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PASADENA, Calif. —Using a combination of theoretical modeling, energy calculations, and field observations, researchers from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) have for the first time described a mechanism that explains how some of the ocean's tiniest swimming animals can have a huge impact on large-scale ocean mixing.
Their findings are being published in the July 30 issue of the journal Nature.
"We've been studying swimming animals for quite some time," says John Dabiri, a Caltech assistant professor of aeronautics and bioengineering who, along with Caltech graduate student Kakani Katija, discovered the new mechanism. "The perspective we usually take is that of how the ocean—by its currents, temperature, and chemistry—is affecting the animals. But there have been increasing suggestions that the inverse is also important-how the animals themselves, via swimming, might impact the ocean environment."
Specifically, Dabiri says, scientists have increasingly been thinking about how and whether the animals in the ocean might play a role in larger-scale ocean mixing, the process by which various layers of water interact with one another to distribute heat, nutrients, and gasses throughout the oceans.
Dabiri notes that oceanographers have previously dismissed the idea that animals might have a significant effect on ocean mixing, saying that the viscosity of water would damp out any turbulence created, especially by small planktonic animals. "They said that there was no mechanism by which these animals could impact large-scale ocean mixing," he notes.
But Dabiri and Katija thought there might be a mechanism that had been overlooked—a mechanism they call Darwinian mixing, because it was first discovered and described by Charles Darwin. (No, not that Darwin; his grandson.)
"Darwin's grandson discovered a mechanism for mixing similar in principle to the idea of drafting in aerodynamics," Dabiri explains. "In this mechanism, an individual organism literally drags the surrounding water with it as it goes."
Using this idea as their basis, Dabiri and Katija did some mathematical simulations of what might happen if you had many small animals all moving at more or less the same time, in the same direction. After all, each day, billions of tiny krill and copepods migrate hundreds of meters from the depths of the ocean toward the surface. Darwin's mechanism would suggest that they drag some of the colder, heavier bottom water up with them toward the warmer, lighter water at the top. This would create instability, and eventually, the water would flip, mixing itself as it went.
What the Caltech researchers also found was that the water's viscosity enhances Darwin's mechanism and that the effects are magnified when you're dealing with such minuscule creatures as krill and copepods. "It's like a human swimming through honey," Dabiri explains. "What happens is that even more fluid ends up being carried up with a copepod, relatively speaking, than would be carried up by a whale."
"This research is truly reflective of the type of exciting, without-boundaries research at which Caltech engineering professors excel—in this case a deep analysis of the movement of fluid surrounding tiny ocean creatures leading to completely revelatory insights on possible mechanisms of global ocean mixing," says Ares Rosakis, chair of the Division of Engineering and Applied Science at Caltech.
To verify the findings from their simulations, Katija and collaborators Monty Graham (from the Dauphin Island Sea Laboratory), Jack Costello (from Providence College), and Mike Dawson (from the University of California, Merced) traveled to the island of Palau, where they studied this animal-led transport of water—otherwise known as induced drift—among jellyfish, which are the focus of much of Dabiri's work.
"From a fluid mechanics perspective, this study had less to do with the fact that they're jellyfish, and more to do with the fact that they're solid objects moving through water," Dabiri explains.
Katija's jellyfish experiments involved putting fluorescent dye in the water in front of the sea creatures, and then watching what happened to that dye—or, to be more specific, to the water that took up the dye—as the jellyfish swam. And, indeed, rather than being left behind the jellyfish—or being dissipated in turbulent eddies—the dye travelled right along with the swimming creatures, following them for long distances.
These findings verified that, yes, swimming animals are capable of carrying bottom water with them as they migrate upward, and that movement indeed creates an inversion that results in ocean mixing. But what the findings didn't address was just how much of an impact this type of ocean mixing—performed by impossibly tiny sea creatures—could have on a large scale.
After a series of calculations, Dabiri and Katija were able to estimate the impact of this so-called biogenic ocean mixing. And, Dabiri says, it's quite a significant impact.
"There are enough of these animals in the ocean," he notes, "that, on the whole, the global power input from this process is as much as a trillion watts of energy—comparable to that of wind forcing and tidal forcing."
In other words, the amount of power that copepods and krill put into ocean mixing is on the same scale as that of winds and tides, and thus their impact is expected to be on a similar scale as well.
And while these numbers are just estimates, Dabiri says, they are likely to be conservative estimates, having been "based on the fluid transport induced by individual animals swimming in isolation." In the ocean, these individual contributions to fluid transport may actually interact with one another, and amplify how far the ocean waters can be pulled upward.
In addition, says Dabiri, they have yet to consider the effects of such things as fecal pellets and marine snow (falling organic debris), which no doubt pull surface water with them as they drift downward. "This may have an impact on carbon sequestration on the ocean floor," says Dabiri. "It's something we need to look at in the future."
Dabiri says the next major question to answer is how these effects can be incorporated into computer models of the global ocean circulation. Such models are important for simulations of global climate-change scenarios.
The work described in the Nature paper, "A viscosity-enhanced mechanism for biogenic ocean mixing," was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation's Biological Oceanography, Ocean Technology, Fluid Dynamics, and Energy for Sustainability programs, and by the Office of Naval Research, the Department of Defense's National Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship, and the Charles Lee Powell Foundation.
Hans Wolfgang Liepmann, a pioneering researcher and passionate educator in fluid mechanics, passed away at the age of 94. Liepmann, the Theodore von Kármán Professor of Aeronautics, Emeritus, at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), passed away June 24 at his home in La Canada Flintridge. Widely honored for his contributions to aeronautics, Liepmann came to Caltech in 1939 and was the third director of Caltech's Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories (GALCIT), from 1972 to1985.
Liepmann, known for his sharp wit and distinctive accent, was a noted teacher who mentored more than 60 PhD students and hundreds of undergraduates during his career at GALCIT. Through his students and colleagues at GALCIT, Liepmann was highly influential in spreading the fundamental research approach and rigorous curriculum of GALCIT. His students became leaders in the aerospace industry as well as universities around the world.
Liepmann was born in Berlin in 1914 and grew up surrounded by the political turmoil and liberal Berlin society of the 1920s. His father—a well-known physician and hospital director—had a passion for the humanities and an abhorrence of mathematics. Insisting that Hans have a classical education despite his interest in physics, his father nearly ended his son's scientific career before it began. Looking back, Liepmann once observed, "of my 10 years in high school I can remember no more than maybe three teachers who were more than drillmasters." Those experiences likely contributed to Liepmann's passion for teaching at Caltech.
