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The Master Gardeners meeting will be 7 p.m. at the home of Rosmarie Frederickson, 1372 47th Street, turn left off Sandia).
Mesa Public Library Free Film Series. The Spanish Prisoner, written and directed by David Mamet. 6:30 p.m. at the upstairs meeting room.
End of Summer Reading Party. 2 p.m. Mesa Public Library upstairs rotunda.
First Friday Forts. First Friday of every month from 3:30- 5 p.m. Parents must supervise children. Free. For more information, contact the Pajarito Environmental Education Center, 3540 Orange St. PajaritoEEC.org or 662-0460.
The Los Alamos County Summer Concert Series. 7 p.m. Free. Bring lawn chairs. Del Norte Credit Union, 1000 Trinity Drive: Guy Forsyth; Texas country-rock-jazz-blues. For more information visit gordonsummerconcerts.com.
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. 7 p.m. at White Rock Baptist Church.
Nightwalks at Bandelier. Starting time may vary due to sunset time differences. For more information call 672-3861, ext. 517.
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Gunmetal Black Ep 01
episode 14.23 / 5.00 3,882 Views
Lucina's First Day
A look at the first day of Lucina in Super Smash4.22 / 5.00 12,097 Views
BATMAN v SUPERMAN final showdown
SPOILERS!!4.16 / 5.00 11,102 Views
i was bout to get heated because i tought this was a rasist flash.then you came out of nowhere with something totallt opposite.GOOD JOB!
At first i was readdy to go all nasty on you for being raceist and all but then you turned it right around. Well done for battleing hate with love, then they have no justification for their acts! Although the graphics were poor and there wan't much sound, you really got the message across. Good for you!
That was great!
Dude, That was awesome, it's a well known fact that the best way to respond to people who hate you is with love, cause they bloody well can't stop you! it wasn't what I expected, but it was totally great :D
So beautifull. ;; *cries*
dude......were you high when u made this? its anti-clock. not gayest moment on ng

subset: commoncrawl


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End-to-end packet losses of one or more traffic streams transmitted across a congested network may be reduced by modulating the bandwidths of the corresponding traffic streams applied to node(s) of the network from one or more control points along the network topology. This reduction in packet loss results in a reduction in fluctuations or variability of the controlled traffic streams, an increase in bandwidth utilization and a reduction in times to transmit files. The control points can be either upstream or downstream of one or more congestion points along the network. The modulation of the bandwidths are governed by a nonlinear differential equation that involves feedback of the throughput and buffer occupancy level. The control terms involve a relaxation time, coupling constant, control constant and nonlinear feedback constants.
1. A method of controlling packet loss within a congested network, comprising
dynamically modulating packet bandwidths over selected communication links within the network at control points thereof in response to measured network performance metrics; and
providing feedback to packet origination locations so as to cause these origination locations to alter the rate at which new packets are introduced into the network,
wherein the network performance metrics are measured according to at least one of a moving average of a measured quantity, a standard average of the measured quantity, or another filtered average of the measured quantity.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. A method of controlling packet loss within a congested network, comprising:
modulating packet bandwidths over selected communication links according to a process that can be represented by a nonlinear differential equation that involves a product of throughput of the communication links and a buffer occupancy level of a control node associated with the communication links.
10. The method of
11. The method of
12. The method of
13. A communication network comprising a number of nodes interconnected with one another through one or more communication links, a first one of the nodes being configured to control packet loss within the network by modulating packet bandwidths over selected ones of the communication links according to a process that can be represented by a nonlinear differential equation that involves a product of throughput of the selected communication links and a buffer occupancy level of the first node.
14. The network of
15. The network of
16. The network of
17. A method of controlling packet loss within a congested network, comprising
dynamically modulating packet bandwidths over selected communication links within the network at control points thereof in response to measured network performance metrics; and
providing feedback to packet origination locations so as to cause these origination locations to alter the rate at which new packets are introduced into the network, wherein the control points are associated with only a fraction of a total number of traffic streams applied to a congested node within the network.
18. The method of
19. The method of
20. The method of
21. The method of
22. The method of
23. The method of
24. The method of
The present invention relates to a scheme for congestion control/avoidance in communication networks that rely on packet switching techniques to transport information between nodes therein.
Many communication networks, such as the Internet, rely on packet switching technologies (e.g., X.25, frame relay, asynchronous transfer mode, etc.) to transport variable or uniform blocks (usually termed packets or cells) of data between nodes. The term packet will be used herein to collectively refer to any such block of information. Such networks generally perform two major functions: routing and congestion control. The object of routing is to deliver, correctly and sometimes in sequence, the packets from a source to a destination. The object of congestion control is to maintain the number of packets within the network (or a region or sub-network thereof) below a level at which queuing delays become excessive. Due to finite resources, packets may be dropped rather than queued.
In essence, a packet switched network is a network of queues communicatively coupled together by communication links (which may be made up of various physical media). At each network node (e.g., a switch or router), there exists one or more queues of packets for each outgoing link. If the rate at which packets arrive and queue up exceeds the rate at which packets are transmitted, queue size grows without bound and the delay experienced by a packet tends towards infinity.
In an ideal case, network throughput, and hence network use, should increase to an offered load up to the physical capacity of the network and remain at capacity if the load is further increased. This ideal case, however, requires that all nodes somehow know the timing and rate of packets that will be presented to the network with no overload and no delay in acquiring this information; a situation which is not possible. If no congestion control is exercised, as the load increases, use increases for a while. Then, as the queue lengths at various nodes begin to grow, throughput actually drops. This is due to the fact that the queues are constrained to a finite length by the physical size of the memories in which they exist. When a node's memory (i.e., its queues) is full, it must drop (i.e., discard) additional incoming packets. Thus, the source is forced to retransmit these packets in addition to any new packets it might have. This only serves to worsen the situation. As more and more packets are retransmitted, the load on the network grows and more and more nodes become saturated. Eventually, even a successfully delivered packet may be retransmitted because it takes so long to get to its destination (whereupon it may be acknowledged by the destination node) that the source actually assumes that the packet was lost and tries to retransmit it. Under such circumstances, the effective capacity of the network can be virtually zero.
Contrary to what one might believe, the solution to this problem is not simply to allow the queue lengths to grow indefinitely. Indeed, it has been shown that even where queue lengths are allowed to be infinite, congestion can occur. See, e.g., John Nagle, "On Packet Switches with Infinite Storage", Network Working Group, Internet Engineering Task Force, RFC 970 (1985). One reason that this is true is that packets are often coded with an upper bound on their life, thus causing expired packets to be dropped and retransmitted, adding to the already overwhelming volume of traffic within the network.
It is clear that catastrophic network failures due to congestion should (indeed, must) be avoided and preventing such failures is the task of congestion control processes within packet switched networks. To date, however, the object of such congestion control processes has been to limit queue lengths at the various network nodes so as to avoid throughput collapse. Such non-TCP techniques require the transmission of some control information between the nodes and this overhead itself tends to limit the available network bandwidth for data traffic. Nevertheless, a good congestion control process maintains a throughput that differs from a theoretical ideal by an amount roughly equal to its control overhead.
Even these "good" congestion control processes, however, are not good enough. Studies of traffic flow across the Internet show that bandwidth of the various communication links is underutilized even in the presence of congestion. That is, even though excess capacity exists on the communication links that couple various nodes of the Internet to one another, packets are still being dropped within the network. One reason that conventional congestion control processes have failed in this fashion is that such processes do not take into account the true nature of network traffic.
In the general case, packet loss within a congested network is controlled by modulating packet bandwidths over selected communication links according to a process that can be represented by a nonlinear differential equation that involves the throughput of the communication links and the buffer occupancy level of a control node associated with the communication links. These terms may be combined to form a product thereof within the equation. Various control terms of the nonlinear differential equation involve one or more of a relaxation time, a coupling constant, a control constant and one or more nonlinear feedback constants. The relaxation time may be set empirically according to network conditions so as to provide a desired response time to fluctuations in traffic within the network.
In one embodiment then, packet loss within a congested network is controlled by modulating packet bandwidths over selected communication links within the network at control points thereof, such variations of the packet bandwidth providing feedback to packet origination locations so as to cause these origination locations to alter the rate at which new packets are introduced into the network. Preferably, though not necessarily, the modulation of the packet bandwidth is performed at an aggregate level for all traffic streams utilizing the selected communication links. The modulation of the packet bandwidth may also be performed dynamically in response to measured network performance metrics; such as the throughput of the selected communication links input to the control points and/or the buffer occupancy level at the control-points. The network performance metrics may be measured according to at least one of: a moving average of the measured quantity, a standard average of the measured quantity, or another filtered average of the measured quantity.
