) and support members (12 b and 12 c) are concentric to the internal guide means (50). The internal guide is rigidly attached to one of the support members and slidably engages with the other support member of the pair. When the vessel (1) is fabricated, an initial space (d) is provided between flanges (60) and the space between the mating flanges (60) in the unloaded condition is designed to be equal to or less than the expected or calculated amount of axial displacement of the basket walls imposed by the static load, i.e. from the combined weight of the basket assembly and the active material. Guide means (50) permits the support member (12 b) to move only parallel to the vertical axis. Spacers (65) of thickness (d) equal to the flange spacing are inserted between each flange pair as illustrated in
Spacers (65) of thickness (d) establish the extent of pre-tensioning allowed and when tightly secured between opposing flanges (60) keep the basket assembly rigidly supported at the top and bottom ends of the reactor vessel during the final stages of vessel assembly and transport. The spacers can be made of any material such as carbon steel and any number of spacers can be used as deemed necessary. In this embodiment, four spacers are employed between each flange pair. A hole is drilled through each spacer to allow bolts to pass through the spacers and mating flanges.
After the vessel (1) is in position for use, the spacers (65) are removed prior to loading the active material into the bed (8). Step 2 of the pre-tensioning process is illustrated in
In step 3, the bed (8) is filled with active material and the weight (WAM) of this material accumulates against the jacking mechanism. The hydraulic jack supports the additional weight of active material and holds the position of the bottom support plate (7) to the original reference position. Step 4 involves slowly lowering the hydraulic jack so that the basket assembly and walls are stretched due to the applied downward force resulting from the weight of the active material. This process continues as the faces of the upper flanges (60) attached to support columns (12 b) move downward until they contact the opposing faces of the lower flanges (60) of support columns (12 c). Throughout this step, the guide members (50) maintain the alignment of the upper and lower support members (12 b and 12 c). The bottom support plate (7) moves the same distance as predetermined and allowed by the spacer thickness (d). The stretching distance (d) determines the amount of pre-tension applied, typically less than the maximum available as is inherent in the combined total weight of the active material and basket assembly, i.e. the faces of flange pairs will come into contact prior to the completion of loading all of the active material.
Thus, a predetermined amount of axial pre-stress can be applied up to an amount corresponding to the weight of active material loaded. Once the faces of flanges (60) of each support member are closed and in contact, the weight of the bed (8) and basket assembly is supported by the lower cap (4) with the walls of the basket now in tension. At the final loaded position and with the flanges (60) in firm contact with each other, the baskets (9, 10) are constrained at both the top and bottom. The flanges (60) can be affixed by welding or by the use of fastener means such as bolts, although the combination of the weight of basket assembly and active material and the presence of guide member (50) will provide adequate constraint against lateral movement of the basket assembly.
Alternatively, step 3 may be carried out with the hydraulic jack removed so that the flanges will close slowly according to the rate of loading or accumulation of the active material in bed (8). The net pre-tensioning of the baskets (9, 10) will be identical in both scenarios.
As shown and described, the split support columns (12 a) extend between the bottom support plate (7), attached to baskets (9, 10), and the bottom cap (4) of vessel (1). These support columns may be constructed from various types of structural members, e.g. cylindrical columns or pipes, I-beams, channels, box beams, etc. The structural members do not have to be circular in cross section and other configurations such as box or rectangular, etc., may be used. Similarly, the guide means is not limited to a concentric pipe configuration. For example other potentially effective guide means may include various shaped members fitted as external sleeves or internal inserts to similarly shaped columns or the use of pins through one or more of the holes between mating flanges, etc. Although the simple cylindrical configuration fitted with flanges and a cylindrical guide member as shown is a preferred design, other designs can be envisioned to accomplish the same function and are deemed to be operable equivalents, provided that; (a) the support columns are rigidly fixed between the bottom support plate and the bottom cap of the vessel, (b) guide means are employed in multiple support columns to prevent lateral movement of either member of the split support column while maintaining concentricity of the basket assembly within the vessel, and (c) adjustable means, such as removable spacers, are employed to decrease the effective column length while allowing the weight of solid active material to axially stretch the baskets to apply tension to the basket walls. At the end of pre-tensioning, the basket assembly is rigidly supported between the upper (3) and lower (4) caps of the vessel.
The split column support design as shown and described is preferred because it provides a simple means to provide horizontal, flat mating flanges and integral guide means positioned at a convenient work level between the bottom support plate and lower cap of the vessel. However, the basic features of the invention can be accomplished with continuous (non-split) column supports. Such non-split support columns would be permanently attached at one end to either to the bottom support plate (7) or to the lower cap (4), preferably to at least the bottom support plate. The necessary space or gap allowance for pre-tensioning would be created between the opposite (unattached) column end and its facing component, i.e. either the lower cap (4) or the bottom support plate (7). The guide means would then be attached between the unattached column end and directly to the face of the opposing bottom plate (7) or the lower cap (4), i.e. opposite the unattached face of the column support and with the predetermined space (d) for pre-tensioning allowed there between and with the guide means engaged with the column. Alternatively, a support pad with a horizontal face means could be attached rigidly to either the bottom support plate (7) or the lower cap (4) directly opposite the unattached faces of the support columns and the guide means could then be integrally positioned between the column end and support pad. In this latter configuration, the support pad or pedestal could be envisioned as another form of the upper or lower section of the column in the split column design. The implementation of the pre-tensioning would be carried out in the same manner as illustrated in
Alternative and equivalent means of pre-tensioning and securing the baskets under a tensile load is also provided. In one example, the internal baskets, once assembled within the reactor vessel, may be pre-tensioned mechanically using threaded rods in combination with either an internal or external locking mechanism. Examples of internal locking mechanisms include drilled and tapped holes in the vessel head or in support brackets welded to the vessel and also to the bottom of the baskets or bottom support plate; locking nuts used to capture the threaded rod in supports attached to the basket and to the vessel wall; and a turnbuckle located between two threaded rods permanently attached to the basket and the vessel wall. The pre-tensioning is adjusted from inside the vessel. Examples of external locking mechanisms include drilled and tapped holes through the vessel cap and attached to the bottom of the baskets or bottom support plate and locking nuts used to capture the threaded rod in supports attached to the basket and through the vessel wall. These methods allow the pre-tensioning to be performed external to the vessel. Both internal and external pre-tensioning may be assisted by the weight of the adsorbent loaded in the baskets.