Liepmann's early years in Berlin came to a close shortly after graduating from high school and a stint in the Siemens factory as an apprentice. His father decided to emigrate following the rise of the Nazi government and the infamous Reichstag fire in 1933. Liepmann joined his family in Turkey in 1934 after his father was invited to be head of the gynecology department at the University of Istanbul. He enrolled in the university to study physics, mathematics, astrophysics, and mechanics. The classes were taught in a mix of German, French, and Turkish, under the numerous German expatriates that found Turkey more welcoming than Germany under Hitler. After a year in Istanbul and an unproductive term in Prague, Liepmann traveled to Switzerland and found academic success in the physics department at the University of Zürich. His talent as an experimenter was immediately recognized, leading to an invitation to pursue his doctoral studies on low-temperature physics under Richard Bar. Liepmann's scientific temperament was strongly influenced by the exciting physics scene of 1930s Zürich and the teaching style of Gregor Wentzel, a student of Arnold Sommerfeld, whom many consider the father of modern physics. Throughout his life, Liepmann maintained the perspective of a physicist and emphasized to his students the importance of a scientific approach.Liepmann came to the U.S. in 1939 after impulsively expressing an interest in "hydrodynamics" during a drinking party at the successful conclusion of his PhD defense. An offer from Theodore von Kármán led to a research position in experimental fluid mechanics at GALCIT, where Kármán was the first director. Liepmann's first experiments, on boundary layer instability and transition to turbulence, were followed by investigations of various turbulent flows that are relevant to engineering application—a recurring theme throughout his career. With the entry of the U.S. into World War II, he began research on problems associated with high-speed flight, including transonic flight phenomena and interaction of shock waves with boundary layers on aerodynamic surfaces. This also marked the beginning of a longtime interaction with the Southern California aircraft industry. With Allen Puckett, he organized short wartime courses on high-speed aerodynamics for working engineers, resulting in their pioneering textbook, "The Aerodynamics of Compressible Flow." It was followed in 1956 by "Elements of Gasdynamics," with Anatol Roshko, which impacted a broader, mainly graduate-student following, and was translated into Russian, Spanish, and Japanese.In the rapid expansion of scientific and applied research that followed World War II, Liepmann emerged as a respected and influential contributor to the aeronautics scene and to physics of fluid flow. By 1949 he had advanced to professor of aeronautics at Caltech and had developed a vigorous program of research around his group of PhD students and visiting postdoctoral fellows as well as senior scientists, many of them seeking a change from their work in postwar Europe. Believing strongly that experimental research must relate to theoretical foundations and questions, Liepmann sought association for his group with applied mathematicians, visitors as well as Caltech faculty. An outgrowth of this was the establishment, in 1967, of the applied mathematics option at Caltech. As if tying up loose ends, he was also instrumental, along with Caltech's Amnon Yariv, Martin and Eileen Summerfield Professor of Applied Physics and professor of electrical engineering, and Roy W. Gould, Simon Ramo Professor of Engineering, Emeritus, in the establishment of the applied physics option, in 1974.The work of his group was distinguished by its innovation in experimental apparatus and instrumentation, often designed for the specific needs of particular problems. Pioneering contributions were made to a wide range of topics that frequently anticipated future technology. These include flow instability and transition, turbulent shear flow, transonic flow, shock wave-boundary layer interaction, turbulent skin friction at supersonic speeds, aircraft buffeting, rarefied gas flow, magnetohydrodynamics, plasma physics, fluid mechanics of liquid helium, chemistry of turbulent mixing, and flow control.Another strongly held principle was that teaching is vital, even in a research-oriented institution like Caltech. Throughout his career, up to retirement, Liepmann was devoted to teaching both graduate and undergraduate courses. The enthusiasm, clarity, and teaching effectiveness of his lectures are legendary. In recognition of his accomplishments, Liepmann was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering and the National Academy of Sciences. He was a recipient of the National Medal of Technology and the Ludwig Prandtl Ring—the highest honor conferred by the German Society for Aeronautics and Astronautics. In 1986, President Ronald Reagan awarded Liepmann the National Medal of Science.Liepmann leaves behind sons Dorian, Till, Christopher, and Paul, and two grandchildren. His wife, Dietlind, passed away in 1990.A memorial service for Liepmann will be announced at a later date.
Kent Kresa, interim chairman of General Motors, and his wife have pledged $2 million to the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) to endow the Joyce and Kent Kresa Professorship in Engineering and Applied Science. Kresa is Chairman of the Caltech Board of Trustees. The Kresa gift is matched with an additional $1 million provided by the Gordon and Betty Moore Matching Program.
"Our very good friends the Kresas have shared their time, vision, and resources with Caltech for many years," said Caltech president Jean-Lou Chameau. "They know our approach: attract leading thinkers, give them the best resources we can, and create an atmosphere in which they can collaborate easily. Kent and Joyce's generous gift will support one great engineer after another and will lead to great discoveries and inventions."
The chair will support and recognize a faculty member in engineering and applied science, with a preference for faculty in aeronautics and aerospace engineering, fields Kresa has helped shape, most notably in 28 years with Northrop Grumman that included 13 as the company's CEO and chairman. Ares Rosakis, the Theodore von Kármán Professor of Aeronautics and Mechanical Engineering and chair of the Division of Engineering and Applied Science, will work with Provost Edward Stolper to select the inaugural Joyce and Kent Kresa Professor.
"Endowed chairs offer our faculty the ultimate freedom to pursue the research thrusts they are most passionate about—and this is truly invaluable to Caltech and our continued vitality," said Rosakis.
Kresa has been a director of GM since 2003, when he retired from Northrop Grumman Corporation. Kresa joined that company in 1975 and was elected president in 1987, CEO in January 1990, and chairman in September 1990. Kent and Joyce Kresa are President's Circle members of the Caltech Associates.
### About Caltech:Caltech is recognized for its highly select student body of 900 undergraduates and 1,200 graduate students, and for its outstanding faculty. Since 1923, Caltech faculty and alumni have garnered 32 Nobel Prizes and five Crafoord Prizes. In addition to its prestigious on-campus research programs, Caltech operates the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the W. M. Keck Observatory in Mauna Kea, the Palomar Observatory, and the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO). Caltech is a private university in Pasadena, California. For more information, visit http://www.caltech.edu
PASADENA, Calif.—By squeezing a typical metal alloy at pressures hundreds of thousands of times greater than normal atmospheric pressure, scientists at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) have created a material that does not expand when heated, as does nearly every normal metal, and acts like a metal with an entirely different chemical composition.
The discovery, described in a paper in Physical Review Letters (PRL), offers insight into the exotic behavior of materials existing at high pressures—which represent some 90 percent of the matter in our solar system.
Zero-expanding metal alloys were discovered in 1896 by Swiss physicist Charles Édouard Guillaume, who worked at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in France. While attempting to develop an inexpensive international standard for the meter, the metric unit of length, Guillaume hit upon an inexpensive iron-nickel alloy that expands very little when heated. He dubbed the material an "Invar" alloy—because the metals are "invariant" when heated, such that the length of a piece of Invar metal does not change as its temperature is increased, as do normal metals. Since Guillaume's discovery—which, in 1920, earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics (besting Albert Einstein, who was awarded the prize in 1921)—other nonexpanding alloys have been identified.
It has long been known that Invar behavior is caused by unusual changes in the magnetic properties of the alloys that somehow cancel out the thermal expansion of the material. (Normally, heat increases the vibrations of the atoms that make up a material, and the atoms prefer to move apart a little, causing expansion.)
"Recent computer simulations indicate that electrons in Invar alloys take on a special energy configuration," says Caltech graduate student Michael Winterrose, the first author of the PRL paper. "This energy state is at the borderline between two types of magnetic behavior, and is very sensitive to the precise ratio of elements that make up the alloy. If you move away from the Invar chemical composition by only a couple of percent, the energy configuration will disappear," he says.
Because of their unresponsiveness to temperature change, Invar alloys have been used in devices ranging from watches, toasters, light bulbs, and engine parts to computer and television screens, satellites, lasers, and scientific instruments. "In our day-to-day lives, we are surrounded by items that make essential use of Invar alloys," Winterrose says.
The Caltech scientists did not set out to study Invar behavior—and, in fact, were hoping to avoid it. "We intentionally picked chemical compositions that do not show Invar behavior because I thought it would confuse our interpretations," says Brent Fultz, a professor of materials science and applied physics at Caltech, and a coauthor of the PRL paper.
Instead, Winterrose, Fultz, and their colleagues were examining the effect of pressure on the alloy of palladium (Pd) and iron (Fe) called Pd3Fe, where three of every four atoms are palladium, and one is an iron atom. (In the similarly named but chemically distinct PdFe3—which is a traditional Invar alloy—three of every four atoms are iron, and one is palladium).
"The Fe and Pd atoms [in the alloy] have very different sizes, and we expected to see some interesting effects from this size difference when we put Pd3Fe under pressure and measured its volume," Winterrose explains. To test this, the scientists squeezed a small sample of the material between two diamond anvils, generating pressures inside the sample that were 326,000 times greater than standard atmospheric pressure.
