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Mud pies. Gardening. Digging for buried treasure. Puddle jumping. Burying a time capsule in the backyard. None of these opportunities should be missed in the span of a young life. There are a thousand ways that dirt is not only good — it's FANTASTIC. (more…)
Healthy Futures Blog
Hey Guys, Remember Playing Doctor?
Well, we're not playing. It's time to get serious about your health.
Men's health issues significantly influence everyone around them, including their family, friends, and co-workers. (more…)
School's Out for Summer! What Does That Mean for Hungry Students?
During the school year, families depend on the fact that students receive healthy well-balanced meals. In fact, more than 21 million children rely on the nutritious, free and reduced priced meals provided by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs. (more…)
Four Fun Fruit-Based Summer Treats to Try Today!
Frozen fruits are great – they are easy to prepare, kids gobble them up and they're packed with all the natural nutrients and fiber of fruit without added sugar. That's what makes them such a satisfying snack or dessert during the hot summer months. (more…)
Put Some Sizzle in Your Summer – Not on Your Skin!
We all know getting outside is good for us – it gives us a chance to unplug, connect with our surroundings and nature, and get some much-needed vitamin D from the sun. Of course, that very same sun can have some really detrimental effects on our health if we aren't careful. (more…)
Color Yourself Happy
I was thrilled when Allie told me she was doing a blog post on coloring for stress relief! It's something I have done for years, and it never ceases to help me feel relaxed and refreshed. While friends have found relaxation in knitting, crocheting and jigsaw puzzles, those things left me feeling frustrated. But coloring? Coloring is something I can get lost in quite happily. I hope you can, too!
— Bethe
Pride and Joy
When I think about what it means to be truly successful in life it has nothing to do with money or things, and everything to do with really living life and loving it. And to do that– to really embrace life and not just check off boxes or go through the motions – you have to fully accept who you are and make no apologies for that. (more…)
Don't Hit Snooze on Your Sleep Habits
In schools, educators handle everything from A to Z. But these days, it seems more like A to Zzzzz. You work hard at school, and often continue to work hard long after the school day is over. (more…)


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Video: Frank Thomas gives emotional Hall of Fame speech
Jul 27, 2014, 5:13 PM EDT
Frank "The Big Hurt" Thomas gave a tremendous speech — reflecting on his parents and upbringing in Georgia — Sunday at the Hall of Fame induction ceremony in Cooperstown, New York …
You can catch the other five Hall of Fame speeches — from Greg Maddux, Tom Glavine, Bobby Cox, Joe Torre, and Tony La Russa — at this link. And bang it here to see the six newest Hall of Fame plaques.
- thegoods24 - Jul 27, 2014 at 5:37 PM
Such an awesome dude. I couldn't care less about the White Sox but how could anyone not be a fan of Frank Thomas. Can't think of anyone more deserving
- ashoreinhawaii - Jul 27, 2014 at 5:39 PM
Why aren't inductees made to read Ted William's speech, or Lou Gehrig's farewell speech?
Now, no matter which Hall, it's just a laundry list of thank you's.
It's boring and say's nothing.
- nbjays - Jul 27, 2014 at 5:55 PM
Looks like a typo in your handle there… it's spelled a$$hole, not ashore.
- ashoreinhawaii - Jul 28, 2014 at 9:04 AM
Look, I'm sure he's as great a guy as he was a player. My point is that awards ceremonies are now nothing but the winners thanking everyone they ever met as not to offend someone.
They should have a speech coach talk to them in the months before the award. Give them other speeches to look at, or listen to. Show them they have an opportunity to address an audience about their feeling for the game, their concerns for the game, and those they have affection for.
Let the player know that this skill will serve him for the rest of his days. Do you know how many companies, conventions etc in Chicago would love to have The Big Hurt address them? And how many tens of thousands they would be willing to pay.
The Hall should help these guys with their speeches. Michael Jordan's induction speech made him come off like a spiteful little man.
I'm sure the president of CBS saw Shannon Sharpe's and was stunned. "That guy does what for us!!!" Now he's out.
- nbjays - Jul 28, 2014 at 9:19 AM
These guys are baseball players, not speechwriters. Let the Hall help them with their speeches? Then the words aren't theirs anymore. Frank Thomas was paid to play baseball, and he did it damn well… well enough to make the HoF. If his induction speech isn't up to your lofty standards, too damn bad. Let him thank who he wants using the words he wants to use. I prefer to let my baseball players be genuine, and be themselves, not the product of some media PR machine.
- timsizzle83 - Jul 27, 2014 at 6:15 PM
Actually what it says is that he remembers where he came from and who helped him become who he became. Great man and an extraordinary ball player. Him griffey jr and ripken jr were the best in my lifetime and childhood heros of mine, awesome to see him get in on his inaugural.
- sportsfanjay - Jul 27, 2014 at 9:29 PM
Everyone grows up with "a guy" and Frank Thomas was mine. Growing up outside Chicago I was lucky enough to watch him every summer. Told myself years ago when he's inducted, I'm going to the ceremony. I was in Cooperstown this weekend with my 9 year old and today was unbelievable. Immortalized forever.
- jwbiii - Jul 27, 2014 at 9:49 PM
This may be the only time you will hear Terry Bevington's name in an induction speech.
- nacho50 - Jul 27, 2014 at 9:50 PM
Can't believe only 5 comments here. You can use this forum for positive too! This guy was one of the best off all time and should be used as an ambassador for baseball much like Ripken. If not for MJ hands down best athlete in Chicago in the 90s.
- drunkenhooliganism - Jul 27, 2014 at 10:07 PM
His words were pretty mundane and boring, but his delivery was moving. The love/pain/hurt/emotion that he delivered is what makes great music, films and speeches.
I get sent, what seems like, hundreds of videos every day that aren't worth the twenty seconds it takes to view them, that was worth the 17 minutes.
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subset: commoncrawl


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by Anjum Anand
November 2010
Anjum's New Indian
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Makes about half a cup
Blend all the ingredients together to make a fine paste. Store in a sterilized jar in the fridge for 1 week.
