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For a long time the conventional wisdom in Middle Eastern Studies has been that oil and regional security constituted the basis of relations between the United States and Saudi Arabia. Riyadh would ensure adequate supplies at reasonable prices, and in return, Washington would guarantee the Kingdom's security against regional threats. In recent years, the two nations' energy landscapes have changed dramatically. The United States is projected to become less dependent on foreign energy sources, while Saudi Arabia has allocated substantial resources to diversify its energy mix, utilize alternative energy, and reduce consumption. This article examines the recent Saudi efforts to develop nuclear power and renewable resources; and also provides a preliminary assessment of potential strategic implications of these efforts for US-Saudi relations.
Modern societies require energy services to meet basic human needs (e.g., lighting, heat, mobility, communication) and to serve productive processes (e.g., agriculture, industry, and service sectors). Thus, energy is the lifeblood of modern civilization. For human development to be sustainable, "delivery of energy services needs to be secure and have low environmental impacts."1 For the last few centuries most of the world's energy supply has come from burning fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil), with oil providing the largest contribution in the last several decades. This global energy mix is not likely to change in the foreseeable future. According to a recent report by ExxonMobil, fossil fuels will constitute about 80% of total energy consumption in 2040.2
Not surprisingly, energy security has primarily been associated with the sustainability of the world's oil supply at low prices. Recent geological, economic, and political developments have added more complexity to the establishment of energy security both at national and international levels. In 2011, the Paris-based International Energy Agency (IEA) introduced a comprehensive definition of energy security. This definition underscores four dimensions: geological availability, geopolitical accessibility, economic affordability, and environmental and social acceptability.3 Two conclusions [End Page 565] can be drawn from this broad approach. First, there is a strong and growing connection between energy security and environmental concerns (i.e., the transition to a low-carbon economy). Second, both the supply side and the demand side of the energy equation need to be addressed. Very low energy prices in countries such as Saudi Arabia lead to overconsumption and waste. Such high consumption rates could eventually eat into oil-producing countries' export capacities with serious domestic and global ramifications.
In 2012, Saudi Arabia was the world's largest producer and exporter of total petroleum liquids, as well as the world's largest holder of crude oil reserves. Furthermore, the IEA and the Energy Information Administration (EIA), among others, project that a growing share of the world's demand for oil in the coming decades will be met by Gulf producers, led by Saudi Arabia and Iraq.4 Finally, since the late 2000s, the Kingdom has maintained the world's largest spare production capacity. This large capacity gives Riyadh a leading role in stabilizing global oil markets in times of natural or political crises.
This rosy picture, however, does not tell the whole story. While the Kingdom is fortunate to have abundant hydrocarbon deposits, these oil and gas deposits are finite. In the last several decades, most countries, both energy producers and consumers, have invested in diversifying their energy mix, focusing particularly on nuclear and renewable power. Another important side of the energy equation is the rapid increase of Saudi oil consumption. In 2000, the Kingdom consumed approximately 1.5 million barrels per day (b/d). Ten years later, the country's consumption almost doubled, to about 2.8 million b/d. This trend has significant domestic and international ramifications. Simply stated, more domestic consumption results in less oil available for export. Oil revenues serve as the backbone of Saudi Arabia's national income. Oil products dominate Saudi Arabia's total exports, averaging over 83% of annual export revenues for the past three decades.5 These massive oil revenues are the main driver of Saudi economic prosperity. In May 2013, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) concluded that the Kingdom has been one of the best performing economies of the G20 in recent years, with the average rate of real gross domestic product (GDP) growth from 2008 to 2012 third behind China and India.6 Diminishing revenues would lead to economic stagnation and weaken domestic social and political stability.
Soaring petroleum consumption will have global ramifications. Despite efforts to diversify energy mix, the world still runs on oil, and Saudi Arabia is the leading player. The global oil market is well-integrated, so that lower Saudi oil exports would decrease the supply in the international market, which could raise prices and deal a heavy blow to the global economy. Under such a scenario, all countries would be impacted.
The good news is that this bleak scenario is not imminent. There is a small window of opportunity to reverse this trend. Equally important, Saudi leaders seem to be aware of the challenge facing their nation and the necessity of taking drastic actions to [End Page 566] articulate and implement appropriate strategies. Minister of Oil 'Ali al-Na'imi argues that using alternative sources of energy that are sustainable will free more oil for export and "reduce dependence on hydrocarbon resources and keep them as a source of income for a longer period."7 In the last few years, the Saudi leaders have taken several initiatives to utilize the nation's largely untapped solar power resources. In addition, the authorities have developed plans to build nuclear reactors in coming years.
This article examines Saudi Arabia's efforts to diversify its energy mix, shifting away from oil and utilizing alternative energy resources, mainly nuclear and renewable power. Several other countries in the Middle East (and elsewhere) are pursuing similar strategies. The Saudi approach, not different from its neighbors, is to focus on the supply side. Saudi Arabia currently has ambitious plans to build nuclear reactors and solar plants that are either under consideration or already in the early stage of implementation. If these plans are fully implemented, the Saudi alternative energy program would be considered one of the most aggressive in the Middle East. However, this article argues that similar efforts need to be made to restrain the surge in domestic consumption. In recent years several Saudi officials have underscored the need to promote energy conservation. A comprehensive and sound energy security strategy should simultaneously seek to diversify the energy mix and improve efficiency.
In the following section I examine the drivers of nuclear and renewable energy initiatives in Saudi Arabia. This will be followed by a discussion of the steps that have already been taken to bring these initiatives to fruition. Special references will be made to the efforts to build and develop Saudi technical and educational infrastructure, particularly King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy (K.A.CARE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), and the King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (KAPSARC). The subsequent section will address the need to promote energy efficiency and restrain consumption. The concluding section provides a preliminary assessment of the strategic implications of the changing Saudi energy landscape, particularly with regard to relations with the United States.
The Drivers of Nuclear and Renewable Energy Initiatives
Ambitions and aspirations to claim regional (and global) leadership have always played a role in making policy. Several Middle Eastern countries have invested substantial resources and made significant progress in their efforts to diversify their energy mixes and utilize both nuclear and renewable power. Some of them, such as Israel and Iran, are Riyadh's adversaries, while others are close allies (i.e., the United Arab Emirates). As the largest economy in the Gulf region, the holder of massive hydrocarbon deposits, and custodian of Islam's holiest sites, Saudi Arabia claims, with strong justification, a regional leadership status. Watching the race for nuclear and renewable energy, Saudi leaders do not want to fall behind other regional powers. Rather, they aspire to be at the forefront leading other countries in utilizing these important sources of energy. [End Page 567]
Perhaps more important than enhancing the Saudi leadership's credentials, demographic, economic, and geographic forces are driving Riyadh to reduce its heavy reliance on oil in favor of nuclear and solar power. First, Saudi Arabia has one of the highest population growth rates in the region. For cultural and historical reasons the Kingdom has very little, if any, family planning. As a result, the population more than doubled in the last two decades. In addition to its own fast-growing population, the Kingdom hosts millions of expatriate workers, who increase the country's energy consumption.
Second, the common perception that Saudi Arabia is one of richest countries in the Middle East is not accurate. The Kingdom has the largest economy in the Middle East, but given its large population, some of its neighbors, with smaller populations, enjoy higher per capita income. Still, with $16,267 gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in 2010,8 the Saudi per capita income is higher than many other countries in the region (with the exception of Israel and the other five Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and the UAE). Generally, affluent people drive bigger cars, longer distances, live in bigger homes, and use more energy than poor people do.
Third, while it is true that Saudi Arabia is blessed with massive hydrocarbon reserves, on the other hand the country suffers from severe water scarcity. Meanwhile, its rate of rainfall is one of the lowest in the world. In short, the Kingdom's water supply is already exploited beyond its proper capacity.9 To compensate for this shortage, the Kingdom depends mostly on two sources: underground aquifers and the sea. The Kingdom has access to salt water from the Gulf in the east and the Red Sea in the west. Through desalination, Saudi Arabia transforms salt water into potable water. With approximately 27 desalination stations producing more than three million cubic meters a day of potable water, Saudi Arabia is the world's largest producer of desalinated water.10 These plants provide a large and growing share of the water consumed in residential and all other economic sectors. Water desalination is an energy-intensive process and the majority of desalination plants run on oil. In the coming years the Kingdom will burn more oil to produce more water.
The combination of these three factors (booming population, developing economy, and water scarcity) has compounded Saudi electricity demand. The demand for electricity has risen at an annual rate of 8% in recent years and is expected to triple by 2032.11 According to a study in 2010, the electricity consumption per capita in Saudi Arabia was more than three times the global average.12 In order to meet this surge in electricity demand the Saudi government is investing $80 billion to boost existing power generation capacity.13 The goal is to generate 123 gigawatts (GW) by [End Page 568] 2032, which would require more than doubling the 2012 total capacity of 55 GW.14 Furthermore, the Ministry of Water and Electricity has developed plans to "cut consumption with efficiency measures, including improvements to power stations and new standards for air conditioning units."15
This surge in demand for electricity is closely linked to the Kingdom's rising oil consumption. More so than the other five members in the GCC, oil is the dominant energy source for generating electricity and powering water desalination in Saudi Arabia. This heavy dependence on oil to generate electricity has two major negative impacts: it contributes to air pollution and carbon emissions, and it reduces the amount of crude oil available for export. Meanwhile, top Saudi officials have already pointed to the connection between rising domestic oil consumption and shrinking revenues. Khalid Al-Falih, the president and chief executive of the national oil company Saudi Aramco, stated that domestic energy consumption was expected "to rise from 3.4 million b/d of oil equivalent in 2009 to about 8.3 million b/d of oil equivalent by 2028 or a growth of 250 percent."16 At that rate, Al-Falih concluded that the oil availability for exports is likely to "decline to less than 7 million b/d by 2028, while the global demand for our oil will continue to rise."17 Hashim Yamani, president of K.A.CARE, echoed similar sentiments, saying, "Oil exports and economic growth will be constrained if there is no mix of alternative energy."18 This projected combination of rising domestic consumption and shrinking export volume is certain to represent a major challenge to internal socio-economic and political stability, particularly given that national income is heavily dependent on oil revenues. In January 2012, Oil Minister 'Ali al-Na'imi stated that Saudi Arabia would like to stabilize oil prices at a level around $100 per barrel — higher than the $75 per barrel considered a "fair price" by King 'Abdullah in 2008.19 This higher price reflects the Kingdom's desire to counter shrinking export volume and rising public spending. Against this background, developing alternative energy (mainly nuclear and solar) can simultaneously provide fuel to domestic consumption and save oil for export.