"Our initial results from these studies showed that the alloy stiffened under pressure, but far more than we expected," he says. To figure out the cause, the scientists simulated the quantum mechanical behavior of the electrons in the alloy under pressure. "The simulations showed that under pressure, the electrons found the special energy levels between strong and weak magnetism that are associated with normal Invar behavior. Up to this point we had been quite unaware of the possibility for Invar behavior in our material," Winterrose says.
Subsequent experiments at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory in Chicago and the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) at Brookhaven National Laboratory in New York confirmed that the intense pressure had indeed suppressed thermal expansion in Pd3Fe, much like tuning the chemical composition.
The scientists had performed a kind of high-pressure "alchemy" on the alloy, where pressure makes the electrons act as if they are around atoms of a different chemical element, Winterrose says.
The research helps unify our understanding of Invar behavior, which is one of the oldest and most-studied unresolved problems in materials research. In addition, using pressure to force electrons into new states can point to directions in materials chemistry where new properties can be found, at least for magnetism.
"Today, materials physics has some excellent computational tools for predicting the structure and properties of materials, although there are suspicions about how well they work for magnetic materials," says Fultz. "It is satisfying that these computational tools worked so well for showing how pressure changed the material into an Invar alloy. Invar behavior is pretty subtle, requiring a very special condition for the electrons in the metal that is usually tuned by precise control of chemical composition. Pressure can make the electrons behave as if they are in a material of different chemical composition, so I really like Mike's use of the word 'alchemy'."
The paper, "Pressure-Induced Invar Behavior in Pd3Fe," was published in the June 12 issue of PRL. In addition to Winterrose and Fultz, the coauthors are Matthew S. Lucas, Alan F. Yue, Itzhak Halevy, Lisa Mauger, and Jorge Munoz (from Caltech); Jingzhu Hu, from the University of Chicago; and Michael Lerche, from the Carnegie Institution for Science.
The work was supported by the Carnegie—Department of Energy (DOE) Alliance Center, funded by the DOE through the Stewardship Sciences Academic Alliance of the National Nuclear Security Administration, and by the DOE's Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences; by the National Science Foundation and its Consortium for Materials Properties Research in Earth Sciences (COMPRES); and by the W. M. Keck Foundation.
Pasadena, Calif.—As the U.S. Secretary of Energy and hundreds of graduates and their families looked on, California Institute of Technology (Caltech) president Jean-Lou Chameau began today's commencement ceremony by announcing $30 million in gifts as the first phase of a proposed $90 million initiative for a new institute.
The funds will go towards the creation of the Resnick Sustainability Institute at Caltech. The initial gift of $20 million was made by Stewart and Lynda Resnick, and an additional $10 million came from the Gordon and Betty Moore Matching Program. The plans include a second phase of funding to be initiated next year as part of a challenge grant. Ultimately, the endowment for the new institute will exceed $90 million.
The vision of the Resnick Sustainability Institute is to provide a path to sustainability by focusing on innovative science and engineering developments required for groundbreaking energy technologies. Such technologies may one day help solve our global energy and climate challenges. With the support of the Resnick Sustainability Institute, some of the brightest minds in the world will apply Caltech's unique approach to interdisciplinary research toward high-risk, high-return energy science and technology.
"I have enjoyed many conversations with Stewart and Lynda on exciting developments in science and technology and their potential for addressing many of our environmental and economic challenges," says Chameau. "This generous gift from the Resnicks reflects their extraordinary desire and courage to make a difference. With their support, we are poised to launch an initiative at Caltech that will herald a new era in energy research."
"We are passionately committed to finding alternative and sustainable energy solutions," say Stewart and Lynda Resnick. "We're making this investment because Caltech is truly one of America's greatest research universities, and we are confident that this new institute will develop the breakthrough technologies we need to address the daunting challenges of energy security, rapidly accelerating energy demand, and climate change."
The new institute will leverage prior grants from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and work being done by Caltech researchers such as Harry Atwater, the Howard Hughes Professor and professor of applied physics and materials science, who leads Caltech's Energy Frontier Research Center, recently funded by the Department of Energy; and Harry Gray, the Arnold O. Beckman Professor of Chemistry, and Nate Lewis, the George L. Argyros Professor and professor of chemistry, who lead Caltech's Center for Chemical Innovation, funded by the National Science Foundation.
The Resnicks' existing relationship with Caltech includes Stewart Resnick's role as a member of the Board of Trustees. He is also chairman and, with his wife, Lynda, owner of Roll International Corporation, a private holding company he founded in 1962. The company has diverse interests including Paramount Citrus, Paramount Farming, and Paramount Farms, growers and processors of citrus, almonds, and pistachios; POM Wonderful, the largest grower of pomegranates and makers of POM Wonderful pomegranate juice; Teleflora, the floral-by-wire service; FIJI Water, a leading premium bottled-water brand; and Suterra, one of the largest biorational pest control providers in the world.
The Resnicks have a long history of giving to Los Angeles institutions, including a 2008 pledge of $55 million to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
The announcement of the gift was made during Chameau's opening remarks at Caltech's 115th annual commencement ceremony. This year's keynote speaker, Department of Energy Secretary Steven Chu, remarked that the timing of the gift announcement was especially appropriate, as it involved energy science and sustainability, two of his programmatic efforts at the energy department.
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About the Resnicks:
Stewart Resnick is chairman and Lynda Resnick is vice chairman of Roll International Corporation, a privately held Los Angeles-based holding company. Among their holdings are Paramount Citrus, Paramount Farming, and Paramount Farms, growers and processors of citrus, almonds, and pistachios; POM Wonderful, the largest grower of pomegranates and makers of the all-natural POM Wonderful pomegranate juice; Teleflora, the floral-by-wire service; FIJI Water, a leading premium bottled-water brand; and Suterra, one of the largest biorational pest control providers in the world.
Stewart Resnick is a member of the executive board of the UCLA Medical Sciences; a member of the board of trustees of Bard College, New York; a member of the board of trustees of the J. Paul Getty Trust; a member of the board of Conservation International; and a member of the advisory board of the Anderson School of Management at UCLA.
Lynda Resnick is vice chairman of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art's board of trustees, as well as the chair of the museum's acquisitions committee and executive committees. She is on the executive board of the Aspen Institute; the executive board for the UCLA Medical Sciences; Prostate Cancer Foundation; and the Milken Family Foundation. She is also a trustee of the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Lynda is also the best-selling author of the recently published book Rubies in the Orchards: How to Uncover the Hidden Gems in Your Business.
About Gordon and Betty Moore:
Gordon and Betty Moore are the cofounders and directors of the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. They have been contributing to science, technology, education, and conservation projects for decades. A California native, Moore earned a PhD in chemistry from Caltech in 1954. In 1968 he cofounded Intel, and became president and CEO in 1975. He was elected chairman and CEO in 1979. In 1987, he relinquished the CEO title, he was named chairman emeritus in 1997. Moore is also a member of the National Academy of Engineering and an IEEE Fellow. He received the National Medal of Technology in 1990 and was named a Caltech Distinguished Alumni in 1975. Moore served as chairman of the Caltech Board of Trustees from 1995 until the beginning of 2001 and continues as a senior trustee. In 2001, the Moores announced two gifts to Caltech totaling $600 million--the largest donation in history to an institution of higher education.
About Caltech:
Caltech is recognized for its highly select student body of 900 undergraduates and 1,200 graduate students, and for its outstanding faculty. Since 1923, Caltech faculty and alumni have garnered 32 Nobel Prizes and five Crafoord Prizes.
In addition to its prestigious on-campus research programs, Caltech operates the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the W. M. Keck Observatory in Mauna Kea, the Palomar Observatory, and the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO). Caltech is a private university in Pasadena, California. For more information, visit http://www.caltech.edu.