The modulation of the packet bandwidth is achieved, in one embodiment of the present invention, by varying an inter-packet delay time over the selected communication links at the control points. The control points themselves may be located upstream or even downstream (or both) of congested nodes within the network and need only be located on only a few of a number of communication links that are coupled to a congested node within the network. More generally, the control points need only be associated with a fraction of the total number of traffic streams applied to a congested node within the network.
Still another embodiment of the present invention provides a communication network comprising a number of nodes interconnected with one another through one or more communication links, a first one of the nodes being configured to control packet loss within the network by modulating packet bandwidths over selected ones of the communication links according to a process that can be represented by the above-described nonlinear differential equation.
The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which:
FIG. 1 shows the Fourier power spectrum of traffic generated from a Pareto distribution of file sizes that is not subjected to the TCP protocol.
FIG. 2 shows the Fourier power spectrum of uncongested and under-supplied traffic that is subjected to the TCP protocol.
FIG. 3 shows the Fourier power spectrum of congested and over-supplied traffic that is subjected to the TCP protocol.
FIG. 4 illustrates a model of a computer network having a feedback control node upstream of an otherwise congested node in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 5a-5 e are graphical representations of improvements that may be experienced within the network of FIG. 4 after application of the feedback control which is an embodiment of the present invention, in particular, FIG. 5a is a plot showing the improvement in throughput and variability as a function of time that is experiences after the control processes are applied, while FIGS. 5b and 5 c are bar graph representations of this improvement, FIG. 5d is a bar graph showing the improvement in packet loss experienced through use of these control processes and FIG. 5e is a bar graph showing the improvement in fetch times for Web pages that are experienced by an end user through use of the control processes.
FIG. 6 illustrates a model of a computer network having a feedback control node just prior to node R1 that is upstream of a remote congested node (R3), and in addition two external uncontrolled sources of traffic flowing into the congested node. The first external source flows through node R2 and has twice the number of streams as through the feedback control node. The second external source flows through node R4 and has 20 times the number of streams as our control node.
FIG. 7 shows the throughput improvement for the feedback controlled traffic illustrated in FIG. 6 in the face of the two external sources of traffic. The second source of traffic through node R4 is turned on at times greater than 100 seconds.
A scheme for decreasing packet loss thereby increasing traffic flow in a computer network, such as the Internet, is disclosed herein. Although discussed with reference to certain illustrated embodiments, upon review of this specification, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the present scheme may find application in a variety of systems. Therefore, in the following description the illustrated embodiments should be regarded as exemplary only and should not be deemed to be limiting in scope. It should also be noted that as used herein the term "packet" is meant to broadly refer to packets, cells and other forms of information units used to transport data and/or control information within communications infrastructures (e.g., computer networks, telecommunications networks, data communication networks and the like, for example, the Internet) wherein resources are shared among multiple users and multiple information or traffic streams.
Existing congestion control approaches have generally viewed network traffic (e.g., the generation of new packets to be injected into a network) as essentially random processes. However, recent work in the area of traffic modeling has shown that network traffic is in fact chaotic in nature. None of the currently proposed congestion control methodologies capture or exploit this characteristic.
Other studies from the academic community have shown that the time series of network traffic throughput is not Poisson, but fractal. Namely, the "bursty" behavior seen in a time series at a given time scale is also seen at all other time scales. This "self-similarity" is one of the signatures that characterize a fractal time series. However, the present applicants have discovered that this "self-similar" signature is not present for heavily congested network traffic. The present applicants have verified that the traffic generated without any TCP protocol exhibits a fractal time series if the files transmitted are drawn randomly from a Pareto distribution of file sizes. The Fourier power spectrum in this case is a power law that on a log-log scale is linear, as shown in FIG. 1. This power law behavior is another signature of a fractal time series. The present applicants have also discovered that traffic flow with TCP protocol is also fractal, but only if the network topology is under-supplied with traffic. In this situation, the only significant portion of the TCP protocol responsible for the traffic dynamics is the receiver's window size. See FIG. 2. However, when the network topology is congested with traffic, the packet losses coupled with the non-linearity of the TCP congestion avoidance algorithm results in a time series that loses its fractality and multi-fractality. The corresponding Fourier power spectrum shows no power law behavior and is shown in FIG. 3. Even though the time series is not fractal, it is still chaotic.
The term "chaos" is used to describe the apparently random behavior exhibited by many deterministic nonlinear dynamical systems. Such systems manifest a rather remarkable phenomenon in that their deterministic property implies that all future states are determined from the present state. Thus, on one hand there is complete future knowledge of the system, while on the other there is seemingly random motion.
Chaos then is the long-term aperiodic behavior of a deterministic, nonlinear, dynamical system that exhibits sensitivity to initial conditions. Aperiodicity is the property that orbits never repeat themselves exactly; however they may get arbitrarily close to doing so, as observed in periodic windows. The other, perhaps more important, property is the sensitivity of the system to tiny perturbations. Consider two given points in phase space that are distinct but lie arbitrarily close to each other, then one might assume that their orbits will remain close forever. In fact, just the opposite is observed; the orbits separate exponentially in a bounded region of state space.
As indicated above, current congestion control processes simply do not take the chaotic network traffic characteristics into account and, therefore, cannot be expected to be optimum solutions to the congestion problem. What is needed therefore, is a congestion control scheme that does account for the chaotic nature of network traffic flow.
To more fully appreciate the present methods, it is helpful to understand why network traffic is chaotic in nature. Consider then a series of packet transmissions between a source and a receiver. Suppose these transmissions take place across one or more networks, through one or more intervening nodes, such as switches and/or routers. Suppose further that the transmissions are controlled using the well-known transmission control protocol (TCP), as is true for most transmissions that take place across the Internet.
Very early in the development of the modern Internet, it was discovered that some control over the manner in which packets were injected into the network by the source was needed. Originally, TCP allowed a source to inject multiple packets into a network, up to a limit corresponding to a window or buffer size advertised by the receiver. Although such a scheme may work where the source and the receiver are connected to the same local area network, it was soon found that where routers having finite buffer sizes are disposed between the source and the receiver, problems arise as these routers soon run out of space to hold the incoming packets. To combat this problem Jacobson and Karels developed a "slow start" procedure wherein the source limits the rate at which it injects new packets into the network according to the rate at which acknowledgements of successful receptions are returned by the receiver. Van Jacobson and Michael J. Karels, "Congestion Avoidance and Control", Proceedings of SIGCOMM '88 (Stanford, Calif., August 1988), ACM.
Under the slow start procedure, a so-called congestion window is added to the source's TCP implementation. When a connection is established with a resource on another network, this congestion window is initialized to one segment (e.g., the segment or packet size advertised by the resource or a default packet size). Each time an acknowledgement is received, the congestion window is incremented and the source is allowed to inject a number of packets up to the minimum of the current congestion window size or the receiver's advertised window. Over time, the source's congestion window will grow exponentially until at some point the capacity of the intervening network is reached and some intermediate router begins dropping packets. This is an indication to the source that its congestion window has gotten too large. See, e.g., W. Richard Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated, Vol. 1: The Protocols (1994) and Gary W. Wright and W. Richard Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated, Vol. 2: The Implementation (1995).
At this point, and where the slow start process is run in concert with a conventional congestion avoidance procedure, the source resets its congestion window to one, and the process repeats up to the point at which the congestion window becomes half the size at which packet loss occurred previously. After this point, the congestion avoidance process takes over and begins incrementing the congestion window in a linear fashion (rather than in an exponential fashion as under the slow start process) in response to receiver acknowledgements.
This sudden change from an exponentially growing number of packets being injected to a linearly growing number of packets being injected presents a discontinuity. Such discontinuities are observed at the intervening router for each of the connections it is servicing. Moreover, the discontinuities appear at random as there is no synchronization between the different sources injecting packets into the network. It is the interaction between the discontinuities that result from the operation of the TCP and the randomness at which they are manifest at the routers within the network that gives rise to the chaotic nature of network (e.g., Internet) traffic.
While investigating the phenomena described above, the present applicants have discovered that if the dynamics are controlled such that the packet loss is minimized, then the burstiness of the traffic flow is reduced and the network bandwidth utilization will be maximized. In essence, this method exploits the nonlinear dynamics of the chaotic flows of the network traffic; something which conventional congestion control processes simply do not do.
Under the present scheme, the end-to-end packet losses of one or more traffic streams transmitted across a congested network may be reduced by modulating the bandwidths (i.e., the inter-packet delay) of the corresponding traffic streams applied to the node(s) of the network from one or more control points along the network topology. This reduction in packet loss results in a reduction in fluctuations or variability of the controlled traffic streams, an increase in bandwidth utilization of a congested link at downstream points and a reduction in times to transmit files (e.g., to an end-user). The control points can be either upstream or downstream of one or more congestion points along the network.
