text:
I'm migreting from Codeigniter to FuelPHP. I like Fuel's ORM and other nice stuff and it's really good to enough to start with if you're creating an app from scratch. In my case I have a populated MySQL database and am looking for a right way to use Fuel's ORM and generate controllers, models and views with existing database schema and data. The FuelPHP forum seems to be down for a while and I can't search there. Thanks in advance!
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Oil can not be used to reverse engineer an existing database.
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text:
Make Up For Ever HD High Definition Microfinish Powder
781 reviews
62% would repurchase
Package Quality: 3.3
Price: $$$$
Package Quality: 3.3
Price: $$$$
INGREDIENTS100% silica
on 1/7/2013 3:23:00 PM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
Great finishing powder! It sets the rest of my makeup, removes any shine on my face, and goes on completely sheer. Doesn't give an overly matte finish and looks very natural.
The packaging isn't great though. It doesn't come with a sifter, so I end up having to tap off most of the powder each time I dip my brush. This can be tricky with the tiny jar, as the light-weight silica powder will sometimes fly-off in all directions (and will waste some of product). Also, the lid doesn't seem to fit properly on the jar (although mine may just be defective). The size of the jar makes it great for traveling with though.
Overall: Great finishing powder. If you want something that removes shine and goes on sheer, this is a great option.
Alternatives: I've also used Tarte Smooth Operator, which worked exactly the same and equally well for me. I think these two products are similarly priced as well.
Value: OK. It is pretty expensive for the amount of product you get. However, I use very little each time I apply. I bought the smaller 0.17oz over a month ago, and you can't really tell I've use any. I think this size will last me at least 6 months if not more.
on 12/29/2012 7:51:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Straight, Medium
Eyes: Brown
It's not a bad powder but the only thing is, I find that it dries out parts of my skin when I put it on. I've tried the BareEscentuals version of this and that one didn't do that, so I'm probably going to switch back after I finish this tub.
on 12/28/2012 4:19:00 PM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Normal, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Blue
I think this finishing powder does a great job setting my makeup and giving my face an overall smooth look. I apply it with an Urban Decay finishing brush made for hd powders and I think it makes a difference. Sometimes (probably if I apply too much) I like to sweep on a little more blush after I apply the powder. It says you're only supposed to use a tiny bit so I probably use a little too much. I have the same problem with the packaging- it's hard not to make a mess so I always open it at the bottom of the sink so I can rinse away the powder that escapes when I open it.
on 12/24/2012 2:05:00 PM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Acne-prone, Fair-Medium, Neutral
Hair: Brunette, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Hazel
LOVE LOVE LOVE this powder. I received a deluxe sample from Sephora then purchased the full size. I've been using the sample for a good 5 weeks now (approximately 5 days/week) and it's not empty, so I think the full size was worth the price (around $34 USD) since it'll probably last a long time.
It's a very fine, silica-like powder. I use a big fluffy brush to apply it over my foundation. Only a little is needed. It 'colorless' but it does seem to give me an almost whitely glow, though I like looking a little pale. You would probably want to try this out and see how it looks.
I don't know if it casts a white glow on the face in photos, but I wouldn't really care if it did. It's light, non-cakey, long lasting, and keeps my make-up in place without any of it transferring. HG for me.
on 12/24/2012 4:09:00 AM
Age: 36-43
Skin: Combination, Olive, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
Even a tiny amount on my olive skin resulted in a white cast in pictures.
on 12/24/2012 3:49:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Oily, Fair, Warm
Hair: Brunette, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Brown
I LOVE this product. I bought it on a whim, after hearing how flawless it made peoples' faces look, but then instantly regretted it reading the problems that so many people seem to have wearing it for flash photography.
However, I absolutely adore this product. It makes my face appear so flawless, and I've used translucent powders before, but with this I only have to touch up my t-zone, maybe once throughout the entire day. My makeup stays put for hours, and I have oily skin, so that is inane and amazing to me, since I've never had anything do this, even with primers and other powders. I don't know if it will hold up as well in the summer when my skin gets even more oily, but for now it is doing wonders. And, to add, I have NEVER had an issue with flash photography while wearing this. I use a powder foundation, and what I do is mix in a little of the HD powder into my cheap Avon foundation before I apply it on my face. I still get the amazing results, and it blends together really well - and I have taken multiple pictures with this on, and it still looks great. I used to use Palladio's rice powder, and it left a ghostly cast and led to an extremely embarrassing moment when I had my picture put in the paper, and it also didn't really help my oily skin. But this never looks flaky or caked on as long as I don't neglect on exfoliating once in a while, which I do anyway. A little goes a long way, so I know it will last a while, therefore the price doesn't really bother me. I never thought I would be the type of person to get compliments on my skin, but I have people telling me how soft and clear my face looks all the time. A+
I honestly don't think I've ever been this impressed by a product in years. So glad I purchased it. Will continue to buy every time it runs out.
on 12/18/2012 6:15:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair, Neutral
Hair: Brunette, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Brown
My mom bought me this on my birthday a few years ago and I love it. It makes my face feel super smooth and eliminates any shine around my t zone. It does sort of make my face look pale white and its sort of expensive. But I really love this stuff :)
on 12/6/2012 10:57:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair, Cool
Hair: Red, Straight, Medium
Eyes: Blue
Not a fan, too much money for what it does and is way too light even on my fair MAC N4 skin. Forget taking a picture with this on as you'll literally look like a white sheet and it is very drying on the skin, showing up any flake. My cheap palladio rice powder works 10x better than this product.
on 12/6/2012 10:52:00 PM
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Oily, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
HATE THIS! I hate it sooo bad! I got a big sample sized jar in a purchase n I started using it and I absolutly hate it! It makes me soo oily I hate the consistency, its absolute GARBAGE. I DO NOT recommend):
on 12/6/2012 10:31:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Acne-prone, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
This gives me cystic acne! I have oily, acne prone skin and I've just started wearing foundation. I use the Hourglass mineral veil primer and Urban Decay Naked skin foundation. These products do make me break out over a period of time but not like this powder! It does set my foundation and makes it last longer. But after a couple of hours, I find that I get more oily when wearing this. I stopped using this but used it once the other day and it gave me this painful pimple. I knew it was this because it was the only thing I changed.
It may work for some but it breaks me out!
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Product Wars - Episode 10 by fionaman

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Oceano, Costa Teguise
Oceano Overview
Our customers think this is great for...
Hotel facilities
- Bar/lounge
- Check-in time ends 8:00 PM
- Check-in time starts noon
- Check-out by noon
- Check-out from 8:00 AM
- Coffee shop or café
- Currency exchange
- Free parking nearby
- Grocery/convenience store
- Internet access - wireless
- Laundry facilities
- On-site car rental
- Photocopy machines
- Poolside bar
- Restaurant(s) in hotel
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Swimming pool - outdoor
- Swimming pool - outdoor seasonal
- Terrace
- Wheelchair accessible
Room facilities
- Bathtub only
- Bidet
- Cable/satellite television channels
- Ceiling fan
- Coffee/tea maker
- Cooking facilities
- Direct-dial phone
- Hair dryer
- Hair dryer (on request)
- In-room safe
- Kitchenette
- Microwave
- Minibar
- Phone
- Private bathroom
- Refrigerator
- Satellite television service
- Shower only
- Shower/tub combination
- Television
- Wake-up calls
Add a review
12 January 2015
Overall good value
Caroline B, Maldon, Essex
Just back from my third stay at these apartments . Been with friends, as a family and as a couple.This is a relatively small complex in an excellent central location but not too noisy. Pool with inflatables, loungers, pool table & TV in bar area ( not always open) . Rooms are spacious, cleaned regularly and have adequate self-catering equipment for basic meals ( lots of fabulous restaurants near by so not a problem ). The rooms are basic (eg no air-conditioning, no WiFi , limited toiletries ) but comfortable. The bedding, towels and furnishings could do with updating but you get what you pay for in this upmarket holiday resort. No need to worry about kids damaging anything or making a mess. Staff are always friendly and helpful. Many of the residents are returnees which must mean they are satisfied ! Overall good value.
The best thing about my stay was...Location
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text:
Arizona Cardinals
Updated Jan 2, 2013 - 10:05 am
Report has Penn State's Bill O'Brien on Cardinals list of candidates
The list of candidates for the Arizona Cardinals head coaching job now includes a college coach.
According to PennLive.com the Cardinals are one of three teams that plan to interview Penn State's Bill O'Brien.
O'Brien went 8-4 in his first season as the coach in Happy Valley.
Before taking over the Penn State program, O'Brien had been the offensive coordinator for the New England Patriots. Should he leave the Nittany Lions for the NFL, the team that hires him will owe the school a $9.2 million buyout, according to ESPN's Darren Rovell.
Most Popular
Cardinals Audio
- Hardware - Monday June 29The Justin Bieber award, the You're Just Mean award, and more of the best/worst of the weekend
- John Clayton, ESPN NFL insider - Friday June 26John Clayton says Denver was never close to trading Peyton Manning.
- Paul Lasike, Cardinals fullback - Wednesday June 24Paul Lasike compares the physicality of football to rugby.
- J.J. Nelson, Cardinals wide receiver - Tuesday June 23J.J. Nelson is learning to calm down and play fast.
- Hardware - Monday June 22The Brat Pack award, The Can We Please Evolve award and more of the best and worst of the weekend


text:
The invention is lyocell fiber characterized by a pebbled surface as seen at high magnification and having a variable cross section and diameter along and between fibers. The fiber is produced by centrifugal spinning, meltblowing or its spunbonding variation. The fibers can be made in the microdenier range with average weights as low as one denier or less. The fibers have inherently low gloss and can be formed into tight yarns for making fabrics of very soft hand. Alternatively, the fibers can be formed into self bonded nonwoven fabrics.
