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A method to convert a color provided in a first color space into a color in a second color space defined by more than four colorants and a reproduction process. The method includes converting the color into a third color space, determining which of a set of gamut volumes defined in the third color space is appropriate for the color, with each point in the gamut volume achievable by an area coverage greater than zero and less than 100% of two of the colorants and an area coverage greater than zero and less than 100% of one or more darkening colorants with the remaining colorants either absent or at 100%. The method further includes carrying out any gamut mapping on the converted color so that the converted color is in the appropriate gamut volume and converting the gamut mapped color from the third color space into a set of the colorants of the second color space, such that the surface of any gamut volume with no darkening colorant is part of an umbrella surface for the N inks.
1. A method for determining a set of M color gamut parts of a color reproduction process that uses N inks (N>3), M and N being integers, said color reproduction process having a device independent color space having a first, a second and a third dimension corresponding with first, second and third magnitudes respectively, the method comprising the steps of:
determining a set of M umbrella surface parts in said device independent color space, each surface part obtained by the following steps:
defining a domain corresponding to a range of a first ink in combination with a range of a second ink;
identifying a point belonging to said domain having a first amount for said first ink and a second amount for said second ink;
setting a third ink to a predetermined minimum amount and determining a first magnitude corresponding to said first dimension of a color of said first amount of said first ink in combination with said second amount of said second ink in combination with said minimum amount of said third ink;
setting said third ink to a predetermined maximum amount and determining a second magnitude corresponding to said first dimension of the color of said first amount of said first ink in combination with said second amount of said second ink in combination with said maximum amount of said third ink;
defining an umbrella surface part as a locus of colors in said device independence color space corresponding to said domain in combination with said third ink that yields a highest of said first and said second magnitudes corresponding to said first dimension of said device independent color space;
identifying for each of said set surface parts at least one darkening ink that is different from said first, second and third inks; and
developing each one of a set of M umbrella surface parts into a color gamut volume part by varying said at least one darkening ink in combination with varying said amount of said first ink and varying said amount of said second ink over said domain.
2. The method of
3. A computer readable medium comprising computer program code adapted to perform the steps of the method of
4. A method for transforming an image represented in a first color space into an image represented in a second color space, said second color space representing amounts of ink of a color reproduction process that uses N inks (N is an integer greater than 3), the method comprising the steps of:
receiving image data represented in the first color space;
determining a set of M color gamut parts by the following steps:
defining a domain corresponding to a range of a first ink in combination with a range of a second ink;
identifying a point belonging to said domain having a first amount for said first ink and a second amount for said second ink;
setting a third ink to a predetermined minimum amount and determining a first magnitude corresponding to said first dimension of a color of said first amount of said first ink in combination with said second amount of said second ink in combination with said minimum amount of said third ink;
setting said at least one third ink to a predetermined maximum amount and determining a second magnitude corresponding to said first dimension of the color of said first amount of said first ink in combination with said second amount of said second ink in combination with said maximum amount of said third ink;
defining an umbrella surface part as a locus of colors in said device independence color space corresponding to said domain in combination with said third ink that yields a highest of said first and said second magnitudes corresponding to said first dimension of said device independent color space;
identifying for each of said set surface parts at least one darkening ink that is different from said first, second and third inks;
transforming said image data into image data represented in said device independent color space;
using a set of M (M is an integer) color gamut volume parts for applying a gamut mapping step in said device independent color space; and
transforming said gamut mapped image data into said second color space.
5. A computer readable medium comprising computer program code adapted to perform the steps of the method of
6. The method of
The present invention claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/290,125 titled METHOD AND DEVICE FOR DETERMINING MULTI-INK COLOR SEPARATIONS, filed on May 10, 2001 to inventor Jean-Pierre Van de Capelle, Provisional Application 60/290,125 is incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to computerized color graphics, color reproduction, and electronic printing systems. In particular, the present invention relates to a method for determining color separations in a multi ink printing system, such as an ink jet printer or a gravure press with six or more inks.
Computerized color graphics systems and electronic printing systems are known in the art. Typically, they enable a user to produce a color image, e.g., any visual two-dimensional pattern including text, graphic line art, continuous tone images, etc., and from that image to produce a picture which can be printed using a color reproduction system, for example, by producing color separation plates for offset printing. There has been much effort in the past to develop ways to determine these "separations", especially for multi-ink systems, e.g. systems where more than four inks are being used, as is for example the case for very high quality color printing and in textile or decoration printing.
Printing may be carried out using halftoning, also called screening, which is the process of creating the illusion of a continuous tone ("CT," "contone") image using an output device—e.g., a printing device or other color reproduction device—capable only of binary output, for example with ink deposited or not deposited at any location on a substrate. For color printing, several images—called separations—are produced in the primary colorants, e.g., inks used to print in color, and printed on top of each other on a printing press. For typical four color printing, four images are produced in cyan ("C"), magenta ("M"), yellow ("Y") and black ("K"), and each of these images are halftoned. Usually, digital halftoning is used and the image is recorded using an imagesetter, laser printer, ink jet printer, digital film recorder, or other output device, i.e., a color reproduction device.
The color gamut of a four-color printing process using CMYK is not very large and therefore some colors cannot be reproduced using only CMYK. Thus, processes using more than four inks have been developed in order to increase the color gamut. An example of printing with at least six inks is PANTONE's Hexachrome® system from PANTONE, Inc., Carlstadt, N.J. consisting of CMYK inks complemented with an Orange and a Green ink (CMYKOG). Another example is known as Küppers' ink set that uses CMYK, a Red, a Green, and a Blue ink (CMYKOGB). See H. Küppers: "Die Farbenlehre der Fernseh-, Foto-und Drucktechnik", Du Mont Verlag., Köln, 1985.
Color may be specified with only three color coordinates, e.g., CIE XYZ or CIE Lab, so using six or seven or more colors for printing makes the calculation of the required ink values, e.g., the separations for any particular color rather complex. There are more values to determine —6 or more—than the three coordinates defining the color, so the problem is "underdetermined," i.e., there are more variables to be determined than inputs. The more inks, the more difficult the determining of the separations. Thus there is a need for a method for determining good color separations when there are a large number of inks used.
Known methods for determining good color separations are often based on first measuring the colorimetric properties of patches of different amounts of a set of inks printed in sequence on top of each other. Modern color management techniques for obtaining color separations, such as COLORSYNC™ (Apple Computer, Inc., Cupertino, Calif.) and the methods promoted by the International Color Consortium (ICC, see http://www.color.org) are based on this. While these techniques can produce accurate results, and also work for halftone images, they are essentially limited to four ink systems. This is because of the large number of measurements of patches of combinations of more than 4 inks that would be needed. For example, the IT8.7.3 chart (American National Standards Institute [ANSI] Committee IT8 for Digital Data Exchange Standards) contains nearly a thousand patches for a four color output. Because of the large number of measurements, it is very difficult to characterize sets of more than four colorants, for example printing with six or seven colors, and as a consequence it is also difficult to make color separations for these printing systems based on their measured colorimetric properties. There also are applications where inks other than cyan, magenta, yellow and black need to be used, and it is not clear that prior art color management techniques that depend on measuring colorimetric properties of ink combinations work well for this. Thus there has been some effort to find better techniques applicable to more than four colorants or to different colorants.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,734,800 issued Mar. 31, 1988 to inventor Herbert, et al., titled SIX-COLOR PROCESS SYSTEM describes a system of five basic inks and a black ink. A "print grid" is printed and measured with a spectrophotometer, and a lookup table is created from this data and used to find the color separations for a specific color.
European Patent Publication EP 0586 139 A2 to inventor Litvak titled, PRINTING APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR MORE THAN FIVE COLORS describes a method for generating a print using CMYK and additional inks, such as RGB. The method is based on linear transformations of the input space, followed by non-linear corrections of the obtained CMYKRGB set and some user controlled color corrections. The Litvak method has a large number of parameters that need to be determined. Parameter values are provided in the patent for a CMYK RGB case. The parameter values depend on the particular CMYK inks being used, and, for example, different parameters would be needed for a CMYK OG case. The Litvak method appears to be an empirical method. It is not clear how to apply this method in general for generating color separations to any set of arbitrary selected inks.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,870,530 to Balasubramanian titled SYSTEM FOR PRINTING COLOR IMAGES WITH EXTRA COLORANTS IN ADDITION TO PRIMARY COLORANTS, issued Feb. 9, 1999, describes determining separations using what can be called a substitution method. A CMY to CMYKOGB example is described. The M and Y values are decreased gradually in a non-linear way and the appropriate O amount is added for colors that have an orange hue, again in a non-linear way. This apparently guarantees optimal smoothness of the separations. By using the non-linear substitution method, the possible gamut of obtainable colors is increased as compared to a simple linear substitution. While the Balasubramanian method improves on linear substitution, the gamut the method achieves is nevertheless smaller than the gamut of obtainable colors using the same ink set. For example, some saturated colors may never be obtained.