The modulation of the bandwidths of the traffic streams is governed by the following linear differential equation, henceforth referred to as Equation 1:
where the measured terms are defined as follows:
TP=throughput or bandwidth utilization of the communication link(s) under consideration;
BO=buffer occupancy level or queue time within the control unit on the communication links under consideration; and the control terms are defined as follows:
BW=the control or modulated bandwidth of the communication link from the control unit to a downstream point or node;
R=relaxation time (which may be set empirically over a robust range depending upon network conditions—note that if R is set as too small a value, the present control scheme will be ineffective because insufficient time is allowed for the feedback control to operate over the network topology and if R is set at too long a period the control system will not be able to react promptly to fluctuations in the traffic flow);
n=linear coupling constant;
K=linear control constant; and
C1, C2 and C3=nonlinear feedback constants
The nonlinear driving term in the time rate of change of the modulated bandwidth is the product of the throughput and buffer occupancy (TP�BO). Due to the nature of the approach to criticality of Equation 1, there are nonlinear feedback constants, C1, C2 and C3. The measured terms (TP and BO) may be determined according to a filtered measure such as an average or any moving average. The filtered measure of throughput (TP) or buffer occupancy level (BO) is taken over a sampling interval, which may be determined by a history of the measured quantity for the one or more traffic streams, buffering times of packets within the one or more traffic streams, or a combination of the history of the measured quantity for the one or more traffic streams and buffering times of packets within the one or more traffic streams.
By modulating the bandwidth of the traffic streams in the fashion described by Equation 1, feedback to the packet origin points (e.g., origin servers) congestion avoidance processes or algorithms is provided via acknowledgement delays from the ultimate client. That is, the time at which such acknowledgements are received at these servers is increased. This feedback indirectly (i.e., through existing congestion avoidance processes present in packet networks) control the rate at which the server transmits new packets into the network in such a way that overall packet loss is minimized.
Thus, the present scheme introduces feedback control upstream or downstream of a congested node (such as a router or switch) to reduce packet loss and thereby smooth traffic flow and provide for increased throughput through that node (and even other downstream nodes). The feedback may be applied using a separate control node upstream or downstream of the congested node, or the feedback mechanisms may be integrated into existing network nodes. The feedback may be applied at frequencies (i.e., time intervals) that depend on the characteristics of the network traffic media (e.g., the bandwidth of the communication links). By applying the feedback control described herein, the packet loss across multiple congested nodes are reduced, resulting in higher network throughput. Not only is throughput improved for the node immediately downstream of the point of feedback control, it may also be improved for subsequent downstream nodes.
FIG. 4 illustrates an example of the use of a feedback control device upstream of an otherwise congested network node in accordance with the present scheme. The otherwise congested node 10 is downstream of an upstream node 12, which receives bursty HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) traffic on one or more communication links 14 a-14 b. Feedback control unit 16 is introduced between nodes 12 and 10 so as to be downstream of node 12 but upstream of node 10. In other embodiments, feedback control unit 16 may be integrated in either of nodes 10 or 12 at the appropriate input or output thereof or even used downstream of node 10.
To provide for the smoothed HTTP output 18 from node 10, the output bandwidth (e.g., packets/time interval) from the feedback control unit 16 is limited to a value determined from the input rate thereto and, optionally, other factors as discussed below and presented in Equation 1. That is, as used herein the term feedback should be understood to indicate a mechanism of varying the bandwidth as a function of time indirectly by controlling the delays between packets. This is a counter-intuitive approach to congestion control, as the intentional introduction of additional delay in a network is not generally considered an advantage. However, this delay along the network topology is offset by the reduction in delay that the packets would normally spend at the server due to the congestion and packet loss. The end-user experiences the actual delay described by the sum of the delay in the network and the delay from packets queued at the server. This overall delay is reduced by the application of the present feedback control.
For an illustration of the feedback control for the network topology described in FIG. 4, consider a reduced form of feedback control Equation 1. First convert Equation 1 into a Newton recursion relation:
where BWi is the new value of the modulated bandwidth for the current sampling
interval and BWi−1 is the value from the previous sampling interval. Solving for BWi and setting C3=1 gives:
For simplicity of implementation, first consider the special case of linear throughput feedback (C1=1), ignoring the effects of buffer occupancy level (C2=0) and the effects of previous modulated bandwidths (K/R=1/Δt). The feedback recursion relation reduces further
where the coefficient multiplying the measured throughput, TPi−1 is referred to as the gain factor. The results of this reduced feedback control for the network topology that is illustrated in FIG. 4 are shown in FIGS. 5a-5 e.
FIG. 5a is a plot of throughput (normalized) versus time for aggregate traffic through the network of FIG. 4 as seen by the client. Notice that at times t<100, no feedback control is applied. The throughput is extremely variable, and averages only approximately 60% or so of the available capacity (see the bar graph in FIG. 5b). At times t≧100, however, the present control process is applied and an approximate 52% increase in throughput is experienced, while variability is reduced by approximately 65% (see the bar graph in FIG. 5c). Even further, packet loss within the network is reduced by approximately 73% (see the bar graph in FIG. 5d). This may seem counterintuitive in as much as increased delay is often associated with increased packet loss due to retransmissions of packets believed to have been dropped. However, the present control processes allow for improved packet loss characteristics and, perhaps most importantly, a better user experience as noted by the reduction in fetch time for web pages (see the bar graph in FIG. 5e). The values reported in this illustration are typical for real world file size distributions and timings.
In these results, a moving average of the measured throughput was implemented. As indicated above, the moving average need not be used and can be replaced by the average of the input rate or some other filtered measured value. This controlled feedback is effective when using the throughput history (backward-looking) or by buffering the inputs (forward-looking) to control node 16 to derive the input rate. Indeed, the delay interval can be arrived at using a combination of both backward- and forward-looking input rates. The sampling period can end at the present time or at some time in the past.
In the general application of feedback control Equation 1, significant improvements in bandwidth utilization have been found for all of the following classes of control parameters:
1. Keeping only the throughput term (TP) by setting C1=C3=1,C2=0 and K/R=1/Δt
2. Keeping only the buffer occupancy level term (BO) by setting C1=0, C2=C3=1 and K/R=1/Δt
3. Keeping all the terms except ignoring the nonlinear feedback constants, (C1=C2=C3=1)
4. Keeping all the terms while varying the nonlinear feedback constants, (C1, C2, C3) from non-unity (≠1)
In specific applications, one of the four classes of control parameters may be the most effective, depending upon the application, the nature of the topology and congestion and how other control technologies may be incorporated in tandem.
Consider now a network topology where multiple links direct traffic through a congested node, and the feedback control unit is applied to only one of these links. The benefits of packet loss reduction that the feedback control unit delivers translates into significantly higher bandwidth utilization through this congested node, even in the face of uncontrolled external traffic. The gains in bandwidth utilization for the feedback-controlled traffic are independent of the loads from the external traffic.
To further illustrate this benefit, consider the specific network topology shown in FIG. 6. A feedback control node 16 is positioned upstream of node (e.g., router) R1 that is itself upstream of a remote congested node R3. The feedback control node 16 is associated with two communication links 24 a and 24 b. In addition, two external uncontrolled sources of traffic flow into the congested node R3. The first external source (associated with communication links 26 a and 26 b) flows through node R2 and has twice the number of streams as flow through the feedback control node 16. So, if the number of streams associated with communication links 24 a and 24 b is 50 streams/port (or link), then the number of streams/port over communication links 26 a and 26 b is 100. The second external source provides traffic flows through node R4 and has 20 times the number of streams as our control node. Thus, continuing the above example, this source will provide 1000 streams/link (port).
Now refer to FIG. 7. The controlled traffic through node R1 (represented by curve 30) and the external traffic through node R2 (represented by curve 32) are turned on at time equal to 0 seconds. The external traffic through node R4 (represented by curve 34) is turned on at times greater than 100 seconds to demonstrate a dramatic increase in external load. This may correspond to a so-called "flash load" that might be experienced when a large number of Internet users are seeking recently posted content from one or more Web sites.
The feedback control process is introduced at times greater than 110 seconds. Here, a delay of 10 seconds was provided simply to allow some of the users in the flash load an opportunity to access the sought after content, but in fact no such time delay need be provided at all, or it may be offered for a period longer than 10 seconds. In other words, 10 seconds is merely an example. As shown in the graph, when the external traffic through node R4 is first turned on at 100 seconds, the throughput through node R1 drops significantly due to the additional load. However, when the feedback control processes are activated, despite the tremendous external load due to the traffic through nodes R2 and R4, the controlled traffic is able to flow through the congested node R3 with minimal packet loss and significant increase in bandwidth utilization. The results described in FIGS. 6 and 7 serve to illustrate that the present feedback control processes can deliver end-to-end benefits to the client streams across a given network topology, even when the congestion point is multiple nodes downstream of the control unit with additional external uncontrolled traffic.