1. Lyocell fibers characterized by a coefficient of variability of at least 6.5%.
2. The lyocell fibers of claim 1, in which the fiber comprises a mixture of diameters with at least a portion of said fibers being less than about 1 denier.
3. A spun yarn comprising a multiplicity of the fibers of claim 1.
4. The lyocell fibers of claim 1, further characterized by a very low tendency to fibrillate under conditions of wet abrasion and by enhanced dye receptivity.
5. The lyocell fibers of claim 1 which are individualized and essentially continuous.
6. The lyocell fibers of claim 1, wherein a portion of the fibers have an average diameter of at least about 5.5 microns.
7. The lyocell fibers of claim 1, wherein a portion of the fibers have a coefficient of variability of at least about 7.0%.
8. The lyocell fibers of claim 7, wherein a portion of the fibers have a coefficient of variability of at least 10%.
9. The lyocell fibers of claim 1, wherein the fibers are meltblown.
10. The lyocell fibers of claim 9, wherein a portion of the fibers have a coefficient of variability of at least about 12.6%.
11. The lyocell of fibers of claim 1, wherein the fibers are centrifugally spun.
12. The lyocell fibers of claim 11, wherein a portion of the fibers have a coefficient of variability of at least about 10.9%.
13. The lyocell fibers of claim 1, wherein a portion of the fibers have a coefficient of variability in the range of about 6.5% to about 25.4%.
14. The lyocell fibers of claim 1 having greater variability in cross sectional diameter and cross sectional configuration along the fiber length compared to variability in cross sectional diameter and cross sectional configuration along the fiber length of lyocell fibers produced by a continuously drawn process.
This application is a continuation-in-part application of application Ser. No. 09/039,737, filed Mar. 16, 1998 now pending, which in turn is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/916,652, filed Aug. 22, 1997 now abandoned, which claims priority from Provisional Application Serial Nos. 60/023,909 now abondoned and 60/024,462, both filed Aug. 23, 1996, now abandoned.
The present invention is directed to lyocell fibers having novel characteristics and to the method for their preparation. In particular, the novel characteristics include surface morphology such as diameter variability along the fiber length. This invention is also directed to yarns produced from the fibers, and to woven and nonwoven fabrics containing the fibers. In particular, the method involves first dissolving cellulose in an amine oxide to form a dope. Latent fibers are then made either by extrusion of the dope through small apertures into an air stream or by centrifugally expelling the dope through small apertures. The fibers are then formed by regenerating the latent fibers in a liquid nonsolvent. Either process is amenable to the production of self bonded nonwoven fabrics. The particular methods of this invention impart the unique surface characteristics to the lyocell fibers distinguishing them over conventional continuously drawn fibers.
For over a century, strong fibers of regenerated cellulose have been produced by the viscose and cuprammonium processes. The latter process was first patented in 1890 and the viscose process two years later. In the viscose process cellulose is first steeped in a mercerizing strength caustic soda solution to form an alkali cellulose. This is reacted with carbon disulfide to form cellulose xanthate which is then dissolved in dilute caustic soda solution. After filtration and deaeration, the xanthate solution is extruded from submerged spinnerets into a regenerating bath of sulfuric acid, sodium sulfate, zinc sulfate, and glucose to form continuous filaments. The resulting so-called viscose rayon is presently used in textiles and was formerly widely used as reinforcing in rubber articles such as tires and drive belts.
Cellulose is also soluble in a solution of ammoniacal copper oxide. This property formed the basis for production of cuprammonium rayon. The cellulose solution is forced through submerged spinnerets into a solution of 5% caustic soda or dilute sulfuric acid to form the fibers. After decoppering and washing, the resulting fibers have great wet strength. Cuprammonium rayon is available in fibers of very low deniers and is used almost exclusively in textiles.
More recently other cellulose solvents have been explored. One such solvent is based on a solution of nitrogen tetroxide in dimethyl formamide. While much research was done, no commercial process has resulted for forming regenerated cellulose fibers using this solvent.
The usefulness of tertiary amine N-oxides as cellulose solvents has been known for a considerable time. Graenacher, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,179,181, discloses a group of amine oxide materials suitable as solvents. However, the inventor was only able to form solutions with low concentrations of cellulose and solvent recovery presented a major problem. Johnson, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,447,939, describes the use of anhydrous N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) and other amine N-oxides as solvents for cellulose and many other natural and synthetic polymers. Again the solutions were of relatively low solids content. In his later U.S. Pat. No. 3,508,941, Johnson proposed mixing in solution a wide variety of natural and synthetic polymers to form intimate blends with cellulose. A nonsolvent for cellulose such as dimethylsulfoxide was added to reduce dope viscosity. The polymer solution was spun directly into cold methanol but the resulting filaments were of relatively low strength.
However, beginning in 1979 a series of patents were issued to preparation of regenerated cellulose fibers using various amine oxides as solvents. In particular, N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide with about 12% water present proved to be a particularly useful solvent. The cellulose was dissolved in the solvent under heated conditions, usually in the range of 90� C. to 130� C., and extruded from a multiplicity of fine apertured spinnerets or dies into air or other nonprecipitating fluids, such as nitrogen. The filaments of cellulose dope are continuously mechanically drawn in accordance with a spin-stretch ratio in the range of about three to ten to cause molecular orientation. They are then led into a nonsolvent fluid, usually water, to regenerate the cellulose. Other regeneration solvents, such as lower aliphatic alcohols, have also been suggested. Examples of the process are detailed in McCorsley and McCorsley et al. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,142,913; 4,144,080; 4,211,574; 4,246,221, and 4,416,698 and others. Jurkovic et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,252,284 and Michels et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,417,909 deal especially with the geometry of extrusion nozzles for spinning cellulose dissolved in NMMO. Brandner et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,426,228, is exemplary of a considerable number of patents that disclose the use of various compounds to act as stabilizers in order to prevent cellulose and/or solvent degradation in the heated NMMO solution. Franks et al., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,145,532 and 4,196,282, deal with the difficulties of dissolving cellulose in amine oxide solvents and of achieving higher concentrations of cellulose.
Cellulose textile fibers spun from NMMO solution are referred to as lyocell fibers. Lyocell is an accepted generic term for a fiber composed of cellulose precipitated from an organic solution in which no substitution of hydroxyl groups takes place and no chemical intermediates are formed. One lyocell product produced by Courtaulds, Ltd. is presently commercially available as Tencel� fiber. These fibers are available in 0.9-2.7 denier weights and heavier. Denier is the weight in grams of 9000 meters of a fiber. Because of their fineness, yarns made from them produce fabrics having extremely pleasing hands.
One limitation of the lyocell fibers made presently is due to their geometry. They are continuously mechanically drawn and typically have quite uniform, generally circular or oval cross sections, lack crimp as spun, and have relatively smooth, glossy surfaces. This makes them less than ideal as staple fibers since it is difficult to achieve uniform separation in the carding process and can result in non-uniform blending and uneven yarn. In part to correct the problem of straight fibers, man made staple fibers are almost always crimped in a secondary process prior to being chopped to length. Examples of crimping can be seen in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,591,388 or 5,601,765 to Sellars et al. where the fiber tow is compressed in a stuffer box and heated with dry steam. It might also be noted that fibers having a continuously uniform cross section and glossy surface produce yarns tending to have a "plastic" appearance. Yarns made from thermoplastic polymers frequently must have delustering agents, such as titanium dioxide, added prior to spinning. Wilkes et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,458,835, teach the manufacture of viscose rayon fibers having cruciform and other cross sections. U.S. Pat. No. 5,417,909 to Michels et al. discloses the use of profiled spinnerets to produce lyocell fibers having non-circular cross sections but the present inventors are not aware of any commercial use of this method.
Two widely recognized problems of lyocell fabrics are caused by fibrillation of the fibers under conditions of wet abrasion, such as might result during laundering. Fibrillation tends to cause "pilling"; i.e., entanglement of fibrils into small relatively dense balls. Fibrillation is also responsible for a "frosted" appearance in dyed fabrics. Fibrillation is believed to be caused by the high orientation and apparent poor lateral cohesion within the fibers. There is an extensive technical and patent literature discussing the problem and proposed solutions. As examples, reference might be made to papers by Mortimer, S. A. and A. A. P�guy, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 60:305-316 (1996) and Nicholai M., A. Nechwatal, and K. P. Mieck, Textile Research Journal, 66(9):575-580 (1996). The first authors attempt to deal with the problem was by modifying the temperature, relative humidity, gap length, and residence time in the air gap zone between extrusion and dissolution. Nicholai et al. suggest crosslinking the fiber but note that ". . . at the moment, technical implementation [of the various proposals] does not seem to be likely". A sampling of related United States Patents might include those to Taylor, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,403,530, 5,520,869, 5,580,354, and 5,580,356; Urben, U.S. Pat. No. 5,562,739; and Weigel et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,618,483. These patents mostly relate to treatment of the fibers with reactive materials to induce surface modification or crosslinking. Enzymatic treatment of yarns or fabrics is currently the preferred way of reducing problems caused by fibrillation. However, all of the treatments noted have disadvantages and increased costs. A fiber that is resistant to fibrillation would be a significant advantage.
Kaneko et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 3,833,438 teaches preparation of self bonded cellulose nonwoven materials made by the cuprammonium rayon process. Self bonded lyocell nonwoven webs have not been described to the best of the present inventors' knowledge.