Alternatively, a hydraulic jack may be positioned against a fixed support outside the top end of the reactor vessel with the opposite end of the jack attached to a beam inserted through the reactor along its axis and in contact with the plate forming the bottom of the concentric baskets. The jack is then used to push the bottom support plate into position against the bottom support column or to push mating flanges of a split column together. The bottom support plate or the flanges in the split column support are then secured by welding or bolting while the hydraulic load is maintained. The hydraulic jack and beam are then removed and the basket walls remain under tension and firmly connected to the bottom cap of the reactor vessel.
In all of the above pre-stressing methods, the amount of pre-tension should be predetermined to prevent axial buckling of the baskets by fully or partially offsetting the thermally induced compressive stress.
The radial flow reactor of this invention can be employed in gas purification, separation or reaction processes using beds of active materials as are well known in the art. Preferred processes are those requiring a repeating cyclic operation. Most preferably, the present reactor is used in cyclic adsorption processes such as PSA, VPSA, and TSA processes and most preferably in prepurification processes on the front end of ASUs.
The solid active material may be an adsorbent, catalyst or reactant material consisting of free flowing solid particles in the form of spheres, cylinders, irregular granules, etc. The active material is selected for the particular process employed and a wide range of materials are known.
For air purification or separation processes, adsorbent material is used and is typically a zeolite-type molecular sieve material as is known and commercially available. The adsorbent material used within the modular adsorbent bed unit can be composed of a single layer material or, a two or more layer material configuration where the first layer (such as activated alumina) nearest the feed inlet removes water from the feed gas and the second layer (such as zeolite molecular sieve) adsorbs a selected gas component such as carbon dioxide in purification or nitrogen in air separation. The adsorbent material is preferably densely packed to minimize adsorbent settling and other particle motion and to maximize process efficiencies.
It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the subject invention is not limited by the examples provided herein which have been provided to merely demonstrate the operability of the present invention. The scope of this invention includes equivalent embodiments, modifications, and variations that fall within the scope of the attached claims.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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If we know, then we must fight for your life as though it were our own—which it is—and render impassable with our bodies the corridor to the gas chamber. For, if they take you in the morning, they will be coming for us that night.
Crocodile Tears on a Cash Register Patriotism
Walter Brasch: During the 1960s, war protestors who wore clothes with the American flag design were beaten by "patriots"; now the fabric of America is patriots wearing just-manufactured high-priced T-shirts, pants, and bandannas, all with images of American flags and slogans.


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Alex Beehler, a senior advisor on the energy and environment team at FaegreBD Consulting, has been named to the public sector advisory board of Constellation, an Exelon Company. Constellation is a leading competitive supplier of power, natural gas, renewable energy, and energy management products and services.
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Photo by James Merrell
Leave a Review
I used a little less oil and it still worked well. Baby spinach with some thin sliced red onion was delicious. Quick and simple. Husband also enjoyed it.
This is excellent - I've made it many times. I sometimes increase the olive oil to 1/2 cup if the shallot taste is too strong. This dressing is also spectacular on bibb lettuce or with spinach.
It was too spicey for some of my guests. I would not make it again.
Finally, a salad dressing with a kick! My French friend loved it. Just 3 forks though, I think just a little less shallots & it would be perfect.
Very nice. My husband really enjoyed the dressing.
clasic and simple


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Have you ever heard of JamesEdition? If you aren't a billionaire, then I would guess that you haven't. When I first saw this site, my jaw literally dropped. Basically, JamesEdition is Craigslist, but for the wealthy and certainly not for the regular Joe (or Craig if you will). There are people in this world that […]
Why is Gas so Expensive?
This post comes from my long time friend and college instructor Andrew Levin. Here in the USA, we love our gas. Each day, we consume enough gasoline to fill up over 550 Olympic-sized swimming pools. There is an average of one car for every two Americans. And boy do we like to drive. According to […]
Underpants Gnome Capitalism
Phase 1: Collect Underpants. Phase 3: Profit. Who says you can't learn any good financial lessons from South Park?
Personal Finance Lessons from the iPhone 5 Release
OMG! OMG! APPLE HAS A NEW PHONE! iPHONE 5! WOOO! … Chill out people. It is just a phone.
As Seen On TV: The Business Behind The Products
Last night, I watched a fascinating CNBC show about "as seen on TV" product that are sold primarily through infomercials. I have never bought anything from an infomercial, but apparently a lot of people have. Those TV products have made a lot of people a lot of money.
How FOREX Works
If you have ever heard about people making millions (or losing millions) of dollars on currency speculation, you are not alone. I have read stories about being making and breaking the bank by investing in Euros, Pounds, Yen, Shekels, Yuan, Baht, Pesos, and a slew of other currencies. From the grand entrance of the Euro to the Asian Currency Crisis in the 1990s, the Foreign Exchange, or FOREX, markets are an important investment opportunity.


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Paul Hamilton Williams, Jr. (born September 19, 1940) is an American composer, singer-songwriter, and actor. He is perhaps best known for popular songs performed by a number of acts in the 1970s including Three Dog Night's rendition of "An Old Fashioned Love Song", Helen Reddy's "You and Me Against the World", David Bowie's "Fill Your Heart", and the Carpenters' "We've Only Just Begun" and "Rainy Days and Mondays", as well as his contributions to films, such as writing the lyrics to the #1 chart-topping "Evergreen", the love theme from A Star Is Born, starring Barbra Streisand, for which he won a Grammy for Song of the Year and an Academy Award for Best Original Song; and "Rainbow Connection" from The Muppet Movie. He also wrote the lyrics to the opening theme for The Love Boat, with music previously composed by Charles Fox, which was originally sung by Jack Jones, and later, by Dionne Warwick.
