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After starting one of the most successful sandwich shops in Soldotna back in ___Odie retired, then after a successful battle with cancer her daughter Melodie re-started Odie's Deli at a new location and Odie started "Odie's Bead It.
Scott & Dena Cunningham congratulate McDonald's area supervisor Pepper Burnett on her 20th Anniversary of service with them at McDonald's of the Kenai Peninsula.
As Wilma Ellington begins another lap around the sun, she says she's feeling pretty good having completed her 104th year on planet earth where she now counts over one hundred, grandchildren, great grandchildren, great great grandchildren and three great great great grandchildren, 70% of whom live ...
A new facility is now underway for HOPE Community Resources on K-Beach Rd.
Alaska Rubber & Rigging Supply has been serving Alaska's industrial since the 1980's and now has opened a branch in Kenai to better service the resurgence of the oil and gas industry in the Cook Inlet.
(NAPS)-It's estimated that about one-third of kids in the United States are overweight or obese. Being overweight as a child can lead to health problems later in life.
"Where the rubber meets the air!" is a fitting description of the Annual Soldotna Bike/Skate & Scooter challenge.
PJ's popular family restaurant located in the former Sourdough Sal's iconic location in Soldotna is now offering a variety of delicious gluten free Danish, cookies, cinnamon rolls, bear claws, muffins, cream pies and brownies daily, they even carry a line of Gluten Free Mixes. Other gluten free ...
Last year the Friends of the Kenai Library book sale didn't happen, so this weekend they are having a Mega Book Sale this weekend September 18th - 20th.
The Kenai Peninsula Food Bank's annual Soup Supper & Auction grossed more funds in August than any other event in the last 18 years, according to Linda Swarner, executive director of the Kenai Peninsula Food Bank.
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The joint integrated Electronic Health Record system being developed by the Veterans Affairs and Defense department will be deployed nationwide from 2014 to 2017, and development work on the system will be ongoing during that period, Roger Baker, chief information officer for the VA, said on May 23.
Baker, speaking in a conference call with reporters, said there are 127 existing medical applications that need to be "addressed" in the new joint "iEHR" system. That means some forms of the existing applications would be migrated from legacy systems to the new system, or similar functionalities would be developed in the new joint system.
Although work has already started, development is likely to be continuing on most of the 127 applications during the deployment period starting in 2014, Baker said.
"The bulk of the applications won't be in the new system" as of 2014, he said. Many of the applications will continue to run in the existing legacy systems, VA's "VistA" and DOD's "AHTLA" while the development work continues, he added.
During the 2014 to 2017 period, those dozens of applications will continue to be replaced and functionality developed in the new system, Baker said.
Baker also said the new joint system will have four layers, including a data map to the Healthcare Data Dictionary, an enterprise service bus for messaging between the data and the applications, the applications and a common graphical user interface.
Both the Defense and VA have agreed to build an open source ecosystem for software for their joint record, Baker said.
"We are committed to moving down that path," Baker said. "It is not easy. It is a new way of doing things and we are breaking new ground."
About the Author
Alice Lipowicz is a staff writer covering government 2.0, homeland security and other IT policies for Federal Computer Week.
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Meet 100 women and men who are doing great things in federal IT.
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Three-time Federal 100 winner is leaving government in July.
Members of Congress heaped hard questions on federal IT leaders at a June 16 hearing and suggested strongly that somebody needs to be fired.
Senate bill carves out exemption for supercomputing and other lab IT; an earlier version of the measure would have exempted the entire Department of Energy.
OPM is partnering with CSID to try to manage the fallout from a massive breach of some 4 million federal personnel records.
Steve Kelman applauds the OMB's move to make career employees "goal leaders" for performance management initiatives -- but wishes it had come far earlier in the administration.
In an exclusive interview, Jimaye Sones, who was Defense Information Systems Agency comptroller from 2005 to 2013, says he was reassigned after revealing questionable accounting practices at the agency.
Through computer forensics training and internships, veterans are helping Immigration and Customs Enforcement tackle a backlog in child exploitation cases.
After two months on the job studying DOD's cybersecurity and IT needs, Secretary Ashton Carter is set to unveil a new Pentagon cyber strategy in Silicon Valley.
The failure of massive federal IT projects can usually be traced to poor management. The solution is as multilayered as the projects themselves.
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Eight days from only £799pp. Selected departures May to October 2013
Croatia was christened 'Pearl of the Adriatic' by Byron. Its recent scars have healed, and the legacy left by the Romans, Byzantines, Venetians and Hapsburgs, plus its dramatic coastline, means a wonderful place awaits for those who hanker for a Mediterranean ambience of 30 years ago.
Book Dubrovnik, The Dalmatian Coast & Montenegro
Day 1
After flying to Dubrovnik or Split a coach will take you to your hotel, either the four-star Hotel Plaza in Omis, the four-star Hotel Park in Makarska or the four-star Hotel Olympia in Vodice, for three nights' half-board.
Day 2
After breakfast, drive inland to Krka Valley, a new National Park, where the river flows through a series of gorges, lakes and rapids into the sea. Take a boat trip to the part of the river where several tiers of waterfall tumble into a broad, shallow pool where you can relax in beautiful surroundings before returning to your hotel.
Day 3
Drive north, along stunning coastline, to Split, famous for the great Roman palace of Emperor Diocletian. Constructed with Italian marble and Egyptian columns and sphinx it was, during medieval times, totally integrated into the fabric of the town which today still has 3,000 people living within its walls. The Temple of Jupiter has even become a baptistry. This afternoon you visit the nearby medieval city of Trogir, a charming Dalmatian port. Explore the old town and its Renaissance and Romanesque buildings arranged in a chaotic manner behind impregnable ramparts.
Day 4
Head north along memorable coastline to medieval Mostar, which contains 16th century mosques, Turkish houses and a fine, typically 19th century town hall, a cosmopolitan mix reflecting the city. See and hear artisans crafting their metalwork as they have, for centuries. Visit Mostar's principal claim to fame, the amazing stone bridge that links the two halves of the old town, before continuing to Dubrovnik for four nights' half-board at the three-star Hotel Argosy or hotel Tirena. Located on a rocky promontory jutting out into the Adriatic, it offers beautiful sea views on three sides.
Day 5
Enjoy a guided tour of wonderful, baroque Dubrovnik, which nestles behind huge ramparts, in a setting of outstanding natural beauty. Walk the main avenue, lined with intimate cafes, which is completely paved with marble. Dubrovnik's outstanding architectural heritage means a wonderful array of buildings, many from the 14th century, for you to explore.
Day 6
A free day to explore as you wish.
Day 7
Follow the sapphire-blue coastline, enjoying the views en route, to Montenegro. Visit the medieval walled town of Kotor, a labyrinth of cobbled streets, surrounding the Orthodox cathedral, radiating into quiet squares. The bustling market, refreshingly, sells a multitude of products with nary a heed to standardisation. Proceed to another medieval town, Budva, before crossing the inland sea, by boat, to Dubrovnik.
Day 8
Coach to the airport for your homeward flight.
Price includes Seven nights' accommodation on half-board basis at the four-star Hotel Plaza, Hotel Park or Hotel Olympia and three-star superior Hotel Argosy or Hotel Tirena • Return flights • All tours as mentioned • Visits to Split, Mostar and Trogir • Guided tours of Diocletian's Palace and Dubrovnik • Visit to Krka National Park • Visit to Mostar • Tour of Montenegro • Services of Riviera tour manager
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7 Nts at the Stylish 4* Ocean Two Hotel from only £879pp. Save 30! Dept 1 Sept – 22 Oct.
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Surgical Specialist, Orthopaedic Surgeon
Maedgen Area
3601 4th St
Lubbock, TX 79430 Phone number & directions
3601 4th St
Lubbock, TX 79430 Phone number & directions
License & Identifications
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Learn more about Dr. Blake Clifton:
View the full profile to get information on:
- Qualifications
- What's important to you
View full profile
Patient Reviews
Have you visited Dr. Clifton? Share your experience.
Write a Review
Write a Review
Specialties & Research
- He has special expertise in 3 areas:
- Hip Osteoarthritis
- Knee Osteoarthritis
- Osteoarthritis (Hand and Wrist)
Home > Find a Surgeon > TX > Lubbock Surgeons > Dr. Blake Clifton, MD
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- Additional Information
- Dr. Blake C Clifton MD is a male Orthopaedic Surgeon and practices in Orthopaedic Surgery.
- Where does Dr. Blake C. Clifton practice?
- Dr. Blake Clifton has 1 office location.
Dr. Blake Clifton practices Orthopaedic Surgery near Lubbock, TX.
See Lubbock Surgeons.