Low denier fibers from synthetic polymers have been produced by a number of extrusion processes. Three of these are relevant to the present invention. One is generally termed "meltblowing". The molten polymers are extruded through a series of small diameter orifices into an air stream flowing generally parallel to the extruded fibers. This stretches the fibers as they cool. The stretching serves two purposes. It causes some degree of longitudinal molecular orientation and reduces the ultimate fiber diameter. A somewhat similar process is called "spunbonding" where the fiber is extruded into a tube and stretched by an air flow through the tube caused by a vacuum at the distal end. In general, spunbonded fibers are longer than meltblown fibers which usually come in discrete shorter lengths. The other process, termed "centrifugal spinning", differs in that the molten polymer is expelled from apertures in the sidewalls of a rapidly spinning drum. The fibers are stretched somewhat by air resistance as the drum rotates. However, there is not usually a strong air stream present as in meltblowing. All three processes may be used to make nonwoven fabric materials and all three processes do not employ methods which continuously mechanically draw the fibers. There is an extensive patent and general technical literature on the processes since they have been commercially important for many years. Exemplary patents to meltblowing are Weber et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,959,421, and Milligan et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,068. The Weber et al. patent uses a water spray in the gas stream to rapidly cool the fibers. A somewhat related process is described in PCT Publication WO 91/18682 which is directed to a method for coating paper by modified meltblowing. Coating materials suggested are aqueous liquids such as "an aqueous solution of starch, carboxy-methylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, latex, a suspension of bacterial cellulose, or any aqueous material, solution or emulsion". However, this process actually atomizes the extruded material rather than forms it into latent fibers. Zikeli et al., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,589,125 and 5,607,639, direct a stream of air transversely across strands of extruded lyocell dope as they leave the spinnerets. This air stream serves only to cool and does not act to stretch the filaments.
Centrifugal spinning is exemplified in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,242,633 and 5,326,241 to Rook et al. Okada et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,700 describe a centrifugal spinning process for thermoplastic materials. As the material is ejected the fibers are caught on an annular form surrounding the spinning head and moved downward by a curtain of flowing cooling liquid. Included among the list of polymers suited to the process are polyvinyl alcohol and polyacrylonitrile. In the case of these two materials they are spun "wet"; i.e., in solution, and a "coagulation bath" is substituted for the curtain of cooling liquid.
With the exception of the Kaneko et al. patent noted above, processes analogous to meltblowing, spunbonding and centrifugal spinning have never been used with cellulosic materials since cellulose itself is basically infusible.
Extremely fine fibers, termed "microdenier fibers" generally are regarded as those having a denier of 1.0 or less. Meltblown fibers produced from various synthetic polymers, such as polypropylene, nylons, or polyesters are available with diameters as low as 0.4 μm (approximately 0.001 denier). However, the strength or "tenacity" of most of these fibers tends to be low and their generally poor water absorbency is a negative factor when they are used in fabrics for clothing. Microdenier cellulose fibers, as low as 0.5 denier, have been produced before the present only by the viscose process.
The present process produces a new lyocell fiber that overcomes many of the limitations of the fibers produced from synthetic polymers, rayons, and the presently available lyocell fibers. It allows formation of fibers of low denier and with a distribution of deniers. At the same time, the surface of each fiber tends to be pebbled, as seen at high magnification, and the fibers have a cross section of varying shape and diameter along their length, have significant natural crimp, and are resistant to fibrillation under conditions of wet abrasion. All of these are desirable characteristics that are found in most natural fibers but are missing in lyocell fibers produced by processes employing continuous mechanical drawing means.
The present invention is directed to fibers produced from regenerated cellulose having diameter variability along the fiber length. The terms "cellulose" and "regenerated cellulose" as used here should be construed sufficiently broadly to encompass blends of cellulose with other natural and synthetic polymers, mutually soluble in a spinning solvent, in which cellulose is the principal component by weight. In particular it is directed to low denier fibers produced from cellulose solutions in amine N-oxides by processes analogous to meltblowing or centrifugal spinning. Where the terms "meltblowing", "spunbonding", and "centrifugal spinning" are used it will be understood that these refer to processes that are similar or analogous to the processes used for production of thermoplastic fibers, even though the cellulose is in solution and the spinning temperature is only moderately elevated. The terms "continuously drawn" and "continuously mechanically drawn" refer to present processes for manufacture of lyocell fibers where the fibers are mechanically pulled, first through an air gap to cause elongation and molecular orientation then through the regeneration bath.
Processes of the present invention begin by dissolving a cellulosic raw material in an amine oxide, preferably N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) with some water present. This dope, or cellulose solution in NMMO, can be made by known technology; e.g., as is discussed in any of the McCorsley or Franks et al. patents aforenoted. In the present invention, the dope is then transferred at somewhat elevated temperature to a spinning apparatus by a pump or extruder at about 90� C. to 1 30� C. Ultimately the dope is directed through a multiplicity of small orifices into air. In the case of meltblowing, the extruded threads of cellulose dope are picked up by a turbulent gas stream flowing in a generally parallel direction to the path of the filaments. As the cellulose solution is ejected through the orifices the liquid strands or latent filaments are stretched (or significantly decreased in diameter and increased in length) during their continued trajectory after leaving the orifices. The turbulence induces a natural crimp and some variability in ultimate fiber diameter along the length of the individual fibers. This variability along the fiber length can be quantified by microscopic inspection of the individual fibers. A useful measure of this variability is termed "coefficient of variability" or CV. The CV is computed by obtaining an average diameter size. The CV is then the standard deviation from the average diameter divided by the average diameter. The resulting value is converted to a percentage by multiplying by one hundred percent. Filaments produced in accordance with the present invention exhibit CV values greater than CV values of continuously drawn fibers. For example, filaments of the present invention exhibit CV values greater than about 6.5% preferably greater than about 7% and most preferably 10%. In marked contrast, continuously drawn fibers, having diameters that are uniform and lacking crimp or having it introduced in a post spinning process, do not exhibit a high degree of variability in fiber diameter as measured along the fiber length as compared with the fibers of the present invention. The fibers of the present invention will have a crimp that is irregular and will have a peak to peak amplitude greater than about one fiber diameter and a period greater than about five fiber diameters.
Spunbonding can be regarded as a species of meltblowing in that the fibers are picked up and stretched in an airstream without being mechanically pulled. In the context of the present invention meltblowing and spunbonding should be regarded as functional equivalents.
Where the fibers are produced by centrifugal spinning, the dope strands are expelled through small orifices into air and are drawn by the inertia imparted by the spinning head. The filaments are then directed into a regenerating solution or a regenerating solution is sprayed onto the filaments. Regenerating solutions are nonsolvents such as water, lower aliphatic alcohols, or mixtures of these. The NMMO used as the solvent can then be recovered from the regenerating bath for reuse.
Turbulence and oscillation in the air around the latent fiber strands is believed to be responsible for their unique geometry when made either by the meltblowing or centrifugal spinning process.
Filaments having an average size as low as 0.1 denier or even less can be readily formed. Denier can be controlled by a number of factors including but not limited to orifice diameter, gas stream speed, spinning head speed, and dope viscosity. Dope viscosity is, in turn, largely a factor of cellulose D.P. and concentration. Fiber length can be similarly controlled by design and velocity of the air stream surrounding the extrusion orifices. Continuous fibers or relatively short staple fibers can be produced depending on spinning conditions. Equipment can be readily modified to form individual fibers or to lay them into a mat of nonwoven cellulosic fabric. In the latter case the mat may be formed and become self bonded prior to regeneration of the cellulose. The fibers are then recovered from the regenerating medium, further washed, bleached if necessary, dried, and handled conventionally from that point in the process.
Gloss or luster of the fibers formed in accordance with the present invention is considerably lower than continuously drawn lyocell fiber lacking a delusterant so they do not have a "plastic" appearance. Without being bound to any one particular theory, the inventors believe this is due to the fibers'unique "pebbled" surface apparent in high magnification micrographs.
By properly controlling spinning conditions, the fibers made in accordance with the present invention can be formed with variable cross sectional shape and a relatively narrow distribution of fiber diameters. Some variation in diameter and cross sectional configuration will typically occur along the length of individual fibers imparting a CV higher than available lyocell fibers manufactured using continuously drawn processes. The fibers of the present invention are unique for having high diameter variability along the fiber length for a regenerated cellulose fiber. The fibers made in accordance with the present invention have morphology similar to many natural fibers.
Fibers produced by either the meltblowing or centrifugal spinning processes in accordance with the present invention possess a natural crimp quite unlike that imparted by a stuffer box. Crimp imparted by a stuffer box is relatively regular, has a relatively low amplitude usually less than one fiber diameter, and a short peak-to-peak period normally not more than two or three fiber diameters. Fibers made in accordance with the present invention have an irregular amplitude greater than one fiber diameter and an irregular period exceeding about five fiber diameters, a characteristic of fibers having a curly or wavy appearance.
Quite unexpectedly, the fibers of the present invention appear to be highly resistant to fibrillation under conditions of wet abrasion. This is a major advantage in that no post spinning processing is required, such as crosslinking or enzymatic treatment.
Properties of the fibers of the present invention are well matched for carding and spinning in conventional textile manufacturing processes. The fibers, while having many of the attributes of natural fibers, can be produced in microdenier diameters unavailable in nature. Fiber diameters of as little as 0.1 denier have been achieved by these processes carried out in accordance with the present invention. It is also possible to directly produce self bonded webs or tightly wound multi-ply yarns from fibers of the present invention.