From Anjum's New Indian by Anjum Anand. Copyright © 2008 Anjum Anand; photography © 2008 Vanessa Courtier. First published in the US in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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[1974] The remains of the 10,500 ton troop ship SS President Taylor. Arrived 13 Feb 1942 with 1,124 officers and men to defend the island(<10 weeks after Pearl Harbor). A day later, while at anchor very close to the island due to a report of a Japanese sub, it was grounded hard onto the reef during a storm. The ships' Capt. tried to commit suicide rather then face court-martial. 1948 - One rumor was a barbecue got out of hand after a party on the ship set it ablaze. Mid-50s - salvage company striped the burned vessel for steel to its water line. Unable to float it for salvage, left the remains to the sea.
On February 14, 1942, the USS President Taylor ran up on a coral reef. The front anchor was ordered to be dropped but the anchor chain broke and only the rear anchor was in place. That night, a storm came up and pushed the ship further inland. Attempts were made to remove the ship, but failed. After WW2, the ship was sold in 1952 for scrap. In 1954, it was salvaged as you see here.
It was forbidden to dive on this wreak. But I think maybe some members of the dive club did.
Photo taken in Kiribati


text:
"The Seventh Trial"
It was Hogwarts, and it was daytime. She was no longer in the forest, but in the grounds, near where she had met Severus. Severus… Oh, Circe, she ached in so many places. Her heart was the worst. Standing unsteadily, she used some of her fading energy to check the date and time. Yes. Exactly twenty years. That meant that breakfast was still on, which would make it easier to find her friends.
"You cast the Tempus Charm after you bumped into me, not before."
Hermione looked up in fright to see Severus, older Severus, leaning on the tree near where she had knocked him over. Automatically, her hand rose to her cheek and she took a step back. He winced, and started forward.
"Please, Hermione," he said quietly. "Please, please forgive me. I was angry… I never meant to strike you. I'm just so used to people leaving me. You weren't supposed to be from our time, which meant that you'd leave us. I wanted us to be together forever."
Hermione was still backing off, but she stopped when he asked for forgiveness.
"Don't you remember, Sev… Professor Snape?" she asked tiredly. "I forgave you in the forest twenty years ago. Before I left, I forgave you. Why ask for it now?"
"It's been twenty years for me, Hermione; not for you," he said. "Things have changed for me over the years; you've only been away from me for a minute. Please. Tell me what to do to make it up to you. Anything."
"Just leave me be, S-sir." It was a reverse of the day she arrived, and greeted Severus after she had 'met' Professor Dumbledore. "I need to go and see my real friends. They'll be worried. It's been so long since I saw them."
"Yes, it has," Severus said, hurt. "They're waiting for you in the Entrance Hall. We thought that you might arrive today. Everyone's been waiting."
"Th-thank you," Hermione said.
He accompanied her up the slope to the school, talking all the way. She remained silent, no matter how hard he tried to get her to speak.
"Hermione, I can't stand this," Severus said finally, grabbing onto her shoulders to stop her. She tried to draw back, frightened, but he wouldn't let her go. "Damn it, Hermione; I've had twenty years to try and make it up to you, and you weren't even there to see my efforts. If I'd known how to follow you, I would have done. And for the record, you were too quiet for me to hear what you said."
"Please, let me go, Professor," she said, even though she didn't want him to let go.
"I've… I've always loved you, Hermione," he said. "Always. Ever since we met. Why do you think I was so curious to find out your name? Why do you think I asked you out that first day you were at Hogwarts?"
"What about all the years you had to be nice to me when I was a student?" she retorted.
"I didn't think there was any point," he replied. "Really. It wasn't until I saw you in the room of requirement, that I had this crazy moment where I thought that… I thought that maybe you could go and fix things, find the real me, the old me. And yet, the younger me. I had that much faith in you in that moment. You had the motivation, the talent, the dogged persistence."
"You're still my teacher, sir," Hermione said. "And there's a… a significant age difference between us now. So there's little point, is there?"
"You mean that… if I wasn't your teacher, and if we were closer in age," Severus began, hopeful.
"Sir, you can't do anything about our ages!" Hermione said, frowning at him. "Now let me go to see my friends."
Severus let her go coldly, and nodded. She started up the hill, followed slowly by her former boyfriend.
"So you did fall out of love with me," he murmured, but she heard, and whipped around.
"I never could do that; but I lost your trust," she said, and ran to Hogwarts the rest of the way.
In the Entrance Hall, waiting for her return, were three people who she took a few moments to recognise: Bellatrix Lestrange, Narcissa Malfoy, and Regulus Black were waiting. The happiest grins Hermione had ever seen on anyone broke out on their faces, and they started forward.
But Hermione saw the four Marauders and Lily Potter standing nearby, watching happily as well. When it registered in her mind what she was seeing…
Severus caught her before she could hit the floor.
Harry and Ron were sitting by Hermione's bed when she woke up, and she gave a happy cry to see them.
"Oh, thank Merlin," she said, tears stinging her cheeks. "I thought I'd never see you two again… not until you were born. And even then… well… that's not something to talk about, is it?"
"You're a living legend, Hermione," Harry said, squeezing her hand.
"Well, I guess I'm in good company, Harry," she replied, and he looked confused.
"You being a living legend, too," she said, nodding at him. Then it dawned on her. She had made the big mistake… hadn't she? Had she… had she actually changed the past, to some small degree? And where was…
"Where's your s-scar?" she asked, pushing his fringe back. "Harry, it's gone. What happened?"
"What are you talking about, Hermione?" he asked.
"What's going on?" Ron added, looking between them. "`Mione, what's wrong?"
"The… the lightning-shaped scar. You had it… you got it when Voldemort's spell rebounded off you because of the sacrifice your mother made when you were a baby…"
"Voldemort died twenty years ago," Harry said, frowning. "Come on, Hermione."
"She left before it happened," Dumbledore said, and Hermione turned to see that the headmaster was at her other side, as was Bellatrix Lestrange. "Her memories are clearly what they were before she went back in time."
"So I'll never share the same memories as everyone else," Hermione said, the tears continuing to drip onto the bed clothes.
