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Exposure to mercury, a toxic metal, occurs primarily from inhaling mercury vapors or consuming methylmercury-contaminated fish. One third of all anthropogenic mercury emissions worldwide are from artisanal gold mining, which uses mercury to extract gold. Although recent reports suggest that the Madre de Dios region in Peru (with >30,000 artisanal miners) has extensive mercury contamination, residents had never been assessed for mercury exposure. Thus, our objective was to quantify mercury exposure among residents of an artisanal mining town in Madre de Dios and to assess risk factors for exposure.
We conducted a cross-sectional assessment of 103 residents of an artisanal gold mining town in July 2010. Each participant provided a urine and blood sample and completed a questionnaire assessing potential exposures and health outcomes. We calculated geometric mean (GM) urine total mercury and blood methylmercury concentrations and compared log-transformed concentrations between subgroups using linear regression.
One third (34.0 %) of participants were gold miners. All participants had detectable urine total mercury (GM, 5.5 μg/g creatinine; range, 0.7–151 μg/g creatinine) and 91 % had detectable blood methylmercury (GM, 2.7 μg/L; range, 0.6–10 μg/L); 13 participants (13 %) reported having kidney dysfunction or a neurological disorder. Urine total mercury concentrations were higher among people who heated gold–mercury amalgams compared with people who never heated amalgams (p<0.05); methylmercury concentrations were higher among fish consumers compared with nonfish consumers (p<0.05).
Our findings suggest that mercury exposure may be widespread in Huaypetue.
Mercury is a toxic metal that can cause a variety of adverse health effects depending on the form of mercury (elemental, inorganic, or organic) and the pathway, quantity, and duration of exposure. Chronic exposure to small amounts of elemental or inorganic mercury occurs primarily through inhalation of mercury vapors and can cause tremors, kidney dysfunction, and various neurocognitive and behavioral disturbances [1]. Acute exposure to elemental or inorganic mercury can occur in specific occupational settings or during acute poisoning events and can result in severe lung injury or death. Chronic exposure to methylmercury, a common type of organic mercury, occurs primarily through eating contaminated fish. It can damage the central nervous system, causing impaired vision and hearing [1]. Methylmercury exposure is of particular concern to the developing fetus who is more susceptible to adverse neurological effects [2].
It is estimated that one tenth of all anthropogenic mercury emissions world-wide are from artisanal gold mining [3]. World-wide, an estimated 10–20 million people mine gold in "artisanal" conditions and an estimated 80–100 million individuals are economically dependent on this way of life [4]. Although artisanal mining operations vary in size, production, and legality, all rely on elemental mercury to extract gold from ore deposits [4, 5]. To mine gold, large amounts of elemental mercury are mixed with gold ore to form a gold–mercury alloy, called an amalgam. These amalgams contain a mix of mercury and gold; to remove the mercury, they are typically heated in an amalgam furnace. The mercury vaporizes, while the gold stays behind. During this process, mercury is often discarded into the environment. When it enters the water, it can transform into organic mercury compounds, such as methylmercury, and bioaccumulate in fish. This process presents three major potential routes of mercury exposure: (1) miners can have dermal exposure when they mix elemental mercury with gold ore; (2) elemental and inorganic mercury vapors can be inhaled when amalgams are heated; and (3) methylmercury can be consumed from contaminated fish.
Residents of artisanal gold mining communities are at risk for mercury exposure [5]. Previous research found elevated mercury exposure among residents of artisanal mining communities throughout Asia [6, 7], Africa [8, 9], and South America [10–17]. The Peruvian Amazon is a growing hotbed for artisanal mining, and there is growing concern over the extensive environmental mercury contamination that is occurring here [18–20]. One region in particular—Madre de Dios—is estimated to house approximately 30,000 artisanal miners [18]. However, many studies from this region have important laboratory limitations, with many not calculating creatinine-corrected urine mercury concentrations, and most not assessing blood methylmercury. Mercury levels measured in urine best represents exposure to elemental mercury, while mercury levels measured in blood best represents exposure to methylmercury; thus, without both, it is difficult to create a complete picture of mercury exposure.
Thus, our objective was to assess human mercury exposure in Madre de Dios. Specifically, our aims were as follows: (1) to quantify mercury exposure in urine and blood samples among residents of an artisanal mining community in Madre de Dios, (2) to assess risk factors for exposure, and 3) to investigate the relationship between mercury exposure and potential health outcomes.
This investigation represented a joint collaboration between the Peru Centro Nacional de Salud Ocupacional y Proteccion del Ambiente para la Salud (CENSOPAS) and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Huaypetue, a gold mining town of approximately 7,000 persons, is one of the largest gold mining towns in Madre de Dios and thus was the site chosen for this investigation [21].
We conducted a cross-sectional study in Huaypetue in July 2010. Due to the lack of roads, electricity, and security, it was logistically difficult to apply a random selection strategy in Huaypetue. Thus, we nested the mercury assessment in a 3-day health campaign. This health campaign was implemented by the local health directorate and provided free health assessments to all residents. Altogether, 292 residents took part in the health campaign. We invited a convenience sample of 103 of these 292 health campaign attendants (35.3 %) to participate in the mercury assessment. Inclusion criteria for the mercury assessment were age ≥3 years and residency in Huaypetue ≥6 months. Based on findings from a previous mercury assessment in southern Peru [12], it was determined that this sample size would provide 80 % power to compare differences between exposure groups.
Participating individuals gave informed consent, provided one spot urine sample and one blood sample, and completed a self-administered questionnaire that collected demographical, dietary, occupational, and health outcome information. The questionnaire contained a standard health assessment form, as well as questions developed specifically for this investigation to assess behaviors and risk factors associated with gold mining and mercury exposure. Most of the questions had categorical responses, as either yes/no, or frequency of a behavior/symptom (daily, weekly, monthly, never). This remained true of the health outcome questions, where participants were asked to respond yes/no to questions such as "Were you ever diagnosed with a kidney problem?" Approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board at the US CDC and the Peru Ministry of Health.
Spot urine samples (i.e., urine samples collected at random times during the day) and blood samples were collected and aliquoted using equipment certified for trace metal collection. All biological specimens were analyzed at the US CDC's National Center for Environmental Health's Division of Laboratory Sciences in Atlanta, Georgia. Total urine mercury was analyzed using inductively coupled dynamic reaction cell plasma mass spectrometry, which had a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.08 μg/L [22]. Because spot urine samples can vary widely in dilution between persons, all urine samples were adjusted for creatinine concentration to facilitate direct comparisons. Total urine mercury concentration is the best proxy for exposure to elemental mercury, which is oxidized in the body to inorganic mercury and excreted primarily in urine. Whole blood specimens were analyzed for mercury species (inorganic, methyl, and ethyl mercury) using high-performance liquid chromatography. We report blood methylmercury concentration in this paper (LOD=0.48 μg/L), which is the best proxy for exposure to methylmercury in contaminated fish.
We used SAS version 9.2 for data analysis. So that they could be included in statistical analyses, mercury concentrations below the LOD were assigned a value equal to the LOD divided by the square root of 2. We log transformed all urine and blood mercury concentrations; upon visual inspection, the data appeared normally distributed after log transformation. We analyzed urine total mercury and blood methylmercury concentrations descriptively and calculated geometric means (GM) by taking the antilog of the mean of the log-transformed concentrations. We compared GM concentrations between subgroups using t tests for two-level covariates (e.g., sex) and ANOVA for multilevel covariates (e.g., education) and considered p values less than 0.05 to be statistically significant.
We fit separate multivariate linear regression models for each of the two outcomes: (1) log-transformed urine total mercury concentration and (2) log-transformed blood methylmercury concentration. We performed step-wise regression and only included covariates with p<0.10 in the final models. We present the exponentiated model coefficients, which can be interpreted as the proportional change in the arithmetic mean associated with each level of the predictor, relative to the referent level, after adjusting for the other predictors in the model. Overall statistical significance of the regression models was assessed via the F test.
We had a 100 % participation rate among the persons invited to participate in the mercury assessment; 103 people (100 %) completed the questionnaire and provided a blood sample, and 102 (99.0 %) provided a urine sample. Participants ranged in age from 3 to 70 years (mean=33.9; standard deviation (SD)=15.8), and slightly over half were male (53.4 %). Number of years spent living in Huaypetue ranged from 1 to 54 (mean=13.6; SD=11.7). Half of all participants obtained their drinking water from the public system (50.5 %); other common locations were wells (29.1 %) and springs (9.7 %). Of those ≥18 years of age, 36 (41.4 %) had a secondary education and 13 (14.9 %) had attended a university.
One third (n=35, 34.0 %) of participants reported engaging in gold mining activities that placed them in direct contact with mercury at least once a month. This one third was composed of 5 participants (4.9 %) who mixed mercury with gold ore, 5 participants (4.9 %) who heated gold–mercury amalgams, and 25 participants (24.3 %) who performed both activities. These 35 individuals ranged in age from 16 to 70 years (mean=42.0; SD=13.8) and were 68 % male. On average, they had mined gold for 10 years (range=1–40; SD=9.6).
All participants providing a urine sample (n=102) had detectable mercury in their urine, ranging from 0.7 to 151 μg/g creatinine (GM=5.5 μg/g creatinine; SD=3.4 μg/g creatinine) (Table 1). Urine total mercury concentrations were not statistically different by gender, age, highest education attained, length of time spent residing in Huaypetue, and fish consumption (Table 1). There was also no statistical difference between those who mixed mercury with gold and those who did not mix mercury with gold. However, participants who reported heating gold–mercury amalgams had higher urine total mercury concentrations (GM=8.81 μg/g creatinine) compared with those who did not report heating gold–mercury amalgams (GM=4.49 μg/g creatinine; p<0.05). This association had a positive linear trend: those who heated amalgams daily had the highest levels (GM=12.6 μg/g creatinine), followed by those who heated amalgams monthly or weekly (GM=8.05 μg/g creatinine), followed by those never heating amalgams (p<0.05). There were no associations with the number of years spent mining gold.