A particular advantage of the present invention is the ability to form blends of cellulose with what might otherwise be considered as incompatible polymeric materials. The amine oxides are extremely powerful solvents and can dissolve many other polymers beside cellulose. It is thus possible to form blends of cellulose with materials such as lignin, nylons, polyethylene oxides, polypropylene oxides, poly(acrylonitrile), poly(vinylpyrrolidone), poly(acrylic acid), starches, poly(vinyl alcohol), polyesters, polyketones, casein, cellulose acetate, amylose, amylopectins, cationic starches, and many others. Each of these materials in homogeneous blends with cellulose can produce fibers having new and unique properties.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of forming low denier regenerated cellulose fibers or cellulose blend fibers from solution in an amine oxide-water medium by processes analogous to meltblowing, spunbonding, or centrifugal spinning which are non-continuously drawn processes.
It is a further object to provide low denier cellulose fibers having advantageous geometry and surface characteristics for forming into yarns. The fibers preferably exhibit a relatively high CV in comparison with lyocell fibers produced by processes utilizing continuous drawing means.
It is still another object to provide fibers having natural crimp and low luster.
It is an additional object to provide a lyocell fiber resistant to fibrillation under conditions of wet abrasion.
It is also an object to provide regenerated cellulose fibers having many properties similar or superior to natural fibers.
It is yet another object to provide a method of forming fibers of the above types by a process in which all production chemicals can be readily recovered and reused.
It is another object to provide self bonded nonwoven lyocell fabrics.
The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will become more readily appreciated as the same become better understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the steps used in practice of the present process;
FIG. 2 is a partially cut away perspective representation of typical centrifugal spinning equipment used with the invention;
FIG. 3 is a partially cut away perspective representation of meltblowing equipment adapted for use with the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view of a typical extrusion head that might be used with the above meltblowing apparatus;
FIGS. 5 and 6 are scanning electron micrographs of a commercially available lyocell fiber at 100� and 10,000� magnification respectively;
FIGS. 7 and 8 are scanning electron micrographs of a lyocell fiber produced by centrifugal spinning at 200� and 10,000� magnification respectively;
FIGS. 9 and 10 are scanning electron micrographs at 2,000� showing cross sections along a single centrifugal spun fiber;
FIGS. 11 and 12 are scanning electron micrographs of a meltblown lyocell fiber at 100� and 10,000� magnification respectively;
FIG. 13 is a drawing illustrating production of a self bonded nonwoven lyocell fabric using a meltblowing process;
FIG. 14 is a similar drawing illustrating production of a self bonded nonwoven lyocell fabric using a centrifugal spinning process;
FIGS. 15 and 16 are scanning electron micrographs at 1000� of fibers from each of two commercial sources showing fibrillation caused by a wet abrasion test; and
FIGS. 17 and 18 are scanning electron micrographs at 1000� of two fiber samples produced by the methods of the present invention similarly submitted to the wet abrasion test.
FIGS. 19, 20 and 21 are scanning electron micrographs at 100�, 1000� and 10,000� magnification, respectively, of lyocell fibers produced by a meltblowing process.
The type of cellulosic raw material used with the present invention is not critical. It may be bleached or unbleached wood pulp which can be made by various processes of which kraft, prehydrolyzed kraft, or sulfite would be exemplary. Many other cellulosic raw materials, such as purified cotton linters, are equally suitable. Prior to dissolving in an amine oxide solvent, the cellulose, if sheeted, is normally shredded into a fine fluff to promote ready solution.
The solution of the cellulose can be made in a known manner; e.g., as taught in McCorsley U.S. Pat. No. 4,246,221. For example, the cellulose may be wet in a non-solvent mixture of about 40% NMMO and 60% water. The ratio of cellulose to wet NMMO can be about 1:5.1 by weight. The mixture is mixed in a double arm sigma blade mixer for about 1.3 hours under vacuum at about 120� C. until sufficient water has been distilled off to leave about 12-14% based on NMMO so that a cellulose solution is formed. The resulting dope contains approximately 30% cellulose. Alternatively, NMMO of appropriate water content may be used initially to obviate the need for the vacuum distillation. This is a convenient way to prepare spinning dopes in the laboratory where commercially available NMMO of about 40-60% concentration can be mixed with laboratory reagent NMMO having only about 3% water to produce a cellulose solvent having 7-15% water. Moisture normally present in the cellulose should be accounted for in adjusting necessary water present in the solvent. Reference might be made to articles by Chanzy, H. and A. P�guy, Journal of Polymer Science, Polymer Physics Ed., 18:1137-1144 (1980) and Navard, P. and J. M. Haudin British Polymer Journal, p 174, Dec. 1980 for laboratory preparation of cellulose dopes in NMMO-water solvents.
Reference to FIG. 1 will show a block diagram of the process in accordance with the present invention. As was noted, preparation of the cellulose dopes in aqueous NMMO is conventional. What is not conventional is the way these dopes are spun. In the processes of the present invention, the cellulose solution is forced from extrusion orifices into a turbulent air stream rather than directly into a regeneration bath as is the case with viscose or cuprammonium rayon. Only later are the latent filaments regenerated. However, the processes of the present invention also differ from the conventional processes for forming lyocell fibers since the dope is not continuously drawn linearly downward as unbroken threads through an air gap and into the regenerating bath.
FIG. 2 is illustrative of a centrifugal spinning process. The heated cellulose dope 1 is directed into a heated generally hollow cylinder or drum 2 with a closed base and a multiplicity of small apertures 4 in the sidewalls, 6. As the cylinder rotates, dope is forced out horizontally through the apertures as thin strands 8. As these strands meet resistance from the surrounding air they are drawn or stretched by a large factor. The amount of stretch will depend on readily controllable factors such as cylinder rotational speed, orifice size, and dope viscosity. The dope strands either fall by gravity or are gently forced downward by an air flow into a non-solvent 10 held in a basin 12 where they are coagulated into individual oriented fibers. Alternatively, the dope strands 8 can be either partially or completely regenerated by a water spray from a ring of spray nozzles 16 fed by a source of regenerating solution 18. Also, as will be described later, they can be formed into a nonwoven fabric prior to or during regeneration. Water is the preferred coagulating non-solvent although ethanol or water-ethanol mixtures are also useful. From this point the fibers are collected and may be washed to remove any residual NMMO, bleached as might be necessary, and dried. Example 2 that will follow gives specific details of laboratory centrifugally spun fiber preparation.
FIGS. 3 and 4 show details of a typical meltblowing process. As seen in FIG. 3, a supply of dope, not shown, is directed to an extruder 32 which forces the cellulose solution to an orifice head 34 having a multiplicity of orifices 36. Air or another gas is supplied through lines 38 and surrounds and transports extruded solution strands 40. A bath or tank 42 contains a regenerating solution 44 in which the strands are regenerated from solution in the solvent to cellulose fibers. Alternatively, the latent fibers can be showered with a water spray to regenerate or partially regenerate them. The amount of non-mechanical draw or stretch will depend on readily controllable factors such as orifice size, dope viscosity, cellulose concentration in the dope, and air speed, temperature and nozzle configuration.
FIG. 4 shows a typical extrusion orifice. The orifice plate 20 is bored with a multiplicity of orifices 36. It is held to the body of the extrusion head 22 by a series of cap screws 18. An internal member 24 forms the extrusion ports 26 for the cellulose solution. It is embraced by air passages 28 that surround the extruded solution filaments 40 causing them to be drawn and to assist in their transport to the regenerating medium. Example 3 that follows will give specific details of laboratory scale fiber preparation by meltblowing.
The scanning electron micrographs shown in FIGS. 5-6 are of lyocell fibers made by the conventional continuously drawn process. Attention is directed to the near round configuration of the cross sectional area at locations along the fiber length for each individual fiber. Fibers having nearly uniform diameters along their fiber length will have correspondingly low CV's, the CV being a direct measure of diameter variability. For some continuously drawn lyocell fibers (not shown), a value of no higher than about 6.1% is observed. The surface seen at 10,000� magnification in FIG. 6 is remarkably smooth.
FIGS. 7-10 are of fibers made by a centrifugal spinning process of the present invention. The fibers seen in FIG. 7 have a range of diameters and tend to be somewhat curly giving them a natural crimp. This natural crimp is quite unlike the regular sinuous configuration obtained in a stuffer box. Both amplitude and period are irregular and are at least several fiber diameters in height and length. Most of the fibers are somewhat flattened and some show a significant amount of twist. Fiber diameter varies between extremes of about 1.5 μm and 20 μm (<0.1-3.1 denier), with most of the fibers closely grouped around a 12 μm diameter average (c. 1 denier). Along with the natural crimp, other distinguishing properties are evident in the micrograph. For example, unlike, the continuously drawn fibers of FIGS. 5 and 6, the fibers produced by a centrifugal spinning process will exhibit more variability in the cross sectional area along the fiber length, thus, meriting higher CV's. This variability is prevalent in some centrifugally spun fibers more than others. On balance, however, fibers made by a centrifugal spinning process will have higher diameter variability along the fiber when compared with continuously drawn fibers. In some centrifugally spun fibers (not shown), the fibers obtained CV's in the range of at least about 10.9% to about 25.4%.
Generally, however, lyocell fibers made by the processes of the present invention can achieve variabilities from about 6.5% to about 25.4% and even greater. Examples that follow describe the methods used to achieve such fibers. By varying the conditions for the processes described herein, the inventors believe lyocell fibers have coefficients of variability within that range are achievable.
FIG. 8 shows the fibers of FIG. 7 at 10,000� magnification. The surface is uniformly pebbly in appearance, quite unlike the commercially available fibers. This results in lower gloss and improved spinning characteristics.
FIGS. 9 and 10 are scanning micrographs of fiber cross sections taken about 5 mm apart on a single centrifugal spun fiber. The variation in cross section and diameter along the fiber is dramatically shown. This variation is characteristic of both the centrifugal spun and meltblown fiber.