Nuclear Power
After widespread stagnation in most of the 1980s and 1990s, nuclear power has since attracted a growing interest since the early 2000s. Several factors contributed to this global interest in nuclear power. The threats to oil supplies and fluctuation in prices have raised concerns about over-dependence on fossil fuels. Carbon-free, nuclear [End Page 569] power can help slow the increase in greenhouse gas emissions (primarily from the combustion of fossil fuels). Finally, barring the 2011 Fukushima accident, the safety record of nuclear reactors has improved. Despite these advantages, much uncertainty still remains about nuclear power's prospects. One of the main hurdles is the large overlap between civilian and military application. Another is the uncertainty regarding what to do with the nuclear waste. As of June 2013, there are 434 commercial nuclear reactors operating in 31 countries, providing approximately 13.5% of the world's electricity.20
Saudi Arabia's interest in nuclear power dates back to the late 1970s when it carried out feasibility studies on utilizing nuclear energy to power desalination plants. The Kingdom also conducted "limited experiments to produce radio isotopes."21 This early start did not produce any viable nuclear power program. However, the rising domestic demand for energy and the broad, intense interest in nuclear power expressed by numerous states both in the Middle East and worldwide have given momentum to the Saudi nuclear ambition since the mid-2000s. In March 2006, 'Amr Musa, then Secretary General of the Arab League, called on Arab states "to enter into the nuclear club and make use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes."22 Several months later, in December, the GCC summit held in Riyadh commissioned a study to set up a common GCC nuclear program.23
This initiative to coordinate nuclear policy between the six members of the GCC has not made much progress. Instead, each country has since sought to draw its own nuclear power policy. In June 2011, the Saudi government spelled out plans to build 16 nuclear reactors over the next two decades. The first two reactors are planned to be running in ten years followed by two more each year until 2030. The goal is to provide for 20% of the nation's electricity demand.24 The 2011 disaster at Japan's Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant has cast some uncertainty over the future of nuclear power. Some countries have chosen to phase out nuclear reactors while others opted to reassess the role of nuclear power in their energy mix. Meanwhile the disaster does not seem to have weakened Riyadh's determination to proceed with its nuclear ambition.
Like most other nuclear power aspirants, Saudi Arabia seeks foreign assistance. Since the late 2000s, Saudi authorities have negotiated nuclear agreements with a number of governments and specialized private companies. In 2011, Riyadh signed three nuclear power development agreements. The pact signed with France allows Saudi experts to "study the French technology options, their financial requirements [End Page 570] and implications for developing qualified national human resources."25 Argentina's National Atomic Energy Commission and Argentinian technology firm INVAP have developed a simplified water reactor design aimed at small-scale electricity generation and water desalination projects.26 The Kingdom expressed interest in this water-reactor design and the two sides signed a deal to boost cooperation. The third nuclear agreement the Saudi government signed in November 2011 was with South Korea. The two governments agreed to cooperate in the "design, construction, operation, maintenance, and development of nuclear power plants."27 They also agreed to cooperate in research, training, safety, and waste management.
In January 2012, Chinese premier Wen Jiabao visited Saudi Arabia. One of the outcomes of this high-level visit was the signing of an agreement to promote cooperation in the area of peaceful atomic power. Both sides agreed to work together on the maintenance and development of nuclear power plants and research reactors as well as the manufacturing and supplying of nuclear fuel.28
The role the US government and American nuclear firms might play in the Saudi nuclear plan remains uncertain, though the United States and Saudi Arabia have been close allies for decades. During George W. Bush's 2008 visit to Riyadh, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Foreign Minister Saud Al-Faisal signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) in which they agreed to establish a "comprehensive framework for cooperation in the development of environmentally sustainable, safe, and secure civilian nuclear energy through a series of complementary agreements."29 Two years later, a consortium comprising the US Exelon Corporation, the Shaw Group, and the Japanese firm Toshiba announced plans to build and operate nuclear reactors in Saudi Arabia.30 These significant steps, however, remain tentative and little progress has taken place.
In addition to potential substantial commercial profit, the United States has significant strategic interests in promoting cooperation with Saudi Arabia. A Saudi nuclear program built in cooperation with the US government and American companies would send a strong message to Iran that full transparency is the "right" way to pursue nuclear power program. Washington would also be in a better position to ensure that nuclear materials and know-how would not be transferred to military applications.
Despite these apparent common commercial and strategic interests, significant hurdles have prevented real progress between the two countries. One main issue is the uncertainty in allowing Riyadh to enrich uranium or reprocess plutonium to make nuclear fuel. Washington prefers that nuclear power aspirants follow the example set by the UAE, [End Page 571] which voluntarily gave up its nuclear ambitions in a 2008 agreement with the US. Section 123 of the US Atomic Energy Act (AEA) of 1954 lists nine criteria to which a nuclear pact partner should adhere (unless the President gives an exemption). One of these provisions bans "enrichment or reprocessing by the recipient state of transferred nuclear material without prior approval."31 Essentially, the Atomic Energy Act serves as a prerequisite for nuclear cooperation between the United States and other nations. Washington and Riyadh have yet to sign a nuclear cooperation agreement outlining AEA terms.
The concern of some members in the political establishment in Washington over Riyadh's stance on nuclear proliferation was heightened by statements in 2011 made by Prince Turki Al-Faisal, former head of Saudi intelligence and former ambassador to the United Kingdom and the US. Prince Turki suggested that if Iran acquired nuclear weapons, Saudi Arabia would do everything it could to match its neighbor's capability.32 However, the Kingdom is a partner in a number of international agreements that support the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons. Among them is the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism (GICNT), an international partnership of more than 80 countries who advocate "working individually and collectively to implement a set of shared nuclear security principles."33 Another agreement is the Proliferation Security Initiative, which aims to "stop trafficking of weapons of mass destruction, their delivery systems, and related materials to and from states and non-states actors of proliferation concern."34 Finally, Saudi Arabia has a safeguard agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). These agreements give the IAEA the power to verify that the signatories live up to their commitments not to use nuclear programs for nuclear weapons purposes. The Kingdom, however, has so far failed to sign the Additional Protocol, which gives the IAEA additional inspection authority over its nuclear developments.35
To summarize, in pursuing nuclear power, Saudi Arabia has already signed cooperation agreements with France, Argentina, South Korea, and China and has sought and negotiated assistance from several other countries including the United States and Russia. This drive to secure foreign partners and the significant steps to develop an indigenous technological infrastructure suggests that the Kingdom is determined to acquire nuclear power.
Renewable Energy
Renewable energy is any form of energy from solar, geophysical, or biological sources that is replenished by natural processes at a rate that equals or exceeds its rate of use. It is obtained from the continuing or repetitive flows of energy occurring in the natural [End Page 572] environment.36 Biomass, geothermal heat, hydropower, solar power, and wind power are all different forms of renewable energy. The transfer toward the use of renewable energy sources is inevitable, as fossil fuels are finite. In recent years, renewable energy has expanded rapidly and its use is projected to grow faster than that of fossil fuels in the 2010– 2030 period.37 A 2012 International Energy Agency (IEA) report projects that renewables will become the world's second-largest source of power generation by 2015 (roughly half that of coal), and that by 2035, they will become the primary source of global electricity.38
Efforts to promote renewable energy can potentially provide a variety of environmental, economic and social benefits. In addition to reducing carbon dioxide emissions and providing public health benefits, renewable energy diversifies the energy mix and provides "green jobs." Some renewable energy sources can provide electricity to rural and isolated communities at a lower price than traditional fossil fuels or nuclear power plants. Forms of renewable resources are available everywhere, but their contribution to the energy mix varies by country and by region.
Saudi Arabia is developing a plan under which renewables will receive subsidies to make them competitive in power generation and allow firms, including Saudi Aramco (which has renewable energy pilot projects), to compete in a more open power market. The aim of the plan is to produce half of Saudi Arabia's power from renewable fuels by 2020.39
Solar power offers some substantial advantages over other energy sources, reducing the need for centralized power plants and transmission lines and they "do not require the additional infrastructure for mining, transport, and disposal that nuclear and fossil-fuel powered technologies necessitate."40 Saudi Arabia's enormous solar energy potential has long been recognized as an untapped resource.
Saudi Arabia was one of the first countries in the Middle East to utilize solar power. The Saudi Solar Village Project was sponsored by the Saudi Arabian National Center for Science and Technology and the US Department of Energy as part of a joint cooperation agreement signed by the two governments in 1977.41 This initiative provided solar-powered electricity to three small villages outside Riyadh. Despite this early achievement, there was no persistent interest in solar power and no subsequent efforts were made to utilize solar power.42 The Kingdom has continued to make negligible use of this abundant and clean source of energy.
