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Information Links
Latest news and analysis across the PR and communications industry
Latest news
Neil Wallis cleared of phone hacking
Neil Wallis, the former deputy editor of the News of the World, has been cleared of conspiring to illegally intercept voicemail messages.
City has 'patchwork' approach to social media, says Bell Pottinger's Greg Wood
The City's approach to using social media is a "patchwork" and "less advanced" than the US, according to Bell Pottinger partner and former broadcast journalist Greg Wood.
Brands show their light-hearted side with 'hottest day of the year' hashtag
The hottest day in the UK for decade has given brands the perfect opportunity to engage with customers via social media.
M&C Saatchi Sport & Entertainment partners with Heineken for Rugby World Cup campaign
Official Rugby World Cup 2015 partner Heineken is preparing a two-pronged campaign devised by PR agency M&C Saatchi Sport & Entertainment plus creative and digital firms St. Lukes, RPM, Possible and Publicasity.
Protein World 'beach body ready' ad not offensive, ASA rules
Protein World's controversial "beach body ready" poster is not offensive, according to the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA).
Forensiq hires GingerMay PR for UK push
Forensiq, the fraud detection provider for the online ad industry, has appointed GingerMay PR as it looks to roll out in Britain.
Joyce Lorigan to head global comms arm at science publisher Springer Nature
Recently formed science publishing giant Springer Nature has created a 40-strong global comms team headed by former Macmillan comms director Joyce Lorigan, which will work alongside a new policy and external relations department.
Michael Mullen named global comms chief in new Kraft Heinz Company
Michael Mullen, SVP of corporate and government affairs at Heinz, is to take the same role at the new, enlarged business following its expected merger with Kraft that will create one of the world's largest food and drink companies.
Greenpeace gives Formula E racing the green light
Greenpeace has produced a new campaign film that celebrates electronic motor sport Formula E.
UKPAC closes and hands responsibility for lobbying register to CIPR
The UK Public Affairs Council has announced that it is closing with immediate effect and handing over responsibility for its register of lobbyists to the CIPR.
Japanese food supplier V&H signs up Palm PR amid retail drive
V&H, the supplier of Japanese food to well-known restaurants and restaurant groups, has appointed Palm PR as its first comms agency as it launches a retail offering.
Tonic Life secures comms role with European Connected Health Alliance
Tonic Life Communications has been appointed as strategic comms partner for the European Connected Health Alliance (ECHAlliance), the not-for-profit alliance of organisations in the healthcare and pharmaceutical industries.
Tech company chief executives elusive on social media
Tech company chief executives are almost as elusive on social media as those from the UK FTSE 100, according to a new study.
Cirkle hires Diageo veteran Kate Blakeley to deputy MD role
Cirkle has appointed Kate Blakeley, Diageo's former head of reputation management for Western Europe, to the newly created role of deputy managing director.
Way to Blue boosts social media analytics with Screenburn purchase
Global comms agency Way To Blue has acquired UK-based marketing apps business Screenburn Media to strengthen its social media and analytics offerings.
Hotwire adds IntechnologyWiFi account to tech division
Hotwire has won a three-way pitch to provide strategic media relations and content creation services for IntechnologyWiFi, the end-to-end provider of free Wi-Fi.
Power List 2015: The Power 50
15 takeaways from Cannes 2015
The top seven mistakes PR companies make with existing clients
Treat your staff like adults and you might find that flexible working works
Brands rejoice on Twitter as gay marriage is legalized
Aldi replaces Weber Shandwick with Citypress for UK corporate PR brief
Latest news analysis
Flexible hiring is the new Holy Grail so could it become the norm any time soon?
Research suggests that PR and comms are among the worst industries for offering staff flexible working conditions at the point of hire. Just two per cent of all vacancies in PR, marketing and advertising mentioned flexible working, according to the Timewise Flexible Jobs Index, the first study of its kind, which studied 3.5 million job ads across 122 national jobs boards between July and December 2014 to arrive at its findings.
How do you undermine the Islamic State brand?
More than 700 Britons are believed to have travelled to Syria and Iraq to join Islamic State, as the group employs ever more sophisticated methods to radicalise young people online. The Government is concerned that existing programmes to combat radicalisation are failing to provide a coherent alternative message to counter the extremists, and are allowing them the space to present themselves as successful.
Keep the pressure on FIFA, marketing experts tell sponsor brands
The public is looking at how FIFA's global sponsors will behave in the wake of grave corruption charges against the group's officials.
Show me the money: Salary survey shows how financial PR is bringing home the bacon
Figures released this week in a salary survey have revealed that financial PRs are among the best-paid professionals in the industry, although corporate PRs are catching up fast, with in-house and consumer PRs bringing up the rear.
Thomas Cook: Our expert panel assesses the company's handling of the tragedy
Thomas Cook bears all the hallmarks of a company about to implode under the weight of public disgust. This is due to its handling of the tragedy in which two children died from carbon monoxide poisoning from a faulty boiler while on holiday in Corfu in October 2006. The deaths, together with the ensuing inquest verdict of unlawful killing last Wednesday, in which Thomas Cook was found to have "breached its duty of care", is a nightmare scenario for a company that has previously been synonymous with family-friendly holidays.
Coloured cocktails and confounded predictions: PRWeek's night at the election parties
It was a night that began with low expectations of a definitive result but that ended in a shock victory for David Cameron's Conservatives.
Public affairs tactics will need to change radically after the general election
Notwithstanding a sudden surge in the fortunes of one of the major parties, the general election is likely to result in either a slim Parliamentary majority of the kind not seen since Sir John Major's ill-fated 1992-1997 administration nearly 20 years ago, or a minority government. This in turn presages a radical change in the tactics employed by public affairs agencies to influence the Government's legislative programme. PRWeek speaks to three public affairs professionals to get their insight on the opportunities and challenges presented by the composition of the next government.
Beware the pitfalls of debate: The personal comms of David Cameron and Ed Miliband
It is already received wisdom that the general election result is too close to call, with a host of smaller parties entering the fray and creating havoc for the calculations of the main contenders. But in the end, only David Cameron or Ed Miliband can realistically become Prime Minister and, while the UK electorate votes for parties rather than prime ministers, some argue that personalities will have the largest effect on which party the electorate votes for. On the eve of the hotly anticipated seven-way debate between the party leaders, PRWeek looks at a month in the comms strategies of Cameron and Miliband, how they resonate with voters and, crucially, what they should do next.
Purdah: how can government comms teams and PA firms navigate pre-election restrictions?
Purdah describes a pre-election period when restrictions are placed on the activity of civil servants. Ahead of the purdah period, which starts on Monday alongside the dissolution of Parliament, PRWeek takes a look at what the challenges are for professionals during this time of restricted communication.
Latest Jobs
Senior Account Executive / Account Manager, Corporate The Foundry - Original London (Central), London (Greater)
MD, Corporate for Financial Services The Works London
Media Officer (Grow Income) British Heart Foundation London (Greater)
Account Director / Associate Director – Financial / Corporate Communications JFL Search & Selection London (Greater)
Digital PR & Outreach manager Infogr8 Clerkenwell, London
Recent pitch news
Internet Matters looks for PR coverage to soar after picking Up Communications
Not-for-profit safety organisation Internet Matters has hired Up Communications following a five-way pitch.
Viridor to cut PR agency roster from six to one amid internal comms shake-up
Viridor, the UK's largest recycling firm, is in the final stages of cutting its PR agency roster from six to one amid a £1.8bn infrastructure overhaul that has also seen a shake-up in its internal comms department, PRWeek has learned.
Lexis secures consumer PR brief for luxury beauty brand Aromatherapy Associates
Lexis has won the consumer PR business for luxury beauty brand Aromatherapy Associates, following a competitive pitch against four other agencies.
HELLO! Fashion Monthly waves in W to boost brand awareness
UK glossy magazine HELLO! Fashion Monthly has commissioned W to handle its PR on a retained basis after a competitive pitch.
Recent European PR news
Polish music festival Open'er hires Shine for UK PR brief
Shine Communications has been appointed to handle UK PR for Open'er, the Polish music festival.
Edelman hires Esther Busscher of FleishmanHillard to head Brussels business
Edelman has announced the appointment of Esther Busscher from FleishmanHillard as general manager of its Brussels business.
Golin opens Istanbul office with partner agency Rekta
Golin has opened an office in Istanbul just days after it launched an office in Moscow with Russian partner Comunica.
Consumers in HK and China view innovation in brands differently
Consumers in Hong Kong and China view the concept of 'innovation' differently from, not just the rest of the world, but each other, finds a five-market study by Ketchum.
Greek government has twice the support of Germany on social media
Germany's minister of finance Wolfgang Schäuble is the most unpopular figure in the bail-out debate and the Greek prime minister and finance minister have double the support of the German chancellor Angela Merkel, according to research by Talkwalker.