"I'm so sorry, Hermione," Bellatrix said. "I realise that it's been years for me, but it's been years of mulling over everything that happened that day. I never should have followed his orders… none of us should have. But you… you convinced us that it was the wrong way. It changed everything. Everyone else who was there… we all turned against him that day."
"What?" she whispered. "I'm confused."
"The pain I put you through at his orders… it was shameful."
"I've been hurt worse than that before," Hermione replied, steadfastly not looking at Severus, who was also nearby. In fact, she was surrounded by more and more people as word spread around the ward that she was awake. "So I've got a false past."
"No," Dumbledore said. "Your past is what has made you who you are, and has evidently changed the future for the better."
"That was the idea," Hermione said, grumbling. "This is typical. All I tried to do…"
"If it's any help… here," Severus said, handing over a diary that was identical to Hermione's portkey. "You'll need it."
"What…?" she began, but he was gone.
"He's been looking forward to this day," Lily said. "He's been waiting for you for all these years. Even knowing that you wouldn't want him, he's just wanted to apologise for everything that happened."
"What did happen?" Ron asked. "Is it… is it anything to do with that bruise on her cheek?"
Hermione touched the bruise, and winced. "It doesn't matter anymore, does it?"
"You may want to read that," Regulus said, pointing to the diary. "He's been keeping it ever since you got to Hogwarts, getting as many anecdotes—memories, you see—of your time here as possible. So you can catch up. A sort of abridged version of your Hogwarts life until this moment."
"He… did this?" she asked, and she opened it. Sure enough, his writing covered the pages, and she fingered the words, caressing the paper. "For me?"
"Who else?" Bellatrix asked, and she patted Hermione's hand. "But please forgive me for using that… that spell on you."
"As I said, I've been hurt more than that, and you would have had to become a Death Eater eventually," Hermione replied, clutching her friend's hand. "It was a family thing."
"Did you know that peace was restored to the wizarding world after you left?" Narcissa asked. "Oh, of course not. We used our memories of what you said while you were being tortured," Hermione clenched her hands, "and printed it all out. Every witch and wizard received a copy. It changed everything."
"For the better?" Hermione asked, relaxing her fists.
"Yes," Sirius said. "We never got to thank you for helping us."
"Never considered that, with you gone, we could have gone back to pranking Severus," James admitted. "But it was all for the best."
"I'm glad," Hermione said, nodding. Out of curiosity, she pulled out her portkey, and tried to open it. It worked, and she read what was inside. In her own writing, it told the much shorter story of the defeat of Voldemort. She read through her notes rapidly. It was true; the day she left, the Death Eaters turned on Voldemort. He was given the Dementor's Kiss until all five horcruxes could be tracked down using the memories forcibly extracted from him under torture. He hadn't met Nagini, who Hermione inquired about. She also timidly asked about the prophecy.
"Prophecy?" Dumbledore asked.
"You know. When you met Sybil Trelawney."
"Sybil who?"
"She's the Divination teacher, sir… isn't she?"
"No," he headmaster replied. Hermione was aghast. "Our Divination teacher is Professor Giles. Sensible man."
"A sensible person teaching Divination? Who'd have thought it?" Hermione muttered.
"Maybe you should get some more sleep," Remus said quietly.
"The others want to see you," Harry said eagerly.
"The others?"
"All our other friends," Ron said. "Of course, that's most of the people in our year level. But we were the only ones that you talked about in the 70s, apparently."
"Well, you're my best friends," Hermione said, confused. "You were."
"You've got more best friends than just us," Harry said.
"I'm… I'm going to go back to my rooms… or somewhere else," she said, realising that the guest quarters were probably taken at the moment. They'd certainly have a different password by now. They let her go, understanding her need to be alone.
She found the room of requirement. That was the source of all her problems. That and it's stupid library. Well, to hell with books!
She turned the room into the same library that Severus had created in there, and began to take books from the shelves. She used destructive spells on them, blasting books, setting books on fire. The destruction continued as she burst into fresh tears.
Severus entered the room, closing the door behind himself quietly.
"I wish I'd never changed the past!" she yelled, in tears. "I should have just bloody well stayed here, minding my own business, staying out of the past where I should never have been."
"You were just bringing about what should have happened," Severus replied, his hushed voice a contrast to hers.
"Not the way it should have done," she said, sinking to her knees on the floor. He hurried forward, worried that she might have hurt herself, and knelt down beside her. "I still got sent forward in time, just like last time."
"Last time was supposed to be an accident. This time, it was self-inflicted."
"It was my time to go," she said, her voice finally a whisper. "I couldn't stay there any longer. I'd lost my friends, and was in the company of Lord Voldemort. Life really couldn't get any worse, and had no chance of getting bet…"
Severus kissed her to shut her up. Eventually, Hermione pushed him away, still crying.
"Leave it," she said.
"Why does the past matter?" he asked. "All that matters to me is from the moment we met, and from the moment you came back into my life this morning. The future is more important than the past, because you make the future."
"I changed the past…"
"Shut up about the past!" he said. "Look, you changed it, and it's clearly for the better. Isn't it?"
"…Yes. People are alive, when they should be dead."
"And the Dark Lord is dead."
"What happened after he got the Dementor's Kiss, and they destroyed all the horcruxes?"
"They didn't tell you?"
She shook her head.
"Well, he was executed, partly out of pity. He was just an empty shell, after all."
"I see."
"…Hermione, I love you. I really love you. Now read the book. The diary. You can read about your past at Hogwarts. I'll disappear from your life altogether if you like. I don't expect anything, and I sure as hell don't deserve anything."
Hermione blinked back further tears. "Sir… Severus… if you leave my life altogether, I'll die. It will kill me never to see you again."
"Then don't send me away."
"But we can't be together," she said, backing away. "Gods, I love you more than anything else, Severus Snape. But I lost all trust in you when you hit me. No. It wasn't then. I just blamed myself for that."
"I behaved like my father, and it sickens me," he said, tears now dripping down his cheeks as well.
"It was when my 'friends' betrayed me to their 'master'—your 'master'—that my trust was gone."