However, since the mid-2000s, Saudi leaders have increasingly shown interest in reducing their nation's heavy dependence on petroleum and diversifying the Kingdom's energy mix. In 2008, Oil Minister 'Ali al-Na'imi voiced his nation's ambition, "One of [End Page 573] the research efforts that we are going to undertake is to see how we make Saudi Arabia a center for solar energy research, and hopefully over the next 30–50 years we will be a major megawatt exporter."43 Three years later, 'Abdullah al-Shihri, governor of the Electricity and Cogeneration Regulatory Authority (ECRA), echoed a similar sentiment. Shihri stated that the Kingdom views solar power and other non-hydrocarbon sources as "crucial parts of a plan to boost generating capacity by 50 percent in this decade."44 In addition to generating crucially needed electricity, ECRA seeks to create thousands of new jobs in solar farms, assembly plants, and factories that make panels and other equipment.
In 2011, the Saudi authorities took a significant step to translate these ambitious goals into action. The first solar power station, located on Farasan Island, was inaugurated. The plant contains 6,000 solar cells and will produce 864,000 kilowatts.45 Solar Frontier, the company that built the station, is a joint venture between the government-owned utility Saudi Electricity and the Japanese company Showa Shell Sekiyu. Solar Frontier is currently building another giant solar station in Dhahran called Saudi Aramco North Park that will provide 10 megawatts of power.46 Another joint venture between Saudi and Japanese firms is led by the Saline Water Conversion Corporation, which runs dozens of desalination plants in the Kingdom, and Hitachi Zosen Corporation. The two sides signed an agreement in 2011 to carry out research on utilizing solar energy to power desalination plants.47 Similarly, Saudi Arabia is now working with the US National Renewable Energy Laboratory, funded by the US Department of Energy, to measure solar resources, gauge the best locations for solar power plants, and train Saudis to operate and maintain solar instruments and stations.48
These ambitious Saudi initiatives to utilize solar power have to overcome several hurdles. One of them is the intermittent character of solar power. In many countries, fossil fuel-fired stations supplement electricity generated by solar plants. Technology addressing the reliability of solar power has substantially improved in recent years in addressing this reliability challenge. Another hurdle is the huge investments needed to build large scale solar plants and connect them to the transmission grid. As discussed above, several international companies have agreed to invest billions of dollars to build solar plants in the Kingdom.49 Much more investment is still needed. According to 'Abdullah al-Shihri, the country will need investments of more than $100 billion over [End Page 574] the next decade.50 In addition, the authorities need to articulate and approve a regulatory framework for investment in the solar power sector. A third challenge facing the Saudi government is the need to develop the necessary human capital and technological infrastructure to bring to fruition its ambitious plans in both solar power and nuclear energy.
Human and Technological Infrastructure
In recent years Saudi leaders have shown a broader understanding of their nation's need to reduce dependence on fossil fuel and to establish the regulatory and educational institutions to build and promote nuclear and solar power. They are not satisfied with importing foreign technology, but rather seek to create indigenous capacity. One of the first steps toward achieving these goals was the establishment of the National Solar Systems (NSS) in 2004. The NSS's responsibilities include:51
• Feasibility studies
• Engineering and design services
• Material supply and component sales
• Installation services and supervision
• Commissioning and start-up services
• Operations and maintenance
The NSS carries out these responsibilities in cooperation with international partners, and since its establishment the NSS has signed collaboration agreements with several international companies specialized in solar power.
The growing official Saudi government interest in nuclear and renewable sources since the late 2000s has given momentum to establishing research institutions working on alternative energy in Saudi Arabia. In 2009 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) was founded in Thuwal on the Red Sea. Initially the national oil company Aramco played a major role in funding and managing KAUST52 With one of the richest endowments in the world, KAUST is a multibillion dollar research institution with alternative energy at the top of its core research agenda. KAUST researchers carry out their work on nuclear and solar energy in coordination with their counterparts at King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy (K.A.CARE).
In April 2010, just six months after KAUST's official inauguration, the Saudi government announced the creation of K.A.CARE in the capital, Riyadh. Article Three of the royal decree creating the City highlights the main objective of K.A.CARE. The city "shall aim at contributing to the sustainable development in the Kingdom through utilization of science, research, and industries related to atomic and renewable energy for peaceful purposes."53 An official statement adds that developing [End Page 575] solar, wind, and geothermal resources, alongside atomic energy, will "help transition the Kingdom to a balanced energy mix and strengthening its ability to meet international demand for oil and make it a world leader in alternative energy."54 In order to pursue these ambitious goals, the decree appointed Hashim Yamani, a Harvard-educated physicist and former minister of commerce and industry, head of K.A.CARE. In February 2013, K.A.CARE announced the launch of its Renewable Energy Competitive Procurement Portal and released a white paper outlining how the procurement process will take place.55
It is important to point out that the official interest in building and developing technical infrastructure to pursue nuclear and renewable energy has not neglected the oil sector. The Saudi government has recently established the King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (KAPSARC), a nonprofit institution. The center's mission is to promote research in energy economics, policy, technology, and the environment.56 Additionally, in early 2012, Khalid Al-Falih, president of Saudi Aramco, announced the launching of a youth development program that will train two million Saudis by 2020.57
These programs and institutions — NSS, KAUST, K.A.CARE, and KAPSARC, among others — have been tasked with building a strong indigenous technical infrastructure and training Saudi citizens to initiate and support the nuclear and renewable energy industry in particular and the energy sector in general. These initiatives are well-funded, enjoying support from and cooperation with top international counterparts. Still, the learning and training processes take time, and will need sustained official backing for many years to come. Meanwhile, the efforts to expand production and diversify the energy mix should be paralleled by similar attempts to promote and improve efficiency.
The Other Side of The Energy Equation: Efficiency and Conservation
Middle Eastern countries in general and oil-producing countries in particular have lagged behind the rest of the world in terms of energy efficiency (the ratio of energy use to GDP). Indeed, the region's demand for both primary fuels and electricity has been far above the rest of the world's for many years. Improvement in energy consumption takes place when "energy inputs are reduced for a given level of service or there are increased or enhanced services for a given amount of energy inputs."58 In other words, energy efficiency means the consumption of less energy to produce the same output. This improves energy security by increasing the sustainability of energy sources. In addition, by reducing pollution, energy efficiency contributes to maintaining a cleaner environment. [End Page 576]
One approach to enhancing Saudi Arabia's energy security is to improve efficiency and conservation. The Kingdom is the world's sixth largest oil consumer after the United States, China, Japan, India, and Russia. All these countries have much larger population and more diversified economies than Saudi Arabia. Saudi per capita energy consumption is four times higher than the world average.59 On average, a Saudi citizen consumes a little more than a US citizen and around twice as much as a Japanese citizen.60 Many countries' economies have grown faster than their energy consumption, but the Kingdom is moving in the opposite direction, meaning energy efficiency is getting worse. This poor performance is due to heavy concentration on energy-intensive industries and the energy demands of the residential and transportation sectors. Furthermore, high energy consumption is heavily supported by subsidies on fuel prices and electricity. These subsidies constitute a significant share of government spending.
Like their counterparts in other oil-producing countries, Saudi citizens enjoy generous social and economic benefits, including heavily subsidized petroleum products. According to a report published by the IMF in January 2013, worldwide energy subsidies reached $480 billion in 2011, with oil-exporting countries accounting for about two-thirds of the total.61 Indeed, the prices of fuels, electricity, and desalinated water in Saudi Arabia are just a fraction of their market values. Proponents of subsidies argue that they shield the population against price fluctuations, ensure that the poor have access to electricity and fuel, distribute hydrocarbon wealth, and buy domestic political support.62
However, since these government subsidies do not distinguish between the poor and rich, the greatest benefit goes to those who consume the most energy — namely, wealthier firms and households. Thus, some argue that subsidies should not be considered an effective way to redistribute public wealth. By encouraging overconsumption, subsidies waste precious natural resources, which in turn contribute to pollution. The weight of the Kingdom's ballooning subsidy program is beginning to impact the economy, and several top Saudi officials have spoken out in favor of subsidy reform. Economy and Planning Minister Muhammad al-Jasir stated that energy subsidies "have become increasingly distorting to our economy." Similarly, Saudi Electricity Company CEO 'Ali al-Barrak said, "Subsidies should be revised and done in a different way to support the low-income people."63
Precedents in several other countries show that reducing subsidies is likely to be strongly resisted by large segments of the population who have grown accustomed to low energy prices. Political upheavals in the Arab world since early 2011 have further [End Page 577] complicated the debate over slashing subsidies. Saudi Arabia and the other Gulf states have opted to increase public benefits and spending. Thus, given the current political environment, the Saudi government's heavy subsidies and low energy prices are likely to endure in the foreseeable future.
This, however, does not mean that the Saudi authorities have given up on trying to reduce energy consumption. In 2003, the government established the National Energy Efficiency Program to "assist the energy sector to meet the rapidly growing power and energy demand through efficient and rational consumption patterns."64 The program supported energy auditing and regulations, information exchange, and efficient technologies. In November 2010, the cabinet replaced the program with the independent Saudi Center for Energy Efficiency. The center is housed at King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) and chaired by its president, Dr. Mohammed Ibrahim Al-Suwaiyel. Representatives from the private sector and several government entities are members of the center. The center's goals, similar to those of the National Energy Efficiency Program, are to promote energy conservation and study methods appropriate for the Kingdom's environment and culture.65
Conclusion: Strategic Implications
In 1970 US crude oil production peaked, then declined continuously for more than 20 years when tight oil first began to flow after 2008.66 Since then production has risen due to a technological innovation known as hydraulic fracturing (fracking), which unlocks oil and gas previously trapped in shale rock. In late 2012, the IEA projected that the United States will become the largest global oil producer by 2020 and North America will become a net oil exporter around 2030.67 Given this very promising outlook, former US energy secretary Steven Chu suggested that Riyadh and Washington need to form new relationships. Speaking along the same lines, Chas Freeman, former US ambassador to Saudi Arabia, said, "We are still partners but less intimate than we once were."68 In short, some analysts project that the US-Saudi special relationship is likely to become less special.