Thus a scheme for increasing traffic flow in a computer network has been described. By reducing the end-to-end packet loss using the present feedback control mechanisms, traffic flow across the entire network topology is improved. The feedback control methodology described herein can be applied on a port-by-port, link-by-link and/or traffic flow-by-traffic flow basis. That is, the control methods can be introduced at the physical or logical level, allowing true end-to-end quality of service (QoS) to be provided. It should be remembered that although the foregoing description and accompanying figures discuss and illustrate specific embodiments, the broader scope of present invention should be measured only in terms of the claims that follow.
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These delicious recipes include superstar chef Mario Batali's grilled skirt steak with salsa verde and classic steak au poivre.
Beef Tenderloin Steaks with Celery Root Gratin
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William Abitbol substitutes nutty celery root for potato in his riff on a classic creamy gratin. He serves it with his tenderloin steakstopped with a rich pan sauce.


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Lovely and clean, friendly staff and a nice distance from the central Island (although the water...
See full review
Lovely and clean, friendly staff and a nice distance from the central Island (although the water...
The hotel was spotless, cool and comfortable. The staff were helpful at all times. Was disappointed...
See full review
The hotel was spotless, cool and comfortable. The staff were helpful at all times. Was disappointed...
Customers who viewed Domina Giudecca Hotel Venice also booked these hotels.
Rates quoted in currencies other than the hotel's base currency are subject to the rate of the international exchange. Rate may change throughout stay. Rate may reflect average nightly rate. Extra charges may apply. Incidental charges, such as room service, are not included in the rate.
The amenities and/or facilities may not be located at the hotel, but within a reasonable distance, and additional charges may apply for use. All information has been provided by this hotel and not by Orbitz
Overall score
Reviewer score
Would recommend
Perfect solution to a hot summer
If you a obliged to take a holiday at the peak of the busy hot season then the Domina Giudecca Hotel is a great location. Just a short water bus ride away from the mass of tourists in San Marco. In less than 5 or 10 minutes you are on a tranquil
island with room to relax and savour the whole backdrop of beautiful Venice.
You can dip in and out and see what you want when you want and not be pushed along with the crowds.
The hotel is small and although not spectacular from the outside, like many Italian buildings it is tastefully furnished inside with a combination of cool marble modern style blended with wonderful stone pillars and wooden ceiling beams throughout.
The conservatory style breakfast area was delightfully unique but a more varied selection of food would have been prefered with a tastier Italian bread rather than rolls. Good coffee machine.
It is a shame that there is no outside seating area but the hotel is situated in a small quiet square with benches among the trees.
Our stay was enhanced by the warm welcome of Andrea (Boccelli) in reception who, in addition to being an expert on 1970's rock bands was amusing and helpful with all you need to know about Venice.
For a 6 day stay the best deal we made was to purchase a 7 day waterbus ticket at 58euros which also included the road bus to and from the airport. It was extremely easy to prebook this on the internet with Hellovenezia and collect the ticket from a machine at the airport..
We more than covered our cost by using it not only for travel around Venice but also for trips out to Morano and Burano which is a must if you have the time. Another 'must visit' is to the Teatro San Gallo which is currently showing a film and a live presentation of the history of Venice. Brilliant.
Our previous stay in Venice was in the bitter cold of January when we stayed in another exquisit hotel converted from a former monastery close to the station. We were able to visit all the main attractions without the long queues and were warmed with drinks of hot mulled wine whenever the delicious smell wafted along the streets .
Both hotels have been perfect choices for the different times of the year and would be recommended again and again.
On the Fondamente Nove side of the island try out the Algiubagio Restaurant for 5 star cuisine away from the regular pizzarias and spaghetti menus. A bit pricier but worth it.
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Since I know I'm never going to drive this BMW I don't have a problem with her being a pornstar. In fact since she has a great body might as well enjoy the professionally shot videos of someone driving the hell out of her.
You sir/madam are a joke.So if Nicole approached you and stated she would allow you to do anything with her , you would turn her down because she does porn? I'm assuming you know the existence of condoms and safe sex but not a steady GF?
She's fine like Wagyu beef, yummy.
While the fools are talking about her porn back ground, I am thinking about the lucky guy who must have waxed her entire body. She is a piece of art, beautiful, sexy and in the business of sex ………… who would not fuck her if given a chance ………. this is one of the best things u can do in ur life time ……….. though if u r a spiritual person or are not into sex, then u should nto be watching this. She is damn sexy – the word sexy literally means someone who u want to have sex with…… I wanna have beautiful sex with her. Ya, I might not marry her (as if she is proposing to me :)


text: Sports Mark Reynolds Baseball Mark Reynolds C.C. Sabathia Baltimore Orioles New York Yankees Oriole Park at Camden Yards As rain falls, Orioles first baseman Mark Reynolds hits a solo home run off New York Yankees starting pitcher CC Sabathia in the second inning at Camden Yards. Karl Merton Ferron, Baltimore Sun


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2006 Dodge Dakota Q&A
2006 Dodge Dakota Question: i have to replace a valve lock can i do this myself and if not what should i pay
i was quoted 2300 to replace this part is that about right - gsuitt
Answer 1
WHAT SIZE MOTOR? WHTA ARE THEY CALLING A VALVE LOCK. THE SOLENOID THAT HOLD VALVE OPEN DURING CYL DROP WHILE CAR IS IN OVERDRIVE - globalhelper
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with all due respect..we know what your think about gregory..please dont continue this foolish game with him..I respect your information on IPCI, not on him..thanks... long 7,000 shares here..
Wall Street analysts polled by Zacks Research have given Intellipharmaceutics International Inc. (NASDAQ:IPCI) a rating of 1.43 on a consensus basis. Using a simplified scale where 1 is a Strong Buy and 5 a Strong Sell, this is the average number of the 4 brokerages surveyed. The stock had a rating of 1.43 when analyst ratings were averaged three months ago.
The covering analysts have a one year price objective of $8.625 on Intellipharmaceutics International Inc. (NASDAQ:IPCI). The most bullish brokerage firm sees the stock heading to $12 , while the most conservative estimate has an objective of $7.
Earnings Look
Wall Street will be paying close attention when Intellipharmaceutics International Inc. reports their next quarterly earnings report on 2015-07-06. Analysts polled by Zacks are expecting earnings per share of $-0.05 for the period ending 2015-05-31. This is the consensus number based on the 4 broker predictions taken into consideration. On a longer term basis, sell-side analysts who project long term growth are expecting earnings of $N/A. This is the three to five year estimate for both earnings and sales.
Most recently Intellipharmaceutics International Inc. reported actual earnings of $-0.04 per share for the quarter ending on 2015-02-28. The actual reported number was $0.04 away from what analysts had expected, yielding a surprise factor of 50%.
Sentiment: Strong Buy
1:22 pm Vivint Solar announces plans to collaborate with Blackstone (BX) to provide solar energy to Blackstone's portfolio of commercial and industrial properties (VSLR) : Co recently closed its first solar commercial and industrial investment fund that will enable the company to expand its solar energy offerings to commercial and industrial businesses across the U.S. Blackstone (BX) currently maintains in its portfolio, an assortment of commercial and industrial properties.
Sentiment: Strong Buy
guessing is WORTHLESS.. mostly wrong anyway...good volume today again..
Sentiment: Buy
Blackstone Said to Seek $1.5 Billion for Boston Buildings
by Hui-Yong Yu
June 3, 2015 — 9:16 AM PDT
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Blackstone Group LP is seeking about $1.5 billion for two Boston office buildings acquired in the 2007 buyout of Equity Office Properties Trust, said two people with knowledge of the marketing.
The buildings, at 500 Boylston St. and 222 Berkeley St., occupy the same block and share a garage. The Boylston tower has 758,320 square feet (70,448 square meters), and the other property has 553,321 square feet, according to Equity Office's website. The marketing began this week, said the people, who asked not to be identified because the effort is private.
Christine Anderson, a Blackstone spokeswoman, declined to comment on the plans, which were reported late Tuesday by newsletter Real Estate Alert.
Blackstone has said it's likely to seek buyers by the end of the year for the roughly 10 million square feet of buildings it still holds from the Equity Office purchase. The company has been selling assets amid a recovery in office occupancies and demand for prime real estate in coastal markets. Before being taken over, Equity Office owned stakes in 543 buildings with 103.1 million square feet.
In April, Blackstone sold 26 Northern California properties with 8.2 million square feet along with two development parcels to Hudson Pacific Properties Inc. The price was $1.75 billion in cash and about 63.5 million Hudson Pacific shares currently valued at more than $1.9 billion.
Sentiment: Strong Buy
if you have nothing positive to contribute... you waste others time...
Symbol Last Price Change
09:25 AM EDT, 06/03/2015 (MT Newswires) -- The Blackstone Group L.P(BX) shares were initiated by Piper Jaffray with an overweight rating and $50 price target.