FIGS. 11 and 12 are low and high magnification scanning micrographs of meltblown fiber. Crimp of these samples compared to the centrifugally spun fibers appears greater. The micrograph at 10,000� of FIG. 12 shows a pebbly surface remarkably like that of the centrifugal spun fiber. As with the fibers made by a centrifugal spinning process, fibers made by a meltblown process exhibit higher degree of diameter variability along the fiber length as compared with fibers made by a continuously drawn process. In some meltblown fibers, (not shown) fiber diameter variability as measured by CV was about 12.6% to 14.8% or higher.
Overall results obtained from the trials conducted using various apparatus and conditions strongly suggest that fibers made by the processes of the present invention may achieve fibers having coefficients of variability within the range of about 6.5% to about 25.4% and even greater. These values are outside the range of values obtained from continuously drawn fibers such as those being manufactured by TITK or fibers sold under the trade name Tencel�.
Nevertheless, the overall morphology of fibers from both processes is highly advantageous for forming fine tight yams since many of the features resemble those of natural fibers. This is believed to be unique for the lyocell fibers of the present invention.
FIG. 13 shows one method for making a self bonded lyocell nonwoven material using a modified meltblowing process. A cellulose dope 50 is fed to extruder 52 and from there to the extrusion head 54. An air supply 56 acts at the extrusion orifices to draw the dope strands 58 as they descend from the extrusion head. Process parameters are preferably chosen so that the resulting fibers will be continuous rather than random shorter lengths. The fibers fall onto an endless moving foraminous belt 60 supported and driven by rollers 62, 64. Here they form a latent nonwoven fabric mat 66. A top roller, not shown, may be used to press the fibers into tight contact and ensure bonding at the crossover points. As mat 66 proceeds along its path while still supported on belt 60, a spray of regenerating solution 68 is directed downward by sprayers 70. The regenerated product 72 is then removed from the end of the belt where it may be further processed; e.g., by further washing, bleaching, and drying.
FIG. 14 is an alternative process for forming a self bonded nonwoven web using centrifugal spinning. A cellulose dope 80 is fed into a rapidly rotating drum 82 having a multiplicity of orifices 84 in the sidewalls. Latent fibers 86 are expelled through orifices 84 and drawn, or lengthened, by air resistance and the inertia imparted by the rotating drum. They impinge on the inner sidewalls of a receiver surface 88 concentrically located around the drum. The receiver may optionally have a frustoconical lower portion 90. A curtain or spray of regenerating solution 92 flows downward from ring 94 around the walls of receiver 88 to partially coagulate the cellulose mat impinged on the sidewalls of the receiver. Ring 94 may be located as shown or moved to a lower position if more time is needed for the latent fibers to self bond into a nonwoven web. The partially coagulated nonwoven web 96 is continuously mechanically pulled from the lower part 90 of the receiver into a coagulating bath 98 in container 100. As the web moves along its path it is collapsed from a cylindrical configuration into a planar two ply nonwoven structure. The web is held within the bath as it moves under rollers 102, 104. A takeout roller 106 removes the now fully coagulated two ply web 108 from the bath. Any or all of rollers 100, 102, or 104 may be driven. The web 108 is then continuously directed into a wash and/or bleaching operation, not shown, following which it is dried for storage. It may be split and opened into a single ply nonwoven or maintained as a two ply material as desired.
Fibrillation is defined as the splitting of the surface portion of a single fiber into microfibers or fibrils. The splitting occurs as a result of wet abrasion by attrition of fiber against fiber or by rubbing fibers against a hard surface. Depending on the conditions of abrasion, most or many of the fibrils will remain attached at one end to the mother fiber. The fibrils are so fine that they become almost transparent, giving a white, frosty appearance to a finished fabric. In cases of more extreme fibrillation, the micro-fibrils become entangled, giving the appearance and feel of pilling.
While there is no standard industry test to determine fibrillation resistance, the following procedure is typical of those used. 0.003 g of individualized fibers are weighed and placed with 10 mL of water in a capped 25 mL test tube (13�110 mm). Samples are placed on a shaker operating at low amplitude at a frequency of about 200 cycles per minute. The time duration of the test may vary from 4-80 hours. The samples shown in FIGS. 15-18 were shaken 4 hours.
FIGS. 15 and 16 show the considerable fibrillation caused in fibers from commercially available yarns obtained from two different suppliers and tested as above. Compare these with FIGS. 17 and 18 which are two samples of "meltblown" fibers of the present invention.
FIG. 19, 20 and 21 are recent meltblown fibers showing that fibrillation is very minor in the meltblown fibers. The reasons for this are not fully understood. However, not intending to be bound to any one particular theory, it is believed that the fibers of the present invention have somewhat lower crystallinity and orientation than those produced by existing commercial processes. In addition to the reduced tendency to fibrillate, the fibers of the invention also have been found to have greater and more uniform dye receptivity. The tendency to acquire a "frosted" appearance after use, caused by fibrillation, is almost entirely absent from lyocell fibers of the present invention. FIG. 19 shows the morphology of fibers produced in the processes of the present invention. In particular, the variation in fiber diameter along the fiber length is clearly evident. FIG. 21 shows the pebbled surfaces on the fibers produced by the processes of the present invention.
The cellulose pulp used in this and the following examples, unless otherwise stated, was a standard bleached kraft southern softwood market pulp, Grade NB 416, available from Weyerhaeuser Company, New Bern, N.C. It has an alpha cellulose content of about 88-89% and a D.P. of about 1200. Prior to use, the sheeted wood pulp was run through a fluffer to break it down into essentially individual fibers and small fiber clumps. Into a 250 mL three necked glass flask was charged 5.3 g of fluffed cellulose, 66.2 g of 97% NMMO, 24.5 g of 50% NMMO, and 0.05 g propyl gallate. The flask was immersed in an oil bath at 120� C., a stirrer inserted, and stirring continued for about 0.5 hr. A readily flowable dope resulted that was directly suitable for spinning.
The spinning device used was a modified "cotton candy" type, similar to that shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,447,423 to Fuisz et al. The rotor, preheated to 120� C. was 89 mm in diameter and revolved at 2800 rpm. The number of orifices could be varied between 1 and 84 by blocking off orifices. Eight orifices 700 μm in diameter were used for the following trial. Cellulose dope, also at 120� C., was poured onto the center of the spinning rotor. The thin strands of dope that emerged were allowed to fall by gravity into room temperature water contained in the basin surrounding the rotor. Here they were regenerated. While occasional fibers would bond to each other most remained individualized and were several centimeters in length.
In addition to the process just described, very similar microdenier fibers were also successfully made from bleached and unbleached kraft pulps, sulfite pulp, microcrystalline cellulose, and blends of cellulose with up to 30% corn starch or poly(acrylic acid).
Diameter (or denier) of the fibers could be reliably controlled by several means. Higher dope viscosities tended to form heavier fibers. Dope viscosity could, in turn, be controlled by means including cellulose solids content or degree of polymerization of the cellulose. Smaller spinning orifice size or higher drum rotational speed produces smaller diameter fibers. Fibers having diameters from about 5-20 μm (0.2-3.1 denier) were reproducibly made. Heavier fibers in the 20-50 μm diameter range (3.1-19.5 denier) could also be easily formed. Fiber length varied considerably on the geometry and operational parameters of the system.
The dope as prepared in Example 1 was maintained at 120� C. and fed to an apparatus originally developed for forming meltblown synthetic polymers. Overall orifice length was about 50 mm with a diameter of 635 μm which tapered to 400 μm at the discharge end. After a transit distance in air of about 20 cm in the turbulent air blast the fibers dropped into a water bath where they were regenerated. Regenerated fiber length varied. Some short fibers were formed but most were several centimeters to tens of centimeters in length. Variation of extrusion parameters enabled continuous fibers to be formed. Quite surprisingly, the cross section of many of the fibers was not uniform along the fiber length. This feature is expected to be especially advantageous in spinning tight yarns using the microdenier material of the invention since the fibers more closely resemble natural fibers in overall morphology.
In a variation of the above process, the fibers were allowed to impinge on a traveling stainless steel mesh belt before they were directed into the regeneration bath. A well bonded nonwoven mat was formed.
It will be understood that the lyocell nonwoven fabrics need not be self bonded. They may be only partially self bonded or not self bonded at all. In these cases they may be bonded by any of the well known methods including but not limited to hydroentangling, the use of adhesive binders such as starch or various polymer emulsions or some combination of these methods.
The process of Example 1 was repeated using a microcrystalline furnish rather than wood pulp in order to increase solids content of the dope. The product used was Avicel� Type pH-101 microcrystalline cellulose available from FMC Corp., Newark, Del. Dopes were made using 15 g and 28.5 g of the microcrystalline cellulose (dry weight) with 66.2 g of 97% NMMO, 24.5 g of 50% NMMO and 0.05 g propyl gallate. The procedure was otherwise as described in Example 1. The resulting dopes contained respectively about 14% and 24% cellulose. These were meltblown as described in Example 3. The resulting fiber was morphologically essentially identical to that of Examples 2 and 3.
It will be understood that fiber denier is dependent on many controllable factors. Among these are solution solids content, solution pressure and temperature at the extruder head, orifice diameter, air pressure, and other variables well known to those skilled in meltblowing and centrifugal spinning technology. Lyocell fibers having an average 0.5 denier or even lower may be consistently produced by either the meltblowing or centrifugal spinning processes. A 0.5 denier fiber corresponds to an average diameter (estimated on the basis of equivalent circular cross sectional area) of about 7-8 μm.
The fibers of the present invention were studied by x-ray analysis to determine degree of crystallinity and crystallite type. Comparisons were also made with some other cellulosic fibers as shown in the following table. Data for the microdenier fibers are taken from the centrifugal spun material of Example 2.