This article disagrees with this line of analysis for several reasons. First, US-Saudi relations are multidimensional: the two nations have other mutual interests apart from oil. These include counterterrorism, nonproliferation, and regional security. Second, in May 2013, Oil Minister 'Ali al-Na'imi stated that Saudi Arabia will [End Page 578] continue to make the most of the competitive advantage presented by the country's abundant oil reserves. But the "ultimate aim is to diversify away from our over-reliance on oil revenues."69 American private companies are playing a major role in helping the Kingdom pursue these goals.
Third, it is important to distinguish between the quantity and quality of oil. For a long time, many oil analysts have raised concerns about the availability of adequate supplies (the so-called peak oil theory). The US oil boom helps to alleviate these concerns. As Saudi Aramco president and CEO Khalid Al-Falih argues, "By pushing concerns about security of supply into the background, the shale boom helps encourage technology and policy choices that will lock in demand for oil."70 In other words, Saudi officials welcome the boom in US fracking because it will reassure consumers about the reliability of oil supplies. Fourth, the rise in and improved efficiency of US oil production are the main reasons for substantial reduction in the volume of oil imports from Saudi Arabia. Despite lower US oil imports from the Kingdom, Saudi exports to the US remain very significant. The Kingdom exported an average of 1.4 million barrels per day of total petroleum liquids to the US through 2012, ranking second only to Canadian oil exports to the US, and accounting for 16% of total US oil imports.71 This can be explained by the ability of US refineries to process Saudi oil.
Finally, Saudi Arabia now exports more oil to China than to the United States. The strategic significance of this development should not be overestimated. The United States, not China, is the main security partner to Saudi Arabia and other Arab states on the Gulf. Additionally, the global oil market is well-integrated: it makes little difference who buys and who sells. As the largest economy in the world, the US has an interest in securing adequate oil supplies to the global marketplace. Saudi Arabia has the required resources to meet these demands. In short, close relations between Washington and Riyadh are likely to endure in the coming years despite, or maybe because of, the US oil boom and the increasing diversification of Saudi Arabia's energy mix. [End Page 579]
Dr. Gawdat Bahgat is professor of National Security Affairs at the National Defense University's Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies. Bahgat published nine books including Alternative Energy in the Middle East (2013), Energy Security (2011), and Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in the Middle East (2007). His work has been translated to several foreign languages. Bahgat served as an advisor to several governments and oil companies.
1. Ottmar Edenhofer, Ramón Pichs-Madruga, and Youba Sokona, eds., Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2012), p.164.
2. ExxonMobil, 2012 The Outlook for Energy: A View to 2040, http://www.exxonmobil.com/corporate/files/news_pub_eo2012.pdf.
3. Jessica Jewell, The IEA Model of Short-term Energy Security (MOSES): Primary Energy Sources and Secondary Fuels (Paris: International Energy Agency, 2011), available at http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/moses_paper.pdf.
4. For detailed analysis, see, International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2012: Executive Summary (Paris: OECD/IEA, 2012); and US Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2013: With Projections to 2040 (Washington, DC: US Department of Energy, 2013), http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/pdf/0383(2013).pdf.
5. Niklas Johan Westelius, "External Linkages and Policy Constraints in Saudi Arabia," IMF Working Paper 13/59, Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, March 2013, p.4.
6. International Monetary Fund, "Press Release: IMF Mission Statement at the Conclusion of Article IV Discussions with Saudi Arabia," May 20, 2013, http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2013/pr13184.htm.
7. Zawya Dow Jones, "Saudi Establishes New City for Nuclear Energy Research," Wall Street Journal, April 17, 2010, http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20100417-701010.html, reposted at: http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.php?177900-Saudi-Establishes-New-City-For-Nuclear-Energy-Research.
8. International Monetary Fund, Regional Economic Outlook: Middle East and Central Asia, Oct. 2011 (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2011), p.1.
9. Peter Meisen and Lesley Hunter, "Renewable Energy Potential of the Middle East, North Africa vs. the Nuclear Development Option," Global Energy Network Institute, October 2007, http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/research/middle-east-energy-alternatives/MENA-renewable-vs-nuclear.pdf.
10. Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington, D.C., "Water Resources," About Saudi Arabia, http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/agriculture_water/Water_Resources.aspx.
11. Abeer Allam, "Saudi to Develop Solar and Nuclear Power," Financial Times, January 24, 2011, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/1e31d396-27a6-11e0-a327-00144feab49a.html#axzz2aB0Uh91V.
12. ABB Group, Saudi Arabia Energy Efficiency Report, http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot316.nsf/.../saudi%20arabia.pdf, accessed January 18, 2012.
13. Ulf Laessing, "Saudi Readies Nuclear Energy Agreement," Arabian Business, July 5, 2010, Arabian Business, http://www.arabianbusiness.com/saudi-readies-french-nuclear-energy-agreement-304134.html.
14. "KACARE Outlines Saudi Electricity Energy Source Scenario," Middle East Economic Survey, May 6, 2013, http://www.mees.com/en/articles/7530-kacare-outlines-saudi-electricity-energy-source-scenario; World Nuclear Association, "Nuclear Power in Saudi Arabia," World Nuclear Association Information Library: County Profiles, http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-O-S/Saudi-Arabia/#.UkHYZtLkvE0.
15. Angus McDowall, "Rising Saudi Thirst for Oil Drives Plans to Go Nuclear," Wall Street Journal, June 23, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304563104576355123555820698.html.
16. Sarah Mishkin, "Domestic Oil Usage to Vie with Exports," Financial Times, May 9, 2011, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/8a2a7750-7a54-11e0-af64-00144feabdc0.html.
17. Eric Watkins, "Saudi Arabia Going Nuclear," Oil & Gas Journal, January 31, 2011, p. 25.
18. Allam, "Saudi to Develop Solar and Nuclear Power."
19. Javier Blas and Guy Chazan, "Saudi Arabia Targets $100 Crude Price," Financial Times, January 16, 2012, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/af13f09c-405f-11e1-9bce-00144feab49a.html.
20. World Nuclear Association, "Nuclear Power in the World Today," World Nuclear Association Information Library: Current and Future Generations, http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Current-and-Future-Generation/Nuclear-Power-in-the-World-Today/#.UfLY-9I3tqw.
21. Mohamed I. Shaker, "Nuclear Power in the Arab World and the Regionalization of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: An Egyptian Perspective," Daedalus, Vol. 139, No. 1 (Winter 2010), pp. 93–104.
22. Associated Press, "Arab Nations Urged to Enter Nuclear Club," New York Times, March 28, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/international/AP-Arab-Summit.html?_r=1&oref=slogin, accessed March 28, 2006.
23. Roula Khalaf, "Gulf Arabs Weigh Joint Nuclear Programme," Financial Times, December 10, 2006, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/bb75eac6-888f-11db-b485-0000779e2340.html#axzz2aS0FYFxb.
24. World Nuclear Association, "Nuclear Power in Saudi Arabia," World Nuclear Association Information Library: Country Profiles, http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-O-S/Saudi-Arabia/#.UfaRKtI3tqw.
25. Tamsin Carlisle, "Saudi Arabia in Agreement to Explore Nuclear Power," The National, February 23, 2011, http://www.thenational.ae/business/energy/saudi-arabia-in-agreement-to-explore-nuclear-power.
26. Eman El-Shenawi, "Saudi Arabia Signs Nuclear-Energy Deal with Argentina," Al Arabiya, June 29, 2011, http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/06/29/155288.html.
27. Reem Shamseddine, "Saudi Arabia, South Korea in Nuclear Cooperation Deal," Reuters, November 15, 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/15/us-saudi-southkorea-idUSTRE7AE0GU20111115.
28. Summer Said, "Saudi Arabia, China Sign Nuclear Cooperation Pact," Wall Street Journal, January 16, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204468004577164742025285500.html.
29. Patrick W. Ryan, "Bilateral Civilian Nuclear Trade Talks Set to Open," Saudi-US Relations Information Service, July 29, 2011, http://susris.sustg.org/2011/07/29/bilateral-civilian-nuclear-trade-talks-set-to-open/.
30. Dan Yurman, "Saudi Arabia's Nuclear Energy Ambitions," The Energy Collective, August 23, 2011, http://theenergycollective.com/ansorg/63481/saudi-arabia-s-nuclear-energy-ambitions.
31. Paul K. Kerr and Mary Beth Nikitin, "Nuclear Cooperation with Other Countries: A Primer," Congressional Research Service, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/RS22937.pdf, accessed June 20, 2010.
32. Jason Burke, "Saudi Arabia Worries about Stability, Security and Iran," Guardian, June 29, 2011, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/29/saudi-arabia-prince-turki-arab-spring-iran; Reuters, "Saudi Should Go Nuclear to Counter Iran, Israel: Prince Turki," al-Akhbar, December 7, 2011, http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/2260.
33. "Global Initiative to Combat Terrorism," U.S. Department of State, http://www.state.gov/t/isn/c18406.htm.
34. "Proliferation Security Initiative," U.S. Department of State, http://www.state.gov/t/isn/c10390.htm.
35. "Factsheets and FAQs: IAEA Safeguards Overview," International Atomic Energy Agency, http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Factsheets/English/sg_overview.html.
36. Edenhofer, et al., eds., Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation, p.178.
37. British Petroleum, BP Energy Outlook 2030, January 2012, http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle800.do?categoryId=9037134&contentId=7068677, accessed January 30, 2012.
38. International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2012 (Paris: IEA/OECD, 2012), p.6.
39. "Saudi Arabia," U.S. Energy Information Administration, http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=SA.
