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Adam Himmelsbach | Indiana playing so they can stay together
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Adam Himmelsbach | Indiana playing so they can stay together
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October 12, 2014 from 11am to 4pm – Gutierrez-Hubbell House Growers, vendors, chefs and community organizations all converge on the Gutierrez-Hubbell House property for this special one-day event of celebrating all things local and edible! Live music, food ta… Organized by Mid-Region Council of Governments and Bernalillo County Open Space | Type: community, local, food, festival
October 18, 2014 from 11am to 6pm – Albuquerque Balloon Museum Over 50 restaurants, food trucks and great New Mexico chefs will serve up unique bacon dishes including everything from bacon donuts and bacon tacos to bacon pizza, bacon ice-cream, bacon soda and so… Organized by Blue River Productions | Type: food, festival
November 8, 2014 at 9am to November 9, 2014 at 5pm – Balloon Fiesta Park Celebration New Mexico. Connecting with people and connecting them with Information. People Helping People. Matanza, Chile & Salsa Competition. Arts Fair. Job Fair. Food Fair. Health Fair. Organized by Peoples Festival | Type: fundraiser, multi-cultural, food, live, music, celebration
November 27, 2014 from 11am to 7pm – Altitude Sports Grill Join us Thanksgiving Day for Turkey Legs, Ham Steak, Yams, Baby Back Ribs, Sweet Potato Fries, Craft Drafts, Beer Bucket Specials, Prize Giveaways and Football 10:30 a.m. Lions vs. Bears 2:30 p.m. Co… Organized by Hotel Cascada | Type: football, &, food
December 20, 2014 from 5pm to 7pm – Hotel Cascada's Waterpark Santa's taking a break at Hotel Cascada, join us to splash with Santa and photo opportunities! Bring your canned goods to benefit the Storehouse, 5 cans for a free dry pass. Organized by Hotel Cascada | Type: canned, food, drive, &, family, friendly
December 23, 2014 from 6pm to 9pm – Boofy's Best for Pets We're open late on Tuesday, Dec. 23rd, for a special holiday shopping & social event benefiting Paws to People and F.A.T. Katz. Please join us! We'll supply: —dinner, noms & beverages (cater… Organized by Boofy's Best for Pets, F.A.T. Katz, Paws to People | Type: holiday, pets, shopping, food, fundraiser
March 6, 2015 at 4pm to March 8, 2015 at 6pm – Sandia Resort & Casino The Fiery Foods Show is the country's largest gathering of fiery food products and barbecue sauces. The Fiery Foods Show will also bring flavors from around the world with some of the most unique spi… Organized by | Type: food
March 21, 2015 at 10am to March 22, 2015 at 6pm – Expo NM State Fairgrounds With over 120 vendors showcasing, sampling and selling chocolates, candies, fresh roasted coffee, cakes, teas, beer, wine and much more, this is the largest chocolate and coffee consumer marketplace… Organized by Dean | Type: food, festival
March 22, 2015 from 6pm to 7:30pm – Pacific Paradise To get you in the spirit of our upcoming HAPA concert, we are teaming up with our friends from Ha'aheo O Hawai'i and Pacific Paradise for a Hawaiian Luau night. Three luau staples will be on the menu… Organized by AMP Concerts | Type: amp, hawaii, luau, hula, food
May 9, 2015 all day – Across ABQ-Area Post Offices In less than a month on Saturday, May 9th, the National Association of Letter Carriers (NALC) joins Roadrunner Food Bank to help Stamp Out Hunger in Albuquerque. Now in its 23rd year, the annual food… Organized by Candace Baca | Type: community, food, drive


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Will Durst
Will Durst is a political comedian who has performed around the world. He is a familiar pundit on television and radio. Email Will at firstname.lastname@example.com. Check out willandwillie.com for the latest podcast. Will Durst's book, "The All-American Sport of Bipartisan Bashing," is available from Amazon and better bookstores all over this great land of ours. Don't forget to check out his rooftop comedy minutes at: http://www.rooftopcomedy.com/shows/BurstOfDurst.
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Every year, it's with a gleeful relief we embrace Independence Day, which marks the beginning of dead solid summer. The Fourth of July is a red white and blue arrow to the bulls-eye of patriotism when we celebrate the anniversary of the birth of our country by packing together in crowds, drinking a lot of beer and blowing stuff up real good.
Column: Rebel flag the ultimate dog whistle
Since its reintroduction on the grounds of the South Carolina Capitol in 1961 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the start of the Civil War, the Confederate flag has been the source of controversy with a regularity approaching that of a Madonna comeback album. Sadly, it has been thrust into the news once more because some kid who loved it went crazy and committed an atrocity. A racially charged atrocity. Yes. Again.
Column Red pope, green pope
He gets under their skin like termites in a boathouse. Drives them crazier than Hillary Clinton and Yoko Ono dancing on a gay pride parade float. He's the itch you can't scratch. The thorn in the palm of their paw. The 3-inch scratch on their favorite Ted Nugent album. I'm talking about that hot new Catholic sensation, Pope Frankie.
COLUMN: Some simple solutions
Modern life can get awfully complicated. In our continuing quest to navigate these state-of-the-art raging rapids while keeping body and mind upright, we should be forgiven the occasional tendency to overthink things (like the previous sentence). What America really needs right now are some simple common-sense solutions. And we here at Durstco are honored to offer up a couple of modest proposals.
COLUMN: FAQ: Religious Freedom Restoration Act
Q. Governor of Indiana, Mike Pence, signed the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. What's the big deal?
COLUMN: Crazy Ted Cruz
Winter is over! Winter is over! Excuse the jubilation, but we ink-stained wretches love the ritual excitement that occurs every spring. This spring is extra exciting, because it comes with our big quadrennial first sighting of a red nose popping out of the presidential wannabe clown car.
Column: A Bush vs Clinton rematch
You might want to stuff your pants pockets with sand and hang onto the rail as the ship of state lurches towards the distinct possibility that the next election to command the helm will be between Jeb Bush and Hillary Clinton. The brother versus the wife. Sounds like a probate lawsuit.
Column: The 'E' in email stands for evidence
The country breathed a collective sigh of relief following Hillary Clinton's masterful press conference last week, held in response to the controversy surrounding her email troubles. "It's all fine. Don't worry about it. We got it covered. Easy peasy lemon squeezy."
Column: Message, message. Who's got the message?
Don't look now, but the Democratic Party is undergoing an identity crisis of such monumental proportions, the Dissociative Identity Disorder people have called and are requesting artifacts for their Hall of Fame. They're going to put Obama's basketball hoop right next to Sally Field's purple crayon.
Column: Up is down
I'd advise you to sit down, pour yourself a beer and take a deep breath. You're about to hear something that will change your life. Forever. Are you relaxed?


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Press release from PR Newswire
John Hancock Insurance Launches Survivorship Indexed Universal Life Product
Monday, September 09, 2013
John Hancock Insurance Launches Survivorship Indexed Universal Life Product10:00 EDT Monday, September 09, 2013
- Provides Low-Cost Survivorship Death Benefit Protection & Cash Value Growth Potential
BOSTON, Sept. 9, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- John Hancock Insurance has launched a survivorship indexed universal life insurance product?Protection SIUL.
This new product, a complement to its single life offering, Protection IUL, is designed to meet the needs of clients looking for survivorship protection with the potential for a higher return than a UL policy and less volatility than a VUL product.
John Hancock's Protection SIUL offers a straightforward, point-to-point crediting method that is linked to the performance of the S&P 5001® , allowing clients to capture upside potential, while providing protection in down markets. The crediting rate will never be less than 0%.
In addition to its competitive premiums, cash value accumulation potential and lengthy no-lapse guarantee, Protection SIUL offers clients a dynamic solution to estate and legacy planning needs.
"The introduction of Protection SIUL reaffirms John Hancock's commitment to providing innovative solutions that offer alternatives to lifetime no-lapse guarantee products," said Michael Doughty, President, John Hancock Insurance. "With the addition of this new product, whether clients are concerned with low-cost death benefit protection, focused on accumulating cash values as a source of supplemental income or seeking competitive survivorship protection, John Hancock's IUL portfolio can meet their needs."
About John Hancock Financial and Manulife Financial
John Hancock Financial is a division of Manulife Financial, a leading Canada-based financial services group with principal operations in Asia, Canada and the United States. Operating as Manulife Financial in Canada and Asia, and primarily as John Hancock in the United States, the Company offers clients a diverse range of financial protection products and wealth management services through its extensive network of employees, agents and distribution partners. Funds under management by Manulife Financial and its subsidiaries were C$567billion (US$539 billion) as at June 30, 2013. Manulife Financial Corporation trades as 'MFC' on the TSX, NYSE and PSE, and under '945' on the SEHK. Manulife Financial can be found on the Internet at manulife.com.