Harold Boll in "A Color to Colorant Transformation for a Seven Ink Process," Proceeding, IS&T's Third Technical Symposium on Proofing and Printing, pp. 31–35, 1993, has described a method applicable for CMYKRGB ink sets, such as the Küppers ink set. In the Boll method, the CMYKRGB ink set is sub-divided in six groups, each group containing black and three other inks. In CMY, each ink is complementary to the combination of the other two. In the Boll method groups, none of the three non-black inks is complementary to the other two. Combinations of the different sets of inks are printed and measured using a spectrophotometer. Using the Boll method leads to an ambiguity because colors can be made using more than one of the six-ink sub sets. The way this is solved is by using the ink set where the dominant primary is maximized.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,650,942 (issued Jul. 22, 1997) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,991,511 (issued Nov. 23, 1999) to inventor Granger titled APPEARANCE-BASED TECHNIQUE FOR RENDERING COLORS ON AN OUTPUT DEVICE describe a technique that uses an appearance color space, related to the CIE XYZ color space. The color space is called VTD herein, where T and D are chromaticity coordinates and V represents some monotonic function of luminance, say lightness. An "Umbrella Surface" is defined to be the gamut boundary surface that maximizes the V-value. One might also call the umbrella surface the "Lightness Gamut Boundary" (LGB) surface. Granger uses measurements to determine the VTD values of the LGB for some particular cases such as CMYK and CMYKOG. The Granger method next constructs the 3-D gamut using the LGB and a perfect black ink, which produces a perfect neutral gray along the V-axes. The Granger method avoids the need for constructing a 3-D table that describes the color gamut of the printer in 3-D; the method uses a 2-D table to determine the values of two of the primaries from the TD-coordinates (or actually from the T/V and D/V values), and uses the V values to determine the value for black. Thus, three-dimensional interpolation is avoided.
Apparently, the method uses the maximum real surface colors gamut, also called "Pointer's Gamut" (see M. R. Pointer, "The Gamut of Real Surface Colors," Color Research and Applications, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 145–155, 1980) and maps this whole gamut onto the 3-D gamut constructed as described in the Granger patents.
The Granger method does not describe how to determine the umbrella surface for an arbitrary set of inks. Rather, it describes using measurements to determine the LGB for some particular cases. To be able to handle any arbitrary ink set, the number of measurements that need to be taken may be too large.
The Granger method further is restricted to the LGB surface. Sometimes another criterion is desirable. For example, if the set of inks includes two cyans, two magentas, a yellow and a black, with the chroma of the two cyans and the two magentas being more important than their lightness, then a non LGB criterion may be desirable. Furthermore, for some ink sets, the LGB may sometimes not be very smooth or continuous in terms of the ink percentages that are used to construct the surface. Thus, for these and other reasons, the Granger method may not be suitable for an arbitrary ink set.
The Granger method uses the lightest color, and does not use what can be called the "most saturated" colors of the umbrella in which one of the inks is set to 100% and two other inks are varied. This part of the umbrella may be particularly difficult to construct, so there is a need for a method that can construct it. It may be that the surfaces fold. See M. Mahy and P. Delabastita, "Inversion of the Neugebauer Equations," Color Research And Applications, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 365–374, 1996, and M. Mahy, "Calculation of Color Gamuts Based on the Neugebauer Model," Color Research and Applications, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 404–411, 1997. If there is folding then only some of the most saturated colors surface belongs to the umbrella surface, since part of the curved surface curves underneath itself, i.e., folds.
The inventor believes that the Granger method maps the entire Pointer's gamut onto the device gamut in the VTD space. The Granger method furthermore needs a neutral black production, either through a real neutral black ink or by adding one or more complementary primaries that produce a neutral black. If the darkening ink does not produce straight lines in the VTD space, the color of the separated image may become significantly different from the color in the original image.
Thus, methods known in the prior art still have one or more shortcomings and there still is a need for a separation method and apparatus for an arbitrary number of arbitrary inks that overcome one or more of the shortcomings in the prior art, and in particular, the shortcomings of the Granger Method.
Described herein is a separation method that overcomes one or more of the above-stated shortcomings of the prior art. One aspect of the invention provides a general separation method for any set of inks. According to one feature, the inventive separation method does not need extensive measurements of combinations of the inks of the printer.
In yet another aspect of the invention, a sub-gamut of a multi-ink printer is determined that is characterized by a surface, which smoothly varies with ink concentration. This sub-gamut may be smaller than the full color gamut of the printer.
In yet another aspect of the invention, this sub-gamut is used to determine ink combinations that produce colors that are inside the sub-gamut.
In yet another aspect of the invention, a separation method is provided according to which the color of separations is related to the required input color through some CIE related color space.
In yet another aspect of the invention, an apparatus for obtaining a multi dimensional separated image is described.
In accordance with known practice, the computer system includes one or more processors 134 that communicate(s) with a number of peripheral devices via a bus subsystem 144. These peripheral devices typically include a memory subsystem 136 shown comprising RAM and a cache 138, a user input facility (one of input devices 152), a display subsystem 150, output devices such as a printer 110, and a file storage (mass storage) system 142.
In this context, the term "bus subsystem" is used generically to include any mechanism for letting the various components of the system communicate with each other as intended. With the exception of the input devices and the display, the other components need not be at the same physical location. Thus, for example, portions of the file storage system could be connected via various local-area or wide-area network media, including telephone lines. Similarly, the input devices and display do not need to be at the same location as the processor, although it is anticipated that the present invention will most often be implemented in the context of personal computers (PCs) and workstations.
Memory subsystem 136 includes a number of memories including a main random access memory ("RAM"). It may also include read only memory ("ROM") in which fixed instructions are stored. In the case of Macintosh-compatible personal computers this would include portions of the operating system; in the case of IBM-compatible personal computers, this would include the BIOS.
I/0 devices 152 may include a keyboard and may further include a pointing device and a scanner. The pointing device may be an indirect pointing device such as a mouse, trackball, touchpad, or graphics tablet, or a direct pointing device such as a touchscreen incorporated into the display.
Display subsystem 150 typically includes a display controller and a display device coupled to the controller. The display device may be a cathode ray tube ("CRT"), a flat-panel device such as a liquid crystal display ("LCD"), or a projection device. Display controller provides control signals to display device and normally includes a display memory (not shown in the figure) for storing the pixels that appear on the display device.
The file storage system provides persistent (non-volatile) storage for program files 142 and data files, and typically includes at least one hard disk drive. There may also be other devices such as a floppy disk drive, a CD-ROM drive and optical drives. Additionally, the system may include hard drives of the type with removable media cartridges. As noted above, one or more of the drives may be located at a remote location, such as in a server on a local area network or at a site on the Internet's World Wide Web.
In one embodiment, the input image is provided in a color space called the first color space herein. For example, the first color space may be RGB from a scanner device.
Consider a set of a number—denoted N—of colorants such as inks, denoted I1, I2, I3, . . . , IN, respectively. Denote the area coverage percentages of the N inks by p1, p2, p3, . . . , pN, respectively, and consider a color reproduction process such as a printing process wherein each of the coverage percentages can be varied independently. The set of N colorants and the color reproduction process that uses these colorants for reproduction form a color space, which is called the "second color space" herein.
One aspect of the invention is providing a mapping between the first color space and the second color space of the colorants such as printing inks, i.e., providing a method and apparatus for color separating the input image, including converting each color in the image from the first color space to the second color space. Part of that method is determining the output color gamut. In one embodiment, that output gamut is determined in a device independent color space, called the second color space herein.
For each part of volume of the set of gamut volumes, the method includes in step 707 associating a conversion method from the third color space to the second color space in terms of the coordinates of the third color space that define the gamut volume.
The steps for determining the umbrella surface are now described in more detail with reference to
The umbrella determining method includes determining the color of a set of inks. U.S. Pat. No. 5,933,578 issued Aug. 3, 1999 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/361,435 filed Jul. 26, 1999, both to Van de Capelle, et at, both titled METHOD AND DEVICE FOR DETERMINING THE COLOR APPEARANCE OF COLOR OVERPRINTS, and both hereby incorporated herein by reference, describe how to determine a set of colorant parameters for a set of the inks printed in sequence one over the other. The colorant parameters in turn provide for determining the color, e.g., in the form of a reflectance spectrum of an overprint of the inks each ink printed at a certain coverage percentage. The spectrum in turn can be used to convert to any color space, e.g., the third color space. Incorporated herein by reference U.S. Pat. No. 5,933,578 and patent application Ser. No. 09/361,435 are hereinafter together called Our Ink Patents.
By being able to calculate the color of an overprint of a set of inks, it is also possible to determine which set of inks printed at what area coverage percentages will produce a desired color. There may however be ambiguity; i.e., there may be many possible ink combinations that can produce a given color. A printer, however, may not consider all of these combinations as desirable. There is therefore a need for a method to resolve this ambiguity, and one aspect of the invention is resolving this ambiguity by selecting which inks and in what coverage percentages to use to print which color.
The colorant parameters of Our Ink Patents provide for determining the color e.g., the reflection spectrum of an overprint of the inks, with each ink printed at a certain coverage percentage. The spectrum in turn provides for determining the color of the overprint of the inks in any device independent color space, such as CIE Lab, CIECAM97s, CIE xyY or any other color space. The color space into which the determined spectrum is converted is the "third color space" in which the set of gamuts is defined (
Consider the N colorants I1, I2, I3, . . . , IN, respectively, and consider the second color space that these inks define when used with a particular printing process. This second color space spans a volume in the third color space (CIE Lab). When all inks but two in the original N-colorant color space are kept constant, varying the two inks defines a surface in the 3-D CIE Lab space. The boundary of the gamut is describable in terms of such third-color-space surfaces or parts of such surfaces.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,650,942 (issued Jul. 22, 1997) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,991,511 (issued Nov. 23, 1999) to inventor Granger, both titled APPEARANCE-BASED TECHNIQUE FOR RENDERING COLORS ON AN OUTPUT DEVICE describe a color space, called VTD, and also describe looking for the gamut boundary that has maximum L-value. The Granger method looks at all possible surfaces that can contribute, i.e., have parts that can be part of the gamut boundary.
