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In 2010, while on vacation, Arthur Lopez, 53, began experiencing swelling and extreme fatigue. Upon returning home, he visited his doctor and was shocked to be diagnosed with stage-four nonalcoholic cirrhosis of the liver. Doctors say a liver transplant is essential to his survival, and he has been on the transplant waiting list for more than a year.
Mark the calendar and set aside some time to help out a local family in need this weekend.
Oakdale Police are keeping busy following up on leads to identify the suspects in what looks to be two related brazen mid-day burglaries from Tuesday morning, Sept. 4.
In a very brief and to-the-point response drafted by City Attorney Tom Hallinan, the City of Oakdale will notify the Stanislaus County Grand Jury that it agrees with the four findings and all four recommendations from a report that criticized the actions of former councilman Jason Howard.
Working in conjunction to reestablish salmon spawning and juvenile salmon rearing areas to the Stanislaus River at Honolulu Bar, Oakdale Irrigation District, FishBio, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Anadromous Fish Restoration Program (AFRP) have put in about $520,000 of shared cost into the habitat restoration project. OID and AFRP split the cost 50/50.
Residents complained of a two-hour crawl on Monday, Sept. 3 as they attempted to return to Oakdale via Sonora on Highway 120/108 at the end of a long Labor Day weekend.
Rural property owners never have a shortage of projects on their to-do list. With this in mind, Tractor Supply Company and GRIT magazine will team up to share their rural know-how in the new television show, "Tough GRIT."
Bring your family and friends and enjoy the largest hot air balloon festival in Central California! The 7th annual Color the Skies festival takes to the skies this Labor Day weekend, Sept.1-2, in Ripon. In a breathtaking ascent, the sky will fill with the color of 20 balloons during the carnival-like festival that donates all proceeds to Children's Hospital Central California.
Oakdale Police are in search of a known 17-year-old suspect who fled the scene leaving behind a sawed-off shotgun and ski mask after officers were called to the area of Stenson Drive and Branding Iron Street on Sunday, Aug 19.
The three-day holiday is a Maximum Enforcement Period (MEP) for the CHP, beginning Friday, Aug. 31, at 6 p.m. through Monday, Sept. 3, at 11:59 p.m. Throughout the MEP, all available officers will be on patrol cracking down on impaired drivers, speeders, and those who are a danger to themselves and others on the state's roadways.
With the loss of its volunteer coordinator and the inability to have a regularly scheduled meeting since June 2011, the Oakdale Parks and Recreation Department is restructuring its youth advisory commission into a youth council.
According to a decision by Oakdale City Attorney Tom Hallinan, Mayor Pat Paul is allowed to sit on the board that oversees the Oakdale Successor Agency to the Redevelopment Agency.
YES (Youth Entertainment Stage) KIDETTES are seeking students in first through fifth grades to be actors, singers, and dancers for Disney's "Winnie the Pooh KIDS." Open auditions to be held on Wednesday, Aug. 29 at 4p.m. at Johansen High School Theatre. No experience or preparation necessary. All audition materials are provided.
The Stanislaus County Sheriff's Department will host its first-ever "virtual ride-along" via Twitter on Saturday Aug.25 from 6 p.m. to 2 a.m.
Over a dozen dogs of all sizes, ranging from breeds of Chihuahuas, smooth coat collies, golden retrievers, Bernese mountain dogs, and more pawed their way around Wood Park in Oakdale on Saturday, Aug. 18 for the American Cancer Society's Bark For Life.
Page 65 of 122
Thirteen years of primary education will officially come to a close for the Class of 2015 this Friday night at the Oakdale High Corral. The 7 p.m. graduation ceremony will be their final moments on the field as Mustangs, only to then become alumni of the school.
Great weather and high attendance combined to make this year's Oakdale Chocolate Festival a triumph on Saturday and Sunday, May 16 and 17.
With the irony of rain and stormy skies outside, the Oakdale Irrigation District held a water committee meeting to discuss this year's continuing drought from lack of rain and how the 106-year-old district was allocating its water to customers.
A Friday night accident left one woman with major injuries and saw traffic along a bus stretch of North Yosemite shut down for a brief time while traffic was detoured around the scene.
The newspaper business will be minus one well spoken, mature-beyond-her-years teen as Oakdale High School senior Rachelle Pabalan turns her sights elsewhere heading into her collegiate future.