PASADENA, Calif.-Physicists at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) have developed a nanoscale device that can be used for force detection, optical communication, and more. The device exploits the mechanical properties of light to create an optomechanical cavity in which interactions between light and motion are greatly strengthened and enhanced. These interactions, notes Oskar Painter, associate professor of applied physics at Caltech, and the principal investigator on the research, are the largest demonstrated to date.
The device and the work that led to it are described in a recent issue of the journal Nature.
The fact that photons of light, despite having no mass, nonetheless carry momentum and can interact with mechanical objects is an idea that dates back to Kepler and Newton. The mechanical properties of light are also known to limit the precision with which one can measure an object's position, since simply by using light to do the measurement, you apply a force and disturb the object.
It was important to consider these so-called back-action effects in the design of devices to measure weak, classical forces. Such considerations were part of the development of gravity-wave detectors like the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO). These sorts of interferometer-based detectors have also been used at much smaller scales, in scanning probe instruments used to detect or image atomic surfaces or even single electron spins.
To get an idea of how these systems work, consider a mirror attached to a floppy cantilever, or spring. The cantilever is designed to respond to a particular force-say, a magnetic field. Light shining down on the mirror will be deflected when the force is detected-i.e., when the cantilever moves-resulting in a variation in the light beam's intensity that can then be detected and recorded.
"LIGO is a huge multikilometer-scale interferometer," notes Painter. "What we did was to take that and scale it all the way down to the size of the wavelength of light itself, creating a nanoscale device."
They did this, he explains, because as these interferometer-based detectors are scaled down, the mechanical properties of light become more pronounced, and interesting interactions between light and mechanics can be explored.
"To this end, we made our cantilevers many, many times smaller, and made the optical interaction many, many times larger," explains Painter.
They call this nanoscale device a zipper cavity because of the way its dual cantilevers-or nanobeams, as Painter calls them-move together and apart when the device is in use. "If you look at it, it actually looks like a zipper," Painter notes.
"Zipper structures break new ground on coupling photonics with micromechanics, and can impact the way we measure motion, even into the quantum realm," adds Kerry Vahala, Caltech's Ted and Ginger Jenkins Professor of Information Science and Technology and professor of applied physics, and one of the paper's authors. "The method embodied in the zipper design also suggests new microfabrication design pathways that can speed advances in the subject of cavity optomechanics as a whole."
To create their zipper cavity device, the researchers made two nanobeams from a silicon chip, poking holes through the beams to form an effective optical mirror. Instead of training a light down onto the nanobeams, the researchers used optical fibers to send the light "in plane down the length of the beams," says Painter. The holes in the nanobeams intercept some of the photons, circulating them through the cavity between the beams rather than allowing them to travel straight through the device.
Or, to be more precise, the circulating photons actually create the cavity between the beams. As Painter puts it: "The mechanical rigidity of the structure and the changes in its optical response are predominantly governed by the internal light field itself."
Such an interaction is possible, he adds, because the structure is precisely designed to maximize the transfer of momentum from the input laser's photons to the mechanical nanobeams. Indeed, a single photon of laser light zipping through this structure produces a force equivalent to 10 times that of Earth's gravity. With the addition of several thousand photons to the cavity, the nanobeams are effectively suspended by the laser light.
Changes in the intensity and other properties of the light as it moves along the beams to the far end of the chip can be detected and recorded, just as with any large-scale interferometer.
The potential uses for this sort of optomechanical zipper cavity are myriad. It could be used as a sensor in biology by coating it with a solution that would bind to, say, a specific protein molecule that might be found in a sample. The binding of the protein molecule to the device would add mass to the nanobeams, and thus change the properties of the light traveling through them, signaling that such a molecule had been detected. Similarly, it could be used to detect other ultrasmall physical forces, Painter adds.
Zipper cavities could also be used in optical communications, where circuits route information via optical beams of different colors, i.e., wavelengths. "You could control and manipulate what the optical beams of light are doing," notes Painter. "As the optical signals moved around in a circuit, their direction or color could be manipulated via other control light fields." This would create tunable photonics, "optical circuits that can be tuned with light."
Additionally, the zipper cavity could lead to applications in RF-over-optical communications and microwave photonics as well, where a laser source is modulated at microwave frequencies, allowing the signals to travel for kilometers along optical fibers. In such systems, the high-frequency mechanical vibrations of the zipper cavity could be used to filter and recover the RF or microwave signal riding on the optical wave.
Other authors on the Nature paper, "A picogram- and nanometre-scale photonic-crystal optomechanical cavity," include graduate students Matt Eichenfield (the paper's first author) and Jasper Chan, and postdoctoral scholar Ryan Camacho.
Their research was supported by a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency seeding effort, and an Emerging Models and Technologies grant from the National Science Foundation.
PASADENA, Calif.--The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science has announced that it will fund the creation of 46 Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRCs) over the next five years, including one that will be housed at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). That EFRC will be headed by Harry Atwater, the Howard Hughes Professor and professor of applied physics and materials science.
"It is essential and very appropriate for a place like Caltech to serve as an intellectual center for fundamental scientific research in solar energy," says Atwater. "We have programs that support work on photovoltaic devices, but the Energy Frontier Research Center will address fundamental optical science issues relevant to solar energy. It's the kind of center that is best suited to our strengths."
In addition, Caltech researchers will partner with three additional EFRCs at other institutions.
According to Ares Rosakis, chair of Caltech's Division of Engineering and Applied Science, "Radical new approaches to harnessing solar energy are at the heart of many efforts here at Caltech to help contribute to the world's energy infrastructure with innovative, sustainable, core technologies. This new center brings Caltech one step closer to our goal of providing the resources necessary for some of the best minds in the country to lay the groundwork for a new energy economy."
This $777 million program is a major effort to accelerate the scientific breakthroughs needed to build a new 21st-century economy, the White House said in announcing the initiative. The 46 new EFRCs, which will each be funded at $2-5 million per year for a planned initial five-year period, will be established at universities, national laboratories, nonprofit organizations, and private firms across the nation.
Supported in part by funds made available under President Obama's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, the EFRCs will bring together groups of leading scientists to address fundamental issues in fields ranging from solar energy and electricity storage to materials sciences, biofuels, advanced nuclear systems, and carbon capture and sequestration.
The EFRCs were selected from a pool of some 260 applications received in response to a solicitation issued in 2008 by the DOE's Office of Science. Over 110 institutions from 36 states plus the District of Columbia will be participating in the EFRC research. In all, the EFRCs will involve nearly 700 senior investigators and employ, on a full- or part-time basis, over 1,100 postdoctoral associates, graduate students, undergraduate students, and technical staff. Roughly a third of these researchers will be supported by Recovery Act funding.
Atwater's EFRC, entitled "Light Material Interactions in Energy Conversion," will include collaborations with scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the University of Illinois, and some of the work will be done at the Molecular Foundry at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
"The goal of the center is to understand how to sculpt and mold the flow of light through materials," Atwater explains. "By that I mean we will be working to design structures at the nanoscale that steer and change the speed of light to optimally convert sunlight to electricity and chemical fuels."
The three additional EFRCs that will be partnering with Caltech researchers include
PASADENA, Calif.-- Over the past few decades, the transistors in computer chips have become progressively smaller and faster, allowing upwards of a billion individual transistors to be packed into a single circuit, thus shrinking the size of electronic devices. But these circuits have an intractable design flaw: if just a single transistor fails, the entire circuit also fails.
One novel way around the problem is a so-called "self-healing" circuit--one that can detect, isolate, and fix its own flaws, both by working around the defective transistors by modifying the properties of the rest of the system and introducing additional transistors into the system in a seamless fashion.
Such circuits are "inspired by biological systems that constantly heal themselves in the presence of random and intentional failures," says Ali Hajimiri, a professor of electrical engineering at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).