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Tweet Sheet: Celebs React to Obama Victory
Four more years! After a hard fought election the American people chose to stick with President Barack Obama for another term. The historic victory was celebrated throughout the nation with some of your favorite Hollywood and Music stars leading the cheers. Click on to see how celebs reacted to Obama's re-election.
(Photo by Win McNamee/Getty Images)
Out and About: Amber Rose and Blac Chyna Share a Kiss06/29/2015
Where Are They Now? The Cast of Coming to America06/29/2015
Quotes: Obama Speaks on Historic Marriage Equality Ruling06/26/2015
Out and About: Rihanna Lets It All Hang Out in LA06/26/2015
Great Moments in Black LGBT History06/25/2015
Celebrity Birthdays: Solange Knowles-Ferguson Celebrates!06/24/2015
Where Are They Now? The Cast of White Chicks06/23/2015
So Fab: Drag Queens as Celebrities06/22/2015
Celebrities Celebrate Father's Day 201506/21/2015
Out and About: Chanel Iman Is Beyond Sexy in NYC06/19/2015
Celeb Quotes: Pres. Obama Slams the Politics of Gun Control06/19/2015
Father Knows Best: Celebrity Dads Talk Fatherhood06/18/2015
Celebrity Birthdays: Kendrick Lamar Celebrates!06/17/2015
Out and Proud: Famous LGBT Couples06/16/2015
Rachel Dolezal Ain't the Only One: 'Transracial' Celebs06/15/2015
Out and About: Gorgeous Gabby in the Big Apple06/12/2015
Celeb Quotes: Drake Throws Shade to Music Streaming Sites06/12/2015
Party Rockers: Wildest Bashes for Celebrity Kids06/11/2015
You Gotta Have It: Things to See, Hear and Cop This Month06/10/2015
Where Are They Now?: Cast of What's Love Got to Do With It06/09/2015
Learn and Love: Ten Things to Know About Transgender People06/08/2015
Celebrity Birthdays: Kanye West Celebrates!06/08/2015
Out and About: Nicki Minaj Got You All in Check at X Games06/06/2015
Cinemania: Must-See Movies in June06/05/2015
Celebrity Quotes of the Week: Nicki Minaj Demands Orgasms06/05/2015
Celebrity Birthdays: EJ Johnson Celebrates!06/04/2015
Keep It Cute: Celebrity Babies Who Steal the Show06/03/2015
Where Are They Now? The Cast of Big Momma's House06/02/2015
Forever Kimye: Kim and Kanye's Love Story06/01/2015
Out and About: North West Is Tutu Cute Leaving Dance Class05/31/2015
Waiting for Tonight: Celebrity Kids at Prom05/31/2015
Quotes: Kenya Moore Is Single Because Too Many Men Are Gay05/29/2015
Celebrity Birthdays: André 3000 Celebrates!05/27/2015
Where Are They Now: The Cast of Menace II Society05/26/2015
Out & About: MJB Performs at amfAR Cinema Against AIDS Gala05/24/2015
Quotes of the Week: Jay Z Snaps Back at Critics of TIDAL05/22/2015


text: In a project called "Natural Frequencies," the bells in the Campanile on the University of California, Berkeley campus were recently programmed to play a score composed in real time by the seismic shifts taking place along the Hayward fault. Eric Risberg/AP hide caption itoggle caption Eric Risberg/AP All Tech Considered Shake, Rattle And Toll: Berkeley's Bells Play Sounds Of Earth February 9, 2015 In celebration of its 100th anniversary, the bells of UC Berkeley's Sather Tower were programmed to play a score composed in real time by the data from seismic shifts happening under the campus. Listen Loading… 2:19 Playlist Download Embed Embed Close embed modal <iframe src="http://www.npr.org/player/embed/384941475/385000803" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no">


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Browse the A-Z index
ARTsySTEM: The Changing Climates of the Arts and Sciences
This exhibits showcases works of art that share a…
The Dorothy and Herbert Vogel Collection: Fifty Works for Fifty States
This exhibit showcases, for the first time, the…
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Sample cheese and learn how it's made!
And Then There Were None -- Lyric Repertory Company
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Expecting some volatility tomorrow.
Both exports and imports now declining. Doesn't get any uglier than that there.
Sentiment: Strong Sell
Mr. Hyena, I am amazed you have continued with bearish posture. I do not understand how you can stay so strong bearish in the face of all logic now as stocks will go higher. Gold has been crushed too. What are your positions in the markets.
China's death spiral is winding down - market's been sideways for a long time now. I don't think US equities care so much about China data - instead - it'll be fed minutes tomorrow and technicals (above the 1650 level) that will drive the market.


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How to make 'Call Me Maybe' stop
College Humor's parody of popular song is like none other
By: Sammy Hudes
Ever since Canadian artist Carly Rae Jepsen's hit song, "Call Me Maybe" gained popularity earlier this year, it seems as though the tune has been suck on repeat on radio stations and iPods worldwide.
Analysts have studied "Call Me Maybe" throughout 2012 in attempt to discover its possible deeper meaning. Last week, two Jewish musicians attempted to decode the lyrics on Twitter, when Maroon 5 member Adam Levine and rapper Mac Miller shared a brief, but enlightening conversation.
Countless parodies have flooded Youtube, including one earlier this week from Sesame Street, in which the Cookie Monster shares his rendition of "Share It Maybe."
But it appears that there is only one parody of the song that will make the song stop, and finally put an end to the madness.
Introducing College Humor's semi-offensive, yet surprisingly relieving version of "Call Me Maybe":
Google-owned Video Game Turns Concentration Camps into 'Playable' SpacesJuly 04, 2015 | By Jeff Low
'Ingress' players establish playable zones at concentration camp memorial sites, Google subsidiary receives considerable backlash
Yahoo Finance Links 'Jewish Funding' to Hypocritical White Supremacist, Earl P. HoltJuly 04, 2015 | By Jeff Low
Yahoo Finance reporter Rick Newman uncovers information which may link Earl Pendleton Holt III, president of 'racist,' 'extremist' group, to inherited 'Jewish funding'
'Rent a Jew' Program to Unite Jewish, non-Jewish GermansJuly 04, 2015 | By Jeff Low
Provocative NGO initiative, 'Rent a Jew' program seeks to build relationships between German youth
Jon Stewart to Become Jewish Super Hero after Daily Show?July 04, 2015 | By Jeff Low
During an interview with Jon Hamm, Stewart revealed his goal to become Minyan Man
Single Cells are the "Ultimate Anatomy" and will Revolutionize MedicineJuly 04, 2015 | By B. Shane Morganstein
Eric Lander, father of the Human Genome Project, believes looking at single cells is the medicine of the future
Jerry Seinfeld to Trevor Noah: You'll Do Just FineJuly 04, 2015 | By B. Shane Morganstein
The new 'Daily Show' host is the latest guest on 'Comedians in Cars'
Israel-China Connection Strengthens, with Israeli Startups Competing in Shengjing Global Innovation AwardJuly 03, 2015 | By B. Shane Morganstein
"The connection between China and Israel is a recipe for success"
Check Out Super Bowl Champion Julian Edelman's Photos from IsraelJuly 03, 2015 | By B. Shane Morganstein
A look at the New England Patriots star's trip to the Holy Land
WATCH: Nirvana Goes Middle Eastern Culture » Music » News


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'Twilight' Star Kristen Stewart Tops List of the Biggest Bargains in Hollywood
Robert Pattinson, Anne Hathaway and Daniel Radcliffe also make the annual Forbes rankings of the best actors for the buck, which compares how much they're paid to how much their movies earn.
What do Johnny Depp, Robert Downey Jr. and Meryl Streep have in common?
They're cheap.
Hard to imagine, but those three are considered some of the biggest bargains in Hollywood, given how much money their movies bring in compared with how much they're paid.
PHOTOS: Hollywood's Top Earners
The data comes courtesy of Forbes and its annual list of the best actors for the buck, which it released late Tuesday.
Those seasoned veterans, though, still are no match for young Twilight and Harry Potter franchise players like Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson and Daniel Radcliffe, who are Nos. 1, 3 and 4 on the list, respectively.
Forbes looks at wide releases over the past five years and compares operating income of titles to the salaries the productions pay the stars in order to determine which actors represent bargains.
PHOTOS: Hollywood's Highest Paid Actresses
Because Twilight movies don't cost much -- relatively to some other blockbusters -- they score high on operating income, which makes the multimillion-dollar actors look downright underpaid.
Stewart, for example, is paid $1 for every $55.83 that her films earn. That's a stark contrast to the $2.70 that Eddie Murphy movies make for every $1 he is paid. Forbes identified Murphy last month as the second most overpaid actor, behind only Drew Barrymore, whose movies earn just 40 cents for every dollar she's paid.
After Stewart on the Forbes list released Tuesday is Anne Hathaway, whose movies earn $45.67 for every dollar she is paid, courtesy of the $1 billion that Alice in Wonderland took in worldwide.
PHOTOS: Hollywood's 10 Highest-Grossing Actors
Pattinson, Stewart's Twilight series co-star, earned $39.43 for every $1 he was paid. HIs average was taken down due to Water for Elephants and Remember Me, which both did fairly well but can't compare to Twilight. Taylor Lautner of Twilight didn't qualify for the list.
Radcliffe's movies made $34.24 per $1 he was paid. Downey, Streep and Depp are Nos. 6, 9 and 10, respectively, on the list.
Never miss a story. Stay up-to-date with THR's Daily Headlines.
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Lena Dunham, Amy Schumer and Comedy Actress A-List in Raunchy, R-Rated Roundtable
Bob Odenkirk, David Oyelowo and Drama Actor A-List on Oscar Snubs, Bad Scripts and Getting Ignored by Robert Redford