40. Meisen and Hunter, "Renewable Energy Potential of the Middle East, North Africa vs. The Nuclear Development Option."
41. Judith Miller, "In Saudi Arabia, the Sun Shines Bright on Solar Power," New York Times, November 1, 1983, http://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/01/science/in-saudi-arabia-the-sun-shines-bright-on-solar-power.html.
42. Justin Dargin, "Saudi Arabia, UAE Promote Energy from Sun and Wind," Oil & Gas Journal, March 23, 2009, pp. 18–22.
43. Eric Watkins "Watching the World, Saudis Go Solar," Oil & Gas Journal, October 10, 2011, p.24.
44. Anthony DiPaola, "Saudi Arabia to Target Solar Power in $100 Billion Energy Plan," Bloomberg, March 31, 2011, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-31/saudi-arabia-to-target-solar-power-in-100-billion-energy-plan.html.
45. Ahmed al-Zila'i, "Saudi Arabia's First Solar Power Station Inaugurated on Farasan Island," Al Arabiya. October 5, 2011, http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/10/05/170310.html.
46. "Project Profile: Saudi Aramco North Park," Solar Frontier, http://www.solar-frontier.com/eng/cs/groups/co_en_product/documents/co_en_attachment/mdaw/mday/~edisp/c002873.pdf.
47. P.K. Abdul Ghafour, "Saudi Arabia to Exploit Solar Energy for Desalination Plants," Arab News, December 1, 2011, http://www.arabnews.com/node/399775.
48. Bill Scanlon, "Saudi Arabia Looks to NREL for Solar Monitoring Expertise," National Renewable Energy Laboratory Newsroom, May 13, 2013, http://www.nrel.gov/news/features/feature_detail.cfm/feature_id=2196.
49. April Yee, "Saudi Arabia Embraces Solar Energy," The National, March 10, 2011, http://www.thenational.ae/business/energy/saudi-arabia-embraces-solar-energy.
50. DiPaola, "Saudi Arabia to Target Solar Power in $100 Billion Energy Plan."
51. "Providing Clean Energy from Saudi Arabia to the World," National Solar Systems, http://www.national-solar.net.
52. Javaid R. Laghari, "Empires of the Mind: The Correlation between Investing in Education and Economic Prosperity is an Interesting and Axiomatic One," Newsweek Pakistan, February 3, 2012.
53. Abdullah bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud, "Royal Decree Establishing King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy," Jumada al-Ula 3, 1431 [April 17, 2010], King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy, http://www.energy.gov.sa/energy.gov.sa/sites/all/themes/energy/images/KACARE_Royal_Decree_english.pdf.
54. "Sustainable Energy: Energy Sustainability for Future Generations," K.A.CARE, http://www.kacare.gov.sa/en/sustainable-energy/sustainable-energy.
55. "Overview of the Competitive Procurement Process for the Renewable Energy Program," K.A.CARE, http://www.kacare.gov.sa/cpp/overview-competitive-procurement-process-renewable-energy-program.
56. "About KAPSARC," King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, http://www.kapsarc.org/kapsarc/about/AboutKAPSARC.
57. "CEO Sets Ambitious Plan to Train 2 Million Saudis," Saudi Aramco, http://www.saudiaramco.com/en/home/news/latest-news/2012/ithra-youth--ceo-sets-out-ambitious-plan-to-train-2-million-saud.html..
58. Energy Information Administration, "2. Defining Energy Efficiency and Its Measurement," Energy Efficiency, http://www.eia.gov/emeu/effciency/ee_ch2.htm.
59. ABB Group, Saudi Arabia Energy Efficiency Report.
60. Glada Lahn and Paul Stevens, Burning Oil to Keep Cool: The Hidden Energy Crisis in Saudi Arabia (London: Chatham House, 2011), http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Energy,%20Environment%20and%20Development/1211pr_lahn_stevens.pdf.
61. International Monetary Fund, "Energy Subsidy Reform: Lessons and Implications," January 28, 2013, http://www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2013/012813.pdf, p.1.
62. Bassam Fattouh and Laura El-Katiri, "Energy Subsidies in the Arab World," Arab Human Development Report Research Paper Series (New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2012), http://www.arab-hdr.org/publications/other/ahdrps/Energy%20Subsidies-Bassam%20Fattouh-Final.pdf.
63. Michael Peel, "Subsidies 'Distort' Saudia Arabia Economy Says Economy Minister," Financial Times, May 7, 2013, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f474cf28-b717-11e2-841e-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2aYJwRSfy.
64. "National Energy Efficiency Programme (NEEP)," United Nations Development Programme: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, http://www.undp.org.sa/sa/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=229%3Asau01002-national-energy-efficiency.
65. King Abdul Aziz City for Science and Technology, "Saudi Center for Energy Efficiency Holds the First Meeting of its Administrative Committee in Science & Technology Headquarters," KACST Media Center, http://www.kacst.edu.sa/en/about/media/news/Pages/news218.aspx.
66. Tight oil refers to light conventional oil with low sulfur content trapped in unconventional formations, which make it difficult to extract.
67. International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2012, p.1.
68. Syed Rashid Husain, "US Shale Boom to Send 'Shockwaves' in Global Oil Trade," Saudi Gazette, May 19, 2013, http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20130519166323.
69. Ali Naimi, "An Enduring Legacy," Middle East Economic Survey, May 13, 2013, http://www.mees.com/en/articles/7590-an-enduring-legacy.
70. Ed Crooks, "Saudis Welcome US Shale Boom," Financial Times, May 13, 2013, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f84ebde0-bbd4-11e2-82df-00144feab7de.html#axzz2aYJwRSfy.
71. "Petroleum & Other Liquids: Company Level Imports," U.S. Energy Information Administration, http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/imports/companylevel/.


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Town of Lebanon News
Town of Lebanon Notices
Come celebrate the 4th of July at the LEBANON FARMER'S MARKET from 9:00 a.m. to noon. The market will be open this Saturday, July 4th, so come and enjoy 15 vendors, guest artisans, live must and so much more!
The Town of Lebanon is seeking Requests for Proposals for Architectural Services for additions and renovations to the Jonathan Trumbull Library. Please follow the link BELOW for RFP Description and Requirements. To download the Conceptual Schematic Drawings follow the link ABOVE. Technical questions should be emailed to James R. Russo, Chairman, Library Building Committee at email@example.com . Mandatory Pre Bid Meeting is scheduled for July 10, 2015, 10 AM at the Library. Deadline for submittal: Thursday, July 23, 2015 at 3:00 p.m. in the Lebanon Town Hall, Office of the First Selectman, 579 Exeter Road, Lebanon, CT 06249.
The Lebanon Transfer Station will be OPEN on
Saturday, July 4th, from 8:00 am - 5:00 pm
Please be advised that Kingsley Road in Lebanon will be closed to through traffic beginning tomorrow, June 23, 2015 due to the replacement of the Baker Hill Road Bridge. The bridge is on the Lebanon/Columbia town line and is connected to Baker Hill Road in Columbia. The project is being managed by the Town of Columbia and the adjacent roads are expected to remain closed to through traffic for the next two months.
Should you have any questions, please contact the Town of Columbia at 860 228-0110 or the Lebanon Public Works Department at 860 642-7565.
Thank you
Joyce R. Okonuk, First Selectman
The Town of Lebanon Social Services is once again organizing a Back-To-School Program for qualifying Lebanon youth, Preschool-Senior year in High School.
Beginning July 6th we will begin accepting donations of backpacks, lunch boxes/bags, 3-ring binders, loose leaf paper, dividers, pocket folders, notebooks, pencils, pens, pencil cases, calculators, crayons, erasers, highlighters, markers, rulers, etc.
If you are interested in donating to the program or sponsoring a child, please contact Shelly Ashcom, Social Services Director at (860) 642-6580 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
If you wish to make a monetary donation, please note "Back-To-School Program" in the memo and drop off or mail to:
Lebanon Social Services
579 Exeter Road
Lebanon, CT 06249
If any qualifying families are interested in participating in the program for their school age children, contact Social Services by August 6th for an application or click on the link above. Distribution of supplies will be by appointment on August 22nd at the Town Hall.
THANK YOU TO ALL OUR SPONSORS for your support and generosity to our Back-To-School Program!
Lebanon Rec Summer Zumba will begining July 16 on Thursday nights at the Lebanon Fire Safety Complex at 6:30 pm.
Get Involved!Vacancies are available on the following boards, commissions and committees. If interested, complete and submit (via hardcopy) the Volunteer Interest Form.
- Commission on Aging (1)
- Economic Development Commission (1)
- Solid Waste Commission (2)
- Summer Dance Fest Committee (1)
- Tyler Field Building Committee (1)
- Water Pollution Control Authority (3)

subset: commoncrawl


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Originally written on Next Impulse Sports | Last updated 3/17/12
During halftime of today's Ohio State – Gonzaga game, the CBS studio crew interviewed Norfolk State's Kyle O'Quinn. O'Quinn had a monster game against #2 Missouri, scoring 26 points and pulling down 14 rebounds in the bracket-busting upset.
Not to be perceived as simply a basketball player, O'Quinn let his pipes take the court during the interview. Brightest star in the tournament? He just may be.
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NRA title sponsor for NASCAR Cup race in Texas
" The NRA is our core fan base, and we all have guns, and all us racers love to go out and shoot. It's part of who we are," said Stenhouse, the only Cup driver at TMS media day. "Anytime you have a sponsor that embraces their market and who their core customers are, it's great for us.
"I was able to win the NRA race in Atlanta and those guys were great to work it," he said. "They take their stuff serious, they're concerned with the tragedies that we've had throughout the nation.