Toward this end, Hajimiri has been awarded a four-year, $6 million grant by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to develop self-healing circuits for millimeter and microwave frequencies, with applications in imaging, sensing, communications, and radar.
DARPA's Self-HEALing mixed-signal Integrated Circuits, or HEALICs, program is designed to enable the continuation of the Moore's scaling law, which predicts an exponential increase in the number of transistors that can be placed on an integrated circuit (one that performs multiple functions), in the face of inevitable imperfections in those transistors.
"As transistors approach atomic dimensions and run at very high frequencies, even very fine-scale variations within seemingly identical transistors can make a large difference in performance," generating unpredictable behavior, Hajimiri says. "Some circuits may run faster, some slower. Some may actually fail," he says.
Hajimiri's solution is to employ sensors that can detect the conditions within a circuit--and determine, for example, that a particular transistor is not working up to par, or at all--along with actuators that can then modify the system. For example, the actuators could swap functional transistors for failing ones, or add "helper" transistors that would boost the functional capability of a transistor running at sub-optimal speeds. All of these modifications ideally would be made within thousandths to millionths of a second, effectively fixing failing circuits on the fly.
Self-healing circuits are applicable to many integrated circuits, such as the world's first "radar on a chip," a novel radar antenna array system miniaturized onto a single silicon chip, which Hajimiri developed in 2004.
"The way we see it, in a few years seal-healing circuits will allow faster, cheaper, and more robust circuits, making it possible to continue Moore's scaling law by making integrated circuits resemble living organisms in their ability to self-heal and adjust to changes in the environment," Hajimiri says.
Thomas McGill, professor of applied physics, emeritus, at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) passed away on March 19. He was 66.
Born on March 20, 1942, in Port Arthur, Texas, McGill was the oldest of five children.
His research had been aimed at the development of new devices based on the fundamentals of solid-state physics, including Schottky barriers and amorphous materials, as well as the applications of heterojunctions and superlattices to a wide class of devices. McGill directed the theses of over 50 PhD students in electrical engineering, physics, and applied physics. He served for nearly 30 years as a consultant to the Defense Science Research Council of the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency, was a member of the congressionally mandated Semiconductor Technology Council, and served as chief of the Naval Operations Executive Panel.
McGill joined Caltech in 1971 as a member of the Division of Engineering and Applied Science. He was the first faculty member hired in the new discipline of applied physics. He received his BS from Lamar State College of Technology in 1964, and his MS and PhD from Caltech in 1965 and 1969, respectively, under Carver Mead. He was Fletcher Jones Professor of applied physics from 1985 to 1999, and became emeritus in 2008.
McGill authored or coauthored hundreds of publications and was personally known as an engaging lecturer and teacher, a caring mentor, a passionate scientific leader and contributor in many areas, as well as an important contributor and leader in many advisory and working groups for the government.
Married in 1966, he is survived by his wife, Toby Cone McGill, and two daughters, Angela McGill Avogaro and Sarah McGill.
In lieu of flowers, the family suggests a contribution to the Pasadena Humane Society.# # #
The new alloys are lighter and less expensive, but are still tough and ductile enough for use in aerospace applications
PASADENA, Calif.--Scientists from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) have created a range of structural metallic-glass composites, based in titanium, that are lighter and less expensive than any the group had previously created, while still maintaining their toughness and ductility--the ability to be deformed without breaking.
A paper describing these breakthrough metallic-glass alloys is now online in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) Early Edition in advance of an upcoming print publication.
Earlier this year, the same Caltech group had published a paper in the journal Nature, describing new strategies for creating the liquid-metal composites. This research resulted in "alloys with unrivaled strength and toughness," notes Douglas Hofmann, visiting scientist and lead author on the PNAS paper that, along with the Nature paper, describes work he did while a graduate student at Caltech. "They are among the toughest engineering materials that currently exist."
Still, there were shortcomings to the alloys presented in Nature. Because they were created for use in the aerospace industry--among other structural applications--they needed to have very low densities. Ideally, the alloys would have had densities in or around those of crystalline titanium alloys, which fall between 4.5 and 5 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc). The original alloys, made predominantly of zirconium, fell between 5.6 and 6.4 g/cc, putting them "in a no-man's-land of densities for aerospace structures," says Hofmann.
And so Hofmann and his colleagues--including William Johnson, Caltech's Ruben F. and Donna Mettler Professor of Engineering and Applied Science, and a pioneer in the creation of metallic glass--began tweaking the components in their composites, eventually coming up with a group of alloys with a high percentage of titanium, but which maintained the properties of the previously created zirconium alloys.
"Despite being based in titanium," Hofmann notes, "these alloys exhibit the same impressive properties as the zirconium alloys. They are still tough--in other words, they resist cracking--and they are still ductile. In fact, they are even more ductile than the alloys we'd created in the past."
This decrease in density also resulted in a reduction in cost, adds Hofmann, since zirconium is a more expensive metal than is titanium.
The work detailed in the paper, "Development of tough, low-density titanium-based bulk metallic glass matrix composites with tensile ductility," was supported by the U.S. Office of Naval Research. Hofmann was supported by the U.S. Department of Defense through the National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship program.
The paper's coauthors included Johnson; Caltech graduate students Jin-Yoo Suh and Aaron Wiest; Mary-Laura Lind, a visitor in materials science; and Marios Demetriou, a senior research fellow in materials science.


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Dave Grohl 'Hates' When Bands Play One Classic Album Live
Dave Grohl and the Foo Fighters will celebrate their 20th anniversary of their 1995 self-titled debut, next year. Grohl told NME that the band has no plans to play the album in order. "I don't like it when a band's tour is just to play one past record ...
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Dave Grohl Blasts Artists Who Perform Classic Albums Live: 'It's Lazy'
Radio.com News
The Nirvana drummer and Foo Fighters frontman is making his feelings about people who do that well known in a recent interview with NME. In particular, he's not a fan of bands who play an entire classic album cover to cover. "I don't like it when bands ...
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'Vinyl -- Albums Live' grows to three bands, classic albums
Syracuse.com (blog)
Provided Photo/Graphik Nature StudioFounders of 'Vinyl -- Albums Live,' Bob Kane and Robyn Stockdale (bottom row, from left) will join band three along with Joey Porto, Steve Schad, Jimmy Puma and Rick Mulvihill to play The Who's 'Who's Next.' Bob Kane ...
He's the head of the Classics Albums Live
Toronto Sun
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Originally written on Mets Merized Online | Last updated 6/12/13
Now this is a good idea… Terry Collins just spoke to reporters and said when Zack Wheeler is promoted for his first start on Tuesday in Atlanta, the Mets will go with a six-man rotation for at least one turn. Here is what it looks like: Thursday vs Cardinals: Matt Harvey Friday vs Cubs: Shaun Marcum Saturday vs Cubs: Jon Niese Sunday vs Cubs: Jeremy Hefner Monday at Braves: Dillon Gee Tuesday at Braves: Zack Wheeler and Matt Harvey (Doubleheader) Considering where this season is heading, I wouldn't mind going with a six-man rotation for the rest of the entire season. Why not? It would put less wear and tear on Wheeler, Jon Niese and Matt Harvey. Plus once we move Shaun Marcum at the deadline (at least I hope they do), we can make room for possibly Rafael Montero to join the rotation. On Monday, Sandy Alderson said he'd have no reservations promoting Montero from Double-A to the majors.
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Social Media Specialists in the United States can expect only a modest salary, with average pay of just $41K per year. Geographic location and career duration each impact pay for this group, with the former having the largest influence. Unfortunately, some people in this line of work are without benefits — roughly a fifth lack coverage. On the flip side, a fair number have medical insurance and the larger part receive dental plans. Most Social Media Specialists survey respondents are women (75 percent). For the most part, Social Media Specialists enjoy their work and report high levels of job satisfaction. The information for this snapshot was generated by responses to the PayScale salary survey.