Most participants (n=94, 91.3 %) had detectable blood methylmercury concentrations, ranging from 0.6 to 10.0 μg/L (GM=2.7 μg/L; SD=2.0 μg/L) (Table 2). The nine persons with levels of <LOD (0.48 μg/L) were assigned a level of 0.34 μg/L for remaining analyses. Methylmercury concentration did not statistically differ by mining exposures such as mixing mercury with gold or heating gold–mercury amalgams. Methylmercury concentrations were similar among males (GM=2.60 μg/L) and females (GM=1.91 μg/L; p=0.09) and among those whose drinking water was from a nonpublic system (GM=2.76 μg/L) compared with the public system (GM=1.95 μg/L) (p=0.05). Methylmercury was higher among fish consumers (GM=2.58 μg/L) compared with nonfish consumers (GM=1.61 μg/L; p<0.05).
Two separate multivariate linear regression models were fit—one for total urine mercury and one for blood methylmercury (Table 3). For total urine mercury, elevated concentrations were associated with heating amalgams (p<0.05, F=5.07; p<0.01, adjusted R2=0.08). For blood methylmercury, elevated concentrations were associated with a university level education (p<0.01), obtaining drinking water from a nonpublic system (p<0.05), and consuming fish (p<0.05); those who mixed mercury with gold had decreased methylmercury exposure (p<0.05, F=4.97; p<0.001, adjusted R2=0.20).
Participants were provided with a list of symptoms commonly associated with mercury exposure and asked to report which, if any, they experienced at least once a month. Over half of participants reported experiencing headache (55.4 %), mood swings (52.5 %), and muscle weakness (51.5 %) (Fig. 1). Those who heated gold–mercury amalgams were more likely to report experiencing memory loss (66.7 vs. 42.2 %, respectively; p<0.05) compared with those who did not heat amalgams.
A few participants reported being previously diagnosed with a medical condition by a health professional (e.g., nurse, doctor, or community health worker). Frequently reported conditions were digestive system disorders (n=20, 19.4 %), kidney dysfunction (n=9, 8.7 %), and nervous system disorders (n=4, 3.9 %). Participants reporting kidney dysfunction had higher urine total mercury concentrations (GM=12.0 μg/g creatinine) than those not reporting kidney dysfunction (GM=5.1 μg/g creatinine; p<0.05).
Our findings suggest that mercury exposure may be widespread in Huaypetue. All residents, including nonminers and children, had mercury detected in their urine sample, suggesting recent exposure. Thus, our findings support the need for preventive interventions to reduce mercury exposure in Huaypetue and other artisanal gold mining towns and for continued assessments to measure baseline exposures and evaluate the adoptability and effectiveness of future interventions.
This is one of the first investigations to measure mercury concentrations in an artisanal gold mining community using both urine and blood as biomarkers. Total urine mercury and blood methylmercury represent exposure to different forms of mercury. Total urine mercury concentration primarily represents exposure to the elemental and inorganic forms of mercury that are used to extract gold during the mining process. Conversely, blood methylmercury concentration primarily represents exposure to methylated mercury, which occurs almost exclusively in water—following runoff from mining operations—and thus is most commonly found in contaminated fish [1]. By analyzing mercury levels in both urine and blood, we were able to conduct a more thorough assessment and evaluate various contributing risk factors for exposure.
Similarly to previous studies [6, 8, 12, 17], we found that participants who heated gold–mercury amalgams had elevated urine mercury concentrations compared with those who did not heat amalgams. This corresponds to what is known about mercury uptake in humans; very little elemental mercury is absorbed following dermal contact or ingestion while approximately 80 % of elemental mercury vapors that are inhaled are absorbed [23]. When amalgams are heated, anyone in the vicinity can be exposed to mercury vapors. In Amazonian gold mining communities, amalgam furnaces are often dispersed throughout the town and can be located adjacent to community shops and residences. Thus, anyone who happens to be nearby can be exposed to mercury vapors when amalgams are heated. Given their potential to disperse mercury vapors throughout a wide area [12, 17], it is likely that mercury inhalation via amalgam heating is the primary mercury exposure pathway in most Amazonian artisanal mining communities.
Surprisingly, we found that urine total mercury and blood methylmercury concentrations were elevated in participants who drank water from wells, springs, and other nonpublic systems. In water, elemental mercury is chemically transformed to inorganic and organic forms. Drinking water is not commonly cited as a source of mercury exposure, and <15 % of ingested inorganic mercury is absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract [1]. It is possible that certain unprotected water sources in this region could contain very high mercury levels, and thus could be a potential exposure pathway. However, it is also possible that this relationship could be a result of confounding by an unmeasured variable.
Our investigation, the first to describe mercury exposure in the Peruvian region of Madre de Dios, found a GM total urine mercury concentration of 5.5 μg/g creatinine. This is an order of magnitude higher than levels documented in the general US population (0.44 μg/g creatinine) [1], where artisanal mining using mercury is mainly absent. The median urine total mercury concentration measured among miners who reported heating amalgams in our study (8.65 μg/g creatinine) is in the range found among gold miners in other regions, including Tanzania (3.55 μg/g creatinine), the Philippines (1.3–7.5 μg/g creatinine), Indonesia (5.33–10.24 μg/g creatinine), and Zimbabwe (23.4) [6, 8, 11].
Eight study participants had urine total mercury concentrations that exceeded the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists' recommendation of 35 μg/g creatinine [24], which is a level at which remediation (e.g., removal from high-risk exposures, chemical chelation, etc.) could be considered. These participants were provided their results and offered the opportunity to participate in remediation. However, no participants opted to participate in remediation. Gold mining is the staple economy of the region and unfortunately the participants would have been returning to the polluted area postmining. For the remaining participants, urine total mercury levels were below the threshold likely to cause acute poisoning. Insufficient epidemiologic data exist to quantitatively assess the risk of chronic health effects at these lower levels. However, one previous study noted initial nervous system impairment at total urine mercury concentrations as low as 10 μg/g creatinine [25] while another found that persons with total urine mercury concentrations ranging from 30 to 100 μg/g creatinine had initial stages of tremor, psychological disorder, and impaired nervous conduction [26].
In general, methylmercury levels in most of our study participants were below the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) reference dose of 5.8 μg/L, which is a level assumed to be without adverse health effects [27]. However, 10.7 % of the total sample population had levels above 5.8 μg/L. The potential for harm at these levels is uncertain. Although they are not at risk of acute methylmercury poisoning, these individuals could possibly benefit from reducing their consumption of fish with high mercury levels if other protein sources are readily available. Specifically, the US EPA recommends a maximum daily methylmercury intake of 0.1 μg of mercury per kilogram of body weight [27]. This would be particularly important for women of child-bearing age (16–49 years), of whom 5.3 % had elevated blood methylmercury levels, because the developing fetus is more susceptible to potential neurological effects [2].
This study had a few limitations. For logistical and safety reasons, we took a convenience sample of people attending a free health campaign. Thus, our results may not be generalizable to all Huaypetue residents. Furthermore, Huaypetue may not be representative of all artisanal mining communities in Madre de Dios. Although blood and urine samples are the gold standard for measuring mercury exposure, they show only recent exposure to mercury during the preceding 1–3 months. The questionnaire was developed as part of a response, and due to the rapid timeframe between instrument development and study implementation, we were unable to assess the questionnaire for validity and reliability. Thus, relationships between risk factor information and mercury exposure should be interpreted cautiously, as some findings were likely biased towards the null. Participants self-reported symptoms, and health outcomes, as there was limited diagnostic capability in the town; thus, these data may not always be reliable. In addition, due to the cross-sectional study design, we were unable to determine the timing of symptoms and health outcomes in relation to exposure. Finally, this study did not measure pathways of exposure and did not capture the time of last occupational use of mercury prior to sample collection.
This investigation also had several strengths. We drew a demographically diverse sample from a remote location that is often inaccessible to researchers, and we had a 100 % participation rate. We collected urine and blood samples in a controlled area, away from the center of town where amalgam heating takes place, and thus there was limited potential for environmental contamination of urine samples. Finally, we collected information on a large number of risk factors.
This investigation supports the need for mitigation efforts to decrease mercury exposure in artisanal mining communities. These efforts might include warning community members about the risk of adverse health effects from mercury exposure and encouraging the adoption of mining practices that utilize less mercury. Specifically, creating centralized amalgamation centers located away from commercial and residential areas and facilitating the installation and use of amalgam furnace retorts to decrease emissions are recommended. Because artisanal mining communities lack an organized governmental structure, educating disparate groups of miners and implementing safer practices will require a unified, persistent effort. Increasing public awareness of this health threat is needed to encourage governments, public health agencies, nonprofit organizations, and individual miners to invest in this issue.
We thank the Peru National Center for Occupational Health and Environmental Protection, the Madre de Dios Health Department, and the Huaypetue Clinic for carrying out the Madre de Dios health campaign. Specifically, we thank John Astete for his hard work.
This study was supported by the US CDC National Center for Environmental Health.
The contents of this paper are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the official views of the CDC. The authors declare they have no competing financial interests.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Summer Arts Camp 2013
Champey Arts Association hosted its first Summer Arts Program in August and September. In addition to the children who are now becoming " regulars" at Champey, summer campers came from included more than 30 children from the Phnom Penh Municipal Orphanage and several from our AIDS Patient Family Support Program ( FSP) . Children enjoyed a half day session learning traditional Cambodian dances and music. Traditional Cambodian music is a key part of the dance and teaches children the history and stories behind the dance.
Local daily attendance has continued to increase at Champey, with some days seeing as many as 100 local children coming to participate during the course of a day. Our goal of building community and becoming a place for kids is gaining ground among local street vendors who found the summer program a great way to safely occupy children during the school break.
The camp session ended with a field trip for all of the campers to a local water park and a graduation performance and party to celebrate their accomplishments.
Your support of our efforts gives us the opportunity create a sense of pride of culture in these students by exposing them to Cambodia's rich cultural heritage.
Update on AIDS Patient Family Support Program: Continuing the transition to independent living…
Mark is in Cambodia where he is engaged in a detailed review of our programs. His particular area of focus is our AIDS Patient Family Support Program ( FSP) , which helps indigent families and mothers impacted by extreme poverty and HIV/AIDS.
Returning to the heart of our initial mission statement for the FSP in 2000, our focus over the past year has turned to identifying those members of the FSP who are poorest and sickest and who have no means of support.
Over the years during which the FSP has been active, we have grateful that due to the continuing advancement and accessibility of medical treatment to victims of HIV/AIDS, the families in our FSP have been able to stay together longer. Rather than losing mothers and family members to AIDS in a few months, medical treatment and medication has allowed many of our families to experience an unprecedented long period of relative stability and some, while not well, have been able to remain in our care for several years.