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Real Madrid and Atletico Madrid warmed up for next weekend's Copa Del Rey final with convincing La Liga victories.Real hammered nine-man Malaga 6-2 with a Cristiano Ronaldo-inspired performance at the Bernabeu, while Atletico beat Celta Vigo 3-1 on the road.
Cristiano Ronaldo 14'
(assist by M. Özil)
1 - 0
1 - 1
35' Diego Costa
(assist by R. Falcao)
1 - 2
|Diego López
|Sergio Ramos
|Fábio Coentrão
|Xabi Alonso
|L. Modrić
|M. Essien
|M. Özil
|S. Khedira
|Cristiano Ronaldo
|14' 90+3' 115'
|K. Benzema
|Coach: José Mourinho
|T. Courtois
|98' 120+2'
|Filipe Luis
|D. Godín
|115' 120+5'
|Mario Suárez
|A. Turan
|R. Falcao
|Diego Costa
|35' 69'
|Coach: D. Simeone
for L. Modrić 91'
for Fábio Coentrão 91'
for K. Benzema 91'
for Diego Costa 105+2'
for A. Turan 111'
for Koke 113'
|Gundogan inspires Dortmund victory
|Inter confirm Montoya capture
|Murillo joins Inter, as Kuzmanovic and Obi depart
|Falcao signing not a risk, says former Chelsea star
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|Confidence and service the key to Falcao success at Chelsea
|No bids for ´Chelsea target´ Baba, claim Augsburg
|Derby swoop for Ince
|Fiorentina consider legal action over Salah ´no-show´
|Chelsea the team to beat in the Premier League, says Neville
|Storari exits Juve for Cagliari
|UEFA removes FFP restrictions on Man City and PSG
|West Brom hope for new owners within the month
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|Chile ´no chance´ if Argentina produce their best - Diaz
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|Holebas makes Watford move
|Milan secure Adriano signing
|Peru v Paraguay: Diaz counts cost of semi-final loss
|Bastia hit out at reports of extra debt
|Hernandez has successful surgery
|Odemwingie signs one-year Stoke extension
|Uth signs for Hoffenheim
|Henen seals Everton return
|Cattermole pens long-term Sunderland deal
|United States v Guatemala: Klinsmann backs Dempsey ahead of Gold Cup warm-up
|West Ham working on Jenkinson return - Gold
|Milan agree deal for Bacca
|Real buy back Vazquez from Espanyol
|Richards leaves Swansea for Fulham
|McShane signs for Reading
|Giggs tells youngsters to seize US chance
|Hammond pens Leicester extension
|Only Schweinsteiger can decide Bayern future - Guardiola
|Cech plans to play until he´s 40
|Montoya arrives in Milan ahead of Inter move
|Hernandez out of Gold Cup
|US asks Switzerland to extradite seven FIFA officials
|MLS Preview: Sounders seek momentum switch
|Mexico 0 Honduras 0: Hernandez injury sours friendly
|Hernandez taken to hospital
|Garay in doubt for Copa America final
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|Bassett ´an absolute hero´ despite own goal - Sampson
|Japan 2 England 1: Late own goal breaks English hearts
|Salvo quits as Valencia president
|Costa not Ribery cover - Bayern director Sammer
|Chile, Argentina deserve final spots - Mena
|Ramos keen on United switch - Calderon
|B36 1 The New Saints 2: Wilde leaves it late to secure advantage
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|Celtic snap up United teenager Janko
|Beauvue passes Lyon medical
|Roma bring in Falque
|Coates completes permanent Sunderland switch
|Vallecano to make charity donations from shirt sales
|Angella commits to Watford
|Gundogan pens new Dortmund deal
|Juve reject €80million Barca offer for Pogba, says Marotta
|Ruiz seals permanent Villarreal move
|Mourinho respects Cech´s decision to quit Chelsea
|Claridge excited by potential Pearson successors
|Miranda completes Inter switch
|Blind takes over as Netherlands coach
|Mourinho: Premier League tougher to win than ever
|Hamburg make Holtby move permanent
|Southampton terminate Osvaldo contract
|BREAKING NEWS: Swansea swoop for Eder
|Abbiati extends Milan stay
|Cruyff: Barcelona have lost their values
|Vydra seals Watford move
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|Clyne becomes Liverpool´s sixth close-season signing
|Imbula leaves Marseille for Porto
|FIFA chief Blatter challenges critics to prove corruption claims
|Distin joins Bournemouth
|Bayern seal Costa deal
|Arsenal confirm Diaby departure
|Blatter to miss Women´s World Cup final
|Bogdan sets sights on being Liverpool number one
|Danilo eager to get started at Real Madrid
|Leicester´s Wood joins Leeds
|Porto confirm Atletico move for Martinez
|Lloyd: Repetition key to netting penalty
|Sheffield Wednesday job a ´dream´ for Carvalhal
|´We played a complete game´ - Messi
|Diaz upbeat despite heavy Copa loss to Argentina
|Martino lauds Messi for selfless performance
|Viviani makes surprise Verona switch
|Estonian team wins cup match 31-0
|No meeting with Arsenal has occurred - Vidal´s agent
|United States 2 Germany 0: Ellis´ team reach World Cup final
|Argentina 6 Paraguay 1: Messi leads Martino´s men to Copa final
|UEFA Europa League Review: FK Zeljeznicar and FC Dacia Chisinau open with wins
|UEFA Champions League Review: FC Pyunik make winning start


text:
Massachusetts single-family home sales declined 6.6 percent in August, marking the sixth time sales have decreased year-over-year in 2014, according to the latest report by The Warren Group, publisher of Banker & Tradesman. more
By PBN Staff
A landmark arts center on the waterfront of Santander is dividing the Spanish port city over the clout of its best-known native son Emilio Botin and his family's banking dynasty. more
By Charles Penty
Royal Bank of Scotland Group PLC will write down the value of its U.S. unit, Citizens Financial Group Inc., by about 4 billion pounds ($6.2 billion) next week, a person familiar with the matter said. more
By Stephen Morris
Citizens Financial Group Inc. reported a 25.9 percent increase in profit in the first quarter, and a 7.6 percent increase in assets, driven by loan and lease growth. more
By Lori Stabile
Centreville Bank President, CEO and Chairman, Raymond J. Bolster II will retire effective May 1. more
By Lori Stabile
Independent Bank Corp., parent of Rockland Trust Co., reported a "record year for earnings" in 2014, with net income gains of 19.1 percent for the year, and 50.9 percent for the fourth quarter. more
By Lori Stabile
Citizens Financial Group Inc. on Monday announced the appointment of LPL Financial Chairman and CEO Mark Casady and Royal Bank of Scotland Group non-executive director Robert Gillespie to its board of directors. more
By PBN Staff
Citizens Bank fell out of the top five in the Ponemon Institute's 11th annual Privacy Trust Study for Retail Banking released this week. more
By PBN Staff
Foreclosure rates in Rhode Island were lower in July than they were a year ago, but are still higher than the national foreclosure rate, according to information released Tuesday from real estate data firm CoreLogic. more
By PBN Staff
Bank of America Corp., the second- biggest U.S. bank, said profit declined 43 percent as it spent $4 billion to cover litigation costs, including a mortgage settlement with American International Group Inc. more
By Hugh Son


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Oyster Creek Lodge Bed and Breakfast
From $365 / night
Description from the owner
Description from the owner
Bedrooms: 6/
Bathrooms: 6/
Sleeps: 12/
Type: Bed and Breakfast
Oyster Creek Lodge
Surrounded by the Knysna Lagoon with a spectacular view of The Heads, This intimate, Luxury lodge can sleep up to twelve people and offers a variety of flexible accommodation choices. Operating as both a bed and breakfast and self-catering facility, the lodge consists of five Luxury suites and one self –catering unit. All of the lodge's suites (one twin, two double rooms, one queen and luxury suite) are lagoon-facing and open onto the balcony, which includes our loft double bedroom. This intimate, luxury lodge is located between Port Elizabeth and Cape Town in the area called the Garden Route of South Africa.
The luxury ...Read more
About the owner
About the owner
Esther B.
Esther B.
- Response rate: 80%
- Response time: Within a day
- Calendar updated: 12 days ago
Overall rating:
Oyster Creek Lodge Bed and Breakfast Knysna, Western Cape, South Africa
Additional Location Information
From George side, stay on N2 and after crossing the bridge over the Knysna Lagoon, drive 3.2 kms and take the turn-off to your right marked "The Point". Follow our signs right down to the tip of The Point.
From Port Elizabeth, stay on the N2 and drive straight through Knysna in the direction of George. There are 3 robots when leaving the CBD. Carry on on the N2 with the Lagoon on your left. After the 3rd robot, there is a turn-off to your left, marked "The Point". Turn left and follow our signs down to the tip of The Point.
Knysna is situated on the banks of the beautiful Knysna Lagoon and offers magnificent hikes in the world famous Knysna Forest. Here you can visit one of the first gold mining sites in the country, the famous Big Tree and just experience the magic of the forest where the famous Knysna Elephants roamed for decades. Visit the Knysna Heads where in the olden days many ships were wrecked trying to negotiate the entrance through the treacherous Eastern and Western Heads.
Knysna is in the centre of the beautiful Garden Route and one of the main attractions in all overseas travel publications.
More About This Location
Lake nearby


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Natalie Ann Hengen - September 08, 2010
To Dave and Della Hengen of Gothenburg on Thursday, Aug. 12, 2010, at Kearney, a daughter, Natalie Ann. She weighed eight pounds, eight ounces.
Paternal grandparents are Ronald and Betty Marlin of Gothenburg and Frank Hengen of Minden. Maternal grandparents are Clifford and Marilyn Brock and Burton and Linda Slack, all of Gothenburg.
Great-grandparents include Lila Brooks of Cozad, Gloria Marlin and Hariet Oberg, both of Gothenburg.
Latest Headlines
- Lake Helen coming to life
- Dist. 20 state aid chopped
- Dawson County 4-H students return from trip East
- Rodeo, fun walk part of July 4 events
- Pony Express Re-ride gallops past Gothenburg
- Jack Ostergard part of Nebraska Sandhills Cowboy Hall of Fame
- Commissioners receive four bids for new culverts
- City council forced to go with gut over escaped dog


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You are viewing yoshi_plus
I don't know how to start out this community, but I wanted to see if this will work. I am currently making a RP website, dedicated to Yoshi and Koopas...but that is off the subject.
Here is where Yoshi characters can come together to interact with each other.....And if you want, create a customized journal for your character.
I have two that I created, and have been working on for a while.
yoshidaknight is my Yoshi character's journal. (She has a very rough life, just warning you)
bigguysir is my koopa character, who is also Yoshida's "father:".
Anyway. Hope you have fun if you decide to join.
(sorry for the lame intro XD....I am not good at introductions at all ^-^)


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SparkFun Electronics will be closed on July 3rd, 2015 in observance of Independence Day. Any orders placed after 2:00pm MT on July 2nd will be shipped out after the weekend. Thanks!
Description: This is a very simple but extremely handy, 1" square, double sided perf board. Standard 0.1" spacing with a 4-40 (3mm) hole for mounting.
Package of 2
You can clearly see where the boards were once together. Why not leave them together in case we need something wider and let us break it ourselves?
It would be great if Sparkfun offered traces on this protoboard like the single sided version: https://www.sparkfun.com/products/8808
I would jump on that like a bird on a junebug.
Aw, I was hoping it'd be an interesting color like the dark blue one in the pictures. Mine are boring PCB green too =(
warning, these don't always come in blue. Mine are green.
Does anybody know how the via connects the holes? (Like which holes are connected?)
What does the big hole on the top center do?
The big hole is a mounting hole. Also, the term "via" in the context of electronics means plated hole used to connect two different layers on a PCB (as opposed to Latin where it can mean "way" or "road"). This being a double sided board, the vias only connect the pads on one end of a given hole to another. There doesn't appear to be traces connecting pads on either side of the board. However, the single sided version of this board does have some pads connected by traces (basically in lines three pads long, except around the mounting hole).
Are the holes plated through?
Yes, the holes are plated through, including the mounting hole.
Are the top and bottom solder points connected with a via?
Based on 1 ratings:
High quality, and does exactly what it's supposed to.


