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28 Free eBooks On Game Programming!
28 Free eBooks On Game Programming!
Dive into the world of game programming with these 28 free ebooks! Have fun!
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Wednesday, October 23, 2013
Ever wanted to create all those super awesome games? Here are 28 free ebooks on Game programming!
The Python Game Book by Horst Jens et al. - thepythongamebook.com, 2012
The Python Game Book written by Horst Jens and friends aims to provide interested students and teachers a broad range of material to teach themselves how to write computer games using the language Python and other free Open Source tools.
Game Creation with XNA - Wikibooks, 2012
This book is a collection of tutorials on game creation with Microsoft's XNA framework. Contents: Basics; Game Design; Mathematics and Physics; Programming; Audio and Sound; 2D/3D Game Development; Networking and Multiplayer; AI; Kinect; etc.
Introduction to Programming Through Game Development Using Microsoft XNA Game Studio by Rob Miles - Microsoft Press, 2009
Learn the underlying skills and principles of software development as you design and build your first games for Xbox 360, Windows, and Zune. This curriculum teaches the fundamentals of C# programming and the XNA Game Studio framework.
Making Games with Python and Pygame by Al Sweigart, 2012
This is a programming book that covers the Pygame game library for the Python programming language. Each chapter gives you the complete source code for a new game and teaches the important programming concepts from these examples.
Programming Vertex, Geometry, and Pixel Shaders by Wolfgang Engel, et al., 2011
This reference covers the advanced rendering techniques important for graphics programmers in the game and film industries, and will help them implement these techniques with DirectX 10. Intended for people with background in DirectX8 or DirectX9.
BlitzMax - Wikibooks, 2010
BlitzMax is a computer programming language based on BASIC. The code is first converted to a low level assembler format which is then assembled into object code for the target platform. BlitzMax is capable of compiling for Windows, Linux and Mac OS.
Creating a Simple 3D Game with XNA - Wikibooks, 2010
This tutorial is designed to provide a guide to using XNA to help create games in as simple and a visual way as possible. Examples of all of the basic elements to get started on a simple game are included, including controls, sound, and gameplay.
Beginning C++ Through Game Programming by Michael Dawson - Course Technology PTR, 2010
If you're ready to jump into the world of programming for games, Beginning C++ Through Game Programming will get you started on your journey, providing you with a solid foundation in the game programming language of the professionals.
Pro Java 6 3D Game Development by Andrew Davison - Apress, 2007
Pro Java 6 3D Game Development explains how to program 3D games in Java on a PC, with an emphasis on the construction of 3D landscapes. The author assumes you have a reasonable knowledge of Java, the sort of thing picked up in a first Java course.
Blender 3D: Noob to Pro - Wikibooks, 2010
This book is a series of tutorials to help new users learn Blender. The tutorials increase in difficulty, and later tutorials build on the lessons in previous ones. Therefore, Blender beginners should follow the tutorials in sequence.
Blender Basics: Classroom Tutorial Book by James Chronister, 2009
Blender is a 3D technology rendering/animation/game development open-sourced freeware program maintained by the Blender Foundation. This tutorial book is designed to get you up and running in the basics of creating objects and scenes and animating.
Strategy Game Programming by Martin Fierz, 2005
These pages intend to give a comprehensive overview of the elements of a computer program which can play two-player strategy games like tic-tac-toe, connect four, checkers and chess. Code fragments in this text are written in C.
The Linux Gamers' HOWTO by Peter Jay Salzman, Frederic Delanoy, 2004
This is a stepping stone to to give people the knowledge to begin thinking about what is going on with their games. You need to know a little more about what's going on behind the scenes with your system to be able to keep your games healthy.
Killer Game Programming in Java by Andrew Davison - O'Reilly Media, 2009
This book is for people who already know the basics of Java. It teaches reusable techniques which can be pieced together to make lots of games. For example, how to make a particle system, first-person keyboard controls, a terrain follower, etc.
The Java Game Development Tutorial by Fabian Birzele - Java Cooperation, 2004
A very detailed introduction into the development of online games using Java. The text will lead you from the basic structure of an applet to the development of a whole game. Topics covered: AI, level editors, random generation of landscapes, etc.
Action Arcade Adventure Set by Diana Gruber - Coriolis Group Books, 1994
The art and science of creating side scroller games is documented quite thoroughly in this book. If you can look past some obvious anachronisms, you will find that this old book still contains a lot of useful information.
So you want to be a Computer Game Developer? by Diana Gruber - Fastgraph, 2000
If you have the brains, the talent, and the courage to take risks, a career in Computer Game Development may be right for you. The job security and the creative satisfaction can all be yours, but only if you have what it takes to do the job.
Learning to Draw Basic Graphics in C++ by Michael Morrison - InformIT, 2004
Learn how to use C++ code to create basic animated graphics in this chapter from Beginning Game Programming by Michael Morrison. Practical lesson based on C++ programming, the basics of drawing graphics using the Windows Graphics Device Interface.
Adventure in Prolog by Dennis Merritt - Springer, 1990
This book takes a pragmatic, rather than theoretical, approach to the language and is designed for programmers interested in adding this powerful language to their bag of tools. Much of the book is built around the writing of a short adventure game.
GPU Gems 3 by Hubert Nguyen - Addison-Wesley Professional, 2007
This volume provides a snapshot of the latest GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) programming techniques. Readers will find that the latest algorithms create ultra-realistic characters, better lighting, and post-rendering compositing effects.
Pangea Software's Ultimate Game Programming Guide for Mac OS X by Brian Greenstone - Pangea Software, Inc, 2004
Programming secrets for aspiring Mac game programmers. The book covers OpenGL, HID Manager, OpenAL, Rendezvous, Core Graphics, Quicktime, Maya plug-ins, stereo 3D rendering, AltiVec optimizations, networking, copy-protection, marketing strategies, etc.
The Java Game Programming Tutorial by Garry Morse, 1997
This tutorial starts with basic issues in the Java language with regard to applets, particularly for beginners or knowledgeable programmers who wish to make online Java presentations or games. The tutorial applets are available for downloading.
Creating Adventure Games On Your Computer by Tim Hartnell - Ballantine Books, 1984
Though dated, Hartnell's book is a good introduction to adventure game construction. While the book focuses on BASIC programming, which wouldn't be a programmer's choice today, it offers sound design techniques for the absolute beginner.
Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book by Michael Abrash - Coriolis Group Books, 2001
A book for game developers and serious assembly language programmers. It explores the technology behind the popular Doom and Quake 3-D games, and explains optimized solutions to 3-D graphics problems from texture mapping, hidden surface removal, etc.
The Art of Computer Game Design by Chris Crawford - Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1997
One of the pioneer works seriously about video game. It explains what is a game, why people play games, and how to design a game. The author describes in detail what goes into the game design including many examples from his own experience.
Simulating Humans: Computer Graphics Animation and Control by N. I. Badler, C. B. Phillips, B. L. Webber - Oxford University Press, USA, 1993
This volume presents the problem of providing a surrogate or synthetic human for designers and engineers. The book is intended for engineers interested in understanding how a computer surrogate human can augment their analyses of designed environments.
Programming Linux Games by John R. Hall - No Starch Press, 2001
A complete guide to developing 2D Linux games, written by the Linux experts. It teaches the basics of Linux game programming and discusses important multimedia toolkits. You will learn to write and distribute Linux games.
Invent Your Own Computer Games with Python by Albert Sweigart - Albert\Sweigart, 2008
A programming book for kids interested in learning to program their own computer games with python, a serious computer language which is used by professional programmers also. The book explains programming principles from the source code examples.
Atithya Amaresh, EFYTIMES News Network
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There is a lot to decide on when your about to have a baby. We all wonder what's going to be best for our little ones when it comes to raising them. Will I breast feed or go with a bottle? Should we put our baby to sleep in a crib or bassinet? Are we going to diaper our baby with cloth diapers or disposable diapers?
