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Basics of Designing a Digital Radio Receiver (Radio 101) Brad Brannon, Analog Devices, Inc. Greensboro, NC 7. ADC Clock Jitter 8. Phase Noise Abstract: This paper introduces the basics of designing a 9. IP3 in the RF section digital radio receiver. With many new advances in data converter and radio technology, complex receiver design has Single-Carrier vs. Multi-Carrier been greatly simplified. This paper attempts to explain how to There are two basic types of radios under discussion. The first calculate sensitivity and selectivity of such a receiver. It is not is called a single-carrier and the second a multi-carrier by any means an exhaustive exposition, but is instead a primer receiver. Their name implies the obvious, however their on many of the techniques and calculations involved in such function may not be fully clear. The single carrier receiver is designs. a traditional radio receiver deriving selectivity in the analog filters of the IF stages. The multi-carrier receiver processes all Many advances in radio design and architecture are now signals within the band with a single rf/if analog strip and allowing for rapid changes in the field of radio design. These derives selectivity within the digital filters that follow the changes allow reduction of size, cost, complexity and improve analog to digital converter. The benefit of such a receiver is manufacturing by using digital components to replace un- that in applications with multiple receivers tuned to different reliable and in-accurate analog components. For this to frequencies within the same band can achieve smaller system happen, many advances in semiconductor design and designs and reduced cost due to eliminated redundant circuits. fabrication were required and have come to fruition over the A typical application is a cellular/wireless local loop last few years. Some of these advances include better basestation. Another application might be surveillance integrated mixers, LNA, improved SAW filters, lower cost receivers that typically use scanners to monitor multiple high performance ADCs and programmable digital tuners and frequencies. This applications allows simultaneous filters. This article summarizes the design issues with and the monitoring of many frequencies without the need for interfacing of these devices into complete radio systems. sequential scanning. What is the radio? Traditionally, a radio has been considered to be the 'box' that Select Select LNA X Filter and X Filter and ADC DSP connects to the antenna and everything behind that, however, BPF Gain Gain many system designs are segmented into two separate sub- Freq. Freq. systems. The radio and the digital processor. With this Synth. Synth. segmentation, the purpose of the radio is to down convert and Typical Single-Carrier Receiver filter the desired signal and then digitize the information. Likewise, the purpose of the digital processor is to take the CHANNELS 1 – n digitized data and extract out the desired information. ANT LNA LPF ATTN BPF AMP ADC Matrix BPF An important point to understand is that a digital receiver is WIDEBAND LPF CONVERTER not the same thing as digital radio(modulation). In fact, a FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER NCO DSP INCLUDES: CHANNEL ENC. NETWORK INTERFACE digital receiver will do an excellent job at receiving any CHANNELDEC. EQUALIZATION analog signal such as AM or FM. Digital receivers can be LPF used to receive any type of modulation including any analog or digital modulation standards. Furthermore, since the core LPF DSP NCO of the a digital radio is a digital signal processor (DSP), this INCLUDES: CHANNEL ENC. CHANNEL DEC. NETWORK INTERFACE EQUALIZATION allows many aspects of the entire radio receiver itself be Typical Multi-Carrier Receiver controlled through software. As such, these DSPs can be reprogrammed with upgrades or new features based on Benefits of Implementing a Digital Radio Receiver customer segmentation, all using the same hardware. Before a detailed discussion of designing a digital radio However, this is a complete discussion in itself and not the receiver are discussed, some of the technical benefits need to focus of this article. be discussed. These include Oversampling, Processing Gain, Undersampling, Frequency planning/Spur placement. Many The focus of this article is the radio and how to predict/design of these provide technical advantages not otherwise achievable for performance. The following topics will be discussed: with a traditional radio receiver design. 1. Available Noise Power 2. Cascaded Noise Figure 3. Noise Figure and ADCs 4. Conversion Gain and Sensitivity 5. ADC Spurious Signals and Dither 6. Third Order Intercept Point 1 Over Sampling and Process Gain The Nyquist criterion compactly determines the sample rate required for any given signal. Many times, the Nyquist rate is quoted as the sample rate that is twice that of the highest frequency component. This implies that for an IF sampling application at 70 MHz, a sample rate of 140 MSPS would be required. If our signal only occupies 5 MHz around 70 MHz, then sampling at 140 MSPS is all but wasted. Instead, Nyquist requires that the signal be sampled twice the bandwidth of the signal. Therefore, if our signal bandwidth is 5 MHz, then sampling at 10 MHz is adequate. Anything beyond this is called Over Sampling. Oversampling is a very important function because it allows for an effective gain of received SNR in the digital domain. Typical ADC spectrum after digital filtering In contrast to over sampling is the act of under sampling. Under sampling is the act of sampling at a frequency much SNR of the ADC may be greatly improved as shown in the less than the half of the actual signal frequency (See the diagram above. In fact, the SNR can be improved by using section below on undersampling). Therefore, it is possible to the following equation: be oversampling and undersampling simultaneously since one is defined with respect to bandwidth and the other at the f samplerate / 2 frequency on interest. 10 log BWSignal In any digitization process, the faster that the signal is sampled, the lower the noise floor because noise is spread out As shown, the greater the ratio between sample rate and signal over more frequencies. The total integrated noise remains bandwidth, the higher the process gain. In fact, gains as high constant but is now spread out over more frequencies which as 30 dB are achievable. has benefits if the ADC is followed by a digital filter. The noise floor follows the equation: Undersampling and Frequency Translation As stated earlier, under sampling is the act of sampling at a Noise _ Floor = 6.02 * B + 18 + 10 log( Fs / 2) . frequency much less than the half of the actual signal frequency. For example, a 70 MHz signal sampled at 13 This equation represents the level of the quantization noise MSPS is an example of undersampling. within the converter and shows the relationship between noise and the sample rate FS. Therefore each time the sample rate is Under sampling is important because it can serve a function doubled, the effective noise floor improves by 3 dB! very similar to mixing. When a signal is under sampled, the frequencies are aliased into baseband or the first Nyquist zone Digital filtering has the effect of removing all unwanted noise as if they were in the baseband originally. For example, our and spurious signals, leaving only the desired signal as shown 70 MHz signal above when sampled at 13 MSPS would in the figures below. appear at 5 MHz. This can mathematically be described by: f Signal mod f SampleRate This equation provides the resulting frequency in the first and second Nyquist zone. Since the ADC aliases all information to the first Nyquist zone, results generated by this equation must be checked to see if they are above f SampleRate 2 . If they are, then the frequency must be folded back into the first Nyquist zone by subtracting the result from f SampleRate . The table below shows how signals can be aliased into Typical ADC spectrum before digital filtering baseband and their spectral orientation. Although the process of sampling (aliasing) is different than mixing (multiplication), the results are quite similar, but periodic about the sample rate. Another phenomenon is that of spectral reversal. As in mixers, certain products become reversed in the sampling process such as upper and lower sideband 2 reversal. The table below also shows which cases cause spectral reversal. As can be seen, the second and third harmonics fall away from the band of interest and cause no interference to the Input Signal Frequency Frequency Spectral fundamental components. It should be noted that the seconds Range Shift Sense and thirds do overlap with one another and the thirds alias 1st Nyquist DC - FS/2 Input Normal around FS/2. In tabular for this looks as shown below. Zone 2nd Nyquist FS/2 - FS FS-Input Reversed Encode Rate: Zone 40.96 MSPS rd Fundamental: 5.12 - 10.24 MHz 3 Nyquist FS - 3FS/2 Input - FS Normal Zone Second Harmonic: 10.24 - 20.48 MHz 4th Nyquist 3FS/2 - 2FS 2FS - Input Reversed Third Harmonic: 15.36 - 10.24 MHz Zone 5th Nyquist 2FS - 5FS/2 Input - 2FS Normal Another example of frequency planning can be found in Zone undersampling. If the analog input signal range is from DC to FS/2 then the amplifier and filter combination must perform to Frequency Planning and Spur Placement the specification required. However, if the signal is placed in the third Nyquist zone (FS to 3FS/2), the amplifier is no One of the biggest challenges when designing a radio longer required to meet the harmonic performance required by architecture is that of IF frequency placement. Compounding the system specifications since all harmonics would fall this problem is that drive amplifiers and ADCs tend to outside the passband filter. For example, the passband filter generate unwanted harmonics that show up in the digital would range from FS to 3FS/2. The second harmonic would spectrum of the data