"Why did you place your trust in me in the first place?" he asked. "I was just a stranger; you'd only known me a week."
Hermione stood up. "I knew you long before that, Professor Snape. You just didn't know it then. It was when I told you that the problems started." And with that, she left.
The last Hogsmeade weekend of 1998 came far too quickly for Hermione, and for her friends, the entire Hogwarts seventh year. With a sigh, she walked into the alley where she and Severus had apparated away from that first Hogsmeade day in the 70s, the last time she could do this as a student.
She never thought that Severus, as one of the supervising teachers, would have set things up the way he had last time. He came up from behind her, grabbed her around the waist, and whispered to her to trust him before she was apparated away from that spot before she could scream.
They were in the same forest, but had gone directly to the clearing this time. Hermione was shaking as she got her footing, and pushed herself away from her teacher.
"What the hell are you playing at, S-sir?" she asked. In answer, he pulled something small out of his pocket. When he enlarged it, Hermione recognised it as the same blanket on which they had picnicked so many times. He levitated it to the ring in the ground, and looked at her.
"Do you want lunch?" he asked.
Hermione shook her head, and began to cry. "There's only one thing I want, and that's you, S-severus S-snape."
He swept her into his arms, and kissed her. "Then marry me, damn it. Continue to love me, and I swear I'll marry you. I have your heart, remember? And you have m…"
"I never gave you my heart," she whispered into his ear, and he stilled.
"What?" he asked hoarsely.
"I gave you my body, and my soul… but I always save the best for last. And I've been saving this last until now."
Graduation could never come too soon for Hermione. She and Severus married soon after, with all of their friends in attendance. And what was called "Hermione's Last Speech" was remembered and respected by everyone in the wizarding world. In fact, it was even used sometimes as an audition piece for plays, which amused the Snapes greatly.
And there was never a cross word spoken between them again, because they learned to appreciate not only the present and the future, but the past as well, and never made the same mistakes again.
While Hermione never figured out what precisely her big mistake was, she had a feeling that it was something to do with the sense of déjà vu that had hit her at her wedding to Severus. Every anniversary, she would have a strange dream where she would say, after marrying him, that she made the right choice by going through with it.
After all, the Gryffindor Princess marrying the Head of Slytherin House was a surprise choice.
I hope that was finished satisfactorily enough for you, dear readers. You can decide on what the last trial was for yourselves. Thank you for reading.
I hope that was finished satisfactorily enough for you, dear readers. You can decide on what the last trial was for yourselves. Thank you for reading.


text:
Relevant offers
A rugby supporter who ran on to the field and knocked a player out has been banned from the game for five years.
It means he can't watch any Wellington rugby, though he could still see the All Blacks at Westpac Stadium as local rugby bosses have no control over who can attend internationals.
The attack at Helston Park last Saturday was during an under-85kg match between Johnsonville and Hutt Old Boys Marist.
It was the second time in a week where a spectator has gone on to the field in Wellington club rugby and become involved in a skirmish, prompting the Wellington Rugby Football Union (WRFU) to lay down the law about sideline behaviour.
Hutt Old Boys Marist chairman John Sheehan said the fan was not a club member.
"He was a friend of a friend of a player. Unfortunately he's part of the lunatic fringe that is associated with any sport. I wouldn't know him if I fell over him."
Sheehan said according to witnesses, there was some "niggle" during the game. A scuffle escalated when a Johnsonville reserve went on to the field.
The spectator then went on the field and punched a Johnsonville player. The referee called the game off.
WRFU amateur rugby manager Will Caccia-Birch said the fan had been drinking. He is barred from attending or playing in any rugby match run by Wellington Rugby for five years, though he will be able to attend All Black tests because they are held under the umbrella of the national body.
"This sanction is simply what can be expected for a spectator that has come on to the field without good reason and knocked someone out," Caccia-Birch said.
He was undecided on whether to lay charges against the fan.
A Wellington police spokesman said it would welcome an approach by anyone who believed they were assaulted.
Sheehan said the club fully supported the five-year ban. "We don't condone violence of any kind."
WRFU chairman Peter Scott said the incident was "very disappointing".
"The sanction handed down was a reflection on the WRFU not tolerating this sort of behaviour."
Johnsonville RFC chairman Mike Segetin declined to comment yesterday.
Another spectator was handed a six-week playing ban after invading the field and starting a scuffle during a match between Paremata-Plimmerton and Poneke at Ngatitoa Domain on June 14.
"While the individual himself did not throw any punches, he was found responsible for initiating the incident which saw three other individuals move on to the field, forcing officials to end the match," Scott said.
Paremata-Plimmerton chairman Lyall Hedges said the young man was remorseful. He had consumed one beer, Hedges said.
"He went to grab a player off a Paremata-Plimmerton player, but he accepts he should not have been on the field."
Scott said the Paremata-Plimmerton club had reacted well, asking the club member to do an associate referees' course, get involved in the junior rugby programme, and help on the sidelines.
The union was working with all Wellington clubs to ensure the safety of players, officials and spectators.
"We find these recent incidents completely unacceptable."
It had strongly reminded all clubs of their responsibilities in managing sideline behaviour, Scott said.
"We need to ensure the playing enclosure is roped for all premier games, with a dedicated ground manager in place, while clubs also need to maintain awareness of their liquor licensing requirements to ensure the safety of all patrons."
Every weekend, 11,000 registered players took to the field with supporters in tow, and behaved well, he said.
Caccia-Birch described the two incidents as isolated.
"I wouldn't say drunkenness is a problem at club rugby matches. In saying that, we won't turn a blind eye to what has happened with these two events."
- The Dominion Post
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text:
Seafood Terrine With Herb Mayonnaise
|8 Ounce (250 Gram)
|Green prawns
|1 Pound (500 Grams)
|Egg whites
|To Taste
|To Taste
|Lemon juice
|1 Tablespoon
|300 Milliliter (1 Carton)
|For herb mayonnaise
|Egg yolk
|2⁄3 Cup (10.67 tbs)
|White vinegar
|1 1⁄2 Tablespoon
|Chopped parsley
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
Shell and devein prawns.