Cloth Vs Disposable Diapers - Are Baby Cloth Diapers Worth It? There is a lot to decide on when your about to have a baby. We all wonder what's going to be best for our little ones when it comes to raising them. Will I breast feed or go with a bottle? Should we put our baby to sleep in a crib or bassinet? Are we going to diaper our baby with cloth diapers or disposable diapers? Usually we go with what makes the most sense, and what will fit in with our lifestyle. When I was pregnant with my son I did some research on the Cloth Vs. Disposable debate and came up with a pros and cons list that really helped me out. Let's start with the pros of disposable diapers! 1. Easy to use This is a huge plus if your a busy family and are always on the go. Disposable diapers can be used anywhere at anytime without having to worry about finding a washer to clean soiled cloth diapers! 2. You can throw them away Once your little one has done his or her business and needs to be changed, just take the dirty diaper off (after changing your baby of course) and throw it out. No smelly diaper to carry around with you! 3. Less Leaking...Less accidents Disposable diapers are much more absorbent than cloth diapers. With that said more liquid is absorbed and your little one is less likely to get a rash. Not to mention you wont have to change as many diapers. 4. Cost If you plan on diapering your bundle of joy using only cloth diapers with no covers there really isn't much of a difference in cost. If you consider using a diaper service or home laundering, it can be cheaper to use cloth diapers. However, diapering your baby without using diaper covers is risky due to possible leaking. You must also consider there are diaper covers and various styles to think about with cloth. To get all the cute designs and top rated cloth diapers you may actually spend up to 50% more on cloth diapers. As you can see there are a lot of pros to using disposable diapers, of course there are some cons, and here they are... 1. Bad for the environment While disposable diapers are easy to use they also hurt the environment. Every year there are billions of disposable diapers thrown away which directly impacts our environment. 2. Potentially Harmful There have been studies done on children who have used disposable diapers. Some of these studies have found that disposable diapers may cause male infertility and possible instances of asthma. 3. Functionality Disposable diapers are just that, disposable. Once they are used you throw them out never to be used again. With cloth diapers you can use them for years to come. They can be used around the house as dust cloths or rags, burp cloths or even washcloths. Let's talk about some cloth diapers pros shall we! 1. Environmentally Friendly Cloth diapers are 100% reusable (as long as you take care of them and wash them well). With that being said you can reduce the amount of pollution going to our landfills by reusing your cloth diapers, and in return you will be helping to better our environment. 2. Less expensive to maintain It may cost more at first to get started with cloth diapers, however in the long run it is much cheaper to maintain. After the initial cost of getting the diapers, pins and the covers all you need to do is wash, dry, fold, use and repeat. Cloth diapers will last about a year with good care, so you will never have to worry about making a diaper run in the middle of the night like with disposable diapers. 3. Comfortable for you babies bottom Unlike disposable diapers, cloth diapers are usually made of cotton, hemp, bamboo or microfiber. These materials are much more comfortable and are normally a bit more gentle on your little ones bottom. Some children may be allergic to the dyes or chemicals in disposables so cloth may be the way to go. 4. Oh so cute diaper covers There are so many different diaper covers out there these days it's hard to decide on just one. Good news, you don't have to! With all the different brands and companies around you can choose almost any different pattern, color, design or fabric you can think of. This makes diapering your child more of a fun experience rather than just something that needs to be done. There are some cons to using cloth diapers, so let's take a look at what those are... 1. Supply and demand Whether we like it or not babies need to be changed a lot. With the use of cloth diapers comes a few more loads of laundry to do as well. Remember that if you do not wash cloth diapers in a timely manner it may be tough to remove stains from soiled areas. This means that you will need to do laundry more often to ensure that you have diapers ready at all times. 2. Not as absorbent Cloth diapers are not as absorbent as most disposable diapers. This usually isn't a big deal except at night and when on road trips. At night you will find your self getting up regularly just to check your little ones diaper and see if it's wet. You wouldn't want to have to change a soaked diaper, pj's and bedding would you? At this point you may opt to use cloth diapers during the day and disposables at night. 3. Less sanitary If you're not consistently near a sterile pot of boiling water or a washer and dryer you may have a problem keeping things sanitary. You don't want to put that soiled diaper in your diaper bag with formula, extra clothes and toys. Not handling cloth diapers properly, and making sure they are cleaned and stored correctly can cause contamination and make you and your family sick. So there's the low down on using cloth diapers vs. disposable diapers. I found all of this information to be very helpful and it really did help me make up my mind on how to diaper my son. The most important thing to remember is that there is no right or wrong answer!
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Lytro at SXSW Create - Sunday
Sunday, March 10, 2013 from 11:00 AM to 6:00 PM (CDT)
Hackers and Builders Unite at SXSW Create. Get hands on with the Lytro camera, play with living pictures, and discuss the future of photography and light field technology with Lytro employees.
You can also put your photography skills to the test by signing up to compete in the Scene at SouthBy Light Field Photography Contest. We'll give you a lesson and loan you a Lytro camera to use for the day.
RSVP and we'll send you a reminder.
Lytro is transforming the camera into a powerful computational photography platform and making conventional cameras a thing of the past. The key innovation is "light field" technology, which captures all of the light rays in a scene to create interactive, living pictures. Light field innovation enables unprecedented capabilities, including the ability to focus after a picture is taken, remarkable low-light sensitivity, and 3D viewing.
The company was founded in 2006 by Executive Chairman Dr. Ren Ng, whose research in light field photography won best PhD dissertation in computer science at Stanford in 2006 as well as the internationally recognized ACM award.
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Sydney, Australia Bed & Breakfasts - Sydney South Central location, luxurious studio & 1 bedroom hotel apartments accommodation suitable for daily or extended stay. All our self contained hotel apartments include full kitchen,internal laundry and security car parking.
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Forster, Australia Vacation Rentals - Lakeview Cottage boasts some of the most spectacular sunsets on the eastern seaboard. Overlooking Wallis Lake, flanked by the Barrington Tops, this property is surrounded by national parks
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*OFFICIAL* Sudbury Wolves 2012-13 Season Thread
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Scuttle but from the arena is that Corrado was upset with Burgess for making him drive back from Toronto after being cut from the Canadian world junior team. Tom Wilson of the Plymouth Whalers was flown from Toronto to Sudbury. It was kind of evident when Frankie skated onto the ice for player announcements. He skated with his head down throw the wolf and extremely slow. There is supposed to be in place now a deal for 3 players and from what I was told those players are Sefton, Leivo and Carrado. I am not sure if they are separate deals or a package. I challenged my source as I do not believe Sefton would be included as he can and will be back for an over age year. If the three players were to be packaged together, we would not recognize the Wolves in early January.
If I can remember the spring skate for the Wolves and training camp, Vilardi did not light it up. His numbers in Kingston are not mind blowing. He was an above average player in the spring skate and an unnoticeable player during the main camp. The player that caught my eye was Peters from North Bay. His numbers are much better and I thought he was a much stronger skater. In either case, both players will not make any kind of impact on the Wolves this year.
I would hope that Viardi, LeBlanc and Peters are all players the wolves will need on their roster next year. Along with some decent players and good picks from the upcoming player transactions, the Wolves may have a chance. From watching others teams come in to Sudbury, the Wolves need some size up front. Lets hope B.S. can get a defenseman and some sizeable wingers. I think he can get and older goaltender cheap and he just may do that with the kid in Copper Cliff playing pretty good right now.
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Letter to the Editor 5-16-14
Dear Editor,
We want to take this opportunity to thank the community of Concordia and all of Cloud County for the wonderful support we received for the Concordia Park Project. What a great feeling we have each time we go by City Park and see the children, parents, grandparents and caretakers enjoying this wonderful new addition to our town!
Thanks to the Concordia Blade-Empire for their amazing coverage of this project through all its phases, from the first announcement through all the fundraising photos and the article that included the ribbon cutting! Thanks also to KNCK/KISS radio station for all their news segments, PSAs and help getting the word out about our needs before, during and after the build!
Thanks to all our committee chairs for their leadership and time commitment from the beginning stages all the way to the build on this project. Thanks to the donors, over 300 businesses & individuals, who made this all possible with your commitments of money, products and time! And I am thankful everyday for the 900+ people who showed up to actually assemble the park and take it to completion, with a special thanks to the contractors in our community who served as crew leaders. They took time away from their regular jobs to volunteer their expertise to this project. To designer Dennis Wille, and Barry Segal and Mark Cushing, our construction foremen from Play by Design: many thanks for their experience, patience and leadership in building our playground. Without the help of the staff and crew at City Hall, this would not have been possible. So be sure to thank these folks when you see them. To everyone who volunteered, cooked, served, raised money, donated tools, worked with our youth, helped with childcare–the list is endless–thank you so much! Our thanks also to Aidan Poore for naming our playground. Cloudville is now a reality!