conversion, appearing as false signals. span from 2FS to 3FS, well outside the passband filters range. Whether the application is wideband or not, careful selection The burden then has been passed off to the filter design of sample rates and IF frequencies can place these spurs at provided that the ADC meets the basic specifications at the locations that will render them harmless when used with a frequency of interest. In many applications, this is a digital tuners/filters, like the AD6620, that can select the worthwhile tradeoff since many complex filters can easily be signal of interest and reject all others. All of this is good, realized using SAW and LCR techniques alike at these because by carefully selecting input frequency range and relatively high IF frequencies. Although harmonic sample rate, the drive amplifier and ADC harmonics can performance of the drive amplifier is relaxed by this actually be placed out-of-band. Oversampling only simplifies technique, intermodulation performance cannot be sacrificed. matters by providing more spectrum for the harmonics to fall Signals aliased inband 3rd Nyquist harmlessly within. by sampling process Zone Second harmonics Filter pass of input signals For example, if the second and third harmonics are determined band to be especially high, by carefully selecting where the analog signal falls with respect to the sample rate, these second and third harmonics can be placed out-of-band. For the case of an DC FS/2 FS 3*FS/2 encode rate equal to 40.96 MSPS and a signal bandwidth of 5.12 MHz, placing the IF between 5.12 and 10.24 MHz places Using this technique to cause harmonics to fall outside the the second and third harmonics out of band as shown in the Nyquist zone of interest allows them to be easily filtered as table below. Although this example is a very simple, it can be shown above. However, if the ADC still generates harmonics tailored to suit many differed applications. of their own, the technique previously discussed can be used to carefully select sample rate and analog frequency so that harmonics fall into unused sections of bandwidth and digitally filtered. Receiver performance expectations With these thoughts in mind, how can the performance of a radio be determined and what tradeoffs can be made. Many of the techniques from traditional radio design can be used as seen below. Throughout the discussion below, there are some difference between a multi-channel and single-channel radio. These will be pointed out. Keep in mind that this discussion is not complete and many areas are left un-touched. For additional reading on this subject matter, consult one of the references at the end of this article. Additionally, this discussion only covers the data delivered to the DSP. Many receivers use proprietary schemes to further enhance 3 performance through additional noise rejection and heterodyne This is important because this is the reference point with elimination. which our receiver will be compared. It is often stated when dealing with noise figure of a stage, that it exhibits 'x' dB above 'kT' noise. This is the source of this expression. Helical Filter Bandpass Bandpass Bandpass ADC AD6620 With each progressive stage through the receiver, this noise is -2 dB X Loss 2 dB G= -5 dB G= -5 dB DDC G = 13 dB NF = 2.6 dB G=-6.3dB degraded by the noise figure of the stage as discussed below. G = 15 dB G = 11+/-8 G = 16 dB NF = 3.8 dB dB Finally, when the channel is tuned and filtered, much of the noise is removed, leaving only that which lies within the For the discussion that follows, the generic receiver design is channel of interest. shown above. Considered in this discussion begins with the antenna and ends with the digital tuner/filter at the end. Cascaded Noise Figure Beyond this point is the digital processor which is outside the Noise figure is a figure of merit used to describe how much scope of this discussion. noise is added to a signal in the receive chain of a radio. Usually, it is specified in dB although in the computation of Analysis starts with several assumptions. First, it is assumed noise figure, the numerical ratio (non-log) is used. The non- that the receiver is noise limited. That is that no spurs exist in- log is called Noise factor and is usually denoted as F , where band that would otherwise limit performance. It is reasonable it is defined as shown below. to assume that LO and IF choices can be made such that this is true. Additionally, it will be shown later that spurs generated SNROut with-in the ADC are generally not a problem as they can often F= be eliminated with the application of dither or through SNR In judicious use of oversampling and signal placement. In some instances, these may not be realistic assumption but they do Once a noise figure is assigned to each of the stages in a radio, provide a starting point with which performance limits can be they can be used to determine their cascaded performances. bench marked. The total noise factor referenced to the input port can be computed as follows. The second assumption is that the bandwidth of the receiver front end is our Nyquist bandwidth. Although our actual F2 − 1 F3 − 1 F −1 allocated bandwidth may only be 5 MHz, using the Nyquist Ftotal = F1 + + + 4 +... bandwidth will simplify computations along the way. G1 G1G2 G1G2 G3 Therefore, a sample rate of 65 MSPS would give a Nyquist bandwidth of 32.5 MHz. The F 's above are the noise factors for each of the serial stages while the G's are the gains of the stages. Neither the Available Noise Power noise factor or the gains are in log form at this point. When To start the analysis, the noise at the antenna port must be this equation is applied, this reflects all component noise to the considered. Since a properly matched antenna is apparently antenna port. Thus, the available noise from the previous resistive, the following equation can be used to determine the section can be degraded directly using the noise figure. noise voltage across the matched input terminals. PTotal = Pa + NF + G Vn2 = 4 kTRB where; k is Boltzmann's constant (1.38e-23J/K) For example, if the available noise is -100 dBm, the computed T is temperature in K noise figure is 10 dB, and conversion gain is 20 dB, then the R is resistance total equivalent noise at the output is -70 dBm. B is bandwidth There are several points to consider when applying these Available power from the source, in this case, the antenna is equations. First, passive components assume that the noise thus: figure is equal to their loss. Second, passive components in Vn2 series can be summed before the equation is applied. For Pa = example if two low pass filters are in series, each with an 4R insertion loss of 3 dB, they may be combined and the loss of the single element assumed to be 6 dB. Finally, mixers often Which simplifies when the previous equation is substituted in do not have a noise figure assigned to them by the to: manufacturer. If not specified, the insertion loss may be used, Pa = kTB however, if a noise figure is supplied with the device, it should Thus in reality, the available noise power from the source in be used. this case is independent of impedance for non-zero and finite resistance values. Noise Figures and ADCs Although a noise figure could be assigned to the ADC, it is often easier to work the ADC in a different manner. ADC's 4 are voltage devices, whereas noise figure is really a noise to both receiver noise and ADC noise, including quantization power issue. Therefore, it is often easier to work the analog noise. sections to the ADC in terms of noise figure and then convert to voltage at the ADC. Then work the ADC's noise into an Conversion Gain and Sensitivity input referenced voltage. Then, the noise from the analog and How does this noise voltage contribute to the overall ADC can be summed at the ADC input to find the total performance of the ADC? Assume that only one RF signal is effective noise. present in the receiver bandwidth. The signal to noise ratio would then be: For this application, an ADC such as the AD9042 or AD6640 12 bit analog to digital converter has been selected. These 20 log( sig / noise) = 20 log(.707 / 325.9 × 10 −9 ) = 66.7 products can sample up to 65 MSPS, a rate suitable for entire band AMPS digitization and capable of GSM 5x reference Since this is an oversampling application and the actual signal clock rate. This is more than adequate for AMPS, GSM and bandwidth is much less than the sample rate, noise will be CDMA applications. From the datasheet, the typical SNR is greatly reduced once digitally filtered. Since the front end given to be 68dB. Therefore, the next step is to figure the noise degradation within the receiver due to ADC noises. bandwidth is the same as our ADC bandwidth, both ADC Again, the simplest method is to convert both the SNR and noise and RF/IF noise will improve at the same rate. Since many communications standards support narrow channel receiver noise into rms. volts and then sum them for the total bandwidths, we'll assume a 30 kHz channel. Therefore, we rms. noise. If an ADC has a 2 volt peak to peak input range: gain 30.3 dB from process gain. Therefore, our original SNR of 66.7 dB is now 97.0 dB. Remember, that SNR increased Vnoise 2 = (.707 *10^ (-SNR / 20))2 or 79.22e-9 V2 because excess noise was filtered, that is the source of process gain. This voltage represents all noises within the ADC, thermal and quantization. The full scale range of the ADC is .707 volts rms. With the ADC equivalent input noise computed, the next computation is the noise generated from the receiver itself. Since we are assuming that the receiver bandwidth is the Nyquist bandwidth, a sample rate of 65 MSPS produces a bandwidth of 32.5 MHz. From the available noise power equations, noise power from the analog front end is 134.55E- 15 watts or -98.7 dBm. This is the noise present at the antenna and must be gained up by the conversion gain and degraded by the noise figure. If conversion gain is 25 dB and the noise figure is 5 dB, then the noise presented to