We have been able to achieve our basic mission of assisting fragile families ( primarily single parent) to stay together and live an extremely modest lifestyle. Additionally, our effort and focus on keeping dependent children in school has paid off. We not only can claim a significant number of high school graduates among the children who have been members of our FSP over the years, but also several college students and recently 2 college graduates.
Over the past year, we have actively worked to assess which families should be capable, in the short term, of a transition to independence or a transition toward receiving the support of their own extended families. We have identified a number of families who fit in these categories. Dependent children have now grown up and completed school, and in some instances, are able to earn enough to support the family. In recent years, the Cambodian economy has continued to recover from the devastation of a civil war now decades past. The economy has added factory and other jobs and shows some signs of continued prospects for growth. We feel that this improved economy should allow relatives to step forward now and assume responsibility or provide assistance to some members of our FSP. Now as we approach the end of 2013, we are actively working to put an action plan in place to move toward this goal.
In recent days, Cambodia has unexpectedly experienced significant civil unrest due to a contested national election. This may spill over into areas such as personal safety which could impact tourism and industry and impact donor sentiment. Stability has and will be a key factor aiding or impeding our efforts.
Mark will return to the US on October 3. After that time we should be able to provide additional updates.
Our sincere thanks to our donors for their generous support.
Barbara Rosasco
Our new high school graduates are now waiting for their results on the national high school graduation examination. We are hoping to have funding resources to sponsor a total of fifteen students for university studies in the coming year!
Of these fifteen students, six are already studying in Phnom Penh with our support.
Tuition Costs
The total cost for tuition for 15 students will be $7,160. The cost per student varies widely depending on the institution where each student will enroll and his/her major field of study.
Per student tuition costs range from $250 to $1,400 with most student tuition ranging between $250 and $450 except for the costs for three students who hope to study medicine or health care. For those three , the annual tuition alone will be $800 (nursing); $900 (pharmacy/nursing); $1,400 for a girl from the countryside who hopes to study medicine. ]
Housing,Transportation, Food and Fees
In addition to the $7,160 for the tuition, we estimate that the need of an additional $16,000 to cover books, fees, housing, transportation and food for our students.
Student situations and needs vary widely
Each student's situation and family background is unique. Beyond tuition, the package of support which we provide may range from modest assistance to full living costs. Some students have no source of support for their studies (i.e. they either have no families or their families are destitute and unable to provide any assistance at all toward their children's studies next year).
Our students
We known them personally for at least ten years. We are intimately familiar with each student's personality, academic achievements, family background and their families' financial situations. Two of those students were orphaned by AIDS and the other two lost their fathers to AIDS and their mothers now suffer from that disease.
Four students have now completed their first year of studies with support provided by us. Three students work part time at our arts school in Phnom Penh . We have come to know them very well over the past year. The fourth student, a girl who is studying nursing, does not work with our team in Phnom Penh because her campus is located outside of the city center so the cost in time and money for her to commute each day to the arts school would be prohibitive.
How do the numbers break down and what does they total?
Here is a summary of the candidates and their individual needs.
The annual tuition estimates for the fifteen students
$250: two students.
$300: one student.
$320: one student.
$360: three students.
$380: two students.
$400: one students.
$450: one student.
$480: one student.
$800: one student.
$900: one student.
$1,400: one student.
Total annual tuition of $7160 for fifteen students.
Books, supplies and fees
Books and fees: $150 per year X 15 students = $2,250.
Most of these kids come from families which have little or no cash incomes (such as peasant farmers). This means that any unanticipated expense, whether for a book a lab fee or need an extra tutoring session, is a potential crisis. We are budgeting an average of $150 per student for "books and fees" to cover these items.
Transportation costs
$300 per year ($25 per month) X 15 students = $4,500.
The transportation costs for each student vary widely depending upon how far he/she lives from campus. Some of them will be able to walk or ride a bicycle while others will need to spend $5 per day or more for transportation to and from their campuses.
Housing and food:
$600 per year ($50 per month) X 15 students = $9,000.
Students from Phnom Penh can live at home with the families, this expense will be zero. For the ones from the countryside, assuming they have no relatives in the city with whom they can live, this expense is likely to be around $100 per month for renting a very modest room and for food. I have therefore budgeted a middle figure of $50/month as an average between those who will need no support from us for food and housing and those who will rely on us entirely because their parents are destitute farmers in Prey Veng.
The total for all expenses for all 15 students: $22,910 per year.
All of these 15 students are waiting to hear if they might receive scholarship support from Kasumisou Foundation for the coming year. At the present time, our hope is to be able to provide a second year for the six students whom we are already support and possibly the two new graduates from our FSP (AIDS Patients Family Support Program) in Phnom Penh whom we have known more than ten years.
Together, with your help, these students have a chance to finish their education and enter a middle class. It is worth remembering how very few students even finish high school in Cambodia, let alone how few students of modest means manage to finish.
We have a unique opportunity to change lives. It is literally a " make or break" moment. Your support can make the dreams of these hardworking young people possible.
Thank you for your generous support.
Barbara & Mark Rosasco

subset: commoncrawl


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They feel bad, so they found you these other deals to make up for it.
Select Local Merchants
Best Value ParkingRead MoreNavigating the airport is rarely a fun experience, but it's much less stressful when you enlist the help of Best Value Parking. Located near the TF Green terminal, this full-service valet parking facility provides a safe place for your vehicle and eliminates the hassle of hauling luggage through a labyrinth of airport parking garages. After parking in a secure location, travelers can take a complimentary shuttle to the nearby airport and reach the gate with time to spare. By joining the frequent parker program, they can also earn points to spend on car washes, oil changes, free parking, and ejection-seat installation. Best Value Parking is also affiliated with Payless Parking and Select Parking.2059 Post Rd.Warwick, RI US
MylimostyleRead MoreMylimostyle?s fleet of luxury sedans and limos transports passengers throughout greater New England in cosmopolitan comfort. Professional drivers tap into natural reserves of refined directional and safety knowledge so passengers can relax and focus on gazing up at jealous sparrows. Rides to and from the port or airport dismiss travel worries ($75 for local destinations; $500 for an airport ride to JFK), and a night out on the town with friends or a date eliminates the embarrassment of being toted around in a bicycle sidecar ($55/hour, plus a 15% service charge and a 20% fuel surcharge). Weddings and special events can be effortlessly coordinated, and prom rides are made much simpler by not having to carve out a pumpkin carriage. All luxury autos are cleaned daily, and the well-dressed staff respects privacy and time.2015 Broad St.Cranston, Rhode Island US
Rhode Island Public Transit AuthorityRead MoreThe Rhode Island Public Transit Authority (RIPTA) is a quasi-public, independent authority. Established in 1966, RIPTA is authorized to operate public transit services throughout the State of Rhode Island.705 Elmwood AveProvidence, RI US
Peter Pan Bus LinesRead MoreBluefin Grille has received press in the Providence Phoenix and on Associated Content. Five Yelpers give it a three-star average, while three TripAdvisors give it three owl eyes:1 Peter Pan WayProvidence, RI US
Mansion RentalsRead MoreMansion Rentals sends riders cruising down the streets and sidewalks of historic Newport on pedaled and powered transport. Whether perched on bicycles—which can be rented for as long as a week—or mopeds, guests enjoy some traditional two-wheeled cruising as they follow the pavement's spoken directions to local beaches, art galleries, or ornate mansions. Couples can also take a spin in three-wheeled Scoot Coupes that come in bright hues of red, blue, yellow, or green. While one person handles the traditional moped steering bars, the other can supply the high-pitched "vroom vroom" sounds to keep dogs from giving chase.480 Thames StNewport, RI US
Jamestown & Newport FerryRead MoreEvery year come springtime, Jamestown Newport Ferry's vessels wake from their winter slumbers to tote passengers around lower Narragansett Bay and Newport Harbor. Since 1974?when boats finally replaced motorized sea turtles as the main form of water transportation??the service has made summer travels a cinch with one-way and round-trip ferry rides to the region's scenic shores. Passengers enjoy unlimited hop-on, hop-off capabilities that allow them to sightsee, join historical tours, visit museums, and savor new dining experiences. Jamestown Newport Ferry rents out its ships, Jamestown and Katherine, for special events, too, including birthdays, weddings, and company outings.1 E Ferry WharfJamestown, RI US


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A Short, Open Letter: 3 Things Republicans In Congress Who Are Thinking Of Caving On Taxes Need To Know
Based on the comments we're hearing publicly, there are obviously a number of Republicans in Congress who are preparing to go along with the Democrats on a tax hike for wealthy Americans. This is what they need to know.
IF you're going to give in on higher taxes…
1) We'd be better off if we didn't raise taxes at all. It's a doubly bad idea to raise taxes when the economy is sluggish. So, you know that you're planning to surrender on tax increases because you think it's good politics, not because you think it's good policy. Since that's the case, don't trash Grover Norquist and try to make him into the bad guy for fighting so hard to keep you from pursuing a policy that's bad for the country.
2) If you're going to give in, don't trade your cow for some magic beans. Giving in on tax increases is not a small thing and you should get something big in return, like entitlement reform or significant spending cuts NOW, not just meaningless baseless budget cuts that we all know will never happen.
3) If you get rolled yet again by giving the Democrats tax increases today in return for empty promises about what they're going to do tomorrow, then you deserve to be primaried and you deserve to lose.
Also see...