Parents, please take a few minutes to discuss safety with your children. They need to keep their shoes on, be kind to the other children there, treat the park with respect and pick up their trash. And to the adults, please remember this is a children's park, so no smoking and no animals allowed, except for those certified as service animals.
The finishing touches are still going on. The pickets are up, the bricks are laid and the signs are being made showing the sponsorships for the various components. Those will be added soon, along with the mosaic wall and mural. I hope you take time to walk through the park, find a shady spot to sit and enjoy this new addition to our community. Thanks to all for making this such a rewarding project for everyone involved!
Ashley McMillan and Janet Lowell
Project Coordinators
Prairie Pondering
Youth and horses . . . Since we all are so accustomed to being aware of wars, hunger, hatred and need all over the world, we may tend to become oblivious to the better things in our lives if we but look and think. What clearly brought that into focus was recently... [More]
In the Mean Time
Peace of mind is clearly an internal matter. It must begin with your own thoughts and then extend outward. It is from your peace of mind that a peaceful perception of the world arises. (A Course in Miracles) Charlie Brown laments, "No matter how I try... [More]
More Opinions
- Letter to the Editor 7-2-15
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- Letter to the Editor 6-26-15
- Prairie Pondering
- In the Mean Time
- In the Mean Time
- Editorial Contribution on the Kansas Legislative Session
- Letter to the Editor 6-12-15
Smiths get a bang out of operating fireworks stand
A great place to buy fireworks since 2002, Kent and Julie Smith's fireworks stand attracts people from all over. Along with a set of regular customers from the area, people from Texas and Nebraska stopped by once and just keep coming back. "Fourth of... [More]
July 2nd edition of the Blade-Empire delayed
Due to a mechanical breakdown, Thursday's edition of the Blade-Empire will not reach mail subscribers until Monday, July 6. We apologize for the inconvenience.
City takes no action on Broadway Plaza bid
The Concordia city commission took no action Wednesday night on a bid for the construction of Broadway Plaza. On Tuesday, the city received only one bid for the construction of the Plaza – from Budreau Construction, Clyde – in the amount of $862,300. City... [More]
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Beloit squeezes out pair of wins over Blues
Beloit scored a run in the top of the ninth inning to squeeze out a 3-2 and complete a sweep of the Concordia Blues in an American Legion Baseball doubleheader Wednesday night at the Concordia Sports Complex. The game was tied at 2-2 through seven innings of play.... [More]
Citizens National Bank defeats F&A
Citizens National Bank gave up just two runs in beating F&A Food Sales twice in a K-18 Baseball doubleheader Tuesday night at the Concordia Sports Complex. Billy Bechard tossed a two-hitter as Citizens National Bank won the first game, 8-0. He struck out eight... [More]
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- Leiszler, Miller named All-NCKL
- Lions knock off Knights of Columbus


text:
Hilton Garden Inn Detroit - Southfield, MI
- Free WiFi
Main amenities
- 194 guestrooms
- Restaurant and bar/lounge
- Indoor pool
- Breakfast available
- Free area shuttle
- Fitness center
- Business center
- 24-hour front desk
- Air conditioning
- Daily housekeeping
- Front desk safe
- Convenience store
What's around
- International Auto Components Headquarters (1.8 mi / 2.8 km)
- Detroit Zoo (9.3 mi / 15 km)
- Holocaust Memorial Center (3.7 mi / 6 km)
- Lawrence Technological University (4.3 mi / 6.8 km)
- Oakland Hills Country Club (6.1 mi / 9.8 km)
The smell in that hotel is terrible. Old carpets and old curains.
Our stay was excellent. We were a little unhappy about how busy the pool got.…
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: 800 1205131from S$126
- One King Bed, Accessible
- Presidential EnSuite, One King Bed
- Room, Accessible
- Standard room
- Standard Two Doubles
- Room, 1 King Bed, Accessible
- Standard One King
Recommended hotels
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 194 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 7 floors
- Check-in time starts at 3 PM
- Check-out time is noon
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Pets not allowed
Extra people
- Rollaway beds available, charges may apply*
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi and wired Internet access in rooms
- Free area shuttle within 5 mi
Nearby Three Star Detroit hotels
In the hotel
- Cooked-to-order breakfast daily (surcharge)
- Restaurant
- Bar/lounge
- Room service (during limited hours)
- Indoor pool
- Fitness facilities
- Business center
- Meeting rooms
- Conference space size (feet) - 6500
- Conference space size (meters) - 604
- 24-hour front desk
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Year Built 1988
- Elevator/lift
- ATM/banking
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- In-room accessibility
In the room
- Air conditioning
- Coffee/tea maker
- Iron/ironing board
- Private bathroom
- Shower/tub combination
- Designer toiletries
- Hair dryer
- 32-inch LCD TV
- Pay movies
- Premium TV channels
- Desk
- Free weekday newspaper
- Free WiFi
- Phone
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Daily housekeeping
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
Top Detroit hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Detroit
- Hotel St. RegisFrom
- Extended Stay America - Detroit - DearbornFrom
"It is far from city. But the price is good and the room condition is not bad."Sep 14, 2014
- DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel Detroit - DearbornFrom
"Ratings were given based on the price paid and I would say that I was extremely pleased with the hotel. Good and clean, the surroundings appeared safe too. Location wise there…"Sep 11, 2014
- Holiday Inn Ann Arbor-Near The Univ. Of MiFrom
"I found Ann Arbor was a town with nice and fun people not limited to hotel staff. The weekend we spent there there was a soccer game between Real Madrid and Manchester United and…"Aug 6, 2014
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Special features
DiningGreat American Grill - This restaurant serves breakfast, lunch, dinner, and light fare. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar.
Hilton Garden Inn Detroit - Southfield, MI's small print
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
Optional extras
Rollaway beds are available for USD 10.00 per night
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


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Bunk beds are surprisingly expensive if you get a sturdy one, and the cheap ones feel pretty flimsy. This one is very easy to build from off-the-shelf...
Four 2" x 4" x 10' construction lumber Four 2" x 4" x 8' construction lumber Two 4" x 3/4" x 10' finished knotty pine One 6" x 3/4" x 10' finished kno...
Cordless drill/driver Saw (I used a mitre saw and a table saw during this build, but a circular saw or a even a hand saw would be fine) Level Tape mea...
Measure the size of the mattresses you're going to use, add some space for bedding (say 1" all round), and you have the dimensions of the frame you ne...
To one side and one end of one frame, screw the 1 x 6. These screws will show if you fasten in the normal way (thin into thick), so go from the inside...
Many commercial beds have 1 x 4 as the legs. This bed is massively overengineered, so you might like to make something lighter weight than the two 2 x...
Get help for this step. Someone strong and patient is good! Drill a hole in the leg at the height of the top bunk and into the pre-assembled 8" frame....
To stop anyone from rolling out of the top bunk, add rails using the 1 x 4's and some short 2 x 4 uprights. Always screw from the inside out as previo...
You can certainly make less elaborate ladders than the one shown here. This one used a hemlock handrail as rungs and two angled 2 x 3's as uprights. T...
Add the base material and mattresses. Make the beds and you're good to go. You have an incredibly sturdy bunk that will last as long as your kids want...
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Call 440-914-0000 or email [contact seller] 1971 Camaro Brute Force If you're in the mood for one of the best built and best... More
Here is a must see and real 1969 X77 DZ Chevrolet Camaro Z/28, that originally came equipped with the infamous DZ 302ci V8 engine.... More
1970 Chevrolet Camaro Z/28 Outstanding Van Nuys, CA built Z28 with all original drive train and original sheet metal! Special order Classic Copper color with... More
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text:
The duty cycle of an AC telephone off-hook signal is measured by means of comparing it with the duty cycle of a known AC signal having a duty cycle of 0.5 because it has a DC component of zero. Measurement of the duty cycle in a telephone off-hook detector application involves measuring the DC portion of the signal on a pair of telephone lines from a telephone handset to an exchange. A high frequency master clock oscillator with a much higher frequency than the basic ringing voltage is used. An input signal is used to gate clock pulses to a counter when the input signal is positive. At the end of a predetermined number of clock pulses, the counter is gated into memory connected to a decoder for transmission of the decoded signal to the exchange for appropriate action.