The John Hancock unit, through its insurance companies, comprises one of the largest life insurers in the United States. John Hancock offers and administers a broad range of financial products, including life insurance, annuities, fixed products, mutual funds, 401(k) plans, long-term care insurance, college savings, and other forms of business insurance. Additional information about John Hancock may be found at johnhancock.com
1. Excluding dividends. Standard & Poor's®, S&P®, S&P 500®, Standard & Poor's 500 and 500 are trademarks of Standard & Poor's Financial Services LLC , a subsidiary of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. and have been licensed for use by John Hancock. The Product is not sponsored, sold, endorsed or promoted by Standard & Poor's, and Standard & Poor's makes no representation regarding the advisability of purchasing the Product. The S&P 500® Index is an index of 500 stocks that are generally representative of the performance of leading companies in leading industries within the U.S. You cannot invest directly in the S&P 500® Index.
Protection SIUL policies automatically include a no-lapse guarantee called Death Benefit Protection. This feature guarantees that the policy will not default, even if the cash surrender value falls to zero or below, provided that the Death Benefit Protection Value remains greater than zero and policy debt never exceeds the Policy Value. Policyholders who pay only the minimum premium required to keep the Death Benefit Protection in effect may forego the advantage of building significant cash value in this policy. The no-lapse guarantee under the Death Benefit Protection has a maximum duration to age 121, of the younger insured. The duration of the no-lapse guarantee coverage may be less, depending upon the funding level chosen by the policyholder. The NLG duration is stated in the contract and reflected in the illustration's guaranteed net death benefit column. At the end of the NLG duration, premiums greater than those originally illustrated may be required to maintain coverage. Factors such as, but not limited to, the amount and timing of premium payments, loans, withdrawals, or any other change allowed under the contract could potentially terminate the no-lapse guarantee. Once terminated, the Death Benefit Protection feature cannot be reinstated.
Loans and withdrawals will reduce the death benefit, cash surrender value, and may cause the policy to lapse. Lapse or surrender of a policy with a loan may cause the recognition of taxable income. Policies classified as modified endowment contracts may be subject to tax when a loan or withdrawal is made. A federal tax penalty of 10% may also apply if the loan or withdrawal is taken prior to age 591/2. Cash value available for loans and withdrawals may be more or less than originally invested. Withdrawals are available in the [2nd] policy year.
The life insurance policy describes coverage under the policy, exclusions and limitations, what you must do to keep your policy inforce, and what would cause your policy to be discontinued. Please contact your licensed agent or John Hancock for more information, costs, and complete details on coverage. Availability of policies, features, and benefits may vary by state.
Guaranteed product features are dependent upon the claims-paying ability of the issuer.
Insurance policies and/or associated riders and features may not be available in all states. Some riders may have additional fees and expenses associated with them.
Insurance products are issued by John Hancock Life Insurance Company (U.S.A.), Boston, MA 02116 (not licensed in New York) and John Hancock Life Insurance Company of New York, Valhalla, NY 10595.
SOURCE John Hancock Financial
For further information: Brian Carmichael, (617) 663-4748, email@example.com


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Narrow your search
If the preset snooze options don't line up with your daily routine, you can change them. Read on to find out how.
Google Keep is receiving an update that will add two useful features to the note-taking app. Here's how to use them.
Technically Incorrect: The Flip Band is a band that you wear to remind yourself to do things. It's less Livestrong and more, well, what?
Both sites are offering visual clues for US citizens to prompt them to vote and help them find the ballot box.
JBL amusingly brings back all the times you were tied up by your headphone wires.
Want to get reminders for events that aren't on your primary Google calendar? Check out these tips for troubleshooting which events appear in Google Now on Android.
Apple's voice assistant Siri doesn't like it when you ask her questions that are impossible to answer, and she's dishing out a healthy dose of snark to those who want her to divide zero by zero.
Dorothy and her pals get the Marvel superhero treatment in the impressive fan-made video "Avengers of Oz: Age of Tin Man." Plus, Quicksilver as a Winged Monkey is pretty amazing.
No matter where you're headed, these iOS and Android apps can help you get there and find things to do when you arrive.
It's villain Maleficent vs. Daenerys the khaleesi in this Princess Rap Battle that makes us long for a "Sleeping Beauty"-"Game of Thrones" crossover series.


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Published January 14 2011
2011 Young Artists Solo Competition contest winners namedPatrick Lin, a violinist from Fargo, was the 2011 grand-prize winner in the recent Young Artists Solo Competition.
The competition – co-sponsored by the Fargo-Moorhead Symphony and Classical Minnesota Public Radio 91.1 FM – was open to all high school students grades 10 through 12 living within 150 miles of Fargo-Moorhead or within the state of North Dakota.
Second place went to Eric Haugen, a cellist from Bemidji, Minn. Third place went to Leo Thorp, a flutist from Grand Forks.
Cash awards of $500, $400 and $300 were offered for first, second and third place.
As first-place winner, Lin will play a solo with the Fargo-Moorhead Symphony during its "An Evening in Vienna' concerts on Jan. 22-23. He also won a two-night Minneapolis-area arts event with the cooperation of the Minnesota Orchestra, the Guthrie Theater and the Walker Art Center.


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The generation of multipulse excitation codes by digitizing an original speech, partitioning the digitized signal into a number of samples, pre-emphasizing the samples, producing linear predictive reflection coefficients from said samples, quantizing these reflection coefficients, converting the quantized reflection coefficients to spectral coefficients and subjecting the spectral coefficients to pitch analysis to obtain a spectral residual signal.
1. A method for encoding speech, comprising the steps of:
sampling an original speech signal;
producing spectral coefficients from said samples;
interpolating the spectral coefficients; and
subjecting interpolated spectral coefficients to pitch analysis to obtain a spectral residual signal.
2. A method for encoding speech as in claim 1, wherein said samples are pre-emphasized before spectral coefficients are produced.
3. A method for encoding speech as in claim 1 wherein the samples are perceptually weighted before producing said spectral coefficients.
4. An apparatus for encoding speech, comprising:
means for sampling an original speech signal;
means for producing spectral coefficients from said sample;
means for interpolating the spectral coefficients; and
means for performing a pitch analysis of the interpolated spectral coefficients to obtain a spectral residual signal.
5. An apparatus for encoding speech as in claim 4, further comprising means for perceptually weighting said samples before producing spectral coefficients.
6. An improved method for encoding a digitized speech signal comprising the steps of:
a) defining a filter with coefficients based upon selected interpolated parameters of the digitized speech signal;
b) perceptually weighting said digitized speech signal;
c) selectively pulsing said filter to create a synthetic speech signal which is an approximation of said perceptually weighted digitized speech signal;
d) comparing said synthetic speech signal to said perceptually weighted digitized speech signal to determine the difference between the two signals;
e) selectively pulsing the filter to create a correction signal which approximates said difference; and
f) combining said correction signal with said synthetic speech signal to provide a modified synthetic speech signal which is a better approximation of said perceptually weighted digitized speech signal.
7. The method according to claim 6 wherein steps d, e and f are repeated with respect to said modified speech signal to provide increasingly better approximations of said perceptually weighted digitized speech signal.
8. The method according to claim 6 wherein steps d, e and f are performed four times so that an approximated synthetic speech signal defined by five selected pulses is produced such that said interpolated filter parameters and the parameters of said five pulses can be transmitted to a receiving station whereat said approximated speech signal can be reproduced at said receiving station.
9. The method of claim 6 wherein the selection of each successive pulse does not impact the selection of the previous pulses.
10. The method of claim 6 wherein said defining step further includes:
quantizing said coefficients using a quantizer table based upon voiced speech to produce voiced coefficients;
quantizing said coefficients using a quantizer table based upon unvoiced speech to produce unvoiced coefficients;
comparing said voiced and unvoiced coefficients to determine which coefficients have the smallest error;
retaining said coefficients having the smallest error; and
interpolating said coefficients having the smallest error.
11. The method of claim 10 further including converting said voiced and unvoiced coefficients to spectral coefficients prior to said comparing step.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein said comparing step comprises computing the log-spectral distance between said coefficients and said quantized voiced and unvoiced coefficients.
This application is a continuation of Application Ser. No. 08/670,986, filed Jun. 28, 1996 abandoned, which is a continuation of Application Ser. No. 08/104,174 filed Aug. 9, 1993, now abandoned, which is a continuation of 07/592,330, filed Oct. 3, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,235,670.
This invention relates to digital voice coders performing at relatively low voice rates but maintaining high voice quality. In particular, it relates to improved multipulse linear predictive voice coders.
The multipulse coder incorporates the linear predictive all-pole filter (LPC filter). The basic function of a multipulse coder is finding a suitable excitation pattern for the LPC all-pole filter which produces an output that closely matches the original speech waveform. The excitation signal is a series of weighted impulses. The weight values and impulse locations are found in a systematic manner. The selection of a weight and location of an excitation impulse is obtained by minimizing an error criterion between the all-pole filter output and the original speech signal. Some multipulse coders incorporate a perceptual weighting filter in the error criterion function. This filter serves to frequency weight the error which in essence allows more error in the format regions of the speech signal and less in low energy portions of the spectrum. Incorporation of pitch filters improve the performance of multipulse speech coders. This is done by modeling the long term redundancy of the speech signal thereby allowing the excitation signal to account for the pitch related properties of the signal.