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- UNICEF - Millions of children in war-torn Yemen at risk of disease and malnutrition
- SIWI - Environmental economics panel: draw on local experience to help protect planetary limits
- UNICEF - A Community Bores Deep for Water, in Democratic Republic of the Congo
- FAO - Groundwater governance, a call for action: a shared global vision for 2030
- SIWI - Well-designed water allocation: creating value for (a growing) society
- WaterLex - WaterLex and UNESCO-IHE Agree to Work Together on Human Rights and Water Governance Research
- ILO - What are the sustainable development goals?
- WHO - Simple solution improves water and sanitation in Zambian health-care facilities
- Ramsar Convention - Healthy wetlands 'critical' to sustainable future
- IUCN - The water-energy-food nexus in Latin America and the Caribbean
As 2015 marks the end of the International Decade for Action "Water for Life", the Republic of Tajikistan invites...
26 May 2014
Africa Water Week
16 May 2014
Spotlight on Water and Jobs
15 May 2014
GWP National Consultations Reinforce Call for Dedicated Water Goal
13 May 2014
UNSGAB monitors support for water goal
12 May 2014
Workshop for Operators
08 May 2014
WHO/UNICEF highlight need to further reduce gaps in access to improved drinking water and sanitation
11 Apr 2014
New Design for JMP Website
11 Apr 2014
Washington Meeting Maps Out Investments for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
10 Apr 2014
UN-Water Analyzes Water Coordination Efforts at Country Level
31 Mar 2014
Permanent Representatives Committed to Water
Latest Publications
Posted: 30 Jun 2015
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) - 2015 Update
Produced by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for...
Posted: 26 Jun 2015
Technical input on water related indicators to the 1st meeting of the IAEG-SDGs
UN-Water's technical input on water related indicators to the first...
Posted: 09 Jun 2015
Network for Cooperation in Integrated Water Resource Management for Sustainable Development in Latin America and the Caribbean
No. 42 of the Circular of the...

subset: commoncrawl


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250 mare adorable a nice ridin mare good on trails and roads easy to load and catch She does have a bowed tendon in her hind left leg I d doesn t affect…$300
make an excellent KID HORSE Currently have three other horses and need to make room for another trail$1,800
old for more racing That was followed with him being shipped to the USA where he continued his racing$700
pal Gets along well w our other horses sixteen hands previously a harness racer Great home only$300
Joe Age: 11yrs old Height: 15.1 hands Joe is ready for his second career. He is a cute gelding who is searching for his one person to love and care for…No Price Listed
Blazin Cajun Foaled 05/2007 16.2 hh Gelding Available in Cream Ridge, NJ This guy is a hunk. He has flowing gates and stunning movement, he's a star in…No Price Listed
Who needs a little Magic in their life? Magic Leebrook is a full use unraced trotter gelding ready to step into the show ring tomorrow. This is an all…No Price Listed
Lil'man (previously Kickstart) was born at Changing Leads Equine Rescue on April 2, 2012, to SarahNo Price Listed


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Life Star – 24 hours a day, 7 days a week
Posted on April 20, 2015
I'm so thankful to be working with the crew of Life Star at Hartford Hospital for their "Meet the Crew" program. I keep hearing such heartfelt stories from people who say they owe their lives to these folks and each time I spend time with them I'm so impressed with their level of modesty, caring and professionalism. I'll continue to post images as the program moves forward and checkout the Life Star Facebook page to find out much more about this amazing crew.
Dear snow, You do know that it's spring? Don't you?
Posted on March 27, 2015
As a child, nothing would beat waking up on a snowy winter's day filled with the prospect of no school and sledding. Sorry snow bro, but that's the best I can do at saying something positive about you right now so that we leave on good terms. Sure, I can go on and on about how much fun it is to shovel snow off a roof. I can describe the intense joy experienced when trying to steady a car that's sliding towards a ten-car pileup but hey… I don't want to get sidetracked here, I mean after-all, these gutters aren't going to repair themselves. So listen, let's put a little distance between us and take it day by ever-warming day. They say absence makes the heart grow fonder. Well, I'm going to be so f*!king full of fondness when you make a late winter arrival next February. It will be like you never left. But let's be clear on one thing though…you do have to leave now. Like, right now.
Posted on February 2, 2015
What's in store for 2015?
Posted on January 14, 2015
Play With Fire
Posted on January 6, 2015
Posted on December 19, 2014
I woke up on the roadside
Daydreamin' 'bout the way things sometimes are. Dylan – "Idiot Wind."
the reviews are in…
Posted on December 11, 2014
James Kuslan – New York City Artistic director and voice scout in the U.S. for German classical recording giant Deutsche Grammophon is the smartest looking person I met in 2014. Oh, and he's amazingly talented and a lot of fun to work with too.


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Welcome to Jennie Moore Elementary School for the Creative Arts!
Glad you stopped by! Have a look around. Check out the link to our new building. Only a few more months until we move! In the meantime, visit us at our current location. There's plenty of creative fun going on!
Also look for us on Facebook.
If you have plans to chaperone a field trip, offer Duty Free Lunch,
or volunteer in your child's classroom, you must first be registered with Raptor. Click the pink arrow to complete the short form. It may take up to 72 hours for approval.Congratulations, Ms. Felder Mt. Pleasant Rotary's
Literary Principal of the Year!!
Who was Jennie Moore?
And why is our school named after her?
(Click her picture to find out!)


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Welcome to Audiko, where it's possible to search for epic ringtones for your cell phone. Today we have a ringtone of "Parasite" by Hadouken! as well as 244 other ringtones by Hadouken!. You can listen to all 7 Hadouken! – "Parasite" ringtone variations available here and download it for free just in a click. You can also get other 27 albums produced by Hadouken! for all time. "Parasite" is referred to , and we have a huge amount of melodies absolutely for free. And finally, we have collected lyrics for this track and you can view it here as well. So feel free to browse, listen, download ringtones at Audiko.net. Make your phone sound cool!
Hadouken! Parasite Ringtone
Similar Ringtones
Albums by Hadouken!
18 Oct 2010
25 Jan 2010
Top ringtones by Hadouken!
New ringtones
- Carla's Dreams - Cum Ne Noi (feat. Delia)
- Take That - Give You My Love
- supernem - TudomanyosFantasztikus Pop
- Bruno Torres - 01. 1Million Sounds - Agosto 14
- Marc Reift, Philharmonic Wind Orchestra & Marc Reift Orchest - La 7ème Compagnìe
- ATB - In Love With The DJ .mp3 - ATB - In Love With The DJ .mp3
- sam - drums
- Phil Collins - It Dont Matter To Me
- Mark King - The Essential
- Level 42 - Turn It On


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
27 year old man | Greensboro, NC, USA | Seeking women 20-30 within 50 miles
My name is Michael, I'm a graduate of Appalachian State. I consider myself to be pretty light hearted and fun loving. I love the out doors; I mountain bike and run on a regular basis. I certainly like to cut lose and have some fun. In my down time I like to read, travel (I want to do more of this while I still have the freedom to do so), and watch a good movie. What I'm looking for is someone who shares some common interests or has interests that parallel my own. Differences can be exciting, but any type of common ground is nice. In short, if you're active and have a love for life feel free to say hello. You may not meet your soul mate but maybe you'll make a friend.
Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Religion/Spiritual , Travel/Sightseeing
Cycling, Running, Soccer, Swimming, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 5 or more times per week.
I like Dogs
Middle of the Road
Trails, Beaches, Mtns....there are more places that I'd like to see than I have
Appalachian State University, Boone, NC
TV- I don't follow a lot of shows but I enjoy The Walking Dead, Entourage, Seinfeld and Family Feud :) Music- I enjoy all types but I'm partial to 90's rock
In my spare time I enjoy mountain biking, running, bar hopping, spending time with friends....but sometimes a low key evening is just as nice.
I read on a pretty regular basis. I like some of classics; The Great Gatsby, Lord of the Flies, 1984. But I also like a lot of newer stuff Stephen King, Tom Clancy, Steige Larson
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|5'7" (170cms)
|5'3" (160cms) to 5'10" (177cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned
|Black, Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
|Light brown
|Auburn / Red, Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Dark blonde
|No Way
|No Way, Yes, but trying to quit
|Social Drinker
|Never, Social Drinker
|Sales / Marketing
|No preference
|$50,001 to $75,000
|Less Than $25,000, $25,001 to $35,000, $35,001 to $50,000
|Never Married
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Currently Separated, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|Definitely, Someday
|White / Caucasian
|Asian, Latino / Hispanic, Middle Eastern, Pacific Islander, White / Caucasian
|Christian / Protestant
|Christian / Catholic, Christian / LDS, Christian / Protestant, Christian / Other
|Bachelors degree
|Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral
Go App!


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The Delaware Legislature appears to have heard some of the complaints of the unclaimed property community. Delaware Governor Jack Markell signed Senate Bill 11, which is based on the recommendations of the Delaware Task Force...more
- Appeals Audits New Legislation Unclaimed Property
Delaware collects more than $600 million a year in unclaimed property, and many companies are wholly unaware of their annual reporting obligations. However, those still facing Delaware unclaimed property exposure are in luck....more
- Pending Legislation Reporting Requirements Unclaimed Property
A recent Michigan bill (House Bill 4289), delivers a useful example to other states regarding administration of abandoned and unclaimed property ("AUP") audits. House Bill 4289 is in the hands of the Governor, who must sign...more
- Audits Transparency Unclaimed Property
June 30 is the deadline to enter into the new Unclaimed Property Voluntary Disclosure Program — run by Delaware's Secretary of State ("SOS")— which temporarily supplants the State Escheator's voluntary disclosure process. Any...more
- Audits Compliance Escheat Filing Requirements Publicly-Traded Companies Secretary of State Unclaimed Property Voluntary Disclosure Voluntary Disclosure Agreement
For more than an hour on January 8, Delaware Secretary of State Jeffrey Bullock and an attorney administering the new program, Geoffrey Sawyer, took questions from Sara Lima and Michael Wynne of Reed Smith's State Tax Group....more
- Audits Reporting Requirements Secretary of State Unclaimed Property
Sales & Use Tax
Local Ordinance
State Taxes
Unclaimed Property
Department of Revenue
Income Taxes
Property Tax
Ad Valorem Tax
Chamber of Commerce
Commerce Clause
False Claims Act
Home Rule States
Internet Taxation
Local Taxes
Occupancy Tax
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Sandler Training Tampa Bay is an award-winning sales training and business development firm that works with corporations and individuals throughout Tampa Bay to help them achieve new levels of personal and professional success. Read more...
This is a collection of twelve simple steps all salespeople should live by. 1. Being genuinely interested in your prospect's personal and professional opinions will do as much (perhaps more) to deve... Read more...
Subscribe to our monthly Newsletter. Receive sales tips and techniques you can employ right away!
Clint Babcock - 3 Rules for Salespeople
Dave Mattson - The Benefits of Having a Coach
Jim Marshall - Sandler Rule #30: You Can't Lose What You Don't Have