Price: 43.77, Change: +0.43, Percent Change: +0.99
Sentiment: Strong Buy
I heard the conference call and kind of remeber they saying earnings would be down until all the transactions are completed but will be a good increase in earnings..so I was not looking for much movement until later this year..maybe someone can listen again to the CC..
shares sold above BOOK VALUE..not dilution. income will increase with the proceeds...BXMT is my 2nd biggest holding after BX
Sentiment: Strong Buy
beneficial to you :)..
long term holder here...BX has traded weirdly short term many times..no reason..just traders playing the stock and the market trend.. BX has OUTPERFORMED hugely so no need to worry about daily moves, etc.. often moving counter trend on day moves... I watch stocks very closely.. no valid reason for the action a lot of times..excellent chart pattern..
Sentiment: Strong Buy
gives you a better buy in.. foolish people who sell in May and go away crowd....
Sentiment: Strong Buy
traders just want to go to one speculation to another...
Sentiment: Strong Buy
I dont know how you can predict the payout??????? guessing doesnt count...
Brookfield Said in Talks to Acquire Blackstone's Center Parcs
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May 29, 2015
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Brookfield Asset Management Inc. is in talks to acquire holiday-resort operator Center Parcs U.K. Group from Blackstone Group LP, people with knowledge of the matter said.
Brookfield's offer of about 2.4 billion pounds ($3.7 billion) topped other bids, the people said, asking not to be identified discussing private information. Blackstone could reach an agreement to sell the business as soon as next week.
Should the talks fail, Blackstone may proceed with an initial public offering instead, the people said. Andrew Willis, a Brookfield spokesman, declined to comment as did Andrew Dowler, a spokesman for Blackstone.
Center Parcs runs five resorts in the U.K. that include hotels and countryside activities from sailing to swimming. The company reported revenue of 314.6 million pounds in the year to April 2014, according to its annual review.
Sentiment: Strong Buy
IntelliPharmaCeutics Intl (NASDAQ:IPCI)'s stock had its "buy" rating restated by research analysts at Maxim Group in a report released on Wednesday. They currently have a $7.00 target price on the stock. Maxim Group's price target suggests a potential upside of 117.39% from the company's current price.
IPCI has been the subject of a number of other recent research reports. Analysts at Brean Capital reiterated a "buy" rating and set a $8.00 price target on shares of IntelliPharmaCeutics Intl in a research note on Saturday, May 23rd. Analysts at TheStreet downgraded shares of IntelliPharmaCeutics Intl from a "hold" rating to a "sell" rating in a research note on Monday, May 18th. Finally, analysts at Zacks downgraded shares of IntelliPharmaCeutics Intl from a "strong-buy" rating to a "hold" rating in a research note on Wednesday, May 13th. One equities research analyst has rated the stock with a sell rating, two have given a hold rating and two have given a buy rating to the stock. IntelliPharmaCeutics Intl has a consensus rating of "Hold" and an average target price of $7.50.
Sentiment: Strong Buy
PARSIPPANY, N.J., May 4, 2015 /PRNewswire/ -- Pinnacle Foods Inc. (PF) today announced that certain of its stockholders, which are entities affiliated with Blackstone, intend to offer for sale in an underwritten secondary offering 5,000,000 shares of the Company's common stock, pursuant to the Company shelf registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC").
Upon successful completion of the offering, Blackstone will no longer beneficially own any of Pinnacle's common stock. The registration of the offering and the sale of the shares are being effected pursuant to Blackstone's registration rights under a registration rights agreement among the Company and certain of its stockholders.
The leading candidate in Netflix's search for a Chinese partner appears to be Wasu Media Holding Company, which is backed by Alibaba's Jack Ma. That seems like a good choice, for both sides. Wasu and Alibaba have already partnered on building a "smart television" and collaborated in securing rights to Lions Gate content. And Alibaba has said that it views its partnership with Wasu as a way to meet growing demand for "integrated TV, mobile, and Internet services." Becoming the exclusive provider of Netflix programming in China would certainly help. (Alibaba has flirted with outright buying a stake in Lionsgate, as well.)
Sentiment: Strong Buy
Analyst Actions: The Blackstone Group L.P Resumed With Outperform And $54 Price Target At Credit Suisse
Symbol Last Price Change
07:54 AM EDT, 05/29/2015 (MT Newswires) -- The Blackstone Group L.P(BX) shares were resumed by Credit Suisse with outperform and $54 price target.
Price: 43.63, Change: , Percent Change:
Sentiment: Strong Buy
Record inflows
Blackstone Group L.P. (BX) has been the most consistent alternative asset manager across the regions. Its consistent performance has helped it develop a strong franchise and the loyalty of limited partners. The company has attracted double-digit gross inflows of $77 billion across its businesses over the last year. When combined with strong fund performance, Blackstone's asset-based expansion totaled more than $100 billion in the last 12 months. The first quarter of 2015 alone attracted $30 billion across its divisions.
Sentiment: Strong Buy


text: Family < Prior Page Page 4 of 41 Next Page > Teen in foster care wins Miss Alabama pageant—and a new family By Sarah PadburyPosted March 19, 2015Foster Care | A high school foster youth pulled off a surprise win at Miss Alabama's Outstanding Teen Pageant earlier this month. She not only won her first-ever pageant, [http://www.worldmag.com/2015/03/teen_in_foster_care_wins_miss_alabama_pageant_and_a_new_family] Legislating tolerance for faith-based adoption agencies By Kiley CrosslandPosted March 18, 2015Adoption | Legislation introduced in Congress earlier this month would prohibit government discrimination against faith-based adoption and foster care organizations that… [http://www.worldmag.com/2015/03/legislating_tolerance_for_faith_based_adoption_agencies] Dolce and Gabbana double down on pro-family stance By Courtney CrandellPosted March 17, 2015Family | Fashion designers Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana have drawn harsh criticism from several celebrities including Elton John after making comments supporting… [http://www.worldmag.com/2015/03/dolce_and_gabbana_double_down_on_pro_family_stance] Vaccines & Viruses: This season's unexpected flu strain By Daniel James DevinePosted March 17, 2015Vaccines & Viruses | Editor's note: In an effort to keep our readers informed of the latest developments surrounding the current vaccine controversy, WORLD will post regular… [http://www.worldmag.com/2015/03/vaccines_viruses_this_season_s_unexpected_flu_strain] Vaccines & Viruses: Proposed vaccine laws nixed in the Northwest By Daniel James DevinePosted March 13, 2015Vaccines & Viruses | Editor's note: In an effort to keep our readers informed of the latest developments surrounding the current vaccine controversy, WORLD will post regular… [http://www.worldmag.com/2015/03/vaccines_viruses_proposed_vaccine_laws_nixed_in_the_northwest] Parents win fight to end teen sex conference in Oregon By Rachel Lynn AldrichPosted March 11, 2015Education | Families in Oregon scored a victory when the controversial Teen Sexuality Conference in Seaside, Ore., was canceled on Saturday. The conference, which has… [http://www.worldmag.com/2015/03/parents_win_fight_to_end_teen_sex_conference_in_oregon] Should government fence in 'free-range' parents? By Kiley CrosslandPosted March 11, 2015Family | Child Protective Services (CPS) found a Maryland couple responsible for "unsubstantiated" child neglect last week for letting their children, ages 10 and… [http://www.worldmag.com/2015/03/should_government_fence_in_free_range_parents] Regulating the 'marketplace of children' By Daniel James DevinePosted March 9, 2015Family | Conceived by donated sperm or egg, some adult children are calling for regulation of third-party reproduction [http://www.worldmag.com/2015/03/regulating_the_marketplace_of_children] Your most important job By Bill NewtonPosted March 7, 2015Parenting | He sat in the booth in front of me wearing a multicolored tie-dyed shirt. His head was shaved, tattoos covered most of his right arm and halfway up his neck, [http://www.worldmag.com/2015/03/your_most_important_job] The kids are not all right By Daniel James DevinePosted March 6, 2015Sexuality | After being raised in same-sex households, some children, now grown, are risking the ire of aggressive gay activists by saying the same-sex parenting model is… [http://www.worldmag.com/2015/03/the_kids_are_not_all_right] Shot selection By Marvin OlaskyPosted March 6, 2015Health | A sample of views on vaccination from ground zero of the Whole Foods subculture [http://www.worldmag.com/2015/03/shot_selection] Little girls longing to be like Elsa By Andrée Seu PetersonPosted March 4, 2015Movies | Moms who thought their 4-year-old daughters' fascination with Elsa was cute are getting worried. At what point does cute become obsessed? Disney's 2013… [http://www.worldmag.com/2015/03/little_girls_longing_to_be_like_elsa] < Prior Page Page 4 of 41 Next Page >


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Benjamin B
Perhaps it will be easier for users to display coin value of an object an other way.
Actually you can have "25986539 copper" I propose to display coin value this way 2598G 65S 39C. this way is more easy to compare two object.