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Tessari sticks out as the type of wrestler that Oliver will pick apart with his technique (sadly Dylan Ness fits this description as well) he's too wide open.
Chamberlain (who has beaten Oliver at 66 kilos in freestyle) and Alton who despite his undeserved reputation as a boom/bust guy is solid technically are the guys in my mind who could possibly threaten a 149 Oliver given that they can slow him down (see Oliver's only two losses in the last two years).
If you get into a shootout with Oliver you aren't going to beat him, and shootouts are what Tessari does unless he's revamped his style.


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<Editing the thread title from "Brotherly Love, Which has a better representation?" to "Which shows Ed and Al's Brotherly Love better?? Manga or Anime??" to better describe the question of the thread. 02/25/07 ~Tombow>
I was wondering which do you think shows a better representation of brotherly love? The manga or the anime?
I have to say the Manga.
During the whole anime I got the feeling that Alphonse was nothing more than extra weight to Ed but only when he got sent to the other world did he seem to miss him but even the feeling still seemed little to me.
In the manga the two feed off of each other better. I also like how it seemed so natural that when they had a problem Winry was there to talk some sense into them, it reminded me of my brother because when we get in fights our mother would show us how stupid we were and easily make-up. Plus the whole conversation they had when Ed returned to Central was great because for the first time they were completely honest with each other and worked out some important problems they were having. So what do you guys think?


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You can indicate the ring size, special gift wrapping or any other request to the designer at checkout.
Ships with
DHL Express: 2 - 5 days from dispatch.
Leather (embossed with metallic foil). Gold plated brass & steel findigs.
total length approx 12cm (Including hook)
Inspired by the Sacred scarab, worshipped in ancient Egypt as the god of dawn, the Scarab beetle is still a widely used & loved charm symbolizing renewal, a long life & good health.
Rosita Bonita's Winged Scarab range is influenced by the original Egyptian designs & their art deco revivals, but is given a modern graphic edge with the use of foil-embossed leather shapes.
Deco-inspired sacred sacrab wings in tactile lightweight leather.
Individually foil-embossed sections are joined & hung from
dainty gold plated fittings.
Ships with
DHL Express: 2 - 5 days from dispatch.


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I was checking the charts as I'm just twitching to get out and do some casting.
The only times I'm going to get a shot out is in the evening during low tides.
I was always under the impression that high tide is the one to fish.
I'm praying that like alot of other things there's exceptions to the rules or something I've been slightly misinformed about.
Fishing Low Tide
Posted May 09 2008 - 9:27 AM
I was checking the charts as I'm just twitching to get out and do some casting.
Posted May 09 2008 - 9:31 AM
it all depends on where you fish. there are places i like better at low tide than high, and others that i like better at high tide than low...always worth a shot
Posted May 09 2008 - 9:34 AM
This time of year I have better luck on the falling tide, especially if it's early evening and an estuary setting. I like the last two to three hours of the fall at or near the mouth of the river or estuary after that inland water has had a chance to warm up all day. Of course others swear by the incoming tide in the same setting, thinking that bait is following the flow in, so take it for what it's worth.
If you can only fish the low tides this weekend it still beats sitting on the couch thinking about it.
Ditch Troll
Posted May 09 2008 - 9:36 AM
You have to understand why the fish gather at a certain area at low tide, and also why in another area at high tide. All the places are different, but if you know why, you will know what to look for and when to go fish these areas.
Posted May 09 2008 - 10:22 AM
For me, sandy beaches/incoming/high, rocky beaches/last 2hrs of drop, first 2 of incoming. Just seems to work best in most of the places I fish.
Posted May 09 2008 - 10:32 AM
One of my favorite spots for schoolies is an estuary where they hit the grass shrimp and mummys that are pulled out when their grass and other structure is high and dry at the bottom of the outgoing tide.
Posted May 09 2008 - 5:00 PM
Best time to fish is whenever you can.
Posted May 09 2008 - 8:28 PM
I love it. Some guy told me the other day, "You know, low tide is not the best time to fish."
Best time to fish is whenever you can.
I responded with the quote above. He looked at me oddly and left.
If you read any of the Frank Daignault's books (especially "Striper Surf" which everyone should buy) he states that the "what tide is best to fish?" question has no answer. It all depends on the location, and the structure. He also states that in some places tide has no effect whatsoever on the productivity of fish.
I personally just go fishing. I look at the tides to know where to go, since some beaches and places I go are unfishable at low slack (rocks and debris) or high slack (no beach left). I personally enjoy low tide, since some people don't go out fishing then. This leaves me the whole area to myself, increasing the chance that I'll hook up and decreasing my stress level considerably (i hate cell phone fisherman who just sit and talk and gut hook every fish they get).
So just go and have fun. As for me, if I'm not catching stripers, I go after another species (hence I'm an equal opportunity fisherman). Today is the second day in a row that I've pulled cod and flounder and no stripers. Did I have fun still? Hell yeah. So don't give up if you aren't pulling up stripers. You'll be much happier going home with a keeper cod or flounder than nothing. I also hear Tog fishing is good around here lately. See the "Togzilla" post for more.
Sorry for the long-windedness, but I hope it helps!
Posted May 09 2008 - 9:07 PM
I love the smell of low tide sometimes.
Posted May 10 2008 - 8:18 AM
As some have already mentioned, it's kind of location dependant. My theory (and it comes from something I read years ago) is that predatory fish such as bass, blues, albies and bonito don't particularly stop feeding during specific tides - but rather relocate to whatever the best staging location is for trapping bait during a given tide.
For example, there's a certain large estuary in northern MA (near NH border ) where the last hour or two of the out going is best if fishing a certain sandbar, but just a couple of miles up river, high tide is best.
Also, when fishing the open beaches on the south side of the cape, I think high tide brings the fish closer to the beach, but on the flip side, prefer the outgoing while fishing certain estuaries in the same area.
But...fishing is fishing and sometimes you have to go whenever you have the opportunity - and I've caught some nice surpises (of all speciess mentioned above) at times where my expectations were low.
Posted May 10 2008 - 9:33 AM
Stop with the narrow mind and go find a good dropping on low spot
Posted May 10 2008 - 9:37 AM
i agree with ratty. the best time to spend is time fishing.
Posted May 10 2008 - 9:58 AM
I love it. Some guy told me the other day, "You know, low tide is not the best time to fish."
I responded with the quote above. He looked at me oddly and left.
I always worry, when that happens, that I've missed a great learning opportunity. I think I'd have had to have asked: "why is that?"
Member: POL, NAC, VCAN & VGFT
Posted May 10 2008 - 10:52 AM
GO!!! "make history,don't read about it"
Posted May 10 2008 - 9:56 PM
No matter what the tide, no bait in the water=no fish! Give it a shot and keepa journal and start your own history. I agree with the above...any time is a good time to fish...beats work!


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The Top 10 In Action Sports
01Brick By Brick: Camping Lego Style
02Booze and Bikes: 14 Tours That Let Combine Two of the Best Things in the World
03Who Needs Hollywood? These Incredible Videos Were All Filmed on the Simplest Cameras
04Sam Pilgrim vs. The World: The Champion Aiming To Reclaim His Crown In A New Era Of Biking
05Eccentric Adventures Episode 2: Britain's Most Brutal Illegal Event is All About Cheese
06A Journey Into Darkness: We Went Mountain Biking in the Abandoned Mines of Slovenia
07After the Apocalypse: Inside The World's Most Breathtaking Ghost Towns
08Debate: Let's Stop Hating On Parents Who Want To Raise Adventurous Kids
09Guns, Roses, And Eating Insects: Adventure Cycling in Vietnam
10From Intense Trails to Intensive Care: Dicing with Death In a Mountain Biking Paradise
SLV Episode 17
A Snowboarding video by fearofthepark - 5,126 views
Episode 630?
Not quite yet, but this episode of SLV sure is a special one, complete with some awesome footage from the UK scene to get your eyeholes in a sweat about.
Continuing on from the Snowboard Test, we've got a rider catchup from that fabled week out in Austria. Catch up with plenty of GB's top riders and what they have been up to, what they will be up to and where they get those amazing powers of shred from.
Nothing less than you would expect from the one and only SLV!
Ther's also a pretty special 30 Seconds for you, with CASvegas ripper, Simon Cudlip. He's been busy throwing down for the camera and as you'll see in this rad 30 seconds, he's got a few tricks in his bag that will make you watch again, and again...you'll see!
Finally from SLV number 17, there's action from the SNO!down comp that hit up Castleford SNO!zone last month. Some big moves and tasty styles for your viewing pleasure from the popular freezer.
It's all happening on Shred, Lies and Videotape, episode 17 is off the hook!


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Hold down Control (PC) or Command (Mac) key + mouseclick to select more than one option
|Avg. Dinner Entrée
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Posted by 90077 on 09/30/2009
Absolutely great quality Brazilian food. Everything about this restaurant is enjoyable from the fine food to the background music. One of my favorite now places to dine downtown and with the trip if you don't live in the area. The Deserts are fabulous!
Posted by mike & Li Xin on 05/25/2009
Exquisite hidden gem that's easily missed from the street when you're walking by as it's narrow and unpre-tentious but inside, the long and narrow room is tastefully appointed leading to an outdoor patio in the back. The service was very attenta-tive but not intrusive and the noise factor was absent. The menu had a good selection of Brazilian dishes and food quality was far above par with an attractive presentation.
Posted by Damon389 on 05/22/2009
Found this place completely by accident. The food was fantastic, with an inventive menu. As good as the food was (and it was really good!) the service was even better! Great, attentive server who was genuine and fun. Go there before it's "discovered."