As described in the Granger patents, the maximum lightness line represents the lightest colors (maximum value of Granger's V) that a target printer is capable of rendering for the given values of chroma. The maximum lightness line necessarily extends downwardly from no chroma since a given color is rendered by placing ink on the substrate, thereby reducing the amount of reflected light. The surface defined by the maximum lightness line and corresponding lines in other hue planes about the V axis is referred to by Granger as the umbrella surface, and colors on the umbrella surface are referred to as umbrella colors or surface colors. An umbrella color is, by definition, devoid of a neutral component, and thus, Granger asserts, is renderable by a single primary colorant or a combination of a pair of adjacent primary colorants.
One embodiment of the present invention also looks for the gamut boundary surface that has maximum lightness (L) value, and in particular looks at all possible surfaces—albeit in the third color space—part of which form part of the gamut boundary surface. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,650,942 and 5,991,511 are hereby incorporated herein by reference and referred to as the Granger patents. An umbrella surface is then determined. However, the umbrella surface determined here is not necessarily the same as the Granger umbrella surface.
Referring now to
In step 805, the pj and Pk, the coverage percentages, respectively, of Ij and Ik (Ij≠Ik), are varied to define a surface in the third color space, e.g., CIE Lab space. This surface in one embodiment is represented in the computer by a set of relatively small segments. In a particular implementation, the segments are planar triangles.
It is known that some inks cannot be "mixed" with each other because they do not print on top of each other. This might be the case, for example, if the inks do not adhere to each other, or if the ink mixture might have an undesirable reaction, such as becoming explosive as could happen with inks used in ceramics printing. It would be clear that such combinations should be avoided, and such avoiding may restrict the color gamut of the set of inks being printed. In one embodiment of steps 803 and 805, if the Ij and Ik are inks that are not combinable, e.g., inks that are printed one directly on top of the other, i.e., i=j±1, and not combinable, then such combinations are selected in step 803 and used in step 805. A database of non-combinable ink pairs is maintained and checked prior to the calculation of the colors in CIE Lab space, and such calculation is avoided for non-combinable pairs.
In one embodiment, pj and pk are discretized. Two consecutive values of each of pj and pk form the vertices of two triangular planes in the CIE Lab space. The color of each pj and pk combination is determined using Our Ink Patents to determine the reflection spectrum of an overprint of the inks, and then to determining the color in the third color space. How to determine the color in a device independent space such as CIE Lab from a reflection spectrum is well known. Thus a set of triangles forming a surface in the CIE Lab space is determined by varying both pj and pk between 0 and 100%.
One embodiment of the method described in Our Ink Patent includes determining a set of colorant parameters for the N inks that can be used describe the color of an overprint on a substrate. Using the colorant parameters, the spectrum of the overprint is determined using an equation that determines the spectrum in term of the coverage percentages, the inks' colorant parameters, and the characteristics of the substrate. From the spectrum, the resulting CIE Lab colors are then determined.
One method embodiment of the invention further includes repeating the obtaining of the surface in the CIE Lab space by selecting another pair of inks. This is shown in
In step 809, from the set of surfaces, i.e., the sets of triangles, only those triangles that are candidates for belong to the gamut boundary surface at the high L side are kept. All others are discarded. That is, the surfaces are sorted according to L value in the third space, and the surfaces or segments of the surfaces, e.g., the triangular planar surfaces that do not belong to the gamut boundary at the high L-side are discarded. One method uses "hidden surface" removal methods well known in the field of computer graphics. If one considers the L-axis as the depth (z) axis in three-dimensional (x-y-z) visualization, then when viewing the surfaces from L=infintiy, only those surfaces not hidden by surfaces, e.g., planar triangles that have a higher z value are kept and all others are discarded. Thus none or more triangular segments from each surface are maintained as candidates for belonging to the gamut boundary surface at the high L side.
Referring again to
In the sorting, one embodiment also incorporates the findings of M. Mahy and P. Delabastita, "Inversion of the Neugebauer Equations," Color Research And Applications, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 365–374, 1996, and M. Mahy, "Calculation of Color Gamuts Based on the Neugebauer Model," Color Research and Applications, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 404–411, 1997, both incorporated herein by reference, that the surfaces may fold. If there is folding, only those surface segments that are not in a fold, i.e., that do not in the underneath part of a fold are used as possible candidates for the gamut boundary at the high-L end.
In step 811, one ink, say Im, is selected and preset to 100% area coverage. With the remaining set of N-1 inks, the same steps 803–809 are repeated to obtain several surfaces. These surfaces are sorted in step 809 according to lightness together with those already candidates to further discard surface segments that cannot be part of the gamut boundary at the high-L end.
Steps 803–811 are for all possible single inks preset at 100% in step 811, i.e., different values of m. In each case, for the remaining N-1 inks, the sorting includes the previous surviving candidates and, by discarding the surfaces or segments of surfaces that cannot belong to the gamut boundary at the "high" L-side, an updated set of surface candidates is obtained.
Steps 803–811 are repeated for all possible pair of inks preset at 100% in step 811. Then steps 803–811 are repeated for all possible three of the inks preset at 100% in step 811, and so forth, until N-2 inks are preset at 100%. Step 815 determines if all sets of one or more inks, up to and including N-2 inks have been preset to 100%. In each repetition, the sorting step 807 includes the previous remaining candidates. At the end of the process, the remaining surfaces or surface segments form gamut boundary surface at the high L side that includes a number, denoted M, of parts. Each part has two of the N inks of the third color space varying, and the remaining N-2 inks set at either 0% or 100%. Thus is the umbrella surface in the third color space (CIE Lab in one embodiment).
The set of surface segments that form this gamut boundary at the high end—the umbrella surface—vary smoothly in CIE Lab space as well as in the second color space and are on the "high" L-side. The surfaces do not necessarily construct the actual true gamut boundary on the high L-side, i.e., the boundary of the gamut achievable in CIE Lab, but do form a continuous set of surfaces in CIE Lab space (third space) and in the second space. While the surface formed by the set is called the "umbrella surface" herein, it should be noted that this is typically but not necessarily different from Granger's umbrella surface. In many cases, it includes more of the gamut than Granger's umbrella surface.
Returning back to
Once the darkening inks are determined, for each part of the umbrella surface, in step 705 a 3-D gamut volume is constructed by varying of the three inks—the two that vary on the umbrella surface part plus one darkening ink if one darkening ink—or four inks—the two varying inks and the two darkening inks—while the remaining inks are kept constant. To determine the volume one embodiment used a color separation technique for converting form a space such as third color space into a 3 or 4 ink color system. Many such separations techniques are in the prior art. U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,349 (issued Nov. 18, 1997) to inventors Plettinck, et al., titled METHOD AND DEVICE FOR GENERATING PRINTING DATA IN A COLOR SPACE DEFINED FOR NON-STANDARD PRINTING INKS describes a method—hereinafter "the Plettinck Color Conversion Method"—to transform a set of colors specified in one set of inks, e.g., a first CMYK set to the corresponding set of colors specified in a different set of inks, e.g., so-called special inks, while preserving color appearance. U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,349 is hereby incorporated herein by reference. The Plettinck Color Conversion Method for example can be used to transform each pixel of an original image, specified with a first set of colorants, denoted say as CMYK colorants, to a corresponding pixel specified with a different set of colorants, denoted by C′M′Y′K′ colorants. The Plettinck Color Conversion Method includes determining a color specified with the CMYK colorant set in a first device independent color space. Next this color is transformed to a second device independent color space, this transformation including gamut mapping. Next an estimation of the coverage percentages of the C′M′Y′K′ colorants is obtained that produce the color in the second device independent color space. This estimation is subsequently refined until the coverage percentages C′M′Y′K′ are obtained that reproduce the color in the second colorant space.
One embodiment of the present invention uses the Plettinck Color Conversion Method in step 705. For each part of the umbrella surface, a 3-D gamut volume is constructed by varying the two inks that are varied for that part of the umbrella surface and the one or two darkening inks, while the remaining inks of the set of N are kept constant at 0% or 100%, depending on the ink and the surface part. That is, for any part of the umbrella surface, for each point (corresponding to some value of two inks), the amount of each darkening ink is varied, and the resulting CIE Lab value determined, e.g., using the Plettinck Color Conversion Method. When used as part of the inventive method, in one embodiment, the modified (C′M′Y′K′) color space is determined in such a way that the color gamut is slightly larger than the color gamut of the CMYK colorants. The gamut-mapping step can then be discarded.
One aspect of the invention is separating an image provided in the first color space into an image in the second color space, i.e., performing color separation into separations for the N-inks I1, I2, . . . , IN.
Consider a color, e.g., of an image pixel to be separated from the first color space, e.g., RGB, into the color space formed by the N-ink set. One embodiment determined whether the color is inside one of the 3-D gamut volumes in the third color space, or if gamut mapping is to be used, to be gamut mapped into the volume. That is, which of the set of M gamut volumes defined in the third color space is appropriate for the color. This determining may be carried out, for example, by transforming to the third color space and determining which volume the color is transformed to, or close to if gamut mapping is included. A separation technique for this gamut volume is now applied to the color in the volume. Each volume is constructed of either three colors (two inks and one darkening ink) or four colors (two darkening inks). A transformation (separation) to these three or four colors is straightforward. Many suitable separation techniques are known. One embodiment uses the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,268,754 (issued Dec. 7, 1993) to inventors Van de Capelle, et al., titled METHOD AND A DEVICE FOR CONVERTING A COLOR COORDINATE SET, and another uses the method described in above mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,349. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,268,754 and 5,689,349 are both incorporated herein by reference. Step 705 associates for each of the volumes a conversion method from the third color space to the second color space.