Because isn't easy to know that 25986539 copper is more than 300 Gold.
An other reason, is that in the inventory, we know already khow many gold silver and copper coins the hero had.
I have already write this modification in my personnal tyrant.
What do you think?
Mike Anderson
My prefered methods is to "round" the coin values to 2 significant figures. That way you can express every value using a single coin type, e.g.
12 copper
47 silver
3 gold (= 30 silver)
16000 gold
Incidentally, anyone think we should shift the coin values e.g. so that:
1 gold = 100 silver
1 silver = 100 copper?
This would make gold coins a bit more serious in value


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In our initial experience with the tablets, we didn't find any lag while playing games on the tablet and the performance was smooth.
Yesterday, Samsung had launched three tablets one was Tab 3 211 a seven inch tablet and the remaining two were 8 inch tablets - Tab 3 311 ( SIM connectivity) and Tab3 310( WiFi only).
We have already shared our first impression about Samsung Galaxy Tab3 211 and here we present to you our initial thoughts about Galaxy Tab 3 311 and 310.
Samsung Galaxy Tab 3 311 and 310 have identical specification except that Tab 3 311 support SIM connectivity and Tab3 310 is WiFi only tablet. Tab 3 311 is priced at Rs 25,725 and tab3 310 will be available for Rs 21,945.
In terms of display both the tablets -Tab3 311 and 310, have an 8 inch display screen with a 1280x800 pixel resolution. Besides, they are 7.4 mm thick and have slimmer waist line as compared to Samsung Galaxy Tab 3 211.
Android Jelly Bean 4.2 and 1.5 GHz dual core processor is powering both the devices. Other specification of the tablets are 1.5 GB RAM, 16 GB internal memory which can be expanded up to 64 GB with a micro SD card, 5 megapixel rear camera, 1.9 megapixel front camera and a 4450 mAh battery.
Both the tablet have features like Multi Window (access two apps on a single screen), Smart Stay, Reading Mode, IR remote control which can be used as a universal remote, and Pop up video.
In terms of design Tab 3 311 and 310 have the same design as the rest of the product under Galaxy brand. I had a feeling that Samsung Galaxy Tab3 311 and 310 very closely resemble Note 510 minus the S Pen stylus.
A chrome strip surround both the tablets and in case of Samsung Galaxy Tab3 311 one will find 3G SIM slot in the left side panel of the tablet, and the feature that are common both the tablets are micro USB port and two speakers as are placed at the bottom, headphones jack in the top, and right houses the power button along with the volume rocker and left side panel has micro SD card port which is covered by a plastic flap.
In our initial experience with the tablets, we didn't find any lag while playing games on the tablet and the performance was smooth. On the camera front, the output of rear camera was quite better than what we got in Tab 3 211.
We will reserve our final verdict about the two 8 inch tablet till we do a full fledged review about the device.
Samsung, had unveiled the Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona earlier this month and both the phones are completely different from previous Samsung smartphones.
Both the phones come in three storage variants – 32 GB, 64 GB, and 128 GB.
Both the phones are completely different than previous Samsung smartphones with S6 Edge has a strikingly different curved display on two sides.
Samsung is expected to unveil the handset at the Unpacked event which starts from March 1.
The listing on Snapdeal doesn't speak anything about its LTE feature but many media reports claimed that the handset has 4G connectivity.
All these phones have 4G connectivity and are set to be launched in India in the second week of March.
Check out the best alternatives of Samsung Galaxy J1 which has been launched for Rs 7,190.
Samsung has cited GfK data which it says is more accurate than that of Canalys's survey which tracks shipment data.
While Galaxy S6's existence is widely reported, there are not much information about the Galaxy S Edge and the smartwatch.
Tizen mobile platform is based on the Linux Kernel and is being backed by Samsung and Intel together.


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Global telcos will construct more than 800 TV headends before the end of the decade, a report by research firm In-Stat predicts.
As a result, sales of headend equipment to telcos should more than double to $453 million by 2010. Cable will continue to represent a larger market, however, reaching $1 billion by 2010, as operators upgrade headends to handle digital video and support high-speed data technologies, the research found.
The availability in 2006 of compression equipment and IPTV set-top boxes that support the MPEG-4 H.264 format spurred new headend deployments by telcos, the report said.
An Inside Look at Four Virtual Reality Start-Ups
What Moves the Social TV Needle?
Mark Kudsi Directs 'Art of Patron Virtual Reality Experience'
BT Renews Intelsat Deal
Top Twitter TV Shows for 2014-15 Season Unveiled
comScore Introduces MobiLens Plus
North Korean Propoganda Art Inspires the Credits of 'The Interview'
Imaginary Forces Creates Kaleidoscopic Titles for 'Bosch'
Filmmaker Embraces Short Documentary Format with Oscar-Nominated 'Crisis Hotline'
North Metro Television Goes Wireless with Comrex LiveShot
Spectra Logic and HauteSpot Networks Introduce Body-Worn Camera Video Surveillance Solution
Huge Ultra HD Display Lights Up Times Square


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Low-Energy Selective Cooperative Diversity With ARQ for Wireless Image Sensor Networks
Date Added: Jul 2010
Format: PDF
Wireless Image Sensor Network (WISN) is a type of sensor network, which has the ability of capturing, processing and transmitting images from a monitored environment. The need to improve the performance of such systems can be attained by using the Selective Cooperative diversity with ARQ (SCA) technique, which is basically a cross-layer design that combines Truncated ARQ at the link layer and cooperative diversity at the physical layer. In addition, the LEACH protocol has the advantage of utilizing randomized rotation of local cluster-heads to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors in the network.


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GOP Incumbents roll to victory in Moultonborough, Sandwich & Tuftonboro
MOULTONBOROUGH — Incumbent Republicans Karel Crawford (2,475) and Glenn Cordelli (2,383) outdistanced Democratic challengers Nick Vazzana (1,575) and Ken Hill (1,389) in Carroll County House District 4.
The district is made up of the towns of Moultonborough, Sandwich and Tuftonboro.
Last Updated on Thursday, 06 November 2014 01:30
Hits: 188
Carroll County Attorney Robin Gordon ousted by Republican Tom Dewhurst
OSSIPEE — Incumbent Carroll County Attorney Robin Gordon of Tamworth was defeated by Republican challenger Tom Dewhurst of Bartlett 10,123 to 9,424 in Tuesday's election.
In a race for Register of Deeds, Republican Lisa Scott of Sandwich topped Democrat Diana M. Spaulding 10,999 to 8,197.
Last Updated on Thursday, 06 November 2014 01:27
Hits: 367
Republicans sweep House seats involving Franklin
FRANKLIN — Republicans scored victories in four races involving this city Tuesday as Republican challengers Werner Horn (852) and Harold French (841) defeated Democratic incumbent Scott Burns (840) and Lucy Natkiel (746) in Merrimack County District 2, which includes Wards 1 and 2 in Franklin and the town of Hill. A recount is likely as the margin between French and Burns is a single vote.
In Merrimack County District 3, which includes Ward 3 in Franklin and Northfield, Republicans Greg Hill (1,200) and Deborah Wheeler were the winners over Democratic incumbent Leigh Webb (970) and Carolyn Virtue (934).
Last Updated on Thursday, 06 November 2014 01:24
Hits: 173
Forrester carries 26 of 27 town in Senate District 2
MEREDITH — Republican State Senate District 2 incumbent Jeanie Forrester of Meredith carried 26 of 27 towns in the district as she easily defeated Democrat Carolyn Mello of Ashland 12,689 to 7,273 in Tuesday's voting, to earn a third term.
The only town Forrester lost was Plymouth, where Mello edged her 941-885.
Forrester was strongly supported in her bid for a third term in her hometown of Meredith, which she carried by a 2,013-852 vote. She is the chairman of the Senate Finance Committee.
Last Updated on Thursday, 06 November 2014 01:22
Hits: 256
More Articles...
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- Meredith woman celebrates 100th birthday by casting ballot
- Hosmer is last local Democrat standing, by 131 votes
- MIDNIGHT REPORT: More local election results
- Gallagher & Fields win in Sanborton & Tilton
- David DeVoy elected county commissioner


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$12.99Secrets lurk under the smooth surface of a wealthy Connecticut neighborhood, until a murder reveals all Sofie and her husband have left Manhattan in search of a more tranquil life in the suburbs. But when a member of Sofie?s new neighborhood book club turns up dead, things get messy. She discovers that everybody has something to hide, including her own husband. Her neighbor Priscilla has been
$12.99"Listen, you're young. We don't send kids to jail. If you had something to do with this, it's better to tell us. Then we can help you. Maybe it was a friend of yours come to take care of things for you. You've got a nasty bruise there, and your neighbors told us that you tend to get a lot of bruises. We take those things into account, you know. We understand about things like that.""You don't
$12.99From the bestselling author of They Did It with Love, a chance meeting ignites romance and results in murder Nora and Timothy have lives that are worlds apart. Nora lives in a small Kansas town, living paycheck to paycheck, working in a coffee shop. Timothy lives in Manhattan, responsible to no one and nothing except managing his family's millions. When these two meet, it seems like the
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A front has stalled across western Montana. Winds will become east northeast behind it. It will trigger a few showers and isolated thunderstorms through Tuesday evening, then some clearing after midnight. Lightning strikes will bring an increased fire threat along with gusty winds. There is a FIRE WEATHER WARNING through Tuesday evening across northwest Montana, in the Flathead and Kootenai National Forests. Lows in the upper 40s to mid 50s.