1. Apparatus for measuring the DC component of an electrical waveform of an input signal comprising a symmetric sine wave signal intermittently combined with a DC signal on a telephone line including
means for coupling to said telephone line to detect said input signal and providing a measured value in response thereto;
means for generating pulses of a reference signal having a relatively high frequency as compared with the frequency of said sine wave of said electrical waveform,
means for comparing said measured value with said reference signal to indicate the value of said DC component with respect to said reference signal,
said means for comparing having a counter and a plurality of inputs,
said counter having inputs and an output,
said means for coupling operating a gate at a said input of said means for comparing connected to an input of said counter,
said gate being operated as a function of the voltage of said input signal to pass counting pulses of said reference signal to said counter,
said means for comparing including means for providing a control signal at the end of a predetermined time for ending the counting by said counter of a given sequence of pulses, and
means for measuring the count of reference frequency pulses passed to said means for comparing in said counter during a single positive portion of a wave of said input signal to measure the numerator of the duty cycle of said input signal relative to a predetermined value for detecting the presence of a DC value in said input signal.
2. A telephone line off-hook detector system, including
clock means for generating a high frequency master clock signal,
means for sensing signals on said telephone line continuously to produce an input signal,
comparator means for providing an output during the positive polarity of said input signal,
means for recording the duration of an output from said comparator means in response to said positive polarity of said input signal as measured by the sum of signals from said master clock during said positive polarity, and
means including a decoder for comparing said sum with a predetermined value after a predetermined interval of time to provide an output indicating an off-hook signal when said sum exceeds said predetermined value.
3. Apparatus in accordance with claim 2 wherein said comparator means provides a positive gating signal when said telephone line has a positive signal thereon with respect to a predetermined level, said means for recording including counter means and gating means, said gating means being coupled to said clock means for gating clocking signals during a positive gating signal to said counter means for providing a count of signals passing through said gating means from said clock means.
4. Apparatus in accordance with claim 3 wherein logic and divider means are coupled to reset said counter and its output after a predetermined interval.
5. Apparatus for measuring the DC component of an electrical waveform of an input signal of a frequency F occasionally combined with an off-hook DC signal component on a telephone line including
means for generating a reference signal having a relatively high frequency with a value of MF, where M is an integer substantially larger than one,
means for coupling to said telephone line to detect said input signal and for providing a measured value of the duration of the portion of said waveform having a predetermined polarity with respect to a reference value, and
means for comparing said duration of said measured value with the duration of MF/N cycles of said reference signal to indicate the value of said DC component with respect to said reference signal, where N is a number selected for purposes of comparision.
6. Apparatus for detecting the off-hook signal on a telephone line including comparator means having an input and an output for providing an output signal during the positive portion of the duty cycle of a continuous wave signal occasionally in combination with a DC off-hook signal on said telephone line,
counting means having an input connected to the output of said comparator apparatus for measuring the numerator of a duty cycle during a single half-cycle and an output for providing said numerator at the output thereof, and
means for decoding said numerator at the output of said counting means to indicate the off- and on-hook status of input signals to said comparator means.
7. A telephone line off-hook detector system, with a ringing signal of frequency F, including
clock means for generating clock pulses at a high frequency MF where M is a large integer,
means for sensing signals on said telephone line continuously to produce an input signal,
comparator means for providing an output during the positive polarity of said input signal,
an AND gate having inputs connected to said clock means and the output of said comparator means,
counter means for recording the output of said AND gate thereby recording the count of the duration of an output from said comparator means in response to said positive polarity of said input signal as measured by the sum of the number of clock pulses from said clock during said positive polarity, said counter means having an input connected to the output of said AND gate, an output and a reset line for resetting its count to zero,
a frequency divider for dividing by an integer N having an input connected to said clock means and an output coupled to said reset line of said counter,
memory means for storing a count of a duration measured by said counter having an input connected to the output of said counter, an output, and a reset line, said reset line being coupled to the output of said divider, and
decoder means having an input connected to the output of said memory means for discriminating between higher counts stored in said memory means having values high enough to indicate presence of an off-hook signal with a high duty cycle and lower counts stored therein and indicating an average duty cycle.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to telephony systems and more particularly to automatic systems for detecting the off-hook condition of a telephone unit.
2. Description of the Prior Art
U.S. Pat. No. 3,205,312 of Brightman et al entitled "Off-Hook Detector" describes a method of charging a capacitor periodically which discharges through a transformer at a variable rate depending upon whether the telephone is on or off the hook. The potential on the capacitor is monitored periodically to compare its potential with a predetermined value.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,720,793 of Hofmann entitled "Supervisory Circuit Arrangement for Telephone Subscriber Lines" includes an off-hook sensor which uses mechanical transfer relays, which involve the usual type of high energy use, mass, copper requirements, size and reliability problems to sample the surging current during the first part of each positive half-wave of a ringing signal.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,835,258 of Le Cardonnel entitled "Ring Trip Circuit" employs a filter F, oscillator O, transformer TR, a rectifier RE and a switching device CO with a transistor switch which operates a relay O.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,735,263 of Boatwright entitled "Digital Analysis of Electric Wave Signals" teaches producing a fixed number of pulses per cycle of the incoming waveform for measuring the duty cycle of only a repetitive signal. A sum of the total duration of the period of a signal is accumulated into a first register. A second series of pulses is accumulated into a second register in an amount equal to the duration of the active portion of the signal. Then a reversible counting step for counting down the second register for the active portion while measuring time with pulses from the first register. At least two full cycles of operation are required for the result to be obtained which includes a substantial built-in time delay in achieving the desired result.
Since each telephone line in a telephone system should be capable of independent operation, a central telephone exchange must be able to interrogate each and every telephone line separately to determine whether or not a telephone receiver has been lifted off its hook. This obviously requires that an off-hook sensor be attached to every subscriber telephone line. One time-honored implementation has been to connect a relay coil in series with the line to sense the presence of a DC current when the receiver is off the hook.
In this modern era, it is desirable to reduce energy and material costs and conserve space and natural resources by miniaturizing a function through the use of solid state technology.
The basic problem is the rapid detection of the 20-80 mA DC that is present when a customer lifts a telephone receiver from its cradle. The most significant difficulty is that this must be done rapidly, and especially in the presence of a bell ringing current whose peak-to-peak value is about five times larger than the DC component. Quick recognition of the off-hook condition guarantees that the ringing voltage will have been disconnected before the receiver reaches the customer's ear.
In addition, it should provide some degree of electrical isolation between the subscriber line and the output so the two circuits can be separated. This should also reduce the possibility of a catastrophic failure propagating into the rest of the circuitry even though the subscriber lines are sometimes exposed to excessive common-mode voltages from natural sources.
We have found that a magnetoresistive bridge can be used to detect the current in the line. This automatically provides a degree of isolation between the subscriber line and the rest of the circuitry. In addition, the bridge can be designed to respond to the total current in one wire of the line or to the differential current in the two wires.
An appropriate MR bridge for this application has elements with 10K ohms resistance and operates from a 10V supply. In a bridge designed specially for this application a 300 mA peak input current produces a differential output voltage of 100 mV, while the minimum DC current to be sensed of 20 mA produces a 20 mV signal. The desired response time is less than two cycles of the ringing voltage frequency and the output is at logical levels.
A digital approach is used to sense the presence of a DC off-hook current, both in the presence and absence of a bell-ringing current. The response time is less than two cycles of the ringing voltage. The off-hook indication is a logical one, "1," output level. The cost of the frequently replicated parts can probably be significantly reduced by using modern large scale integration techniques.
Digital Approach
The ultimate purpose of any engineering effort is either to improve performance, reduce costs, or both. The advantages of using digital electronics in this design are a reduction in the numbers of critical manufacturing processes and manual adjustments and the possibility of using large scale integration techniques.