For the case of the volumes overlapping, which can happen for example if different darkening inks are used for different parts of the umbrella surface, embodiments of the invention include making a selection of which 3-D volume to use for a color in the overlap. The selecting is carried out according to a criterion. In one embodiment, using the criterion includes determining how close the color for conversion is to the gamut boundary and using the volume wherein the color is furthest from its boundary. Alternate embodiments use one or another different criterion.
According to yet another alternate embodiment, each of the 3-D color volumes is reduced such that there are no intersecting parts of the volumes. This eliminates the step of selecting which volume to use.
In some embodiments, the color conversion methods associated with each gamut volume in step 705 includes a lookup table and multi-dimensional interpolation. In one embodiment, a different lookup table and interpolation method pair is associated with each of the 3-D gamut volumes. Thus, which combination of a lookup table and interpolation method is used depends on where the color is in the color space.
In an alternate embodiment, one lookup table and interpolation method pair is used for all the volumes to transform the first color space colors, e.g., RGB to the inks that form the second color space. One potential problem with such an alternate embodiment is the presence of some undesirable "inter volume contamination" that may lead to more inks being printed for a given color.
When an input image is presented to be separated into the N-dimensional color space, the image itself being defined in a first color space, e.g., RGB, an embodiment to obtain the separated image is proceeds as shown in
The colors of each pixel in this third color space are subsequently changed (mapped) in this third color space, such that one obtains a set of second colors in the third color space. This is generally designated as gamut mapping. See J. Morovic, M. R. Luo "Developing Algorithms for universal colour gamut mapping," in Color Imaging Vision and Technology, New York: Wiley, 1999. The gamut mapping can be steered by the gamuts of the first and the second color space, as described in J. P. Van de Capelle, "Trade-offs between fundamental and pragmatic colour management systems," Proceedings, Colour Image Science 2000, Derby, UK, pp. 127–136, April 2000, incorporated herein by reference. In one embodiment, the gamut mapping is into one of the set of M color gamut volumes, and thus in step 905, into which of the M-volumes the color is to be mapped is determined. The gamut mapping is shown as step 907.
In one embodiment, for each of these second colors, the conversion to amounts of the N-primaries of the second color space are determined, as described above, by determining which of the volumes the color belongs to (step 905), and then separating into the color (step 911). In one embodiment, the conversion method associated with each of the volumes is used in step 911 for the color according to the gamut volume the color is in.
Another aspect of the invention is an apparatus for converting the pixels of an image from a first color space to a third color space.
The device includes an input image memory 503 where an input image is stored, and a first color converter 505 that transforms the image in memory 503, into an image 506 defined in the third color space. The image 506 in the third color space is stored in an intermediate image memory 507. How to make such color converters is generally known to those in the art (see the above description for known methods). A hardware device that is suitable for use as converter 505 is, for example, described in Our Ink Patents (U.S. Pat. No. 5,933,578 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/361,435) and also in U.S. Pat. No. 5,268,754. Unit 509 performs gamut mapping and receives the transformed image 506, stored in the memory unit 507. The gamut mapper 509 also has as input the gamut of the output device that uses the second color space. This output device gamut may be described as a set of one or more 3-D volumes defined in the third color space for the output device, as constructed with the method described above. The data is pre-stored in a memory 511. The output 513 is the image after gamut mapping.
The units 523-1, 523-2, . . . , 523-M form a set of M color converter units that each separates the image 513 (after gamut mapping) into 3 or 4 inks, depending on the number of darkening inks. How to make such color converters is generally known to those in the art. Each such color converter units for example may be as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,349 (the Plettinck Color Conversion Method). The gamut mapper 509 also includes one or more outputs that provide an indication of which of the units 523-1, 523-2, . . . , 523-M is best suited for separating the color at hand. In the embodiment of
As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, embodiments of the present invention may be embodied as a method, an apparatus such as a special purpose apparatus, an apparatus such as a data processing system, or a carrier medium, e.g., a computer program product, carrying one or more computer readable code segments for controlling a processing system to carry out a set of steps. Accordingly, the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, the present invention may take the form of a carrier medium (e.g., a computer program product on a computer-readable storage medium) carrying computer-readable program code segments embodied in the medium. Any suitable computer readable medium may be used including a magnetic storage device such as a diskette or a hard disk, or an optical storage device such as a CD-ROM.
It will be understood that the steps of methods and flowcharts discussed are performed in one embodiment by an appropriate one or more processors of a processing (i.e., computer) system executing instructions (code segments) stored in storage. It will also be understood that the invention is not limited to any particular implementation or programming technique and that the invention may be implemented using any appropriate techniques for implementing the functionality described herein. The invention is not limited to any particular programming language or operating system.
The instructions (e.g., computer readable code segments in storage) may be read from storage into memory. Execution of sequences of instructions contained in memory causes one or more processors to perform the process steps described herein. In alternative embodiments, hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions to implement the invention. Thus, embodiments of the invention are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software.
The terms "carrier medium" and "computer-readable medium" as used herein refer to any medium that participates in providing instructions to a processor for execution. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Non-volatile media includes, for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as a storage device which is part of mass storage. Volatile media includes dynamic memory such as RAM. Transmission media include coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise a bus within a computer. Transmission media can also take the form of acoustic or light waves, such as those generated during radio wave and infrared data communications.
Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example a floppy disk, a flexible disk, a hard disk, magnetic tape, or any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tapes, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave as described hereafter, or any other medium from which a computer can read.
Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to a processor for execution. For example, the instructions may initially be carried on a magnetic disk of a remote computer. The remote computer can load the instructions into its dynamic memory and send the instructions over a telephone line using a modem. A modem local to the computer system can receive the data on the telephone line and use an infrared transmitter to convert the data to an infrared signal. An infrared detector coupled to a bus can receive the data carried in the infrared signal and place the data on the bus. The bus carries data to main memory, from which a processor retrieves and executes the instructions. The instructions received by main memory may optionally be stored on a storage device either before or after execution by a processor. The instructions can also be transmitted via a carrier wave in a network, such as a LAN, a WAN, or the Internet.
Although a method embodiment of the invention is described herein for a printing process, the method can be applied for any type of process that is capable of displaying color images. In the case of a display, the "inks" are not subtractive colorants such as actual printing inks, but are additive primaries for the display process, e.g., the RGB primaries of a monitor. The embodiments described herein, however, are for printing with more than four inks. Display systems using more than three primaries are not is widespread use. In case such display systems ever become available, it would be possible to describe converting to such a display system by modifying the embodiments for multi ink printing described herein, and how to so modify would be clear to one in the art. For a display system, what is referred to herein as a percentage "p" would then not represent an area coverage percentage but rather an amount of an additive primary, e.g., a drive voltage magnitude for a voltage driven display device.
In the embodiment described above, the method of Our Ink patents is used to determine the surface of colors in the third color space of an overprint of varying amounts of two inks with one or more other inks at a preset coverage percentage. The invention does not require the use of the method of Our Ink Patents for this determination of the color in a third color space of an overprint of inks using a specific reproduction process, and in an alternate embodiment, an alternate method is used to determine the color in the third color space of the overprint. U.S. Pat. No. 6,341,175 issued Jan. 22, 2002 to inventor Usami and titled METHOD OF CONVERTING COLOR DATA, describes one alternate method for transforming printer data of four or more inks, such as CMYK data into a device independent color space. As another alternate. see for example, A. U. Agar, "Model Based Separation for CMYKcm Printing", Proceedings of The Ninth IS&T/SID Color Imaging Conference, pp. 298–302, Scottsdale, Ariz. Nov. 5–9, 2001 that contains a section on spectral models for color printers, including describing the color printing process of having a set of overprints, including using more than four colorants. The list on the Agar paper is non-exhaustive. Furthermore, as more methods that determine the color of overprints are developed, such methods can be incorporated into the method of the present invention. The Agar paper is incorporated herein by reference.
While the Plettinck Color Conversion Method is used in one embodiment, another embodiment uses another method for converting from one color space to another color space. Several candidates for such an alternative are known. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,362,808 to inventors Loce, et al., filed Mar. 12, 2002, and titled SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR TEMPLATE MATCHING OF MULTICOLORED IMAGES, describes another method that can be used to map between color spaces, including two ink-based device dependent spaces. U.S. Pat. No. 6,327,052 filed Dec. 4, 2001 to inventor Falk and titled COLOR DATA INVERSION AND RECONVERSION describes another method for converting between color spaces, including ink-based spaces.
While as an example, the CIE Lab, is used as the third color space herein, any alternate suitable color space, e.g., a valid device independent color space, may be used in an alternate embodiment. In the description above, CIE Lab notation is used, and it would be clear that any suitable color space notation can be used for such a color space.
While in one embodiment, the smooth gamut surface at the "high" L-side is constructed such that the lightness is the most important criterion, in another embodiment, the chroma is the most important criterion. This may be applicable in several situations, including for example, for the case when the ink set contains two cyans, a light and a dark one, and two magentas: a light and a dark one. Alternate embodiments use another most important criterion other than chroma or lightness.