The basic function of the present invention is the finding of a suitable excitation pattern that produces a synthetic speech signal which closely matches the original speech. A location and amplitude of an excitation pulse is selected by minimizing the mean-squared error between the real and synthetic speech signals. The above function is provided by using an excitation pattern containing a multiplicity of weighted pulses at timed positions.
The selection of the location and amplitude of an excitation pulse is obtained by minimizing an error criterion between a synthetic speech signal and the original speech. The error criterion function incorporates a perceptual weighting filter which shapes the error spectrum.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an 8 kbps multipulse LPC speech coder.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a sample/hold and A/D circuit used in the system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the spectral whitening circuit of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the perceptual speech weighting circuit of FIG. 1.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the reflection coefficient quantization circuit of FIG. 1.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of the LPC interpolation/weighting circuit of FIG. 1.
FIG. 7 is a flow chart diagram of the pitch analysis block of FIG. 1.
FIG. 8 is a flow chart diagram of the multipulse analysis block of FIG. 1.
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of the impulse response generator of FIG. 1.
FIG. 10 is a block diagram of the perceptual synthesizer circuit of FIG. 1.
FIG. 11 is a block diagram of the ringdown generator circuit of FIG. 1.
FIG. 12 is a diagrammatic view of the factorial tables address storage used in the system of FIG. 1.
This invention incorporates improvements to the prior art of multipulse coders, specifically, a new type LPC spectral quantization, pitch filter implementation, incorporation of pitch synthesis filter in the multipulse analysis, and excitation encoding/decoding.
Shown in FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an 8 kbps multipulse IPC speech coder, generally designated 10.
It comprises a pre-emphasis block 12 to receive the speech signals s(n). The pre-emphasized signals are applied to an IPC analysis block 14 as well as to a spectral whitening block 16 and to a perceptually weighted speech block 18.
The output of the block 14 is applied to a reflection coefficient quantization and LPC conversion block 20, whose output is applied both to the bit packing block 22 and to an LPC interpolation/weighting block 24.
The output from block 20 to block 24 is indicated at α and the outputs from block 24 are indicated at α, α1, and at α.sub.ρ, α.sub.ρ1.
The signal α, α1 is applied to the spectral whitening block 16 and the signal α.sub.ρ, α1.sub.ρ is applied to the impulse generation block 26.
The output of spectral whitening block 16 is applied to the pitch analysis block 28 whose output is applied to quantizer block 30. The quantized output P from quantizer 30 is applied to the Sp (n) and also as a second input to the impulse response generation block 26. The output of block 26, indicated at h(n), is applied to the multiple analysis block 32.
The perceptual weighting block 18 receives both outputs from block 24 and its output, indicated at Sp(n), is applied to an adder 34 which also receives the output r(n) from a ringdown generator 36. The ringdown component r(n) is a fixed signal due to the contributions of the previous frames. The output x(n) of the adder 34 is applied as a second input to the multipulse analysis block 32. The two outputs E and G of the multipulse analysis block 32 are fed to the bit packing block 22.
The signals α, α1, P and E, G are fed to the perceptual synthesizer block 38 whose output y(n), comprising the combined weighted reflection coefficients, quantized spectral coefficients and multipulse analysis signals of previous frames, is applied to the block delay N/2 40. The output of block 40 is applied to the ringdown generator 36.
The output of the block 22 is fed to the synthesizer/postfilter 42.
The operation of the aforesaid system is described as follows: The original speech is digitized using sample/hold and A/D circuitry 44 comprising a sample and hold block 46 and an analog to digital block 48. (FIG. 2). The sampling rate is 8 kHz. The digitized speech signal, s(n), is analyzed on a block basis, meaning that before analysis can begin, N samples of s(n) must be acquired. Once a block of speech samples s(n) is acquired, it is passed to the preemphasis filter 12 which has a z-transform function
P(z)=1-a*z-1 (1)
It is then passed to the LPC analysis block 14 from which the signal K is fed to the reflection coefficient quantizer and LPC converter whitening block 20, (shown in detail in FIG. 3). The LPC analysis block 14 produces LPC reflection coefficients which are related to the all-pole filter coefficients. The reflection coefficients are then quantized in block 20 in the manner shown in detail in FIG. 5 wherein two sets of quantizer tables are previously stored. One set has been designed using training databases based on voiced speech, while the other has been designed using unvoiced speech. The reflection coefficients are quantized twice; once using the voiced quantizer 48 and once using the unvoiced quantizer 50. Each quantized set of reflection coefficients is converted to its respective spectral coefficients, as at 52 and 54, which, in turn, enables the computation of the log-spectral distance between the unquantized spectrum and the quantized spectrum. The set of quantized reflection coefficients which produces the smaller log-spectral distance shown at 56, is then retained. The retained reflection coefficient parameters are encoded for transmission and also converted to the corresponding all-pole LPC filter coefficients in block 58.
Following the reflection quantization and LPC coefficient conversion, the LPC filter parameters are interpolated using the scheme described herein. As previously discussed, LPC analysis is performed on speech of block length N which corresponds to N/8000 seconds (sampling rate=8000 Hz). Therefore, a set of filter coefficients is generated for every N samples of speech or every N/8000 sec.
In order to enhance spectral trajectory tracking, the LPC filter parameters are interpolated on a sub-frame basis at block 24 where the sub-frame rate is twice the frame rate. The interpolation scheme is implemented (as shown in detail in FIG. 6) as follows: let the LPC filter coefficients for frame k-1 be α0 and for frame k be α1. The filter coefficients for the first sub-frame of frame k is then
α=(α0 +α1)/2 (2)
and α1 a parameters are applied to the second sub-frame. Therefore a different set of LPC filter parameters are available every 0.5*(N/8000) sec.
Pitch Analysis
Prior methods of pitch filter implementation for multipulse LPC coders have focused on closed loop pitch analysis methods (U.S. Pat. No. 4,701,954). However, such closed loop methods are computationally expensive. In the present invention the pitch analysis procedure indicated by block 28, is performed in an open loop manner on the speech spectral residual signal. Open loop methods have reduced computational requirements. The spectral residual signal is generated using the inverse LPC filter which can be represented in the z-transform domain as A(z); A(z)=1/H(z) where H(z) is the LPC all-pole filter. This is known as spectral whitening and is represented by block 16. This block 16 is shown in detail in FIG. 3. The spectral whitening process removes the short-time sample correlation which in turn enhances pitch analysis.
A flow chart diagram of the pitch analysis block 28 of FIG. 1 is shown in FIG. 7. The first step in the pitch analysis process is the collection of N samples of the spectral residual signal. This spectral residual signal is obtained from the pre-emphasized speech signal by the method illustrated in FIG. 3. These residual samples are appended to the prior K retained residual samples to form a segment, r(n), where -K≦n≦N.
The autocorrelation Q(i) is performed for τ.sub.ι ≦i≦τh or ##EQU1## The limits of i are arbitrary but for speech sounds a typical range is between 20 and 147 (assuming 8 kHz sampling). The next step is to search Q(i) for the max value, M1, where
M1 =max(Q(i))=Q(k) (4)
The value k is stored and Q(k1 -1), Q(k1), and Q(K1 +1) are set to a large negative value. We next find a second value M2 where
M2 =max(Q(i))=Q(k2) (5)
The values k1 and k2 correspond to delay values that produce the two largest correlation values. The values k1 and k2 are used to check for pitch period doubling. The following algorithm is employed: If the ABS(k2 -2*k1)<C, where C can be chosen to be equal to tile number of taps (3 in this invention), then the delay value, D, is equal to k2 otherwise D=k1. Once the frame delay value, D, is chosen the 3-tap gain terms are solved by first computing the matrix and vector values in eq. (6). ##EQU2## The matrix is solved using the Choleski matrix decomposition. Once the gain values are calculated, they are quantized using a 32 word vector codebook. The codebook index along with the frame delay parameter are transmitted. The P signifies the quantized delay value and index of the gain codebook.