Some difficulty was encountered in measuring tensile strength of the individual fibers so the numbers given in the following table for tenacity are estimates. Again, the microdenier fibers of the present invention are compared with a number of other fibers.
The centrifugal spun lyocell with an average diameter of about 5 μm corresponds to fibers of about 0.25 denier.
The pebbled surface of the fibers of the present invention result in a desirable lower gloss without the need for any internal delustering agents. While gloss or luster is a difficult property to measure the following test will be exemplary of the differences between a fiber sample made by the method of Example 2 and a commercial lyocell fiber. Small wet formed handsheets were made from the respective fibers and light reflectance was determined. Reflectance of the Example 2 material was 5.4% while that of the commercial fiber was 16.9%.
The cellulose dope and fiber preparation used in this example follows the procedures described in Examples 1 and 2 above.
A dope was prepared in the following manner. Two thousand three hundred grams of dried NB 416 kraft pulp were mixed with 14 Kilograms of a 5.0% solution of H2SO4 in a plastic container. The average D.P. of the never-dried NB 416 prior to acid treatment was 1400, the hemicellulose content was 13.6% and the copper number was 0.5. The pulp and acid mixture was maintained at a temperature of 97� C. for 1.5 hours and then cooled for about 2 hours at room temperature and washed with water until the pH was in the range of 5.0 to 7.0. The average D.P. of the acid-treated pulp was about 600, as measured by method ASTM D 1795-62 and the hemicellulose content was about 13.8% (i.e., the difference between the experimentally measured D.P. of the acid-treated pulp and that of the untreated pulp was not statistically significant). The copper number of the acid-treated pulp was about 2.5.
The acid treated pulp was dried and a portion was dissolved in NMMO. Nine grams of the dried, acid-treated pulp were dissolved in a mixture of 0.025 grams of propyl gallate, 61.7 grams of 97% NMMO and 21.3 grams of 50% NMMO. The flask containing the mixture was immersed in an oil bath at about 120� C., a stirrer was inserted, and stirring was continued for about 0.5 hours until the pulp dissolved.
The resulting dope was maintained at about 120� C. and fed to a single orifice laboratory meltblowing head. Diameter at the orifice of the nozzle portion was 483 μm and its length about 2.4 mm, providing a L/D ratio of 5. A removable coaxial capillary located immediately above the orifice was 685 μm in diameter and 80 mm long, providing a L/D ratio of 116. The included angle of the transition zone between the orifice and capillary was about 118�. The air delivery ports were parallel slots with the orifice opening located equidistant between them. Width of the air gap was 250 μm and overall width at the end of the nosepiece was 1.78 mm. The angle between the air slots and centerline of the capillary and nozzle was 30�. The dope was fed to the extrusion head by a screw-activated positive displacement piston pump. Air velocity was measured with a hot wire instrument as 3660 m/min. The air was warmed within the electrically heated extrusion head to 60-70� C. at the discharge point. Temperature within the capillary without dope present ranged from about 80� C. at the inlet end to approximately 140� C. just before the outlet of the nozzle portion. It was not possible to measure dope temperature in the capillary and nozzle under operating conditions. When equilibrium running conditions were established a continuous fiber was formed from each of the dopes. Throughputs were varied somewhat in an attempt to obtain similar fiber diameters with each dope but all were greater than about 1 g of dope per minute. Fiber diameters varied between about 9-14 μm at optimum running conditions.
A fine water spray was directed on the descending fiber at a point about 200 mm below the extrusion head and the fiber was taken up on a roll operating with a surface speed about � the linear speed of the descending fiber.
A continuous fiber in the cotton denier range could not be formed when the capillary section of the head was removed. The capillary appears to be very important for formation of continuous fibers and in reduction of die swell.
It will be understood that fiber denier is dependent on many controllable factors. Among these are solution solids content, solution pressure and temperature at the extruder head, orifice diameter, air pressure and other variables well known to those skilled in meltblowing technology. Lyocell fibers having deniers in the cotton fiber range (about 10-20 μm in diameter) were easily and consistently produced by meltblowing at throughput rates greater than about 1 g/min of dope per orifice.
A dope was prepared in the following manner. Two thousand three hundred grams of dried NB 416 kraft pulp were mixed with 14 Kilograms of a 5.0% solution of H2SO4 in a plastic container. The average D.P. of the never-dried NB 416 prior to acid treatment was 1400, the hemicellulose content was 13.6% and the copper number was 0.5. The pulp and acid mixture was maintained at a temperature of 97� C. for 1.5 hours and then cooled for about 2 hours at room temperature and washed with water until the pH was in the range of 5.0 to 7.0. The average D.P. of the acid-treated pulp was about 600, as measured by method ASTM D 1795-62 and the hemicellulose content was about 13.8% (i.e., the difference between the experimentally measured D.P. of the acid-treated pulp and that of the untreated pulp was not statistically significant). The copper number of the acid-treated pulp was about 2.5.
The acid treated pulp was reduced with NaBH4 to a copper number of 0.6, and washed to a PH of 6-7, then dried and a portion was dissolved in NMMO. Ninety grams of the dried, acid-treated pulp were dissolved in a mixture of 0.25 grams of propyl gallate and 1100 grams NMMO monohydrate at about 110� C. The stainless steel beaker containing the mixture was immersed in an oil bath at about 120� C., a stirrer was inserted, and stirring was continued for about 1 hour until the pulp dissolved.
The resulting dope was maintained at about 120� C. and fed to a 20 orifice laboratory meltblowing head. Diameter at the orifice of the nozzle portion was 400 μm and its length about 2.0 mm, providing a L/D ratio of 5. A removable coaxial capillary located immediately above the orifice was 626 μm in diameter and 20 mm long, providing a L/D ratio of 32. The included angle of the transition zone between the orifice and capillary was about 118�. The air delivery ports were parallel slots with the orifice opening located equidistant between them. Width of the air gap was 250 μm and overall width at the end of the nosepiece was about 1.0 mm. The angle between the air slots and centerline of the capillary and nozzle was 30�. The dope was fed to the extrusion head by a screw-activated positive displacement piston pump. Air velocity was measured with a hot wire instrument as 3660 m/min. The air was warmed within the electrically heated extrusion head to 60-70� C. at the discharge point. Temperature within the capillary without dope present ranged from about 80� C. at the inlet end to approximately 130� C. just before the outlet of the nozzle portion. It was not possible to measure dope temperature in the capillary and nozzle under operating conditions. When equilibrium running conditions were established a continuous fiber was formed from each of the dopes. Throughputs were varied somewhat in an attempt to obtain similar fiber diameters with each dope but all were greater than about 0.6 g of dope per minute per hole. Fiber diameters varied between about 9-14 μm at optimum running conditions.
A fine water spray was directed on the descending fiber at a point about 200 mm below the extrusion head and the fiber was taken up on a roll operating with a surface speed about � the linear speed of the descending fiber.
A continuous fiber in the cotton denier range could not be formed when the capillary section of the head was removed. The capillary appears to be very important for formation of continuous fibers and in reduction of die swell.
It will be understood that fiber denier is dependent on many controllable factors. Among these are solution solids content, solution pressure and temperature at the extruder head, orifice diameter, air pressure and other variables well known to those skilled in meltblowing technology. Lyocell fibers having deniers in the cotton fiber range (about 10-20 μm in diameter) were easily and consistently produced by meltblowing at throughput rates greater than about 0.6 g/min of dope per orifice.
TITK fibers were made by Thuringisches Institut fur Textil und Kunstoff Forschunge V., Breitscheidstr. 97, D-07407 Rudolstadt, Germany.(TITK). Dope was prepared from acid-treated pulp (hemicellulose content of 13.5% and average cellulose D.P. of 600). The treated pulp was dissolved in NMMO at 95� C. for about 2 hours with a cellulose concentration of 13.0% (wt) and spun into fibers by a dry/jet wet process that continuously draws the fibers as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,417,909, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Calculation of Coefficient of Variability Along the Fiber Length Tencel fibers are generally commercially available. However, the samples used in this example were obtained from Acoridis and from the International Textile Center (ITC) at Texas Tech University. Tencel A-100 was obtained from Acoridis (UK).
One or more sample fibers were randomly selected from each of the relevant populations of fiber samples produced or obtained by the methods described in Examples 5-7 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 above. The fibers were cut to approximately 2 inches or less. No less than two hundred readings were taken from each of the individual cut fiber samples. An optical microscope was used to determine the diameter of the individual fiber samples. Preferably, the microscope is fitted with an eyepiece having a linear scale to read the diameter of the fiber. A magnification power of 1060� was used to determine the diameter accurately. A diameter reading was taken approximately every {fraction (1/100)}th of an inch along the fiber. The diameter is a measure of the fiber from one side of the fiber to the opposite side. The average diameter was then calculated as the sum of all diameter readings divided by the number of readings. The standard deviation from the average was then calculated for each individual reading. The coefficient of variability (CV) was then calculated as the sum of all standard deviations divided by the average diameter. This figure was multiplied by one hundred to arrive at a percent.
The results of CV determination are shown in TABLE 3. From the data presented in TABLE 3, the fibers exhibiting the highest CV of about 25.4% were centrifugally spun fibers having an average diameter of about 11.5 microns. The highest value of CV for a meltblown fiber tested was about 14.8% with a diameter of about 24.9 microns. Meltblown fibers having an average diameter in between the range of about 13 to 14 microns gave CV values about 13.6 and 13.7%. Both the large and small diameter meltblown fibers showed relatively smaller CV's in comparison. The continuously drawn TITK fibers had CV values in the range of about 5.4% to 6.1%. The continuously drawn Tencel and Tencel A-100 fibers had CV values of about 5.2% and 5.9%, respectively. Importantly however, meltblown fibers and centrifugally spun fibers had higher CV's when compared with the lyocell fibers made by continuously drawn processes.