Note that in the embodiments described above, one or two darkening inks are chosen for each part of the umbrella surface. In an alternate embodiment, up to three darkening inks are selected: real black, and the complements of each of the inks that vary on the part of the umbrella surface. The conversion for each gamut volume can then be into up to five inks.
Note that in some of the prior art was characterized herein. For example, it was stated that the Granger methods apparently use the maximum real surface colors gamut (Pointer's Gamut). The present invention does not depend on whether or not this characterization is true or on any of the other characterizations of the prior art presented in the Background section.
There have been described herein what are believed to be the preferred embodiments of the invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other and further modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention, and it is intended to claim all such changes and modifications as fall within the scope of the invention
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text:
The Old Curiosity Shop: By Charles Dickens
MobileReference.com, 2008 - Fiction - 434 pages
The Old Curiosity Shop tells the story of Nell Trent, a beautiful and virtuous young girl of not quite fourteen who lives with her grandfather in his shop of curiosities. Her grandfather loves her dearly, and Nell does not complain, but she lives a lonely existence without friends of her own age. Her only friend is Kit, an honest young lad who works at the shop, and whom she is teaching to write. Unbeknownst to Nell, her grandfather is obsessed with their precarious financial position and is attempting to make Nell a good inheritance by winning at cards. He keeps these nocturnal activities a secret, but borrows heavily from the evil Daniel Quilp, a dwarf, in order to raise new capital. In the end, he gambles away what little money they own, and Quilp seizes the opportunity to take possession of the shop and make Nell''s and her grandfather''s lives a misery. Indeed, her grandfather suffers a breakdown, which leaves him bereft of his wits. Courageously, Nell decides to escape Quilp, and she and her grandfather run away to the country to live as beggars, travelling into the Midlands of England. OCo Excerpted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Intuitive navigation. . Text annotation and mark-up. ."
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Leslie Jordan Joins Cast of AMERICAN HORROR STORY: COVEN
Leslie Jordan has signed on to the cast of FX's AMERICAN HORROR STORY: COVEN. The funnyman joins previously announced cast members Jessica Lange, Kathy Bates, Patti LuPone and Angela Bassett
No details have been revealed as to who Jordan will portray. The actor shared the casting news on his Facebook page posting, "BIG NEWS: On September 5, 2013 in New Orleans I join the storied cast of AMERICAN HORROR STORY. I have always loved Mr. Murphy's work and am so honored."
Jordan is best known for his role of Karen's pretentious, sexually ambiguous rival Beverley Leslie on the hit series Will & Grace. For that role he received an Emmy Award for Best Guest Actor in a Comedy Series at the 58th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards in 2006.
In one of his best-known performances onstage, he played "Brother Boy" in Sordid Lives, a role he took to the big screen in the popular cult film of the same name. Jordan reprised the role in the Sordid Lives: The Series, a televised spin-off of the movie airing on Logo. He wrote and starred in the autobiographical play Lost in the Pershing Point Hotel, which was also made into a motion picture.He most recently appeared off-Broadway in Lucky Guy.
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About Author
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Brand New Teaser for Glee Season 3, Episode 4: "Pot O' Gold" — Shelby and Puck Are SO Hooking Up! [VIDEO]
There is so much going on in this NEW sneak peek we can't even handle it! First off: Damian! Second of all: We'll finally know if Puck and Shelby are going to hook up! Third: Santana and Mercedes look like they're going to slay "Candyman." And finally: Sue's pom pom budget is $4k a month?!
The hiatus is just about over and it's about freaking time!


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Attachments & Accessories
Safety Chucks feature replaceable inserts.June 22, 2015
Available in pedestal mount and flange mount models, Guardian Safety Chucks feature self-centering journal seat and automatic locking in case of accidental rotation. Hardened inserts can be replaced as opposed to entire handwheel when maintenance is needed. Inserts also add versatility as they can be swapped out to accommodate other shaft sizes on same safety chuck. Read More
Universal Hydraulic Chuck suits all rotating applications.April 15, 2015
Achieving balance quality of G2.5 at speeds up to 25,000 rpm, HydroForce HT is suited for milling, drilling, reaming, and other rotating applications. Direct clamping is available for 0.75 and 1.5 in. diameters. Working directly with KM4X™ spindle connection, chuck transmits high levels of torque and provides maximum resistance to bending loads. Unit is equipped with central coolant for use with through-coolant or non-through-coolant tools. Read More
Self-Contained Large Bore Air Chucks have extra-large thru-hole.April 3, 2015
Comprising standard and extended jaw stroke models, Energy Series features self-contained construction with built-in air cylinder and extra-large thru-hole. Full spindle bore of lathe can be utilized for thru-hole work, and length of jaw travel maximizes clearance for through feeding pipe. While extended jaw stroke allows for processing pipe with upset ends, extended jaw travel features both rapid and clamping stroke. External or internal clamping of workpiece is also possible.
Read More
Milling Lathe/CNC Turning Center has true Y-axis and sub-spindle.February 27, 2015
In addition to 30 hp, 3,500 rpm, 10 in. (chuck dia) primary spindle and 20 hp, 4,500 rpm, 8 in. sub-spindle, FEELER FT-250SY features true Y-Axis with 100 mm (±50 mm) travel for maximum rigidity and robust machining environment. Single-piece structure with boxways, 45° slant bed, and base lend dampen vibration when turning in hard materials. Other features include heavy-duty, 12-station turret; 210 mm +/- 10 mm X-axis travel; 1,050 mm Z-Axis travel; and FANUC 31i-TB CNC control. Read More
High-Speed Spindles are engineered for unlimited duty cycle.January 30, 2015
Type SL features jacket cooling that reduces operating temperature and results in consistent operating parameters. Designed for tools with cooling channel and internal coolant supply, Type SLI has internal coolant system and jacket cooling system that increases in-use speeds with 1:5 ratio. High-speed spindle speeders, targeting wood, metal, and composites industries, increase rpms on standard machine tool machining center spindles to boost output and productivity. Read More
Cutting Tool Collets accommodate short and long tools.January 28, 2015
For shorter carbide cutting tools, powRgrip® PG-S Collets have 3–6 mm shorter engagement that standard PG collets and are available in PG 6, 10, 15, 25, and 32 sizes. powRgrip PG-L Collets, accommodating longer tools by providing 3–6 mm longer engagement than standard collets, are available in PG 15, 25, and 32 sizes. powRgrip system utilizes shallow-tapered collet that is pressed into holder with matching taper using hydraulic handpump or tabletop hydraulic press. Read More
Extended Life Chuck meets pipe threading demands.January 23, 2015
Available in sizes from 470–1,000 mm with bore diameters from 185–560 mm, TB2 minimizes cycle times via exhaust system with max venting rate. Product life is extended via wear- and corrosion-resistant coating as well as sealed base jaws that eliminate chance of contamination. To reduce maintenance, lubrication system allows for accelerated and even lubrication of entire chuck through intelligent lubrication channel system. Several pressure and stroke monitoring features are standard. Read More
Intelligent Chucks enable part loading automation.January 15, 2015
With table integration that lets robots pick and place fixtured workpieces into machine, ESA 120/70 automation chuck allows intelligent interface and communication with controller using standard Unilock knobs. Product checks for workpiece presence, proper orientation, and clamping and communicates back to controller when workpiece is in place and ready to be machined. Conversely, machine does no allow new cycle to start until new component is properly in place. Read More
Collet Chuck holds near-perfect runout.January 12, 2015
Suitable for milling, drilling, reaming, and tapping, High-Precision Collet Chuck maintains runout accuracies of 0.0001 in. at 3 x D. Thick chuck walls and strong outer form add rigidity and minimize vibration, while sealed-by-design precision collets, ranging from 6–20 mm or 0.24–0.79 in., optimize coolant delivery. Chuck is available with Safe-Lock™ pull-out protection from Haimer, which prevents tool from spinning or being pulled out of holder altogether under extreme machining conditions. Read More
Adjustable Angle Heads optimize machining and milling.December 29, 2014
Available in small to large custom sizes, BENZ Adjustable Angle Heads are engineered for use in general manufacturing and light production operations where machines need to change angles frequently. Worm gear on back side of angle head accelerates adjustments, minimizing down time and retooling time that would otherwise slow down efficiency and productivity. Read More
CNC Lathe accelerates small-part production.December 8, 2014
Featuring 5 ft x 6 ft, 3 in. footprint, Tongtai Q5 CNC Gang-type Lathe is equipped with 6,000 rpm, 7.5 hp spindle motor and offers rapid traverse rate of 1,181 ipm. Tool capacity, depending on workpiece being processed, is 4–6 ID or OD. Optional automation system combines bar feeder, part catcher, and part conveyor. For longer-term, higher-volume automated production, 8-pallet or 2-pallet gantry-loader-type part stockers are offered to handle parts up to 2 in. in diameter and 1.5 in. in length. Read More
Clamping System targets high-speed machining market.November 24, 2014