Excitation analysis
Multipulse's name stems from the operation of exciting a vocal tract model with multiple impulses. A location and amplitude of an excitation pulse is chosen by minimizing the mean-squared error between the real and synthetic speech signals. This system incorporates the perceptual weighting filter 18. A detailed flow chart of the multipulse analysis is shown in FIG. 8. The method of determining a pulse location and amplitude is accomplished in a systematic manner. The basic algorithm can be described as follows: let h(n) be the system impulse response of the pitch analysis filter and the LPC analysis filter in cascade; the synthetic speech is the system's response to the multipulse excitation. This is indicated as the excitation convolved with the system response or ##EQU3## where ex(n) is a set of weighted impulses located at positions n1, n2, . . . nj or
ex(n)=β1 δ(n-n1)+β2 δ(n-n2)+ . . . +βj δ(n-nj) (8)
The synthetic speech can be re-written as ##EQU4## In the present invention, the excitation pulse search is performed one pulse at a time, therefore j=1. The error between the real and synthetic speech is
e(n)=sp (n)-s(n)-r(n) (10)
The squared error ##EQU5## where sp (n) is the original speech after pre-emphasis and perceptual weighting (FIG. 4) and r(n) is a fixed signal component due to the previous frames' contributions and is referred to as the ringdown component. FIGS. 10 and 11 show the manner in which this signal is generated, FIG. 10 illustrating the perceptual synthesizer 38 and FIG. 11 illustrating the ringdown generator 36. The squared error is now written as ##EQU6## where x(n) is the speech signal sp (n)-r(n) as shown in FIG. 1.
where ##EQU7## The error, E, is minimized by setting the dE/dB=0 or
dE/dB=-2C+2HB=0 (18)
The error, E, can then be written as
From the above equations it is evident that two signals are required for multipulse analysis, namely h(n) and x(n). These two signals are input to the multipulse analysis block 32.
The first step in excitation analysis is to generate the system impulse response. The system impulse response is the concatentation of the 3-tap pitch synthesis filter and the LPC weighted filter. The impulse response filter has the z-transform: ##EQU8## The b values are the pitch gain coefficients, the α values are the spectral filter coefficients, and μ is a filter weighting coefficient. The error signal, e(n), can be written in the z-transform domain as
E(z)=X(z)-BHp (z)z-n1 (21)
where X(z) is the z-transform of x(n) previously defined. The impulse response weight β, and impulse response time shift location n1 are computed by minimizing the energy of the error signal, e(n). The time shift variable n1 (1=1 for first pulse) is now varied from 1 to N. The value of n1 is chosen such that it produces the smallest energy error E. Once n1 is found β1 can be calculated. Once the first location, n1 and impulse weight, β1, are determined the synthetic signal is written as
s(n)=β1 h(n-n1) (22)
When two weighted impulses are considered in the excitation sequencer the error energy can be written as
E=Σ(x(n)-β1 h(n-n1)=β2 h(n-n2))2
Since the first pulse weight and location are known, the equation is rewritten as
E=Σ(x'(n)-β2 h(n-n2))2 (23)
x'(n)=x(n)-β1 h(n-n2) (24)
The procedure for determining β2 and n2 is identical to that of determining β1 and n1. This procedure can be repeated p times. In the present instance p=5. The excitation pulse locations are encoded using an enumerative encoding scheme.
Excitation Encoding
A normal encoding scheme for 5 pulse locations would take 5*Int(log2 N+0.5), where N is the number of possible locations. For p=5 and N=80, 35 bits are required. The approach taken here is to employ an enumerative encoding scheme. For the same conditions, the number of bits required is 25 bits. The first step is to order the pulse locations (i.e. 0 L1≦L2≦L3≦L4≦L5≦N-1 where L1=min(n1,n2,n3,n4,n5) etc.). The 25 bit number, B, is: ##EQU9## Computing the 5 sets of factorials is prohibitive on a DSP device, therefore the approach taken here is to pre-compute the values and store them on a DSP ROM. This is shown in FIG. 12. Many of the numbers require double precision (32 bits). A quick calculation yields a required storage (for N=80) of 790 words ((N-1)*2*5). This amount of storage can be reduced by first realizing ##EQU10## is simply L1; therefore no storage is required. Secondly, ##EQU11## contains only single precision numbers; therefore storage can be reduced to 553 words. The code is written such that the five addresses are computed from the pulse locations starting with the 5th location (Assumes pulse location range from 1 to 80). The address of the 5th pulse is 2*L5+393. The factor of 2 is due to double precision storage of L5's elements. The address of L4 is 2*L4+235, for L3, 2*L3+77, for L2, L2-1. The numbers stored at these locations are added and a 25-bit number representing the unique set of locations is produced. A block diagram of the enumerative encoding schemes is listed.
Excitation Decoding
Decoding the 25-bit word at the receiver involves repeated subtractions. For example, given B is the 25-bit word, the th location is found by finding the value X such that ##EQU12## then L5=X-1. Next let ##EQU13## The fourth pulse location is found by finding a value X such that ##EQU14## then L4=X-1. This is repeated for L3 and L2. The remaining number is L1.
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Kids Stuff, Saint Louis
7 Reviews
7 Reviews
The City Museum is one of St. Louis' most interesting attractions. Local artists have taken recycled materials to create a museum out of the old Brown Shoe factory. The museum is more of a gigantic playground with slides and tunnels going every direction. Some tunnels even run underneath the floor. You may not think that you'll be able to make it through the tunnels, but the staff will be there assuring you that you will. Its not just for kids, as the staff encourages everyone to get involved and have a good time. There is also a bar area for adults that don't want to climb around. This is a great place to take kids and to be a kid yourself.
There are also lofts for sale upstairs and banquet rooms for wedding receptions.
If I were traveling with children in Saint Louis, there are a few "must see" sites besides the St. Louis Zoo that I would see:
1. Grant's Farm:
10501 Gravois Road
Grant's Farm is a 281 acre wildlife preserve just south of the city limits in St. Louis County. Anheuser-Busch owns it, & it takes its name from Ulysses S. Grant who actually farmed a portion of the 281 acres in the 1850's. Today it is home to the Busch family estate, the Clydesdale Stables, the Deer Park, Grant's Cabin, & a petting zoo.
Admission FREE but paid parking.
2. The Magic House (St. Louis Children's
516 South Kirkwood Road (Lindbergh Blvd
This Children's Museum is a place for exploration, discovery, experiencing, pretending, creating, & constructing.
It provides a hands-on learning experiences designed for fun, stimulation, and creativity.
$6.50 Regular Admission and free parking.
3. St. Louis Science Center
5050 Oakland Avenue
The St. Louis Science Center is the number one educational attraction in the St. Louis area. Using science and technology, this center hopes that visitors will gain a better understanding of self & the world around them while having a great time doing it.
The center includes OMNIMAX THEATER,
PLANETARIUM, BOEING SPACE STATION, ORTHWEIN STARBAY, and EXPLORADOME.
Admission is free.
4. Purina Farms
200 Checkerboard Drive
Gray Summit, Mo. 63039
This adventure is to explore the special role that pets play in our lives. You are able to cuddle cats at the 28-foot tall Victorian style cat house, participate in a dog show and learn how to teach your dog tricks, pet a variety of dogs and puppies on display, and milk a cow at the Farm's regularly scheduled milking times. These are only a few of the activities available. There is a gift shop, children's play area, snack bar, interactive exhibits, & a barn full of farm animals.
Free admission and parking.
If you have kids, check out the Magic House in Kirkwood. It's the second-best children's museum in the country, and has TONS of awesome hands-on stuff for kids to do (adults like it too). Don't miss it! You can also walk around historic downtown kirkwood for a bit and look at the little art/antique shops.
If you're into amusement parks, you're in luck, because Six Flags has a park close to the city!
I wouldn't say it's really all that 'unique' since amusement parks can be found all across the country. Still, having been to several I can tell you that this one is pretty good. And if you're as big a fan of coasters as I am, this place should prove enjoyable for you. :-)
Not too far from St. Louis (about 30 miles), is 6-flags over mid-America. It's always well maintained.
The lines for the rides can get a bit long, but .... They do have a few roller coasters for the coaster enthusiasts---an old wooden one called the sceaming Eagle; a water one that causes a huge splash; and at least 3 other ones--the Mine Train, the Batman swing type, and the Ninja (shown in the picture). Other rides include Thunder River, the Carousel, a huge Ferris wheel (shown in the collage at the beginning of my page), the regular train, plus some rides I can't remember the name of. It's a rather large park. It also has the shows and restaurants that all big parks have. A fun way to spend the day.
The new Science Center. Yes, it is free also. Although they do have an Omnimax which charges a fee, and the planetarium side has star shows and laser shows to music that charge a small fee.
The Planetarium is actually in Forest Park and is connected to the new Science Center by a walk way over highway 40. It's a rather neat connection. The path leading to the bridge is a replica of a mine shaft. Also along that pathway is an interesting historical medical hands on exhibit. On the bridge are windows to see the traffic with radar guns that you can point at the motorist passing by and show them how fast they are going. There are even windows on the bottom of the walkway so you can see the cars going under you--kind of an odd feeling. The new science center has lots of hands on exhibits that are free, plus a children's learning center that has a small fee.
A place primarily for Children, but also good for grown-ups, who think knowing everything. A lot of games to play, through which we can understand the whys in daily life. There are some bridges provided to build the Arch. Through the building, we know it was really a very hard to build the real one, because very few people can succeed in buiding this 2-m toy.