"I think they do a great job at working from their side to help things as well. I think it's a great partnership here at Texas."
Gossage said the NRA has been a generous supporter of Speedway Children's Charities, donating more than $500,000 to the charity's Texas chapter since 2000. He said the group has also had past sponsorship with signage at the track.
NRA officials first expressed interest last fall to Texas officials about sponsoring the track's spring race. The event previously had Samsung Mobile as a title sponsor since 2002, but the company didn't renew its contract after last April's race.
Without a title sponsor, Texas had been promoting next month's race as the Texas 500.
"We've had other (sponsor) offers but a lot of people wait and expect you to drop your price. That's not something we do. We're not going to be a discount speedway," said Gossage, not revealing specific details. "They were willing to meet the price. They afford us some great marketing opportunities as well with their membership to reach out to them and try to bring their members to attend the race here."
Gossage said TMS and the NRA reach similar audiences and that he expects a lot of tickets will be bought by NRA members and people who support the group's position.
"Obviously we know the NRA well and I can tell you from just looking at the demographics, I can tell you from the social media that I've been sitting here monitoring since that announcement was made, it's probably 99 percent supportive. Some wildly supportive," he said. "The public, it doesn't seem to be they're going to have any issue with it, and I'm not sure why anybody would think they would.
"Like I said, know your demographic and we pride ourselves on being good at what we do," he said. "So we know what we're doing and who we're partnering with."


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A consolidation wave is expected to continue in the connector and sensor markets, with Amphenol (APH), TE Connectivity, Koch Industries and Sensata Technologies among the strategic buyers, says RBC Capital in a research report. "We should see another year of sustained M&A, with Amphenol as most ...
Sensor and controls company Sensata Technologies (ST) will acquire tire-pressure monitoring sensor maker firm Schrader Int'l for a total enterprise value of $1 bil, creating a giant in the field. Sensata expects to close the transaction during Q4. Schrader will add 50-55 cents per share to ...
Sensata Technologies' offer to buy tire-pressure monitoring sensors maker Schrader International for a total enterprise value of about $1 billion would create a global giant in the hot market for smart tires and other features. Like Gentherm's (THRM) auto-seat heating and cooling systems, Sensata's ...
Sensata Technologies' (ST) offer to buy tire pressure monitoring sensors maker Schrader International for a total enterprise value of about $1 billion would create a global giant in the hot market for smart tires and other features. Like Gentherm's (THRM) auto seat heating and cooling systems, ...
Netherlands suffered more than its share of tragedy when a Malaysia Airlines jet crashed July 17 in Ukraine, killing 298 people, at least 193 of them were reported to be Dutch. The country has so far been restrained in its response to allegations that a Russian missile brought down the airliner. ...
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Shares of Woodward (WWD) started gaining momentum toward the end of May, after the company announced a strategic 50/50 joint venture to enhance fuel systems for large commercial aircraft engine lines of GE Aviation.
Blue Ridge Capital's position in Sensata Technologies (ST) accounted for 4.19% of its total 4Q14 portfolio and was worth $345 million.
Blue Ridge's top holdings in 4Q14 were Charter Communications (CHTR), Actavis (ACT), Walgreens Boots Alliance (WBA), and Sensata Technologies (ST).
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text: http://dedicatedhostingweb.org – If you want to start a serious online business, you might want to consider looking for cheap dedicated hosting. By definition, dedicated hosting means that the webmaster rents an entire server, which is not shared with anybody. This is much more convenient than shared hosting because you, as the webmaster, have full control over the server, including choice of operating system, hardware, etc. Administration, however, is still handled by the hosting company. The greatest advantage of using dedicated hosting is that your website performance will not be a (HowTos)


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- Haczów, Podkarpackie, Poland
- • http://www.poland.travel
The former parish Catholic church dedicated to the Ascension of the Holy Virgin Mary and Archangel Nicolas dates back to the 1st half of the 15th c. In 1494, its interior was decorated with monumental polychrome. During the Tatar invasion in 1624, the church was damaged and then renovated and enlarged (tower and arcades were built). At the end of the 18th c., the interior was transformed and the Holy Mother church was built. The church in Haczow, erected in the więzbowo-zaskrzynieniowo-zaczepowy system (see translator's explanation in Golcowa), is one of the oldest and largest wooden churches in end-fitted log construction.
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Love religious? Check these out;
- Greek-Catholic Cathedral
- Orthodox complex of Greek Catholic Parish Church
- Greek Catholic Church of St. Archangel Michael
- Lezajsk - Parish Church Complex
- Jewish Cemetery of Lezajsk
- Cewkow's Greek Catholic Church of St. Dmitri
- Holuczkow's Greek Catholic Parish Church of St Paraskiewa
- The Church of St. Sebastian
- Reformati Church in Przemyśl
- Chmiel's Greek Catholic Church of St. Nicolas


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Sugar Ray with Smash Mouth and Gin Blossoms
Sat, Jul 20, 2013 6:00 pm
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2007 Mercury Mountaineer Q&A
2007 Mercury Mountaineer Question: I need to locate where to check the Transmission Fluid
I need to know where to look on my vehicle to check the transmission, and can I add transmission fluid myself? Thanks J - mytruespirit
Answer 1
You may have a 5 speed automatic or a 6 speed automatic transmission. If you have a 5 speed automatic, the fluid is checked with a special pump that attempts to add fluid through a fill check plug within the drain plug of the transmission pan. You will likely need to seek a repair shop or dealership for this. For the 6 speed, there is a small dipstick on the passenger front of the transmission case under the vehicle. Here, you can at least check the fluid level, but you cannot add fluid without the special pump mentioned above. - DaveJHM
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LAPD Warns Real Estate Agents to Lock Up Vacant Homes in Wake of Northridge Abduction
File photo by Eric Demarcq / L.A. Weekly Flickr pool
We know who the suspects are in the horrific abduction of a Northridge 10-year-old last week.
But one accomplice has gone unnamed: an empty home somewhere in the West Valley where atrocities against the girl allegedly occurred:
Cops say a home that was for sale or possibly in escrow was unlocked and thus easy prey for a suspect accused of holding the victim and sexually assaulting her for hours on March 27.
The residence in the West Valley has been identified by detectives, the LAPD said. The exact address was not released.
The department warned real estate agents to keep vacant homes locked up:
The vacant home was listed on the market to be sold or may have been already sold and going through escrow. Taking the child to the home was an integral part of the suspects' plan to evade capture.
As detectives continue to search for Tobias Dustin Summers, the primary kidnapping suspect, they ask that realtors who show homes to prospective buyers, especially in the Topanga, West Valley and Devonshire areas, ensure that all windows, doors, back houses, sheds, garages and basements are securely locked.
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Tutorials Library
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Christmas Gift: Skype Chat + Office Online
Posted by
on December 30, 2014
Recently, Microsoft has integrated Microsoft Office Online (Office Online Word and Office Online PowerPoint) with Skype on Web. With this new integration, users can now easily chat with their friends, relatives, and office guys while editing an Office Online Word document/Office Online PowerPoint presentation right through Skype. Also, Users can create a group chat via. Skype contacts within these two Office Online apps. Earlier, Skype chats...
MS 25th anniversary gifted MS Primer Font
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on December 30, 2014
Microsoft Office celebrated its 25th anniversary with the release of a new font called "MS Primer Font" facilitates people to understand the meaning of each individual letter in picture form. In other word, MS Primer Font is a new idea whereas each individual letter is characterized by a clipart symbol. After release of Microsoft's new Primer Font, teaching English language has become very easier. With the help of this font, teacher...
Microsoft New RemoteIE For IE Testing
Posted by
on December 25, 2014
Internet Explorer is the world's most standard web browser. Most of the organizations and Businesses trust on IE to perform their daily operations. Most of the developers give their big contribution on building a new website/web application and definitely want to run that website/web application on all OS and browsers. Microsoft has come up with new RemoteIE available via Azure RemoteApp that supports Windows, Mac OS X, iOS or Android...
Shortcut to Change DNS Server in Windows
Posted by
on December 25, 2014
Do you know, how the web browser retrieves the correct web page when you type the URL (example: www.gmail.com) in the address bar? Each URL has its own IP (Internet Protocol – a series of numbers) address identifies the path of the URL or device on the Internet network, for example; "188.8.131.52". An IP address helps system in communicating with correct device over internet to send and receive the data. Browser automatically...
Access the Command Prompt in Windows 8
Posted by
on November 6, 2014
The Command Prompt is also named as the command-line interface program, used to run OS related commands. We don't use the Command Prompt to run all type of Windows command, comes in use to troubleshoot Windows issues and to automate some kind of program. Windows 8 also uses the Command Prompt in resolving different kinds of issue by passing command (ping, netstat, tracert, dir, attrib, etc…) on the Command Prompt. Before...
Windows 8, Task Manager's running process
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on September 23, 2014
If, you are finding a tool should be best to hold the overall PC's performance. The Windows Task Manager is a great one. Task Manager is a task management and monitoring tool, shows the current status of programs, processes, and services run on Windows operating system. It comes in use to monitor the performance of the applications/services run on the system and to stop the applications/services that troubles the system performance. Over...
Ways to completely disable Windows 8.1 Help Tips
Posted by
on August 29, 2014
Earlier, beginner of Windows 8 and Window RT were unknown from the hot corners features. Whenever they move their cursor on the corner of the screen and got any pop-up, they thought that is a new feature discovery. Due to this consideration, Microsoft in Windows 8.1 introduced a new feature "Help Tips". Now, moving cursor on the corner of the screen brings up the Help Tips. Using "Help Tips", user can move to different points...