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Hello Horizon to Bring 'Zeth & Zuna' to MIPCOM
Newly launched U.K. production company ropes in Emmy Award-winning writer Jeffrey Scott for its maiden animation project.
Newly launched U.K. production company ropes in Emmy Award-winning writer Jeffrey Scott for its maiden animation project.
Eight shorts selected from the U.K., Spain, Italy, Canada and Australia to be considered for long-form series production on Nickelodeon.
To celebrate the 10th anniversary of the series, Scholastic Media announces the debut of all 65 episodes of 'Maya & Miguel' on iTunes.
TaughtByAPro.com presents ProWeekend Seminar hosted by Lipscomb University. Disney animators Ruben Aquino, Claire Keane & Tom Bancroft will be converging on Lipscomb University in Nashville, TN for seminars, lectures and networking. This is an opportunity to learn techniques, tips & tricks used by professional animators, character designers and concept artists who have worked on some of your favorite movies. In addition, there will be an exciting character design contest and plenty of opportunities to ask your questions of these talented artists.
Saban Brands launches its first-ever animated shorts program, Show Us Your Shorts; grand prize winner to receive a Saban development deal and $5,000.
The 2014 Grand Prize for Best Animated Feature is given to 'Seth's Dominion' by Luc Chamberland at the Ottawa International Animation Festival; 'Hipopotamy' by Piotr Dumala wins the Nelvana 2014 Grand Prize for Best Short Animation.
Cartoon Network's hit series 'Regular Show' is back for a not-so-regular sixth season premiering Thursday, October 9 at 7:30 p.m.
Alexander Armstrong to voice Danger Mouse, Kevin Eldon to voice Penfold, and Dave Lamb joins the cast as 'The Narrator.'
Warner Home Video and Adult Swim announce the release of the first season of Rick and Morty on Blu-ray and DVD October 7.
Discovery Communications and toy giant Hasbro end their equal partnership in kids network The Hub, to be rebranded Discovery Family.
Corus Entertainment appoints Athena Georgaklis as its director of content for TELETOON, where she'll oversee content development, acquisitions and production for the network's English and French channels.
International distributor Mediatoon is headed to MIPCOM with a wealth of well-known titles, including several from the Moonscoop catalogue.
OuiDO! Productions partners with Sekiguchi to produce a new Monchhichi series which will be distributed globally by PGS.
Grant Gish, the executive who helped develop 'Bob's Burgers' and 'American Dad,' is promoted to Fox TV's Vice President of Animation.
Genius Brands International signs an exclusive representation agreement for Latin America with Spiral International.
9 Story Entertainment signs multiple global deals for the animated comedy Nerds and Monsters from Slap Happy Cartoons.
Splash Entertainment heads to MIPCOM with G.U.N.K. Aliens, an all-new animated series produced in partnership with Foothill Entertainment.


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Loved my Kulae mat! So lightweight yet supportive and comfortable. The only problem I ever had with it, was it got holes in it after using it in an outdoor yoga practice - any little rock, tree root punctured it. So would not recommend in that environment but it was the best all around mat I ever had! - Maria
I have had a problem with slipping on mats in several yoga classes, but since I have had this mat I have not had a problem, even in Bikram!! The mat is a perfect length and I love how I can turn the mat over and have a different color if I so desire, all around a fantastic yoga mat!! - Kendra N


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17 years of experience
17 years of experience
14420 W Meeker Blvd
Sun City West, AZ 85375 Phone number & directions
Sun City West, AZ 85375 Phone number & directions
License & Identifications
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Learn more about Dr. Sukumar Nagendran:
View the full profile to get information on:
- Qualifications
- What's important to you
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Patient Reviews
Have you visited Dr. Nagendran? Share your experience.
Write a Review
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Specialties & Research
- He has special expertise in 5 areas:
- Diabetes
- Geriatric Medicine
- High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
- Lipid Metabolism Disorders
- Obesity
Education & Awards
Dr. Nagendran graduated from UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson, Piscataway.
Home > Find an Internist > AZ > Sun City West Internists > Dr. Sukumar Nagendran, MD
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- Additional Information
- Dr. Sukumar Nagendran MD is a male Internist, has 17 years of experience and practices in Internal Medicine.
- Where does Dr. Sukumar Nagendran practice?
- Dr. Sukumar Nagendran has 2 office locations.
Dr. Sukumar Nagendran practices Internal Medicine near Sun City West, AZ.
Additional practice locations include: Glendale, AZ.
See Sun City West Internists.


text: Mountain Stage moe. On Mountain Stage January 20, 2009 The veteran band came to prominence in the jam-rock explosion of the late '90s. But on their latest album, the upstate New York roots-rockers have created their tightest, most song-oriented effort to date. Listen Loading… Playlist Embed Embed Close embed modal <iframe src="http://www.npr.org/player/embed/99523459/99523456" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no">


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Emma Stone and Andrew Garfield attend the 66th Annual Tony Awards at The Beacon Theatre on June 10, 2012 in New York City.
She's ready for the summer!
Work it, girl.
Mariah Carey, her boobs and her new beau James Packer, aka the fourth richest man in Australia, took their love to Ibiza, Spain where they gallivanted on a yacht with her kids.
Bad Girl RiRi? More like Braless RiRi.