This design is based on the observation that the admittance of a telephone in its off-hook state is dominated by the conductance of the DC path. Thus, the impedance of a complete subscriber loop is also dominated by the resistance of the DC path. In a purely resistive network, the nominal DC current will be 38% of the peak AC ringing current, independent of the loop resistance. Assuming a sine wave ringing current and positive polarity DC current, the off-hook current waveform will be positive for 621/2 % of a cycle in the presence of a ringing current and for 100% of a cycle in the absence of the ringing current. The on-hook waveform will be either zero current or a sine wave symmetrical around zero.
The idea of this digital design is to measure the fraction of time for which the current waveform is positive. A critical aspect of this design is the input circuit. The comparator input must be slightly offset so zero signal just produces a logical zero output and a symmetric sine wave input produces a square wave with very nearly 50% duty cycle. An off-hook state will then produce a waveform with either 62% or 100% duty cycle, depending on whether or not the ringing voltage is applied. Once these waveforms are generated, it is a relatively straightforward digital process to detect an off-hook state.
The circuit is designed with symmetrical operating margins.
The threshold for detecting an off-hook state is 57%, while the off-hook condition nominally produces a duty cycle of 62% or greater. This allows the circuit to detect off-hook currents that are as small as 23% of the peak ringing current. So long as 60% of the loop resistance is outside the customer's telephone and the supply and ringing voltages are maintained, the DC component cannot fall below this fraction.
In accordance with this invention, apparatus is provided for measuring the DC component of an electrical waveform on a telephone line. Means are provided for coupling to the telephone line to detect an electrical waveform present on the line to provide an input signal to a means for comparing. Means for generating a reference signal having a relatively high frequency as compared with the frequency of the electrical waveform is also coupled to the means for comparing which compares the input signal with the reference signal to indicate the value of the DC component with respect to the reference signal.
FIG. 1 shows a schematic block diagram of a system designed in accordance with this invention.
FIG. 2A shows a sectional view of a telephone line magnetoresistive sensor adapted for use in accordance with this invention.
FIG. 2B shows a section along line 2B--2B in FIG. 2A.
FIG. 3 shows off-hook logic in accordance with FIG. 1.
FIGS. 4A-4D show current waveforms for a telephone line in off-hook and on-hook conditions in the presence and absence of a telephone ringing signal, respectively, as indicated thereon.
FIG. 1 shows a telephone hand set 5 connected by tip and ring lines 6 and 7 via the telephone transmission lines T and lines 22 and 23 to off-hook sensor S connected to off-hook detector 4.
The off-hook sensor S is shown in greater detail in FIGS. 2A and 2B. A pair of strip line conductors 20 and 21 are connected by conductors 22 and 23 to the transmission lines T from telephone hand set 5. The strip lines 20 and 21 have insulation layers 24 and 26 between them, which, in turn, have magnetoresistive sensor layer 25 sandwiched between them. Layers 24 and 26 are composed of a good dielectric such as SiO2 or Al2 O3.
FIG. 2B is a section along lines 2B--2B in FIG. 2A which shows an actual arrangement of a magnetoresistive sensor bridge with a battery connected via lines A and C to metallization lines 31 and 32 connected to opposite ends of the Wheatstone bridge formed by resistors 27, 28, 29 and 30 which are all parallel with each other and which extend along the length of the stripline structure shown in FIG. 2A, so that they measure the currents passing through the stripline by electromagnetic coupling. The junction of magnetoresistors 28 and 29 is connected by metallization lines 33 to a pad formed of metal to which is soldered a lead B to detector 4 in FIG. 1. The junction of magnetoresistors 27 and 30 is connected by metallization lines 34 to a pad formed of metal to which is soldered a lead D, which is also connected to detector 4.
This apparatus provides phase-independent detection of the DC components included with an AC signal. The duty cycle (fraction of time during the cycle of a waveform that the waveform has a positive value) of an unknown AC signal can be measured by means of comparing it with the duty cycle of a known AC signal having a duty cycle of 0.5 because it has a DC component of zero. This apparatus is particularly adapted to rapid detection of an off-hook signal in a telephone system.
In some applications, a DC component must be detected in a waveform with a larger AC component. This is most commonly done by filtering the signal to eliminate the high frequency components. The transient response of such a network is approximately limited to 1/fc, where fc is the corner frequency of the low-pass filter. A system requiring rapid response could be made using a complex, multi-pole filter, allowing fc to approach the frequency of the first AC component to be effectively filtered.
In cases in which the waveform of the AC component is known, a priori, it is possible continually to test the waveform against a reference. The response time is limited by the sampling rate, but hardware costs for such a device are high. The alternative of sampling at the zero crossings of the AC waveform involves less costly circuits and reduces the average response time to one-quarter of the period of the waveform. Both methods require circuits that operate in phase synchronization with the incoming waveform.
This apparatus uses a phase-independent method for detecting a DC component in an average response time of less than one period of the AC waveform. In some special cases, the magnitude of this DC component can be inferred easily by knowing the absolute amplitude of the AC signal.
Assume that the AC waveform is a sine wave with peak amplitude. A sine wave has a duty cycle of 0.5. Adding a positive DC component D, where D<A, will increase the duty cycle by [sin-1 (D/A)]/π, where sin-1 x is in radians. Similarly, for a triangle wave of peak amplitude A, the DC component will increase the duty cycle by D/2A. However, this method cannot be applied when the AC signal is a square wave because there will be discontinuous changes in the duty cycle.
The method of detecting and measuring the relative DC component consists of measuring the duty cycle, as defined above, of the waveform. The only requirement on the AC waveform is that it be reasonably continuous in the region of the zero crossing, where term "reasonably continuous" is meant to exclude square waves, pulses, etc. This method requires inspecting the waveform for one complete cycle, but the inspection period need not have any particular phase relationship to the AC waveform.
The digital method for measuring or detecting the DC signal consists of using the duty cycle of the waveform to gate the output of an oscillator operating at M times the fundamental frequency of the AC signal. The gated output is counted for N counts of the oscillator, with M ≈ N. If K is the number of output counts per N cycles, the duty cycle is then measured as K/N with a resolution of 1/M and an accuracy of � 2(M - N + 1)/(M + N). Thus, the best accuracy results from making M = N, or synchronizing the local oscillator frequency at N times the fundamental. The best resolution obviously comes from the highest oscillator frequency.
FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of a circuit using this method. It was designed for use in conjunction with a magnetoresistive current detector for sensing an off-hook condition on a telephone line. In this application, the DC. component is either absent or it may be present as a constant fraction of an AC component, so the duty cycle of the waveform in the presence of the AC signal has either of two values; detecting the DC component in the absence of the AC is straightforward. One feature of this realization is that it was partitioned to minimize the costs of frequently replicated parts. In particular, a master oscillator is phase-locked to the ringing voltage to produce pulses at the ringing voltage repetition rate and at N times that frequency. Components are replicated for each line such as a counter, and logic to test the counter for an off-hook condition. The advantage of this approach is that the frequently repeated parts are amenable to large scale integrated circuit construction techniques.
FIG. 3 shows a comparator 10 (preferably a differential amplifier) for receiving the signal on line 11(B) which may have an AC component of frequency F and a DC component which represents the intermittent off-hook signal. In the telephone application, the ratios of AC and DC components are in ranges fixed by the ringing voltage generator, the line battery, and the allowed range of subscriber loop impedances. The output of circuit 10 passes to AND 12.
Oscillator 13 oscillates at frequency MF where M is preferably an integer N such as 63. One method of implementing such a device is to use a phase-locked oscillator 13 operating at frequency NF. The reference frequency F is produced by the ringing voltage generator 8. Oscillator 13 has an output connected to the other input of AND 12 and to the input of divider 14 which divides its input by integer N. Counter 15 counts to N+1 and records all the output of oscillator 13 only while circuit 10 provides a positive output to hold AND 12 open to inputs from oscillator 13. Divider 14 provides an output for a group of N pulses from oscillator 13 causing single shot 16 to produce a store signal to memory 18 which in response thereto stores the value in counter 15 which is reset by a signal from single shot (SS) 17 on the fall of the output of SS 16. Decoder 19 provides an output to the circuit to be controlled in response to the value in memory 18, indicating whether the value in the memory is above or below certain levels selected for indicating whether an off-hook state was present.
FIG. 4A shows an off-hook current waveform for a telephone hand set with no ringing voltage, with a current 15 mA <I< 100 mA, substantially above the zero value shown by a dotted line.