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Alfonso Valdes
Sr Linux / Amazon EC2 / Migrations / Nginx / Security / DevOps
A self-motivated System and Network security administrator with more than 10 years in the management and analysis of Linux/Unix enterprise Servers (60- 70 servers). With deep and advance knowledge of highly scalable servers, Cloud Computing, High performance, Hardening Servers, Migrations, Ethical hacking, Development Operations - DevOps, Open Source services and Server optimization.
Certifications such as: Certified Ethical Hacker - Red Hat Certified Engineer - Cisco CCNA.
Expertise in:
Alfonso Valdes has added 6 portfolio pieces. Create an account to review them.
Work History & Feedback
Wordpress Performance Optimization Expert - on AWS"Good job!"
Server Hardening and Malware Removal"Alfonso was great to work with. His communication is clear and he completed all of our requirements on time."
Secure video streaming with Amazon S3 / CloudFront"Alfonso was great! Quick, efficient and reactive. I'll definitely work with him again."
Nginx + varnish+ centos + Server Structure Design Expert Required"Great quality of work! A pleasure to work with him always!"
Odoo Expert Needed"Alfonso is a dream to work with, understands direction and always has a solution. Will work with him again no doubt."
Full AWS Configuration"Alfonso did an excellent job and my company will work with him again. He set up our Amazon Web Services configuration to our specifications. He taught our team about docker.com which was very helpful. He's very detail oriented and adopts new technology very quickly. The only negative thing that I can say is that he is very busy with a lot of work so he can't not take on time sensitive projects."
Linux and network administratorJob in progress
LAMP Senior AdministratorJob in progress
LAMP - Server Admin - Long Term PositionJob in progress
System Administrator Wordpress WebsiteJob in progress
Platform Engineer / DevOps / ArchitectJob in progress
LAMP on LinodeJob in progress
|Percentile Score
Firewall Concepts Test
Networking Concepts Test
TCP/IP Test


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Bosch BGS4140GB Compact Allergy Carpet Cylinder Cleaner, Black
Product information
Enjoy a beautifully clean home thanks to the Bosch BGS4140GB vacuum cleaner. This carpet cylinder cleaner boasts an energy saving compressor motor, which helps to save on your energy costs.
SensorBagless™ Technology ensures minimal maintenance and excellent dust and dirt pick up. There are no follow up costs, just enjoy a powerful, clean and fast vacuum. A robust air system, combining aerodynamic design and a high power 1400-watt compressor motor (with the performance of a 2400W delivers high airflow and suction performance.
Variable suction settings work in conjunction with the crevice nozzle and 2-in-1 upholstery/dusting brush to give you maximum control and allow you to vacuum a variety of floor types. 2 large fixed wheels and 1 swivel wheel allows for easy manoeuvrability. Metal telescopic tubes make this vacuum cleaner even more comfortable to use.
Meanwhile the washable HEPA filtration system ensures that dirt and dust remain sealed in and guarantee clean exhaust air - ideal for allergy sufferers. A large 1.9 litre capacity allows you to clean the house in one go without having to continuously empty the dust container. A 9m operating radius leaves no area un-vacuumed.
- Bag/Bagless
- Bagless
- Brand
- Cable length
- 6.5
- Capacity
- Dimensions
- H28.3 x W32 x D46cm
- Eligible for International Delivery
- Filtration Information Remove dust particles, mites - even unpleasant smells
- Washable HEPA H13
- Model name / number
- Power
- Settings
- Variable
- Tools included
- Crevice nozzle and 2 in 1 upholstery / dusting brush
- Vacuum cleaner type
- Cylinder Cleaners
- Weight Information Unpackaged weight
- 5.8kg
Click & collectFree from John Lewis or Waitrose shops for collection tomorrow from 2pm
369 participating John Lewis and Waitrose shops
- Free
Standard delivery in 5 working days
- Free
Named or Saturday UK delivery
- £6.95
Named day UK delivery pre-10.30am
- £9.95
International delivery not available
We want you to be happy with your purchase. If you're not, depending on the type of product, you can make free returns in the UK via John Lewis shops, Royal Mail, Collect+, or MyHermes. If you need to arrange collection of large or heavy items, call us on 03456 049 049. For international returns queries, call us on +44 1698 545 454. Find out more about returns.
You'll find returns information on your delivery note. Unless faulty, we'd like you to make your return within 90 days of purchase. Exceptions apply to certain products - find out more about our refund policy.
Q & As
Brush up on your vacuum cleaner know-how
UK delivery:
Free Standard delivery in 5 working days
Click & collect
Free Click & collect from John Lewis or Waitrose shops for collection tomorrow from 2pm
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Human Behavior is exceptionally effective in teaching you how to understand the complex interplay of psychological and biological factors in human development. This revised, updated edition now offers updated text reflecting DSM-IV terminology, new contributors, and new topical coverage integrating psychological concepts with biological approaches to studying behavior and psychopathology.Edition/Copyright: 3RD 98
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text: Season 2 Premiere Preview Matt Richenthal at October 27, 2013 8:58 am. Comments Share Tweet Email Ready for the return of The Vampire Diaries? This CW preview gives fans a look at what's to come and gets us excited for September 9. Edit Delete Follow The Vampire Diaries Show: The Vampire Diaries Related Videos: Vampire Diaries Videos Uploaded by: Matt Richenthal Uploaded: October 27, 2013


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Giles Coren out loud
Giles Coren reviews Kanada-Ya Giles Coren has been a restaurant critic and columnist for The Times since 1993
Membership to The Times and Sunday Times brings you world class journalism all day, everyday. Keep up-to-date with our multi-award winning team of writers including columnist of the year, news reporter of the year and sports team of the year across web, tablet and smartphone.
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To find out more about membership to The Times & The Sunday Times visit store.thetimes.co.uk
Giles Coren reviews Kanada-Ya Giles Coren has been a restaurant critic and columnist for The Times since 1993
Caitlin Moran on motherhood Caitlin Moran is The Times columnist of the year and has three regular features
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7 Nts at the Stylish 4* Ocean Two Hotel from only £879pp. Save 30! Dept 1 Sept – 22 Oct.
Spectacular views, spa facilities, fine dining...relax, we're offering more nights for free
When staying at the 4* db San Antonio Hotel & spa, Malta this summer, book by 1 July
Save £500pp on 2016 European cruises inc meals, selected drinks, tips & excursions.


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Click here for the Christmas Eve Dinner Buffet / Christmas Brunch Buffet Deal
Click here for the New Year's Eve Buffet / New Year's Day Brunch Buffet Deal
Click here for the 1.5kg Log Cake / 2kg Christmas Fruit Cake Deal
Do you fancy a chic and elegant dining experience with a special someone? Westside Bistro at Shah Alam Convention Centre welcomes you and your date for a splendid English Tea Break that's sure to satisfy your palate. Stir up interesting conversations, as you indulge in heavenly selections of Sandwiches, Pastries, Desserts and more. Make it a memorable 1 + 1 evening with this fabulous English Tea Break for 2, at Westside Bistro at Shah Alam Convention Centre.
- Halal
- A chic and elegant dining experience
What You Get:
2Pax English Tea Break with Hot / Cold Beverage
English Tea Break Menu:
Sandwiches, Pastries & Desserts
- Smoked Salmon on Toast (2pcs)
- Tuna Croissant (2pcs)
- Egg Mayonnaise with Cress (2pcs)
- Scone with Cholet Cream (2pcs)
- Chocolate Macaroon (2pcs)
- Miniature Eclaire (2pcs)
- Miniature Cup Cake (2pcs)
- Miniature Brownies (Chocolate) (2pcs)
- Fruits Tartlet (2pcs)
- Assorted Finger Sandwich (2pcs)
2 Beverages (choose from):
- Brewed Coffee
- Specialty Tea
- Freshly Squeezed Orange Juice
Shah Alam Convention Centre
No.4 Jalan Perbadanan 14/9, Shah Alam, 40000
03-5511 8858


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488 E Winchester St Ste 210Salt Lake City, UT 84107
Licensed for 7 years
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Keating Lowery has been installed as the 2015 president of the Association for Women Attorneys. As an attorney with Lawrence & Russell PLC, Lowery devotes her practice to litigating Employee Retirement Income Security Act matters on behalf of employers, plan fiduciaries and third-party administrators throughout the United States.
Shelby County medical device manufacturers are known for their innovation. But it took about three years of meetings before officially forming the Greater Memphis Medical Device Council this July.
"The industry was not used to coming together and sitting down," said Bartlett Area Chamber of Commerce president John Threadgill. "They're competitors. And to get competitors in the same room to talk about their issues, there's some reluctance. But the fact is, they're all having the same issues. The cat's out of the bag."
MicroPort Orthopedics Inc. is expanding its Arlington location, investing $100 million over the next five years and creating 171 new jobs.
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Tomato Cheese Tart
|Pie crust mix package
|1⁄2 (Use 1/2 The Package)
|Shredded cheddar cheese
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
|Shredded process gruyere cheese
|12 Ounce
|Ripe tomatoes
|3 Medium
|1 Teaspoon
|1⁄8 Teaspoon
|Basil leaf
|1 Teaspoon, crumbled
|Oregano leaf
|1 Teaspoon, crumbled
|Chopped green onions
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|2 Tablespoon
|Soft bread crumbs
|2 Tablespoon
1. Prepare piecrust mix, adding 1/2 cup of the cheddar cheese. Roll out to a 12-inch round on lightly floured pastry board or cloth; fit into a 9-inch pie plate. Trim overhang to 1/2 inch; turn under; flute to make stand-up edge. Prick with fork.
2. Bake in hot oven (425°) 10 to 15 minutes, or until golden; cool.
3. Spoon the remaining cheddar cheese and Gruyere into piecrust. Slice the tomatoes into thin wedges. Arrange, slightly overlapping, in an attractive circular pattern over the cheese. Sprinkle with salt, pepper, basil and oregano.
4. Saute green onions in butter or margarine until tender in a small skillet. Spoon in the center of pie; sprinkle with bread crumbs.
5. Bake in moderate oven (325°) 20 minutes, or until tomatoes are tender.