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Restaurants & Eating Out in Scotland
Edinburgh, EH1 1QS
Best Indian restaurant in Edinburgh High Street. Bay of Bengal Restaurant has been serving top quality food since 1978.
Edinburgh, EH2 2AA
The Voodoo Rooms is a stylish venue located in the heart of Edinburgh's city centre which comprises of private rooms, a...
517a Great Western Road, Glasgow, G12 8HN
Tiny café specialising in freshly-made cold-pressed juices and smoothies.
205 Byres Road, Glasgow, G12 8TN
Italian style eatery & takeaway, specialising in pizza, pasta, coffee & fine wines. Fast & casual service, home made food
Glasgow, G1 2JZ
Blending the city's historic feel with the energy and vibe of the Hard Rock brand, Hard Rock Cafe Glasgow is housed…
Haroldswick, Unst, Shetland, ZE2 9TJ
Comfortable and casual family dining with a range of meals. Local produce, seafood and more! Seasonal opening.
18 - 22 Royal Terrace, Edinburgh, EH7 5AQ
This AA Rosette restaurant offers delicious food in a contemporary setting.
Isle of Iona, Argyll, PA76 6SJ
Monthly seasonal menu changes following our organic garden. All food is homemade and cooked to order. Daily fish specials.
Kilmartin, Argyll, PA31 8RQ
Food freshly cooked to order using locally sourced ingredients.
|Bay of Bengal Indian Restaurant Edinburgh
|Edinburgh, EH1 1QS
|The Voodoo Rooms
|Edinburgh, EH2 2AA
|Citation Taverne & Restaurant
|Merchant City, Glasgow, G1 1HD
|Balgove Larder
|St Andrews, KY16 9SF
|Cavens Country House Hotel
|Kirkbean, Dumfries & Galloway, DG2 8AA
|The Flavour Co
|517a Great Western Road, Glasgow, G12 8HN
|Little Italy
|205 Byres Road, Glasgow, G12 8TN
|Hard Rock Café - Glasgow
|Glasgow, G1 2JZ
|Saxa Vord Resort - Restaurant & Lounge Bar
|Haroldswick, Unst, Shetland, ZE2 9TJ
|The Honours
|Edinburgh, EH2 3LU
|Nikkie's Lite Bite
|Perth, PH1 5JH
|Curry Karaoke Club
|100 Stobcross Road, Glasgow, G3 8QQ
|Terrace Brasserie
|18 - 22 Royal Terrace, Edinburgh, EH7 5AQ
|Argyll Hotel Restaurant
|Isle of Iona, Argyll, PA76 6SJ
|Kilmartin Museum Cafe
|Kilmartin, Argyll, PA31 8RQ
Click the map pins to view more information.


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CV: Marco Mamone Capria holds a Ph. D. in Mathematics and since 1990, has taught geometry, mathematical physics, history of science and epistemology to undergraduates, graduates and post-graduates at the University of Perugia, Italy. At present he teaches a graduate course on "Geometrical Methods in the Theory of Relativity". For six years (1997-2003) Professor Mamone… Read more
Interview with Anne Beuter
I am professor emeritus in neuroscience at the National Polytechnic Institute (University of Bordeaux) in France. My research interests include motor disorders and the electrical stimulation of the brain. I obtained a master's degree in science from the University of Wisconsin in Madison (USA) and a Ph.D. in science from the University of California in… Read more
Interview with Rebecca Ram
Rebecca Ram trained as a research consultant and clinical data/project manager involved in Phase II-IV clinical trials. After obtaining a degree in physiology and pharmacology from the University of Hertfordshire in 1994 she went on to complete her Masters degree in Toxicology and Bioinformatics with distinction at the University of East London. Rebecca is currently… Read more
Interview with Dr Elizabeth Woehrling
Dr Elizabeth Woehrling is a Chemistry and MSc Toxicology graduate, with a PhD and extensive professional experience in In Vitro Neurotoxicology. She is Research Associate at Aston University, Birmingham, in Prof MD Coleman's laboratory and took part in our study of the effects of pesticide cocktails on neuronal cells. She possesses a genuine interest in… Read more
Dr Susanna Penco
Dr Susanna Penco is a biologist who specialises in general pathology and is a researcher in the department of experimental medicine at the University of Genoa in Italy. She teaches at the school for medical science and pharmacology. Her main research interest lies in the use of human cell lines for application to the study… Read more
Interview with Dr Samuel Constant
Antidote Europe (AE): Could you tell our readers how your team came to launch this company and how you became interested in non animal replacement methods? Samuel Constant (SC): There were two reasons: (1). A desire to develop and promote model systems to predict toxicity that were scientifically and ethically more acceptable than using laboratory… Read more


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BP and Coke to bring own security to London 2012
By John Reynolds, marketingmagazine.co.uk, Wednesday, 16 November 2011 09:28AM
BP and Coca-Cola are among the Olympics sponsors which are bringing their own security to London 2012.
The US has also raised security concerns and is preparing to send up to 1,000 agents, including around 500 from the FBI, to provide protection for American athletes.
Marketing magazine contacted a number of London 2012 sponsors to ask them if they were bringing their own security to The Games. Coca-Cola and BP are both expected to bring in people to look after their VIP guests, among other duties.
It is unclear how the sponsor's decision will impact on London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (Locog), which is responsible for staging the event.
Safety at London 2012 is the responsibility of G4S, which was awarded the contract and is kicking off an advertising campaign this week.
Separately, it is thought that a number of sponsors could mirror adidas and provide more transparency on their working practices.
Earlier this year, adidas voluntarily disclosed its factory locations, as it looked to up the ante against its fellow sponsors on the CSR front.
Now Paul Deighton, Locog chief executive, is thought to be in talks with other sponsors and merchandise partners in an effort to encourage them to volunteer up similar information.
This would include details of their factory locations, labour standards and workers rights.
BP declined to comment. Chris Miles, head of security, London 2012 project team, Coca-Cola, said: "At Coca-Cola, like all other Olympic sponsors and businesses that will operate during the Olympic period, we are working in partnership with Locog, and the relevant authorities, to ensure that together we deliver the safest and most spectacular Olympic and Paralympi Games we can."