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1. An aqueous hard surface detergent composition, capable of being used on window glass without serious spotting/filming, comprising: (a) from about 0.02% to about 5% hydrocarbyl-arnidoalkylenebetainc detergent surfactant having the formula:
R--C(O)--N(R2)--(CR3 2)n --N(R2)2.sup.(+) --(CR3 2)n --C(O)O.sup.(-)
wherein each R is an alkyl group containing from about 10 to about 18 carbon atoms, each R2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, hydroxy substituted ethyl or propyl and mixtures thereof, each (R3) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and hydroxy groups, and each n is a number from 1 to about 4; with no more than one hydroxy group in any (CR3 2) moiety; (b) from about 0.5% to about 20% of solvent that has a hydrogen bonding parameter of more than about 2 and less than about 7.1; (c) buffering system to provide a pH of from about 7 to about 12; and file balance being an aqueous solvent system optionally comprising non-aqueous polar solvent selected from the group consisting of: methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and mixtures thereof, the level of non-aqueous polar solvent, when present, being from about 0.5% to about 40%, and the level of water being from about 50% to about 99%, and said composition being substantially free of materials that deposit on the surface being cleaned and cause unacceptable spotting/filming on window glass, the total amount of detergent surfactant being no more than about 7%.
2. The composition of claim 1 containing from about 0.001% to about 5% of at least one cosurfactant selected from the group consisting of nonionic and anionic detergent surfactants.
3. The composition of claim 2 wherein said cosurfactant is an anionic detergent surfactant.
4. The composition of claim 2 wherein said cosurfactant is selected from the group consisting of C12 -C18 alkyl sulfates, C12 -C18 paraffin sulfonates, C12 -C18 acylamidoalkylene amino alkylene sulfonate at a pH of more than about 9.5, and mixtures thereof.
5. The composition of claim 1 wherein the pH is from about 9.5 to about 11.5.
6. The composition of claim 1 containing at least one of said non-aqueous polar solvent.
7. The composition of claim 1 wherein said solvent (b) has a hydrogen bonding parameter of from about 2 to about 7.
8. The composition of claim 7 wherein said solvent (b) is present in an amount of from about 1% to about 15% and has a hydrogen bonding parameter of from about 3 to about 6.
9. The composition of claim 7 wherein said solvent (b) is selected from the group consisting of benzyl alcohol and pine oil.
10. The composition of claim 9 wherein said solvent (b) is a diol containing from about 8 to about 12 carbon atoms.
11. The composition of claim 1 wherein said solvent (b) is 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol.
12. The composition of claim 1 wherein said R group contains from about 10 to about 15 carbon atoms, the R2 attached to the amido nitrogen is hydrogen, each R2 attached to the quaternary nitrogen is methyl, R3 groups are hydrogen, and the n between the amido group and quaternary group is 3, and the other n is 1.
13. The composition of claim 2 containing sufficient buffering to maintain a pH of from about 9.5 to about 11.5.
14. The composition of claim 2 wherein said solvent (b) has a hydrogen bonding parameter of from about 2 to about 7.
15. The composition of claim 14 wherein said solvent (b) is present in an amount of from about 1% to about 15% and has a hydrogen bonding parameter of from about 3 to about 6.
16. The composition of claim 2 wherein said solvent (b) is selected from the group consisting of benzyl alcohol and pine oil.
17. The composition of claim 1 packaged in a package that comprises a means for creating a spray.
18. The process of cleaning hard surfaces comprising spraying said surfaces with the composition of claim 17.
19. The process of claim 17 wherein the composition has a concentration of component (a) in water of from about 0.02% to about 1% and the hard surface is glass.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/176,144, filed on Dec. 30, 1993; now abandoned which is a continuation of application application of Ser. No. 08/070,590, filed on Jun. 1, 1993 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,342,549, issued Aug. 30, 1994; which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/847,848, filed Mar. 9, 1992, now abandoned; which is a continuation of application 07/628,066, filed Dec. 21, 1990, now abandoned which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/471,908, filed Jan. 29, 1990, now abandoned.
This invention pertains to detergent compositions which contain detergent surfactants and solvents as the primary detergency materials and which are capable of being used on glass without serious spotting/filming, yet are also good for general hard surface cleaning tasks.
The use of solvents and organic water-soluble synthetic detergents at low levels for cleaning glass are known. However, such compositions are not usually acceptable for general hard surface cleaning since they normally do not have sufficient detergency. Commonly used detergency builders, e.g., sodium and potassium, polyphosphates and pyrophosphates have been found to cause severe filming and streaking problems. An important function of builders in detergency is to sequester polyvalent metal ions (e.g., Ca2+ and Mg2+) in aqueous solutions of the detergent composition and without such builders, the ability of the compositions to provide good cleaning is usually not satisfactory.
The object of the present invention is to provide detergent compositions which provide good cleaning for the usual general hard surface cleaning tasks found in the house including the removal of hard to remove greasy soils from counter tops and stoves and at the same time provide good glass cleaning without excessive filming and/or streaking. The advantage of having one product capable of doing both kinds of jobs is the elimination of the need to have another container stored for only an occasional job.
The present invention relates to an aqueous, hard surface detergent composition comprising: (a) hydrocarbyl-amidoalkylene-betaine detergent surfactant; (b) solvent that provides a primary cleaning function and has a hydrogen bonding solubility parameter of less than about 7.7; (c) buffering system to provide a pH of from about 3 to about 13; optional, but highly preferred, co-surfactant; and the balance being (d) aqueous solvent system and, optionally, minor ingredients. The composition preferably does not contain large amounts of materials like conventional detergent builders, etc., that deposit on the surface being cleaned and cause unacceptable spotting/filming. The compositions are desirably formulated at usage concentrations and even more preferably are packaged in a container having means for creating a spray to make application to hard surfaces more convenient.
In accordance with the present invention, it has been found that hydrocarbyl, e.g., fatty, amidoalkylenebetaines (hereinafter also referred to as "HAB"), e.g., coconut acylamidopropylene-betaine, are superior to conventional anionic detergent surfactants like alkylbenzenesulfonates and alkyl sulfates and to the corresponding betaines wherein the hydrophobic group does not contain an amidoalkylene link, in tough grease removal performance, and are unexpectedly good in filming/streaking for the same level of cleaning. Best spotting/filming results are obtained with a mixture of surfactants. In addition, compositions containing the HAB are able to solubilize more and/or more hydrophobic perfumes and it is much easier to form concentrated versions of such compositions that can be diluted to form the desired compositions, even with hard water. An additional advantage of the compositions of this invention is that glass surfaces cleaned with the compositions have a reduced tendency to "fog-up." Yet another advantage is that soap film, and especially thin layers of soap film such as those that are commonly found on mirrors, are more readily removed than by similar compositions containing conventional anionic surfactants. The foregoing combination of advantages is highly desirable.
R--C(O)--N(R2)--(CR3 2)n --N(R2)2 (+)--(CR3 2)n --C(O)O(-)
wherein each R is a hydrocarbon, e.g., an alkyl group containing from about 8 to about 20, preferably from about 10 to about 18, more preferably from about 12 to about 16 carbon atoms, each (R2) is either hydrogen or a short chain alkyl or substituted alkyl containing from one to about four carbon atoms, preferably groups selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, hydroxy substituted ethyl or propyl and mixtures thereof, preferably methyl, each (R3) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and hydroxy groups, and each n is a number from 1 to about 4, preferably from 2 to about 3; more preferably about 3, with no more than about one hydroxy group in any (CR3 2) moiety. The R groups can be branched and/or unsaturated, and such structures can provide spotting/filming benefits, even when used as part of a mixture with straight chain alkyl R groups. The R2 groups can also be connected to form ring structures. These detergent surfactants are believed to provide superior grease soil removal and/or filming/streaking and/or "anti-fogging" and/or perfume solubilization properties.
A preferred detergent surfactant is a C10-14 fatty acylamidopropylenebetaine as set forth hereinafter. This detergent surfactant is available from the Miranol Company under the tradename "Mirataine BD".
The level of HAB in the composition is typically from about 0.02% to about 20%, preferably from about 0.05% to about 10%, more preferably from about 0.1% to about 5%. The level in the composition is dependent on the eventual level of dilution to make the wash solution. For glass cleaning the composition, when used full strength, or wash solution containing the composition, should contain from about 0.02% to about 1%, preferably from about 0.05% to about 0.5%, more preferably from about 0.1% to about 0.25%, of the HASB. For removal of difficult to remove soils like grease, the level can, and should be, higher, typically from about 0.1% to about 10%, preferably from about 0.25% to about 2%. Concentrated products will typically contain from about 0.2% to about 10%, preferably from about 0.3% to about 5% of the HAB. As discussed hereinbefore, it is an advantage of the HAB that compositions containing it can be more readily diluted by consumers since it does not interact with hardness cations as readily as conventional anionic detergent surfactants. HAB is also extremely effective at very low levels, e.g., below about 1%.
As discussed hereinbefore, the compositions of this invention can contain more perfume and/or more hydrophobic perfumes than similar compostions containing conventional anionic detergent surfactants. This is highly desirable in the preparation of consumer products. The perfumes useful in the compositions of this invention are disclosed in more detail hereinafter.
Compositions of this invention can also, and preferably do, contain additional organic surface-active agent ("cosurfactant") to provide additional cleaning and emulsifying benefits associated with the use of such materials and improved spotting/filming.
Cosurfactants useful herein include well-known synthetic anionic and nonionic detergent surfactants. Typical of these are the alkyl- and alkylethoxylate-(polyethoxylate) sulfates, paraffin sulfonates, olefin sulfonates, alkoxylated (especially ethoxylated) alcohols and alkyl phenols, alpha-sulfonates of fatty acids and of fatty acid esters, and the like, which are well-known from the detergency art. In general, such detergent surfactants contain an alkyl group in the C9 -C18 range. The anionic detergent surfactants can be used in the form of their sodium, potassium or alkanolammonium, e.g., triethanolammonium salts; the nonionics generally contain from about 5 to about 17 ethylene oxide groups. C12 -C18 paraffin-sulfonates and alkyl sulfates, and the ethoxylated alcohols and alkyl phenols are especially preferred in the compositions of the present type. When the pH is above about 9.5, detergent surfactants that are amphoteric at a lower pH are desirable anionic detergent cosurfactants. For example, detergent surfactants which are C12 -C18 acylamido alkylene amino alkylene sulfonates, e.g., compounds having the formula
wherein R is an alkyl group containing from about 9 to about 18 carbon atoms and M is a compatible cation are desirable cosurfactants. These detergent surfactants are available as Miranol CS, OS, JS, etc. The CTFA adopted name for such surfactants is cocoamphohydroxypropyl sulfonate. It is preferred that the compositions be substantially free of alkyl naphthalene sulfonates.