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Los Angeles, CAUSA 90001
November 4, 2012
I want to read more and meet new people, so doing both simultaneously makes perfect sense.
Physical Therapist, backpacker and trance music listener living on the edge of Beverly Hills.
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Fold & fly! Prizes for longest flight and coolest dives.
The Third Thursday : Once a month the Bernal Children's Room features a special activity for elementary school aged kids: 1st - 8th grades.
This is a Green Stacks event.
Meet a friend at the library for free activities and fun.
Upcoming Events
- How to reduce water usage during a drought
- Tuesday, July 14, 2015Main Library, Latino/Hispanic Rms A & B
Upcoming Classes
- West Portal Native Plant Discovery Walk
- Saturday, July 11, 2015West Portal, West Portal Children's Area


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9901 W Interstate 10 Ste 800San Antonio, TX 78230
Licensed for 31 years
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As a member of the Blue Jays, Roy Halladay has seemed as automatic as any pitcher in the majors. He has defied recent baseball trends as a Rock of Gibraltar who refuses to budge from the mound before the end of a game, contributing innings-eating dominance in start after start.
It is beyond dispute that Halladay has been one of the best pitchers of the last 10 years. It is easy, even natural, to imagine Halladay as a rotation pillar who could vault a team to a championship. He would seem the heir apparent to a line of difference-making pitchers that includes Curt Schilling (with the Red Sox in 2004) and CC Sabathia (with the Yankees in 2009).
But those grand visions are fraught with immense risk. While Halladay's performance over the last 10 seasons has been little short of remarkable, that is no guarantee of what he might contribute over the next four or five years. Though Halladay has been a pitcher of incredible durability, he also is reaching a point in his career that suggests a decreased ability to handle such a workload.
And that, in turn, suggests that a team's decision about whether to drain both its prospect pool and its financial resources to acquire Halladay from Toronto is an immensely complex one.
Halladay's credentials are impeccable. He has spent his career pitching in the most challenging division in baseball, for a team that has spent most of the decade competing for third or fourth place. Yet despite a competitive disadvantage, he still has been a force.
During the last 10 seasons, Halladay ranked among the best pitchers in the majors (min. 1,000 innings) in wins (139, 4th), ERA (3.40, 9th), complete games (47, 1st), winning percentage (.668, 4th), innings (1,883.1, 11th), opponent OBP (.294, 7th) and OPS (.666, 8th) and OPS+ (73, 5th), strikeout-to-walk ratio (3.74:1, 12th) and fewest walks per nine innings (1.79, 8th).
In this decade, the Blue Jays were an embodiment of a .500 team: Toronto went 805-814, good for a .497 win percentage, over the last 10 years. But that mark is inflated by the work of Halladay.
Since 2000, the Jays have a 163-104 record (.610) when Halladay starts, and a .475 mark in contests started by anyone else. Those numbers fail to account for the fact that the Jays constantly shuffle their rotation to maximize the number of starts that Halladay makes against their most formidable competitors.
"Not only does he pitch against the Red Sox and Yankees, but we've moved around our rotation [to have him face them more often]," Blue Jays infielder John McDonald said in an interview with the Mut & Bradford Show.
"They're going to move it around so he can face the best teams because it gives us the best chance to win, and he still goes out and dominates. Having that guy on your team, it will switch the balance of power. I don't see how it can't."
One can make a case that no pitcher has been better — or at least as consistently dominant — as Halladay this decade.
That notion provides the temptation for teams to deal multiple top prospects to the Jays — and, in all likelihood, sign Halladay to one of the richest contracts in baseball history — to acquire the ace.
Certainly, in any discussions of his next contract, Halladay will eye the six-year, $137.5 million (just under $23 million a year) deal that Johan Santana signed with the Mets after they acquired him in 2008 as a reference point. So, too, will his representatives have grounds to point to Sabathia's seven-year, $161 million contract. Halladay may not go to quite those lengths in years or dollars, but even so, his career track record suggests a pitcher who deserves one of the biggest payouts in big league history.
Yet in all likelihood, the team that acquires Halladay will be paying — in prospects and dollars — for a pitcher whose best and healthiest seasons have passed.
That is not to suggest that Halladay will stop being an elite pitcher. Even so, he is at a point in his career when even the most durable of pitchers (a category defined by Halladay) start to break down.
Halladay turns 33 next May 14 (in a random quirk, his birthday falls one day before Josh Beckett's). That means that he has just completed a four-year period of his career that typically represents near-peak durability, and that he is entering a phase in which fewer and fewer pitchers can sustain top workloads.
An examination of four-year patterns of pitchers over the last 30 seasons suggests as much. Since 1980, the pitchers who have managed to log 800 or more innings over a span of four years have typically been drawn from a pool of players aged 24 to 31. The numbers of pitchers who have averaged 200 innings a season over a four-year span starts to decline from ages 29-32 and then continues a steep slide. (See chart.)
So, assuming that a team that trades for Halladay would have to sign him to an extension through at least 2013, it would have to hope that the right-hander can defy the odds of history. Whereas 46 pitchers in the last 30 years have managed to tally 800 or more innings between ages 29-32 (the four-year period that Halladay just completed), only 25 accomplished the feat from ages 33-36 (the period that Halladay is entering).
Of course, Halladay would seem to merit special consideration. His frame, mechanics, pitch efficiency and track record all suggest a pitcher who is freakishly durable.
That belief gains further currency from his total of 930-1/3 innings over the last four years, easily the best in the majors. Halladay has topped 220 innings every year since 2006.
Because there is no better predictor of a pitcher's ability to remain healthy than his track record, that would seem a significant point in Halladay's favor. That said, a pitcher who has been healthy throughout his career will not necessarily stay healthy forever. Even pitchers who deliver innings on a year-in, year-out basis tend to suffer a marked drop in durability starting at age 33.
Halladay (along with Braves starter Javier Vazquez and Reds hurler Bronson Arroyo) joined a short list of pitchers this year who have recorded four straight years of 200-plus innings between the ages of 29 and 32 since 1980. In the past 30 seasons, there had been just 16 other examples of pitchers to achieve such a streak.
Typically, the mileage has caught up to those pitchers over the following seasons. As a group, the first 15 pitchers (Livan Hernandez is excluded because he is still pitching at age 34) to record 200-plus innings every year from ages 29-32 experienced the following performance breakdowns:
Ages 29-32 Four-Year Averages: 932 innings, 3.43 ERA (Note: Halladay threw 931 innings with a 3.11 ERA over the last four years.)
Ages 33-36 Four-Year Averages: 545 innings, 3.97 ERA
Every one of the 15 pitchers threw fewer innings from ages 33-36 than they did from 29-32. Only knuckleballer Tom Candiotti (2 percent) and soft-tosser Greg Maddux (4 percent) endured declines of less than 10 percent in workload between the two four-year periods; 10 of the 15 saw their workloads drop by 40 percent or more.
This group of 15 pitchers produced a total of just 17 seasons of at least 200 innings after turning 33: three of them had three years of 200-plus innings, three had two years of 200-plus innings, two had one more year of 200-plus innings and seven (again, not counting Hernandez) never again pitched 200 or more innings in a season.
Almost all of the pitchers also suffered notable declines in their performances when on the mound. Only Candiotti — who, as a knuckleballer, represents something of a unique case — and John Tudor had a lower ERA from ages 33-36 than they did from ages 29-32.