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Anton Chekhov Anton Chekhov Антон Павлович Чехов Anton Pavlovich Chekhov Born Died Occupation Nationality Influences January 29, 1860(1860-01-29) Taganrog, Russian Empire July 15, 1904 (aged 44) Badenweiler, German Empire Physician, short story writer, playwright Russian Nikolai Gogol, Henrik Ibsen, Leo Tolstoy, Honoré de Balzac Influenced Constantin Stanislavski, Maxim Gorky, Mikhail Bulgakov, John Cheever, James Joyce, Ernest Hemingway, Katherine Mansfield, Vladimir Nabokov, J. D. Salinger, Tennessee Williams, Virginia Woolf, Frank O'Connor, Bob Dylan, Alice Munro, Raymond Carver, David Means, Guram Dochanashvili in world literature.[1] His career as a dramatist produced four classics and his best short stories are held in high esteem by writers and critics.[2][3] Chekhov practised as a doctor throughout most of his literary career: "Medicine is my lawful wife," he once said, "and literature is my mistress."[4] Chekhov renounced the theatre after the disastrous reception of The Seagull in 1896; but the play was revived to acclaim in 1898 by Constantin Stanislavski's Moscow Art Theatre, which subsequently also produced Uncle Vanya and premiered Chekhov's last two plays, Three Sisters and The Cherry Orchard. These four works present a special challenge to the acting ensemble[5] as well as to audiences, because in place of conventional action Chekhov offers a "theatre of mood" and a "submerged life in the text."[6] Chekhov had at first written stories only for the money, but as his artistic ambition grew, he made formal innovations which have influenced the evolution of the modern short story.[7] His originality consists in an early use of the stream-of-consciousness technique, later adopted by James Joyce and other modernists, combined with a disavowal of the moral finality of traditional story structure.[8] He made no apologies for the difficulties this posed to readers, insisting that the role of an artist was to ask questions, not to answer them.[9] Life Early life Anton Chekhov was born on 29 January 1860, the third of six surviving children, in Taganrog, a port on the Sea of Azov in southern Russia where his father, Pavel Yegorovich Chekhov, the son of a former serf, ran a grocery store. A director of the parish choir, devout Orthodox Christian, and physically abusive father, Pavel Chekhov has been seen by some historians as the model for his son's many portraits of hypocrisy.[10] Chekhov's mother, Yevgeniya, was an excellent storyteller who entertained the children with tales of her travels with her cloth-merchant Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (January 29 [O.S. January 17] 1860 – July 15 [O.S. July 2] 1904) (Russian: Анто́н Па́влович Че́хов Antòn Pàvlovič Chéchov, Russian pronunciation: [ɐnˈton ˈpavləvʲɪtɕ ˈtɕɛxəf]) was a Russian short-story writer, playwright and physician, considered to be one of the greatest short-story writers 1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Anton Chekhov the word "suffering" to describe his childhood and recalled: " When my brothers and I used to " stand in the middle of the church and sing the trio "May my prayer be exalted," or "The Archangel's Voice," everyone looked at us with emotion and envied our parents, but we at that moment felt like little convicts.[17] The house in Taganrog, Russia, where Chekhov was born father all over Russia.[11][12] "Our talents we got from our father," Chekhov remembered, "but our soul from our mother."[13] In adulthood, Chekhov was to criticise his brother Alexander's treatment of his wife and children by reminding him of Pavel's tyranny: " Let me ask you to recall that it was despotism and lying that ruined your mother's youth. Despotism and lying so mutilated our childhood that it's sickening and frightening to think about it. Remember the horror and disgust we felt in those times when Father threw a tantrum at dinner over too much salt in the soup and called Mother a fool.[14][15] " In 1876, Chekhov's father was declared bankrupt after over-extending his finances building a new house,[18] and to avoid the debtor's prison fled to Moscow, where his two eldest sons, Alexander and Nikolai, were attending the university. The family lived in poverty in Moscow, Chekhov's mother physically and emotionally broken.[19] Chekhov was left behind to sell the family possessions and finish his education. The Taganrog Boys Gymnasium in the late 19th century Chekhov remained in Taganrog for three more years, boarding with a man called Selivanov who, like Lopakhin in The Cherry Orchard, had bailed out the family for the price of their house.[20] Chekhov had to pay for his own education, which he managed by—among other jobs—private tutoring, catching and selling goldfinches, and selling short sketches to the newspapers.[21] He sent every ruble he could spare to Moscow, along with humorous letters to cheer up the family.[21] During this time he read widely and analytically, including Cervantes, Turgenev, Goncharov, and Schopenhauer;[22][23] and he wrote a full-length comedy drama, Fatherless, which his brother Alexander dismissed as "an inexcusable though innocent fabrication."[24] Chekhov also enjoyed a series of love affairs, one with the wife of a teacher.[21] In 1879, Chekhov completed his schooling and joined his family in Moscow, having The Assumption Cathedral in Taganrog, Russia, where Anton Chekhov was christened on 10 February 1860 Chekhov attended a school for Greek boys, followed by the Taganrog gymnasium, now renamed the Chekhov Gymnasium, where he was kept down for a year at fifteen for failing a Greek exam.[16] He sang at the Greek Orthodox monastery in Taganrog and in his father's choirs. In a letter of 1892, he used 2 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia gained admission to the medical school at Moscow University.[25] Anton Chekhov afraid to submit myself to be sounded by my colleagues."[30] He continued writing for weekly periodicals, earning enough money to move the family into progressively better accommodation. Early in 1886 he was invited to write for one of the most popular papers in St. Petersburg, Novoye Vremya (New Times), owned and edited by the millionaire magnate Alexey Suvorin, who paid per line a rate double Leikin's and allowed him three times the space.[31] Suvorin was to become a lifelong friend, perhaps Chekhov's closest.[32][33] Before long, Chekhov was attracting literary as well as popular attention. The sixtyfour-year-old Dmitry Grigorovich, a celebrated Russian writer of the day, wrote to Chekhov after reading his short story The Huntsman,[34] "You have real talent—a talent which places you in the front rank among writers in the new generation." He went on to advise Chekhov to slow down, write less, and concentrate on literary quality. Chekhov replied that the letter had struck him "like a thunderbolt" and confessed, "I have written my stories the way reporters write up their notes about fires—mechanically, half-consciously, caring nothing about either the reader or myself."[35] The admission may have done Chekhov a disservice, since early manuscripts reveal that he often wrote with extreme care, continually revising.[36] Grigorovich's advice nevertheless inspired a more serious, artistic ambition in the twenty-six-year-old. In 1887, with a little string-pulling by Grigorovich, the short story collection At Dusk (V Sumerkakh) won Chekhov the coveted Pushkin Prize "for the best literary production distinguished by high artistic worth."[37] Early writings Young Chekhov (left) with brother Nikolay in 1882 Chekhov now assumed responsibility for the whole family.[26] To support them and to pay his tuition fees, he daily wrote short, humorous sketches and vignettes of contemporary Russian life, many under pseudonyms such as "Antosha Chekhonte" (Антоша Чехонте) and "Man without a Spleen" (Человек без селезенки). His prodigious output gradually earned him a reputation as a satirical chronicler of Russian street life, and by 1882 he was writing for Oskolki (Fragments), owned by Nikolai Leikin, one of the leading publishers of the time.[27] Chekhov's tone at this stage was harsher than that familiar from his mature fiction.[28] In 1884, Chekhov qualified as a physician, which he considered his principal profession though he made little money from it and treated the poor for free.[29] In 1884 and 1885, Chekhov found himself coughing blood, and in 1886 the attacks worsened; but he would not admit tuberculosis to his family and friends,[13] confessing to Leikin, "I am Turning points That year, exhausted from overwork and ill health, Chekhov took a trip to Ukraine which reawakened him to the beauty of the steppe.[38] On his return, he began the novella-length short story The Steppe, "something rather odd and much too original," eventually published in Severny Vestnik (The Northern Herald).[39] In a narrative which drifts with the thought processes of the characters, Chekhov evokes a chaise journey across the steppe through the eyes of a young boy sent to live away from home, his companions a priest and a merchant. The 3 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Anton Chekhov Chekhov, 1889, aged 29 Steppe, which has been called a "dictionary of Chekhov's poetics", represented a significant advance for Chekhov, exhibiting much of the quality of his mature fiction and winning him publication in a literary journal rather than a newspaper.[40] In autumn 1887, a theater manager named Korsh commissioned Chekhov to write a play, the result being Ivanov, written in a fortnight and produced that November.[13] Though Chekhov found the experience "sickening," and painted a comic portrait of the chaotic production in a letter to his brother Alexander, the play was a hit and was praised, to Chekhov's bemusement, as a work of originality.[41] Mikhail Chekhov considered Ivanov a key moment in his brother's intellectual development and literary career.[13] From this period comes an observation of Chekhov's which has become known as "Chekhov's Gun," noted by Ilia Gurliand from a conversation: "If in Act I you have a pistol hanging on the wall, then it must fire in the last act."[42][43] The death of Chekhov's brother Nikolai from tuberculosis in 1889 influenced A Dreary Story, finished that September, about Chekhov family and friends in 1890. (Top row, left to right) Ivan, Alexander, Father; (second row) unknown friend, Lika Mizinova, Masha, Mother, Seryozha Kiselev; (bottom row) Misha, Anton. a man who confronts the end of a life which he realizes has been without purpose.[44][45] Mihail Chekhov, who recorded his brother's depression and restlessness after Nikolai's death, was researching prisons at the time as part of his law studies, and Anton Chekhov, in a search for purpose in his own life, himself soon became obsessed with the issue of prison reform.[13] Sakhalin In 1890, Chekhov undertook an arduous journey by train, horse-drawn carriage, and river steamer to the far east of Russia and the katorga, or penal colony, on Sakhalin Island, north of Japan, where he spent three months interviewing thousands of convicts and settlers for a census. The letters Chekhov wrote during the two-and-a-half month journey to Sakhalin are considered among his best.[47] His remarks to his sister about Tomsk were to become notorious.[48][49] 4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Anton Chekhov Statue, Tomsk. "Anton Pavlovich in Tomsk—drunkard's view, lying in a ditch, who never read Kashtanka."[46] " Tomsk is a very dull town. To judge " from the drunkards whose acquaintance I have made, and from the intellectual people who have come to the hotel to pay their respects to me, the inhabitants are very dull too.[50] Monument, Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky, Sakhalin with the convicts and soldiers all in a heap together.