A detailed listing of suitable surfactants, of the above types, for the detergent compositions herein can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,557,853, Collins, issued Dec. 10, 1985, incorporated by reference herein. Commercial sources of such surfactants can be found in McCutcheon's EMULSIFIERS AND DETERGENTS, North American Edition, 1984, McCutcheon Division, MC Publishing Company, also incorporated herein by reference.
The cosurfactant component can comprise as little as 0.001% of the compositions herein, but typically the compositions will contain from about 0.01% to about 5%, more preferably from about 0.02% to about 2%, of cosurfactant.
The ratio of cosurfactant to HAB should be from about 1:50 to about 5:1, preferably from about 1:20 to about 2:1, more preferably from about 1:10 to about 1:2. The cosurfactant is preferably used at a lower level than the HASB.
In order to obtain good cleaning without any appreciable amount of detergent builder, it is necessary to use solvent that has cleaning activity. The solvents employed in the hard surface cleaning compositions herein can be any of the well-known "degreasing" solvents commonly used in, for example, the dry cleaning industry, in the hard surface cleaner industry and the metalworking industry.
A useful definition of such solvents can be derived from the solubility parameters as set forth in "The Hoy," a publication of Union Carbide, incorporated herein by reference. The most useful parameter appears to be the hydrogen bonding parameter which is calculated by the formula ##EQU1## wherein γ H is the hydrogen bonding parameter, α is the aggregation number, ##EQU2## and γ T is the solubility parameter which is obtained from the formula ##EQU3## where ΔH25 is the heat of vaporization at 25� C., R is the gas constant (1.987 cal/mole/deg), T is the absolute temperature in � K., Tb is the boiling point in � K., Tc is the critical temperature in � K., d is the density in g/ml, and M is the molecular weight.
For the compositions herein, hydrogen bonding parameters are preferably less than about 7.7, more preferably from about 2 to about 7, and even more preferably from about 3 to about 6. Solvents with lower numbers become increasingly difficult to solubilize in the compositions and have a greater tendency to cause a haze on glass. Higher numbers require more solvent to provide good greasy/oily soil cleaning.
The level of the solvent is typically from about 0.5% to about 20%, more preferably from about 1% to about 15%, and even more preferably from about 2% to about 10%.
Many of such solvents comprise hydrocarbon or halogenated hydrocarbon moieties of the alkyl or cycloalkyl type, and have a boiling point well above room temperature, i.e., above about 20� C.
The formulator of compositions of the present type will be guided in the selection of solvent partly by the need to provide good grease-cutting properties, and partly by aesthetic considerations. For example, kerosene hydrocarbons function quite well for grease cutting in the present compositions, but can be malodorous. Kerosene must be exceptionally clean before it can be used, even in commercial situations. For home use, where malodors would not be tolerated, the formulator would be more likely to select solvents which have a relatively pleasant odor, or odors which can be reasonably modified by perfuming.
The C6 -C9 alkyl aromatic solvents, especially the C6 -C9 alkyl benzenes, preferably octyl benzene, exhibit excellent grease removal properties and have a low, pleasant odor. Likewise, the olefin solvents having a boiling point of at least about 100� C., especially alpha-olefins, preferably 1-decene or 1-dodecene, are excellent grease removal solvents.
Generically, the glycol ethers useful herein have the formula R1 O.paren open-st.R2 O.paren close-st.m H wherein each R1 is an alkyl group which contains from about 3 to about 8 carbon atoms, each R2 is either ethylene or propylene, and m is a number from 1 to about 3. The most preferred glycol ethers are selected from the group consisting of monopropyleneglycolmonopropyl ether, dipropyleneglycolmonobutyl ether, monopropyleneglycolmonobutyl ether, diethyleneglycol monohexyl ether, monoethyleneglycolmonohexyl ether, monoethyleneglycolmonobutyl ether, and mixtures thereof.
A particularly preferred type of solvent for these hard surface cleaner compositions comprises diols having from 6 to about 16 carbon atoms in their molecular structure. Preferred diol solvents have a solubility in water of from about 0.1 to about 20 g/100 g of water at 20� C.
Some examples of suitable diol solvents and their solubilities in water are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1______________________________________Solubility of Selected Diols in 20� C. Water SolubilityDiol (g/100 g H2 O______________________________________1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol 20.0*2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-hexanediol 14.32-Phenyl-1,2-propanediol 12.0*Phenyl-1,2-ethanediol 12.0*2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol 4.22,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol 1.91,2-Octanediol 1.0*______________________________________ *Determined via laboratory measurements. All other values are from published literature.
The diol solvents are especially preferred because, in addition to good grease cutting ability, they impart to the compositions an enhanced ability to remove calcium soap soils from surfaces such as bathtub and shower stall walls. These soils are particularly difficult to remove, especially for compositions which do not contain an abrasive. The diols containing 8-12 carbon atoms are preferred. The most preferred diol solvent is 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol.
Solvents such as pine oil, orange terpene, benzyl alcohol, n-hexanol, phthalic acid esters of C1-4 alcohols, butoxy propanol, Butyl Carbitol� and 1(2-n-butoxy-1-methylethoxy)propane-2-ol (also called butoxy propoxy propanol or dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether), hexyl diglycol (Hexyl Carbitol�), butyl triglycol, diols such as 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol, and mixtures thereof, can be used. The butoxy-propanol solvent should have no more than about 20%, preferably no more than about 10%, more preferably no more than about 7%, of the secondary isomer in which the butoxy group is attached to the secondary atom of the propanol for improved odor.
The buffering system is formulated to give a pH in use of from about 3 to about 13, preferably from about 7 to about 12, more preferably from about 9.5 to about 11.5. pH is usually measured on the product. The buffer is selected from the group consisting of: ammonia, C2-4 alkanolamines, alkali metal hydroxides, carbonates, and/or bicarbonates, and mixtures thereof. The preferred buffering materials are ammonia and alkanolamines, especially the mono-, di-, and/or triethanolamines, and/or isopropanolamine. The buffering material in the system is important for spotting/filming. The alkanolamines are particularly good.
Preferred buffer/solvents are aminoalkanols, especially beta-aminoalkanols. Specifically, the beta-aminoalkanol compounds have the formula: ##STR1## wherein each R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups containing from one to four carbon atoms and the total of carbon atoms in the compound is from three to six, preferably four. These compounds serve primarily as solvents when the pH is above about 11.0, and especially above about 11.7. They also provide alkaline buffering capacity during use.
The alkanolamines are used at a level of from about 0.05% to about 15%, preferably from about 0.2% to about 10%. For dilute compositions they are typically present at a level of from about 0.05% to about 3%, preferably from about 0.1% to about 1.5%, more preferably from about 0.2% to about 0.0%. For concentrated compositions they are typically present at a level of from about 0.5% to about 15%, preferably from about 1% to about 10%.
The preferred beta-aminoalkanols have a primary hydroxy group. The amine group is preferably not attached to a primary carbon atom. More preferably the amine group is attached to a tertiary carbon atom to minimize the reactivity of the amine group. Preferred beta-aminoalkanols are 2-amino, 1-butanol; 2-amino,2-methylpropanol; and mixtures thereof. The most preferred beta-aminoalkanol is 2-amino,2-methylpropanol since it has the lowest molecular weight of any beta-aminoalkanol which has the amine group attached to a tertiary carbon atom. The beta-aminoalkanols preferably have boiling points below about 175� C. Preferably, the boiling point is within about 5� C. of 165� C.
The beta-aminoalkanols do not adversely affect spotting/filming of hard surfaces. This is especially important for cleaning of, e.g, window glass where vision is affected and for dishes and ceramic surfaces where spots are aesthetically undesirable. In addition, the beta-aminoalkanols provide superior cleaning of hard-to-remove greasy soils and superior product stability, especially under high temperature conditions.
The beta-aminoalkanols, and especially the preferred 2-amino,2-methylpropanol, are surprisingly volatile from cleaned surfaces considering their relatively high molecular weights.
The balance of the formula is typically water and, optionally, non-aqueous polar solvents with only minimal cleaning action like methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and mixtures thereof. Such solvents generally have hydrogen bonding parameters above 7.7, typically above 7.8. The level of non-aqueous polar solvent is greater when more concentrated formulas are prepared. Typically, the level of non-aqueous polar solvent is from about 0.5% to about 40%, preferably from about 1% to about 10% and the level of water is from about 50% to about 99%, preferably from about 75% to about 95%.
The compositions herein can also contain other various adjuncts which are known to the art for detergent compositions so long as they are not used at levels that cause unacceptable spotting/filming. Nonlimiting examples of such adjuncts are:
Enzymes such as proteases;
Hydrotropes such as sodium toluene sulfonate, sodium cumene sulfonate and potassium xylene sulfonate; and
Aesthetic-enhancing ingredients such as colorants and perfumes, providing they do not adversely impact on spotting/filming in the cleaning of glass. The perfumes are preferably those that are more water soluble and/or volatile to minimize spotting and filming.
Antibacterial agents can be present, but preferably only at low levels to avoid spotting/filming problems. More hydrophobic antibacterial/germicidal agents, like orthobenzyl -para-chlorophenol, are avoided. If present, such materials should be kept at levels below about 0.1%. In addition to the above ingredients, certain detergent builders that are relatively efficient for hard surface cleaners and/or, preferably, have relatively reduced filming/streaking characteristics can be included. Preferred builders are those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,172, Siklosi, issued Sep. 6, 1988, and incorporated herein by reference. Others include the chelating agents having the formula: ##STR2## wherein R is selected from the group consisting of: --CH2 CH2 CH2 OH; --CH2 CH(OH)CH3 ; --CH2 CH(OH)CH2 OH; --CH2 OH)2 ; --CH3 ; --CH2 CH2 OCH3 ; ##STR3## --CH2 CH2 CH2 OCH3 ; --C(CH2 OH)3 ; and mixtures thereof; and each M is hydrogen or an alkali metal ion.
Chemical names of the acid form of the chelating agents herein include:
N(3-hydroxypropyl)imino-N,N-diacetic acid (3-HPIDA);
N(-2-hydroxypropyl)imino-N,N-diacetic acid (2-HPIDA);
N-glycerylimino-N,N-diacetic acid (GLIDA);
dihydroxyisopropylimino-(N,N)-diacetic acid (DHPIDA);
methylimino-(N,N)-diacetic acid (MIDA);
2-methoxyethylimino-(N,N)-diacetic acid (MEIDA);
amidoiminodiacetic acid (also known as sodium amidonitrilotriacetic, SAND);
acetamidoiminodiacetic acid (AIDA);
3-methoxypropylimino-N,N-diacetic acid (MEPIDA); and
tris(hydroxymethyl)methylimino-N,N-diacetic acid (TRIDA).
Methods of preparation of the iminodiacetic derivatives herein are disclosed in the following publications:
Japanese Laid Open publication 59-70652, for 3-HPIDA;
DE-OS-25 42 708, for 2-HPIDA and DHPIDA;
Chem. ZVESTI 34(1) p. 93-103 (1980), Mayer, Riecanska et al., publication of Mar. 26, 1979, for GLIDA;
C. A. 104(6)45062 d for MIDA; and
Biochemistry 5, p. 467 (1966) for AIDA.
The chelating agents of the invention are present at levels of from about 0.1% to about 10% of the total composition, preferably about 0.2% to about 5%., more preferably from about 0.5% to about 2%. The levels of builder present in the wash solution used for glass should be less than about 0.2%. Therefore, dilution is highly preferred for cleaning glass, while full strength use is preferred for general purpose cleaning.
Other effective detergent builders, e.g., sodium citrate, sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, etc., can also be used, preferably at lower levels, e.g., from about 0.1% to about 1%, preferably from about 0.1% to about 0.5%.