the ADC input network is: − 98.7dBm + 25dB + 5dB = −68.7dBm Figure 13 Eight Equal Power Carriers Into 50 ohms (134.9e-12 Watts). Since the ADC has an input If this is a multi-carrier radio, the ADC dynamic range must impedance of about 1000 ohms, we must either match the be shared with other RF carriers. For example, if there are standard 50 ohm IF impedance to this or pad the ADC eight carriers of equal power, each signal should be no larger impedance down. A reasonable compromise is to pad the than 1/8th (-18 dBc) the total range if peak to peak signals are range down to 200 ohms with a parallel resistor and then use a considered. However, since normally the signals are not in 1:4 transformer to match the rest. The transformer also serves phase with one another in a receiver (because handsets are not to convert the un-balanced input to the balanced signal phase locked), the signals will rarely if ever align. Therefore, required for the ADC as well as provide some voltage gain. less than 18 dB are required. Since in reality, only no more Since there is a 1:4 impedance step up, there is also a voltage than 2 signals will align at any one time and because they are gain of 2 in the process. modulated signals, only 3 dB (5 to 6 dB for a conservative design) will be reserved for the purpose of head room. In the event that signals do align and cause the converter to clip, it V 2 = P∗ R will occur for only a small fraction of a second before the overdrive condition is cleared. In the case of a single carrier From this equation, our voltage squared into 50 ohms is radio, no head room is required. 6.745e-9 or into 200 ohms, 26.98e-9. Now that we know the noise from the ADC and the RF front Depending on the modulation scheme, a minimum C/N is required for adequate demodulation. If the scheme is digital, end, the total noise in the system can be computed by the then the bit error rate (BER) must be considered as shown square root of the sum of the squares. The total voltage is thus below. Assuming a minimum C/N of 10 dB is required, our 325.9 uV. This is now the total noise present in the ADC due input signal level can not be so small that the remaining SNR 5 is less than 10 dB. Thus our signal level may fall 87.0 dB to much less than 1 dB of sensitivity loss compared to the from its present level. Since the ADC has a full-scale range of noise limited example and much better than the SFDR limited +4 dBm (200 ohms), the signal level at the ADC input is then example shown earlier. –83.0 dBFS. If there were 25 dB of gain in the RF/IF path, then receiver sensitivity at the antenna would be –83.0 minus 25 dB or –108.0 dBm. If more sensitivity is required, then more gain can be run in the RF/IF stages. However, noise is not independent of gain and an increase in the gain may also have an adverse effect on noise performance from additional gain stages. bpsk qpsk 8psk 10-3 Bit Er ro r 10-4 Ra te ADC without Dither 10-5 10-6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 C/N dB Figure 14 Bit Error Rate vs. SNR ADC Spurious Signals & Dither A noise limited example does not adequately demonstrate the true limitations in a receiver. Other limitations such as SFDR are more restrictive than SNR and noise. Assume that the analog-to-digital converter has an SFDR specification of -80 dBFS or -76 dBm (Full-scale = +4dBm). Also assume that a ADC with Dither tolerable Carrier to Interferer, C/I (different from C/N) ratio is 18 dB. This means that the minimum signal level is -62 dBFS Two important points about dither before the topic is closed. (-80 plus 18) or -58 dBm. At the antenna, this is -83 dBm (-58 First, in a multi-carrier receiver, none of the channels can be minus 25). Therefore, as can be seen, SFDR (single or multi- expected to be correlated. If this is true, then often the tone) would limit receiver performance long before the actual multiple signals will serve as self dither for the receiver noise limitation is reached. channel. While this is true some of the time, there will be times when additional dither will need to be added to fill when However, a technique known as dither can greatly improve signal strengths are weak. SFDR. As shown in Analog Devices Application note AN- 410, the addition of out of band noise can improve SFDR well Second, the noise contributed from the analog front end alone into the noise floor. Although the amount of dither is is insufficient to dither the ADC. From the example above, - converter specific, the technique applies to all ADCs as long 32.5 dBm of dither was added to yield an optimum as static DNL is the performance limitation and not AC improvement in SFDR. In comparison, the analog front end problems such as slew rate. In the AD9042 documented in the only provide –68 dBm of noise power, far from what is application note, the amount of noise added is only -32.5 dBm needed to provide optimum performance. or 21 codes rms. As shown below, the plots both before and after dither provide insight into the potential for improvement. In simple terms, dither works by taking the coherent spurious signals generated within the ADC and randomizes them. Since the energy of the spurs must be conserved, dither simply causes them to appear as additional noise in the floor of the converter. This can be observed in the before and after plots of dither as a slight increase in the average noise floor of the converter. Thus, the trade off made through the use of out of band dither is that literally all internally generated spurious signals can be removed, however, there is a slight hit in the overall SNR of the converter which in practical terms amounts Typical Cellular Wideband Spectrum 6 Third Order Intercept Point the signal will be attenuated to -9 dBm (Same as the mixer Besides converter SFDR, the RF section contributes to the output). For the IF amplifier, the IP3>+41 dBm. spurious performance of the receiver. These spurs are unaffected by techniques such as dither and must be addressed ADC Clock Jitter to prevent disruption of receiver performance. Third order One dynamic specification that is vital to good radio intercept is an important measure as the signal levels within performance is ADC clock jitter. Although low jitter is the receive chain increase through the receiver design. important for excellent base band performance, its effect is magnified when sampling higher frequency signals (higher In order to understand what level of performance is required slew rate) such as is found in undersampling applications. The of wideband RF components, we will review the GSM overall effect of a poor jitter specification is a reduction in specification, perhaps the most demanding of receiver SNR as input frequencies increase. The terms aperture jitter and applications. aperture uncertainty are frequently interchanged in text. In this application, they have the same meaning. Aperture Uncertainty is A GSM receiver must be able to recover a signal with a power the sample-to-sample variation in the encode process. Aperture level between -13 dBm and -104 dBm. Assume also that the uncertainty has three residual effects, the first is an increase in full-scale of the ADC is 0 dBm and that losses through the system noise, the second is an uncertainty in the actual phase of receiver filters and mixers is 12 dB. Also, since multiple the sampled signal itself and third is inter-symbol interference. signals are to be processed simultaneously, an AGC should Aperture uncertainty of less than 1 pS is required when IF not be employed. This would reduce RF sensitivity and cause sampling in order to achieve required noise performance. In terms the weaker signal to be dropped. Working with this of phase accuracy and inter-symbol interference the effects of information, RF/IF gain is calculated to be 25 dB (0=-13-6- aperture uncertainty are small. In a worst case scenario of 1 pS 6+x). rms. at an IF of 250 MHz, the phase uncertainty or error is 0.09 degrees rms. This is quite acceptable even for a demanding specification such as GSM. Therefore the focus of this analysis -6 0 dBm FS will be on overall noise contribution due to aperture uncertainty. +10 +15 -6 RF X IF Filter ADC Local Oscillator 3rd Order Input Intercept Considerations dV The 25 dB gain require is distributed as shown. Although a complete system would have additional components, this will serve this discussion. From this, with a full-scale GSM signal at -13 dBm, ADC input will be 0 dBm. However, with a minimal GSM signal of -104 dBm, the signal at the ADC would be -91 dBm. From this point, the discussion above can be used to determine the suitability of the ADC in terms of Encode noise performance and spurious performance. dt Now with these signals and the system gains required, the amplifier and mixer specifications can now be examined when In a sine wave, the maximum slew rate is at the zero crossing. At driven by the full-scale signal of -13 dBm. Solving for the 3rd this point, the slew rate is defined by the first derivative of the sine function evaluated at t=0: order products in terms of signal full-scale: v (t ) = A sin(2πft ) 3 3OP IIP = Sig − ; where SIG = full-scale input level d 2 3 v (t ) = A2πf cos(2πft ) of the stage in dBm and 3OP is the required 3rd order product dt level. When evaluated at t=0, the cosine function evaluates to 1 and the Assuming that overall spurious performance must be greater equation simplifies to: than 100 dB, solving this equation for the front end amplifier shows that a third order input amplifier with a IP3>+37 dBm. d At the mixer, the signal level as been gained by 10 dB, and the v (t ) = A2πf dt new signal level is -3 dBm. However, since mixers are specified at their output, this level is reduced by at least 6 dB The units of slew rate are volts per second and yields how fast the to –9 dBm. Therefore for the mixer, a IP3>+41 dBm. Since signal is slewing through the zero crossing of the input signal. In a mixers are specified at their output. At the final gain stage, 7 sampling system, a reference clock is used to sample the input Although