As Gary Marbry explains in Nuggetpalooza, the class of pitchers who have logged 2,000 innings by the time they've turned 32 offers no further grounds for optimism about Halladay's future in coming seasons.
Though history suggests that most pitchers who have reached Halladay's age and innings totals are poised for declines, not every hurler turns into a pumpkin at age 33. Randy Johnson won four straight Cy Youngs between the ages of 35-38. Schilling was a Cy runner-up at ages 34, 35 and 37.
Johnson, Roger Clemens, Tom Glavine, Maddux, Schilling, Bert Blyleven and Nolan Ryan — all among the best pitchers in history — all proved both durable and dominant from ages 33-36. All changed teams at the later stages of their careers, and all rewarded their new clubs with exceptional performances.
Perhaps, then, Halladay will prove a pitcher who has the Hall of Fame talent and the rare physical attributes to buck the prevailing trends of his demographic. But even a pitcher who has been as consistent as any in baseball comes with question marks.
That being the case, it is interesting to look back on a couple of trades that the Red Sox did not make to afford context to the possibility of a Halladay deal.
Two winters ago, the Sox were in the mix when the Twins made Santana available in a trade. Yet ultimately, Boston was relieved that it did not acquire the two-time Cy Young winner, as Jon Lester emerged as a comparably dominant talent whose age suggests the likelihood of greater durability, and the other players who might have been dealt — including Justin Masterson and Jed Lowrie — played pivotal roles over the next two years.
Then, this summer, the Sox made a heavy play for Halladay in a five-player package that centered around Clay Buchholz and reportedly included four other top prospects, among them Masterson and Nick Hagadone.
By the playoffs, some voices in the organization expressed immense relief that the team had not dealt for Halladay, given the emergence of Buchholz down the stretch and the fact that the team might not have been able to acquire Victor Martinez had it dealt for Halladay.
Will the Sox proceed in a different fashion this offseason? Only time will tell.
The decision is a challenging one. The opportunity to acquire a pitcher of Halladay's stature arrives just a few times a decade. That said, there are no guarantees with any pitcher, regardless of his cost in both prospects and dollars.
The guys react to what Don Banks had to say and get into some more thoughts on Deflategate. Are McNally and Jastremski ever going to break their silence and give their side of the story? Price says yes ... eventually.
Don Banks talks with the NFL Sunday boys about his reaction to Brady's appeal, where we go from here and the NFL's motives and decisions throughout the process. He also gets into the Pats offseason so far and their weakness at CB. Don gives his take on the AFC East this year and how some of the Pats' rivals have improved.
Greg and Price discuss their thoughts on some of the reports that have leaked after Tuesday from Brady's appeal hearing. The boys talk about what the reaction will be if Brady decides to accept a 1-game suspension. Fans want a complete exoneration, but there's a good chance that they won't get that - how will they react? They also talk with Mike Petraglia and get his thought on the appeal and more.
How long will this rebuild take? How much money will it take to keep Bae Crowder? Are Draft Picks even worth anything? With the Danny Ainge not landing any big names in the draft, and unable to lure any big names in free agency, Sam and Ben discussed if the Celtics are doomed moving forward.
Sam is joined by Jared Weiss from The Garden Report and CLNS Radio to breakdown game 4 of Cavs-Warriors, preview game 5 on Sunday, and analyze the Celtics needs this off-season.
Greg Dickerson and John Tomase discuss the amazing season for the Celts and if they have any chance against Lebron and the Cleveland Cavs in a seven game series. If they do, HOW ... how do they get it done?
Joe & Dave talked to the Sox starter, who threw a much-needed complete game win against the Astros at Fenway Park.
Joe and Rob Bradford talk with Red Sox outfielder Alejandro De Aza about the Red Sox solid road trip and offensive outpouring in a win against Toronto.
We discuss the state of the Sox, specifically Rick Porcello, with Red Sox Manager John Farrell.
Don Sweeney, who was hired as the Bruins general manager yesterday speaks with Dale and Holley about his new position and where the Bruins go from here.
The awesomely knowledgeable Fluto Shinzawa calls DJ, Naoko and Pete to talk about his thoughts on the future of the B's. He discusses his column from earlier this week on Cam Neely wanting to give Claude the ax earlier in the season but not getting the ok. Fluto shares his thoughts on Chiarelli's firing, the future for Claude and where the Bruins should go from here. He also gives his opinion on potential moves the team can make, who would fit in here, his thoughts on the NHL playoffs so far and more.
In the final hour of the "midseason finale" as DJ likes to call it, the crew discuss more about the future of the Bruins franchise, the possible power struggle in the front office and who should be the head coach going forward. They talk to intelligent and talented Fluto Shinzawa about all of these thing and more in an excellent interview, and finally, DJ says THANK YOU!
Gary and Ben on the Pats.
The guys discussed the latest Red Sox news with Larry.
The top stories of the day as recounted by Gary Tanguay.
Conor McGregor has harsh words for Floyd Mayweather on Conan, Colbert hosts public access TV & will Joey Chestnut defend his title in Hot Dog Eating Contest?
Discussing Greg Monroe signing with Milwaukee and debating if that gives hope to a cold weather city in Boston
Kicking around the dream of acquiring a pitcher like Sonny Gray and how much you would have to give up in order to acquire that caliber talent
In honor of the 4th of July holiday, guest hosts Rob Bradford and Andy Hart examine the four worst renditions of the Star Spangled Banner at sporting events.
WEEI.com's Rob Bradford and Andy Hart of Patriots.com are in for Dale, Holley, and Thornton. Bradfo and Hart take some time to discuss the upcoming issues for Pats training camp, including what QB reps will be like between Brady and the backups.
Rob Bradford and Andy Hart are in for Dale, Holley, and Thornton and are joined by Houston Astros writer Evan Drellich of the Houston Chronicle to preview the weekend's Red Sox - Astros series as well as to get the inside word on the St. Louis Cardinals hacking scandal.
WEEI Bruins Reporter D.J. Bean joins Mikey Adams and Lenny Megliola to talk about the signing of winger Matt Beleskey on the opening day of NHL free agency.
With 80 games played for the Red Sox, Mikey Adams wants midterm grades for several players. Also, after another Rick Porcello clunker in Toronto, callers and texters give unflattering Porcello Limericks. Lenny Megliola and Textress Lucy are along.
Danny's early thoughts on Celtics drafting Terry Rozier at the 16th pick
Ben, Russ & Alex discuss the Revs continued downfall & argue over The Mighty Ducks movie franchise
Ken Laird and Ryan Hannable are joined by special guests Mike Mutnansky of the Red Sox Radio Network and Red Sox minor league hitting coordinator Tim Hyers to talk Sox prospects. What do the struggles of Rusney Castillo and Rick Porcello in the majors mean? Also, the international signing period begins July 2, looking back at past Latin American signings. And June selections for affiliate players of the month
How long will this rebuild take? How much money will it take to keep Bae Crowder? Are Draft Picks even worth anything? With the Danny Ainge not landing any big names in the draft, and unable to lure any big names in free agency, Sam and Ben discussed if the Celtics are doomed moving forward.
Ken Laird and Ryan Hannable are joined by special guests Mike Mutnansky of the Red Sox Radio Network and Red Sox minor league hitting coordinator Tim Hyers to talk Sox prospects. What do the struggles of Rusney Castillo and Rick Porcello in the majors mean? Also, the international signing period begins July 2, looking back at past Latin American signings. And June selections for affiliate players of the monthMore from this show
The guys discussed the latest Red Sox news with Larry.More from this show
Gary and Ben on the Pats.More from this show
Buck on why Buchholz should stay in Boston.More from this show
Dale, Michael and Jerry do the postgame for another Sox stinker, and find there is much more interest in how the Bruins and Celtics can build their teams after interesting off-seasons.More from this show