Place prawns and scallops in food processor fitted with metal blade, process until well combined.
Add unbeaten egg whites, process 10 seconds.
Add egg, salt, pepper and lemon juice, process until combined.
With motor running, slowly pour cream through feed tube until well mixed.
Spoon mixture into greased 20cm x 10cm (8in x 4in) ovenproof dish.
Cover with aluminium foil, place in baking dish with hot water to come half-way up sides.
Bake in moderate oven 1 hour.
Remove from baking dish, cool slightly before turning out.
Cut terrine in slices, serve warm with Herb Mayonnaise.
Herb Mayonnaise Place egg yolk in bowl, beat vigorously with beater or at low speed on electric mixer; add oil, drop by drop, until little more than 1/4 cup of oil has been added.
Then very slowly pour in remainder of oil in a thin stream, beating continually.
When all oil has been added, add vinegar, chopped shallots, parsley, salt and pepper; mix well.


text:
A system and method are provided for communicating a radio frequency (RF) signal. In use, a baseband signal is mixed with a plurality of oscillator signals with different phases in an interleaving manner. The mixed baseband signal is then communicated as an RF signal.
1. A method for communicating a radio frequency (RF) signal, comprising:
generating an interleaved baseband signal by selectively interchanging a routing of a plurality of baseband signals according to an interleaver operation;
mixing the interleaved baseband signal with a plurality of oscillator signals with different phases in an interleaving manner, the interleaving manner related to the interleaver operation; and
communicating the mixed baseband signal as the RF signal.
2. The method as recited in
3. The method as recited in
4. The method as recited in
5. The method as recited in
6. The method as recited in
7. The method as recited in
8. The method as recited in
9. A method for communicating a radio frequency (RF) signal, comprising:
mixing, using a plurality of mixers, a baseband signal with a plurality of oscillator signals with different phases in an interleaving manner, wherein the oscillator signals are input to the plurality of mixers in the interleaving manner by switching which of the plurality of oscillator signals are input to which mixers, and wherein the switching occurs at a rate that is faster than a bandwidth of the RF signal; and
communicating the mixed baseband signal as the RF signal.
10. The method as recited in
11. A method of quadrature balancing and Local Oscillator (LO) feedthrough suppression, the method comprising:
selectively interchanging a routing of an in-phase (I) baseband signal and a quadrature (Q) baseband signal according to an interleaving operation to generate a first interleaved I and Q baseband signal and a second interleaved I and Q baseband signal;
frequency converting the first and second interleaved I and Q baseband signals to first and second RF signals, respectively, using a plurality of oscillator signals with different phases, the different phases of the plurality of oscillator signals based in part on the interleaving operation; and
combining the first and second RF signals.
12. An apparatus for quadrature balancing and Local Oscillator (LO) feedthrough suppression of a transmit signal, the apparatus comprising:
a baseband interleaver configured to receive an in-phase (I) baseband signal and a quadrature (Q) baseband signal and generate a first interleave signal at a first output by selectively routing the I baseband signal to the first output during a first time interval and selectively routing the Q baseband signal to the first output during a second time interval, and generate a second interleaved signal at a second output by selectively routing the Q baseband signal to the second output during the first time interval and selectively routing the I baseband signal to the second output during the second time interval;
a first mixer having a signal input coupled to the first output of the baseband interleaver, a signal output, and a LO input;
a second mixer having a signal input coupled to the second output of the baseband interleaver, a signal output, and a LO input;
a local oscillator interleaver configured to receive a plurality of LO signals corresponding to a plurality of phases, and generate a first interleaved LO signal that is coupled to the LO input of the first mixer and a second interleaved LO signal that is coupled to the LO input of the second mixer, the first interleaved LO signal having a first phase during the first time interval and a second phase during the second time interval, and the second interleaved LO signal having the second phase during the first time interval and the first phase during the second time interval; and
a combiner coupled to the signal outputs of the first and second mixers.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provision Application No. 60/458,621, filed Mar. 31, 2003, entitled DIRECT CONVERSION TRANSMITTER WITH QUADRATURE BALANCING AND LOW LO FEEDTHROUGH.
The present invention relates to circuitry, and more particularly to direct-conversion circuitry.
Direct-conversion is an alternative wireless transmitter architecture to the well-established superheterodyne, particularly for highly integrated, low-power terminals. Its fundamental advantage is that the transmitted signal is mixed directly to radio frequency (RF) without the use of an intermediate frequency. This means less hardware complexity, lower component count and a simpler frequency plan.
In direct-conversion transmitters the most serious problem is that of local oscillator ("LO") feed-through due to a variety of on-chip coupling mechanisms. While the LO is necessary to convert the baseband signal to RF for transmission, if significant LO leakage occurs in the middle of the up-converted signal spectrum, the signal will be corrupted and rendered unreceivable.
Furthermore, in modern communication systems, the transmitter must be able to control the power that it is transmitting. The LO feed-through amplitude cannot be controlled as it is an unwanted byproduct of circuit non-idealities. This forces the transmitting signal to always be much larger than the LO feed-through.
Traditionally, LO feed-through can be reduced through the use of on-chip or external calibration schemes at the cost of additional hardware size and complexity.
Another problem in direct-conversion transmitters is in-phase and quadrature ("IQ") imbalance of the LO and signal path. Traditionally, direct conversion transmitters and receivers need a local oscillator with quadrature outputs for vector modulation and demodulation. However, when the quadrature signal components are not equal in amplitude and not exactly 90 degrees out of phase, the signal degrades in quality.
Quadrature phases are typically derived by passing a reference local oscillator through a CR-RC phase shift network. Ideally, this creates two signals with equal amplitude and 90 degrees of phase difference. However, this depends on the accuracy of resistors and capacitors which make up the phase shift network. The resistors and capacitors can vary by up to 15 percent in a typical integrated circuit causing the in-phase and quadrature components to have different amplitudes and a phase difference not equal to 90 degrees.