Mostly sunny across northwest Montana Wednesday. Partly to mostly sunny elsewhere with isolated afternoon showers possible along and south of I-90. Highs in the 70s in Butte and Bozeman the 80s in the Missoula and Kalispell areas. Warmer Thursday and Friday with highs in the 80s to lower 90s. A good chance of showers and storms Friday and again Saturday. If you're spending your time outdoors, stay alert to changing weather conditions by downloading our NBC Montana Severe Weather App.
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Mark Heyka received a B.A. in broadcast journalism from Washburn University in Topeka, Kansas.
Brooke Foster joined the NBC Montana team in March of 2006.
Matt joined the NBC Montana weather team in July 2013 and fell in love with the Montana lifestyle.
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Standard Article
Pulmonary, Bone, Vitamins and Autocoid Therapeutic Agents
Published Online: 15 SEP 2010
DOI: 10.1002/0471266949.bmc067.pub2
Copyright © 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Book Title
Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery
Additional Information
How to Cite
Block, J. H. 2010. Vitamins. Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery. 619–692.
Publication History
- Published Online: 15 SEP 2010
Biochemical processes cannot operate without vitamins. Vitamins have a variety of functions and some have dual roles. Vitamin A (retinol), in its active form, is both a regulator of cell division and a structural component of the visual pigment, rhodopsin. Vitamin D (cholecalciferol), after a two-step hydroxylation in two different organs, is a hormonal regulator of calcium transport and cell division. Vitamin K is a coenzyme for carboxylation of glutamic acid. Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) is a lipid-soluble antioxidant. Thiamine (vitamin B1) is a coenzyme for decarboxylation of α-keto acids and transketolase reactions in carbohydrate metabolism. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is the active portion of the coenzymes FMN and FAD. Niacin/niacinamide are the active portions of the coenzymes NAD and NADP. The pyridoxine group (vitamin B6) is the coenzyme for amino acid metabolism including transaminations and decarboxylations. Pantothenic acid is a structural component of coenzyme A. Biotin is a coenzyme for four carboxylation reactions. Folic acid is a coenzyme for one-carbon metabolism. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin), with folic acid, is required for regeneration of methionine and, singly, is the coenzyme required for the rearrangement of methylmalonyl CoA. Ascorbic acid is a general free radical scavenger and required for at least eight biochemical reactions requiring oxidations. Vitamins A and D have provided the medicinal chemist with the basic structure to develop pharmacologically active molecules indicated for a variety of diseases. Some of the vitamins are toxic when taken in excess and have defined tolerable upper intake levels.
- coenzyme roles;
- commercial forms;
- hormonal roles;
- hypervitaminosis;
- prototypical molecules


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Beastly Adventurer
Joined: Sep 2007
Location: Okie near Muskogee
Oddometer: 3,907
Beastly Adventurer
Joined: Sep 2007
Location: Okie near Muskogee
Oddometer: 3,907
Monday the 24th the day after my first wimpy hurrincane, I slept sound through it, no worries from the North shore of New Foundland.
I got up sometime in the morning with little more to do than straighten up the surfhouse and finish up the first time I did my laundry this trip, it was nice to have some clean clothes again instead of just the right guard bath I've normally been getting.
Problem here is that when I went to St. John's the other day I forgot to get my SD card put into my camera so all my Aug 24th pictures are stuck on my internal drive of my computer and I don't have a mini usb to pull them off so no pictures yet, will edit it later once I get the cable. *Edit the camera problem was solved today and I can upload the photos from the Eastern most point in North America
Not much but screwing around today, Ron from NJ (regfoo2)another inmate that came up from the states to Skibum's rally and I had crashed at the surfhouse the night before and me needing to get to the city to pick up my new specs and spare pump thought it best to go Monday afternoon instead of early Tuesday morning. Ron decided to go over since he had yet to go to St John's and we ended up leaving in the late afternoon and didn't get to the city until the early eveing and didn't even go to the eastern most point because we ran out of time.
*Edit place a little out of orde but here they are:
Here's what we got up at Cape Spear:
There where two lighthouses that where at the point, this was the one farther up the way, this is the most amount of sun it could muster this morning:
Got a real nice pano of this one and the flag tree, stitched nicely:
The crapper just let it run down the hill to the ocean below:
One of the first planes of the morning heading East:
Here's the other smaller house, little less impressive, its the current one that's working:
Another pano, not as good as the first I think, I miss the stitch by a little:
Back to the other one:
The sun just neve could make a hole through the clouds:
The gun barrels from the one of the two gun batteries bulit on Cape Spear. The took down the mechanism that aimed and help reload the two gun. It was a very impressive solution to help with firing and loading the breech loading guns. They were produced at an amory down in the states long before WWII and most have been retrofitted to use at this location, back when New Foundland was still and independent country before they joined Canada. Seem like I remember them being cast in 1897 or something toward the end of the 19th century. Here's a small picture of the weapons system to give you an idea, I was very impressed with the layout:
And what he battery solider whould wake up to each day, the bunkers themselves where very well built and what's left gave a person a strong idea of what life might have been like manning this station:
Another angle of the same weapon:
The two guns where placed in such a position that the two alone where able to cover the entire approach to the St. John's harbour but to my knowledge if I remember correctly they where never invloved in any conflict. I heard the harbour entrance was netted to keep German uboats out of the bay.
I then got the madatory far East pictures:
I cheated death and paced the in coming waves to get some of these shots, here was a good one from up a little bit but still far East and high above the ranging water below:
The mule getting as far East as she could:
I got some a little closer to where the stupid people get swept away but they are on Ron's camera because my SD card was not in my camera and I filled its internal memory up quickly.
Craig arranged to have us stay at his nice home in St. John's so we where hooked up once more by the superhost. We arrived unloaded and had some drinks and tasty toasted sandwiches that hit the spot. I slept well for the little time I was out and then Lisa woke me up as requested to catch the sun in the morning as it lights the eastern most point in North America for the first time each new day.
So it sucks that the photos for for 24 and early 25 are stuck in the internal memory where I have yet to been able to retreive them. Edit is coming up.
The next morning the 25th I was excited to go see the sun rise but was slow getting the gear on and leaving for the morning rise. Ron and I made it out there to somewhat cloudy morning skies and I rushed up the numerous stairs to get a view, I had some nice shots and was limited by the internal memory capacity, damn it. I was constantly erasing the not so good and saving my best, I pulled off some nice panoramic shots. Looking forward to posting these.
After the lighthouse Ron and I spilt off so he could chase down some new fuel line and clamps to fix a small leak and I took off for Vogue glass place to see well again. After getting fitting up and installed I got some directions to the Toy Box where Keith and Trevor hooked me up, except they didn't have my fuel pump which apparently didn't get shipped from somewhere to somewhere else where it should have been.
After finishing up a few things, rear brake pads, all the fluids, and other little tidbits I went back over to Craig and Lisa's place to load up and head West so I wouldn't waste any more time on the East side waiting. The understanding was that Ketih at the ToyBox wouldn't get the pump until Thrusday so he arranged to have it shipped over the Goose Bay where I could retreive it at the Yami dealer after I got of the ferry so I could continue on my way with spare finally in hand.
A moment for the ToyBox, this is a well run shop in St. John's that was resonable and fair dealing with, all the parts just cost more here than what we are used to in the states. Keith and Trevor are some good guys and should be able to help out with just about anything, unless you need that special order part and then it just takes lots of shipping to get something here on the island. Check them out if you got some trouble on your trip.
Here's the guy that can help, Keith in his domain:
I showed back up to Craig and Lisa's place and was enticed to stay another night and have some juicy steaks and red wine, it could not have been nicer time, sans Lisa since she had prior plans, they both are very capable cooks and it shows well:
Craig in the middle, Ron right, and the author left
After diner Graig took me for a quick look up on Signal Hill, the site of the first wireless transmission across the Atlantic and a great view of the city below, a lesser light house near the opening of the harbour, and of Cape Spear a ways in the distance:
Here the harbour from above off Signal Hill
Craig helping me out with some for proof:
The signal hill building, radio tower?? Hurricane Bill bought with it cool temperatures, it was chilly that night.