FIG. 4B shows an on-hook current waveform at the zero current level for no ringing voltage.
FIG. 4C shows the off-hook current waveform with a sine wave representing a ringing current biased positive by the current IDC with IAC (peak-to-peak) ≈ 51DC.
FIG. 4D shows the on-hook current waveform of zero current with the ringing voltage indicated by the sine wave.
The sensor S measures the duty cycle by using the output of comparator 10 to gate the output of oscillator 13. The cost effectiveness of the circuit is maximized by using a 2N count register (N bits) and operating the local oscillator at (2N - 1) times the ringing voltage frequency. The system has a 6-bit counter 15 so the local oscillator is operated at 63 times the line frequency.
Among the circuits that need to be built only once to service several off-hook sensors is oscillator 13 that produces pulses at (2N - 1) times the ringing voltage frequency plus sequential pulses to inspect and clear the registers once in every cycle of the ringing voltage.
The preferred local oscillator circuit is a phase locked loop. For a circuit operating at 20 Hz, oscillator 13 operates at 1260 Hz. This is divided by 63 using the six-stage binary counter with the additional reset electronics. The single shots 16 and 17 activate reset circuits to increase the duration of the reset pulse by the timing delays of the two single shots, which should be much shorter than one period of oscillator 13.
At the end of every cycle of the ringing voltage, the output of the magnitude counter 15 is transferred to storage in a simple, bistable latch memory 18. After latch 18 is updated, the counter 15 is reset to zero for the next cycle of the ringing voltage.
By testing the duty cycle of the waveform once in every cycle of the ringing voltage, the response time of the circuit is guaranteed to be no longer than two ringing voltage cycles. The worst-case example can occur if the receiver is lifted off-hook near the beginning of a period of the off-hook sensor, but late enough to insure that some of the "duty cycle" of the comparator output is lost. The fastest response possible with this circuit will be slightly greater than one-half the cycle of the ringing voltage.
Although the circuit described here employs a magnetoresistive current bridge, it should be obvious that it works satisfactorily without resorting to a magnetoresistive sensor. The only requirement that is not met by the circuit while using a sensor resistor is the need for electrical isolation of the output from the telephone line. However, this requirement can be met easily by using an optoelectronic isolator between the output latch and any additional circuitry.
Before discarding the idea of using a magnetoresistive bridge, some of its advantages should be noted. By proper design, a magnetoresistive bridge can be made with a differential current input, resulting in a reduced sensitivity to common mode currents. In addition, it is possible to completely integrate the magnetoresistive sensor with the electronic sensor circuit, enabling automated adjustments for properly setting the input offsets. Since the magnetoresistive sensor provides the necessary isolation, the number of separate, isolated power supplies required in a system is reduced. And not to be overlooked is the fact that the intrinsic value of the materials used in a magnetoresistive device is less than the value of the materials in an optoelectronic isolator.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
Original Image


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Stakeholder proposals for the reauthorization of the surface transportation ...By United States. Congress. House. Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. Subcommittee on Highways and Transit
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Cookbook of Good Health
(Recipe Collection)
10 Recipes Created by KHALIA2
Recipes in this Collection
Cookbook creator says: I want to learn new ways for cooking black beans. This one sounds great!
I love egg salad, so I decided I would make one lower in fat & CholosteralSubmitted by SFPAINTER
Need a fast, easy dinner? Make these simple salmon patties. Pair them with rice topped with black beans or cheese grits and spinach.Submitted by JANEINE
Using low-fat yogurt makes this classic salad healthier than other recipes.
These cookies are packed full of whole grains and fiber to fill you up and keep you satisfied. They're great for snacks and suitable for those with diabetes!Submitted by CHEF_MEG
This easy-to-assemble casserole is a tasty twist on enchiladas.Submitted by STEPFANIER
This slow cooker recipe requires no pre-cooking, and it yields a sweet, caramelized glaze and tender chicken.
Submitted by CHEF_MEG
High in protein & fiber, low in fat, this dish is a complete meal.Submitted by TANCALIEL
Great, easy to prepare recipe for finger food at any sports party or get together.Submitted by GONNABSLIM2010
Cheesy, rich, delicious--just what you expect in macaroni and cheese. What you won't expect? 2/3 the fat and half the calories of the original!
Submitted by CHEF_MEG


text:
Registration takes less than 1 minute.
Container derivatives broker at Freight Investor Services in London cites reports that Maersk is cutting rates to Europe.
The new canal will decrease congestion on the European waterway and reduce logistics costs, according to officials.
"Every participant in the supply chain will have a role to play" in solving congestion issues, according to a new report from carrier group World Shipping Council.
International Longshoremen's Association and employers represented by the United States Maritime Alliance will begin full wage scale meetings in mid‐September.
Total shipments and total revenues for third party logistics providers both fell in first quarter 2015 compared to fourth quarter 2014, according to a recent benchmarking report from the Transportation Intermediaries Association.
Daseke, Inc., an open-deck and specialty transportation company, announced it would merge with Charleston, S.C.-based Bulldog Hiway Express.


text:
Blake Shelton is in the opening video for NASCAR on NBC performing his song 'Bringin' Back the Sunshine'!!! Watch it here!
The trailer for the Rocky Spinoff 'Creed' was released! The movie looks great! Watch the trailer here!
Women in Tokyo are flocking to a local zoo to swoon over a gorilla that they have deemed HANDSOME! So weird! Read the story here!
Tyler Farr broke in to Jerrod Niemann's hotel room when they were in Jamacia! Read the story here!
Country artist, CJ Garton, hung out with us this morning!! Check him out online here!
A service dog has had his liscence taken away because of his biker costume he's been wearing for 10 years! Read the story here!
Reasearches have figured out how the risk of being diagnosed with certain diseases increases and decreases depending on your Birthday month! Read the study here!
A pregnancy prank gone wrong...so so wrong!!! What an emotional rollercoaster! Read about it here!
How do you pick the best line at the grocery store? There is now a scientific theory! Read about 'queuing theory' here!
Some people have been getting too close to the bison at Yellowstone National Park! Common sense people.
A kindergartener packed his own lunch for school...he grabbed what he thought was a can of Coke. Turns out it was a can of Coors Light. OOOPS. Honest mistake! Read the story here!
A Hooter waitress is giving the gift of life by donating one of her kidney's to a customer!! Read the incredible story here!
Be very careful when cleaning your grill with the metal bristled brushes! Read why here!
A mom is angry that girls are required to wear t-shrits over their bathing suits at a 6th grade pool party!! Read about it here!
Have you seen the evolution of bathing suits over the last 125 years?! Check it out here!


text:
- PlayStation Plus Lineup for July Announced
- Star Citizen's Most Expensive Ship to Date Announced
- Sources Claim that Warner Bros. Knew of Arkham Knight's PC Problems for Months
- Expansion for Cities: Skylines Will be Revealed at Gamescom
- Australia Has Banned More Games in the Last 4 Months than Last 10 Years
- FEATURE: Top E3 2015 Games by ActionTrip Reckoning
- Mornin '15
- New Game from Patrice Desilets, Creator of Assassin's Creed
- First Chapter of King's Quest Releases July 28th
- Dark Souls Franchise Sells Over 8 Million Copies
- Nolan North Confirms The Last of Us 2; Troy Baker Says It's News to Him
- Nintendo Adding New Multiplayer Game Mode for Splatoon
- Mornin '15
E3 2015 Gameplay
- Overwatch
Bastion Gameplay Trailer
- Gears of War Ultimate Edition
- Disney Infinity: 3.0 Edition
E3 2015 Trailer
- Batman: Arkham Knight
Launch Trailer
- LEGO Dimensions
Toy Pad Functionality Trailer
- For Honor
E3 2015 Gameplay Walkthrough
- Far Cry 3
Patch 1.05
- Assassin's Creed 3
Patch v1.02 to v1.03
- Far Cry 3
Patch 1.04
- Far Cry 3
Patch 1.02
- Ghost Recon: Future Soldier
Patch 1.4 to 1.5
- Max Payne 3
Patch v184.108.40.206
- Max Payne 3
Patch v188.8.131.52
Rollercoaster Tycoon 2 Cheats
publisher: Atari
developer: Chris Sawyer
genre: Management
PII 300, 64MB RAM, 8MB Video Card, 120MB HD
|ESRB rating: E
release date: Oct 15, 02
|» All About Rollercoaster Tycoon 2 on ActionTrip
To activate these RollerCoaster Tycoon 2 cheats, name a guest to one of the names listed below for the desired effect:
Chris Sawyer - Photographer guest
Simon Foster - Artist guest
Katie Brayshaw - Waving guests
Tony Day - Hungry guest
John Wardley - "Wow!" thinking
John Mace - Guest pays double entrance fee
Damon Hill - Faster Go-Karts
Michael Schumacher - Even faster Go-Karts
Mr Bean - Slower Go-Karts
Melanie Warn - Increases the guest to completely happy
Multiple names in RollerCoaster Tycoon
You can have more than one person with the same name (which works well when using the cheats) by changing the capitalization of various letters. For example Chris Sawyer can be used on another person by making all letters lower or upper case (chris sawyer and CHRIS SAWYER).