Available in standard taper types, REGO-FIX micRun comprises micRun collets, clamping nuts, and toolholders. When used together in compliance with recommended tightening torque, components provide TIR of less than 0.00012 in. at 3 x D. Available with internal or peripheral cooling, micRun features collet locking system that retains collet in nut to facilitate insertion and removal, with no extractor required. Up to 16 different tool diameters from 1.00–20.00 mm can be clamped in same holder. Read More
Ultraminiature Ball Screws target medical applications.November 18, 2014
Available in diameters as small as 3 mm with choice of 1 or 0.5 mm pitch, Ultraminiature Ball Screws are manufactured from standard tool steel, hardened and precision ground to meet ISO tolerances from P0 to P5. Stainless steel material is available as option. Units are equipped with 1 of 4 types of ball nuts, with or without preload. In addition, ball screws are capable of being back driven, which is important for tactile systems. Read More
Multi-Process Welding Lathe features PLC-based controls.November 11, 2014
Capable of sub arc, open arc, and gas-shielded welding using single torch, Multi-Process Horizontal Lathe is suited for users that remanufacture slab caster rolls, shell rolls, and mandrel bars. Onboard second torch is provided for bore welding down to 4 in. ID. With adaptive spindle speed compensation, operators do not need to adjust wire-feed speed or spindle speed to accommodate change in diameter. Machine includes 12 in. color HMI and open-naming convention for part configuration storage. Read More
Workpiece Clamping System features modular design.October 31, 2014
Utilizing quick-change method, CAPTIS Clamping System permits conversion from external to internal clamping in less than 1 minute. Collet changes can be made in 15 seconds. Configurations include: power-operated, rotating CAPTIS collet chuck for turning machines; CAPTIS-D with axial tightening for machining bar stock; CATIS-AF with axially fixed collet and optional workpiece stop for delicate workpieces; and stationary CAPTIS-MS collet chuck for drilling, milling, and machining centers. Read More
High-Torque Universal Hydraulic Chuck suits rotating applications.October 22, 2014
With front wall cross-section thickness that lends to compact and stable design, HydroForce™ HT maximizes tool life, workpiece surface quality, and production flexibility. Rigidity optimizes cutting parameters and results. With vibration dampening, runout is 3 microns at 2X dia overhang, and balance quality of G2.5 is achieved at speeds up to 25,000 rpm. Direct clamping is available for 0.75 and 1.5 in. dia, and reducer sleeves are applied for all other diameters. Read More
Twin Spindle CNC Lathe offers 16 second production time.October 2, 2014
Equipped with 11 kW spindle motor providing spindle speeds up to 4,500 rpm, Model MW120GTEX delivers rigidity and high-precision processing. Machine features 8 turret stations, 2-piece turret coupling, and twin independent gantries for optimized throughput. Location of Z-axis ballscrew is centered to optimize accuracy, while X-axis box guideway gives added rigidity. Read More
Modular 5-Axis Profiler reduces aerospace parts machining time.October 1, 2014
Used to machine structural aluminum parts, Cincinnati XP carries 1–5 A/B-axis spindle heads in traveling-gantry or -table design to allow completion of up to 5 parts per cycle. Rail-type design allows any practical X-axis length for carrying multiple gantries and creating multiple work zones. Rotary axis feedrates to 2,400 dpm are complemented by matched feedrates of 1,000 ipm on X/Y/Z axes. Spindle configurations include 3 spindles with 1 or 2 m center distance or 5 with 1 m center distance. Read More
Universal Hydraulic Chuck suits all rotating applications.September 30, 2014
With thick front wall cross-section, HydroForce HT™ provides rigidity necessary for optimized cutting parameters. Chuck achieves G2.5 balance quality at speeds up to 25,000 rpm, and features vibration dampening to enable runout of 3 microns at 2X diameter overhang. Direct clamping is available for 0.75 and 1.5 in. diameters, and reducer sleeves are applied for all other diameters. Chuck is suited for milling, drilling, reaming, and other rotating applications. Read More
Twin Spindle Turning Center enhances production versatility.August 7, 2014
Designed for compact line operation, Muratec MW80GT delivers manufacturing flexibility and facilitated setup change. This 6,000 rpm dual spindle machine, engineered to produce parts that are 3.15 in. dia and 2 in. long, offers wide gang tool platform to promote versatility. Other features include twin horizontal spindles, twin 4-station tool blocks, X-axis stroke of 320 mm, and Z-axis stroke of 200 mm. Machine is available with one or 2 Muratec high-speed, 3-axis CNC gantry loaders. Read More


text:
Minerva Custom IEM
Custom IEM and hearing aid manufacturers
Minerva Mi-Performer Pro Silicone Custom IEM
"Specification Price: £385 Medical grade Silicone Full shell (can request different) Dual driver balanced armature 1.4m non removable cable. Kevlar reinforced clear cable. Ear impressions and Otoscopy included – Hidden hearing audiologists Colour/etching options (£10 extra each) I've had this IEM for a year now. I think it's time to share my thoughts, starting from..." --CantScareMe
Minvera Mi-1
Hear the music you love like never before. The Mi-1 custom headphone makes your tracks sound better than ever and blocks out annoying noise from the world around you. You'll hear music clearly and they are so comfortable you'll forget you're wearing them. Handcrafted to exactly match your ear canal, this custom headphone will change the way you listen to music. Mi-1 is just ...
" I'd like to think RHA for sending me these earphones for review. Along with the summary below, I have posted a Youtube video review of the MA350. If you like the video, check out my channel for more reviews :) Summary BUILD The MA350 has an interesting build, with a reverse horn / funnel shape. This is actually the opposite of a horn..." --a_recording
RHA MA450i
" I'd like to think RHA for sending me these earphones for review. Along with the summary below, I have posted a Youtube video review of the MA450i. If you like the video, check out my channel for more reviews :) Summary BUILD The MA450i has an interesting build, with a reverse horn / funnel shape. This is actually the..." --a_recording
RHA MA600i Noise Isolating In-Ear Headphone
"Many thanks to RHA Audio for providing this free review sample. The MA600 is tuned as a V shape. For those who don't know what that means, a V shaped tuning means the treble and bass have been tuned to sound more forward and aggressive then the mids. End result, the mids tend to sound more laid back in comparison to the rest of the sound signature. Some good examples of gear, both..." --DigitalFreak
RHA MA750i
"This is my first review on Head-Fi, so forgive me for my trip ups and lack of jargon, as I simply do not have the knowledge or experience to accurately describe everything I hear and feel. That being said, I deliberated over my purchase of these IEM's for quite a while. For a few months, I had a toss-up between the GR07 BE, Sennheiser CX985, Rock-It R50 and RHA MA-750i. Any one of these..." --dazzerfong
RHA T10i
" First off I want to thank RHA for selecting me as one of their 3 reviewers here on Head-fi. I really appreciate being selected out of so many quality reviewers that replied in the reviewers wanted thread. I also would like to thank the people who posted their recommendation for me. I was touched by those posts more than you realize, as the process of writing reviews can at times feel like I..." --dweaver
" INTRODUCTION Being a fan of the RHA MA750 (RHA's first flagship IEM), I was quite excited to hear when RHA released the T10i. The new stainless shells, novel "memory wire" implementation, and smartphone-friendly plug along with tune-able sound via interchangeable filters got me pretty excited, so I took part in a tour for the T10 at that time and spent a week using..." --nmatheis


text:
Exchange Front End contacting WSUS
Created: 08 Dec 2006 • Updated: 30 Oct 2013 | 5 comments
This issue has been solved. See solution.
We use a local SUS server to patch both our Front End and Back End Exchange servers. The servers are getting proxy errors when they try to contact the sus server. I was able to figure out how to get the active node of the back end servers to work (added nj-sus.ourdomain.com to EVservers.txt) but since there is no corresponding file for the Front End I am confused as to how to get them working.
Comments 5 Comments • Jump to latest comment
Try the following:
proxycfg -d -p "" ";nj-sus.vonage.net;exchange1;exchange2"


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Artistic Director and Conductor Cho-Liang Lin leads National Taiwan Symphony Orchestra International Youth Orchestra Camp
July 02, 2015
For the fourth year, Cho-Liang Lin will lead the National Taiwan Symphony Orchestra International Youth Orchestra Camp as Artistic Director. Students from around the world travel to Taiwan for a two week intensive training that culminates in concerts in venues around Taiwan. In addition to serving on the faculty of the NTSO International Youth Orchestra Camp, Lin performs in several recitals with other faculty members, the first on July 12, then on July 18. In the camp's concluding concerts, Lin conducts the NTSO International Youth Orchestra and soloist Paul Huang in three concerts with a program of Brahms' Academic Festival Overture, Tchaikovsky's Violin Concerto in D Major, and Dvorak's Symphony No. 9 in E Minor "From the New World."
Beyond his role as Artistic Director of the Youth Orchestra Camp, Lin is a frequent featured artist with the NTSO, having participated both as conductor and soloist in the Mostly Mozart series, performed Mozart's Violin Concerti and various chamber recitals, and acted as NTSO's Artist-in-Residence in the 2013-14 season.
National Taiwan Symphony Orchestra, Vineyards Festival, and La Jolla SummerFest highlight Cho-Liang Lin's summer season
June 24, 2015
Cho-Liang Lin spends the summer on both sides of the Pacific, as he returns to the National Taiwan Symphony Orchestra's International Youth Orchestra Camp as Artistic Director and Conductor, and continues as Music Director of La Jolla Music Society's SummerFest.
Beginning in early July, Lin returns to his role as Artistic Director and Conductor of the NTSO International Youth Orchestra Camp, where he will lead the next generation of musicians in an intensive training program. Lin will be both performing alongside other faculty members and leading the Youth Orchestra in several concerts.