It didn't appear to be the largest opening night crowd in history – but it was also a little difficult to tell.
A citizen who thought she was helping a family friend became the victim of a large theft of personal items but turned things around in getting one of the thief's accomplices arrested when they tried to sell the stolen items back to her.
A mid-day probation search in a quiet upscale neighborhood resulted in the seizure of narcotics, paraphernalia, and two subjects from the house taken to jail on drug charges.
A dispute between cohabitants on Thursday morning, May 7, escalated to the point where one of the participants was arrested for attempted murder after he doused his female roommate with gasoline and attempted to light her on fire.
The Oakdale City Council proclaimed recognition for National Police Week from Sunday, May 10 to Saturday, May 16 at its meeting on May 4.
An emotionally charged debate about water allocations in the fourth year of drought broke out at Tuesday's Oakdale Irrigation District board meeting.
Upper grade classrooms were empty, halls sounded a bit hollow and local first responders stayed busy as Oakdale High School observed and brought to life the Every 15 Minutes Program on Thursday and Friday.
After a multitude of proclamations honoring Older Americans Month, National Police Week, Bike to Work Week, and National Public Works Week, the Oakdale City Council went to work approving funds for a host of projects across the city.
An interrupted residential burglary in the Del Rio area off Stewart Road and McHenry Avenue on Wednesday, April 29, led to a high speed chase with the vehicle being discarded outside of Oakdale off Rodden Road. The suspect fled on foot and swam across the Stanislaus River back into the city causing police to lock down the area as sheriff's units conducted a neighborhood search for the man.
In the dark underground world of sex trafficking, acts of prostitution and its victims, the women forced to work in the sex trade, are often concealed in a single business: brothels posing as massage parlors.
Page 4 of 4
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See C. D. Innes, Erwin Piscator's Political Theatre (1974).
See studies by C. W. Kilmister, ed. (1987) and W. J. Moore (1989).
See his memoirs and correspondence of World War II. (The Rommel Papers, ed. by B. H. Liddell Hart, 1953); biography by D. Young (1950, repr. 1969); studies by R. Lewin (1968, repr. 1972), C. Douglas-Hume (1973), and M. Kitchen (2009).
The Town of Erwin is in the southeast part of the county and is west of the City of Corning.
The "painted post" was a wooden post discovered in the south part of Steuben County. Its purpose and origin remain controversial.
U.S. Route 15, New York State Route 414, New York State Route 417 and Interstate 86 (Southern Tier Expressway) pass through the town.
The Tioga River merges with the Cohocton River near Painted Post to form the Chemung River which flows to the east. The Canisteo River flows into the Tioga River near Erwins village.
There were 2,977 households out of which 31.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.4% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.5% were non-families. 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.98.
In the town the population was spread out with 24.9% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 18.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.8 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $44,386, and the median income for a family was $57,169. Males had a median income of $44,155 versus $28,795 for females. The per capita income for the town was $27,192. About 5.1% of families and 6.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.8% of those under age 18 and 3.3% of those age 65 or over.

subset: commoncrawl


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I really enjoyed these!! Kind of a "glorified Pigs n Blankets". Very tasty! I used all shredded cheddar/jack cheese (instead of sliced cheese) and left out the onions. Also used homemade flour tortillas - as I had just made a bunch. A keeper! Thanks!


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Nothing says 'Murica like the raglan sleeves, baseball style, and rad graphic of the Billabong Flyin' By Girls' T-Shirt.
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The Hello Apparel Infant Girls' I'm Not Tired Long Sleeve One-Piece drapes your little girl in style and cozy comfort.
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Burton Handscript Slouchy Shirt - Long-Sleeve - Girls' Gray HeatherOn sale - now $15.57 - was $23.95
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Columbia Mini Breaker Sunguard - Short-Sleeve - Girls' Light Grape/WhiteOn sale - now $11.23 - was $24.95
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Burton Grace Woven Shirt - Long-Sleeve - Girls' Chili Pepper Anza PlaidOn sale - now $29.22 - was $44.95
The times when cool button-down shirts were reserved for the boys are long gone. The Burton Girls' Grace Woven shirt blends classic button-down styling with feminine good looks. This long-sleeve, cotton beauty looks and feels great for a whole variety of
Icebreaker Tech Passion Vines Hooded Shirt - Long-Sleeve - Girls' Grapefruit/FuseOn sale - now $71.99 - was $89.99
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33 year old woman | Alafaya, FL, USA | Seeking men 25-35 within 20 miles of Orlando, FL
Christian girl looking for a christian guy.