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★HUDSON SATURDAYS★ Print Ticket & Bring With You or Show from phone. DRESS CODE ENFORCED (2506 Robinhood) FOR TABLES, CABANA or INFO: 713.259.5725
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This app simulates the following:
Pick a point inside a given shape and put a dot there
Randomly choose a vertex and place a dot midway between that vertex and the current dot.
Now, using that new dot as your reference, repeat the previous step over and over
Some Shapes demonstrate unique properties when this rule is applied...so play around with the ones defined, as well as try creating your own!
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CBOE Holdings plans to list weekly expirations for VIX futures and options. VIX Weeklys futures are expected to begin trading at CBOE Futures Exchange (CFE®) in July, subject to regulatory review. VIX Weeklys options are expected to begin trading at Chicago Board Options Exchange® shortly thereafter, also subject to regulatory approval.
In 2005, CBOE® pioneered the short term options space by introducing the first weekly expiring options contract. Except for more frequent expiration dates, Weeklys generally have the same contract specifications as monthly expiring contracts. Weekly options traded on CBOE have become extremely popular with investors. For example, SPX Weeklys currently represent approximately 30% of all SPX options volume.
New weekly expirations for VIX futures and options will be listed on Thursdays (excluding holidays) and expire on Wednesdays. CBOE and CFE may list up to six consecutive weekly expirations for VIX futures and options.
The addition of weekly expirations to standard monthly futures and options expirations offers volatility exposures that more precisely track the performance of the VIX Index. The closer VIX futures and options are to expiration, the more closely they generally track the VIX Index. By 'filling the gaps' between monthly expirations, investors may obtain new opportunities to establish short-term VIX positions, and fine-tune the timing of their hedging and trading activities.
Weeklys VIX futures and options on VIX are a different product from previously listed futures and options on the VXSTSM Index, the CBOE Short-Term Volatility IndexSM. The VIX Index measures a 30-day period of implied volatility while the VXST Index provides a gauge of 9-day implied volatility. CBOE expects that margin and capital requirements for VIX futures and options with weekly expirations will be lower than the margin and capital requirements for VXST futures and options. Importantly, CBOE expects that quotes on VIX Weeklys will be listed within VIX futures and options chains.
The Exchange may list for trading up to six near-term expiration weeks, nine near-term serial months and five months on the February quarterly cycle for the VX futures contract. VX futures that have a "VX" ticker are not counted as part of the six near-term expiration weeks. For example, if 4 near-term VX expiration weeks, 3 near-term serial VX months and 1 VX month on the February quarterly cycle were listed as of April 7, 2016, these expirations would have the following ticker symbols:
Click here for a link to Quote Vendor Ticker Symbols for CBOE Volatility Index® (VIX®) Futures.
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Pixel-Based Websites: Resources, Tutorials, And Examples
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One of my favorite new pieces in HTML5 is the ability to add Placeholder Text easily. The placeholder text is the... Continue reading
You can do everything online these days, including having an online brainstorming sessions with colleagues or friends who you can't meet... Continue reading
Whether you prefer a weekly movie night or to snuggle up with a good book, there are plenty of entertainment-based social networks out there that you can definitely belong to. Keep track of your favorite shows or music, your collection of books or trivia, and even get recommendations of new and upcoming entertainment choices. In this post, we'll feature entertainment and social apps to help you keep track of the latest movies and TV series, books, music, and a bit of everything.... Continue reading
Editor's note: For a newer, updated version of this post, check it out here. If you've wondered where many of those... Continue reading
There are a few CSS selectors or properties that I think are rarely used in the wild, but they actually have... Continue reading
It's been three weeks since the launch of the iPad Mini (and our post which pitted the iPad Mini against other... Continue reading
Do you have a command or a set of tasks you execute regularly or repeatedly on your Mac? Want to keep... Continue reading
Today we are going to celebrate the unsung heroes that are… our fingers. I think it's pretty safe to say that... Continue reading
Today we are going to continue our discussion on Sass and this will be the final part of our Sass series.... Continue reading
Have confidential data in your Mac that needs to be locked with secure passwords to prevent unwanted access? Forget third-party software,... Continue reading


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A process for absorbing noxious components such as SOx, NOx, and HX from a gas such as a flue gas at temperature below 250° C. is improved by contacting the gas with a conditioned solid acceptor that contains divalent metal oxide, hydroxide or both coated onto exfoliated vermiculite and/or expanded perlite. Before use (to enhance its absorption of noxious components) conditioning can be done by heating the hydrated acceptor at temperature of at least about 400° C. for a short time.
1. In a process for removing sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and hydrogen halides from a gas contaminated with same in which the gas is contacted at a temperature below 250° C. with particulate solid acceptor comprising a mineral support having a coating containing divalent metal oxide, hydroxide, or both, the support being water-moistened particles selected from the group consisting of exfoliated vermiculite, expanded perlite, or a mixture thereof, the improvement which comprises:
heating the acceptor before its first use at a temperature of at least about 400° C. until it is conditioned for the accepting purpose;
dampening the conditioned acceptor with water;
contacting contaminated gas with the acceptor; and
separating resulting cleansed gas from the acceptor.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the coating comprises MgO and water.
3. The process of claim 1 wherein the coating comprises CaO and water.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein the contaminated gas is humidified before or during contact with the acceptor particles.
This application is a division of applicant's copending application Ser. No. 10,449 filed on Feb. 3, 1987, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,721,582 of Jan. 26, 1988, entitled Toxic Gas Absorbent and Process for Making Same which itself was a continuation-in-part of applicant's now abandoned application Ser. No. 838,354 filed on Mar. 11, 1986, entitled Material and Process for Gas Desulfurization. The teachings of these specifications are incorporated herein expressly by reference.
This invention relates to solid sorbent materials ("acceptors") for use in removing ("accepting") sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrogen halides and/or other noxious components (e.g. hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, sulfur trioxide, etc.) from a gas, particularly a waste gas stream, and to improvements in process for making, using and regenerating the acceptors. Of these contaminants the ones specially targetted here are SO2 and NOx (typified by NO2) as they as the most common and usually most difficult to remove virtually completely amongst those above specified.
Flue or vent gases from the combustion of fuels such as coal or residual oil, the pyrolysis of solid waste, and the venting of chemical processes has been a matter of increasing concern for many years. Components such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are accused of fostering acid rain, having toxic effect on human, lower animal and plant life, and being generally dangerous or obnoxious even in quite low concentrations.
As a result, many approaches have been proposed to cleanse the waste gases of their toxic components. Scrubbing with a compound in slurry form with water has been by far the most popular approach. Wet scrubbing systems, although effective in removing toxic gases, have been very expensive and highly corrosive and have often simply converted an air-pollution problem into a sludge-disposal or water-pollution problem. Even with wet scrubbing processes involving reactants that are regenerable, thus producing no waste sludge, problems have occurred. In the magnesium oxide wet scrubbing process, for example, major technical difficulties have been encountered in handling the corrosive liquid slurries, and large energy costs have been incurred in drying the slurries and in regenerating the magnesium oxide.
In recent years several so-called dry sorbent processes have been proposed. In these processes particulate reactant is brought into direct contact with the undesirable components of a waste gas stream where it reacts with those components in a dry or semi-dry state. Principal advantages of these processes have been their simplicity, decreased mechanical problems, and generally lower costs. A major disadvantage has been their low cleansing efficiencies; at best generally only 50 to 60 percent of the toxic components are removed.
Various approaches have been examined in an attempt to increase the reactivity and cleansing efficiency of particulate reactants. One such approach involves the use of silicate particles having a huge surface area, e.g., asbestos, exfoliated vermiculite, or expanded (popped) perlite.
Thus, U.S. Pat. No. 4,061,476 teaches that expanded perlite optionally is added to a solid absorbent. Pulverulent amorphous silicon dioxide, charcoal, carbon dust, lime hydrate, bog iron ore, pulverulent iron oxide, and dolomite dust are taught as being useful solids called variously "absorption" or "sorption" agents or "absorbents". Popped perlite is stated to have good physical absorption properties and is suitable for supplying water to the reaction; alternatively the gas in process can be humidified.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,201,751 to the same inventors teaches use of exfoliated vermiculite and expanded perlite, suitably moistened with water and caustic soda, as a carrier for a sprayed-on aqueous suspension of absorption agent. Such agent is rich in ferric oxide-containing steel mill dust; higher alkalinity is imparted to the suspension by dispersing calcium hydroxide and/or calcium oxide therein; the further mixing in of bog iron ore and/or a heavy metal salt such as one of lead or copper is stated to improve the sorption of various acidic gases. Lime-alkalized steel mill dust on an expanded perlite carrier is exemplified for treating contaminated gas. When the absorption agent becomes exhausted by contact with SO2, it can be roasted to drive off SO2 with preservation of the perlite. Perlite does not tend to sinter until above 980° C.