Guests never leave
Want guests that never leave in your RollerCoaster Tycoon 2? Just put a "No Entry" sign by the entrance, facing away from the entrance. Guests can still come in, but will not leave. Note: This may cause your park rating to decrease, because many guests will be "lost" and want to go home.
Extra building space
Build a ride or attraction such as a maze. You can now build on top of that with smaller rides (for example, bumper cars).
Money Making Technique
Raise the prices of all the rides in your park to their excitement rating. For example if the excitement rating is 8.27 you should charge them $8.30. (Round up) Guests will never think you ride is too expensive. NOTE: This trick wont work for certain rides such as cinemas or dodgems so you should either demolish them or lower the cost 10-50 cents. Make sure that all your rides have been re-priced this way or guests will only go on that ride.
Raise And Lower Levels
To raise your scenery just press the SHIFT key and you should be able to drag your scenery up or down.
115 or 197


text:
The Event
An interactive exhibition teaching visitors how to knead, fold and drizzle, The Cake and Bake Show 2013 is layered with live classes and demonstrations. Celebrity chefs such as Simon Rimmer, Paul Hollywood and Tom Herbet take to the stage to pass on trusted techniques, while feature stands include The Classrooms and Sugarcraft Academy. Tools of the trade can be snapped up courtesy of a host of bakeware and cake decorating suppliers, while children can marvel at the Gingerbread Village and have a go at decorating gingerbread men themselves. Held at the Manchester Central, this event continues the baking renaissance between Friday 5 and Sunday 7 April.
Key Information
Venue: Manchester Central (M2 3GX)
Nearest Metrolink: St. Peter's Square, Deansgate-Castlefield
Nearest railway: Manchester Oxford Road, Deansgate
Ticket redemption: Present Groupon on arrival for entry
Dates and opening times
Friday 5 April: 11am-6pm
Saturday 6 April: 10am-8pm
Sunday 7 April: 10am-5pm
• £9 for one adult ticket (38% off)
• £14.50 for two adult tickets (50% off)
• £4.50 for one child ticket (36% off)
The Cake and Bake Show has attracted over 14,000 sweet-toothed Facebook Likes to date, and has also proved popular on Twitter.
Details verified 26/02/2013.
Learn more about Groupon's Merchant Reviews Policy.
The Cake And Bake Show
M2 3GXGet Directions


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I'm with you on that !
town and country tyres in Boro. (the old firestation in south bank area)
i need a CAN type lead for the A3
Thanks fella
I'm due some bonus at the end of April. I'll put some aside.
in time i will
will this work - does my car not need CAN type?
Will this cable work with a 2004 (54plate) 8P A3?...
i've got VAGcom now but no lead. Version 409-1
I've ordered a KKL VAG compatible lead off Amazon
What do i need to know about getting it to...
it is typically fluttery
Check the EGR isn't leaking, the turbo pipes to and from intercooler can split
and also consider getting idel speed...
ditto :thumbsup:
i have F1 Asysm's on back of Beemer
good tyres - done away with RFT's in favour of proper tyres.
so far i'm impressed and not bad at £90...
our drive at home points down towards the house and quite often when cold car does not like to reverse off the drive. Lots of throttle nothing...
early BKD engine suffered with head porosity probs.
i think thats what Kaz was getting at.....
A3 versions don't have spokes that fall in towards centre like A4 and A6
so very different if you put tham side by side.
i used them on my 8L A3 but they kept blowing all the time.
They don't like getting too hot.
our was cutting out when stood in traffic - new pipes fitted and idle speed turned up.
i find the S Line very harsh ride. I have done away with run flats on the BMW and carry a spare now. Ride is good in the M Sport. re-mapped 120d...
i always point out the wheels were scuff free before they start !
that way it's their fault if anything happens. I use C&S tyres is boro.
i hate sitting in traffic ....hard work.
don't know about that.
I have platinum warranty which guarantees the value of the car.
Everything is covered.
I got 6 months free off garage.
garage has to offer you warranty by law....


text:
All hotels in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico
1 room, 2 adults
7770 Blvd Tomas Fernandez, Ciudad Juarez, CHIH, 32440, Mexico, 855-238-1591
Reviews forHampton Inn Ciudad Juarez, Ciudad Juarez
Reviews forHampton Inn Ciudad Juarez, Ciudad Juarez
Hotels.com 33 customer reviews 4.5/5 Excellent (showing 1-33)
Lowest price$80
available on 07/16/15
Best Price Guarantee
"not quite up to par"
i normally stay at the city express right next door it was booked so i stayed at the hampton the telephone was broken the bathtub was full of hairs and the heater/cooling unit made a crazy noise all night the coffee maker in the bathroom was broken too they do have a nice snack/drink service in the early evening which was very nice 100.00 a night in juarez is very high especially with the issues i encountered
Genuine Hotels.com guest review
It was great. I was there on business and the hotel was close.
Genuine Expedia guest review
"Uncomfortable stay in winter"
This hotel has a good location near the border and the Tec de Monterrey campus. It is probably fine in warm weather, but in winter it was FREEZING. The lobby and breakfast area are completely unheated, and the complimentary coffee and "hot" water for tea are never more than lukewarm. The room has heat but, unlike Hampton Inns on the other side of the border, the heat it produces is dry and stifling, like a car heater. We couldn't leave it on for more than a few minutes at a time, just to take the chill off. There was no microwave or mini fridge, which would have made it possible to heat up food and beverages to a decently hot temperature.
Genuine Expedia guest review
"nice hotel and nice breakfast"
I stayed only one night but the internet was good and the place was quiet, I went straight to bed so no other advice accept that
Genuine Hotels.com guest review
"Very good! besides some small flaws"
My stay was awesome! althought this hotel is in Mexico it is very much like the Hampton in the United States very clean, comfortable rooms, Shuttle service is a plus. although i had a great time, my husband and i stayed there for 4 nights and during our stay we got locked out of our room 3 times. The front desk clerk kept on cancelling our cards for dumb reason. For example when you checkout of a hotel we are supposed to pay all fees based on what we used well we made phone calls and notified them when we came back to the room they ordered us to pay the 40$ for the phone calls in order for them to open the door for us. Also, we got stuck on the elevator!! That was scary we called emergency and they did come for us in about 2 minutes.
Genuine Hotels.com guest review
Nice hotel, typical of Hampton. Good location and very safe.
Genuine Hotels.com guest review
"very good"
Very good, people at front desk was very nice,
Genuine Hotels.com guest review
"a good experience"
i enjoyed staying at this hotel thank you very much see you next time bye
Genuine Expedia guest review
"Great hotel and staff...highly recommended"
Very clean, great food, service and the staff is very helpful. Everything was good overall. I stayed there from Monday thru Saturday while I was getting everything ready for my interview at the consulate. They offer free transportation which is very convenient if you have to go to all these different locations before your interview.
Genuine Hotels.com guest review
The following English reviews were posted by hotels.com guests from other countries:
"bad expirience"
shower was not working well nether the tv
Genuine Hotels.com guest review
Great experience
Genuine Hotels.com guest review
everything was great, except the WiFi it was very slow and and kept losing internet service.
Genuine Hotels.com guest review
"Safe, secure, and hospitable."