My friends say that I'm smart, funny, silly, sympathetic, crazy, can carry a good conversation, wise beyond my years, and just plain fun to be around. Well thats what they say, I just try to be a good friend. One thing to know about me is that my friends, family, and church always come first, just cause they're always there. Well for fun I love to dance, sing, swim, hangout with my friends, go to movies, go to clubs every so often with a group of friends, take two to three hour road trips with my friends (when I can afford it). I like to watch High School football and College basketball, but I'm more of a social watcher. I have a cat and she keeps things interesting. I went to college for a year, where I learned a lot. I went to nanny school (English Nanny & Governnes School), I learned wonderful tricks of the trade. I was a teacher at a daycare and I loved those kids. I've been a nanny and I have had a great time with the children I was in charge of. There is more but I'll tell that later, if you e-mail me. Someone who: is fun but can be serious when it's called for, cares about family and friends. I need someone who is dependable and is true to their word. Has to have God and Christ first in there life. Chivalry is a very big plus.
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In case you missed it over the weekend, late Friday night Attorney General Eric Holder issued a motion to appeal after U.S. District Court Judge Amy Berman Jackson ruled in September she will not dismiss contempt and executive privilege lawsuits against the Justice Department. Department of Justice attorneys argued the lawsuits should be dismissed on grounds the judiciary has no business getting in-between Executive branch and Legislative branch disputes. Jackson disagreed with their argument, saying the judiciary has an obligation to look at these kinds of disputes. Holder was hoping to get the case in front of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, which is sympathetic to the Justice Department and the Obama administration. Late yesterday, his appeal was denied.
"Accordingly, defendant's motion is DENIED," Jackson wrote in her decision. "The Court is not of the opinion that its denial of the motion to dismiss involves a controlling question of law as to which there is a substantial ground for difference of opinion. As explained in the Memorandum Opinion, the [previous] ruling was based upon Supreme Court precedent and Circuit precedent, and it was decided in accordance with an opinion issued by another judge of this court in a substantially similar matte....Defendant has not pointed to any precedent that would supply the grounds for a difference of opinion."
More from POLITICO:
Jackson noted that while she was turning down Holder's request for an immediate appeal, she has yet to rule on whether any documents have been improperly withheld from the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee under a claim of executive privilege from President Barack Obama. If she makes such a finding, an appeal would be open at the conclusion of the case.
We are still waiting on a ruling from Jackson on whether the Justice Department has an obligation to turn over many disputed Operation Fast and Furious documents to the House Oversight Committee.
|Katie Pavlich is the Editor at Townhall.com. Follow her on Twitter @katiepavlich. She is a New York Times Best Selling author. Her new book Assault and Flattery: The Truth About the Left and Their War on Women, will be published on July 8, 2014.
"Mamas, don't let your babies grow up to be brainwashed government dependents. Buy this book!" says Michelle Malkin.
"This is a thorough and gutsy book that should help set history straight." - Mark Levin
Buy Katie's book today and help us keep the pressure on the Left.
Author Photo credit: Jensen Sutta Photography
PA Senate: Toomey Launches First TV Ad, While Sestak Runs Over Children At 4th Of July Event | Matt Vespa
Democrat Tammy Baldwin: The First Amendment doesn't extend 'far beyond' 'institutions of faith' | Matt Vespa


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Researchers discover new type of flying reptile from the age of dinosaurs
Researchers from the Transylvanian Museum Society, the University of Southampton and the Museau Nacional have discovered a new type of flying reptile from the time of dinosaurs.
The fossilized bones of the new kind of flying pterosaur were discovered in the Late Cretaceous rocks of Sebeş-Glod in the Transylvanian Basin, Romania, which are about 68 million years old. Researchers note that this basin is world-famous for its many Late Cretaceous fossils, including those of other dinosaurs, mammals, turtles, lizards and ancient relatives of crocodiles.
The new species is called Eurazhdarcho langendorfensis.
"Eurazhdarcho belong to a group of pterosaurs called the azhdarchids. These were long-necked, long-beaked pterosaurs whose wings were strongly adapted for a soaring lifestyle. Several features of their wing and hind limb bones show that they could fold their wings up and walk on all fours when needed," says Darren Naish from the University of Southampton's Vertebrate Palaeontology Research Group.