An earlier patent, U.S. Pat. No. 3,882,221, appears to prefer aqueous caustic soda or potash solutions coated onto exfoliated vermiculite or expanded perlite for gas cleaning purposes. However, this patent exemplifies wetting one or the other of these two expanded minerals with an aqueous dispersion of calcium oxide and of calcium hydroxide to coat such carrier, then reacting the coatings with chlorine and carbon dioxide gases, respectively. Details of the preparation and operating efficiency of these chalky coatings are not evident from the text, and their effectiveness for removing SO2 and NOx only can be speculated on. The reaction products obtained are stated as being capable of being removed from the expanded mineral with water or other unnamed suitable solvent.
It has now been discovered that exfoliated or expanded minerals, such as vermiculite or perlite, freshly coated with a hydrated divalent metal oxide, can be conditioned in a simple manner to produce an improved acceptor for cleansing waste gases at temperatures below 250° C. Complete and efficient removal of mixed SO2 and NO2 has been obtained consistently when using gases with contaminant concentrations representative of those in waste gases, such as a flue gas from the combustion of coal. Furthermore, an improved coating method has been devised for obtaining very high, waste-free loading of MgO and CaO on the exfoliated or expanded mineral for extended sorption service. The conditioning method has been found to result in an interaction between the MgO or CaO and the mineral carrier that results in a strong bond between the phases. Also, the conditioning has been found to increase markedly the strength of the carrier, resulting in significantly less degradation in handling. Additionally, the magnesium oxide embodiment of the improved acceptor has been found, surprisingly, to be repeatedly regenerable without noticeable degradation at a much lower temperature than related prior art acceptors, and that regeneration can be practiced efficiently in a manner that allows the simultaneous removal and separate collection or destruction of SO2 and NOx when these gases have been sorbed together.
I have found, surprisingly, that a solid acceptor for removal of noxious components from gas at temperature below 250° C., which acceptor is particulate exfoliated or expanded mineral support coated with hydrated divalent metal oxide, can be demonstrably improved for the accepting purpose by a mild, short term, heat treatment of such hydrous association of oxide and support before its use. The heating is for at least a few minutes at a temperature substantially above that of normal use, i.e., at a hypernormal temperature such as 450°-650° C. For brevity I refer to the operation as one of "conditioning", and the improved acceptor as one that has been "conditioned" for the accepting purpose. Obtaining very high useful loadings of metal oxide such as MgO and CaO on the support involves saturating or nearly saturating the porous support with water, and then applying the oxide in an ostensibly dry, pulverulent condition to the wet support while the latter is being agitated. Thus loaded, the material can be conditioned by the mild, short term heat treatment.
Regeneration of the improved magnesia acceptor that has become laden with contaminant gas can be accomplished by simply heating the acceptor to conditioning temperature and maintaining it there until the sorbed gases (or their gasiform derivatives) are substantially expelled from the acceptor. With this procedure, SO2, NOx and HCl can be desorbed from the acceptor. This relatively low temperature thermal regeneration can be performed in the presence of a gasiform reducing agent such as methane, if desired.
Advantageous metal oxides for the instant sorption purpose are MgO, CaO, ZnO and CuO, preferably MgO and CaO, and most preferably MgO. These oxides need not be of high purity. Use of technical or agricultural grades and even much lower grades is satisfactory. Carbonate contamination can be expected in some magnesias and calcium oxides, particularly if they have been stored for long times with no special precautions. For the present purposes, magnesium carbonate presents no difficulties because it decomposes to MgO at the modest conditioning temperatures. Calcium and dolomitic carbonates, on the other hand, do not decompose appreciably if at all at the conditioning temperatures. While it is possible to substitute here calcium hydroxide for some or all of the CaO and magnesium hydroxide for some or all of the MgO, this could result in reduced sorption capacity per unit weight of the divalent metal equivalent applied, hence is less favored than use of the oxides.
Various methods of contacting the contaminated gas with the acceptor can be practiced. The preferred way involves passing such gas through one or more static or agitated beds of the improved acceptor particles, then directing the cleansed gas to a stack. The gas can be passed upwardly, downwardly, or in a cross flow direction with respect to the bed. The bed can be vertical, horizontal, raked or rabbled, and it can be static, slowly moving downwardly or horizontally, bubbling or in fluid motion.
Alternatively, acceptor particles can be injected into a waste gas flowing through a duct and turbulently entrained with the gas and finally collected as a bed on a screen or fabric filter. In such instances, however, it is probably desirable to maintain a modest sized bed of particles (at least several inches deep) on the screen or filter to bring about longer and probably more thorough contact between the absorbent and the gas.
The use of moving beds or a dry injection system has the advantage of permitting separated, laden acceptor to be continuously drawn off, regenerated, and recycled for reuse. This can be particularly practical when using the present MgO acceptor embodiment where regeneration can be done at a low temperature. Efficient fixed bed practice often involves the use of two or more beds, each used and regenerated in an appropriate sequence.
Characteristically, as a bed of the instant improved acceptor cleanses the incoming gas of SO2, NOx and/or HCl, an advancing "front" (interface) between the virtually spent acceptor and the more active acceptor travels through the bed in the direction of gas flow. This occurrence is especially and advantageously evident when a toxic gas such as SO2 is being sorbed by the present MgO acceptor embodiment with perlite as the mineral carrier. In this case, the normally snow white particles turn bright yellow as the bed becomes saturated and the front moves through the bed.
In the case of a fixed bed, when or just before some preselected value such as 50 percent of the contaminating gases are noted as passing through and out from the filter bed without reacting, the gas flow can be switched to a fresher bed. In the case of moving beds, the beds can be continuously or intermittantly augmented with active acceptor material, usually with some withdrawal of spent material. Advantageously the gas and/or the acceptor is humidified for the sorption operation unless the gas already holds considerable water.
Conditioning of the instant, freshly made acceptor is relatively simple. It is accomplished by heating the acceptor in air (or other gas not appreciably reactive with the acceptor) at temperature above 400° C., and preferably at 450° to 550° C. for at least a few minutes, advantageously 15 or more minutes, and preferably for 20 minutes. The heating can be done in a furnace, kiln, or the like, or in situ at the gas cleansing location. Conditioning for 1/2-1 hour or even longer does not appear to harm the acceptor; it just costs more.
The solid acceptor of the present invention preferably is prepared by first weighing out a given quantity of mineral carrier, and then mixing it with a weighed quantity of water wherein the weight ratio of water to dry mineral carrier does not exceed about 4:1 and no free or standing water exists after mixing. A weighed quantity of dry divalent metal oxide, in powder form (preferably passing through 28 mesh Tyler Standard sieve) is then sifted into the wet carrier as the latter is stirred slowly and continuously. The quantity of oxide blended into the mixture can vary, but should not exceed an amount that is equivalent to a weight ratio of about 60:40 of dry oxide to dry carrier. If a weight ratio higher than about 60:40 is used, generally a significant number of unattached oxide particles tend to exist in the final acceptor material.
Mixing can be performed manually or mechanically by using any one of a number of commercially available mixers or slow blenders. Manual or mechanical mixing with the aforementioned procedures has been found to result in an oxide phase uniformly distributed on the mineral carrier, in few or no free (unattached) oxide particles, and in no significant bonding together of coated mineral carrier particles; they remain discrete. The moist acceptor particles advantageously are then permitted to air dry for a period of 30 minutes or more, after which time they are relatively free flowing and are ready for conditioning.
Before conditioning, the acceptor will usually contain a significant amount of water. The porous acceptor (exfoliated vermiculite or expanded perlite) acts as a very effective reservior for water, allowing small quantities of water to escape and to react with oxide particles attached to the acceptor forming hydroxides. The water used can, if desired, by made slightly alkaline with the addition of caustic soda, ammonia or the like or slightly acid with the addition of an acid such as sulfuric acid before mixing. However, such alkalizing or acidifying steps are generally not needed.
During drying and conditioning at 400° to 650° C., particularly useful cracks, fissures, and pores in the oxide coating are formed and are opened up as a result of the rapidly escaping water and the high temperatures. Conceivably this occurrence may be partially responsible for the markedly improved effectiveness of conditioned absorbent over absorbent with no conditioning.
After the acceptor material is employed to remove SO2, NOx, etc. from a waste gas stream and approaches becoming saturated with such contaminants, the contaminants can be expelled from the acceptor by heating it. The instant magnesia acceptor embodiment actually can be regenerated repeatedly at conditioning temperature. An advantageous regeneration temperature range for the magnesia acceptor is 450° to 650° C.; the required time for complete regeneration decreases with an increase in temperature. Higher temperatures, therefore, favor shorter regeneration times. Higher temperatures, however, often mean higher energy costs, and heating the spent acceptor substantially above 650° C., e.g. 900° C. or above, can result in noticeable structural degradation of the acceptor. A satisfactory and economical and therefore preferred regeneration temperature and time for the magnesium acceptor is 600° C. and 20 minutes, respectively. During regeneration, after an initial emission of moisture which principally comes off at temperatures slightly above 100° C., SO2, NOx, HCl or other gases captured during absorption are released. Recovered SO2 can be purified and liquified to provide a valuable, marketable by-product. It is used in sewage treatment, sulfuric acid manufacture, and brewing and has many other applications.