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A social media expert is responsible for developing and implementing marketing and customer care strategies through the use of social media. They are also usually responsible for maintaining the employer's public image on the Internet through mediums such as Facebook and Twitter, reaching out to their current/potential customer base and opening a dialogue to better understand public feeling about the company. This professional must also address and help resolve any complaints or criticisms from customers that are posted via social media.Read More...
Most companies that utilize social media experts do so as on-site employees who work in the marketing or customer care department, though some businesses allow their social media expert to work from home. In rare instances, an independent contractor may hire out their social media skills on a client-by-client basis. Depending on the company, a social media expert may work in an office environment with other employees who fulfill similar job functions, or they may work from a home office as a telecommuting employee or an independent contractor.
There is no formal education for the position of social media expert, though many employers require potential hires to hold bachelor's degrees in marketing, communications, or a related field. Individuals who work as independent social media experts often have extensive experience working with those mediums, which includes proven track record of success with different clients and campaigns.
Social Media Specialists seem to wield many skills on the job. Most notably, skills in Strategic Marketing, Copywriting, Marketing Communications, and Online Marketing are correlated to pay that is above average, with boosts between 6 percent and 15 percent. Skills that seem to negatively impact pay include Customer Service and Blogging. Most people experienced in Content Management also know Marketing Communications.
Surpassing the national average by 46 percent, Social Media Specialists in San Francisco receive some of the highest pay in the country. Social Media Specialists will also find cushy salaries in Boston (+29 percent), Irvine (+24 percent), Washington (+23 percent), and Seattle (+21 percent). With compensation 14 percent below the national average, Austin is not known for hefty paychecks and actually represents the lowest-paying market.
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Massenkoff Russian Folk Festival
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The last date listed for Massenkoff Russian Folk Festival was Saturday April 27, 2002 / 8:00pm.
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Tarzan: Family Musical With Music by Phil Collins
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Come share in the Folk Festival's distinctive Russian passion that routinely brings audience members to their feet.


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Pastor James Naudi gave this interview at the beginning of the conference at Kotidanga Baptist Church. Over 650 people "registered" for the meeting, and 59 souls were saved.
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An abdominal lift for use in endoscopic surgery is described. The lift defines a substantial portion of a circle. It has a spoke portion and an upstanding member. Its surface may be mechanically compliant and may be coated with an adhesion prevention agent or a lubricous coating. The described method of use includes use of a starter lift followed by insertion of the abdominal lift. The abdominal lift is elevated to establish a pneumoperitoneum at or near ambient air pressure.
1. An abdominal lift device, comprising:
a rigid curved lift portion, said lift portion having substantially the same radius of curvature continuously along the length thereof so as to define a substantial portion of a circle having a tapered free end and a closed end;
a spoke portion extending radially inwardly from said closed end of said lift portion;
an upstanding member extending from said spoke portion and having a lower end connected to said spoke portion, said lower end of said upstanding member being located substantially in the center of said lift portion; and
a handle member extending from said upstanding member, said handle member lying in a plane substantially parallel to said lift portion.
2. An abdominal lift device in accordance with claim 1 wherein said upstanding member is substantially vertical.
3. An abdominal lift device in accordance with claim 1 wherein said curved portion extends approximately 270�.
4. An abdominal lift device in accordance with claim 1 wherein said curved lift portion includes a mechanically compliant outer layer.
5. An abdominal lift device in accordance with claim 1 wherein said spoke portion includes a mechanically compliant outer layer.
6. An abdominal lift device in accordance with claim 4 wherein said mechanically compliant outer layer comprises an open cell polymeric foam.
7. An abdominal lift device in accordance with claim 4 where said mechanically compliant outer layer comprises a closed cell polymeric foam.
8. An abdominal lift device in accordance with claim 4 wherein said mechanically compliant outer layer comprises a soft textile material.
9. An abdominal lift device in accordance with claim 4 wherein said mechanically compliant outer layer comprises an elastomeric material of low durometer.
10. An abdominal lift device in accordance with claim 1 wherein said curved lift portion includes an adhesion prevention agent.
11. An abdominal lift device in accordance with claim 10 wherein said adhesion prevention agent comprises hyaluronic acid.
12. An abdominal lift device in accordance with claim 10 wherein said adhesion prevention agent comprises a derivative of hyaluronic acid.
13. An abdominal lift device in accordance with claim 1 wherein said spoke portion includes an adhesion prevention agent.
14. An abdominal lift device in accordance with claim 1 wherein said curved lift portion has a coefficient of friction below approximately 0.1.
15. An abdominal lift device in accordance with claim 1 wherein said spoke portion has a coefficient of friction below approximately 0.1.
This invention relates generally to surgical instruments and, more particularly, to an abdominal lift device for use in laparoscopic surgery.
Laparoscopic surgical procedures have been around for many years and up until recently have become more available due to advances in technology relating to the laparoscope or video imaging system. They are much less intrusive to the patient than typical open surgical procedures. While an open surgical procedure may involve one primary incision that is at least 6-9 centimeters long, a laparoscopic procedure typically uses smaller incisions, each only around 5-11 millimeters in length. In open surgery, the surgeon cuts muscle. In laparoscopic surgery, the surgeon generally does not cut muscle. Because they are less intrusive than open surgical procedures, laparoscopic procedures have resulted in much shorter surgical procedures and recovery times.
Laparoscopic procedures have typically involved insufflation of the abdominal or peritoneal cavity with carbon dioxide and/or other gases in order to create a pneumoperitoneum. The pneumoperitoneum establishes an open space inside the peritoneal cavity to enable the surgeon to move the laparoscope around and see inside.
Typically, the pneumoperitoneum is established by puncturing the abdominal wall with a Veress needle and injecting gas from an insufflator through the Veress needle into the peritoneal cavity to a pressure of around 12 mm Hg.
After insufflation, a trocar is advanced through the opening in the abdominal wall and into the peritoneal cavity. The trocar is a tube or cannula that usually has a gaseous seal to contain the carbon dioxide within the peritoneal cavity and maintain insufflation. The cannula is used for insertion of other medical instruments such as a laparoscope therethrough and into the peritoneal cavity.
There may be certain difficulties associated with insufflation of the peritoneal cavity. First and foremost is postoperative pain which patients may experience in the abdomen or shoulder area due to migrating gas. This occurs when insufflation causes excess gas pressure in the peritoneal cavity. Excess gas pressure may also compress the pleural cavities thus making respiration difficult. Other possible difficulties associated with insufflation in laparoscopic surgery include subcutaneous emphysema, blood vessel penetration, etc.
The attendant difficulties of insufflation have led to alternatives to insufflation wherein a pneumoperitoneum is established by elevating the abdominal wall with a mechanical lift. The lift is introduced percutaneously into the peritoneal cavity before establishing a pneumoperitoneum. The lift is elevated mechanically in order to distend the abdomen. When the abdomen is distended, ambient air enters the peritoneum through the puncture opening in the abdomen and a pneumoperitoneum at or near ambient air pressure is established.
By establishing a pneumoperitoneum at ambient air pressure, insufflation and the concomitant need for gaseous seals in endoscopic instruments and trocars for maintaining a relatively high gas pressure in the peritoneal cavity is eliminated. Thus, the attendant difficulties of insufflation, as well as the need for costly equipment, is eliminated.
The prior art includes several abdominal lift structures. Origin Medsystems, Inc. of Menlo Park, Calif. markets a lift under the trademark Laparofan™. It has two radially extending blades that are rotatable. The blades are closed together for initial insertion into the abdominal cavity. After insertion, the blades are spread or fanned. When the lift is elevated, the blades contact and elevate the inner surface of the abdominal wall. Origin's device is described in International Patent Application PCT/US92/4456.