Locog was unavailable for comment.
Follow John Reynolds on Twitter @johnreynolds10
This article was first published on marketingmagazine.co.uk
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Campaign Jobs
- Senior Account Executive or Account Executive createselect Up to £26K pa, depending on experience, London (Central), London (Greater)
- Senior Account Director - eCommerce and Digital Marketplace Silverdrum £60,000 + bonus, London (Central), London (Greater)
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- Marketing agency roles in the Home Counties Stonor Variable £20,000 - £100,000, Home Counties
- SALES AND MARKETING DIRECOR - MARKETING AGENCY Live Recruitment Negotiable, West Midlands


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Hair | The Importance Of Your Hairstyle
There is something quite incredible that the impact a hairstyle can have on a person's life. This may sound dramatic, but I can assure you it's not. Obtaining a hairstyle that suits… Read More
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adidas Originals x Kanye West "Yeezy Season 1″ Collection
Yesterday at New York Fashion Week, Kanye West unveiled his first collection with adidas Originals. Dubbed YEEZY SEASON 1, the Autumn/Winter 2015 collection of men's and women's apparel and footwear was presented… Read More
Original Penguin Spring/Summer 2015 Lookbook
For Spring/Summer 2015, Original Penguin takes inspiration from the energetic and glamorous magic city itself: late 1950's Miami. Driving down iconic Ocean Drive, a bright motel sign flashes neon pink alongside a… Read More
New York Fashion Week Autumn/Winter 2015 Schedule
The schedule for the upcoming New York Fashion Week for the Fall/Winter 2015 season has been released. This will be the last New York Fashion Week to be held at the Lincoln… Read More
Common Projects Spring/Summer 2015 Collection
New York label Common Projects showcases its Spring/Summer 2015 Collection. Since its introduction in 2004, Common Projects has consistently released clean, minimalist designs with its iconic gold numbering seen on the heel… Read More
Aimé Leon Dore One Year Anniversary Capsule Lookbook
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Mark McNairy x Democratique Socks
Danish brand Democratique announce a collaboration for Autumn/Winter 15 – Mark McNairy x Democratique Socks Capsule Collection. The Copenhagen based brand, which was established by Brand Director Jacob Christiansen in 2011, have… Read More
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Monday saw the final day of London Collections: Men 2015 come to a close. Anticipation and excitement was evident among the crowds as British giants Burberry Prorsum, and No. 1 Saville Row… Read More


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This is the root of the common Lisp Directory. The whole tree of tags starts here.
If you are new to the Common Lisp Directory, you should probably first have a look at the "By topic" link below or at the "Tags" and "Index" links above.
The items lists (Libraries, documents, events, etc.) are limited to about 20 items randomly taken from the whole lists. Click on the titles or the "View all (n more)" links to see the full lists of items with their descriptions.
The CLD is written in Common Lisp.
By Topic (681 items) Resources for Common Lisp sorted by topic
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Standards and Specifications (57 items)
By Operating System (454 items) Resourses sorted by Operating System
By License (588 items) Resources sorted by their license
Human Languages (27 items)
By location (172 items)
Other resources (3 items) Resources that are not already in the other tags
Lisp Jobs (2 items) Lisp Jobs opportunities
ExifPlugIn | Sb-sprof-ui | cl-migrations | NST | spatial-trees | ptester | Limp | WinCommand | Ltk | ZPB-EXIF | org-davep-dict | cl-json | Torta | AspectL | MCPat | beirc | TERMINFO | Clim-Desktop | LEXER | uri-template | Djula | Functional Geometry | CL-HTML-Parse | ASDF-System-Connections | TREES | Read-time packages | org-davep-dictrepl | color-gradients | iaxphone | Memoizing functions | defclass-star | Matlisp | Tilt Maze Game | Trivial Shell | z80
View all (634 more)...
Planet SBCL | Slurping a file in Common Lisp | CLOS Efficiency: Instantiation -- On the Behavior ... | Practical Common Lisp | VBECL | Hacking CL into a Lisp-1 (an intro to code-walking... | Graphic-Forms Frequently Asked Questions | small-cl-src | Knee-jerk Anti-LOOPism and other E-mail Phenomena | Using a waiting protocol to separate concerns in t... | ASDF Manual | Lisp as an Alternative to Java | CAPI-OVERVIEW | SWCLOS: A Semantic Web Processor on Common Lisp Ob... | Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM) | McCLIM CLiki | A Guided Tour of the Common Lisp Interface Manager | UnCommon Web video | The common Lisp object system metaobject kernel: a... | CLOS: Integrating Object-Oriented and Functional P...
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David Trudgett | Iban Hatchondo | Luke Gorrie | Daniel Dickison | James Bielman | Stefan Kamphausen | Jeremy Smith | Matthew Kennedy | Paul-Virak Khuong | Vebjorn Ljosa | Matthias Benkard | Justin Heyes-Jones | Jon Craven | Duane Rettig | David McClain | Robert Strandh | Marc Battyani | Will Fitzgerald | Jon Philpott | Levente Mészáros | David Creelman | William Bland | Daniel Barlow | Rick Taube | Andreas Fuchs | Mario Mommer | Roger Corman | Christopher Stacy | Brandon Werner | Mark Carter
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International Lisp Conference 2009 | European Common Lisp Meeting 2008 | International Lisp Conference 2007 | 3rd European Lisp Workshop | LispNYC May 2006 Meeting - Peter Seibel | European Common Lisp Meeting 2006 | LispNYC November 2005 meeting | 2nd European LISP and Scheme Workshop | International Lisp Conference 2005 | European Common Lisp Meeting 2005 | 1st European Lisp and Scheme Workshop | International Lisp Conference 2003 | Japan Lisp User Group Meeting 2000
Ufasoft Common Lisp | Star Sapphire Common Lisp | Corman Lisp | Emacs Common Lisp (NaCL) | Steel Bank Studio | GCL | OpenMCL | CMUCL | CLISP | Golden Common Lisp | Sacla | SBCL | Scieneer Common Lisp | Armed Bear Common Lisp | LispWorks | Allegro Common Lisp | CLForJava | Movitz | MusCL | ECL
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Core Group | ITA Software | Franz Inc. | lispvan | CRISPYLOGICS | Debian | LiLA - LISP LAB AUSTRIA | Cadence Design Systems GmbH | The Tech Co-op | Ystok-Systema | Lisp.se | Lispworks Ltd. | Algorithme - Information Technology services | The Common Lisp Gardeners | Association of Lisp Users | Clozure Associates | bese | Ravenbrook | Common-Lisp.biz | Consequor Consulting AG
View all (9 more)...