The rate and extent of regeneration can be improved by providing the spent sorbent with a reducing environment during heating. Small quantities of methane, CO or elemental hydrogen added to the atmosphere of the regeneration unit provide such an environment. The use of methane is particularly attractive when NO2 is present in the gas being recovered from the acceptor. Methane will react with the NO2, resulting in CO2, H2 O and nitrogen, all relatively innocuous species that can be dealt with readily in recovery processing.
The following examples summarize the preparation of and various tests performed in connection with the improved acceptor, but should not be construed as limiting the invention. In this specification all parts are weight parts, all gas compositions are by volume, and all temperatures are in degrees Celsius unless otherwise expressly noted.
For the following tests the exfoliated vermiculite support particles (approximately 0.1-0.25" in their largest dimension) were coated as follows: 200 parts of water were soaked up by 60 parts of such vermiculite at room temperature, about 22° C. This was short of saturation. The wet mixture then was stirred while 60 parts of dry powdered metal oxide was fed gradually onto the support phase and picked up by it to make a mass of discrete, pourable but unconditioned particles.
The coated expanded perlite was made as follows: 74 parts of water were soaked up by 45 parts of such perlite (of approximately the same size as the vermiculite above) at room temperature. This was short of saturation. The wet mixture then was stirred while 60 parts of dry powdered metal oxide was fed gradually onto the support phase and picked up by it to make a mass of discrete, pourable but unconditioned particles.
Of the metal oxides used, the calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, and dolomitic lime (CaMgO2) were of technical grade, and the copper oxide was obtained from waste cupric hydroxide sludge by heating and grinding. All oxides were screened through a 28-mesh Tyler Standard sieve before being applied to the carrier materials. The conditioned acceptors were moistened with several drops of water before use, but the unconditioned (air dried) acceptors were not so moistened.
The test gases of known compositions were prepared by a commercial vendor. They were saturated with water by bubbling them through boiling water at atmospheric pressure, then conducted downflow through small fixed beds of the test acceptor. Gas rates were reckoned at room temperature and one atmosphere total pressure. No significant pressure drop was noted across filter beds during runs involving the improved acceptors. From the examples it can be seen that the terms "activated", "potentiated" or "capacitated" could be used as an alternative to the term "conditioned".
Two 20-gram quantities of acceptor (MgO coated onto exfoliated vermiculite) were conditioned by heating each at 550° C. for 30 minutes, then cooled and moistened. Two other like batches simply were air dried for 2 hours. All were tested with a gas stream flowing at two liters per minute and containing 931 ppm of NO2, 210 ppm of NO, and the balance nitrogen. The NO2 removal even after two hours was extremely high for the conditioned acceptors and essentially zero for the unconditioned ones. About half of the NO was removed by the conditioned acceptors while significantly less NO was removed by the unconditioned ones.
The tests are summarized below; they demonstrate that conditioning definitely improves sorptive performance of the acceptor.
TABLE I______________________________________NO2 Removal Efficiency, Percent After After AfterAcceptor 2 min. 10 min. 120 min.______________________________________Unconditioned #1 67.8 46.3 0Unconditioned #2 66.7 35.6 0Conditioned #1 100.0 97.3 87.1Conditioned #2 100.0 97.9 87.1______________________________________
Unconditioned acceptors were made from: (a) exfoliated vermiculite and magnesium oxide; (b) expanded perlite and magnesium oxide; and (c) exfoliated vermiculite and calcined dolomite. After being air-dried for three hours these acceptors were separated into duplicate batches. One batch of each material was exposed directly to a five liter per minute sulfur dioxide-containing flue gas stream for 80 minutes. Its corresponding second batch, after being given a conditioning treatment consisting of heating to 450° C. for 30 minutes, cooling, and moistening with a few drops of water, was likewise exposed to a five liter per minute sulfur dioxide-containing flue gas. The composition of the flue gas was: 20.18% carbon dioxide; 4.04% oxygen; 0.33% sulfur dioxide; and balance nitrogen. The results of these runs, shown in Table II, indicate the improved effectiveness of conditioned material over non-conditioned material for removing sulfur dioxide from a sulfur dioxide-containing gas.
TABLE II______________________________________SO2 Removal Efficiency, Percent After After AfterAcceptor 2 min. 50 min. 80 min.______________________________________Vermiculite + MgO 100 0 0Not ConditionedVermiculite + MgO 100 86.4 57.6ConditionedPerlite + MgO 99.7 0 0Not ConditionedPerlite + MgO 100 99.4 75.8ConditionedVermiculite + CaMgO2 100 63.6 0Not ConditionedVermiculite + CaMgO2 99.8 69.7 0Conditioned______________________________________
Small (5-8 gram) beds of magnesia-based acceptors were conditioned, cooled, moistened with a few drops of water, and used to sorb a particular contaminant from a stream of nitrogen flowing at 2 liters per minute. When they were practically saturated with contaminant, the beds were regenerated by heating to drive off the contaminant, then recooled, remoistened and reused to sorb more of the contaminant. In two of the cases below three successive sorption cycles were run with first and second regenerations after the first and second sorption cycles.
In the case of HCl sorption the heating steps for conditioning and for regeneration were at 550° C. for 20 minutes; in the cases of SO2 and NO2 sorption, such heatings were at 600° C. for 20 minutes. The results of these gas filtering experiments are tabulated below. The consistancy in the time of breakthrough for 50% contaminant concentration of the gas indicates an excellent low-temperature regenerability that is substantially non-destructive to the acceptor.
TABLE III______________________________________ Initial Initial Conc. to Conc. out Time at Contam- Bed, ppm Bed, ppm 50%Filter inate (Volume (Volume BreakthroughMaterial Removed parts) parts) (minutes)______________________________________Vermiculite +MgOFirst Use SO2 3100 0 65After first SO2 3100 0 60Reg'nAfter 2nd SO2 3100 0 59Reg'nPerlite +MgOFirst Use NO2 930 0 15After Reg'n NO2 930 0 37Vermiculite +MgOFirst Use HCl 45,900 0 33After first HCl 45,900 0 33Reg'nAfter 2nd HCl 45,900 0 32Reg'n______________________________________
A series of filtering runs was carried out wherein the performances of inventive filters made with magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, copper oxide or calcined dolomite coated onto exfoliated vermiculite or expanded perlite were compared with the performances of filters of straight exfoliated vermiculite, expanded perlite, magnesium oxide and calcium oxide. Each filter bed was 2.25 inches in diameter and about 5 inches long except the ones made with cupric oxide which were 1 inch in diameter and 3 inches long. The beds were exposed to the water-saturated simulated flue gas streams indicated in Table IV. The inventive filters were conditioned by heating at 450°-550° C. for 15-30 minutes. The vermiculite and perlite beds when used alone showed no ability to remove sulfur dioxide. The straight magnesium oxide and calcium oxide beds initially removed sulfur dioxide, but rapidly developed a mud-like nature that stopped gas flow. All inventive filters captured sulfur dioxide effectively with no appreciable pressure changes across the bed during runs. The results of these runs are summarized in Table IV.
TABLE IV______________________________________ SO2 Conc. Feed out from Time, Gas Filter, min., Gas SO2 ppm, of 50%Filter Flow Conc. after Break-Material L/min. ppm 1 min. through______________________________________Vermiculite 1 500 500 0Perlite 1 500 500 0MgO 1 1000 0 Clogged in 20CaO 1 1000 0 Clogged in 15MgO + 1 1000 0 3000VermiculiteMgO + 10 3200 1 420VermiculiteCaMgO2 + 1 1000 0 2300VermiculiteCaO + 1 3100 0 750VermiculiteCaO + 2 3100 0 590PerliteCuO + 1 3300 10 25VermiculiteCuO + Perlite 1 3300 150 22______________________________________
Many modifications and variations of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in the light of the foregoing detailed disclosure. Therefore, it is to be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention can be practiced otherwise than as shown and described.
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I have installed Weblogic version 10.3.6.0 successfully on my windows system.
When trying to install SOA suite, it fails with the message
INST-07286: Specified Oracle Middleware home location does not have minimum version 10.3.5.0 of weblogic server. If the version is incorrect then configuring with the Weblogic server will fail.
Not sure why this error comes even though weblogic is installed. Please suggest what could be missing.
I have tried setting the Windows environment variable
MW_HOME (and restarted the machine) but it does not help.


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"In recent years some researchers have thought the pine beetle outbreak in the Southern Rocky Mountains might have started in one place and spread from there," said Chapman.
"What we found was that the mountain pine beetle outbreak originated in many locations. The idea that the outbreak spread from multiple places, then coalesced and continued spreading, really highlights the importance of the broad-scale drivers of the pine beetle epidemic, like climate and drought."