While the preferred embodiment of the invention has been illustrated and described, it will be appreciated that various changes can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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Shrimp grilled on Sugar Cane, Chicken Sate, Turkish Shish Kebab and Grilled Asparagus are prepared.
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Vermont PBS Announces First Recipient of Public Media Ambassador Award


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Monday Musings | From Ina
Sunday, July 5, 2015
''I have a low threshold for boredom.'' Ina Garten
For the last few years, I've been fascinated by the catalyst in an individual's life to change. How one goes from a career in the White House writing nuclear energy policy to being an author and host of a Food Network program is endlessly intriguing to me. Forbes recently posted an article about Ina and here are three of her tried and tested pieces of wisdom that got bookmarked straight away:
1) Type A people think they can figure out what to do next while they're doing something, and they can't, an important part of changing and figuring out what to do next is you have to just stop. I had to get good and bored before I could decide what was next.
2) 'No' is a complete sentence.
3) And referencing Oscar Wilde "Work is easy, fun is hard.''
The full article is here. A little food for thought to start the week.
Labels: Dublin » People
That first night in Amsterdam
Thursday, July 2, 2015
Yesterday evening's balmy weather made me nostalgic for the first evening in Amsterdam visiting Ajda. I struggle to recall if it was our giddiness, cheekiness or pure holiday joie de vivre that found us invited on a Dutch family's boat touring the city by water- whichever way, it was such a surreal beautiful evening that will forever remind me to adventure on travels.
Music on board, take-away Chinese and an incredibly generous, beautiful family- gratefulness was a serious understatement that night.
People don't take trips, trips take people. – John Steinbeck
One for the memory books.
Labels: Travel
Phoenix Park Bike Rides
Tuesday, June 30, 2015
Phoenix Park is one of the largest walled city parks in Europe and for two years or so, we were lucky enough to live a stone's throw away from it. It was a place for walks, runs, picnics, photographs and long cycles. Our affectionately adopted backyard.
Nearly 30% of it is covered in trees and reading this bio , learning that a herd of Fallow deer have lived in the park since the 1660's is just a reminder that no matter how familiar, there is always more to learn. And if you've ever happened across these guys hidden under shade or out grazing- it somehow always holds you captive for a while.
It's been a long while since I've been back cycling here and renting a bike to explore it all over again was just the thing this afternoon called for.
It is mighty out there today friends!
A little snippet video of my usual giddiness here on Instagram. (Rental bikes are from 5 euro at the main gate.)
Labels: Dublin
Candid Captures
Sunday, June 28, 2015
If you follow along on Instagram, you may know that I re-injured my right knee on race day this past weekend. It's not the nicest feeling in the world to have to stop and say 'enough is enough' but the kindness of these girls and some of the runners that day were unbelievable. Races may not always start or finish the way we hope, but this one sure did end with a lot of heart.
Cannot wait to be back at it.
Evening Bliss
Walked into the kitchen to see Jill on the balcony, classical music on play and watching the sunset. There are so many moments where cameras aren't on hand or words don't find their way on to a blog post but these moments of serene bliss in the simplest of ways inspire me in so many ways.
To my flatmate who lights candles always, has the best music on play and is the best guru for all of life's questions- I am so excited for your upcoming two weeks of adventure! Evening bliss on repeat.
To my flatmate who lights candles always, has the best music on play and is the best guru for all of life's questions- I am so excited for your upcoming two weeks of adventure! Evening bliss on repeat.
Liz Costigan | Positive Fitness
Thursday, June 25, 2015
Let's talk this lady for a second. She is light, exuberance and drive in one pocket-sized body. Her approach to fitness and lifestyle has been so influential to me in the last two months that I cannot help but want to cheer her on as she creates more programmes, opportunities and written posts to inspire others to get on board.
Never in a million years would I have thought of myself as a runner, but come Saturday- we take part in the 8K/5mile as part of the Dublin race series. And with huge gratitude to her, we've all come to realise it really is about the finish line, not the finish time. A healthy honest approach.
So proud to be trained by Liz. She is dynamite, friends.
Monday, June 22, 2015
To my brother- always an individual whose humour, dancing skills, work ethic and determination are forever cheered on by friends and family.
Happy Father's day to the brightest.
A little print for April & the Bear
Wednesday, June 17, 2015
Every now and again, there is a little nudge to be brave and try something different. That whole stretch outside your comfort zone mantra and after many (many) a nervous conversation with the best sort of friends- this print was turned in. I adore it and just the thought of it gracing a friend's, a sister/brother, mother or family's home or shop brings me more joy than all of those nerves and fears combined.
I've always loved those black and white floral prints floating around- these ones are just my version to you friends. Seriously geeking out that it is even out there in the world.
Currently soaking up residence and for purchase in Siobhan's beautiful pop-up shop on 5 Dame Lane.
I've always loved those black and white floral prints floating around- these ones are just my version to you friends. Seriously geeking out that it is even out there in the world.
Currently soaking up residence and for purchase in Siobhan's beautiful pop-up shop on 5 Dame Lane.
Labels: Dublin
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This profile was last updated on 11/14/14 and contains information from public web pages and contributions from the ZoomInfo community.
Mr. Ronald G. OlinWrong Ronald G. Olin?
Chief Investment Officer
Local Address: Ashville, North Carolina, United States
Doliver Capital Advisors L.P
6363 Woodway, Suite 963
Houston , Texas 77057
United States
Company Description: Doliver Capital Advisors L.P. (Doliver) is an investment advisory firm registered with both the Securities Exchange Commission and the Texas Securities Board. Our... more
Pro2015_Iteration7.58[03] SEIDXWK-27


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Swimming Pool Contractors in San Jose, CA (California)
Prescreened Swimming Pool Contractors in San Jose, CA
Coral Pool & Spa
51 Verified Ratings
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164 Sun Blossom Drive
San Jose, CA 95123
Premier Backyard Pools & Design, Inc.
5057 Kiernan Court, Suite D
Salida, CA 95368
Serving San Jose, CA
Aqua Gunite, Inc.
6 Verified Ratings
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5830 South Naylor Road
Livermore, CA 94551
Serving San Jose, CA
Burkett's Pool Plastering, Inc.
28 Verified Ratings
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600 North Frontage Road
Ripon, CA 95366
Serving San Jose, CA
Are You a Home Improvement Professional?Learn how we can help your business
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Reviews of San Jose Swimming Pool Contractors
San Jose, CA
Our remodel is still in progress. Thus far, working with Burkett's Pool Plastering, Inc has been a very good experience. It's nice that the office calls ahead of time to inform not only when they will be arriving, but also who will be arriving. They have been punctual, and professional at all times. They make sure to clean up at the end of the work day. Currently, we are slightly ahead of schedule.
San Jose, CA
weren't sure when they were going to show up. finished up a little later than they said. comeback after and did some detail work, cool.
San Jose, CA
Hi, I would like to take this opertunity to complement you on your recommendation for me to have Coral Pool resurface my pool. They not only done very good job but completed it in well within the promised schedule. I would recommend there service to anyone.
How Much Does it Cost to Remodel a Swimming Pool in San Jose?
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Message Subject
Why men cheat - this is for all you ladies out there
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The reason I cheat is because I don't see how that would hurt my wife in the grand scheme of things. I don't plan on ditching her and I take care of her. So another girl shows some interest in me and we form a trusting relationship based mostly on sexual companionship. How does that hurt my wife? I'm happier which means shes happier. I still provide, don't hurt her. There is alot you can do to hurt a woman, but cheating is not one of them. That said the perception is that its evil so I am forced to keep it from her because she bought into this media hyped perfect marriage where natural sexual feelings don't exist. So I say relax girls the main issue for relationships failing is alcohol and drugs, financial reasons, and overall unhappiness. As long as you are happy and your man is happy things are good.
Anonymous Coward 11922974
You don't see how that would hurt your life?
You're an idiot, and I'll prove it- go tell her you're cheating and see how she feels.
Think she won't get hurt?
That's like saying crime is always justifiable as long as a cop doesn't see. So go ahead and tell her if you think it doesn't matter.
I bet you couldn't even stand the idea of her fucking another man.
Anonymous Coward 26339639
Thats exactly why I wont tell her because I don't want her to feel like she is not the most important girl in my life. The perfect marriage you see on tv shows they don't consider the evolutionary instinct to mate with as many girls as possible. Now of course I know its modern times, but still its more natural then being with one girl. That being said I found my best friend and sole mate and I would not leave her for anything. She will never find out as much as I want to tell her and explain that its just some sexual companionship with girls I trust and consider close friends. She would never understand that. Thank you media and crazy standards you set.
Anonymous Coward 11922974
These girls who you call close friends can turn on you in a minute. You are not as safe as you think you are. you really are in a lot of danger. Don't mess with women's emotions. Any women's emotions. And if your wife was your best friend and soul mate you would never cheat on her. Ever. You are just deceiving yourself and your wife. Karma will get you because it likes to keep everything in balance. And you won't know where it is going to come from. But it is coming for you.
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How to Tell Someone's Age When All You Know Is Her Name
Liberals passed a bill to change this fish's name because it is "hurtful" and "offensive"
Growing Own Food Greek Man's Secret Weapon Against Economic Meltdown
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Milk producers are dumping out hundreds of thousands of gallons of milk, right into fertilizer pits in order to drive prices back up.