this is a simple equation, it provide much insight into the signal. If the sample clock has aperture uncertainty, then an error noise performance that can be expected from a data converter. For voltage is generated. This error voltage can be determined by more details on Aperture Jitter see Analog Devices AN-501. multiplying the input slew rate by the 'jitter'. Phase Noise verror = slewrate × t jitter Although synthesizer phase noise is similar to jitter on the encode clock, it has slightly different effects on the receiver, but in the end, the effects are very similar. The primary By analyzing the units, it can be seen that this yields unit of volts. difference between jitter and phase noise is that jitter is a Usually, aperture uncertainty is expressed in seconds rms. and wideband problem with uniform density around the sample therefore, the error voltage would be in volts rms. Additional clock and phase noise is a non-uniform distribution around a analysis of this equation shows that as analog input frequency local oscillator that usually gets better the further away from increases, the rms. error voltage also increases in direct proportion the tone you get. As with jitter, the less phase noise the better. to the aperture uncertainty. Since the local oscillator is mixed with incoming signal, noise In IF sampling converters clock purity is of extreme importance. on the LO will effect the desired signal. The frequency As with the mixing process, the input signal is multiplied by a domain process of the mixer is convolution (the time domain local oscillator or in this case, a sampling clock. Since process of the mixer is multiplication). As a result of mixing, multiplication in time is convolution in the frequency domain, the phase noise from the LO causes energy from adjacent (and spectrum of the sample clock is convolved with the spectrum of active) channels is integrated into the desired channel as an the input signal. Since aperture uncertainty is wideband noise on increased noise floor. This is called reciprocal mixing. To the clock, it shows up as wideband noise in the sampled spectrum determine the amount of noise in an unused channel when an as well. And since an ADC is a sampling system, the spectrum is alternate channel is occupied by a full-power signal, the periodic and repeated around the sample rate. This wideband following analysis is offered. noise therefore degrades the noise floor performance of the ADC. The theoretical SNR for an ADC as limited by aperture Again, since GSM is a difficult specification, this will serve as uncertainty is determined by the following equation. an example. In this case the following equation is valid. + .1 [( SNR = −20 log 2πFana log t jrms )] Noise = ∫ x ( f )∗p( f )df f = − .1 If this equation is evaluated for an analog input of 201 MHz and .7 where Noise is the noise in the desire channel caused by phase pS rms. 'jitter', the theoretical SNR is limited to 61 dB. It should noise, x(f) is the phase noise expressed in non-log format and be noted that this is the same requirement as would have been p(f) is the spectral density function of the GMSK function. demanded had another mixer stage had been used. Therefore, For this example, assume that the GSM signal power is -13 systems that require very high dynamic range and very high dBm. Also, assume that the LO has a phase noise that is analog input frequencies also require a very low 'jitter' encode constant across frequency (most often, the phase noise reduces source. When using standard TTL/CMOS clock oscillators with carrier offset). Under these assumptions when this modules, 0.7 pS rms. has been verified for both the ADC and equation is integrated over the channel bandwidth, a simple oscillator. Better numbers can be achieved with low noise equation falls out. Since x(f) was assumed to be constant (PN modules. - phase noise) and the integrated power of a full-scale GSM channel is -13 dBm, the equation simplifies to: When considering overall system performance, a more generalized equation may be used. This equation builds on the previous Noise = PN ∗ Signaladjacent equation but includes the effects of thermal noise and differential or in log form, non-linearity. 1 1+ ε 2 v noise 2 2 Noise = PN log + Signallog ( ) 2 SNR = −20 log 2πFana log t jrms + N + N rms 2 2 Noise = PN + ( −13dBm) PN required = Noise − ( −13dBm) Fana log = Analog IF Frequency t jrms = Aperture uncertainty Since the goal is to require that phase noise be lower than thermal noise. Assuming that noise at the mixer is the same as ε = average dnl of converter (~.4 lsb) at the antenna, -121 dBm (noise in 200 kHz at the antenna - v noise = thermal noise in lsbs. rms Pa = kTB ) can be used. Thus, the phase noise from the LO N = number of bits must be lower than -108 dBm with an offset of 200 kHz. Equation 5 For Additional reading: 8 1. Digital IF Processing, Clay Olmstead and Mike Petrowski, TBD, September 1994, pg. 30 - 40. 2. Undersampling Techniques Simplify Digital Radio, Richard Groshong and Stephen Ruscak, Electronic Design, May 23, 1991, pg. 67 - 78. 3. Optimize ADCs For Enhanced Signal Processing, Tom Gratzek and Frank Murden, Microwaves & RF reprint. 4. Using Wide Dynamic Range Converters for Wide Band Radios, Brad Brannon, RF Design, May 1995, pg. 50 - 65. 5. Overcoming Converter Nonlinearities with Dither, Brad Brannon, Applications Note AN-410, Analog Devices. 6. Exact FM Detection of Complex Time Series, fred harris, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182. 7. AD9042 Data sheet, Analog Devices 8. AD6620 Data sheet, Analog Devices 9. AD6640 Data sheet, Analog Devices 10. Introduction To Radio Frequency Design, W.H. Hayward, Prentice-Hall, 1982. 11. Solid State Radio Engineering, Krauss, Bostian and Raab, John Wiley & Sons, 1980. 12. High Speed Design Seminar, Walt Kester, Analog Devices, 1990. 13. Aperture Uncertainty and ADC System Performance, Brad Brannon, Applications Note AN-501, Analog Devices. 9
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Originally written on Fox Sports Arizona | Last updated 3/19/12
The Cardinals announced Monday that guard Rex Hadnot and wide receiver Chansi Stuckey have been released. Hadnot, a part-time starter at guard last season, became expendable with the signing last week of guardtackle Adam Snyder, a starter last year with the 49ers. The Cardinals also re-signed left tackle Levi Brown to a five-year deal Friday after releasing him just three days earlier in a salary-cap move. Right tackle Brandon Keith and backup guard Deuce Lutui are both unrestricted free agents, so the team likely will be looking to bring in additional offensive-line help. Free agents Jake Scott and Demetrius Bell visited Arizona last week. Stuckey, signed by the Cardinals last offseason, had four catches for 39 yards in 2011.
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Bridging the Gap Between Disabled and Able-Bodied - Laguna Hills, CA
Bridging the Gap was created to help close the gap between the disabled and the able bodied in education, the work place, religion, and society. I am a motivational speaker. The focus of my motivational speaking is to provide support, training, insight, as well as to act as an advocate with Government Agencies. My goal is to promote the well-being of people with disabilities within society by r...
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Ratings based on 5,153 Verified Reviews
They paid and stayed. We double-checked.
4.8 Room cleanliness
4.6 Service & staff
4.8 Room comfort
4.8 Hotel condition
They paid and stayed.
We double-checked.
We double-checked.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler
Nice hotel. Loud music until 4amPosted Jun 28, 2015
Hotel is really nice and clean in common areas. Room could have used a vacuum. Music from pool area was really loud until 4am.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler from kansas
Best hotel ever!!Posted Jun 26, 2015
I love love love this place!! The staff is super friendly, the hotel is clean and I loved the room!! The food in every restaurant was delicious. I really have nothing negative to say!!
for Everyoneby A verified traveler from kuwait
Nice hotelPosted Jun 25, 2015
It's very nice hotel the staff were kind and helpful the food is delicious in conclusion this is a very fine hotel
for Everyoneby A verified traveler
Posted Jun 25, 2015
As expedia gold member, I was promised upgrade and the late check out option which is great !
for Everyoneby A verified traveler
Beware Nightclub noise from all 3 clubs outrageousPosted Jun 23, 2015
Have stayed on previous vacations when everything was 5* from beginning to end. This time rude staff at registration, very poor non consistent housekeeping and night club noise means we won't be back. ***** Beware we were on floor 27 and nightclub noise 5/7 nights is unbelievable, you will not sleep till 5am!!!!!*****
for Everyoneby A verified traveler
Posted Jun 22, 2015
El hotel está en excelentes condiciones, y con muy buen diseño de las habitaciones. El único punto a considerar es que aunque está ubicado entre los mejores lugares para salir de fiesta, está lejos del "strip", y por lo tanto de algunos lugares de comida como Chipotle, etc. por lo que las opciones de comida en la madrugada son limitadas (dos restaurantes y pedir room service). Fuera de eso, yo me volvería a quedar ahí.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler from NJ
Great view of the stripPosted Jun 22, 2015
Stayed in the tower suites, highly recommended. The concierge services were hit or miss, but eventually we were given tickets to several sold out shows. This was our first time in Vegas and Id absolutely stay at encore again.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler from Mexico
ImpresionantePosted Jun 22, 2015
Por mucho el mejor hotel y las mejores habitaciones de Las Vegas.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler from Los Angeles, CA
Fancy high class hotelPosted Jun 22, 2015
Pros: Security, kind and friendly hotel staff, and the overall classy vibe.