YstokCard - smart card API (PC/SC)(Modified)| YstokGrid(Modified)| CL-Typesetting(Modified)| CL-PDF(Modified)| Jean-Philippe Paradis(Added)| Armed Bear Common Lisp(Annotated)| Allegro Common Lisp(Modified)| CLFSWM - A(nother) Common Lisp FullScreen Window M...(Modified)| Ystok-URI - library for representing, parsing, and...(Added)| Clon, the Command-Line Options Nuker(Modified)| Common Lisp Reasoner(Modified)| ASDlite(Modified)| Ystok-Library(Modified)| Ystok-Local-Time(Modified)| YHTML-Template(Modified)| cl-gdata(Added)| Michael Filonenko(Added)| cl-portaudio(Added)| YstokHTML - collection of HTML generator, parser a...(Added)| Common Lisp User Space File System(Added)| cl-btree(Added)
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You can comment and/or add notes to all the tags and items of the Common Lisp Directory.
Submitted by admin 3485 days 1 hour 42 min ago
Comments added to RSS feeds
Now the commented items are added to the RSS feeds so that it's possible to see what have been commented recently.
Submitted by marc.battyani 3425 days 5 hours 32 min ago
unicode possibilities
It would be nice if cl-user would display unicode input for CJK text. With PCL and On Lisp getting new printings in Japan, it might be beneficial to attract more brain-share from that side of the world. Would this be considered out of cl-user.net's scope?
Submitted by charliemac 2520 days 23 hours 17 min ago
Perhaps it would be interesting to open up a "universities" category (or subcategory of Organization) to list universities that teach lisp?
Submitted by informatimago 2513 days 14 hours 34 min ago
re: universities
This is a good idea. Done.
Submitted by marc.battyani 2510 days 18 hours 48 min ago
re: unicode possibilities
I have to think about it.
The use of English as the standard language is prefered so that the information is useable by most lispers.
I don't mind some other language content though.
Submitted by marc.battyani 2510 days 18 hours 19 min ago
Change descriptions may accept invalid characters
Attempting to view the "Last Modified Items" RSS feed in the Google Chrome browser gives the error: "error on line 10 at column 2048: PCDATA invalid Char value 12". Adding the feed in Mozilla Thunderbird: "<feed URL> is not a valid feed."
Submitted by WalterGR 1638 days 1 hour 18 min ago
Repository access
Many sites have a link to view the repository such as:
Source code repository http://common-lisp.net/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/?cvsroot=cl-semantic
however, I can't find any place that describes how to convert that link into something that can be used to actually check out the source code. I'm very suppressed this hasn't been an issue before.
Submitted by blake1024 1272 days 13 hours 59 min ago


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Ever wonder what developing for the iPhone was like before the SDK shipped with iOS 2.0? I really enjoyed talking with Mark Bramhill and reminiscing about these early days.
Category: Personal
I just released the source code to my first Cocoa app.
You have no idea how embarrassing it is to reveal this code, but I hope it goes to show that we all have no fricken' clue at various points in our lives.
Dear Steve,
First, let me congratulate you and everyone at Apple on the release of the iPad. From my dealings with your company, I know it wasn't easy. Thanks to everyone for busting their asses: a lot of very complex puzzle pieces came together during those last 60 days!
I recently had an encounter with Bill Atkinson. I told him that "I haven't had this much fun with a computer since 1984." He laughed, said "Thanks!", and went back to working on his iPad app. We, and many other developers like us, are completely smitten with this new device.
After owning an iPad for a little over three weeks, it feels like we're dealing with something much bigger than that Mac we all got excited about over 25 years ago. I've been struggling to define exactly what that is: beyond the technical specifications like the beautiful screen with its large multi-touch surface. Those specifications define what the device can do, but not what it means in our lives. I want to understand the magic.
Last week, much of that meaning came into clearer focus at a birthday party for my brother, niece and nephew (April is birthday month in our family!) My wife had loaded our iPad with photos from a recent trip to see the desert wildflowers in Anza Borrego and my 50th birthday party from the week prior.
Predictably, people's initial reaction was "Wow, that's the new iPad!" But that quickly faded as I opened the Photos app and passed the device around. My family was more interested in sharing the photos than talking about the new technology.
I was particularly interested in how my mother, the quintessential technophobe, would react to the device. She picked up on things quickly and was flipping through photos in no time. It astonished me how the interface disappeared for her: at one point she subconsciously licked her finger before "flipping" to the next photo.
As interesting as it was to see someone non-technical use the device, the real eye opener was how several people could interact with the iPad at once. Much of my mother's fear of computers was overcome because she was looking at the pictures alongside my sister-in-law who helped her out when she got stuck. Learning was organic.
My niece also discovered some of the games I had on the device. One, Abca, was a hit because many people could play it at once. I've always played the game by myself and was surprised at how much fun it was to have other people guessing words simultaneously. A group of people transformed the software into something no developer had ever expected.
All of this led to the revelation that we've begun a new age of "communal computing." The desktop revolution centered around empowering individuals: this new revolution will extend that empowerment to groups of people.
The iPad was naturally passed around amongst the partygoers. Many people interacted with it during the evening, and I lost track of who had it at any given time. And therein lies a fundamental problem.
My iPad has a lot of personal information on it: email, business documents, and financial data. When you pass it around, you're giving everyone who touches it the opportunity to mess with your private life, whether intentionally or not. That makes me uneasy.