[53] Chekhov later concluded that charity and subscription were not the answer, but that the government had a duty to finance humane treatment of the convicts. His findings were published in 1893 and 1894 as Ostrov Sakhalin (The Island of Sakhalin), a work of social science, not literature, and worthy and informative rather than brilliant.[54][55] Chekhov found literary expression for the hell of Sakhalin in his long short story The Murder,[56] the last section of which is set on Sakhalin, where the murderer Yakov loads coal in the night, longing for home. The inhabitants of Tomsk later retaliated by erecting a mocking statue of Chekhov. What Chekhov witnessed on Sakhalin shocked and angered him, including floggings, embezzlement of supplies, and forced prostitution of women: "There were times," he wrote, when "I felt that I saw before me the extreme limits of man's degradation."[51][52] He was particularly moved by the plight of the children living in the penal colony with their parents. For example: " On the Amur steamer going to " Sakhalin, there was a convict with fetters on his legs who had murdered his wife. His daughter, a little girl of six, was with him. I noticed wherever the convict moved the little girl scrambled after him, holding on to his fetters. At night the child slept Melikhovo In 1892, Chekhov bought the small country estate of Melikhovo, about forty miles south of Moscow, where he lived until 1899 with his family. "It's nice to be a lord," he joked to Shcheglov;[17] but he took his responsibilities as a landlord seriously and soon made himself useful to the local peasants. As well as 5 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia organising relief for victims of the famine and cholera outbreaks of 1892, he went on to build three schools, a fire station, and a clinic, and to donate his medical services to peasants for miles around, despite frequent recurrences of his tuberculosis.[29][10][57] Mikhail Chekhov, a member of the household at Melikhovo, described the extent of his brother's medical commitments: " From the first day that Chekhov moved to Melikhovo the sick began flocking to him from twenty miles around. They came on foot or were brought in carts, and often he was fetched to patients at a distance. Sometimes from early in the morning peasant women and children were standing before his door waiting.[13] " Anton Chekhov moving to the estate, he had refurbished the house, taken up agriculture and horticulture, tended orchard and pond, and planted many trees, which, according to Mikhail, he "looked after… as though they were his children. Like Colonel Vershinin in his Three Sisters, as he looked at them he dreamed of what they would be like in three or four hundred years."[13] The first night of The Seagull on 17 October 1896 at the Alexandrinsky Theatre in Petersburg was a fiasco, booed by the audience, and the play's reception stung Chekhov into renouncing the theatre.[59] But the play so impressed the theatre director Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko that he convinced his colleague Constantin Stanislavski to direct it for the innovative Moscow Art Theatre in 1898.[60] Stanislavski's attention to psychological realism and ensemble playing coaxed the buried subtleties from the text and restored Chekhov's interest in playwriting.[61] The Art Theatre commissioned more plays from Chekhov and the following year staged Uncle Vanya, which Chekhov had completed in 1896.[62] Yalta Chekhov at Melikhovo Chekhov's expenditure on drugs was considerable; but the greatest cost was making journeys of several hours to visit the sick, which reduced his time for writing.[13] Chekhov's work as a doctor, however, enriched his writing by bringing him into intimate contact with all sections of Russian society: for example, he witnessed at first hand the peasants' unhealthy and cramped living conditions, which he recalled in his short story Peasants. Chekhov visited the upper classes as well, recording in his notebook: "Aristocrats? The same ugly bodies and physical uncleanliness, the same toothless old age and disgusting death, as with market-women."[58] Chekhov began writing his play The Seagull in 1894, in a lodge he had built in the orchard at Melikhovo. In the two years since Chekhov with Leo Tolstoy at Yalta, 1900 In March 1897 Chekhov suffered a major hemorrhage of the lungs while on a visit to Moscow and, with great difficulty, was 6 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia persuaded to enter a clinic, where the doctors diagnosed tuberculosis on the upper part of his lungs and ordered a change in his manner of life.[63] After his father's death in 1898, Chekhov bought a plot of land on the outskirts of Yalta and built a villa there, into which he moved with his mother and sister the following year. Though he planted trees and flowers in Yalta, kept dogs and tame cranes, and received guests such as Leo Tolstoy and Maxim Gorky, Chekhov was always relieved to leave his "hot Siberia" for Moscow or travels abroad. He vowed to move to Taganrog as soon as a water supply was installed there.[64][65] In Yalta he completed two more plays for the Art Theatre, composing with greater difficulty than in the days when he "wrote serenely, the way I eat pancakes now"; he took a year each over Three Sisters and The Cherry Orchard.[66] On 25 May 1901 Chekhov married Olga Knipper—quietly, owing to his horror of weddings—a former protegée and sometime lover of Nemirovich-Danchenko whom he had first met at rehearsals for The Seagull.[67][68][69] Up to that point, Chekhov, called "Russia's most elusive literary bachelor",[70] had preferred passing liaisons and visits to brothels over commitment;[71] he had once written to Suvorin: " By all means I will be married if you wish it. But on these conditions: everything must be as it has been hitherto—that is, she must live in Moscow while I live in the country, and I will come and see her… give me a wife who, like the moon, won't appear in my sky every day.[72] " Anton Chekhov Chekhov and Olga, 1901, on honeymoon In Yalta, Chekhov wrote one of his most famous stories, The Lady with the Dog (also called Lady with Lapdog),[76] which depicts what at first seems a casual liaison between a married man and a married woman in Yalta. Neither expects anything lasting from the encounter, but they find themselves drawn back to each other, risking the security of their family lives.[77] Death By May 1904, Chekhov was terminally ill with tuberculosis. "Everyone who saw him secretly thought the end was not far off," Mikhail Chekhov recalled, "but the nearer Chekhov was to the end, the less he seemed to realize it."[13] On 3 June he set off with Olga for the German spa town of Badenweiler in the Black Forest, from where he wrote outwardly jovial letters to his sister Masha describing the food and surroundings and assuring her and his mother that he was getting better. In his last letter, he complained about the way the German women dressed.[78] Chekhov's death has become one of "the great set pieces of literary history",[79] retold, embroidered, and fictionalised many times since, notably in the short story Errand by Raymond Carver. In 1908, Olga wrote this account of her husband's last moments: The letter proved prophetic of Chekhov's marital arrangements with Olga: he lived largely at Yalta, she in Moscow, pursuing her acting career. In 1902, Olga suffered a miscarriage; and Donald Rayfield has offered evidence, based on the couple's letters, that conception may have occurred when Chekhov and Olga were apart, although Russian scholars have conclusively refuted that claim.[73][74] The literary legacy of this longdistance marriage is a correspondence which preserves gems of theatre history, including shared complaints about Stanislavski's directing methods and Chekhov's advice to Olga about performing in his plays.[75] 7 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Anton Chekhov Legacy A few months before he died, Chekhov told the writer Ivan Bunin he thought people might go on reading him for seven years. "Why seven?" asked Bunin. "Well, seven and a half," Chekhov replied. "That's not bad. I've got six years to live."[83] Chekhov with Gorky at Yalta Always modest, Chekhov could hardly have imagined the extent of his posthumous reputation. The ovations for The Cherry Orchard in the year of his death showed him how high he had risen in the affection of the Russian public—by then he was second in literary celebrity only to Tolstoy,[84] who outlived him by six years—but after his death, Chekhov's fame soon spread further afield. Constance Garnett's translations won him an English-language readership and the admiration of writers such as James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, and Katherine Mansfield, the last arguably to the point of plagiarism.[85] The Russian critic D.S. Mirsky, who lived in England, explained Chekhov's popularity in that country by his "unusually complete rejection of what we may call the heroic values."[86] In Russia itself, Chekhov's drama fell out of fashion after the revolution but was later adapted to the Soviet agenda, with the character Lopakhin, for example, reinvented as a hero of the new order, taking an axe to the cherry orchard.[87][88] One of the first non-Russians to praise Chekhov's plays was George Bernard Shaw, who subtitled his Heartbreak House "A Fantasia in the Russian Manner on English Themes" and noted similarities between the predicament of the British landed class and that of their Russian counterparts as depicted by Chekhov: "the same nice people, the same utter futility."[89] Chekhov's grave, Novodevichy Cemetery, Moscow " Anton sat up unusually straight and " said loudly and clearly (although he knew almost no German): Ich sterbe. The doctor calmed him, took a syringe, gave him an injection of camphor, and ordered champagne. Anton took a full glass, examined it, smiled at me and said: "It's a long time since I drank champagne." He drained it, lay quietly on his left side, and I just had time to run to him and lean across the bed and call to him, but he had stopped breathing and was sleeping peacefully as a child...[80] Chekhov's body was transported to Moscow in a refrigerated railway car for fresh oysters, a detail which offended Gorky.[81] Some of the thousands of mourners followed the funeral procession of a General Keller by mistake, to the accompaniment of a military band. Chekhov was buried next to his father at the Novodevichy Cemetery.[82] 8 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In America, Chekhov's reputation began its rise slightly later, partly through the influence of Stanislavski's system of acting, with its notion of subtext: "Chekhov often expressed his thought not in speeches," wrote Stanislavski, "but in pauses or between the lines or in replies consisting of a single word… the characters often feel and think things not expressed in the lines they speak."[90][91] The Group Theatre, in particular, developed the subtextual approach to drama, influencing generations of American playwrights, screenwriters, and actors, including Clifford Odets, Elia Kazan and, in particular, Lee Strasberg. In turn, Strasberg's Actors Studio and the "Method" acting approach influenced many actors, including Marlon Brando and Robert De Niro, though by then the Chekhov tradition may have been distorted by a preoccupation with realism.[92] In 1981, the playwright Tennessee Williams adapted The Seagull as The Notebook of Trigorin. Despite Chekhov's eminence as a playwright, some writers believe his short stories represent the greater achievement.[93] Raymond Carver, who wrote the short story Errand about Chekhov's death, believed Chekhov the greatest of all short-story writers: " Chekhov's stories are as wonderful (and necessary) now as when they first appeared. It is not only the immense number of stories he wrote—for few, if any, writers have ever done more—it is the awesome frequency with which he produced masterpieces, stories that shrive us as well as delight and move us, that lay bare our emotions in ways only true art can accomplish.