Cons: When I got into the room, I could definitely tell that the bed spread were not changed out and was "Used". I thought that it should be known.
Location: Go visit the Pinball Hall of Fame in Vegas on Tropicana.
Some people go to Vegas just to party and don't care no matter where they stay. They usually stay at the lower end cheap hotels, and with that you will hear "WOOOOO Bro!" all throughout the night. I believe you get what you pay for and Encore is definitely the place you'd want to stay at if you carry yourself as a person of a higher class and caliber. The staff are professional and friendly, you also won't see people walking through the casino floor being loud and rowdy as security WILL ask them to leave. Security checks for key cards to make sure nobody gets onto the hotel floors unless admitted. I came during EDC weekend so I did hear people partying and being a bit loud in the hallway on my floor which was a bit annoying but understanding. I'm 29 so was able to have more tolerance for it, but still annoying. I've stayed here 5 times previously and just had a great experience so this will not deter me in any way.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler from Hertfordshire, Uk
Excellent hotel and service was second to none!Posted Jun 21, 2015
Just returned after 6 nights staying at the Encore. Was told good things prior to booking and it didn't dissappoint. The hotel was incredible, the whole place was spotless! The staff were very welcoming and attentive from start to finish. Visited XS for a night which was great and a club you have to visit! Only downside in my opinion was there was a lack of places to grab a quick easy bite to eat and all the restaurants are quite "top end" but this didn't take anything away from the great week we had. The room was big, ridiculously comfy bed and bathroom facilities were good. If you get get a chance to play The Wynn golf course do it!! It's pricey but well worth the money, the course was incredible. All in all an amazing stay at the Encore and I will be coming back again.


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Animal Rights Radicals at UCLA Taken on Tonight by KCET's 'SoCal Connected'
An animal rights protester.
The aggro opposition to animal research has targeted UCLA professors at their homes, scaring some into quitting that business.
The crusade against animal testing has resulted in three car bombings, a home invasion and death threats.
Tonight on KCET SoCal Connected looks at the battle between our right and animals' right to live on ...
... "Testing the Limits."
According to KCET:
... the SoCal Connected team asks the question: where does free speech end and domestic terrorism begin? Biomedical researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), are increasingly being targeted by extremist, sometimes violent, animal rights activists.
Such eco-radicals are said to have caused more than $100 million in property damage and are now on the feds' map as a domestic terror threat.
See it at 9 p.m. (check your local listings).
Check out LA Weekly's 2007 piece on the clash, "Monkey Madness at UCLA," here.
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StoryAnime based on the extremely popular manga serial in Weekly Shonen Jump mag. Contains episodes 36 through 39.
DVD FeaturesSpecial Features: textless intro & outro, "Settei Tora no Maki"
This particular release is in NTSC-J Format or better known as Region 2 for DVD. This is not compatible with Region 1 players and does not contain english subtitles.
Running Time: 90 mins.
Data Format: DVD Video
NTSC Format
Layers: single-sided/dual-layered
Aspect Ratio(s): 4:3
Regional Encoding: 2
Encoding: MPEG-2
Audio Track :
Japanese: Linear PCM Stereo
|Kazuhiko Inoue
|Junko Takeuchi
|Noriaki Sugiyama
|Chie Nakamura
Recent threads
- Naruto Graphics Requests V.1 Oct 15
Grencia and 2 others watched NARUTO 2nd Stage, Vol. 1
Grencia and 7 others own NARUTO 2nd Stage, Vol. 1
- Genre: Anime Movies
- Theme(s): Anime
- Director: Yuto Date
- Producer: TV Tokyo
- Length: 70 minu
- Aspect ratio: 4:3
DVD Release Japan Jan 1, 2004
Naruto Series
- Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 3
- Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm Generations
- Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 2
- Naruto Shippuden: Shinobi Rumble
- Naruto Shippuden: Naruto vs Sasuke
- Naruto Shippuden: Ninja Council 4
- Naruto: Path of the Ninja 2
- Naruto: Path of the Ninja
- Naruto: Ninja Council 3


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Berkley Scott back with Ice Bears
Berkley Scott has rejoined the Knoxville Ice Bears with hopes of sparking an offense that ranked seventh in the Southern Professional Hockey League in goals per game (2.78) as of Thursday.
The 6-foot-3, 200-pound forward spent his rookie season with the Ice Bears in 2011-12 and much of the past two seasons in the East Coast Hockey League.
Most recently, Scott played for the San Francisco Bulls from Dec. 14, 2013, until the team folded earlier this week. He started this season with the Utah Grizzlies.
Scott practiced with the Ice Bears the past two days and was signed by the team Thursday afternoon. He will be in the lineup for Friday's game against Peoria at Civic Coliseum. Game time is 7:35 p.m.
"I'm very excited," Scott said after Thursday's practice. "Great fans here obviously, and a great group of guys. I'm very familiar with a lot of the guys, so it's good to be back.
The Ice Bears released rookie defenseman Lucas Chavira-Schramm on Thursday to make room for Scott on the roster.
Knoxville has scored 89 goals in 32 games, and also ranked seventh in the SPHL in goals against per game (3.13) as of Thursday.
"It's definitely going to be a shot in the arm for us, definitely a large acquisition, adding a premier offensive player like (Scott)," Ice Bears coach Mike Craigen said. "It's just what we need right now because we're a team that's struggling to create offense and I can't think of any better way to create offense than by adding a guy like Berkley."
Scott played 53 games for the Ice Bears as a rookie and had 30 points (nine goals, 21 assists), but was a healthy scratch for the playoffs.
During that offseason, Scott returned to his hometown of Anoka, Minn., underwent a rigorous workout program, and returned as one of the Ice Bears' most improved players last season.
In 27 games with Knoxville in 2012-13, Scott had 31 points (13 goals, 18 assists) before a call-up to the Grizzlies. He spent the rest of last season in Utah and finished with 17 points (12 goals, five assists) in 39 games.
This season, Scott played his last 11 games with the Bulls (one goal, no assists) after starting the season at Utah, where he played 12 games and had six points (one goal, five assists).
"This year, it's been rough," Scott said. "I've been kind of inconsistent, and my confidence has been up and down, but I'm glad to be back here and hopefully I can get going in the right direction."
Knoxville (13-15-4) is ninth in the 10-team SPHL standings, but has played the fewest games of any team in the league.
"I know we have some games in hand on some teams ahead of us in the standings, so I'm looking forward to getting four points this weekend," Scott said.
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Prices, specials, features and availability subject to change.
Contact for details (785) 727-2583
Contact for details (785) 727-2583
Welcome to Crescent Heights Apartments in Lawrence, KS. We know when it comes to selecting the perfect apartment you have a choice, which is why we strive every day to create a comfortable and welcoming atmosphere that you will want to call home.
At Crescent Heights, we are in close proximity to everything that you will want in order to live an active and satisfying life. We boast a convenient location close to the Kansas and Haskell University, shopping, restaurants, and entertainment are only minutes away no matter where you like to go.
Our lease terms are: 6 Months and up, (Please note that lease terms may vary, are subject to change without notice, and are based on availability. Inquire with property staff for complete details). Pet Policy: No weight limit. Non-refundable pet fee - $300 for one pet and $450 for two pets. $20/pet monthly pet rent, Pet Restrictions: Agressive Breeds not allowed. Maximum 2 Pets per apartment.