Restore deleted file and folder shortcuts in Windows
Posted by
on August 21, 2014
In Windows, Library folder is a great place to group several files (external and internal both) in one place. Libraries all files are categorized into Documents, Music, Picture and Videos. Library collects files that are kept in several locations. It does not store the items of the system, only monitor whose folders contain your items, and allow you to access and organize the items in different ways. For example; you can see all video and music files...
Microsoft, Device Health for Windows 8.1
Posted by
on May 17, 2014
Microsoft updated "Device Health" for Windows 8.1, aims to develop online security of Banking and Financial account section for users' better operation. This update will observer and check the PC security status before user getting into the sensitive banking and financial transactions online. Device Health service is a Window based service, provides devices' health information. After installation of this software, you will be encouraged...
Microsoft, an Easy Translator Bookmarklet
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on May 16, 2014
Sometime, user requires data from the website that are not very much understandable or not in your native language, makes difficult for user to get the essential data from that website. In this situation, online translator websites like; Google translate and Babel fish help us to understand those websites by coping the website URL the one you want to translate and paste it into the online translator websites then click on buttons, links, etc. It...
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: Nov 2, 2011 1:56 PM by
Dynamic Port Allocation Using OPMN
Nov 2, 2011 1:56 PM
I wanna use jrockit mission control to monitor a java application which is running in 8 oc4j instances controlled by opmn. I included the -Xmanagement:ssl=false,authenticate=false,autodiscovery=true,port=7091 in the oc4j startup command line in opmn.xml but i need that opmn dynamically change the port part of the command using a range of predefined ports, just like opmn does for oc4j rmi, jms, ajp ports. Is that possible? Can I define a custom port range in opmn.xml and user the port id as a variable in oc4j's startup command line? Any help is more than appreciated
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OSI-Approved Open Source (1,148)
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Site Management Software
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phpMaint is a PHP implementation of a set of MySQL non-relational database table maintenance scripts. It provides the ability to add, update, delete, and search entries. It works with every MySQL data type, and produces formatted, XHTML compliant code.1 weekly downloads
phpTranslator is a php application that makes easier documents translation. The guest writes the translation of a paragraph and the administrator validates it.1 weekly downloads
phpWebcraft is a PHP Framework for Portals/Site/Web Application fast development based on Templates, Modular and Multi-lingual. Only trying to know. Come and join us! :)1 weekly downloads
phpfastnews a forum,news,article,review
phpfastnews is a phpnuke phpslash phorum like application that is 100% compatible with phpshopcore (http://www.phpshop.org). Users can add secure ecommerce to this news article forum product review application VERY easily (see www.phpshop.org).1 weekly downloads
2tools is a set of online CMS maintenance tools: just one click to migrate to/from different CMS; safe configuration settings to upgrade your CMS; easy Data movement to/from DBMS, databases or tables; SQL, XML, XSLT, PHP technologies. All tools are main1 weekly downloads
A verry simple PHP hack that shows the content of a directory. It also comes with an optional admin page. There are virualy no installation needed to make it work. Some configuring of .htaccess and http.conf files to make it reasonably secure. Have fun!1 weekly downloads
@1 Helpdesk XP - Perl
A web-based helpdesk ticketing system. It adopts a more effective ticket sorting/ranking method instead of the cumbersome "assign/completed". More: http://www.upoint.info/cgi1 weekly downloads
@1 Link Submission & Approval System
Allow visitors to submit their links to your website. Links submitted by visitors are only added to the database once the administrator has approved them. More ..... www.upoint.info/cgi1 weekly downloads
@1 Quote Publisher
Display categorized random quote of the day or message of the day via SSI. More ..... http://upoint.info/cgi1 weekly downloads
ACE CMS - Active Content Editor
ACE CMS is a PHP-based CMS slightly similar to Drupal. It uses a MySQL database as its backend database for articles, page, users, etc.1 weekly downloads
ACMS GWPE CMS Content Web Page Engine
ACMS is PROFESIONAL, FULL WORKING, CONTENT MENAGER SYSTEM... Acms CMS is a modern building on the old version GWPE. Acms has a LiveUpdate - updates online. Web Page Engine is a Dynamic Content Web Page Engine like phpWebSite Content Management System1 weekly downloads
Addanc is a distributed/scalable system for stress/load testing web based applications. Addanc tests focus on the arrival rate of service requests rather than a fixed number of simulated clients.1 weekly downloads
This is an addon of Alfresco in order to use it with Opencms. It will replicate the content of one Alfresco folder into one Opencms folder.1 weekly downloads
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Anokha is a MVC web framework based on Java/J2EE technology that simplify the enterprise application development by providing a set of presentation and business tier components being J2EE-API independent and high extensible. Easy to use and learn.1 weekly downloads
Apache Commander
Apache Commander is a small Php application for managing Virtual Hosts. It stores Virtual Host information in XML format and allow users to download XML file for managing. When its run for first time it parses httpd.conf file for existing Virtual Hosts a1 weekly downloads
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This perl script (apache_log_sql.pl) is for moving Apache common log format log files into Oracle databases.1 weekly downloads
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The Apache Toolkit ( atool ) is a web site management system from where webmasters can define templates, authentication options and do banner management. It's for people with not much time to code all this stuff from the ground up.1 weekly downloads
Apache VirtualHost Transfer Counter
Apache VirtualHost Transfer Counter is a set of files which allow you to quick and easy monitor utilization of http bandwitch on your server. It can give you also few statistics about VirtualHosts.1 weekly downloads
Apache XSLT web publishing module
Apache module creates a web publishing environment by linking apache with Xalan XSLT engine. Makes a rule based transformation of xml and xsl files into html and caches the html page. Works with tomcat to support dynamically generated pages1 weekly downloads
Apache/ JSP authentification module
Apache 1 and 2 module for authentication using Realms (cookie based) - domain, IP address/ range uid/password and certificate login support Java classes to login user and manage user database using a mySQL table1 weekly downloads
Wyrds are (X)HTML-like tags representing very flexible perl objects which can greatly simplify and speed up the development of dynamic content using Apache and mod_perl. The Apache::Wyrd modules provide the core development environment.1 weekly downloads
Appropriate Website Factory
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Book your room at Extended Stay America - Las Vegas - Valley View
1 Bedroom Suite 1 King non smokingMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children, 3 infants)
1 Bedroom Suite 2 Doubles smokingMax Occupancy: 6 guests (up to 5 children, 5 infants)
1 Bedroom Suite 2 Doubles smokingMax Occupancy: 6 guests (up to 5 children, 5 infants)
Get an overview of this hotelLas Vegas hotel in Bracken with free breakfast and outdoor pool
Located in Bracken, this hotel is 1.4 mi (2.2 km) from The Linq and 2.1 mi (3.4 km) from Fashion Show Mall. The Auto Collections and Orleans Arena are also within 2 mi (3 km).
Hotel Features
This hotel features an outdoor pool, a fitness center, and a spa tub. Free continental breakfast, free WiFi in public areas, and free self parking are also provided. Other amenities include laundry facilities, a 24-hour front desk, and a front-desk safe.
Room Amenities
All 176 rooms have flat-screen TVs with cable channels and feature kitchens with refrigerators, stovetops, and microwaves. Free WiFi, coffee makers, and free local calls are among the other amenities available to guests. Weekly housekeeping is available.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
In addition to an outdoor pool, Extended Stay America - Las Vegas - Valley View provides a spa tub and a fitness center. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. Guests can enjoy a complimentary breakfast. This Las Vegas hotel also offers laundry facilities, a safe deposit box at the front desk, and an elevator (lift). Onsite self parking is complimentary.
- Free breakfast
- Free self parking
- Free WiFi
- Outdoor pool
- Fitness facilities
- Spa tub
- Laundry facilities
- 24-hour front desk
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Elevator/lift
- Number of floors - 3
- Total number of rooms - 176
- Year Built 1995
Family Friendly Amenities
- Kitchen
- Free Wi-Fi
- Outdoor pool
- Full-sized refrigerator/freezer
- Microwave
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Laundry facilities
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Kitchen
- Free WiFi
- Flat-panel TV
- Cable TV service
- Premium TV channels
- Full-sized refrigerator/freezer
- Microwave
- Stovetop
- Shower/tub combination
- Coffee/tea maker
- Cookware, dishware, and utensils
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Weekly housekeeping provided
- Free local calls
- Hair dryer (on request)
- Phone
- Iron/ironing board
- Desk
- Air conditioning
- Climate control
- Private bathroom
Where to Eat
Guests are offered a complimentary continental breakfast.
Nearby Things to Do
An outdoor pool and a spa tub are on site. Other recreational amenities include a fitness center.
Children under 18 years old are not allowed in the swimming pool, fitness facility, or spa tub without adult supervision.
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Kids stay free! Children under 17 years old stay free when using existing bedding.
- Rollaway/extra beds are available.
Pets allowed, Only dogs and cats are allowed, Maximum number of pets per room 2
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
A valid credit card is required at check-in for incidentals/damages otherwise a US$100 cash deposit per stay, per room will be collected. The deposit is refunded at check-out after satisfactory inspection. If refund is over US$100 a check will be mailed within 14 days of departure.
- Pet fee: USD 25 per accommodation, per day (maximum USD 150 per stay)
- Cash deposit: USD 100 per stay
We should mention
Children 17 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. Guests can arrange to bring pets by contacting the property directly, using the contact information on the booking confirmation (surcharges apply and can be found in the Fees section).


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iam 34years my first child i got after taking a fertility drug but i dont remember the name though it worked i took it for only three days after my periods can you help me remember what drug it coulb be that was back in 1998,currently am using clomiphene citrate.
Can clomiphene work to a 34 year old woman?
- Posted:
- 2 Feb 2010 by model
- Topics:
- clomiphene
Answers (1)
Further Information
- Clomiphene Information for Consumers
- Clomiphene Information for Healthcare Professionals (includes dosage details)
- Side Effects of Clomiphene (detailed)
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How do I know if I am pregnant?? I have been taking clomiphene citrate for 2 months now?