It's hard to fault Apple for this shortcoming. The secrecy of the project undoubtedly limited the amount of group interaction your designers and engineers would experience with their new creation. The social aspects of this device is probably just as much as revelation to them as it is to me.
I can envision several ways to solve this problem: either with a traditional login screen or with something new like folders that require a passcode to open. I have no doubt that your designers can find something elegant that gives me peace of mind as I share my iPad with friends and family.
Thanks for your time and consideration,
Craig Hockenberry
Updated April 30th, 2010: I filed Radar #7922808 for this issue and it was marked as a duplicate of Radar #7584426.
Sometimes it takes awhile to fulfill a promise.
One such pledge was made last century to my good friend Jeffrey (he was only a prince at the time.) I said that I'd love to write something for his fledgling mailing list: A List Apart. This past month, I finally got around to writing that piece: Put Your Content in My Pocket.
If you're visiting this site for the first time, you might be interested in the original article that prompted our collaboration. I've also written some articles that explore some of the problems, performance and less than obvious features on the iPhone. For the hard core geeks, there are also some explorations into the specifications.
So enjoy your visit and please make sure to join in the discussion forum at ALA if you have any questions or concerns about my article. Thanks!
Postscript: I mentioned some nonsense in the article: here it is, the Eric Meyer Memorial iPhone Blocker.
That chilly day in hell is finally here. I've started a weblog.
For those of you wondering who the hell I am, here is a long story of what's led up to this crowning achievement.
(The more technically adept amongst you will realize that the real crowning achievement is bending WordPress and its templating system to my will. But normal people, like my Mom, won't understand that so I went with the entertaining story instead. If you're a glutton for punishment, try the résumé, too.)
You'll notice that there are no comments or trackbacks on the site. I don't have time to spend on comment SPAM and following discussion threads so I'm leaving them disabled for now. Hopefully this strategy will give me more time for new content.
The big question, of course, is what am I going to write about? Stay tuned, we're all going to find out.


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These programs use different structures, files and naming conventions for the data that investigators are after. And files are in a different location on the hard drive, which can cause trouble for examiners.
(my emphasis).
You mean that professional forensics specialist might have to learn to deal with more than one browser and actually have to search on the hard drive a bit instead of using a point-and-click program? Shocking!
Imagine what they would think if they had to search my computer (which runs Linux)!
I agree. It all depends how bad they want you. Personally I ERASE permanently (Gutman method) my cache daily. Nothing illegal, just it's no one's business to know what sites I visit and what I do. It's that simple.
I paid about $50 for the eraser and will not use any browser that my eraser doesn't support (Opera 8.0+ is one of them for now).


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7 Common Myths About the Middle Ages
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Did you major in history? If you're reading this on your own laptop with wifi you paid for, we're guessing not. But that also means you probably are horribly misinformed about the middle ages, which we're sure is a serious problem in your day to day life. Still, it's interesting to realize just how much of what you know is dead wrong.
The Iron Maiden Was Invented in the Middle Ages
Perhaps the most recognizable of all terrifying torture devices, the Iron Maiden is simple in design to the point of absurdity: a seven foot cabinet shaped vaguely like a human with a hinged door and lined with spikes on the inside. Some models contained sliding doors in the front for interrogation/stabbing, just in case you think you're one puncture wound off from making your point. The iron maiden remains popular today as a symbol of our once barbaric sense of justice. It was, to put it bluntly, metal.
And that's all well and good, except none of it is true. There's no historical documents referring to the device, which is odd when you consider how many detailed records of ye olde torture devices we do have. The earliest known examples come from the early 1800s and are currently thought to have been based on the 13th Century torture device Schandmantel, which was essentially a weighted barrel. But whereas the Iron Maiden is intended to kill (or at least horribly maim), Schandmantel was more for public humiliation. Though we tend to think of the Middle Ages as having extreme punishments, the Iron Maiden wasn't one of them. However, that does bring us to another example.
Executions Everywhere
Modern cinema would like you to believe that medieval law was simple: our way or the dead way. Crime was rampant to the point where it was an everyday part of life and the most common form of punishment was to just straight up kill people. If you'd really want to make a point you'd execute people in public like a boss.
While that last part is true, the idea of society being at the mercy of everyday criminals is misguided, which brings us to the second point: capital punishment certainly existed, but was far from the only punishment handed down by the law. It was, in fact, only reserved for the most heinous of crimes (murder, arson, treason). Courts and law enforcement worked quite well (modern court systems including trial by jury are based on those of medieval Europe's) and were relatively level headed when it came time to hand down justice.
However, when it came time to just off some dudes, the most common method of choice was hanging, probably because of the low cost and equipment needed.
Columbus Discovered America
The idea that people thought the Earth was flat in Columbus's day is pretty much bunk and has been widely discussed, so we won't get into it here. But to summarize: people weren't nearly that dumb.
The idea that Columbus discovered America has also been torn apart (how do you discover a place where people are already living?), but he's not even the first European to discover the continent. Before him, Bjarni Herjolfsson spotted America around the late 900's, though he didn't actually set foot on it. That honor goes to Leif Ericsson, who led the first known documented expedition to the Americas.
Columbus gets credit for discovering the Americas for landing in the Caribbean islands, an area where no European settlements existed. The actual "discovery" and exploration came before the fact, and history simply remembers his success as the first.
People Knowingly Ate Rancid Meat
This one almost makes sense. We know that personal health wasn't what it is now by simple virtue of the advancement of medical knowledge and science, and there were quite a few practices in the Middle Ages that we'd deem unhealthy now. It's believable that the folks living in an age without the wonders of refrigeration would eat bad meat smothered in sauce and spices because, really, what else could you do with it?
For this to be true it would assume that, once again, folks of the era were simply stupid, which we know to be false. People knew enough about food preparation to make meats last (smoking and curing, for example) and would have certainly known enough about seasonal changes to slaughter animals in preparation for long, troubling periods and not all at once. That's just common sense.