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Data Specialist
United States - Last active: 9 days ago - Tests: 4 - Portfolio: 3
Over the last 8 years, I've been involved in a wide range of research projects performing statistical analyses, database management, technical writing, and business analytics. I'm highly proficient in Microsoft Office suite (with a special focus on Microsoft Excel), SPSS, and SAS statistical software, research writing and editing. My core competency lies in complete end-to-end management of research and data projects, from collecting/analyzing data, to creating high quality and clean graphs, to writing finished technical reports. I am well-versed in both parametric and non-parametric tests. I am seeking opportunities to organize, analyze, and interpret data from all sizes of projects. I also have experience in the following areas: HTML5, CSS3, social media, graphing data, and teaching.
Writer, Editor, Translator
Netherlands - Last active: 23 hours ago - Tests: 4
I am a writer who's got a proven track record for delivering. I am knowledgeable, thorough, and precise. I do meticulous research of the topics I am given, and even for the fiction that I write. I am, by nature, a detail-oriented person. My past history includes medical school and graduate-level research, as well as laboratory work and editing scientific papers. As for translating, I have lived in the Netherlands for seven years, and have taken and passed the NT2. My approach to translating is less than literal, but I've always felt that if you can discern that the document is a translation, then the translator has failed. I endeavor not to leave any awkward traces of Dutch.
WordPress + Loading Speed + SSL + Optimization
United States - Last active: 23 hours ago - Tests: 6
My specialty is loading speed and on-site optimization re: WordPress websites. Specifically, I can optimize your DNS records, web server (VPS), WordPress (cache, plugins, etc) and source code (HTML, CSS, JS, fonts, images, etc) to be more efficient and secure. I am well versed in WordPress (#1 on oDesk), WooCommerce, Nginx servers, CloudFlare, SSL certificates, and SEO. Loading speed and SSL are now two of the biggest factors in SEO according to Google, whose robots are constantly analyzing the quality of your website. Don't get left behind by the competition. https://www.littlebizzy.com/seo-is-dead (case study) Whether you need a one-time consultation, or fully managed WordPress hosting, I am not shy in making important suggestions that will improve the experience of your customers. I can work alone as a project manager of sorts or alongside your current team members. I stay in close touch with your team via email, Google Docs, and Skype. My recommended services: CloudFlare (DNS) - http://goo.gl/CMyxyZ Digital Ocean (VPS) - http://goo.gl/kY6AWB ($10 coupon) MaxCDN (CDN) - http://goo.gl/qawqv6 CodeGuard (backups) - http://goo.gl/FNF2j5 DigiCert (SSL) - http://goo.gl/bW5KJf YMLP (newsletters) - http://goo.gl/YqUFHi For email, I recommend Google Apps (email@example.com) + SendGrid (for things like lost password reminders, WooCommerce notifications, etc). My oDesk policies: - Not able to sign NDAs - Not available for phone calls - Free 30 minute Skype consultation - VPS servers do not have email services - When migration begins, please pause all work - Not able to join 3rd-party project management apps - Not available for tutoring, training, or creating manuals/guides - I automatically close out hourly contracts over $500 (renewal requested) - As a policy, I only work with DO's $10/mo VPS or higher, one domain per VPS *Serious clients only please, as I'm unable to offer "budget" pricing. I leave all of my oDesk clients positive 5-star reviews on completed projects, and I offer a 100% refund guarantee ~
Linux Cloud Engineer / 14 Years Real World Experience
United States - Last active: 23 hours ago - Tests: 7 - Portfolio: 2
Daily engineering and administration of OpenBSD, FreeBSD, Linux and Windows based operating environments. LAN/WAN: Experience identifying a large number of network and host based security problems. Stabilized the bandwidth billing system for accuracy and provided assistance to the web development team. UNX(tm)/Linux/BSD: Designed and built a custom Enterprises Data Ware House utilizing RedHat Enterprise Linux, IBM Information Server, and the Sun N1 toolkit. Back ported the RedHat clustering tools and GFS modules for RedHat Enterprise Linux 4. Customized the operating environment for running the IBM Information Server 8 family of applications, consisting of IBM DB2 V 9.3, IBM WebSphere 6.0, IBM DataStage and IBM QualityStage. Was the single onsite operations point for the HP-UX, Solaris, FreeBSD, MacOS X, and Linux machines. Wrote custom tools for monitoring and metrics. Fluent in the change management process as it relates to Sarbanes Oxley, internal, and external audits. Extensive documentation of custom applications, primarily our custom data warehouse solution. Designed and implemented the company's external web presence using Solaris 10. Utilized zones, the ZFS file system, and hardware RAID on the T2000 platform. Wrote my own tools in Perl, C, and the Bourne shell. Debugged many complex operational problems. Specialties Started running Linux around 1993, kernel was 0.99 Moved onto SunOS and Open/FreeBSD. Since have worked with HP-UX and SCO extensively. Currently work with RHEL, AMI Linux, CentOS, OpenBSD, EC2, Parallels, and Rackspace.
PPC - Adwords Setup, Maintenance, Strategy, & More
United States - Last active: 2 days ago - Tests: 3
I am a successful Adwords consultant, web publisher, & Internet marketer! I am a Google Adwords Qualified Individual, having easily passed both the Adwords Fundamentals Exam & the Search Advertising Advanced Exam. I am passionate about online marketing via PPC advertising and will bring unprecedented focus and creativity to your project! I am also very knowledgeable about online resources & can give advice on how you might leverage social media to engage in content marketing. I have spent countless hours performing Internet research for blogs and niche sites. As well as spending the last eight building and optimizing PPC campaigns. I'm excited to work with businesses and individuals who want help with their SEM strategy, or who are wanting to outsource tasks so they can focus on the core aspects of their businesses.
Websites, WordPress, Joomla, HTML, CSS, PHP, SQL, Graphics, Logos
United States - Last active: 2 days ago - Tests: 2 - Portfolio: 3
I love helping people achieve success. I am a native of Colorado and I am in search of helping businesses and individuals meet their goals. I offer a variety of solutions for website design, social media, SEO, as well as marketing. Please let me know if you have any questions.
Groups: CubeCart
English-Danish translator, linguist, localizer, reviewer & copywriter
Denmark - Last active: 21 days ago - Tests: 3 - Portfolio: 4
As a translator I will make your content sound as if it was originally written in Danish. As a copywriter my objective is to understand your target audience, and tailor my copy into the most effective style for engaging the reader and promoting your cause. I have experience with all sorts of subjects from technical apps to children's tales, and I have completed localization assignments for both major international companies and small startup businesses.
- Translation English Danish
- Translation Danish English
- Danish
- Content Writing
- Forum Moderation
- Article Writing
- Blog Writing
- Localization
- Translation
- Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
GIS Specialist | GIS Analysis & Development
India - Last active: 3 days ago - Tests: 2 - Portfolio: 8
Specialized in development of customized full stack webGIS solutions. Worked in GIS environments like ESRI, Google Maps, Mapbox, Geoserver, Mapserver, QGIS. Front end mapping using OpenLayers, Leaflet, MapBox, Google Maps / Fusion Table, D3JS, RaphaelJS and so on. Well efficient with DBMS like Oracle, MS-SQL, PostgreSQL for spatial database management. and also offer consulting services in all phases of the entire webGIS project life-cycle.
Creative design and graphic strategies
Mexico - Last active: 23 hours ago - Tests: 8 - Portfolio: 10
http://be.net/fergarza Print design, web concepts and wireframing, corporate identity, color theory, photography and stationery products + accessories design for retail, plus digital ad design and its development. Ample experience in building web layouts, with full development of all graphic and visual details. First-rate quality, a fresh perspective and a ROI mentality give me the push to bring the desired result for complete client satisfaction.
Computer vision, Machine learning and pattern recognition expert
Peru - Last active: 1 day ago - Tests: 5
M. Sc. in Computer science with a mention in image processing and pattern recognition. Im a Computer vision specialist with over 4 years of hands on experience on a variety of computer vision applications. I have strong background in maths and computer science, research skills in computer vision, senior programmer in C/C++ and Matlab. On the past years i focused on the development of computer vision solutions for real world problems involving extensive research and ground breaking solutions. I have over 3 years experience working with OpenCV and porting image processing solutions to mobile platforms for real time processing. Im very interested in the research and development of a new challenge computer vision tasks including pattern recognition, machine learning and image analysis. I am seeking opportunities to develop and maintain complete computer vision applications, whatever standalone or back-ends for smart websites or light weight solutions for mobile applications.