I had my last two periods right on time but I am 5 days late this month. Could I be pregnant even though I took a test and it said negitive??? /
1 answer • 30 Dec 2009
After take clomiphene citrate 50 mg what day you ovulate?
1 answer • 20 Jan 2010
Clomiphene - Can you have relation while taking this med are do we need to wait?
1 answer • 28 Sep 2011
Iam 37 yrs. not able to conceive past 12 yrs. I get very scanty flow during my menstrual cycle. Will
... Clomiphene drug help me to conceive? Pls suggest some solution
1 answer • 19 Apr 2014


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OUR VIEW: Needs some revamping
When the Bowl Championship Series for college football came into play in 1998, one of its purposes was to create a buzz around the game.
Consider the mission a success — but too often for the wrong reasons.
Take this year for example.
There is no question Auburn and Oregon have earned the right to play for the national championship next week. Both have gone undefeated and found ways to win games.
And then you have the bowl games that make up the BCS: Fiesta, Orange, Rose and Sugar.
Are we really seeing the best teams in college football in these trumpeted marquee matchups?
An obvious flaw in the system is that a handful of conference champions are handed a BCS game berth.
For example, the Fiesta Bowl Saturday night featured a deserving Oklahoma team and a mediocre Connecticut team. The outcome was a four-touchdown win by the Sooners. That's not good for business.
For UConn, the loss was its fifth in 13 games. It also marked the first time all season that UConn had faced a ranked opponent so they were mediocre against a mediocre schedule.
How can you boast that this system works when you have a team entering a bowl game with four losses, unranked and facing a ranked team for the first time all season?
Meanwhile, deserving teams like Boise State and Alabama are left out of the BCS because computer rankings didn't have BSU rated high enough and the Crimson Tide was snubbed because the BCS will take no more than two teams from the same conference.
UConn gained its BCS game bid by winning the Big East, which rarely has schools among college football's elite.
We shouldn't blame UConn. It is not their fault the BCS is screwed up and that year after year more deserving teams are on the outside looking in because certain conferences, despite how weak they may be, get big game opportunities.
If the BCS is going to base everything on computer rankings and polls, the top 10 teams from the final rankings should be used, regardless of which conference they come from.
That way schools like UConn won't be frowned upon like this year. Did the school deserve to play in a bowl? Certainly.
But if an 8-4 team crashes the BCS party, something must be wrong with who gets an invitation.
This editorial represents a consensus of The News-Enterprise editorial board.
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I see Stubbs nice BA and good stolen base numbers and it appears he has made some progress. What concerns me (and if someone has already mentioned this -sorry for the redundance) is his BA when he puts the ball in play (.500). That kind of BA cannot be substained. Point being, it's way to early to call his improvement a bonadide success.
Be interesting to see what his stats would be if his babip was normailized ( around .330, correct). Has he turned himself into a different kind of hitter? I'm thinking of a slap and dash approach. Those guys seem to have higher babip's.
Otoh, it's still a good start and his sb rates are good to look at.


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Jesus Christ Superstar Italia 2015 VIP Experience
|Presenting the Ted Neeley Italia VIP Experience! At selected dates on the current Italia Jesus Christ Superstar, Ted Neeley will host 10 VIP Guests before each show for a special Meet & Greet and photo opportunity. In addition, each guest will receive their choice of a Superstar Tour shirt, a Special Shopping Bag, a Commemorative Pass and a special Ted 8x10 photo!! We hope to see you there!
|Siamo lieti di annunciare l'apertura delle vendite per "Ted Neeley Italia VIP Experience"! In giorni prestabiliti della tournée italiana di Jesus Christ Superstar 2015, Ted Neeley riceverà 10 ospiti VIP prima dello spettacolo, per incontri e foto. In più, ogni ospite riceverà una scelta tra una maglietta del "Superstar tour", una speciale Borsa da Shopping, un Pass commemorativo o una foto 8x10 di Ted!! Ci auguriamo di vedervi presto!
"O Holy Night" Music Video
Buy the "O Holy Night" single on iTunes USA now.
|Click here to check out photos from our 2014 JCS Reunion with Sir Tim Rice!
Ted Neeley Autographed Music Collection
Did you know the Ted Neeley Music Collection is available now on CD and AUTOGRAPHED By Ted himself?
Check out our Web Music store today!
2015 Jesus Christ Superstar Jewelry Collection
The iconic "Angels" now come in a silver-plated set or brass/golden style earrings. Put together by Kurt Yaghjian (Annas), these items come in a beautiful gift box.
Rock Opera Now Available Internationally
Purchase Rock Opera on iTunes in the following countries:
Bonus! The iTunes digital version of "Rock Opera" has a BONUS TRACK of "Gethsemane Live" that the CD does not!
"Rock Opera"
On this EP, Ted showcases the vocal range which made him an icon of stage and screen. "Rock Opera" highlights selected tracks from some of the Original Rock Operas Neeley has starred in (Superstar and Tommy) as well as collaborations with and Superstar co-star, Yvonne Elliman. The iTunes digital version of "Rock Opera" also includes an exclusive track, the Live Version of "Gethsemane" from Jesus Christ Superstar.


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"I struck up a conversation recently with a tall, young man wearing a Central Washington University sweatshirt, called Central Washington State College when I graduated there in 1966. I called out, "Go Wildcats!" to him to break the ice and find out if we were both Central alums.
And an amazing story unfolded. A story about an immigrant's son, and how our schools and communities are doing to prepare and help our sons and daughters to become full-blown, successful Americans.
Daniel Lee Zavala graduated from CWU in the winter of 2012 with a BS in clinical physiology, and two minors. His minor in Spanish was earned during a three-month independent study in Guadalajara. His minor in athletic training began with CWU classes, and ended with a 400-hour internship shadowing Chelan High School football coach Darren Talley from June to November last year."
Read more of this story in the Wenatchee World.
Nearly 500 active duty, reserve, or retired member of the United States military, or someone from thCatching Up With National Teacher Of The Year Jeff Charbonneau
It's been more than two years since Zillah High School science teacher (and CWU alumnus) Jeff CharCWU Facilitates Business Tour For Australian Agriculture Executives
Several members of the Hills Orchard Improvement Group, which promotes the work of more than 130 fru


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Applications are invited by for admission in to Bachelor of Education (B.Ed) program under self financing scheme offered at the Calicut University Teacher Education Centres, at University of Calicut, Mallapuram, for the commencing session 2013. Eligibility: Candidates holding B.A/B.Sc/M.Com degree of the university of Calicut or a degree recognized as equivalent thereto under 10+2+3 pattern … Read more
Search Results for : university of calicut degree allotment 2013
Applications are invited from the eligible candidates for admission into MBA Program at various centers starting from the Academic Year 2013 at Department of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Calicut: Eligibility: The candidates must have a valid CMAT score card from the AICTE A Bachelor degree (10+2+3 Pattern) in any subject of University of … Read more
University of Calicut invites applications for the Master of Hospital Administration (MHA) course at School of Management Studies, Dr. John Matthai Centre, Aranattukara, Thrissur for the year 2013-14: Eligibility: Pass in any Bachelor Degree of the University of Calicut or institution recognized by the University of Calicut, UGC or AICTE as equivalent to the Bachelor's Degree. … Read more
Applications are invited for admission into its M.Sc. in Radiation Physics course starting from the academic year 2013 at Department of Physics, University of Calicut, Kerala: Eligibility: A pass in B.Sc. Physics main with Mathematics as one of the subjects of University of Calicut or equivalent with 60% marks or equivalent grade in aggregate of the … Read more
Applications are invited for admission into M.Tech courses in Embedded Systems (ES) and Electronics Design Technology (EDT) for the academic year 2013 – 2014 at National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology, Calicut: Eligibility: Embedded Systems (ES) a. The candidate should have a BE / B.Tech in Electronics and Communication / Electrical and Electronics / … Read more
TS EAMCET 2015 – Seat Allotment (https://tseamcet.nic.in) Engineering and Medicine Common Entrance Test 2015 – Telangana Seat Allotment order Phase I – Seat Allotment has been released by Telangana State Council Of Higher Education & JNTU Hyderabad for the academic year 2015-16. Students can download their Seat Allotment order and complete college details from official … Read more
Application forms are invited from all the eligible candidates for admission into Ph.D. Programs in various departments for the Academic Session July 2013 at National Institute of Technology, Calicut: Ph.D. Programs in various Departments: • Architecture • Biotechnology • Chemical Engineering • Chemistry • Civil Engineering • Computer Science and Engineering • Electrical Engineering … Read more
National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology(NIEIT)Applications are invited for admission to the course of studies in Calicut. Details ……. M.tech Programmes. Sections: Embedded Systems, Electronics Design Technology. Seats: Each division 18 Qualification: Electronics / Electronics & Communication / Electronics & Instrumentation / Electrical & Electronics / Electronics and Biomedical / Instrumentation and Control Engineering … Read more
TS POLYCET 2015 – Seat Allotment (https://polycetts.nic.in) State Board of Technical Education & Training – Telangana Diploma Education Allotment 2015 I Phase – Seat Allotment for POLYCET 2015 has been published by Telangana State Diploma Education for the academic year 2015-16. All the students who have attended web counseling and successfully submitted/exercised web options to … Read more
AP EAMCET 2015 – Seat Allotment (https://apeamcet.nic.in) Seat Allotment Details 2015 – Andhra Pradesh EAMCET Entrance Exam 2015 AP – EAMCET 2015 Seat Allotment for the current academic has been released by APSCHE on June 26th, 2015. The complete information seat allotment details college wise and number of students placed in that particular can be … Read more