"With a three-meter wingspan, Eurazhdarcho would have been large, but not gigantic. This is true of many of the animals so far discovered in Romania; they were often unusually small compared to their relatives elsewhere," he adds.
The discovery of Eurazhdarcho is the most complete example of an azhdarchid found in Europe so far. According to researchers, its discovery adds credence to a theory about the behavior of these types of creatures.
"Experts have argued for years over the lifestyle and behavior of azhdarchids. It has been suggested that they grabbed prey from the water while in flight, that they patrolled wetlands and hunted in a heron or stork-like fashion, or that they were like gigantic sandpipers, hunting by pushing their long bills into mud," says Gareth Dyke, Senior Lecturer in Vertebrate Palaeontology at the National Oceanography Centre Southampton.
"One of the newest ideas is that azhdarchids walked through forests, plains and other places in search of small animal prey. Eurazhdarcho supports this view of azhdarchids, since these fossils come from an inland, continental environment where there were forests and plains as well as large, meandering rivers and swampy regions," he adds.
Researchers add that their discovery suggests that the Late Cretaceous was a much more complicated world than previously thought. Fossils from the Late Cretaceous rocks of Sebeş-Glod in the Transylvanian Basin indicate that there were a number of places where both large and small azhdarchids coexisted. There were also a lot of different creatures hunting various prey in the region simultaneously.
According to the University of California-Berkeley, pterosaurs ruled the skies in the Jurassic and Cretaceous, ranging from the size of a small bird to the size of an airplane. It was once thought that these flying reptiles were not well suited for active flight and had to rely largely on gliding and on the wind to stay aloft, but recent research of pterosaur skeletal features has shown that all but the biggest pterosaurs could sustain powered flight.
Berkeley researchers note that the biggest pterosaur, known as Quetzalcoatlus, had a wing span of approximately forty feet. The wing was supported by an extremely long fourth digit in the hand and fibers in the wing membrane.
The study's findings were recently described in detail in the journal PLoS One.
Photo credit: Franko Fonseca.


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By Priscilla Rodriguez | 08/15/2013 - 11:30
Apparently our favorite celebrity parents have some great genes! Need proof? Just take a look at Gisele Bundchen's little family of four or Mariah Carey's adorable twins.
Check out 22 of the cutest babies in Hollywood. Be prepared to say "aww!"
Read more
By Amaris Castillo | 08/09/2013 - 14:07
We want to wish the incomparable Juanes a wonderful birthday today! Our fave Colombian musican (and loving dad) is now 41 years old.
In honor of his special day, we've listed several reasons why we love the rocker so much. Feel free to add your own reasons below in our comments section.
Happy Birthday, Juanes!
1. He's a Proud Latino
Read more
By Celia Fernandez | 08/08/2013 - 13:30
Marriage is a special bond between two people -- for better or worse, richer or poorer, in sickness and health, and until death do they part. And for these celebs it seems some were barely even legal to drink before they decided to take on these vows.
From Vanessa Bryant at 18 to Tyler Posey proposing at 21, check out 25 stars who were married (or got engaged), under the age of 25:
Read more
By Tom Castaneda | 07/27/2013 - 13:00
It's not a pledge one should take lightly, taking someone "to have and to hold from this day forward, for better or for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, to love and to cherish; from this day forward until death do us part."
Here's a look at the 10 most supportive Latino husbands in Hollywood, men like Mark Consuelos and Freddie Prinze Jr., who've proven that their unconditional love don't cost a thing.
Read more
By Sugey Palomares | 07/16/2013 - 09:37
Whether they acquired them during childhood or later in life, nicknames always say a lot about a person. When it comes to celebrities, it's more often than not that we know them by their stage names and not what's actually on their birth certificates. So how exactly did their nicknames come about? Find out below!
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By Amaris Castillo | 07/15/2013 - 13:04
Juanes' recent "LOUD and Unplugged" music tour was a mega-success. According to MTV Tr3s, the beloved Colombian rocker's U.S. tour has been named one of the top 20 concerts of 2013.