The lesser light house near the harbour opening:
Cape Spear where I bout got swept away, this is as far East as North America goes, the pictures stuck on the internal memory are good of this:
That was the two days I spent loafing around in St John's. I did get some new glasses so I can see the moose now, I changed all the fluids in the bike sans the brake stuff, put some new rear shoes on and I DIDN'T get my spare fuel pump so tomorrow on the 26th I load and head to the unexplored West side of the island.
Looking forward to more of this.
Throttlemeister screwed with this post 08-27-2009 at 06:09 PM
Gnarly Adventurer
Joined: Feb 2007
Location: St. Louis
Oddometer: 105
greetings from mud butt'n
Greetings my friend. I have not had time to catch up on all the reading and your undertakings. I however had time to speed read, look at all the pics and grab bits and pieces. Thanks for the thread on your report and sorry for the sluggishness of our computer system the day you were here. Hope all is well and I hope to catch up with your blog. Love and Gasoline
Jusin/Mud butt'n
Beastly Adventurer
Joined: Sep 2007
Location: Okie near Muskogee
Oddometer: 3,907
Up to date for the first time, its crazy typing in real time drinking in a bar thinking about where I will lay down for the night, it doesn't matter, still walking and talking.
I left the city this morning after nice juice and muffins to fill me up and headed to the West side of the island, left the townie to hand with the baymen.
One of the neater buildings I liked in the city, the old rr station with the cool old copper roof, there are a few trains left in NF, just hardly any tracks at all:
Got little cris crossed trying to get on the TCH but hooked up on it and ran the big road to the other side of the island. Didn't take many photos flogging down the road but did get in a few.
The road ahead, I don't know:
I did stop once I saw a sign for some pizza, I was in the mood. Pizza Delight worked for today:
After the p break, pizza and piss that is, I went ahead and pulled out the hot jacket and lit it up, its so nice running down the road and flipping a switch and just starting to feel like someone is pouring warm water all over your neck, back, and arms. Its just a wonderful feeling riding in cooler temperatures with the powered gear, call me a wuss, I rode up in Alaska to Prudoe in Sept 2007 and look the the Michelin man and then is so much easier; you should try it if you have not ever.
I traveling through the Terra Nova NP but didn't even care to stop, I just continued on up the road to Gander looking for the Honda dealership and Dave Noel to see if he was around and check to the place out, alas all I could find was the old Honda dealer that was closed up.
Leaving town there was a fender bender that damn near shut the place down, me be the off roader that I try to be pulled down a sled trail and went down near the right of way to get the TCH and bypass all the madness from the little fender bender. I went down a way and no such luck so I didn't want to come back to the crash site so I bush-wacked it the 15 yrds or so to come up by a road sign on a steep gravel pad to get up to the road surface. I guess it looked impressive enough when I kinda launched the front end up enough and flopped over on my right side that a passerbyer in a black late model Chevy stopped to help me out. I think he thought I might have broken my leg beause I kinda knocked up a bunch of gravel coming up from down in the alder bushes. I got it righted by myself and thanks the guy for shopping before I headed back off again down the TCH.
Next stop was to take a look at Bishop's Falls, a small hydro project that reminds me of Black Horse beer flowing through the flood gates and over the spilway; you really have to be there to appreaciate it, go to NF and look at all the beer flowing freeely, maybe its the tar in all those trees
My new specs that I don't care for too much yet:
the pano from the area:
I loaded up with fuel and ran a little rr trail back to the TCH and then went on down the road. I saw a lot of clearing of the ROW near the TCH and was trying to figure out what was mowing this stuff down, I was figuring on a hydro axe or one of the hydro mulcher type instead I saw these big thing with s swirling blade:
Had minimal constuction delays on the TCH due to some minor upkeep:
Stopped at another town I already forgot the name of and went to their little logging meusum where they had outdoor and some small cabin static display of logging industry in the olden days when hand saws and axes where used. Nice and free because I showed up at 4 and they closed at half past that hour:
A pit saw, of the elevated variety
An old CAT road grader:
And the local internet hub here in Deer Lake where I stayed hooked up for a long time:
My refreshments for the evening:
And some more others:
Now I sit up in the hotel lobby now because the bar has closed and I listen to the wind howling outside the door and I need to find a place to lay down and sleep some time before tomorrow comes.
I'm thinking of the Bon Tour of Westbrook Pond but have a hard time bringing myself to pay ~50 $ for the 2 hour boat ride, well think about that as I try to sleep somewhere tonight.
I'm out, and this is up to the minute updated less the pictures that are stuck on my stuped internal camera's memory.
goodnight and sleep well in your warm beds, I have yet to put up my tent this trip but tonight is looking like it unless I can find me a barn or something nice for shelter like that.
Beastly Adventurer
Joined: Sep 2007
Location: Okie near Muskogee
Oddometer: 3,907
Starter is doing its thing, just really happy you guys had one in stock, what luck.
Comfortably Numb
Joined: Feb 2006
Oddometer: 1,507
Dominion Ale how appropriate in Newfoundland.
Are you taking a ferry to Goose Bay from NF. It's off to my warm bed
Ride till you can't - Marty Hill
Joined: Aug 2005
Location: Where the sun shines first
Oddometer: 691
Ah shit, wrong turn off. You took the last one, you had to take the first exit into Gander. Oh well, happy trails. Looks like you are having a fun time taking in aoll the things most people just blast on by.
Yes, the bike is shit to ride, but so is a pissed off wife... Dim
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slave to gravity
Joined: May 2006
Location: New Melbourne, Newfoundland
Oddometer: 5,597
well that took awhile!
skibumsoirée2009 skibumsoiré2010
Riff Raff 2015, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009
RIP ITsteve, ride in peace my friend
save $5 on a new smugmug account, use this coupon7frrnSRiTt9Fk
Gnarly Adventurer
Joined: Aug 2009
Location: Pryor, OK
Oddometer: 131
Hey John Boy
You are having more Fun than one person should be allowed! Glad all is good with ya. Looks like a really fun place. Same old same old here at work. Terry is whinning he is having to work harder. Mary hates you that you left. Think that she just misses you. Passing on the thread to the others. hopefully you will hear from them soon. Be safe, Enjoy, paretake of the local Beers and keep it all coming! Your living life the way it is supposed to be lived. Be safe my friend.
Beastly Adventurer
Joined: Sep 2007
Location: Okie near Muskogee
Oddometer: 3,907
You bastard you heard they had snow today in Goose Bay didn't you. Yeah my ships motoring on the Aug 29, I'm ready for it snow or not. The beer is good, Black Horse works alright too.
Yeah that's why it took me so long to get over to Deer Lake, I never really got in the groove and was looking for spots to stop and have a look around. Maybe next time for lunch then when I get back assuming I don't get stuck in Brazil.
I was goofing off along the way, but the 400+ miles felt like a good 700 for some reason, I just couldn't get my riding groove on.
Beastly Adventurer
Joined: Sep 2007
Location: Okie near Muskogee
Oddometer: 3,907
I hooked back up with some of the boys from the rally herre in the Gros Morne at a cabin with wifi watching the weather. For sure summer is over here and its time for the high powered clothes to come out. They had snow the other day in Labrador City so its on now for real.
Work on some updates here for today and watch the weather come by.
Joined: Aug 2005
Location: Where the sun shines first
Oddometer: 691
THat is strange weather even for Labrador. It will warm up again I am sure. There is another Tropical storm/hurricane heading this way now. Should be here by Sunday.
Yes, the bike is shit to ride, but so is a pissed off wife... Dim
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Beastly Adventurer
Joined: Sep 2007
Location: Okie near Muskogee
Oddometer: 3,907
I added the All the Way East lighthouse pictures to post #92, I got them off the internal memory today. Some of the them turned out nice I think.
Comfortably Numb
Joined: Feb 2006
Oddometer: 1,507
Lookin better. Remember those temps are Celsius
Ride till you can't - Marty Hill
Joined: Aug 2009
Location: San Antonio
Oddometer: 8
Cool pics
Hey! Liking the lighthouse pics. How beautiful! Too bad about your pump. Not so sure about your specs just yet. I think I need a non-helmet pic to be able to make an informed decision. At least you got some new ones. Maybe you'll see a big ass moose now.
Getting packed up for Chicago now. For whatever reason I'll never understand I booked the 7:20 flight. Ouch. Oh well. I guess that'll give me some time to hang out before my peeps show. I'm already ready to get things going. Still planning on going home next weekend and bringing back Cop so it's gonna be a busy couple of weeks it seems.
Ride hard and safe man.
xx K
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text: Glitch Cat - Poor combat and platforming aside, Dontnod's Remember Me is a fine action/adventure experience full of great moments, a complex and rich setting and story, and some truly unique gameplay that'll make you want to experience it again and again. While it's not a perfect experience, for first-time developers Dontnod it's a step in the right direction. 7.5/10


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