In addition, layout differences between the in-phase and quadrature paths can cause additional amplitude/phase imbalance. Contributing to further in-phase/quadrature imbalance, the circuits in the in-phase and quadrature paths (i.e. amplifiers and mixers) have physical properties that differ. Many feedback calibration schemes have been proposed and implemented to mitigate quadrature imbalance at the cost of hardware and/or system complexity.
A conventional direct conversion transmitter is illustrated in
Another conventional direct conversion architecture is shown in
The differential direct conversion architecture shown in
Collectively, these four signals 206, 207, 208, 209 are referred to as polyphase local oscillator signals. To facilitate the present description, the following signals 206, 207, 208, 209 are denoted as LO0, LO180, LO90, LO270 corresponding to their phase shift compared to the local oscillator 204. Shifting a sinusoidal signal 180 degrees in phase is the same as inverting the signal. Therefore, the equivalent single-ended in-phase and quadrature LO signals, denoted LOI and LOQ, are described mathematically in Equations 4 and 5.
At the first mixer 210, the differential in-phase baseband signal (BBI) is multiplied by the in-phase LO (LOI). Likewise, at the second mixer 211, the differential quadrature baseband signal (BBQ) is multiplied by the quadrature LO (LOQ). Equation 6 describes the mixing process and summing process 212 of the differential signals to generate the RF signal 213. Likewise, Equation 7 is a simplified version of Equation 6 where all the differential signals are represented as single-ended signals.
Now, to elucidate the problems with direct conversion transmitters, LO feed-through and imbalance distortions will be added to Equations 6 and 7. LO feed-through is added to the output of the mixers. LOC1 represents the differential LO feed-through from the polyphase LO signal to the output of mixer 210, and LOC2 represents the differential LO feed-through at the at output of mixer 211. Likewise the amplitude and phase imbalance of the mixers and the polyphase LO signals can be accounted for at the output of each mixer. A complex multiplicative term, A1ejP1, represents a random amplitude variation ("A1") and a random phase variation ("P1") introduced by the first mixer 210, the signal path 200, 201 and LO path 206, 207 connected to the mixer. Likewise, A2eP2 represents a random amplitude and phase variation introduced by the second mixer 211 and the signal 202, 203 and LO paths 208, 209 connected to it. Thus, with these distortions added, Equations 6 and 7 become Equations 8 and 9.
As seen in Equations 8 and 9, the RF distortion grows as A1 and A2 differ and as P1 and P2 differ. As the distortion increase, it is harder for the signal to be received and decoded. Likewise as LOC1 and LOC2 increase, they become the dominant component of the RF signal in Equation 8 and 9.
There is thus a need for a transmitter for overcoming these problems and/or providing general improvements over prior art transmitters.
A system and method are provided for communicating a radio frequency (RF) signal. In use, a baseband signal is mixed with a plurality of oscillator signals with different phases in an interleaving manner. The mixed baseband signal is then communicated as an RF signal.
In one embodiment, the oscillator signals may include an oscillator signal frequency substantially equal to an RF signal frequency of the RF signal. Further, the RF signal may be modulated over a finite bandwidth.
In another embodiment, the oscillator signals may have phase differences of 0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees. Further, the mixing may be carried out by a plurality of mixers.
In use, the oscillator signals may be input to the mixers in the interleaving manner. Moreover, this may be accomplished by switching which oscillator signals are input to which mixers. Still yet, the switching may occur at a rate that is faster than a bandwidth of the RF signal. Optionally, the switching may occur in a substantially random manner, or even in a random manner.
In still another embodiment, the baseband signal may be inverted using an interleaving operation. Also, the baseband signal may be routed to at least one mixer using an interleaving operation. A plurality of the baseband signals may be provided including an in-phase baseband signal and a quadrature baseband signal.
Turning to one embodiment in
The BBI 304 routes the in-phase baseband signals 300, 301 and quadrature baseband signals 302, 303 to a first up-conversion mixer 309 and the second up-conversion mixer 310. Continuing the terminology established in the example of
The baseband interleaver 304 circuit switches between one of four combinations of connections illustrated in
In the second state illustrated in
Finally in state 4 illustrated in
Likewise, the baseband signals 307, 308 arriving at the second mixer 310 are described by Equations 25, 26, 27, and 28.
As in the case with Equations 21–24, the Equations 25, 26, 27 and 28 can be represented by the notations +BBQ, −BBQ, +BBI, and −BBI, respectively.
Returning to
The LO phase interleaver circuit 326 periodically switches configuration so that the LO0 and LO180 periodically are routed to the first mixer 309 and are periodically routed to the second mixer 310. Likewise, the LO phase interleaver 326 periodically routes LO90 and LO270 to the second mixer 310 and then to the first mixer 309. By switching the polyphase local oscillator signals to different mixers, it modulates the LO feed-though signal causing the LO feed-through peak energy to be reduced.
In the context of the present description, "interleaving" may refer to the plain and ordinary meaning thereof, as well as any sort of switching, exchanging, toggling, swapping, interchanging, etc.
Four LOPI combinations are illustrated in
In state 3, as illustrated in
Returning to
To facilitate the present description, Equations 29, 30, 31 and 32 can be represented by the notations +LOI, −LOI, +LOQ, and +LOQ respectively. +LOI represents the differential in-phase local oscillator signal with positive polarity. −LOI represents the differential in-phase local oscillator signal with negative polarity. +LOQ represents the differential local-oscillator signal with positive polarity. −LOQ represents the differential quadrature local-oscillator signal with negative polarity. As in the case with Equations 29–32, the Equations 33,34,35 and 36 can be represented by the notations +LOQ, −LOQ, +LOI, and −LOI respectively.
The LO feed-through at the output of the first mixer 309 and the second mixer 310 is dependent on the LO signal applied to the mixer and the individual characteristics of the mixer itself. Therefore, the LO feed-through at the output of first mixer 309 can be defined by Equations 37, 38, 39, and 40 and the LO feed-through at the output of the second mixer 310 can be define by Equations 41, 42, 43, and 44. The LO feed-through is defined by three subscripts and a precedent sign in these equations. As it is a function of the mixer, the first subscript indicates which mixer the feed-through is associated with. The switch matrix determines the LO feed-through relative polarity represented by a +/− precedent sign and its second subscript represents the in-phase or quadrature LO component. The third subscript, F, distinguishes it from the LO signal.