Societe 3X, a French company, markets an abdominal lift and support structure. The lift is shown and described in International Patent Application PCT/FR91/227. It contains a series of curves forming a generally triangular shape. The tip of the lift is turned downwardly slightly. The support structure has a crane and boom design. Gross adjustments are made by sliding the supporting leg and the boom within their respective holders. A mechanical screw-jack is used for fine adjustment.
International Patent Application PCT/FR91/227 describes an abdominal lift having various curves in different directions. U.S. Pat. No. 5,183,033 describes a method for lifting an abdominal wall with a set of linear and non-linear abdominal lifts. International Patent Application PCT/US92/4392 describes a variety of mechanical rods, arms and/or balloons for mechanically lifting an abdominal wall during laparoscopic surgery.
There are some other prior art structures for elevating and/or supporting abdominal lifts in laparoscopic surgery. U.S. Pat. No. 5,183,033 illustrates support structures using winches or U-shaped bars for use in laparoscopic surgery.
Further, there are a number of prior art support structures for supporting mechanical lifts used in open surgery. For example, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,109,831 and 4,143,652.
The ease of operation of these prior art lift devices without damage to internal viscera is limited. It would be desirable to provide an abdominal lift and a corresponding method of use with insertion into the peritoneal cavity without prior insufflation wherein the lift can be easily inserted and manipulated without creating adhesions, puncturing tissue, or otherwise pulling or damaging viscera. It would also be desirable to shed viscera that collects on the lift by manipulating the lift while it is inserted. It would also be desirable to provide a lift that has a substantially circular shape wherein it can be rotated while it is inserted with a minimum of resistance and a minimum of trauma to viscera. It would be desirable to provide an abdominal lift with an outer surface that minimizes friction and trauma to tissue.
The present invention is an abdominal lift having a curved portion that defines a substantial portion of a circle. A spoke portion extends radially inwardly from the curved portion and an upstanding member extends upwardly from the spoke portion. The upstanding member is connectable to a support structure which elevates and supports the abdominal lift. Preferably, the curved portion has a low coefficient of friction. In alternative embodiments, the curved portion has an outer layer that is mechanically compliant and/or has an adhesion prevention agent.
The method of use of the abdominal lift includes insertion of a starter lift into an opening in the abdominal wall and lifting the abdominal wall slightly. The abdominal lift is inserted into the opening and the starter lift is removed. The abdominal lift is rotated until it is fully inserted. Viscera is then shed from the abdominal lift by counter-rotating the lift. Finally, the abdominal lift is lifted in order to create an open space or pneumoperitoneum.
These and other aspects and attributes of the present invention will be discussed with reference to the following drawings and accompanying specification.
FIG. 1 is an elevational view of a starter lift being inserted into an opening in an abdominal wall (shown in cross-section);
FIG. 2 is a view of the starter lift shown in FIG. 1 wherein the starter lift is elevated slightly and a laparoscope is inserted into the opening;
FIG. 3 is a view of the starter lift and abdominal wall as shown in FIG. 2 wherein an abdominal lift in accordance with the invention is partially inserted into the opening;
FIG. 4 is an elevational view of an abdominal lift in accordance with the invention that is fully inserted through an opening in the abdominal wall (shown in cross-section);
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the abdominal lift shown in FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a top view of the abdominal lift shown in FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is an elevational view of the abdominal 10 lift shown in FIG. 5;
FIG. 8 is an elevational view of the abdominal lift shown in FIG. 7 with the lift rotated 90�; and
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 9--9 in FIG. 6.
While this invention is susceptible of embodiment in many forms, there is shown in the drawings, and will be described herein in detail, specific embodiments thereof with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments illustrated.
Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, an abdominal lift 10 in accordance with the invention includes a rigid curved lift portion 12 that defines a substantial portion of a circle. Preferably, the curved portion 12 extends around an approximately 270� arc. It has a tapered free end 14.
The closed end 16 of the curved portion 12 bends radially inwardly to form a rigid spoke portion 18. The spoke portion 18 extends inwardly to about the center of the circle where it is connected to a rigid upstanding member 20.
Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, the upstanding member 20 extends vertically and terminates in a rigid handle member 22. The handle member 22 extends radially outwardly. The tip 24 of the handle member 22 has a fitting for connection to a cooperating support structure for elevating and supporting the lift. A support structure that is usable with the lift described herein is described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/108,431, entitled Support Structure For Abdominal Lift, the disclosure of which application is incorporated by reference herein.
Preferably, the curved portion 12, as well as the spoke portion 18, upstanding member 20 and handle member 22, have a circular cross-section and have a smooth, rounded surface in order to minimize tissue trauma. In a preferred embodiment, they are formed of a solid plastic or metal suitable for surgical use.
The outer surface of the curved portion 12 and spoke member 18 are preferably formed of a layer 25 (FIG. 9) of mechanically compliant material to further minimize tissue trauma. Preferably, the mechanically compliant material is an open or closed cell polymeric foam, an elastomeric material of low durometer, or a soft textile material such as fiber felt. The foam material may be formed of any of a variety of materials suitable for surgical use, including polyethylene, polyurethane, cellulose, oxidized cellulose, collagen or nylon. Alternatively, the compliant material may be an elastomeric material of low durometer (less than 90 Shore A), such as silicone, polyurethane or polyetheramide. A felt compliant material can be made from fibers of oxidized cellulose, polyester, nylon, etc.
The outer surface may hold or be coated with an adhesion prevention agent such as hyaluronic acid or a derivative of it. Alternatively, the outer surface may have a highly lubricous coating. For example, the lubricous coating may be a hydrophilic material known as hydrogel which is based on a polymer such as PVP, PEG, POLYHEMA, or polyacrylamide. Preferably, a smooth outer surface having a coefficient of friction of less than 0.1 is maintained. The coating may be used in combination with a mechanically compliant outer layer 25 as described above.
In a method of use in accordance with the invention, a starter lift 26 is introduced into an opening 28 in the abdominal wall 30, as shown in FIG. 1. The starter lift 26 includes a lift portion 32 and a handle 34. Preferably, the lift portion 32 has a smooth, rounded outer surface to minimize tissue trauma. The tip 36 may be angled downward slightly in order to facilitate ease of entry into an abdominal opening 28. As the starter lift 26 is inserted into the opening 28, the abdominal wall 30 is raised slightly and the starter lift 26 fits under it.
Referring to FIG. 2, when the starter lift 26 is fully inserted into the opening 28, it is raised in order to raise the abdominal wall 30 and create a pneumoperitoneum 38. A laparoscope 40 may be inserted through the opening 28 in order to preliminary view internal organs. The laparoscope is removed before insertion of the abdominal lift 10.
Referring to FIG. 3, the abdominal lift 10 is inserted into the opening 28 while the starter lift 26 and abdominal wall 30 are raised slightly. The starter lift 26 is removed and the abdominal lift 10 is then fully inserted. As the curved portion 12 of abdominal lift 10 is inserted in the opening 28, it is preferably rotated in a clockwise direction when viewed from above (as shown in FIG. 6). After the curved portion 12 is inserted, then the spoke portion 18 is inserted until the upstanding member 20 is positioned directly over the opening 28. At this point, the abdominal lift 10 may be counter-rotated in a counter-clockwise direction to shed internal viscera that may have collected on the lift 10.
Referring to FIG. 4, the abdominal lift 10 is connected to a support structure (not illustrated) for supporting an abdominal lift and the lift 10 is raised to create a pneumoperitoneum 42 for use in endoscopic surgery. The lift force is preferably in the range of 6 lbs. to 10 lbs.