Brain study sheds light on how new memories are formed
"The Fallout Ratio" Is Flashing Red - The Chart That Realtors Don't Want You To See
Solar Impulse attempts to cross weather front
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Jade Helm The Hard Core Truth Finally Explained!
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|Course Name
|Advanced Marketing Metrics
Contact us to bring this topic on-site to your location!
In this course, you'll explore advanced financial and marketing tools. Learn how to use profit-and-loss statements and perform related analyses, including break-even, marketing allowable, sales forecasting, and lifetime value analysis. All formulas and analytical methods are explained step-by-step with examples so you can understand the calculations and apply them yourself.
- Acquisition campaign metrics
- Retention campaign metrics
- Putting direct marketing results into context
Approximately 90 minutes - self paced
Profit and Loss Development
- Components of the Statement
- Revenues
- Variable Expense Details
- Revenues
- Variable Expense Details
Other Types of Costs
- Controllable/Non-controllable
- Incremental
- Relevant
- Opportunity
- Hidden
- Sunk
Profit and Loss Sensitivity Analysis
- Break Even
- Marketing Allowable
Lifetime Value Analysis
- Reasons to Use and Its Influence
- Marketing Expenses Involved
- Acquisition
- Retention
- Referral Marketing
- Discount Rate
Are you just dying to attend one of DMA's Education seminars this year, but you're not sure how to convince your boss to let you attend? Try one of these approaches or download our customizable convince your boss letter.
- I know budgets are tight, but this is an opportunity that pays for itself instantly. A single tip from any of the DMA seminar could pay for the costs of the whole training. I'll be learning secrets from practicing experts and industry thought leaders.
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- I can share what I learned after the seminar; maybe host a brown‐bag working lunch and present the team with all the new techniques, strategies, and ideas I'll come back with. Combining my own notes and ideas with the session handouts provided by the DMA, I'll have plenty of inspiration and information to share when I return. Besides… this'll allow everyone to get trained all for the price of sending just one person; and the team will definitely appreciate the opportunity to find out about the latest strategies used by many of our competitors today.
Still presenting itself as a hard sell? Inform your boss that your course can go on their accomplishments at the end of the year for their review: "Trained staff to improve results!" This is a win/win.
|Instructor Bio
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MOVIEmeterSEE RANK
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Western Stage Coach Hold Up (1904)
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Taken at Bliss, Oklahoma. Shows a typical Western stage hold-up. A band of robbers are playing cards in the foreground of the picture. Suddenly one of the gang who has been on the lookout ... See full summary »
Director:Edwin S. Porter


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Mountain Plumbing
Waste Disposer Replacement Stopper
Summer Sale! Extra 5% off all Mountain Plumbing products
Sale ends July 02, 2015, 9:00 AM
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Item Description
A replacement stopper for your waste disposer flange. For continuous feed waste disposers only. Fits ISE and Waste King Disposer Units.
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Series 1, 2010- Edd Kimber
Edd Kimber was only 25 when he was crowned the first winner of The Great British Bake Off.
He has since worked in the pastry kitchen of Raymond Blanc's restaurant Le Manoir, and has written two books, 'Say it With Cake' and 'The Boy Who Bakes.'
Kimber has given up his day job in bank litigation and now runs master classes in London, teaching baking fanatics how to make French delicacies.
© independent.co.uk


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rollover crash
7 Seriously Hurt, Including 4 Ejected From SUV, In Rollover Crash Near Perris
The driver reportedly lost control of the SUV shortly after 1 p.m. in the southbound lanes, north of the Ramona Expressway, the Riverside County Fire Department reports.
Baby Killed In Rollover Crash In Placentia
A baby was killed Monday in a rollover crash in Placentia that also injured his parents and two siblings.
Motorist Dies During Rollover Crash In Lancaster
California Highway Patrol says it happened around 10:55 p.m. near Avenue H.
Driver Killed In Lancaster Rollover Crash After Wheel Dislodges
The Toyota driver was ejected from the vehicle and fatally injured.
Driver Arrested For DUI In Westminster Rollover Crash That Critically Injured 4
A woman was arrested on DUI charges Thursday following a rollover crash where four people riding in the back of her truck were ejected.
Man May Have Been Killed By His Own Jeep After Rolling Down 100-Foot Embankment
The vehicle went off a dirt road in the foothills above Cal State San Bernardino on Sunday.
Rollover Crash In McClure Tunnel Spurs Brief Closure Of 10 Freeway
Authorities say a thoroughfare in Santa Monica has reopened Thursday evening after a brief closure due to a rollover crash.
1 Dead, 1 Injured In Lake Elsinore Solo-Vehicle Rollover Crash
Authorities say one person has died and a second was injured following a solo-vehicle rollover crash in Lake Elsinore.
Man Killed When Vehicle Overturns On 91 Freeway Off-Ramp
A man in his 50s died Sunday morning when a vehicle overturned on a freeway off-ramp in Bellflower.
3 Injured In Rollover Crash In Granada Hills
Three people were injured Wednesday after a vehicle rolled during an accident in Granada Hills.
3 Females Dead, 4 People Hurt In Rollover Crash At 110 Connector To 5 Freeway
Two women and a young girl were killed early Saturday and four other people were injured after the minivan they were traveling in rolled over on an L.A. freeway connector.
1 Killed In Single-Vehicle Rollover Crash In Jurupa Valley
One person was killed Saturday morning in a solo-vehicle rollover crash in Jurupa Valley.
Woman Rescued From Rollover Crash That Sheared Off Fire Hydrant
A woman had to be rescued from her vehicle Sunday after it rolled over in Griffith Park and sheared off a fire hydrant.
1 Dead, 8 Injured In 5 Freeway SUV Rollover Crash
One man was killed and at least eight other people injured in a SUV rollover crash on the 5 Freeway.
1 Dead, 5 Injured In North Long Beach Rollover Crash
Authorities say one man has been killed and five others were injured after the car they were traveling in flipped over several times in north Long Beach.


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This Business is not BBB Accredited
Chatham Dental
(773) 221-08008544 S Stony Island Ave, Chicago, IL 60617-2248 www.chathamdentalchicago.com
BBB Business Reviews may not be reproduced for sales or promotional purposes.
BBB Accreditation
Chatham Dental is not BBB Accredited.
Businesses are under no obligation to seek BBB accreditation, and some businesses are not accredited because they have not sought BBB accreditation.
To be accredited by BBB, a business must apply for accreditation and BBB must determine that the business meets BBB accreditation standards, which include a commitment to make a good faith effort to resolve any consumer complaints. BBB Accredited Businesses must pay a fee for accreditation review/monitoring and for support of BBB services to the public.
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BBB rating is based on 13 factors. Get the details about the factors considered.
Factors that raised Chatham Dental's rating include:
- Length of time business has been operating.
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This company is in an industry that may require licensing, bonding or registration in order to lawfully do business. BBB encourages you to check with the appropriate agency to be certain any requirements are currently being met.
Contact InformationPrincipal: Roslyn Blaney (Manager)
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Famous Movies Filmed in Pennsylvania
List Criteria: The movies below must have at least one major scene that was filmed in Pennsylvania
List of movies that were filmed in Pennsylvania, including trailers of the films when available. Pennsylvania has a lot of famous landmarks and beautiful landscapes, making it a great location to film movies in. This list of famous movies shot in Pennsylvania is listed by popularity, so the movie names at the top of the list are the most well-known. This isn't necessarily a list of all movies shot in Pennsylvania, so if you notice an important film is missing then feel free to add it at the bottom of this list.
This list is made up of items like Diamond Men and The Lovely Bones.
If you're trying to answer the questions, "What films were shot in Pennsylvania?" and "Which famous movies were filmed in Pennsylvania?" then you'e in the right place.
Both big studio and independent films that were filmed in Pennsylvania are included below, as well as all genres including horror, action, comedy and more.
- 1
Rocky John G. Avildsen
- 2
The Sixth Sense M. Night Shyamalan
- 3
Dawn of the Dead George A. Romero
- 4
Unbreakable M. Night Shyamalan
- 5
Signs M. Night Shyamalan
- 6
Rocky III Sylvester Stallone
- 7
Philadelphia Jonathan Demme
- 8
Dogma Kevin Smith
- 9
Rocky II Sylvester Stallone
- 10
Rocky V John G. Avildsen
- 11
Law Abiding Citizen F. Gary Gray
- 12
The Last Airbender M. Night Shyamalan
- 13
Girl, Interrupted James Mangold
- 14
Witness Peter Weir
- 15
Wonder Boys Curtis Hanson
- 16
The Lovely Bones Peter Jackson
- 17
Kingpin Bobby Farrelly, Peter Farrelly
- 18
Invincible Ericson Core
- 19
Mannequin Michael Gottlieb
- 20
The Mothman Prophecies Mark Pellington
- 21
In Her Shoes Curtis Hanson
- 22
Blow Out Brian De Palma
- 23
Crumb Terry Zwigoff
- 24
Smart People Noam Murro
- 25
Stealing Home William Porter, Steven Kampmann
- 26
Mannequin Two: On the Move Stewart Raffill
- 27
Night Catches Us Tanya Hamilton
- 28
Café Marc Erlbaum
- 29
Neil Young Trunk Show Jonathan Demme
- 30
Diamond Men Dan Cohen
- 31
Home Mary Haverstick
- 32
Go Go Crazy Fred M. Caruso
- 33
Tremble & Spark Kelly Burkhardt
- 34
With Love Stephen Pytak
- 35
Georges Bataille's Story of the Eye Andrew Repasky McElhinney
- 36
Hollywood Zombies Matthew Thompson
- 37
added by CathyLaneWills
Unstoppable Tony Scott Really enjoyed this movie and remember when they were filming near me in Tyrone, PA


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