A complex multiplicative term, A1ejp1, represents a random amplitude variation ("A1") and a random phase variation ("P1") introduced by the first mixer 309, the signal path 305, 306 and LO path 327, 328 connected to the mixer. Likewise, A2eP2 represents a random amplitude and phase variation introduced by second mixer 310 and the signal 307,308 and LO paths 329,330 connected to it. Combining 315 the differential mixer outputs 311, 312, 313, 314 forms the RF output signal 316. The RF output corresponding to the four interleaving states is described by Equations 45, 46, 47 and 48.
Equations 45, 46, 47, and 48 can be reduced to Equations 49, 50, 51, and 52 by combining signs.
In Equations 49 through 52, it can be seen that the RF signal LO feed-through components, LO1,I,F, LO1,Q,F, LO2,I,F, and LO2,Q,F, oscillate between positive and negative values. This results in the LO feed-through energy being spectrally spread away from the desired signal spectrum.
Since the LO feed-through term is being modulated at a frequency of the interleaving clock 340, the LO feed-through is being spread with over a bandwidth equivalent to the frequency of the interleaving clock. As the interleaving clock frequency increases, the in-band distortion caused by the LO feed-through is reduced. Furthermore, by using a delta signal modulator 341 the switching behavior of the BBI and LOPI can be modified as to shape the spectral characteristics of the LO feed-through.
In Equations 49 through 52, it can be seen that the RF signal quadrature imbalance components A1ejP1 and A2ejP2 are each multiplied to both the in-band and quadrature baseband signal components. The RF in-phase component BB1*LOI has is modified by two values: A1ejP1 for states 1 and2 and A2ejP2 for states 3 and 4. The quadrature baseband signal follows the opposite pattern for amplitude and phase imbalance. When the in-phase and quadrature signal components are modified by the amplitude and phase distortions at a much higher frequency than their own modulation bandwidths, the two distortion products are averaged together in effect. This is shown in Equation 53.
So while the amplitude and phase distortion are still present in the RF signal, each signal component is distorted in the same fashion. Furthermore, the rapid switching of amplitude and phase distortion causes this distortion to be spread over a wide frequency and thus lowering its effects on in-band signal components.
The present embodiment may thus provide a solution for important drawbacks of direct conversion transmitters: LO feed-through and quadrature imbalance.
In the wireless communication system of
Referring again to
Control station 120 provides circuitry for routing communications between wireless communication devices operating in various base station coverage areas, as well as between remote stations and land-line telephone users through a Public Switch Telephone Network, shown in
Control station 120 typically comprises a telecommunications switch (not shown) and a Base Station Controller (BSC) (also not shown). The telecommunication switch provides a switching interface to PSTN 130 while the BSC provides the necessary hardware and software for communications to take place between base stations. Control station 120 provides other functions in the communication system as well, such as billing services and data services.
Control station 120 may be coupled to the base stations by various means such as dedicated telephone lines, optical fiber links, or microwave communication links. When a call is initiated by a wireless communication device, a paging message is transmitted to one or more base stations proximate to the wireless communication device initiating the call, generally over a paging channel. The paging message is routed to control station 120, where it is processed and routed either to PSTN 130 or to one or more base stations proximate to a wireless communication device for which the call is intended. When a call is initiated from PSTN 130, a paging message is received by control station 120 where it is then converted into a format suitable for the particular wireless communication system.
In the exemplary embodiment, the wireless communication device 100 is able to communicate in at least two modes, or types, of communications, data communications and voice communications. Data communication mode is used when it is desirous to send or receive information generally suitable for digital computational devices, such as laptop computers. Data is generally transmitted in discreet segments called packets. Each data packet generally contains overhead information used for a variety of purposes. For example, many data packets contain a data field used to store an error detection code. The error detection code may be used to check a received data packet to ensure that it was received intact; that is, the data was not corrupted during the transmission process.
Voice communication mode is used when it is desirous to transmit acoustic information, including human speech, facsimile tones, music, or other audible forms of communication. In voice communication mode, audio information is transmitted using one or more well-known wireless communication modulation techniques, such as CDMA, TDMA, AMPS, and others.
During typical voice communications, an over the air channel is established between one or more base stations and a wireless telephone. The channel is maintained throughout the duration of the voice call, no matter how much or little voice activity is occurring between the wireless telephone and the base station. In many instances, voice data is digitized and formatted into packets prior to transmission. Voice packets differ from data packets in that no information as to a destination address is contained within the voice packets. That is, a connection is first established between two locations, then voice data is transmitted between the two locations. No address information need be contained within the voice packets as the source and destination of the voice packets are predetermined by the connection.
Data mode may further include a capability of transmitting voice in certain applications. In this scenario, voice is digitized. The digitized voice signals may be encrypted to provide for secure voice transmissions over the air. The digitized voice signals are then formatted into data packets, which are then transmitted over the air using well-known data transmission protocols. As explained above, each data packet contains information as to the address, or destination, of where the data packet is to arrive.
Wireless communication device 100 is capable of multi-mode communications, meaning that it can operate in several modes of communications, such as voice communications or data communications. It should be understood that voice communications comprise any audio information including speech, music, or audible tones used for call processing, modems, and facsimile machines. Data communications comprise synchronous or asynchronous data transmission. In addition to these modes, wireless communication device is also capable of other modes of communications as well.
A user of wireless communication device 100 initiates communications generally by using input device 200. Input device 200 comprises a keypad in the exemplary embodiment, however, input device 200 could be any device which accepts user commands, such as a voice response device which converts voice commands into electrical signals suitable for processing by controller 202. During voice communications, the user speaks into microphone 204, which transforms acoustic energy into electrical energy and sends the electrical signals to controller 202 for processing.
Microphone 204 may be substituted for input device 200 in an application where a second audio input device is undesirable. In many instances, a voice encoder/decoder, generally known as a Codec, is used between microphone 204 and controller 202, or is incorporated within controller 202, to convert the electrical signals from microphone 204 into a format more suitable for transmission over a limited bandwidth air interface.