[94] " Anton Chekhov Bust of Chekhov at Badenweiler Gerhardie called the "event plot" for something more "blurred, interrupted, mauled or otherwise tampered with by life."[98] Virginia Woolf mused on the unique quality of a Chekhov story in The Common Reader (1925): " But is it the end, we ask? We have " rather the feeling that we have overrun our signals; or it is as if a tune had stopped short without the expected chords to close it. These stories are inconclusive, we say, and proceed to frame a criticism based upon the assumption that stories ought to conclude in a way that we recognise. In so doing we raise the question of our own fitness as readers. Where the tune is familiar and the end emphatic—lovers united, villains discomfited, intrigues exposed—as it is in most Victorian fiction, we can scarcely go wrong, but where the tune is unfamiliar and the end a note of interrogation or merely the information that they went on talking, Ernest Hemingway, another writer influenced by Chekhov, was more grudging: "Chekhov wrote about 6 good stories. But he was an amateur writer."[95] And Vladimir Nabokov once complained of Chekhov's "medley of dreadful prosaisms, ready-made epithets, repetitions."[96] But he also declared The Lady with the Dog "one of the greatest stories ever written" and described Chekhov as writing "the way one person relates to another the most important things in his life, slowly and yet without a break, in a slightly subdued voice."[97] For the writer William Boyd, Chekhov's breakthrough was to abandon what William 9 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia as it is in Tchekov, we need a very daring and alert sense of literature to make us hear the tune, and in particular those last notes which complete the harmony.[99] Anton Chekhov most significant event in modern literature", John Middleton Murry, in Athenaeum, 8 April 1922, cited in Bartlett's introduction to About Love, XX. [8] "This use of stream-of-consciousness would, in later years, become the basis of Chekhov's innovation in stagecraft; it is also his innovation in fiction." Wood, 81; "The artist must not be the judge of his characters and of their conversations, but merely an impartial witness." Letter to Suvorin, 30 May 1888; In reply to an objection that he wrote about horsethieves (The Horse-Stealers, retrieved 16 February 2007) without condemning them, Chekhov said readers should add for themselves the subjective elements lacking in the story. Letter to Suvorin, 1 April 1890. Letters of Anton Chekhov. [9] "You are right in demanding that an artist should take an intelligent attitude to his work, but you confuse two things: solving a problem and stating a problem correctly. It is only the second that is obligatory for the artist." Letter to Suvorin, 27 October, 1888. Letters of Anton Chekhov. [10] ^ Wood, 78. [11] Payne, XVII. [12] Simmons, 18. [13] ^ From the biographical sketch, adapted from a memoir by Chekhov's brother Mihail, which prefaces Constance Garnett's translation of Chekhov's letters, 1920. [14] Letter to brother Alexander, 2 January 1889, in Malcolm, p. 102. [15] Another insight into Chekhov's childhood came in a letter to his publisher and friend Alexei Suvorin: "From my childhood I have believed in progress, and I could not help believing in it since the difference between the time when I used to be thrashed and when they gave up thrashing me was tremendous." Letter to Suvorin, 27 March 1894. Letters of Anton Chekhov. [16] Bartlett, 4–5. [17] ^ Letter to I.L. Shcheglov, 9 March 1892. Letters of Anton Chekhov. [18] He had been cheated by a contractor called Mironov. Rayfield, 31. [19] Letter to cousin Mihail, 10 May 1877. Letters of Anton Chekhov. [20] Malcolm, 25. [21] ^ Payne, XX. See also • • • • Bibliography of Anton Chekhov List of short stories by Anton Chekhov Flash fiction Physician writer Notes [1] "Russian literature; Anton Chekhov". Encyclopedia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/eb/ article-29160/Russian-literature. Retrieved on 2008-06-14. [2] "Greatest short story writer who ever lived." Raymond Carver (in Rosamund Bartlett's introduction to About Love and Other Stories, XX); "Quite probably the best short-story writer ever." A Chekhov Lexicon, by William Boyd, The Guardian, 3 July 2004. Retrieved 16 February 2007. [3] "Stories… which are among the supreme achievements in prose narrative." Vodka miniatures, belching and angry cats, George Steiner's review of The Undiscovered Chekhov, in The Observer, 13 May 2001. Retrieved 16 February 2007. [4] Letter to Alexei Suvorin, 11 September 1888. Letters of Anton Chekhov. [5] "Actors climb up Chekhov like a mountain, roped together, sharing the glory if they ever make it to the summit". Actor Ian McKellen, quoted in Miles, 9. [6] "Chekhov's art demands a theatre of mood." Vsevolod Meyerhold, quoted in Allen, 13; "A richer submerged life in the text is characteristic of a more profound drama of realism, one which depends less on the externals of presentation." Styan, 84. [7] "Chekhov is said to be the father of the modern short story". Malcolm, 87; "He brought something new into literature." James Joyce, in Arthur Power, Conversations with James Joyce, Usborne Publishing Ltd, 1974, ISBN 978-0-86000-006-8, 57; "Tchehov's breach with the classical tradition is the 10 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [22] Letter to brother Mihail, 1 July 1876. Letters of Anton Chekhov. [23] Simmons, 26. [24] Simmons, 33. [25] Rayfield, 69. [26] Wood, 79. [27] Rayfield, 91. [28] "There is in these miniatures an arresting potion of cruelty… The wonderfully compassionate Chekhov was yet to mature." Vodka miniatures, belching and angry cats, George Steiner's review of The Undiscovered Chekhov in The Observer, 13 May 2001. Retrieved 16 February 2007. [29] ^ Malcolm, 26. [30] Letter to N.A .Leikin, 6 April 1886. Letters of Anton Chekhov. [31] Rayfield, 128. [32] They only ever fell out once, when Chekhov objected to the anti-Semitic attacks in New Times against Dreyfus and Zola in 1898. Rayfield, 448–50. [33] In many ways, the right-wing Suvorin, whom Lenin later called "The running dog of the Tzar" (Payne, XXXV), was Chekhov's opposite; "Chekhov had to function like Suvorin's kidney, extracting the businessman's poisons." Wood, 79. [34] The Huntsman.. Retrieved 16 February 2007. [35] Malcolm, 32–3. [36] Payne, XXIV. [37] Simmons, 160. [38] "There is a scent of the steppe and one hears the birds sing. I see my old friends the ravens flying over the steppe." Letter to sister Masha, 2 April 1887. Letters of Anton Chekhov. [39] Letter to Grigorovich, 12 January 1888. Quoted by Malcolm, 137. [40] "The Steppe, as Michael Finke suggests, is 'a sort of dictionary of Chekhov's poetics,' a kind of sample case of the concealed literary weapons Chekhov would deploy in his work to come." Malcolm, 147. [41] Letter to brother Alexander, 20 November 1887. Letters of Anton Chekhov. [42] Rayfield, 203. [43] Simmons, 190. [44] A Dreary Story.. Retrieved 16 February 2007. [45] Simmons, 186–91. [46] Print issues, Siberia. Anton Chekhov [47] Malcolm, 129. [48] Simmons, 223. [49] Rayfield, 224. [50] Letter to sister, Masha, 20 May 1890. Letters of Anton Chekhov. [51] Wood, 85. [52] Rayfield 230. [53] Letter to A.F.Koni, 16 January 1891. Letters of Anton Chekhov. [54] Malcolm, 125. [55] Such is the general critical view of the work, but Simmons calls it a "valuable and intensely human document." Simmons, 229. [56] The Murder.. Retrieved 16 February 2007. [57] Payne, XXXI. [58] Note-Book.. Retrieved 16 February 2007. [59] Rayfield, 394–8. [60] Benedetti, Stanislavski: An Introduction, 25. [61] Chekhov and the Art Theatre, in Stanislavski's words, were united in a common desire "to achieve artistic simplicity and truth on the stage." Allen, 11. [62] Rayfield, 390–1. Rayfield draws from his critical study Chekhov's "Uncle Vanya" and the "Wood Demon" (1995), which anatomised the evolution of the Wood Demon into Uncle Vanya—"one of Chekhov's most furtive achievements." [63] Letter to Suvorin, 1 April 1897. Letters of Anton Chekhov. [64] Olga Knipper, Memoir, in Benedetti, Dear Writer, Dear Actress, 37, 270. [65] Bartlett, 2. [66] Malcolm, 170–1. [67] "I have a horror of weddings, the congratulations and the champagne, standing around, glass in hand with an endless grin on your face." Letter to Olga Knipper, 19 April 1901. [68] Benedetti, Dear Writer, Dear Actress, 125. [69] "Olga's relations with Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko were more than professional." Rayfield, 500. [70] Harvey Pitcher in Chekhov's Leading Lady, quoted in Malcolm, 59. [71] "Chekhov had the temperament of a philanderer. Sexually, he preferred brothels or swift liaisons." Wood, 78. [72] Letter to Suvorin, 23 March 1895. Letters of Anton Chekhov. 11 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [73] Rayfield also tentatively suggests, drawing on obstetric clues, that Olga suffered an ectopic pregnancy rather than a miscarriage. Rayfield, 556–7. [74] There was certainly tension between the couple after the miscarriage, though Simmons, 569, and Benedetti, Dear Writer, Dear Actress, 241, put this down to Chekhov's mother and sister blaming the miscarriage on Olga's late-night lifestyle of socialising with her actor friends. [75] Benedetti, Dear Writer, Dear Actress: The Love Letters of Olga Knipper and Anton Chekhov. [76] The Lady with the Dog.. Retrieved 16 February 2007. [77] "Yalta Chekhov Campaign". Yaltachekhov.org. 2008-11-13. http://www.yaltachekhov.org/. Retrieved on 2009-03-03. [78] Letter to sister Masha, 28 June 1904. Letters of Anton Chekhov. [79] Malcolm, 62. [80] Olga Knipper, Memoir, in Benedetti, Dear Writer, Dear Actress, 284. [81] "Banality revenged itself upon him by a nasty prank, for it saw that his corpse, the corpse of a poet, was put into a railway truck 'For the Conveyance of Oysters'." Maxim Gorky in Reminiscences of Anton Chekhov.. Retrieved 16 February 2007. [82] Malcolm, 91; Alexander Kuprin in Reminiscences of Anton Chekhov.. Retrieved 16 February 2007. [83] Payne, XXXVI. [84] Tolstoy, a great admirer of Chekhov's short stories, divided them into two groups of "first quality" and "second quality." In the first category were: Children, The Chorus Girl, A Play, Home, Misery, The Runaway, In Court, Vanka, Ladies, The Malefactors, The Boys, Darkness, Sleepy, The Helpmate, The Darling; in the second: A Transgression, Sorrow, The Witch, Verochka, In a Strange Land, The Cook's Wedding, A Tedious Business, An Upheaval, Oh! The Public!, The Mask, A Woman's Luck, Nerves, The Wedding, A Defenseless Creature, Peasant Wives. He had these stories bound into a book which he read repeatedly with great satisfaction. Simmons, pg. 595. Anton Chekhov [85] The issues surrounding the close similarities between Mansfield's 1910 story The Child Who Was Tired and Chekhov's Sleepy are summarised in William H. New's Reading Mansfield and Metaphors of Reform, McGill-Queen's Press, 1999, ISBN 978-0-7735-1791-2, 15–17. [86] Wood, 77. [87] Allen, 88. [88] "They won't allow a play which is seen to lament the lost estates of the gentry." Letter of Vladimir NemirovichDanchenko, quoted by Anatoly Smeliansky in Chekhov at the Moscow Art Theatre, from The Cambridge Companion to Chekhov, 31–2. [89] Anna Obraztsova, Bernard Shaw's Dialogue with Chekhov, in Miles, 43–4. [90] Reynolds, Elizabeth (ed), Stanislavski's Legacy, Theatre Arts Books, 1987, ISBN 978-0-87830-127-0, 81, 83. [91] "It was Chekhov who first deliberately wrote dialogue in which the mainstream of emotional action ran underneath the surface. It was he who articulated the notion that human beings hardly ever speak in explicit terms among each other about their deepest emotions, that the great, tragic, climactic moments are often happening beneath outwardly trivial conversation." Martin Esslin, from Text and Subtext in Shavian Drama, in 1922: Shaw and the last Hundred Years, ed. Bernard. F. Dukore, Penn State Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0-271-01324-4, 200. [92] "Lee Strasberg became in my opinion a victim of the traditional idea of Chekhovian theatre… [he left] no room for Chekhov's imagery." Georgii Tostonogov on Strasberg's production of Three Sisters in The Drama Review (winter 1968), quoted by Styan, 121. [93] "The plays lack the seamless authority of the fiction: there are great characters, wonderful scenes, tremendous passages, moments of acute melancholy and sagacity, but the parts appear greater than the whole." A Chekhov Lexicon, by William Boyd, The Guardian, 3 July 2004. Retrieved 16 February 2007. [94] Bartlett, From Russia, with Love, The Guardian, 15 July 2004. Retrieved 17 February 2007. 