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£450 pcm
2 bedroom ground floor flat to rent Argyll Park, Alexandria, Dunbartonshire, G83A two bedroom lower cottage flat occupying established private gardens and complete with a single garage in the popular and established residential enclave of Levenvale. COUNCIL TAX BAND 'C'. EPC RATING 'E'. LANDLORD REGISTRATION NO. 308416/395/17081. More details ›
£460 pcm
2 bedroom terraced house to rent 22 Baird Crescent, Alexandria, G83 0TXExcellent opportunity to acquire this Two Bedroom Mid Terrace Villa within popular Tullichewan location. Available on an UNFURNISHED basis. Accommodation comprises generous lounge, kitchen, two bedrooms and fully tiled bathroom. Newly carpeted and redecorated throughout. ... More details ›
£300 pcm
1 bedroom ground floor flat to rent WILSON STREET, Alexandria, G83Traditional Ground Floor Flat close to town centre. Hallway, lounge with open plan kitchen, inner hall, bedroom and bathroom. Double glazing. Gas fired central heating. Unfurnished. Rent £300 PCM (excluding Council Tax).Landlord Reg No: 235521/395/05321 EER/EPC -C More details ›
£360 pcm
1 bedroom ground floor flat to rent WILSON STREET, Alexandria, G83Traditional Ground Floor Flat close to town centre. Hallway, modern kitchen, inner hall, double bedroom and bright bathroom. Double glazing. Garden plot at rear, water tight outhouse for storage. More details ›
£450 pcm
2 bedroom flat to rent Hillside Avenue, Alexandria, Dunbartonshire, G83SOUGHT AFTER QUIET LOCATION IN BURNBRAE. 2 BEDROOM UPPER FLAT CLEAN & BRIGHT THROUGHOUT. DRIVEWAY & GARAGE More details ›
Added on 24/06/2015 by GPM Estate Agents, Alexandria. Call: 01382 798022 Local call rate
£475 pcm
2 bedroom end of terrace house to rent Colquhoun Drive, Alexandria, Dunbartonshire, G83Well presented two bedroom end of terraced house, GCH, Private Garden, DG More details ›
£425 pcm
2 bedroom maisonette to rent Mccoll Avenue, Alexandria, Dunbartonshire, G83This 2 bedroom maisonette benefits from having spacious and bright accommodation on two levels and is ideal for those wanting a long term let. The subjects have the advantage of new carpeting, full gas central heating and double glazing. More details ›
Added on 18/06/2015 by GPM Estate Agents, Alexandria. Call: 01382 798022 Local call rate
£450 pcm
2 bedroom flat to rent Argyll Street, Alexandria, Dunbartonshire, G83Quietly situated 2 bedroom upper flat. Ideal sought after location with private south facing garden. Fitted kitchen, fully tiled bathroom with shower, double glazing & gas central heating. More details ›
Added on 18/06/2015 by GPM Estate Agents, Alexandria. Call: 01382 798022 Local call rate
£250 pcm
Studio flat to rent Hill Street,Alexandria,G83**FIRST MONTH RENT FREE**1ST floor neutrally decorated solo flat, this property is ideal for a single person and is located close to all amenities and transport links. Property comprises of Kitchen/diner/living room, bedroom and good sized shower room. Shared rear gardens, DG and electric heating. More details ›
£540 pcm
3 bedroom maisonette to rent Middleton Street,Alexandria,G83Three bedroom maisonette, this property is close to all local amenities and transport links, property benefits from DG. GCH, en-suite bathroom Landlords Registration - 03211/395/18420 More details ›
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News: Resoration
Aerial Drone Tour
Written on June 1, 2015
Aerial Drone Tour
Iron Horse News Video
Written on May 8, 2015
Volume 3, Episode 1 In this edition of the Colorado Railroad Museum's Iron Horse News Video Series we'll join Executive Director Donald Tallman for a comprehensive look at the current slate of Museum projects including a new outdoor pavilion in the picnic area, construction of new rider cars and the restoration of Uintah Combine Car Continue Reading »
Stall 5 Update
Written on March 26, 2015
Stall No. 5 – UINTAH COMBINE CAR 50 Work is progressing steadily on three fronts in the restoration of Uintah 50: the car body and interior, the draft gear, and trucks. In Stall 5, the painted interior plywood paneling has been replaced and will be stained to match the finish from 1935. New window frames Continue Reading »
View the latest Iron Horse News Video
Written on December 8, 2014
December 8, 2014 Join the Colorado Railroad Museum's Executive Director Donald Tallman and guests Jack Campbell, Dave Pitts and Jim Bain for a in-depth look at two historic pieces of rail equipment on display at the Museum in Golden, CO. Union Pacific Coach Car No. 5442 & Union Pacific Dining Car No. 4801 have been Continue Reading »


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Purdue product Drew Brees breaks NFL record
Former Purdue star and current New Orleans QB Drew Brees set an NFL record Sunday night by throwing a touchdown pass for the 48th consecutive game. The record, previously held by NFL Hall of Famer Johnny Unitas, stood since 1960. Brees set the record on 40-yard touchdown pass in the first quarter of Sunday's 31-24 victory over San Diego, Brees' old team (Watch the TD | Brees talks record).
Find out more about: Big Ten Pros, Big Ten Tweets


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My husband started using insulin injections about 6 monts ago. He is mid 40's & claims to be having more frequent erections after an injection. Is this a known side effect?
- Posted:
- 13 Aug 2005 by fcm1127
- Topics:
- insulin, side effect
Answers (1)
17 Aug 2005
Really it is because when your blood sugar is running high, especially for men, it causes sexual dysfunction, as you get it lower again, the sex drive starts to return, so yes, this can happen. However, with time, as his body adjusts more to the new sugar levels, he should return to normal. If he doesn't, though, then it would be wise to consult a doctor.
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These authors contributed equally to this work.
Full Paper
Fabrication of High Energy-Density Hybrid Supercapacitors Using Electrospun V2O5 Nanofibers with a Self-Supported Carbon Nanotube Network
Article first published online: 3 MAY 2012
DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201200023
Copyright © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Volume 77, Issue 7, pages 570–575, July 2012
Additional Information
How to Cite
Aravindan, V., Cheah, Y. L., Mak, W. F., Wee, G., Chowdari, B. V. R. and Madhavi, S. (2012), Fabrication of High Energy-Density Hybrid Supercapacitors Using Electrospun V2O5 Nanofibers with a Self-Supported Carbon Nanotube Network. ChemPlusChem, 77: 570–575. doi: 10.1002/cplu.201200023
Publication History
- Issue published online: 5 JUL 2012
- Article first published online: 3 MAY 2012
- Manuscript Revised: 6 APR 2012
- Manuscript Received: 2 FEB 2012
Funded by
- National Research Foundation (NRF, Singapore). Grant Number: NRF-CRP4-2008-03
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- Musician's Friend Best Selection, Price & Service. Guaranteed.
Call our Gear Heads
at: 800-449-9128
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Maryland Music Awards Country Artist of the Year 2014 Winner!
Eric won the Country Artist of the Year Award at Ram's Head Live in Baltimore on December 2. Thank you to all who were involved in the nomination and the award. Congratulations to all of the other winners and nominees in each of the various categories.
More information is available at http://www.marylandmusicawards.org/
Upcoming appearances:
May 2, 9:00 PM
Rusty Rudder, Dewey Beach Country Americana Festival
May 8, 9:00PM
Choptank Grille at Caroline Golf
Copyright Eric Karge 2013, 2014, 2015 All rights reserved.


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New Orleans Musicians Relief Fund
The holidays are virtually around the corner now and time is running out for those last minute shoppers among you. If you love music (which we assume you do as PopMatters readers) and have gifts left to buy for fellow music-lovers (or even yourself), we can think of nothing better than to recommend a donation to the New Orleans Musicians Relief Fund. Yes, more than a year after Katrina, there are still many musicians without instruments and the basics they need to practice their art. New Orleans is a national treasure. More original American musical art forms have been birthed inside the levees of the Crescent City than anywhere else in the US. Today's musicians work hard to maintain and build upon that tradition and they do, when they have the tools to do so. As the true culture hounds that you are, please donate on behalf of your loved ones during these holidays or head on over to the New Orleans Musicians Relief Fund's CafePress store to pick up t-shirts and more to show your support. [New Orleans Musicians Relief Fund | CafePress store]
Eszter Balint 'Airless Midnight' (album stream) (premiere) // Music
Kalinich and Tiven 'Each Soul Has a Voice' (album stream) (premiere) // Music
The Autumn Stones 'Escapists' (album stream) (premiere) // Music
Scissormen "Beggin' Jesus" (video) (Premiere) // Music
Ten Great Criterion Titles: What to Watch and Why
// Short Ends and Leader
"As the Criterion Collection's ever-growing roster shows, there are simply too many great pictures out on home video to know what to do with.READ the article


text:
Secrets of Success for Women: The Home
- Occasion▼▲
- Audience▼▲
- Binding▼▲
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- Media Type▼▲
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Product Description
Product Information
|Format: Paperback
Number of Pages: 64
Vendor: AMG Publishers
Publication Date: 2005
|Dimensions: 6.5 X 4.5 (inches)
Availability: Expected to ship on or about 08/05/15.