Speaker 206 is used to convert received electrical signals into acoustic signals. Speaker 206 may comprise a speaker suitable for low volume acoustic outputs, typically for use in a traditional telephone application, or speaker 206 may comprise a loudspeaker, suitable for high volume acoustic outputs, typically for use in a dispatch applications. In another embodiment, speaker 206 may comprise a combination of the high volume and low volume acoustic speakers.
Wireless communication device 100 further comprises display 208 for allowing a user to view operational characteristics of the wireless communication device. Such displays are common in many of today's wireless devices including telephones and remote data terminals.
Data port 210 serves as an interface between controller 202 and external hardware devices. Data port 210 generally allows a variety of bi-directional data communications to take place between wireless communication device 100 and the external device. Such external devices include laptop computers, facsimile machines, and remote data terminals, among others.
When a user initiates voice or data communications, an identification code corresponding to a second communication device, generally a telephone number, is entered using input device 200. In the exemplary embodiment, input device 200 comprises keys corresponding to digits 0 through 9, as well as additional function keys, such as SEND, END, and so forth. Input device 200 may also comprise one or more keys used to classify an outgoing communication as being a data communication or a voice communication.
For example, a user wishing to initiate a data communication might press a key designated for data communications, then dial a telephone number corresponding to a data device that the user wishes to communicate with. In one embodiment, all calls from wireless communication device 100 are assumed to be voice calls, unless classified as some other mode of communication, as described by one of the methods above.
Controller 202 serves as the main computational unit of wireless communication device 100. Although controller 202 is shown as a single element in
To facilitate the transmission and receipt of wireless RF signals in the foregoing context, an RF transceiver 212 and an antenna 214 are coupled to controller 202 for sending and receiving such signals. Similar to the controller 202, one or more ASICs in combination with memory devices, bus controllers, etc. may be used to provide the RF transceiver 212. Moreover, the aforementioned direct-conversion receiver may be incorporated into the RF transceiver 212 and/or controller 202 in any desired capacity for providing an improved system.
Working in conjunction with the controller 202 is memory 216. The memory 216 is a device used to store information represented in digital format. Examples of memory 216 include random access memory (RAM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), non-volatile memory, and other known storage devices.
While various embodiments have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of a preferred embodiment should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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- Championship football coach heads Furman hall of fame class Updated: Jul-02-15 5:38 pm
GREENVILLE, South Carolina - Former football coach Jimmy Satterfield heads up a group of five named to the Furman Athletics Hall of Fame.
- Simpsonville teen dies in fall from mountain trail Updated: Jun-29-15 8:14 am
PICKENS, South Carolina - A Simpsonville teen has died after he fell from a trail in Table Rock State Park in Pickens County.
- $8.5M Judson Mill for sale; could be used as retail, housing Updated: Jun-18-15 11:41 am
GREENVILLE, South Carolina - The real estate company hired to sell Judson Mill in west Greenville has marketed the property as a prime location for redevelopment.
- Greenville deputy placed on leave during wreck investigation Updated: Jun-16-15 7:24 am
GREENVILLE, South Carolina - The Greenville County Sheriff's Office says a deputy has been placed on administrative duty while officials investigate a wreck that killed a moped driver last weekend.
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GREENVILLE, South Carolina - Fire officials in Greenville County say around two dozen children were taken to the hospital to be checked out for heat-related injuries after the air conditioning broke on their bus.
- SC's Ordinance of Secession going on display in Upstate Updated: Jun-12-15 5:56 am
GREENVILLE, South Carolina - The document that signaled South Carolina's split from the United States is taking a road trip.
- Man arrested in Greenville apartment shooting death Updated: Jun-10-15 7:38 am
GREENVILLE, South Carolina - A Greenville man has been arrested and charged with murder in the shooting death of a man at an apartment complex.
- Man shot and killed at apartment complex outside Greenville Updated: Jun-09-15 11:39 am
GREENVILLE, South Carolina - Greenville County deputies are searching for a car thought to be driven by a shooter who gunned down a man at an apartment complex outside of Greenville.
- Graham back in SC after campaigning in New Hampshire, Iowa Updated: Jun-08-15 4:07 am
GREENVILLE, South Carolina - U.S. Sen. Lindsey Graham is returning home to South Carolina following trips to Iowa and New Hampshire as he kicks off his Republican presidential campaign.


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Groomed cross country ski trails abound in Minnesota.
Cross country skiing is a rewarding sport and a great way to get outdoors in our beautiful Minnesota winters.
Learn some cross country skiing basics, buy some cross country equiment and enjoy a wonderful Minnesota winter activity.
Minnesota is one of the primary cross-country skiing areas in the U.S. We have more than 100 ski areas.
Two of the largest groomed trail networks, or trail systems, in North America are the Gunflint Trail and the North Shore Trail. You will also find groomed cross-country ski trails in most of our Minnesota State Parks.
"Skinny skiing" trails can be found in all parts of Minnesota including the Twin Cities area. Some of the best metro cross country ski trails are in Murphey Hanrehan park in Savage, Battle Creek park in St. Paul and Lebanon Hills in Eagan. The Three Rivers Park District has more lighted ski trails that any other location in the U.S.
Other well known cross country ski areas in Minnesota include Maplelag Resort near Detroit Lakes and The Lodge at Giants Ridge about an hour north of Duluth. Gunflint Lodge, Grand Marais is in another Minnesota cross-country skiing paradise. As well, candlelight ski nights events are held in many Minnesota state parks and on other popular ski trails.
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I want to start a java program on a windows system with installed JavaRE. Often the PATH-variable isn't set, so I have to finde the JavaRE. How could I realize this?
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Could You be more specific about Your problem? Main JRE executables (java.exe, javaw.exe, javaws.exe) are normally found in %WINDIR%/System32 directory, which is already in %PATH%.


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Comments: 9 so farThis is just 1 out of more than 3.500 Super Bowl ads from the worlds largest Super Bowl Commercial Archive at adland.tv.
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