Inclusion of a detergent builder improves cleaning, but harms spotting and filming. The inclusion of detergent builders therefore has to be considered as a compromise in favor of cleaning. In general, inclusion of a detergent builder is not preferred and low levels are usually more preferred than high levels.
Most hard surface cleaner products contain some perfume to provide an olfactory aesthetic benefit and to cover any "chemical" odor that the product may have. The main function of a small fraction of the highly volatile, low boiling (having low boiling points), perfume components in these perfumes is to improve the fragrance odor of the product itself, rather than impacting on the subsequent odor of the surface being cleaned. However, some of the less volatile, high boiling perfume ingredients can provide a fresh and clean impression to the surfaces, and it is sometimes desirable that these ingredients be deposited and present on the dry surface. It is a special advantage of this invention that perfume ingredients are readily solubilized in the compositions by the acylamidoalkylenebetaine detergent surfactant. Anionic detergent surfactants will not solubilize as much perfume, especially substantive perfume, or maintain uniformity to the same low temperature.
The perfume ingredients and compositions of this invention are the conventional ones known in the art. Selection of any perfume component, or amount of perfume, is based solely on aesthetic considerations. Suitable perfume compounds and compositions can be found in the art including U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,145,184, Brain and Cummins, issued Mar. 20, 1979; 4,209,417, Whyte, issued Jun. 24, 1980; 4,515,705, Moeddel, issued May 7, 1985; and 4,152,272, Young, issued May 1, 1979, all of said patents being incorporated herein by reference. Normally, the art recognized perfume compositions are not very substantive as described hereinafter to minimize their effect on hard surfaces.
In general, the degree of substantivity of a perfume is roughly proportional to the percentages of substantive perfume material used. Relatively substantive perfumes contain at least about 1%, preferably at least about 10%, substantive perfume materials.
Substantive perfume materials are those odorous compounds that deposit on surfaces via the cleaning process and are detectable by people with normal olfactory acuity. Such materials typically have vapor pressures lower than that of the average perfume material. Also, they typically have molecular weights of about 200 or above, and are detectable at levels below those of the average perfume material.
Perfumes can also be classified according to their volatility, as mentioned hereinbefore. The highly volatile, low boiling, perfume ingredients typically have boiling points of about 250� C. or lower. Many of the more moderately volatile perfume ingredients are also lost substantially in the cleaning process. The moderately volatile perfume ingredients are those having boiling points of from about 250� C. to about 300� C. The less volatile, high boiling, perfume ingredients referred to hereinbefore are those having boiling points of about 300� C. or higher. A significant portion of even these high boiling perfume ingredients, considered to be substantive, is lost during the cleaning cycle, and it is desirable to have means to retain more of these ingredients on the dry surfaces. Many of the perfume ingredients, along with their odor character, and their physical and chemical properties, such as boiling point and molecular weight, are given in "Perfume and Flavor Chemicals (Aroma Chemicals)," Steffen Arctander, published by the author, 1969, incorporated herein by reference.
Examples of the highly volatile, low boiling, perfume ingredients are: anethole, benzaldehyde, benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl formate, iso-bornyl acetate, camphene, cis-citral (neral), citronellal, citronellol, citronellyl acetate, paracymene, decanal, dihydrolinalool, dihydromyrcenol, dimethyl phenyl carbinol, eucalyptol, geranial, geraniol, geranyl acetate, geranyl nitrile, cis-3-hexenyl acetate, hydroxycitronellal, d-limonene, linalool, linalool oxide, linalyl acetate, linalyl propionate, methyl anthranilate, alpha-methyl ionone, methyl nonyl acetaldehyde, methyl phenyl carbinyl acetate, laevo-menthyl acetate, menthone, iso-menthone, myrcene, myrcenyl acetate, myrcenol, nerol, neryl acetate, nonyl acetate, phenyl ethyl alcohol, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, gamma-terpinene, alpha-terpineol, beta-terpineol, terpinyl acetate, and vertenex (para-tertiary-butyl cyclohexyl acetate). Some natural oils also contain large percentages of highly volatile perfume ingredients. For example, lavandin contains as major components: linalool; linalyl acetate; geraniol; and citronellol. Lemon oil and orange terpenes both contain about 95% of d-limonene.
Examples of moderately volatile perfume ingredients are: amyl cinnamic aldehyde, iso-amyl salicylate, beta-caryophyllene, cedrene, cinnamic alcohol, coumarin, dimethyl benzyl carbinyl acetate, ethyl vanillin, eugenol, iso-eugenol, flor acetate, heliotropine, 3-cis-hexenyl salicylate, hexyl salicylate, lilial (para-tertiarybutyl -alpha-methyl hydrocinnamic aidehyde), gamma-methyl ionone, nerolidol, patchouli alcohol, phenyl hexanol, beta-selinene, trichloromethyl phenyl carbinyl acetate, triethyl citrate, vanillin, and veratraldehyde. Cedarwood terpenes are composed mainly of alpha-cedrene, beta-cedrene, and other C15 H24 sesquiterpenes.
Examples of the less volatile, high boiling, perfume ingredients are: benzophenone, benzyl salicylate, ethylene brassylate, galaxolide (1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethyl-cyclo-penta-gama-2-benzopyran), hexyl cinnamic aidehyde, lyral (4-(4-hydroxy-4-methyl pentyl )-3-cyclohexene-10-carboxaldehyde), methyl cedrylone, methyl dihydro jasmonate, methyl-beta-naphthyl ketone, musk indanone, musk ketone, musk tibetene, and phenylethyl phenyl acetate.
Selection of any particular perfume ingredient is primarily dictated by aesthetic considerations, but more water soluble materials are preferred, as stated hereinbefore, since such materials are less likely to adversely affect the good spotting/filming properties of the compositions.
These compositions have exceptionally good cleaning properties. They also have good "shine" properties, i.e., when used to clean glossy surfaces, without rinsing, they have much less tendency than e.g., phosphate built products to leave a dull finish on the surface.
One surprising effect of using the compositions of this invention, is that the formation of "fog" on glass is inhibited. Apparently, the surface is modified so as to inhibit its formation. Preferred compositions do not contain any cationic material that will interfere with this effect.
In a preferred process for using the products described herein, and especially those formulated to be used at full strength, the product is sprayed onto the surface to be cleaned and then wiped off with a suitable material like cloth, a paper towel, etc. It is therefore highly desirable to package the product in a package that comprises a means for creating a spray, e.g., a pump, aerosol propellant and spray valve, etc.
The invention is illustrated by the following Examples.
______________________________________Ingredient Weight %______________________________________EXAMPLE ICocoamidopropyl Betaine 2.0Sodium Alkyl C12-13 Benzene Sulfonate 3.0Butoxy Propoxy Propanol 7.0Monoethanolamine 1.0Water and Minors up to 100pH = 10.5EXAMPLE IIPalmitylamidopropyl Betaine 0.5Sodium C12-13 Alkyl (Ethoxy)3 Sulfate 0.1Isopropanol 5.0Butoxy Propanol 2.5Monoethanolamine 0.4Water and Minors up to 100pH = 11.0EXAMPLE IIICocoamidopropyl Betaine 0.2Sodium C12-13 Alkyl Sulfate 0.02Ethanol 6.0Butoxy Ethanol 3.0Ammonium Hydroxide 0.2Water and Minors up to 100pH = 11.5______________________________________EXAMPLE VA liquid hard surface cleaner composition is prepared accordingto the following formula:Ingredient Weight %______________________________________Oleylamidopropyl Betaine 0.5Sodium C13 -C15 Paraffin Sulfonate 0.25C12 -C14 Fatty Alcohol (Ethoxy)3 0.11(2-n-butoxy-1-methyl ethoxy) propane-2-ol 6.0Water and Minors up to 100______________________________________EXAMPLE VIA creamy cleanser composition is prepared according to thefollowing formula:Ingredient Weight %______________________________________Cocoamidopropyl Betaine 0.5Sodium C13 -C15 Paraffin Sulfonate 0.11(2-n-butoxy-1-methyl ethoxy) propane-2-ol 3.0Benzyl Alcohol 1.3Water and Minors up to 100______________________________________EXAMPLE VIIIA hard surface cleaning composition especially adapted for spray-cleaning applications is prepared according to the followingformula:Ingredient Weight %______________________________________Palmitylamidopropyl Betaine 0.7n-Butoxy-Propanol 7.00Ammonium Hydroxide 0.3Water and Minors up to 100______________________________________EXAMPLE IXA hard surface cleaning composition especially adapted for spray-cleaning applications is prepared according to the followingformula:Ingredient Weight %______________________________________Cocoamidopropyl Betaine 0.3n-Butoxy-Propanol 7.00Ammonium Hydroxide 0.4Water and Minors up to 100______________________________________EXAMPLE XA hard surface cleaning composition is prepared according to thefollowing formula:Ingredient Weight %______________________________________Cocoamidopropyl Betaine 0.4Sodium C12 Alcohol (EO)3 Sulfate 0.251(2-n-butoxy-1-methyl ethoxy) propane-2-ol 6.5Water and Minors - Perfume, Dye and Preservatives up to 100pH adjusted to 10.5______________________________________EXAMPLE XIA hard surface cleaning composition is prepared according to thefollowing formula:Ingredient Weight %______________________________________Cocoamidopropyl Betaine 0.6Sodium C10-14 Linear Alkyl Sulfate 0.25Sodium C12 Alcohol (EO)3 Sulfate 0.251(2-n-butoxy-1-methyl ethoxy) propane-2-ol 7.0Water and Minors - Perfume, Dye and Preservatives up to 100pH adjusted to 10.5______________________________________
In the following Example, the following test was used to evaluate the products' performance.
Enamel splash panels are selected and cleaned with a mild, light duty liquid cleanser, then cleaned with isopropanol, and rinsed with distilled or deionized water. A specified amount (0.5-0.75 gram per plate) of greasy-particulate soil is weighed out and placed on a sheet of aluminum foil. The greasy-particulate soil is a mixture of about 77.8% commercial vegetable oils and about 22.2% particulate soil composed of humus, fine cement, clay, ferrous oxide, and carbon black. The soil is spread out with a spatula and rolled to uniformity with a standard 3-inch wide, one quarter inch nap, paint roller. The uniform soil is then rolled onto the clean enamel panels until an even coating is achieved. The panels are then placed in a preheated oven and baked at 130�-150� C. for 35-50 minutes. Panels are allowed to cool to room temperature and can either be used immediately, or aged for one or more days. The aging produces a tougher soil that typically requires more cleaning effort to remove.
A Gardner Straight Line Washability Machine is used to perform the soil removal. The machine is fitted with a carriage which holds the weighted cleaning implement. The cleaning implements used for this testing were clean cut sponges. Excess water is wrung out from the sponge and 1.0-3.0 grams of product are uniformly applied to one surface of the sponge. The sponge is fitted into the carriage on the Gardner machine and the cleaning test is run.
This method evaluates the cleaning efficiency of various products and compares them to some reference product. The number of Gardner machine strokes necessary to achieve 95-99% removal of soil are obtained. Then the following formula is used to calculate a product's scale rating. ##EQU4##
This yields a value of 100 for the reference product, and if test product requires fewer strokes than the standard it will have a Scale Rating value >100, if the test product requires more strokes than the standard it will have a Scale Rating value <100.
______________________________________EXAMPLE XII Formula No.* (Wt. %)Ingredient 1 2______________________________________Propylene Glycol Monobutylether 3.0 3.0Isopropanol 3.0 3.0Lauryl Betaine 0.20 --Cocoamido Propyl Betaine -- 0.20Monoethanolamine 0.5 0.5Perfume 0.1 0.1Deionized Water q.s. q.s.______________________________________ *pH adjusted to 11.2
Cleaning Scale Rating Data (Four replications, tough greasy-particulate soil)
______________________________________Formula No. Mean Rating______________________________________1 1002 128______________________________________
The least significant difference between mean ratings is 6.2 at 95% confidence interval.
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