Related Products
The Woman's Hands-On Home Repair GuideLyn HerrickWorkman Publishing / 1997 / Trade Paperback$11.99 Retail:
$17.95Save 33% ($5.96)Availability: In StockCBD Stock No: WW669737
Queen of the Castle: 52 Weeks of Encouragement for the Uninspired, Domestically Challenged or Just Plain TiredLynn WalkerThomas Nelson / 2006 / Trade Paperback$11.99 Retail:5 Stars Out Of 5 4 Reviews
$15.99Save 25% ($4.00)Availability: In StockCBD Stock No: WW454743
Publisher's Description
THE HOME offers biblical advice on blessings the home, prayer at home, teamwork with partners, and cultivation of family relationships rooted in Christian love.
As a woman, you will...
* Come across practical tips for on making the most of God's precious gift of your home.
* Find creative solutions for turning your residence into a Christ-centered home life.
* Discover help in nurturing your children's spiritual growth.
* Unearth inspiration and insight from the lives of biblical women.
* Learn ways to help your children connect to Christ.
* Understand that when love spills out into hospitality and community service, the home becomes a haven.
Practical direction and tips for women on making the most of God's precious gift of the home.
Product Reviews
J. M. Hochstetler5 Stars Out Of 5December 28, 2005J. M. HochstetlerNot only is The Home by Karen H. Whiting chock full of practical and spiritual tips to help busy women make the most of the precious gift of their homes, the format is also beautiful. Like its companion book, Time, it can be scanned quickly for the helpful suggestions Whiting offers and is concise enough to absorb easily. In addition to the simple, logical layout, the the text is interspersed with pictures and backgrounds that draw the reader in. Its a pleasure to read, and its just the right size to carry along in your purse for those times when you have a few minutes to spare. The Home and Time are the first two books of the Secrets of Success for Women Series. They are indeed SOS whether you are a working or stay-at-home mom, wife, or single professional. I highly recommend them!
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They allow dogs
Window is broke when you go to check in, get to the room non smoking far from that, I had to go buy frebeze to be able to stay, everything was dirty, curtains don't close all the way luckily me there was a bobby pin to help, toilet doesn't flush so until I took off the back, and it hasn't stopped, I had to go get a key made 3 times and they didn't even question me or ask for ID.... Scary.... Beer boxes and pizza boxes outside all on the decks...... Just awful I will never stay here again
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Trey Cagle commented on I Love Moms Or Something (Mother's Day 2013)
Abby is the first little girl that says "I love moms or something" She insists that "or something" was not supposed to be part of the title. Of course, that is exactly the way she speaks. We have been trying since we first saw it to convince her…


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The Best Quotes From Seth Godin's "Tribes: We Need YOU to Lead Us"
Seth Godin is one of the best marketing writers out there today and if there is anything the GOP could really use right now, it's some marketing advice. So, here are the best quotations from Tribes: We Need You to Lead Us.
Human beings can't help it: We need to belong. One of the most powerful of our survival mechanisms is to be part of a tribe, to contribute to (and take from) a group of like-minded people. — P.3
Partisans: It's a criticism when you throw that word at a politician, but all tribes are made up of partisans, the more partisan the better. If you're a middle-of-the-roader, you don't bother joining a tribe. Partisans want to make a difference. Partisans want something to happen (and something else not to happen). Leaders lead when they take positions, when they connect with their tribes, and when they help the tribe connect to itself. — P.17
Organizations that destroy the status quo win. …The status quo could be the time that "everyone knows" it takes to ship an order, or the commission rate that "everyone knows' an agent ought to be paid. The status quo might be the way everyone expects a product to be packaged or the pricing model that everyone accepts because it's been around so long. Whatever the status quo is, changing it gives you the opportunity to be remarkable. — P.35
It's uncomfortable to stand up in front of strangers. It's uncomfortable to propose an idea that might fail. It's uncomfortable to challenge the status quo. It's uncomfortable to resist the urge to settle. When you identify the discomfort, you've found the place where a leader is needed. — P.55
The one path that never works is the most common one: Doing nothing at all. — P.59
Almost all growth that's available to you exists when you aren't like most people and when you work hard to appeal to folks who aren't most people. — P.69
The first rule the music business failed to understand is that, at least at first, the new thing is rarely as good as the old thing was. If you need the alternative to be better than the status quo from the very start, you'll never begin. — P.93
Industries don't die by surprise. It's not as if you didn't know it was coming. — P.95
The largest enemy of change and leadership isn't a "no." It's a "not yet." "Not yet" is the safest, easiest way to forestall change. "Not yet" gives the status quo a chance to regroup and put off the inevitable for a little while longer. Change almost never fails because it's too early. It almost always fails because it's too late. — P.119
Remarkable visions and genuine insight are always met with resistance. And when you start to make progress, your efforts are met with even more resistance. Products, services, career paths — whatever it is, the forces of mediocrity will align to stop you, forgiving no errors and never backing down until it's over. — P.129
People don't believe what you tell them. They rarely believe what you show them. They often believe what their friends tell them. They always believe what they tell themselves. What leaders do: they give people stories they can tell themselves. Stories about the future and about change. — P.138
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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
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32 year old woman | Columbus, OH, USA | Seeking men 25-35 in United States
I'm one of the coolest lady that u will ever meet!
Ok i am trying this match out! Not really sure how this all works but im willing to try. I simply love to laugh and have fun. I stay active by goin to the gym, dancing, bowling, traveling and spending time with close friends and my twin sister. I love God, family, people and my job. I am looking for someone that is outgoing, goal oriented, and close to family. With a sense of humor, knows how to be romantic when need to, has integrity, and respectful. I'm opened to meeting people outside of Ohio as well, so dont hesitate to introduce yourself. At least say hello! Now I will send a wink to you if I am interested. So send me one back or email me! I would to hear from you!!!
Dining out , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Nightclubs/Dancing , Performing arts , Playing cards , Playing sports , Religion/Spiritual , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Wine tasting
Basketball, Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Dancing, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 1-2 times per week.
I like Dogs
Middle of the Road
Skullys to listen to reggae music, Houston, Texas, Bahamas
So you think you can dance, what not to wear, tabetha take over, the voice
I love to be active by going to the gym, dancing, bowling, shooting pool, concerts, plays and opened to new adventures. I also like to travel, listen to live music, and play volleyball.
Bible, The Game of Life
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Article here
Infection won't go away.
(I don't know about you but his arm looks hideously deformed to me)
Article here
Infection won't go away.
(I don't know about you but his arm looks hideously deformed to me)
"I like my women the way I like my scotch, 20 years old and mix up in coke."
Yeah it's a problem. The infection has to heal before they can do anymore with the plate. It's actually career threatening if not taken care of.
Remember the Brady knee infection freakout? Relax people, plenty of time before September.
"I don't Twitter, I don't MyFace, I don't do any of those things, so I'd probably be the last to know."
- Bill Belichick on the social media exploits of Chad Ochocinco
I'll be worried around August...we just need Gronk for the play-offs at absolute minimum...and that's 9 months away.
"I would not join any club that would have someone like me for a member." - Groucho Marx
Still a bummer. I just hope it doesn't get worse. Just wait. BB and co will now draft yet another tight end. The one from Notre Dame looks good.
Part of USA TODAY Sports Digital Properties.


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Self-editing skills for novelists
- Film, Media & Entertainment
- Kings Place 90 York Way London N1 9GU, GB
An introduction to writing family history
Guardian Masterclasses
Saturday, February 15, 2014 at 10:00 AM - Sunday, February 16, 2014 at 5:00 PM (GMT)
Family history can provide a unique perspective on dramatic events, as well as insight into the intergenerational relationships that underpin them. The writer's intimate connection to the material can add a new and resonant dimension to a reader's experience. Led by novelist Nick Barlay, author of lauded recent non-fiction family history 'Scattered Ghosts', this comprehensive course provides tuition in the technical skills, including character development and dialogue, needed to turn real life into poignant stories. You'll find out how to use research to add depth and understanding to your writing, and you'll discover how historical detail and narrative dynamic can come together to reveal the universal truths in particular family histories.
An intensive and practical exploration of approaches to writing family history and the ingredients that can make any family history compelling to read. The course will combine examples, discussion and practical exercises to enable attendees to discover the forms of writing most appropriate to their unique and individual stories. Topics covered over the weekend include:
Nick Barlay is the author of four highly acclaimed novels and was mentioned among Granta's 'Best of Young British Novelists' in 2003. He has just published his first work of non-fiction, Scattered Ghosts, which tells the story of his Hungarian Jewish family over two centuries. He has also been a journalist, and wrote a long-running and popular series about London for The Times. Other writing ranges from short stories to award-winning radio plays. Click here for his website.