Friendliest staff I have ever encountered at a Hilton property. Air conditioners need some work though. Food at breakfast needs a little more variety, however the quailty was great.
Genuine Expedia guest review
The following reviews were posted by hotels.com guests from other countries:
"Estancia satisfactoria."
Muy bien. Solo alguna maquina en el,pasillo, tal vez del aire acondicionado, que producía ruido en exceso.
Genuine Hotels.com guest review
"Bien el hotel, mal por la atencion del staf."
En verdad es un hotel cómodo y bonito, el inconveniente fue que no fueron capaces de llevarme un par de toallas extras hasta mi habitación la noche que llegue, tuve que bajar por ellas al día siguiente y lo mas importante, yo pague mi estancia en efectivo al llegar pero al hacer check out me cobraron de la tarjeta!! Si no fuera por el servicio de mi banco que avisa cuando se cobra algo, no me hubiera dado cuenta... además tardaron mucho en solucionar. MUY MAL!
Genuine Hotels.com guest review
"Hampton Inn Juarez"
Me gusta hospedarmeen este hotel porque esta en una zona muy segura y las habitaciones son confortables. Solo si les comento que las unidades enfriadoras son demasiado ruidosas e incomoda el ruido que generan al operar...!!
Genuine Hotels.com guest review
"Buen hotel"
Me parecio bien el servicio. El único detalle es lo ruidoso de las unidades de ventana y lo lento que enfrían...las habitaciones deberían de preenfriarlas antes de la llegada de los huéspedes ya que parecen hornos cuando uno llega y tarda mucho en enfriar el aparato además de lo exageradamente ruidosos que son los mismos...! El servicio de desayuno un poco descuidado (no se resurte) lo mismo que el servicio en las tardes...!!
Genuine Hotels.com guest review
"Buen Hotel Pocas Amenidades para viaje de Negocio"
Hotel limpio y agradable personal, pero con muchas limitaciones para un viaje de negocio, las habitaciones no tienen refrigerador ni microonda, Ofrece poca disponibilidad el transporte del hotel y no esta muy cerca del consulado como lo promocionan.
Genuine Hotels.com guest review
"Excelente servicio e instalaciones"
El hotel se encuentra en estupendas condiciones, la atención fue muy buena, el desayuno que incluía la tarife me pareció bastante bueno.
Genuine Hotels.com guest review
"De negocios"
El hotel me pareció cómodo para los fines que requería, muy buena ubicación y precio acorde.
Genuine Hotels.com guest review
"excelente servicio"
Nos gusto mucho a mi y mis amigas... decidimos pasar una noche para festejar nuestros cumpleaños y todo estuvo muy agradable... la alberca muy agusto, la disfrutamos mucho y la recepción muy bien, suficiente para la cena... el personal que nos atendio fue muy amable, solicitamos una cama extra porque eramos cinco y por un costo razonable nos ayudaron. El desayuno bueno. En general el ambiente del hotel muy tranquilo, lo que nos ayudo a disfrutar mas nuestra estancia. Lo recomendaria sin dudar.
Genuine Hotels.com guest review
"Excelente opción"
El hotel es muy confortable y el precio muy bueno. Limpieza impecable, amabilidad de todos los empleados.
Genuine Hotels.com guest review
"Hotel ideal para todos-"
El hotel es nuevo, muy cómodo, el personal atento y cordial, el desayuno excelente!! Además tienen shuttle gratis al aereopuerto, de lo más puntual.
Genuine Expedia guest review
"buen hotel"
bien solo que el sofa cama no estaba en tan buenas condiciones
Genuine Hotels.com guest review
"para servicios consulares recibes todo el apoyo"
tranquila y confortable me ayudaron en todas mis peticiones y la gente es muy amable, la recomiendo sin dudarlo
Genuine Hotels.com guest review
Genuine Hotels.com guest review
Genuine Expedia guest review
Genuine Hotels.com guest review
Genuine Hotels.com guest review
Genuine Hotels.com guest review
Genuine Hotels.com guest review
Genuine Hotels.com guest review
Genuine Hotels.com guest review
TripAdvisor reviews for Hampton Inn by Hilton Ciudad Juarez
Overall rating:TripAdvisor Traveller Rating: 4Based on 132 traveler reviews
Most recent traveler reviews:
"clean, good food"
07/06/15 Hitoshi K shiga, Japan
breakfast and dinner (happy hour) was good for me. dinner time is free to get bear inqlude. hotel shuttle bus also political and quikly response. they has near the super market "s-mart" it is vely usefull.
06/23/15 Guillermo G
It is good option for business travels, everything you need to feel like home is here, you can continue with normal rutine. Price is a little bit high but reasonable, breakfast are not the best, if you can, choose another option to have it
"Excellent location, excellent place to stay."
06/10/15 Lorenzo Z Las Cruces, United States
I have stayed at this hotel every time I travel to Cd. Juarez, Mexico and have had a wonderful experience every time. The location is great with many hangouts and places to eat that range cheap and fast to fancy and expensive. Whatever you crave you will more than likely find within a short walk or drive. The staff are always great and after a couple stays I noticed they greeted me by name and welcomed me back no matter who the counter person was! The pool is great and the breakfast always has a delicious Juarez style dish you'll surely enjoy. If you will use a taxi, negotiate cost beforehand, and do not miss out an opportunity to visit all the great bars and eateries on Gomez Morin Avenue.
"Hilton Honors is a Fraud"
06/01/15 hi_stick San Francisco, California
I've checked in with a HH mobile app and got room 500 assigned to me. Non smoking all great never thought to worry about it. Checked into the hotel tonight to find out that room was given away and I got a crappy smoking room directly across from the elevator. I'm beyond mad here, and want to take my business elsewhere. Hilton can shove that mobile app checkin where the sun don't shine while I'm giving my business to ihg and the marriott.
"Better than the alternatives"
02/08/15 hi_stick San Francisco, California
some rooms smell like smoke, but overall not too horrible. Basic amenities present, only one water bottle per stay, and no slippers or bathrobes. Aircon unit is horrendous going on and off randomly. Old shag rug could be replaced. The gym is small but had the basics.
"The Wi-Fi internet service is really bad."
02/01/15 Jorge F Chihuahua, Mexico
If having a good Wi-Fi internet connection is something you value, then I'd recommend looking elsewhere. The premium you're paying for staying at this hotel definitely does not include a decent Wi-Fi. Breakfast was also highly below my expectations. Other than that, I have no complaints.
"Enjoyable hotel and friendly staff"
12/15/14 Ricardo L Phoenix, AZ, United States
I must say that this hotel was a nice surprise. Very clean and the staff was very friendly. Breakfast and Happy Hour were great. With my work schedule breakfast and happy hour made my work schedule workable. I didn't have to leave for dinner if I didn't want to go out. The hotel transportation was exellent for getting around.
"Good place to stay in Juárez"
11/02/14 KevyAlcindor Mexico City, Mexico
It was my second time at a Hampton Inn, first one being the night before. The hotel is clean, rooms are great, beds are comfortable. The service is ok however my AC was noisy. Also I was in the ground floor so the experience was not amazing, though they offered to move me the next night. The location is great for business purposes because the financial center is located closeby and many bank offices are around too. Complimetary breakfast and lunchbox to go are great details! First time I saw a complimentary happy hour including alcoholic beverages for those who are interested!
"Felt Safe, and Secure in Juarez"
10/02/14 Danielle M Bradenton, United States
Felt very protected. The hotel was modern, the pricing was great. The breakfast was included and had many options, and the happy hour food was a plus. Felt very safe, and the options for eating were really close, all within walking distance to the hotel.
"as good as... well, ITS HAMPTON'S"
09/26/14 The_Darth_Fruit
I always stay in a Hampton's hotel, very clean, cozy, professional staff, the most comfortable beds, decent courtesy breakfast, the coffee is great and served all day, the only thing is the elevated price, about 30-35 dollars above any rate in Texas and Arizona, not sure if that's because the recent and awful high value-added tax in Mexico, still, love the Hampton's.
Reviews and ratings contained within this site are the subjective opinions of customers and suppliers; they do not represent or reflect Hotels.com's position. Neither Hotels.com nor the parties involved in providing review content shall be held liable for any damages of any sort resulting from use of these reviews