Mountain pine beetles range from Canada to Mexico and are found at elevations from sea level to 11,000 feet. These native insects have shaped the forests of North America for thousands of years by attacking old or weakened trees, resulting in younger forests.
The effects of pine beetle overpopulation are especially evident in recent years on Colorado's Western Slope, including Rocky Mountain National Park, with a particularly severe epidemic occurring in Grand and Routt counties.
The most recent mountain pine beetle outbreak began in the 1990s, primarily in scattered groups of lodgepole pines at low elevations in areas of lower annual precipitation.
Following the 2001-2002 drought, the outbreak was "uncoupled" from the initial weather and landscape conditions, triggering a rise in beetle populations on the Western Slope and propelling the insects over the Continental Divide into the Northern Front Range to infect ponderosa pine, Chapman said.
The current pine beetle epidemic in the Southern Rocky Mountains also was influenced by extensive forest fires that ravaged Colorado's Western Slope from roughly 1850 to 1890.
Lodgepole pine stands completely burned off by the fires were followed by huge swaths of seedling lodgepoles that eventually grew side-by-side into dense mature stands, making them easier targets for the pine beetles.
"The wides
|Contact: Cheryl Dybas
National Science Foundation


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Also, mini-reviews of Take This Waltz, Gerhard Richter - Painting, Damsels in Distress, Une bouteille dans la mer de Gaza, The Navigator, Lonesome, Rosetta, RoGoPaG, Rumble Fish.
At a press conference, Bellucci said the reason she's here shooting Ville-Marie is simple. She was blown away by Édoin's screenplay and loved the role he was proposing for her. She was even more sold on coming here to work with Édoin after she watched Marécages.


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Roller Brushes
The roller brush of your vacuum cleaner sweeps dirt and debris off your floors. The bristles of the brush can be worn down over the period of time. This will prevent the brush from collecting all the dust and grime from the carpets and bare floors. The roller brush can be replaced if they are damaged or the bristles are worn out.
How to increase the life span of a roller brush
•The longetivity of the vacuum brush depends on how well you take care of it. The vacuum must be dusted and cleaned once in a while.
•Unfasten the faceplate over the brush bar and remove the plastic faceplate. Using a pair of scissors cut the threads and hair that are entangled around the brush bar.
•Using a rag wipe the dust and debris from the brush bar.
•Replace the faceplate and tighten the fasteners before using the vacuum.
Roller brushes of all the leading brands are available at GoVacuum.com. This is a place which offers replacements and the equipments at a bargain price. We also offer a world class customer service. Visit our site for all your unique cleaning needs. You can also chat with our customer care personal to clarify any of your queries.
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Riccar 8000 Series Roller Brush With Rug/Floor Switch$74.95
Keeping your floor coverings such as rugs fresh is an important part of maintaining a healthy home environment. We've all been victims of dirt and odors trapped in flooring, however, thanks to a vacuum cleaning system we can do away with the scrubbing and scraping for clean floors. The roller brush on a vacuum will help tackle dirt and dust mites on your floor or rug. You can buy this entire steel roller brush assembly, which you can use with your Riccar and Simplicity uprights that have a rug or floor switch. The brush and the bearings will wear out eventually so keep this set of 1 steel core, 4 brushes, 2 ball bearings, and the clutch assembly including spring, and outer clip ready so you can replace it with ease. If you are looking for complete cleaning solutions for your home, then GoVacuum is the right place. Our customer service staff is trained to find the best vacuum cleaner for your needs and also ensure that you find one at a low price. Plus, you will save on shipping (as we ship free of cost). We make every effort to provide you with the right needs. For this, we have cleaning systems and accessories that cover every corner of your living or working space. Choose from over thousands of products in various categories.
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Riccar 8000/4000 Series Steel Roller Brush For Upright With No Rug/Floor$71.99This is the entire steel roller brush assembly for Riccar all Riccar 2000/4000/8000/ and the new Vibrance series uprights that do NOT have a Rug/Floor switch on them. These machines have no switch on the machine to turn the roller brushes off. If your r Learn More
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Hoover Vac Savvy Genuine Roller Brush Part Number # 93001748$19.99This is a Hoover Vac Savvy Genuine Roller Brush. Part Number # 93001748 Learn More
Hoover Vacuum Elite Rewind Brush Roller OEM # 93002124$16.99Hoover Elite Rewind brushroll. Also referred to as an "agitator assembly," "brush assembly" or "brush roller."Fits Elite uprights including these popular models: U5507900, U5507950, U5509900, U5511900, UH40070 Learn More
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Generic Hoover WindTunnel Brush Roll Non-Self-Propelled 15-inch Generic 1 Pack$16.99Hoover WindTunnel Widetrack non-self-propelled 15-inch generic agitator (brush roll). Each package contains 1 brush roll. Learn More
Hoover Convertable Upright Vacuum Cleaner Brushroll Brushroll, Center Round Rubber Belt$22.86Works With: Hoover Convertible Hoover U4125 Hoover U4313 Hoover U7077 Hoover U7079 Hoover U7067 Hoover U7073 Hoover U7075 Hoover U7063 Hoover U7039 Hoover U7041 Hoover U7043 Hoover U7045 Hoover U7019 Hoover U7021 Hoover U7033 Hoover U7047 Hoover U7055 Hoover U7053 Hoover U7069 Hoover C1069 Hoover U7057 Hoover U7059 Description:Generic Hoover Roller Brush is Only Brush Still Available. Hoover Part, 4 Row Bristles Learn More
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Generic Hoover WindTunnel Self-Propelled Brush Roll Generic 1 Pack$20.05Hoover WindTunnel self-propelled agitator (brush roll). Each package contains 1 generic brush roll. Learn More
Hoover WindTunnel 15'' Wide Brushroll 15'' Flat Rubber Belt Brushroll$26.82Works With: Hoover U5445-900 Hoover U5465-900 Hoover U5465-960 Description:Original Hoover Part, Fits Models Without Powerdrive Learn More


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This item is controlled on the U.S. Commerce Control List set forth in the Export Administration Regulations or the U.S. Munitions List set forth in the International Traffic in Arms Regulations, and may require a license or other authorization from the U.S. Government to be exported from the United States. Without limitation, parties purchasing from B&H are solely responsible for determining applicable export licensing requirements and for obtaining any licenses or other authorizations from the appropriate agencies of the U.S. Government that are necessary for exporting the item, such as the U.S. Department of Commerce or the U.S. Department of State.
The Newcon Optik NVS Small Small Adapter allows night-time photography and recording through the night vision NVS7 binoculars or the NVS14 monoculars.
This adapter replaces the rubber eyepiece. The adapter threads are suitable for camcorders with a 37mm thread and cameras with a 52mm thread in front of the objective lens.


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Written by George Friedman
Simply put, China has three core strategic interests. Read more: The State of the World: Assessing China's Strategy
Paramount among them is the maintenance of domestic security. Historically, when China involves itself in global trade, as it did in the 19th and early 20th century, the coastal region prospers, while the interior of China -- which begins ...
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In this week's Geopolitical Weekly, George Friedman discussed the geopolitical cycles that change with each generation. Frequently, especially in recent years, those geopolitical cycles have intersected with changes in the way the tactic of terrorism is employed and in the actors employing it. ...
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A growing immigrant population determined to avoid assimilation. Read more: Muslims Plan "Parallel Parliament" In Switzerland
Leading Islamic groups in Switzerland are seeking to establish a single national representative body that will enable all of the country's Muslims to "speak with one voice."
The organizers say their new "parliament" will be called ...
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Editor's Note: This is the first installment of a new series on the national strategies of today's global power and other regional powers. This installment establishes a framework for understating the current state of the world.
The evolution of geopolitics is cyclical. Powers rise, fall and ...
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German Referendum to Leave the Euro
Organized by the German Compact-Magazin, EuroKonferenz IIwas held in the Berlin suburb Adlershof on February 18th 2012. A series of speakers lectured on the weakness of the euro system, the dismantling of democracy taking place through the European ...
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Syrian President Bashar Assad's regime, which has made war on its own citizens, has lost whatever legitimacy it once had. The United States correctly has called for Assad to step down from power. His regime has supported numerous Palestinian, Lebanese, Iraqi, and Kurdish terrorist groups in attacks ...
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In an eight-minute video clip titled "Onward, Lions of Syria" disseminated on the Internet Feb. 12, al Qaeda chief Ayman al-Zawahiri expressed al Qaeda's support for the popular unrest in Syria. In it, al-Zawahiri urged Muslims in Turkey, Iraq, Lebanon and Jordan to aid the Syrian rebels battling ...
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Written by Frank Gaffney, Jr.
Over the weekend, a drama with potentially horrific consequences for freedom-loving Americans played out half-a-world away.
A Saudi newspaper columnist named Hamza Kashgari was detained in Malaysia, reportedly on the basis of an alert by the International Criminal Police Organization, better ...
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