There's another little hiccup in this myth, however: the cost of spices. Most spices came from traders in the Middle East, making them very expensive. Logic doesn't follow that you'd spend a small fortune trying to make something you know is potentially lethal taste slightly better.
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George Shaw Becomes New Associate Artist of The National Gallery
The National Gallery is pleased to announce that George Shaw has become its ninth Rootstein Hopkins Associate Artist.
Shaw, who was nominated for the Turner Prize in 2011, is known for his highly detailed approach and suburban subject matter. His favoured medium is Humbrol enamel paints, more usually used to paint model trains and aeroplanes. This gives his work a unique appearance.
Born in Coventry in 1966, Shaw studied at Sheffield Polytechnic and Royal College of Art, London. Shaw's previous exhibitions have included What I did this Summer, 2003-2004, Woodsman 2009 and most recently,Neither My Arse Nor My Elbow, 2013 at the Douglas Hyde Gallery, Dublin.
Shaw remembers visiting the National Gallery in his youth, arriving early so that other visitors would not dilute the experience. Armed with a sketchbook he would sometimes stop and doodle in front of a work in the collection.
On accepting the National Gallery's invitation, Shaw said, 'When I was offered the chance to be the Associate Artist at the National Gallery I couldn't believe my luck. I first thought how excited I would have been as a teenager to have been given the chance - and how I probably would have wasted it anyway! I still have my Thames and Hudson book on the National Gallery (345 illustrations 75 in colour!) that my mum gave me for a birthday present in the early eighties.'
'As a painter you cannot escape the bullying hands and eyes of the great painters. Titian is not a teacher in the way that other painters can be but a mirror in which your own cowardice, hesitation and embarrassment are reflected back. You can't learn anything from him and yet I always feel I'm on the edge of knowing just a little more. The Death of Actaeon has hypnotized me since I was a teenager.'
Shaw will be making new work that responds to an aspect of the collection, based in a studio in the Gallery. The completed work will be exhibited in mid-2016.
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My Times column today looks at the phenomenon that is Dr. Benjamin Carson. For kids like me who came up in Baltimore during the '80s and '90s, Carson has special importance. Whenever the black folks at our summer camps or schools wanted to have a "Be A Credit To Your Race" moment they brought in Dr. Carson. I saw him speak so many times that I began to have that "This guy again?" feeling. As an adult, knowing how much it takes to speak in front of people, I can recognize that Carson's willingness to talk to black youth (and youth in general) came from a deeply sincere place. There were no cameras at those summer camps and school assemblies. No one had money to pay him. But he showed up. And that was what mattered.
The Conservative Black Hope
For kids like me who came up in Baltimore during the '80s and '90s, Dr. Benjamin Carson has special importance.
- Previous Ta-Nehisi Coates Post If You Want to Be Married Young, You Should Marry While Young
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See more: Toy Kitchens & Play Food
Tea Set
Tea is the perfect occasion for spending time with friends (real or stuffed!) We love our wooden Tea Set by Hape as it comes complete with tea cups, saucers, sugar dish, creamer, tea pot, and of course tea bags. We're certain your littlest will engage in hours of imaginative play with our Tea Set.
- Recommended For Children 3 Years And Older
- Made Of Wood And Water-Based Paint
- Includes 12 Pieces
- Measures 10.2 x 7.3 x .5 Inches
- Designed By Our Friends At Hape
- Made in China
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Mini Van Red
Our Mini Van Red by Hape is ready for adventure on the open road! This car features small holes which make grasping easy and smooth turning wheels for easy play. Simple design promotes creativity and imaginative play. Wood for this toy comes from an FSC-managed forest accented with water-based paint and is made to meet the strictest of safety st...More Details →
Double Bubble Wire Maze
Get lost in fun with our Hape Double Bubble Wire Maze! Two suction cups hold this wire maze to the table as your toddler works the wooden beads from one end to the other. Larger beads slip over smaller ones for extra fun. Winner of numerous awards including Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Gold Seal Award 2011, Baby Magazine's Holiday Hits, Middle Georgi...More Details →
Scoot-Around Ride-On
Our foot-powered, award-winning Scoot-Around Ride-On by Hape is a wonderful way to introduce your littlest to balancing as he develops gross motor skills. Each of the four sturdy wheels is lined with rubber which prevents your floors and walls from getting scratched. We love the chunky handle bar that makes it easy to steer around the tightest o...More Details →
Shake 'n Match Shape Sorter
Shake playtime up with our Shape and Match Shape Sorter by Hape! Promote toddler's fine motor skills as he uses shape and color recognition to get the 6 blocks inside the sorter. Each block is filled with beads and can double as fun little rattles. Wood for this toy comes from an FSC-managed forest accented with water-based paint and is made to ...More Details →
Mini Maracas
Shake music time up with Mini Maracas by Hape! This easy to use instrument is perfect for your child to begin exploration of music, beats, and rhythm. Your toddler will find it easy to make music as these maracas are sized for small curious hands. These instruments complements other musical toys by Hape such as Rhythm Set, Rainbow Xylophone, Lit...More Details →


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In this video Mike Langlois, LICSW gives an analysis of what the furor around President Obama's selfie at Mandela's funeral could say, not about him, but us.
Like this post? I can speak in person too, check out the Press Kit for Public Speaking info. And, for only $4.99 you can buy my book. You can also Subscribe to the Epic Newsletter!
Mike Langlois, LICSW
Latest posts by Mike Langlois, LICSW (see all)
- Better Living Through Minecraft - April 22, 2015
- The Internet & Real Relationships - January 11, 2015
- The Lava Expert - January 2, 2015


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Photos: Paul McCartney – They say it's your birthday
Sir Paul McCartney performs at the Queen's Jubilee Concert in front of Buckingham Palace, London, Monday, June 4, 2012. The former Beatle turns 70 on June 18, 2012. THE CANADIAN PRESS/AP - Joel Ryan
Britain's Queen Elizabeth II (R) meets Sir Paul McCartney backstage during the Diamond Jubilee Concert in London, on June 4, 2012. Britain's Queen Elizabeth II made a regal appearance at a star-studded diamond jubilee concert.