12 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [95] Letter from Ernest Hemingway to Archibald MacLeish, 1925 (from Selected Letters, p. 179), in Ernest Hemingway on Writing, Ed Larry W. Phillips, Touchstone, (1984) 1999, ISBN 978-0-684-18119-6, 101. [96] Wood, 82. [97] From Vladimir Nabokov's Lectures on Russian Literature, quoted by Francine Prose in Learning from Chekhov, 231. [98] "For the first time in literature the fluidity and randomness of life was made the form of the fiction. Before Chekhov, the event-plot drove all fictions." William Boyd, referring to the novelist William Gerhardie's analysis in Anton Chekhov: A Critical Study, 1923. A Chekhov Lexicon, by William Boyd, The Guardian, 3 July 2004. Retrieved 16 February 2007. [99] Woolf, Virginia, The Common Reader: First Series, Annotated Edition, Harvest/ HBJ Book, 2002, ISBN 015602778X, 172. Anton Chekhov • Chekhov, Anton, Letters of Anton Chekhov to His Family and Friends with Biographical Sketch, translated by Constance Garnett, Macmillan, 1920. Full text at Gutenberg. Retrieved 16 February 2007. • Chekhov, Anton, Note-Book of Anton Chekhov, translated by S. S. Koteliansky and Leonard Woolf, B.W. Huebsch, 1921. Full text at Gutenberg. Retrieved 16 February 2007. • Chekhov, Anton, The Other Chekhov, edited by Okla Elliott and Kyle Minor, with story introductions by Pinckney Benedict, Fred Chappell, Christopher Coake, Paul Crenshaw, Dorothy Gambrell, Steven Gillis, Michelle Herman, Jeff Parker, Benjamin Percy, and David R. Slavitt. New American Press, 2008 edition, ISBN 978-0972967983 • Chekhov, Anton, Seven Short Novels, translated by Barbara Makanowitzky, W.W.Norton & Company, 2003 edition, ISBN 978-0-393-00552-3 • Finke, Michael, Chekhov's 'Steppe': A Metapoetic Journey, an essay in Anton Chekhov Rediscovered, ed Savely Senderovich and Munir Sendich, Michigan Russian Language Journal, 1988, ISBN 9999838855 • Gerhardie, William, Anton Chekhov, Macdonald, (1923) 1974 edition, ISBN 978-0-356-04609-9 • Gorky, Maksim, Alexander Kuprin, and I.A. Bunin, Reminiscences of Anton Chekhov, translated by S. S. Koteliansky and Leonard Woolf, B.W.Huebsch, 1921. Read at eldritchpress. Retrieved 16 February 2007. • Gottlieb, Vera, and Paul Allain (eds), The Cambridge Companion to Chekhov, Cambridge University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-521-58917-8 • Jackson, Robert Louis, Dostoevsky in Chekhov's Garden of Eden—'Because of Little Apples', in Dialogues with Dostoevsky, Stanford University Press, 1993, ISBN 978-0-8047-2120-2 • Klawans, Harold L., Chekhov's Lie, 1997, ISBN 1-888799-12-9. About the challenges of combining writing with the medical life. • Malcolm, Janet, Reading Chekhov, a Critical Journey, Granta Publications, 2004 edition, ISBN 978-1-86207-635-8 References • Allen, David, Performing Chekhov, Routledge (UK), 2001, ISBN 978-0-415-18934-7 • Bartlett, Rosamund, and Anthony Phillips (translators), Chekhov: A Life in Letters, Penguin Books, 2004, ISBN 978-0-14-044922-8 • Bartlett, Rosamund, Chekhov: Scenes from a Life, Free Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-7432-3074-2 • Benedetti, Jean (editor and translator), Dear Writer, Dear Actress: The Love Letters of Olga Knipper and Anton Chekhov, Methuen Publishing Ltd, 1998 edition, ISBN 978-0-413-72390-1 • Benedetti, Jean, Stanislavski: An Introduction, Methuen Drama, 1989 edition, ISBN 978-0-413-50030-4 • Chekhov, Anton, About Love and Other Stories, translated by Rosamund Bartlett, Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-19-280260-6 • Chekhov, Anton, The Undiscovered Chekhov: Fifty New Stories, translated by Peter Constantine, Duck Editions, 2001, ISBN 978-0-7156-3106-5 • Chekhov, Anton, Forty Stories, translated and with an introduction by Robert Payne, New York, Vintage, 1991 edition, ISBN 978-0-679-73375-1 13 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia • Miles, Patrick (ed), Chekhov on the British Stage, Cambridge University Press, 1993, ISBN 978-0-521-38467-4 • Nabokov, Vladimir, Anton Chekhov, in Lectures on Russian Literature, Harvest/ HBJ Books, [1981] 2002 edition, ISBN 978-0-15-602776-2. • Pitcher, Harvey, Chekhov's Leading Lady: Portrait of the Actress Olga Knipper, J Murray, 1979, ISBN 978-0-7195-3681-6 • Prose, Francine, Learning from Chekhov, in Writers on Writing, ed. Robert Pack and Jay Parini, UPNE, 1991, ISBN 978-0-87451-560-2 • Rayfield, Donald, Anton Chekhov: A Life, Henry Holt & Co, 1998, ISBN 978-0-8050-5747-8 • Simmons, Ernest J., Chekhov: A Biography, University of Chicago Press, (1962) 1970 edition, ISBN 978-0-226-75805-3 • Stanislavski, Constantin, My Life in Art, Methuen Drama, 1980 edition, ISBN 978-0-413-46200-8 • Styan, John Louis, Modern Drama in Theory and Practice, Cambridge University Press, 1981, ISBN 978-0-521-29628-1 • Wood, James, What Chekhov Meant by Life, in The Broken Estate: Essays in Literature and Belief, Pimlico, 2000 edition, ISBN 978-0-7126-6557-5 • Zeiger, Arthur,The Plays of Anton Chekov, Claxton House, Inc., New York, NY, 1945. Anton Chekhov • 201 Stories by Anton Chekhov, translated by Constance Garnett presented in chronological order of Russian publication with annotations. • Антон Павлович Чехов Texts of Chekhov's works in the original Russian. Retrieved 16 February 2007. (Russian) • Web page A.P. Chekhov on a site of the Taganrog Central Public Library named after A. P. Chekhov • The International competition of philological, culture and film studies works dedicated to Anton Chekhov's life and creative work (Russian) • Works by Anton Chekhov at Project Gutenberg. All Constance Garnett's translations of the short stories and letters are available, plus the edition of the Notebook translated by S. S. Koteliansky and Leonard Woolf - see the "References" section for print publication details of all of these. Site also has translations of all the plays. • Cornel West: Chekhov's Legacy Persondata NAME ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH Chekhov, Anton Pavlovich Анто́н Па́влович Че́хов (Russian) Doctor, short-story writer, playwright 17 January [O.S. 17 January] 1860 Taganrog, Russia 15 July [O.S. 2 July] 1904 Badenweiler, Germany External links • The Grave of Anton Chekhov (Russian) • Campaign to save Chekhov's house in Yalta • Works by Anton Chekhov at Internet Archive. Scanned books, color, some illustrated, original editions. • Recorded Stories of Anton Chekhov at Internet Archive. Translated by Constance Garnett, Marion Fell, and others. Presented in mp3 and ogg format. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" Categories: Russian dramatists and playwrights, Russian short story writers, Russian novelists, Russian physicians, Medical writers, Moscow State University alumni, Russian Eastern Orthodox Christians, Russian Orthodox Christians, Deaths from tuberculosis, 19th-century theatre, 1860 births, 1904 deaths, Infectious disease deaths in Germany, Moscow Art Theater, Russians of Ukrainian descent 14 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Anton Chekhov This page was last modified on 13 May 2009, at 03:24 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) taxdeductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers 15
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These authors contributed equally to this publication
Original Paper
In ovarian neoplasms, BRAF, but not KRAS, mutations are restricted to low-grade serous tumours
Article first published online: 21 JAN 2004
DOI: 10.1002/path.1521
Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Journal of Pathology
Volume 202, Issue 3, pages 336–340, March 2004
Additional Information
How to Cite
Sieben, N. L., Macropoulos, P., Roemen, G. M., Kolkman-Uljee, S. M., Jan Fleuren, G., Houmadi, R., Diss, T., Warren, B., Al Adnani, M., de Goeij, A. P., Krausz, T., The Cancer Genome Project and Flanagan, A. M. (2004), In ovarian neoplasms, BRAF, but not KRAS, mutations are restricted to low-grade serous tumours. J. Pathol., 202: 336–340. doi: 10.1002/path.1521
Publication History
- Issue published online: 16 FEB 2004
- Article first published online: 21 JAN 2004
- Manuscript Accepted: 10 NOV 2003
- Manuscript Revised: 28 OCT 2003
- Manuscript Received: 18 AUG 2003
Funded by
- UCLH Special Trustees
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- ovary;
- borderline;
- tumour;
- mutation
Genes of the RAF family, which mediate cellular responses to growth signals, encode kinases that are regulated by RAS and participate in the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK/MAP-kinase pathway. Activating mutations in BRAF have recently been identified in melanomas, colorectal cancers, and thyroid and ovarian tumours. In the present study, an extensive characterization of BRAF and KRAS mutations has been performed in 264 epithelial and non-epithelial ovarian neoplasms. The epithelial tumours ranged from adenomas and borderline neoplasms to invasive carcinomas including serous, mucinous, clear cell, and endometrioid lesions. It is shown that BRAF mutations in ovarian tumours occur exclusively in low-grade serous neoplasms (33 of 91, 36%); these included serous borderline tumours (typical and micropapillary variants), an invasive micropapillary carcinoma and a psammocarcinoma. KRAS mutations were identified in 26 of 91 (29.5%) low-grade serous tumours, 7 of 49 (12%) high-grade serous carcinomas, 2 of 6 mucinous adenomas, 22 of 28 mucinous borderline tumours, and 10 of 18 mucinous carcinomas. Of note, two serous borderline tumours were found to harbour both BRAF and KRAS mutations. The finding that at least 60% of serous borderline tumours harbour mutations in two members of the ERK-MAP-kinase pathway (BRAF 36%, KRAS 30%) compared with 12% of high-grade serous carcinomas (BRAF 0%, KRAS 12%) indicates that the majority of serous borderline tumours do not progress to serous carcinomas. Furthermore, no BRAF mutations were detected in the other 173 ovarian tumours in this study. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


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why would a company let a board member get so much control of the company, it defies the INDEPENDENT BOARD MEMBER notion that we often rely on in investing, kirk is kind of a strange bird, a country lawyer having little success making friends at his alma maters radford and uva, his presence on this board now suggests as much of a threat, as a benefit, since he may or may not hang tough
i wonder how much pressure he's putting on the board to get little self-promoting deals like that with pfizer, that are OVERHYPED to retail investors - $507mm in royalties, lol, rrriiiiggghhhhtttt
bottom line, it makes halo look risky and the other institutions probably arent gonna like that, plus when kirk pulls out, the stock is toast
so the big deal here is that 'the platform' allows a doctor to deliver a bigger shot, rather than use an IV, sounds like a potential waste of medicine, and poorer delivery overall, i mean dont we have patches for that sort of thing?