Following his activities in Taiwan, Lin appears in a series of concerts in Napa Valley as part of the Music in the Vineyards, a festival comprised of chamber music concerts in California's idyllic wine country.
Cho-Liang Lin then kicks off SummerFest in La Jolla as the festival's Music Director with a free outdoor concert on August 5 with a program of Mendelssohn, Prokofiev, Beethoven, Moszkowski, and Bach with ensembles such as the Escher String Quartet, the Huntington Quartet, the Sycamore Trio, and other musical luminaries. SummerFest continues through the end of August with performances of works by an array of composers from Brahms to Shostakovich. Discover the 2015 season of SummerFest here.
Cho-Liang Lin joins the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra for UK Premiere of The Last Paradise
June 11, 2015
On June 12, Cho-Liang Lin will join the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra for the UK premiere of The Last Paradise by Xiaogang Ye, led by conductor José Serebrier. Lin previously performed the U.S. premiere of Ye's work in 2013 with the Detroit Symphony Orchestra to great acclaim, with Bachtrack.com noting that "the stylistic techniques employed by Lin not only served to prove the performer's incredible skill and dexterity, but also to express the musical protagonist's sense of hardship and sorrow." Lin will be recording this same work with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and Serebrier, to be be released by BIS Records.
The program also hears selections from Dvořák's Slavonic Dances, and Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition.
Following his London performance, Lin can be seen in Taiwan on June 19 performing Shostakovich's Violin Concerto No. 1 with conductor Gilbert Varga and the Taipei Symphony Orchestra.


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No announcement yet.
Fedora Proposal To Use Cinnamon Desktop By Default
new posts
Gnome 3 is very traditional and still follows the rules of the desktop metaphor.
For example; if you don't organize your desktop and get piles of shit, stacked on top of each other. Just like in real life; you loose track of where your shit is going, and have to look under a pile of paper to see what's underneath. You can do this piece-by-piece (hitting the middle mouse button; I know, that's totaly a tablet thing) or by spreading your shit out all at once (top-left screen corner; also totaly Android).
By the time your have figured out that you can actualy organize this with unlimited workspace (multiple workspace; soooo Windows Metro, I know), you don't have this problem anymore.
Now I know that it is sooooo X.org that resizing windows isn't fancy-pants fence style programmed for synced screen updates, but what evahhhh...
Now there is some room for improvement here; Gnome3 could realy benifit from more advanced tiling in Mutter 'n StuFF rIt3? But maybe then everybody is going to complain that it is sooo Windows 1.0... That would be an even worse thing than that stone-age commandline that is already making Linux look bad, as if it tries to copy DOS, but fails because they don't ever have the DIR command. My friend reads books and stuff and she told me to type ls -a, GOSH ohhhh... Mygod! They realy try to make things so complicated. NERDS! eeeeeellllll! No wonder nobody likes Lienucks!111
I think I am gonna switch to oohbountu bcuz they copied Mac OS X better, because every1 nows Steve Jobs invented the dock.
Originally posted by LightBit View PostI'm trying to imagine you doing some serious work (like programming) on your post-PC device.
I just read that Gnome is bringing in a Classic Mode in the next release earlier today. Why would Fedora switch from Gnome to a fork that probably breaks some things when F19 will have a Gnome version that has a Classic Mode option for people that want something more like the Gnome 2 style? I am personally looking forward to more improvements to Gnome Shell myself. If I didn't like Gnome Shell though, I wouldn't expect everybody else to have to have to switch to my preferred desktop UI because I'm too lazy to change the default myself...
Originally posted by Awesomeness View PostThat's stupid because Cinnamon is a full-blown fork.
Already done. That's what extensions are for.
As for my previous comment about Gnome-shell users being casual, i didn't mean that it is not possible to use it for productivity. Just that it is less effective at it.
Originally posted by kigurai View PostIf you don't like some piece of software, and have other options, then why should you use it?
Maybe because I wasn't particularly impressed by KDE, I should drop down on every KDE article I see and announce that the developers are stupid because they are not catering to my needs?
Yeah, that seems constructive.
Yes, stick with tradition. That's a great way to advance technology.
If you don't like Gnome 3, it means you're too stupid to learn new things.
And no, calling everybody who doesn't like Gnome 3 stupid isn't an argument at all. And there is not much to learn about it anyway. It is really simple. It just isn't designed with Workstations and traditional desktop in mind...
Originally posted by zxy_thf View PostBecause a lot of Linux users refuse anything new.
If things continued like this, sooner or later nobody would want a Linux DE as it resembled decades-old UI.
Don't strain yourself. Search for Diet Coda and Codea. This is just the beginning. I have no doubt people will be able to develop apps entirely on a tablet in a few years. Tablets will force software development to advance as well. The post-PC programming languages and tools will be much easier to use than what exists today.
In case you've misunderstood the Apple's marketing department:
1. They clearly see the iPad as a product that fills the void between smartphones and laptops;
2. iOS was first introduced without an SDK because webapps could just as easily do the job. That is why you can bookmark webpages as icons on the homescreen, however; webapps don't generate revenue and small startups can't afford gigantic server costs and so the appstore was a drop-in replacement to lower the barrier to entry;
3. Programming and post-PC are not realy compatible terms.
Anyone trying to use an iPad to program applications hasn't realy understood anything about the very purpouse of the iPad, whatsoever. Now there are people who researched the idea of visual programming, but thus far any attempt in R&Ding this dumb idea has "Microsoft Frontpage" written all over it.
Linux users are accustomed to modifying their system to fit their preferences and to optimise their workflow. Traditionally, all desktops have presented you with a vanilla default and allowed you to modify it to your needs.
What Linux users do not like is when somebody comes and says that using your desktop the way you like it is verboten.
Linux people have been running innovative desktops for decades, some of the stuff I've seen would make the "innovative kiddies" crap their pants and cry for mummy. It's not innovation people object to, it's the removal of features coupled with a holier-than-thou use-it-or-drop-dead attitude.
So back with F15 they decided to switch to GS, back in the day when touch screen laptops were nonexistent.
Now when even Microsoft ditched the traditional "desktop" paradigm in win8, now when touch enabled laptops/tablets are ubiquitous, now they say they want to move back to the traditional desktop.
WTF Fedora?
Openbox, Fluxbox, AwesomeWM, KDE3, KDE4, Gnome2, Gnome3, LXDE... I tried em all... the only one that had a (imo) legitimate feature my current DE doesn't offer the option of was AwesomeWM, but it lacks a great many other features.
My current DE is Xfce. With the exception of 'looking flashy', what do any of these other DE's actually offer over it? Nothing, and the others that match it's featureset are slower... and the rest don't have enough panel customisation.Last edited by korrode; 01-25-2013, 11:56 AM. Reason: forgot to mention LXDE when listing DE's i tried
Originally posted by korrode View PostMy current DE is Xfce. With the exception of 'looking flashy', what do any of these other DE's actually offer over it? Nothing, and the others that match it's featureset are slower... and the rest don't have enough panel customisation.
I agree -- if you need a "classic" desktop, why would you use another DE? KDE and GNOME are actually slower than Unity.


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When you were in school, which teacher did you learn the best from: the boring one that didn't seem very confident in what he or she knew? Or was it the teacher who was an expert in the subject and still managed to make it interesting?
At Rapid Training Solutions, we believe that the most effective supplier training meets several criteria:
Participating in the many available supplier training sessions offered through Rapid Training Solutions means you will have the most cost-effective training available for any Wal-Mart Stores Inc. and Sam's Club vendor. Whether you're joining us at one of our week-long training sessions throughout the United States or participating in a virtual supplier training class, you or your employee will find the most updated information regarding supply chains, inventory management, Retail Link and more. You can't afford to do business with Walmart or Sam's Club and not have this training. We are that confident in the return on your investment.
All courses include free follow-up service to assist the participant as they apply their new skills.
See Our "Virtual Training" Class List »
RTS Walmart Perpetual Calendar (31 KB)
We offer on-site supplier training courses throughout the United States. Are we coming to a city near you? Here are our upcoming dates and locations for supplier training sessions. Click on the button with the city name to learn what specific courses will be offered.
La Concha
1077 Ashford Ave
San Juan, PR 00907
Monday, June 1 - Wednesday, June 3
Tuesday, June 9 - Thursday, June 11
Residence Inn New York Manhattan/Times Square
1033 Avenue of the Americas
New York, NY
Tuesday, June 16 - Thursday, June 18
Tuesday, June 23 - Thursday, June 25
Tuesday, July 14 - Thursday, July 16
Courtyard by Marriott Irvine / John Wayne Airport/Orange County
2701 Main St.
Irvine, CA 92614-6230
Tuesday, July 21 - Thursday, July 23
Tuesday, July 28 - Thursday, July 30


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Receive Breaking News updates as they occur
Tunisia President Beji Caid Essebsi declared a state of emergency on Saturday to hand his government more authority following an Islamic militant attack on a beach hotel, where 38 foreign tourists, mostly Britons, were killed. Tunisia's emergency law temporarily gives the government more executive flexibility, hands the army and police more authority, and restricts certain rights such as the right to public assembly. The attack on the Sousse beach resort last Friday followed a gun attack on the Bardo museum in Tunis in March: two of the worst militant assaults in Tunisia's modern history, and a pressing threat to its vital tourist industry.
NASHVILLE, Tenn. (AP) — Clint Dempsey wants to look ahead to helping the U.S. defend its CONCACAF Gold Cup title and not back to his confrontation with a referee that caused American coach Jurgen Klinsmann to replace the fiery forward as captain for the tournament.