British rock group The Beatles relax on a boat off the coast of Miami, Florida, February 1964. L-R: John Lennon, George Harrison, Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr.
British band The Beatles (from Left), Paul McCartney, George Harrison, John Lennon and Ringo Starr hold up their MBE (British Empire Medal) awards at news conference following their investiture on October 26, 1965 at Buckingham Palace in London.
In a picture taken on February 8, 2009 British singer-songwriter Paul McCartney poses for photos before the 51st annual Grammy Awards held at the Staples Center in Los Angeles.
(L-R) Marjorie Bach, musician Joe Walsh, Nancy Shevell and musician Sir Paul McCartney in the audience at the 54th Annual GRAMMY Awards held at Staples Center on February 12, 2012 in Los Angeles, California.
Musician Paul McCartney and his late wife Linda arrive at the 33rd Cannes Film Festival, on may 15, 1980.
The Beatles, from left, Paul McCartney, John Lennon, Jimmy Nicol and George Harrison, salute as they leave London, in June 1964, as they go on tour in Scandinavia. Ringo Starr, ill, was temporarily replaced for the Denmark and Holland concert dates by drummer Jimmy Nicol.
Rock 'n' roll Hall of Fame inductees for 1999, Paul McCartney (R, front) and Billy Joel (L, front) point to the crowd at the conclusion of the jam session during the 15th Rock 'n' roll Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony 15 March 1999 in New York. The woman at rear, right is singer Bonnie Raitt. The Hall of Fame is located in Cleveland, Ohio.
In a picture taken on February 7, 1964 British band the Beatles (L-R) John Lennon, Ringo Starr, Paul McCartney and George Harrison, arrive at John F. Kennedy Airport in New York, United States, where they're greeted by a large crowd.
In a picture taken on October 9, 2011 Beatles legend Paul McCartney (R) and his new wife Nancy Shevell (L) leave the Marylebone registry office in central London following their wedding.
In a picture taken on June 4, 2012 British singer Paul McCartney (L) performs during the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Concert at Buckingham Palace in London.
Sir Paul McCartney and Nancy Shevell leave the Marylebone Registry Office after their civil ceremony marriage on October 9, 2011 in London, England.
Singer Paul McCartney performs before Super Bowl XXXVI between the New England Patriots and the St. Louis Rams at the Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana, Feb. 3, 2002.
In a picture taken on February 9, 2012, music legend Paul McCartney mimics playing his bass guitar while stepping on his just unveiled star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Hollywood, California.
In a picture taken on February 9, 2012 music legend Paul McCartney gestures to the media following the unveiling of his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Hollywood, California.
Sir Paul McCartney and Nancy Shevell attend Paul McCartney's & Nancy Shevell's party at The Bowery Hotel on October 21, 2011 in New York City.
In a picture taken on April 27, 1977 Paul McCartney and his wife Linda arrive at London's Heathrow Airport, before leaving for the Virgin Islands where their group, the Wings, will make a new album.
Members of the media gather around singer Sir Paul McCartney and model Heather Mills as they announce their engagement July 27, 2001 at his residence in St. Johns Wood in London, England
In a picture taken on February 10, 2012, legendary singer-songwriter Paul McCartney and his wife Nancy Shevell arrive for the 2012 MusiCares Person of the Year Tribute in his honour as Person of the Year in Los Angeles, California.
The Beatles, left to right, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Ringo Starr and John Lennon (1940 - 1980) arrive at London Airport February 6, 1964, after a trip to Paris.
Paul McCartney and Nancy Shevell attend the Stella McCartney Ready-To-Wear Fall/Winter 2012 show as part of Paris Fashion Week on March 5, 2012 in Paris, France.
A photo dated December 19, 1983 shows British singer Paul McCartney (left) and the late American pop star Michael Jackson.
Ex-Beatle Paul McCartney holding his daughter Mary is followed by his wife Linda as he arrives at London airport 25 March 1971.
Former Beatle Paul McCartney and his girlfriend Heather Mills speak to reporters after meeting with U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell, April 19, 2001 at the State Department in Washington, D.C. McCartney and Mills were meeting with Powell to express their concerns about the use of landmines in the world.
A 1977 photo of Paul and Linda McCartney with Ringo Starr and girlfriend Nancy Andrews.
Paul McCartney on the street in New York City, Oct. 16, 2001.
Paul and late wife Linda McCartney.
Paul McCartney and daughter Stella.
Paul McCartney at Brashs music story in Sydney, Australia in March 2001.
Paul And Linda McCartney In "Give My Regards To Broadway." Linda McCartney Died Of Cancer April 17, 1998 at age 56.
Former Beatle Paul McCartney (C) holds up the hands of the late John Lennon's son Sean Lennon (L) and his wife Yoko Ono (R) after John Lennon was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 19 January 1994.
Paul McCartney and his wife Linda arrive at London's Heathrow Airport April 27, 1977, before leaving for the Virgin Islands where Paul and his group, Wings, would make a new album.
Paul McCartney with his daughter Stella McCartney as she wins the award for Designer of the Year at the 2000 VH1/Vogue Fashion Awards, October 20, 2000.
Mike Graston's Colour Cartoon For Thursday, July 02, 2015
Mike Graston's Colour Cartoon For Thursday, July 02, 2015
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The Canadian-born comedian dated anti-vaccine activist Jenny McCarthy, who believes a vaccine gave her son autism, for about five years
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TUAL, Indonesia - All he did was ask to go home.
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Catholic School Board closes St. Michael's Alternative High School
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Even with a rare crop insurance extension announced Monday, the chances of salvaging the 2015 spring planting season in July looks grim.


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Gear Question
Matt Lyman
I'm 6' 200. Should I go with the deluxe...
I'm 6' 200. Should I go with the deluxe or will a standard be big enough?
Christian Johnson
The regular is: 70" x 20"The Deluxe is : 76" x 26"Looks like if you don't mind your toes hanging over the edge of the regular you could use that one. I would think that you should measure your shoulder width in comparison to the pad width to help with your decision.
View More Details on Exped DownMat Sleeping Pad