as for the financials, they have squandered 500mm$ or so and have little to show for it as they are still bleeding red ink at a $50mm a year clip, not to mention $36MM in deferred debt and $20mm in payables, so the cash isnt impressive
it's hard to guage the extent of the shenanigans, but yer bettin on kirk and a fuzzy future, my guess is kirk bought 750k shares after the stock took a big hit, and now he's trying to bail himself out, wondering what the heck he got himself into
Dude, it took REGN over 15 years to truly hit its stride, that's the nature of the beast in biotech. Oh and Kirk has much more than 750K in shares to worry about. Aside from his personal direct and indirect holdings in HALO which are in the millions, his Third Security investment fund owns over 19 million shares in HALO, check out its latest 13F-HR form on Edgar. Nothing is a guarantee with biotech, but self-made billionaires don't 'roll the dice' with hundreds of millions of dollars, they take very calculated risks because they know how really difficult it is to make money! I worked for a self-made billionaire many years ago and the one thing I soon discovered about this person was that he didn't even roll the dice with a 100K dollar investment, never mind a 100 million dollar one!
so you like kirk? yer followin the deep pockets? probably not a bad plan generally
HALO's technology does not have a "poorer delivery overall." It is a better delivery in terms of ease of use, length of time, and response rates. Look at the MabThera data. The CR rate was highly in favor of the MabThera/rHuPH20 arm.
Sentiment: Strong Buy
What we have here is the start of a bidding war by large pharmas to buy HALO for big bucks. Minimum $15 a share.
Sentiment: Strong Buy
Do us all a favor and short the stock. It's ok. You are just noise and writing nonsense. But please--short this stock. It just makes the move up that much more exciting and accelerated.
You have to enjoy these types that see an announcement then make up a story. I gues the video games is not enough to keep them occupied.
bet the farm genius, you know best.......dont ya? it seems like pfizer threw them a bone, no details whatsoever.........maybe they want to SIC (study, improve, circumvent) the patent, welcome to the real world stinky........pfizer isnt keen on making small companies rich
"What this does is just expand the universe of when people think about how this technology can be used for biologics," Gregory Frost, Halozyme's chief executive officer, said in an interview.
is english his first langauge?
He has a point and HALO's rep is not great...... GLTA short or long. I am hoolding my $7.50 PUTS until $2.00-$2.10 next week when HALO gets back to $5.90
True, a transdermal is much preferred to an IV. This pop may extend into early x-mas eve but $5.90's by mid morning or Wednsday....... I hold and will buy more $7.50 PUTS.......
Yes, why didn't Roche, VIropharma, Baxter, and now, Pfizer, think of that. A Herceptin patch. Maybe you should patent that, you clearly have a firm grasp on HALO's technology and the need for it for larger molecules.
Sentiment: Strong Buy


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9 bed. 1 parcel 8 rentals .. This one is very unique! Beautiful 4 plex w/ studio,3 separate houses. RentsMore info
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4 bed, 2 full bath. Here is a great pinwheel style fourplex located in the heart to West Boise. The floor plan is one tMore info
2 bed, 2 full bath. Units are condo-minimized. Leases available upon request. Photos similar to listing. Cash or CommerMore info
12 bed. fourplex building available. 3br/2ba units. Close to 1200 sq. ft.More info
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Hotel Villa Paulita
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Pride comes before a fall
... because there are a lot of almond trees in this area) and they brought me fish with mussels. Then when I came to eat the fish I found it to be uncooked in the middle but when I complained they looked at me with astonishment, didn't apologise and failed to offer to do something about the food. This disappointment was made up for by a lovely meal I had with a couple from Maidstone. He did the cooking and it put the site restaurant to shame and it was also very nice ...
Wowed beyond the highest possible expectation!
... it's nothing but snow fields and villages for snow fields.
In spots the houses look pink. It's because the stone around is all pink and that's what they use to build the houses. Amazing to see. Houses perched on mountain tops and villages sitting in the valley and on little 'pimples' that rise in the valley. Many years and years old. Saw one that has yet to be claimed and I claim it for my next house!
Day 15. Vernet-les-Bains
Town in the Pyrenees. A spa town. Very nice town but Aire run down but good location. Why? Well I wanted to ride a Col on the Pyrenees, Clive wants to stay local so we head for what looks like a good spot ready for a nice long ride tomorrow and I will tag on another Col at the end. Right! Well best laid plans and all that. The town is very nice but the Aire is not. In fact The local Maire has posted up, all sorts of notices demanding that we stay in our Camping-Car. ...
Pretty principality!
... all sorted so we could shower. Very important! !
In cafe now trying 2.50 pint for research purposes.
The frontier with Spain is just at edge of Andorra la vella and its a long way to Spanish coast up and down many mountains. You would want good brakes and not be scared of sheer drops at edge of road.
It must be beautiful during skiing season but I would recommend it in Summer too they have a lot of building crammed into gaps between the hills. ...
Don't believe everything you see
... pass and then a closed road and then to another un-passable pass. Eventually we got to the B&B and were shown to our attic room with mountain views. The hostess advised if I stood on the bed and looked out the skylight I could see the mountains! Next thing was that in only about one third of the room was it possible to stand upright. Pat and I both hit the ceiling a few times. For other reasons as well this had one the title of worst accommodation ...


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Enjoying the tunes! Great to pass by!
DJ Antonio
Stopped by to say hello and give a listen to your tunes. Great work.
loving yaa-HILRANT PANGAEAS PEOPLE
Hey.., Gooooood vibes here!!.......................
Please drop by and have a listen to our playlist if you have time ,TBBB
Here to support your Musical Journey, Cool instrumental work here...Peace...Frontline
Enjoyed listening to "Give It All Away". Love what you are doing here and wish you the best.
best to you
Love "A Day in Darkness"! Nice raw acoustic sound and dig the guitar harmonies! Keep up the great work! Lon
Enjoyed your music..
Continued success! Nice music


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FLORIAN PICASSO's Remix of Benassi's 'Let This Last Forever' Out Now
French musical prodigy Florian Picasso is starting to make serious waves across the globe with his exceptional productions and high profile remixes. Back with a massive re-working of Benny Benassi's 'Let This Last Forever' on Ultra, you can get the track from today.
Taking Benassi's ethereal summertime anthem 'Let This Last Forever' Florian adds his signature style, swapping gentle acoustic guitars for a more upbeat drum beat and powerful synths, taking the track from the beach straight to the club.
Check out the track here!
The track has already been supported and played by Benny Benassi, Steve Aoki, Deniz Koyu, Bingo Players, Blasterjaxx, Swanky Tunes and Morgan Page to name a just a few.
At only 23 years old Florian has already achieved more than most of his peers with beautiful sounds and skilful releases. Playing a massive set at this years Tomorrowland festival and grabbing the attention of artists such as Tiesto, A-Trak and Steve Aoki, excitement is building around what this young star will do next.
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Pasta E Fagioli
|Bacon strip/1 tablespoon olive oil
|4 , chopped
|Spanish onion
|1 Medium, chopped
|Celery stalks
|2 , chopped
|2 , chopped
|2 Clove (10 gm), finely chopped/pressed
|Ginger slice
|1 , finely chopped
|Crushed red pepper flakes
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Canned chunky style tomatoes
|28 Ounce (1 Can)
|Chicken stock/Vegetable stock
|3 Cup (48 tbs)
|Dried rosemary/1 tablespoon fresh rosemary
|1 Teaspoon
|2 Cup (32 tbs) (Medium-Sized Shaped Such As Penne, Rigatoni, Or Conchiglie)
1. Cook the bacon in a stockpot over medium-low heat until rendered of all fat. Discard all but 1 tablespoon of the bacon fat. Remove the bacon from pan and reserve it for later use. Or, if you are not using bacon, heat oil over medium-low heat.
2. Place the onion, celery, carrots, garlic, and ginger in the pot, and cook until the vegetables are tender, about 20 minutes.
3. Add the crushed red pepper flakes, tomatoes, and stock. If you are using dried rosemary, add it now. Raise heat to medium high and bring to a low boil. Reduce heat to low and cook for 1 hour.
4. Add the beans and reserved bacon and cook until heated through, about 5-10 minutes.
5. While the beans are cooking, bring a large pot of water to boil. Cook the pasta until al dente and drain. Just before serving, add pasta to bean mixture and sprinkle with fresh rosemary, if desired.