From the foregoing, it will be observed that numerous modifications and variations can be effected without departing from the true spirit and scope of the novel concept of the present invention. It is to be understood that no limitation with respect to the specific embodiment is intended or should be inferred. The disclosure is intended to cover by the appended claims all such modifications as fall within the scope of the claims.
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- For Club and Newlsetter info: email@example.com
- Join our FF Club web group for current comment and chatter: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MMMFreeFlight/
New Gate Lock Procedures on the Lowry Range – Important !
Due to a new State Land Board policy, all lessees (e.g., ConocoPhillips, the Hunt Club, the grazing lessee, etc.) now have their own locks on the gates to the LowryRange. MMM and SAM-1 share brass-colored locks engraved with "MMM-SAM-1."
There are many locks on the gate now, so you need to be extra careful that you DO NOT LOCK OUT another lock by bypassing it when you lock the gate. They should all be linked in series a continuous "chain" so that any lessee can open and close the gate with their lock. Locking out someone else is a sure way to get our lock cut and removed. It also antagonizes other lessees, and we can't afford to do that. Please make sure that any guestsyou invite to the field are aware of this. These things may be obvious to us, but they probably aren't to someone new to the field or who hasn't encountered multiple locks on a gate before.
If you have any questions about this, especially if you're at the gate and are uncertain of what to do, or if you need the combination (which is new since last November) please call or text:
- Pete McQuade, 719-433-5346.
- Chuck Etherington, 720-201-6218
- Don DeLoach, 719-964-7117
For security, we prefer not to give the combination over a widespread e-mail message or on the club website
- June 8-12, 2015 – The AMA Indoor Nationals will be in Colorado Springs!
We have a super deal for an indoor Nats hotel. The Antlers Hilton in downtown Colorado Springs which is just 6 blocks from the City Auditorium is offering us a special rate for their "standard" rooms for only $119 per night.
The AARP and AAA rates are $161/night.
This is a top rated hotel in the heart of a great city. The lobby bar is a great meeting place and Judge Baldwin's brew pub offers a selection of Colorado's top craft beers on tap plus great pub food.
This offer includes free self parking in the hotel's underground garage (a $20 per day savings), free Wi-Fi, and a $11 discount for the breakfast buffet.
For additional information of the Antlers check out the hotel's web site at www.antlerscoloradosprings.hilton.com.
This is a limited time offer as June is a top tourist time in Colorado so this offer expires May 7.
You can book your reservations by calling the hotel's 800 number or call the hotel directly.
be sure to ask for the AMA Group when making your reservations.
Hotel direct number 719 955-5600
Hotel 800 number is 1-800-445-8667
Group is AMA
Offer expires May 7, 2015
We thank the Antlers for their sponsorship of the indoor Nats with this great offer.
Special P-18 Event for flyers and our "PRO-AM" event. The P-18 pro-am is the flying phase of the student build on Wednesday and fly on Thursday event. The PRO AM will provide a model for a new flyer to keep from the event. P-18 is an acknowledgement of the model created by Mr. Don Mace.
P-18 Rules:
Model dimensions for overall length and wingspan are 18″ assembled
- A 5-1/5 inch diameter solid plastic propeller,. Balancing by adding weight to the light blade only.
- Minimum model weight 7 grams (.25 ounces)
Kid's Pro-Am Entry !
Students taking part in this event will build the model airplane shown above with the help of experienced modelers and then fly it with the aid of expert indoor model airplane competitors. This STEM event will give students first hand experience with the four forces working on an airplane in flight while enjoying the thrill of seeing the airplane they built fly freely. Each student will receive a laser cut kit of the P-18 Hawk, rubber motor and a rubber winder to take home for additional experimentation. See Form here: P-18IndoorProAmEntry
Check Back, for updates
- 2015 World Cup Contests !! The USA Centennial Cup July 10 and the New Zealand TUI Cup July 11
Flyer and entry form: 2015-14RndFAI
FAI World Cup Info: NLFFWCUP15
- LATEST EVENTS AND INFORMATION (See Places to Stay in Header Bar)
- Contest fees can be paid by Paypal…scroll waay down
- The outdoor flying season is upon us !I See the menu bar above for schedule
- Indoor Flying Sessions - Manitou High School Gym….monitor the Yahoo web group for current event dates and see current 2015 Schedule in header bar above.
The MMM Club at the field….free flight is "cool!"
Now, some of the frequently asked questions about Free flight and what one can do to be part of it?
- How does one join? What are the dues? ( MMM dues to the club primarily defray the filed lease cost for a place to fly.) Joining the MMM Club is easy. Dues are described in the link and for younger flyers, is waived. All one has to do is fill out the application blank from the pull down or click here: 2015MMMDuesRenewal
- Where do you fly? The MMM Club is fortunate to have one of the finest Free Flight Fields available. It is leased from the Colorado State Land Board and hence their is responsibility involved. The field is located approximately 11 miles east of E470 on Quincy Avenue in Aurora Colorado. Details on accessing the field are available from the club contacts, however, the ability to fly on the field is subject to Land Board and Club Restrictions.
- Can I come out to the field and watch? We encourage spectators to come out to the field during our flying events and watch the activity. One must first notify the contest director or one of the club officers. The contacts are listed above.
- I used to build models and I am just getting back into the hobby. What should I do to catch up with the current trends? Will someone help me learn to fly a free flight model? We are a club that encourages participation and are willing to provide what help is necessary to new and returning modelers who are showing an interest in Free Flight Modeling.
- My son flies S/O or TSA models. Where are some club activities so that we can join in? The good news we mentor many S/O and TSA young flyers. The GREAT news is our kids usually take honors in the S/O and TSA programs. Our mentors are World Class and National winners.
Pay your MMM Dues or Contest Fees with Paypal!
- Log in to paypal.com
- Click on "Send Money" in the upper menu bar
- In the "To" block, type in firstname.lastname@example.com, the amount, and click the button "Services"
In the next form where you confirm payment, in the Lower "Subject" and "Message" boxes state what the money is for… annual dues, entry fees and such. When pre-entering a contest that needs event selection or similar, you still need to send in the pre-registration form to the Contest Directors.
Flyer and entry form:


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Joshua Waldman
Joshua Waldman is an authority on leveraging social media to find employment and blogs at CareerEnlightenment.com. He is the author of Job Searching With Social Media for Dummies, has written for Forbes, Huffington Post and Mashable and offers professional LinkedIn profile writing services.
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Posterized: Noah Baumbach
While We're Young, a two couples collide comedy with Naomi Watts, Ben Stiller, Amanda Seyfried and Adam Driver opens today. It's the 7th official feature film from 45 year old writer/director Noah Baumbach.
His first feature, Kicking and Screaming (1995), starring a who's who of hot indie actors from the mid 90s (shout out to chris eigeman and parker posey!) came out a full 20 years ago so he got started young. He got started just in time too. His brand of talkie neurotic intimate comedy burst forth during the 90s, the golden age for the American indie. Perhaps no one knew it was the golden age for indies while living through it but in hindsight it definitely was. So many directors we still enjoy burst forth in those particularly fertile circumstances of the marketplace.
So with that one in theaters, let's look back at his first six films as director (he wrote or co-wrote all of them, too). The marketing departments got really hung up on all white posters for him for awhile... but it suits his films somehow and the Greenberg poster is straight up ingenious "he's got a lot on his mind" with its empty space. So... Kicking & Screaming (1995), Mr Jealousy (1997), The Squid and the Whale (2005, a hit, making about twice as much as his films usually do), Margot at the Wedding (2007), Greenberg (2010), and Frances Ha (2012... released in 2013).
We haven't a clue what happened to him between 1997 and 2005 (quarter-life crisis?) though there was one additional film in 1997 that he apparently took his name off of called "Highball" which could explain the coming fallow period and in that long stretch he also co-wrote Wes Anderson's The Life Aquatic and made a short film.
How many have you seen and which is your favorite?