Full course and returns information on the Masterclasses website
Welcome to Guardian masterclasses – a unique programme of learning embedded within one of the world's most forward-thinking media organisations.
Masterclasses offer a broad range of short and long courses across a variety of disciplines from creative writing, journalism, photography and design, film and digital media, music and cultural appreciation.
Harnessing the expertise and specialisms within the organisation, our courses are led by first class and award winning guardian professionals whilst also drawing on the skills and expertise of other leading figures at the forefront of the creative and digital industries.
The programme is aimed at anyone interested in personal or professional development whether that be refining your skills, focusing your ambition or simply broadening your mind and gaining inspiration.
In order to purchase these tickets in installments, you'll need an Eventbrite account. Log in or sign up for a free account to continue.


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We are a member of ABTA, which means you have the benefit of ABTA's assistance and Code of Conduct. We provide financial protection for your money when you buy a package holiday. If you buy other travel arrangements, such as accommodation only, this protection does not apply.
With Hoseasons, there is no need to shop around. We are so confident that we have the lowest prices, that in the unlikely event that you find the same holiday accommodation, available on the same day you make your booking (like for like) at a lower price, we will only charge you that lower price. The holiday accommodation concerned must be the same as the one you book through Hoseasons and must in particular have:
All you need to do is provide us with proof of the lower price you have been quoted by giving us evidence (including the telephone number or the details of the website where the price can be confirmed). We reserve the right to reject claims if reasonable proof is not available or if the holiday accommodation is not the same. The lowest price must be available on the day that you make your booking. If you have written or e-mailed proof of the price, you can just e-mail or fax this to us. If you are sending your proof by post, please send it first class. In all cases, we need proof within 7 days of you making your booking through Hoseasons. Our Lowest Price Guarantee applies to all UK holiday accommodation in this brochure. All terms and conditions continue to apply.
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Cheddar Woods Resort and Spa is part of our Go Active+ Breaks Collection, nestling on the slopes of the beautiful Mendip Hills and affording spectacular views of the Somerset countryside. New in 2013, and perfectly placed for enjoying the South West's numerous delights, this is a superior base for a family holiday taken entirely at your own pace.Boasting decadently furnished lodges, some complete with hot tubs, this fabulous park brims with activities to suit everyone. For the more adventurous there is an abundance of activities in the local area.Including windsurfing, sailing, canoeing and kayaking.Walks and cycle trails criss-cross the glorious grounds, while climbing and caving are available nearby. Exploring Somerset's wealth of picturesque towns and charming villages by foot, horse or bike is a must!
This park has:Indoor heated pool including separate children's poolSauna and steam roomFully equipped gym and health club*Treatment rooms*Bar and restaurantWi-Fi access (restrictions apply)Indoor soft play area suitable for under 7sBowling alley*Bike hire available locally*Covered archery*, crossbows*, fencing* and target shooting*WaterWalkerz* and Bodyzorbs*Snorkelling and Sea Scooters*Pool canoes*and Raft building*Go Juniors (3-7s activity programme)*Pool table*Indoor Golf Simulator*Outdoor adventure play areaFarm shopAeroball* and climbing wall*Den building* and horse riding*†Laser clays*and balance bikes*Off road adventure*†
Real reviews, from customers like you.
Up to
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All breaks for all arrivals
T&Cs apply, click here for details
We loved staying at Cheddar Woods. The location is great for getting around Somerset. The Resort and lodge were really clean and high quality. Would happily stay there again
Very enjoyable stay .resort could do with outside space by pool for those rare sunnier British days.lodge facilities second to none. They shld really do recycling though. Overall rating 8/10
Excellent site, staff friendly and helpful. Pool and other site facilities were excellent. A good base for exploring the Mendips and accessing local resorts such as Weston-Super-Mare.
Walking into Cheddar would be helped if the local authority improved the provision of pavements and better maintained the existing pavements.
Didn't use the Go Active programme or site catering facilities so can't comment on them.
Excellent location and facilities though we had the first night when we could not order food until 8pm and we had a 2 year old. The following night again the chef could not cope with the bookings but it seemed empty
had a lovely time celebrating my 21st birthday with my friends, the lodge was lovely everyone had a great time.
Relaxing week in Somerset. Lodges well equipped and cared for.
Beautiful lodge, couldn't ask for more ! Definitely recommend and would use again. Only niggle was arriving too early for advertised 4pm check in to be told they would call my mobile when accommodation was ready and they didn't. Check in was not very professional and should be earlier than 4pm in my opinion .
Really new, clean and modern looking park in a good location. Not much privacy between lodges as plants not mature yet. Clean and Modern facilities. Could do with more than one childrens playground for variety. Staff mainly were helpful but a few times could have gone out of their way to help but chose not to. The restaurant lacked atmosphere which after observing how they handled customers booking was due to them turning people away. We luckily booked eventhough we could not believe we would need to as restuarant was empty. Climbing wall was shut when advertised as open. The lodge was excellent quality, modern and spacious only complaint was the curtains were white so when sun was up it was bright....at 4.30am! (ended up blacking out windows ....all reception offered us was bin liners!)
Would have scored 10 for the helpfulness of staff but found the bar staff not very helpful and a little miserable, reception staff great and very pleasant. We had a meal in the main restaurant on the Saturday night and the young waiter was super he found balloons for my granddaughters birthday and the kitchen staff made a special sweet for her
The lodge we stayed in was excellent, just be aware that the hot tub needs to be checked/serviced every day and someone needs to come to your patio to do so.
Disappointed that the spa/sauna was shut until the sunday .(we had a Friday to monday visit) Also the Golf simulator was not working at all ,something I was looking forward to to play with my sons .When I enquired to play I was told it was not working. The rest of the weekend was very good .Pool 10 out of 10 . bar/restaurant 10 outof 10 .Booking in staff very good and explained everything we asked . Lodges very good. For the price I paid for two lodges I would have expected ALL the facilities to be working.
not used
First time at cheddar woods with friends and would thoroughly recommend it. Staff friendly and very helpful. Accommodation very good and we made full use of the hot tub. Food in restaurant tasty and enjoyable and excellent value for money. Spa experience was well worth it. Will be looking to return again this year.
Great for all ages 1 to87!
Really nice place and great lodge. Only criticisms are that there are not enough staff in the spa, and the Mendip Premier 3 lodge did not have the capacity to seat 6 people.


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Photographer David Hobby visits a conservation center and lights close-ups and portraits using a variety of strobes and light modifiers.
In a photo shoot with a model, photographer and Strobist blog publisher David Hobby demonstrates the basics of lighting with compact flash units.
"I often watch the lynda.com videos on my laptop while working out on a stationary bicycle. The short length of the video segments helps to keep me motivated: "I'll quit at the end of this chapter." So far I have lost 25 pounds!" —Gail P.
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Battle of Britain: Britain's Finest HourHardback
List price $32.95
Unavailable - AbeBooks may have this title.
- Publisher: Classic Publications
- Format: Hardback | 144 pages
- Dimensions: 204mm x 256mm x 4mm | 721g
- Publication date: 30 August 2010
- Publication City/Country: Manchester
- Illustrations note: c 200 mono and colour photographs
- Sales rank: 845,353
Product description
Dr. Alfred Price, who is a recognized and respected authority on the Battle of Britain, recounts the story of the conflict, both in terms of the strategic and tactical battle between two mighty air forces of the day and the fascinating and often traumatic human element as the civilians of Britain faced the reality of German invasion. The book starts with the skirmishes across the Channel in the opening phase of the battle, July 10 through August 12, testing Britain's defenses, then the Luftwaffe's main assault on the airfields and radar installations of Southern England from August 12 to September 6, when it attempted to knock out the RAF. The turning point came when the Luftwaffe, faced with mounting losses, shifted its focus to London and other cities in early September in a final attempt to break Britain's morale, giving the RAF much-needed breathing space to build up its strength and counter the enemy.
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Author information
Dr. Alfred Price served as an aircrew officer in the Royal Air Force where he flew with the V-Force and specialized in electronic warfare and air fighting tactics. In a military flying career spanning fifteen years, he logged over four thousand flying hours. Since 1974, he has been a full-time writer on aviation subjects and has written more than forty-six books. He holds a PhD in history from Loughborough University and is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society.