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Method and filter apparatus for the removal of volatilizable particulate material from gas streams containing the same, and the regeneration of the apparatus when removal efficiency has decreased to a selected value. The apparatus includes a filter element fabricated, in the preferred embodiment from silicon carbide whiskers which are capable of converting microwave energy to thermal energy, with the porosity of the filter element being about 25 microns±50%. This filter element, when removal efficiency has decreased to the selected value, is heated uniformly with microwave energy, which couples to the silicon carbide whiskers to convert the microwave energy to thermal energy, for a time sufficient to raise the silicon carbide whisker temperature to a value to volatilize the volatilizable particulate matter for discharge as a gas. Typically, the microwave energy is about 2.45 GHz and 1000 to 3000 watts. In the preferred form, the filter element is surrounded with a thermal insulation formed from, for example, alumina or zirconia fibers. This insulation is provided with passageways for cooling using air flow. The apparatus is specifically directed to the removal of carbon-containing particulates from the exhaust of diesel-fueled engines.
1. A filter-heater structure for the removal of particulate matter from a gas stream, the particulate matter being primarily volatilizable upon the application of heat, and for the regeneration of said structure, which comprises:
a monolithic filter element fabricated from silicon carbide whiskers for removal of said particulate matter from said gas stream, said silicon carbide whiskers capable of coupling with microwave radiation for converting microwave energy to thermal energy, said filter element having a nominal porosity size of about 25 micrometers ±50%;
a thermal insulation means substantially surrounding said filter element, said thermal insulation means provided with means to cool said thermal insulation means;
means for introducing said gas stream into said filter element;
means for conveying said gas stream from said filter element after removal of said particulate matter; and
means for irradiating said silicon carbide whiskers of said filter element with microwave radiation of a selected frequency to couple with said silicon carbide whiskers to uniformly raise said silicon carbide whiskers of said filter element to a temperature to volatilize said volatilizable component of said particulate matter whereby said gas stream from said filter element contains said volatilized components of said particulate matter held by said filter element.
2. A method for the removal of carbon-containing particulates from a gas stream containing the same, which comprises the steps:
passing said gas stream through a monolithic filter element fabricated from silicon carbide material, said silicon carbide material capable of coupling with microwave radiation for converting microwave energy to thermal energy, said filter element having a porosity size of about 25 micrometers ±50%, said filter element removing said particulates from said gas stream;
monitoring a pressure differential across said filter element to determine collection of said particulates on said filter element;
isolating said filter element from said gas stream when said pressure differential across said filter element reaches a pre-selected upper value;
heating said silicon carbide material of said filter element with microwave energy of a selected frequency to a selected temperature for a selected time to volatilize said carbon-containing particulates to regenerate said filter element when said pressure differential reaches said pre-selected upper value indicating a maximum effective collection of said particulates on said filter element;
passing air through said filter element during said heating step to assist volatilization of said carbon-containing particulates;
exhausting volatilized carbon-containing particulates from said filter element;
ceasing said heating of said silicon carbide material of said filter element after a selected time period when regeneration of said filter element is substantially complete; and
reconnecting said filter element to said gas stream to be filtered.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein said silicon carbide material is silicon carbide whiskers.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein said heating is carried out with microwave irradiation having a frequency of about 2.45 GHz and a power of about 1000 to about 3000 watts.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein said selected temperature is about 600-800 degrees C.
6. A filter-heater structure for the removal of particulate matter from a gas stream, the particulate matter being primarily volatilizable upon the application of heat, and for the regeneration of said structure, which comprises:
a monolithic filter element fabricated from silicon carbide material to remove said particulate matter from said gas stream, said silicon carbide material capable of coupling with microwave radiation for converting microwave energy to thermal energy, said filter element having a nominal porosity size of about 25 micrometers ±50%; and
means for irradiating said silicon carbide material of said filter element with microwave radiation of a frequency of about 2.45 GHz and a power of about 1000 to about 3000 watts to couple with said silicon carbide material to uniformly raise said filter element to a temperature to volatilize said volatilizable component of said particulate matter retained on said filter element.
7. The structure of claim 6 wherein said silicon carbide material is silicon carbide whiskers.
8. The structure of claim 7 wherein said means for irradiating said silicon carbide whiskers of said filter element comprises:
a source of microwave energy of said frequency of about 2.45 GHz and power of about 1000 to about 3000 watts; and
means for coupling said source of microwave energy to heat said silicon carbide whiskers of said filter element.
9. The structure of claim 8 wherein said means for coupling is a microwave cavity means substantially surrounding said filter element.
10. The structure of claim 9 further comprising a thermal insulation means interposed between said microwave cavity means and said filter element.
11. The structure of claim 10 wherein said thermal insulation is provided with passageways for passing cooling means through said thermal insulation means.
12. The structure of claim 8 further comprising:
means for sensing a pressure differential across said filter element as influenced by said particulate material retained on said filter element and for producing a signal related to said pressure differential; and
means for energizing said source of microwave energy when said signal related to said pressure differential rises to a selected value whereby said microwave energy causes heating of said silicon carbide whiskers of said filter element and volatilization of said volatile component of said particulate matter, and de-energizes said source of microwave energy after a selected time period when regeneration of said filter element is substantially complete.
13. The structure of claim 12 further comprising a temperature measuring means associated with said filter element, said temperature measuring means for generating a signal to cause said source of microwave energy to produce a selected temperature within said filter element.
1. Technical Field
This invention relates generally to filters for the removal of particulate matter containing volatilizable material from gas streams, and more particularly to a filter for the removal of carbon-containing particulate matter that incorporates a means for the regeneration of the filter by converting the carbon to carbon dioxide. The main thrust of the invention is for use with diesel engine exhausts, fossil fuel power generation plants, chemical process exhaust effluents, etc.
2. Background Art
There are many applications in industry where the processing of gas streams involves the removal of volatilizable, particularly carbon-containing, particulates. One particularly important area is the treatment of the exhaust gas from diesel-type engines. Exhaust particulates from diesel engines have become one of the most severe air pollution problems. Due to the manner of burning of fuel in a diesel engine, the exhaust gas contains a considerable particulate component that is in the form of fine carbon solids. These may be the result of the condensation of carbon monoxide, for example. Environmental standards are changing such that there must be a significant reduction to the pollution of the atmosphere by the carbon monoxide as well as carbon-containing particulates. The EPA standard to which the exhausts of new heavy-duty diesel powered vehicles must meet by 1994 is 0.1 g/hp-hr (this will be the standard for city buses in 1991).
Another application for the filtering of off-gases where carbon-containing particulates is found in various of the coal gassification processes. Other applications include shale retorts and coal-fired turbines, for example.
Research has been conducted in the field of the diesel engine exhaust in order to reduce pollutants. The filter trap method is considered the most promising for the reduction of exhaust particulates. Various filter configurations have been studied, including "wall-flow" filters wherein the gases are filtered by passing from one passageway through a thin membrane into an adjacent passageway (typically in the form of a honey comb). Another type of filter that has been investigated is referred to as a "foam" filter where the gas is filtered during passage through a body having some selected porosity. These are typically fabricated from ceramic materials, such as cordierite and mullite, although some are fabricated using a wire mesh. A summary of this type of research is reported in "Advances in Diesel Particulate Control" published by the Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. in February 1990 as Report SP-816. This is a compilation of papers presented at the 1990 SAE International Congress and Exposition.
Coupled with the filter approach is the research on the periodic regeneration of the filter when an excessive pressure drop across the filter occurs due to the particulate deposit therein. The cyclic regeneration time will differ depending upon the time duration of reaching this upper level of pressure drop, but typically will be about every 200 miles for heavy duty diesel-powered trucks. Various forms of regeneration are being considered which typically include diesel fuel burners, electrical resistance igniters, catalyst assistance and other such systems.
U.S. patents that relate to electrical heat regeneration are U.S. Pat. No. 4,319,896 issued to W. M. Sweeney on Mar. 16, 1982, U.S. Pat. No. 4,744,216 issued to V. D. N. Rao on May 17, 1988, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,548,625 issued to Y. Ishida, et al, on Oct. 22, 1985. Catalytic regeneration is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,102,127 issued to J. Saiki, et al, on July 25, 1978.
One of the considerations of filter regeneration, as well as in regular operation, it that of structural integrity of the filter as influenced by temperature gradients within the filter and the strength of the filter material. As the carbon particles are ignited at the filter face, an intense heat flame front or line moves down the length of the filter causing thermal shock across the flame line. In an effort to reduce this problem, one group of investigators have studied the use of microwave heating of a susceptor at the face of the filter to initiate the regeneration, and a second susceptor at the bottom face to achieve comparable temperatures to thus reduce the temperature differential (and thermal gradients). This work is reported on pages 131-140 of the above-cited SAE Report and is reported to be the subject of a patent application, possibly in Canada. Whether manufactured as separate pieces (ceramic filter plus susceptors) or as an integral component, the result is simply a better igniter but which does not solve the intrinsic problems of the basic filtration unit. For example, this construction cannot give uniform heating throughout the device since there is distinctive heating at two separate points in the filter unit. Also, there is a potential of some type of "reaction" between the heater portions and the filter element itself during extended use and regeneration. Further, this structure still uses the weaker ceramic filter materials in the main portion of the filter.
In electrical resistance igniter systems failure is experienced most often as caused by corrosion of electrical connections that are exposed to the corrosive gas streams.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a filter for use in the removal of carbon-containing particulates, and other volitilizable materials, from gas streams wherein the filter is a monolithic structure that can be regenerated using microwave energy causing the filter to achieve a uniform temperature throughout a significant portion of the filter.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a filter element and means for regeneration of the same that does not utilize electrical connections or susceptor interfaces which would be subject to corrosion problems due to contact with the gas streams for which filtering action is desired.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a filter element fabricated from silicon carbide materials which provide for desired filtration and also couple with microwave radiation to convert microwave energy to thermal energy.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a filter fabricated from silicon carbide whiskers capable of converting microwave energy to thermal energy for use in removing carbon-containing particulates from gas streams, with means associated therewith to irradiate a major part of the filter with microwave radiation to cause the uniform burning of the carbon to achieve regeneration of the filter.
An additional further object of the present invention is to provide an improved method for the removal of carbon-containing particulates, and other volatilizable materials, from gas streams containing the same with a filter that can be uniformly heated upon demand to achieve regeneration of the filter by the volatilization of the materials held thereby using microwave radiation.
These and other objects of the present invention will become apparent upon a consideration of the detailed description that follows together with the associated drawings.
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a filter element for introduction into a gas stream consisting of carbon-containing and other volatilizable particulates so as to remove these particulates from the gas, the filter element being fabricated from silicon carbide whiskers or other silicon carbide materials capable of converting microwave energy to thermal energy. The invention further has a microwave cavity associated with the filter element whereby microwave energy can be applied to the filter element to achieve a substantially uniform temperature over an adequate portion of the filter to thereby cause the carbon and other similar materials to be uniformly ignited and burned during regeneration of the filter. A pressure differential measurement across the filter element can be used to initiate regeneration, and a temperature measuring device can be used to control the microwave source generator to achieve the proper temperatures for the regeneration.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional drawing illustrating the essential components of the present invention, with the filter element (and its thermal insulation) being separable from the microwave cavity such that it can be replaced when necessary.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional drawing illustrating the present invention interposed in an exhaust system for the processing of a gas stream containing carbon-containing (and/or other volatilizable) particulates.
FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing illustrating the overall system of the present invention.
The basic components of the present invention can be best understood by referring to FIG. 1 wherein the combined filter-heater is illustrated generally at 10 therein. Centrally located within this device is a filter element 12 fabricated, in the preferred embodiment, from silicon carbide whiskers, where the term whisker refers to single crystal discontinuous fibers typically having an average thickness of up to a few micrometers and a length that is typically 10 to 100 times the thickness. A typical method of preparing the whiskers is described hereinafter. These whiskers are formed into the filter unit 12 by any suitable method. For example, these whiskers can be consolidated into a preform having, typically, a cylindrical configuration as indicated. The preform should have an nominal porosity size of 25 micrometers ±50%. Alternatively, the whiskers can be formed into a thin layer (a paper or felt) and coiled to form the filter element, again having the above-cited nominal porosity. Of course, other physical forms of the filter are envisioned within the scope of the invention.
The filter unit 12 is surrounded by a thermal insulation layer 14, typically fabricated from aluminum or zirconium oxide (alumina or zirconia) rigid fiber insulation. In the preferred construction, the insulation layer is juxtaposed against the peripheral surface 16 of the filter unit 12 such that the filter is adequately supported, and so that there is sufficient strength for manipulation during fabrication and/or replacement. Preferably, the insulation layer 14 is provided with a plurality of cooling channels 18 so as to maintain the insulation below some selected temperature.
Surrounding the filter-insulation assembly is a microwave cavity 20. This cavity is annular with respect to the filter-insulation assembly and is provided with a central opening 22 to closely accept the exterior surface 24 of the filter-insulation assembly. Thus, the filter-insulation assembly can be inserted or removed from the opening 22 for assembly or renewal of the device 10.
The components illustrated in FIG. 1 are shown as being right circular cylinders in configuration. This is the preferred form; however, they can take on other configurations depending upon the application of the device.
Referring now to FIG. 2, shown therein is a typical construction of an entire filter-heater assembly. This is not drawn to any particular scale: it is only illustrative of the general arrangement of the components. An inlet to this assembly is provided with an inlet pipe 26 that leads from the source of the gases to be filtered. Usually the diameter of this inlet pipe is smaller than the filter element unit; therefore, there is a divergent portion 28 to achieve the proper size. This divergent portion terminates in a flange 30 that is releasably attached to a flange 32 of the microwave cavity 20 as with a plurality of mechanical fasteners 34. Similarly, a convergent portion 36 of piping is usually required at the outlet from the filter unit 12 leading to an exhaust pipe 38. This convergent portion 36 likewise terminates in a flange 40 to mate with a bottom flange 42 of the microwave cavity, and is releasably attached thereto with a plurality of fasteners 44. In order to maintain the filter unit (and the insulation) against the flange 30 and to reduce road shock, there is typically provided a spring means 46, as shown. Further, to bridge any gap between the filter unit 12 and the convergent portion 36, the filter-insulation unit typically has a flexible extension sleeve 48. In order that the inlet and outlet portions of the total assembly are thermally protected, each is typically provided with insulation as at 50, 52.
Microwave energy is applied to the cavity 20, as indicated with an arrow 54, by any suitable and typical coupling means between a source of the microwave energy (see FIG. 3) and the cavity 20.
Operation of the present invention can be understood by referring now to FIG. 3. As illustrated, the filter-heater unit is interposed between the inlet pipe 26 and the exhaust pipe 38 (no insulation shown herein). Differential pressure between these inlet and exhaust pipes is determined using pressure lines 56 for the upstream pressure, PU, and 58 for the downstream pressure, PD. These pressures are impressed upon a control circuit 60 whereby when the differential pressure exceeds a preset value, regeneration of the filter-heater unit is initiated. The first step in this regeneration is typically establishing a bypass for the filter-heater unit (by apparatus not shown but of conventional design). Thereafter, a microwave generator 62 is activated by an output signal from the control circuit 60 via lead 64. The microwave energy, typically about 2.45 GHz at about 1 KW to about 3 KW, is conveyed to the filter-heater 10 by the afore-mentioned coupling 54 whereby the internal filter unit is uniformly heated to typically about 600-800 degrees C. This specific frequency range is found to couple well with the silicon carbide whiskers to convert the microwave energy to thermal energy; however, any other frequency that will couple with the whiskers can be used. This temperature will be reached in five to fifteen minutes and, since the whiskers of the filter are the heating elements, the major part of the filter unit reaches the same temperature at the same time. During this heating the filter element can be supplied with air as from a source 68 or from another suitable air source to assist in the combustion process. The filter temperature, TF, is monitored with any suitable device such that when the desired temperature is outside of the desired range, a signal on lead 66 to the control circuit 60 will regulate the operation of the microwave generator 62. This regeneration by microwave heating is continued for a selected time to substantially burn the volatilizable material. A coolant gas (typically atmospheric air) can be passed from the source 68 through the passages in the insulation layer if heating of the microwave cavity is detrimental. Suitable silicon carbide whiskers for use in the filter unit 12 can be produced using the following procedure as reported in U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,069 which is incorporated herein by reference. Very small fluffy silicon dioxide particles, having a very large surface area, are mixed with a fluffy carbonized material. Both of these materials have a void volume of about 40 percent or greater. The silicon dioxide particles in this mixture are about 1.5 to about 2.75 times, by weight, of the carbon fibers. The mixture is heated to a temperature of about 1600 to 1900 degrees C. for at least about 0.2 hours during which the gaseous reactions products of reactions between the two materials at the surface of the mixture are maintained at steady state by flowing an inert gas through the furnace. Preferably a catalyst from the group consisting of aluminum metal and decomposable compounds of boron, aluminum and lanthanum (or mixtures thereof) is added prior to the heating step. The following Example I more specifically describes the production of silicon carbide whiskers for use in the present invention.
Very small (0.002 micron) fluffy silicon dioxide particles having a very large surface area (200 m2 /g), such as "Cab-O-Sil" manufactured by the Cabot Corporation, are intimately mixed with fully carbonized cotton fibers in a dry state. Small percentages of anhydrous boric oxide (B2 O3) and powdered aluminum metal are added to the mixture to act as catalysts for the SiC whisker growth.
The mixture is loaded into a graphite synthesis container, having approximately 40% void in the closed container. The mixture is subjected to a temperature of 1700°±50° C. in an argon atmosphere for 30 to 90 minutes. The argon is constantly flowed over the container to remove the gaseous reaction by-products during the formation of the SiC whiskers.
The resultant product is greater than 98% silicon carbide containing greater than 80% separable 1-3 micron diameter silicon carbide whiskers, with the remainder being particulate and fused whisker-like material. The non-whisker material is removed from the heat treated material by mechanical separation to yield the final silicon carbide whisker product.
Whiskers produced according to this process are utilized to produce, for example, a "felt" or paper of solely silicon carbide whiskers. These layers of whiskers are then typically formed into a monolithic corrugated filter structure (12) for placement within a thermal insulation body (14) typically fabricated from fiber alumina or zirconia. The filter unit typically is a right circular cylinder five to nine inches in diameter and nine to twelve inches long. The thermal insulation sleeve typically is the same length as the filter unit, and has a typical thickness of one and one-half inches. Thus, the typical diameter of the filter-insulation assembly is about eight to twelve inches. The following Examples II and III describe typical formations of a filter element
The silicon carbide whisker filter must meet certain criteria to remove fine particulate material from a high velocity, high temperature gas stream. These criteria present certain conflicts in material properties. The filter must have sufficient porosity to create a pressure drop of less than two inches of water in the exhaust stream. It must have porosity fine enough or surface area great enough to stop at least 85% of the particulates of 0.1 micron and larger size. Therefore, it must have a very large surface area, and a very thin wall with high enough strength to withstand the exhaust stream pressure.
High surface area is typically obtained by creating spirals or folds in the filter wall.
The formation of these geometric shapes requires a pliable form of silicon carbide whisker material. This form is obtained by making whisker paper using the whiskers prepared according to Example I. A sheet of cellulose fiber paper is formed by the well-known Fourdrinier process, with the paper being typically 0.003 to 0.025 inches thick. A sheet of whisker paper is formed, over the cellulose fiber paper, this being about 0.008 to 0.050 inches thick. A final sheet of cellulose fiber, identical to the above-described sheet, is formed over the SiC whisker paper. Thus, the SiC whisker paper is contained for support during subsequent steps.
The resultant composite is formed into either a folded or spiral array and placed in a high temperature fixture for the rigidifying of the filter. The filter and fixture are placed in a vacuum furnace and brought to approximately 1200° C. to burn out the cellulose paper. Methyl trichlorosilane and hydrogen or similar SiC forming gases are forced through the SiC paper filter wall, forming SiC, HCl and H2 products. The SiC formed in this step will bond the SiC whiskers in the paper making the filter shape rigid and strong. The filter is cooled and removed from the fixture. It is then fitted into and attached to a ceramic fiber insulation outer shell. End caps adapters are then attached.
A porous metal or plastic mold is shaped in the folded or spiral filter form. A thin (0.010-0.032 in.) cardboard preform is fitted inside of the porous mold. Silicon carbide whiskers, as formed from the process of Example I, are dispersed in a water suspension using ammonium hydroxide and Darvon C (from R. T. Vanderbilt) as dispersants, and methyl cellulose as a binder. The suspension should contain 40 to 70 wt % SiC whiskers. This suspension is agitated through the inside of the mold while a vacuum of 5 to 15 in. Hg is pulled through the mold. This vacuum forms the whiskers onto the cardboard preform to a thickness of about 0.008 to about 0.50 inches. The assembly is dried, and the cardboard preform and whisker filter are removed as a unit, ready for rigidifying.
This is accomplished by carbonizing at 800°-900° C. in argon to convert the cardboard and methyl cellulose binder to carbon particles. The furnace is then further heated to 1450°-1650° C. When this temperature is reached, the unit is sprayed with or dipped in molten silicon. This molten silicon reacts with the carbon to form silicon carbide to bond the silicon carbide whiskers to thus rigidify the filter. It then can be inserted into the thermal insulation sleeve and any end adapters applied.
The filter-insulation assembly is slidably received within the microwave cavity (20) as shown in the afore-described FIG. 2. In this configuration, the microwave energy directed into the cavity causes substantially uniform heating of the filter unit throughout a major portion of the filter. Because of this uniform heating, there is essentially no temperature gradient within the filter during the carbon burnoff and thus no potential damage during either use of the filter or the regeneration thereof. It is anticipated that the filter-insulation assembly will perform satisfactorily for at least 150,000 miles of operation for most heavy diesel-powered trucks and like vehicles. If at any time regeneration is not adequate, as determined by the differential pressure across the filter, the unit can be removed and a new filter-insulation assembly installed. Of course, if a filter is fabricated having sufficient rigidity to be handled, it alone would be replaced unless damage has occurred to the insulation.
A structure as disclosed herein will have uses for applications other than in diesel system exhausts. For example, there are many coal gassifier systems wherein the exhaust gases contain deleterious quantities of carbon-containing particulates. Further, there are fluidized bed combustors, direct coal-fired gas turbines, etc. wherein particulate material must be removed at relatively high temperature. All of these particulates can be removed using a filter-heater system as described, with the filter portion thereof being regenerated periodically (or upon demand) using the microwave heating. The silicon carbide whiskers are essentially inert to other contaminants of the gases, including Ca, Zn, P, S, Fe and oxides commonly found in diesel fuel and lubricants.
From the foregoing, it will be understood that a device has been developed that provides a monolithic filter structure for removing carbon or other combustible effluent particulate material from a gas stream. When this particulate material contains such combustibles, they can be removed from the filter by heating with microwave energy to cause the combustibles to burn and typically become carbon dioxide. Due to the particular nature of the monolithic filter, the heating is substantially uniform within the filter so that thermal gradients are essentially absent and cracking or other deleterious structural damage (caused by the thermal expansion gradients) are eliminated. The device is of particular value in the exhaust systems of diesel-fueled engines; however, it has potential value in many other fields where gaseous streams include carbon-containing particulates (or other particulates wherein an essential portion thereof can be removed by heating).
The preferred embodiment of the filter element involves the use of silicon carbide whiskers. However, other forms of silicon carbide materials that provide suitable filtration and which couple to the microwave radiation to achieve thermal energy are suitable for use in the present invention.
Although certain details are given herein in the explanation of the present invention, they are given for illustration purposes rather than to limit the invention. Thus, the invention is to be limited only by the appended claims and their equivalents.
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