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Group Files Suit Against Blue Cross' Massive Premium Hikes
A class-action lawsuit has been filed against Anthem Blue Cross in California over the health insurer's planned rate increases, some as high as 39 percent, in the Golden State.
Consumer Watchdog, a Santa Monica-based nonprofit, announced the suit Monday, stating that the insurer "used enormous rate hikes to force patients into lower benefit and higher deductible health coverage in violation of state law."
Patients claim that the increases, which the insurer previously agreed to put of until May 1, would put them into a "death spiral" where an insurer blocks many new customers and the blames its lack of market penetration for premium hikes that squeeze out older, less-desirable customers.
Blue Cross has blamed, in part, the state's high unemployment, which has subtracted tens of thousands of employees from its service and forced it to do more with less people and employers paying into its system. But the New York Times noted recently that parent company WellPoint has opposed President Obama's health-care plan which, in part, would require people to retain insurance (giving companies like Blue Cross a guaranteed base).
"Many of the Californians who were recently hit with massive premium increases were informed several months ago by Blue Cross that it was closing their policies and were offered alternative plans with much more limited benefits," states Consumer Watchdog. "Those who chose to stay with their current coverage were later told that its price was going to skyrocket."
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Analysis: South Africans With Surface To Air Missiles
Inexact title. See the list below. We don't have an article named Analysis/SouthAfricansWithSurfaceToAirMissiles, exactly. We do have:
- Main/South Africans With Surface To Air Missiles
- UsefulNotes/South Africans With Surface To Air Missiles
If you meant one of those, just click and go. If you want to start a Analysis/SouthAfricansWithSurfaceToAirMissiles page, just click the edit button above. Be careful, though, the only things that go in the Main namespace are tropes. Don't put in redirects for shows, books, etc.. Use the right namespace for those.


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My goal is to support a functionality that mute phone (possibly with vibrations enabled/disabled), so when a call or sms is received it won't make noise
unmute phone but prompt for "password for unmute".
And this remains valid for any other application, that it ask for password entry before unmute...
How can I do this? What permissions are required in AndroidManifest?


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Due to its power, simplicity, and complete object model, Python has become the scripting language of choice for many large organizations, including Google, Yahoo, and IBM. In Python 3 Essential Training, Bill Weinman demonstrates how to use Python 3 to create well-designed scripts and maintain existing projects. This course covers the basics of the language syntax and usage, as well as advanced features such as objects, generators, and exceptions. Example projects include a normalized database interface and a complete working CRUD application. Exercise files accompany the course.
For loops in Python are very useful for iterating over container types, and yet they are significantly different from for loops in other languages. In particular, for loops in other languages tend to have some sort of an index variable associated with them, and this can some times be useful. And we don't have that in the standard for loop in Python. So, let's take a look at how we can get that very easily using the enumerate function. Go ahead and make a working copy of for.py. I'll call it for-working.py and open that working file, and this is our little readlines example. And if we run this, You'll notice that we get the lines of text from the lines.txt file, which looks like this.
They have that extra new line in them. We'll go ahead and get rid of that with end=" ". I am going to add something to this here. I am going to add the enumerate function, enumerate, and it goes like that. Enumerate actually returns two values. The first value is an index, and the second the value is the value from the iterator. I am going to print the index before the line, and we'll save this and run it, and you'll see what we get.
So, the index is this extra number over here, and you'll notice that it starts at 0, and that's actually a useful place for it because that's how you index containers in Python. So, let's take a look at an entirely different example here, and we'll take a string, and we'll iterate over that string. We'll use the enumerate function, and we will print the index and the character, just so you can get an idea of that looks like, save it and run it.
So, here we have - I am going to scroll back up - each position in the string, with its index number and its character. Now, let's say that I am just interested in the letter S. So, I want to know which of these characters are the letter S. I can say if c='s' like that: print ('index'), number is an S, and I'll do a format I, like this. That will place the value of the index into this placeholder here.
So, I'll save that, and run it, and now we know index 3 is an s, index 6 is an s and index 10 is an s. So, counting from 0, 1, 2, 3 there is an S, 4, 5, 6 is an S, 7, 8, 9 and 10. So 3, 6 and 10 are the Ss. So, sometime it's necessary to be able to find at what index, in an array type, a particular value is. This is a very useful pattern for doing that, and there is actually a lot of uses for having this index, and enumerate is how you can get that.
So, this is how you get indexes and an iterator with for loop. Use this pattern here for, index and value and enumerate, which returns those two values, and the argument to enumerate is the iterator. Then you have the index and the value available inside your for loop.
Find answers to the most frequently asked questions about Python 3 Essential Training .
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Meet the Locals and Hear Their Stories in the Loire Valley - Because we know the area intimately we can take you to all sorts of places that you might not otherwise see. Along the way we will often talk to locals who...
Wednesday, 13 June 2007
Angles sur l'Anglin from across the river
Posted by Susan at 08:40
Labels: Angles sur l'Anglin, Pictures of Chateaux, Towns and Villages near Preuilly
1 comment:
Hello, Simon -- I found your blog in your signature line on TripAdvisor, and came to visit out of curiousity. You're living our dream...someday we'll have our spot in La Belle (our will be toward the Dordogne, we think) -- so am wishing you all the very best -- a quick and inexpensive end to the hole in the roof, with neither mice nor pigeons in the grenier!ReplyDelete
You're at the beginning of a lovely dream...enjoy!
Amy (Sunshine817)
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I am trying to make an instance of my live fully functional Joomla 1.5 website on my localhost (MAMP).
I created a new database and imported the live database, copied the Joomla files and updated the config.php file.
Can access the Joomla administration back-end interface but unable to access the front end.
I get Forbidden access (Flooding) error, I tried disabling the SH404 plugins but that did not help me.
I increased the SH404 flooding limit and even that did not help me.
Any thoughts.


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In a sign that Apple is aiming to expand its voice on social issues, Lisa Jackson is promoted to the company's first vice president of environment, policy and social initiatives.
Technically Incorrect: Building on the principle of evolutionary convergence, an academic says it's likely that aliens will resemble us.
Find out why this electric racing series has a shot at becoming huge -- and how its technology could change the cars we drive for the better.
Navigation app Waze launches a pilot carpooling service -- called RideWith -- in Israel, even as similar carpooling and ride-sharing apps face scrutiny from regulators.
Two patent applications describe environmental and temperature sensors that could be outfitted into "wrist-watch devices" as well as other wearable gadgets.
The European Space Agency's new Earth-gazing satellite's first images from space make our planet look like a technicolor wonderland.
Filmmakers planned to excavate millions of the cartridges, buried as part of Atari's 'corporate shame,' but New Mexico regulators say an environmental report is required first.
Lego announces a $150 million plan to seek a sustainable, environmentally friendly alternative to the oil-based plastics it has traditionally used.
The Solar Impulse 2, which is entirely powered by solar energy, is attempting to fly from Nagoya, Japan, to Hawaii. The flight will take approximately five days.
Columbia University scientists find correlations between certain birth months and the risk of contracting 55 diseases. Because birthdays aren't depressing enough on their own.


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Home » Out-of-State Students » Internal Complaints
The Northwestern State University General Catalog provides the most comprehensive outline of NSU appeals policies and procedures for each of the University's divisions.
Procedures for addressing student complaints and grievances are found in the Student Handbook to address issues such as sexual harassment, informal resolution of a complaint, formal grievance procedures, redress of grievances, filing complaints, and student-grievance procedures. The Student Handbook is published annually by the Office of the Vice President for Student Affairs.
Academic complaints are coordinated by the University Registrar. These include grade appeals, registration access appeals, and residence status appeals: Frequently-used Student appeal request forms (Registrar's Office)
Contact the Registrar's Office:
Office of the Registrar
Student Services Center, Suite 235
Northwestern State University
Natchitoches, Louisiana 71497
Office hours:
Monday - Thursday: 8:00 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. and Friday: 8:00 am - 12:00 p.m. CST
Phone: 318-357-6171
Toll Free: 1-800-807-8849
Fax: 318-357-5823 or (318) 357-4567
E-mail comments or questions to: firstname.lastname@example.com.
Problems with student financial aid should be directed to the Office of Financial Aid and Scholarships:
Office of Financial Aid
Student Services Center, Suite 212
Northwestern State University
Natchitoches, LA 71497
Office Hours:
Monday - Thursday: 8:00 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. CST and Friday: 8:00 a.m. - 12:00 Noon CST
Phone: (318) 357-5961
Toll Free: 1-800-823-3008
Fax: (318) 357-5488
E-Mail: email@example.com


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How did three Danes end up being tortured in Lebanon?
The army officer and alleged collusion in Yemen
15 Jul 2010 13:13 GMT
The blast damaged about 30 shops in central Tikrit and pools of blood were seen in the street.
Police swarmed the area, firing shots in the air.
Tikrit, which is located about 150km north of the Iraqi capital, Baghdad, is the capital of Salahuddin province and hometown of Saddam Hussein, Iraq's former president.
Overall violence has dropped sharply in Iraq since the worst days of the sectarian conflict in 2006-07 but bombings and shootings are still regular, often targeting police and government workers. Hundreds of people have been killed since an inconclusive March 7 parliamentary election that has yet to produce a new government.
Source: Agencies
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Health, Africa, Liberia