Read more
By Priscilla Rodriguez | 07/10/2013 - 11:32
We love stars who embrace their Latino culture, especially those who always make sure to hold on to our native Spanish language. Here are 60 hollywood stars who are fluent in Spanish:
Read more
By Latina Staff | 07/08/2013 - 16:27
Talk about having good genes! Latino celeb babies can be bigger attention stealers than their famous parents and some of them are ALWAYS ready for their close-up!
Find it hard to believe? Check out our countdown of the cutest famous little ones in Hollywood. Enjoy!
Read more
By Priscilla Rodriguez | 06/19/2013 - 10:12
Latinos account for approximately 21 percent of all new HIV infection cases in the U.S. According to statistical reports by the Centers for Disease Control, that's nearly three times the rate of infection for whites. Juanes has now taken this statistic and decided to run with in order to help build awareness for the young Latino community.
Read more
By Sugey Palomares | 06/18/2013 - 17:54
Talk about having good genes! Latino celeb babies can be bigger attention stealers than their famous parents and some of them are ALWAYS ready for their close-up!
Find it hard to believe? Check out our countdown of the cutest famous little ones in Hollywood. Enjoy!
Read more


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Jaguar Plastics® Industrial Strength Can Liners, 100/Carton
Weights & Dimensions
|Product Type: Trash Bags & Liners
|Capacity: 45 Gal
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|Material(s): Linear Low-Density Polyethylene
|Grade: Heavy
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A system for evaluating performance of a network providing communication services by means of a generalized processor sharing packet scheduling discipline. The services may include classes of services having real time and non real time (i.e. "elastic") requirements, respectively, and the classes of services have relative priorities. The system includes a performance evaluation module configured for evaluating performance of a given class of services as a function of the load produced by other classes of services having a priority higher than or equal to the given class as well as of perturbation effect exerted on the given class by other classes having priority higher than the given class, and a computation module configured for determining the load and the perturbation effect as weighed sums of the contributions of each of the other classes to the load and the perturbation effect.
1. A method for performance evaluation in a network providing communication services by means of a generalized processor sharing packet scheduling discipline, said services comprising classes of services having relative priorities, the method being performed by a computer system comprising at least one processor and at least one non-transitory computer readable medium encoded with program instructions that, when executed, cause the system to perform the method, the method comprising the steps of:
evaluating, by the at least one processor, performance of a given class of services as a function of a load produced by other classes of services having a priority higher than or equal to said given class as well as of perturbation effect exerted on said given class by other classes having priority higher than said given class; and
determining, by the at least one processor, said load and said perturbation effect as weighed sums of contributions of each of said other classes to said load and said perturbation effect.
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12. A system for evaluating performance of a network providing communication services by means of a generalized processor sharing packet scheduling discipline, said services comprising classes of services having relative priorities, comprising:
a computer system comprising at least one processor and at least one non-transitory computer readable medium encoded with program instructions;
a performance evaluation module configured for evaluating, using the at least one processor, performance of a given class of services as a function of a load produced by other classes of services having a priority higher than or equal to said given class as well as of perturbation effect exerted on said given class by other classes having priority higher than said given class; and
a computation module configured for determining, using the at least one processor, said load and said perturbation effect as weighed sums of contributions of each of said other classes to said load and said perturbation effect.
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23. A communication network comprising the system of
24. A non-transitory computer readable medium encoded with a computer program product loadable into a memory of at least one computer and comprising software code portions for performing the method of
This application is a national phase application based on PCT/EP2004/007103, filed Jun. 30, 2004, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The invention relates to performance evaluation in communication networks.
The invention is advantageously applicable to performance evaluation in multi-service packet switched networks with Quality of Service (QoS) differentiation. A specific feature of these networks lies in that the different services supported by the network are grouped in a limited set of Classes of Service (CoS), depending on their QoS requirements.
Advanced packet scheduling mechanisms—generally in the form of Generalized Processor Sharing (GPS) mechanisms—are used within the network devices to ensure that data flows belonging to different classes of service are handled with different levels of priority and experience different levels of QoS. Nowadays, a typical example of this type of networks is represented by Differentiated Services (DiffServ) IP networks.
The different scheduling mechanisms adopted within these networks, such as Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ), Deficit Round Robin (DRR) and Modified Deficit Round Robin (MDRR), are examples of GPS-based mechanisms.
However, the field of applicability of the invention is not limited to this type of networks and extends more generally to any kind of packet switched network based on GPS-like scheduling mechanisms.
Analytical methods (as opposed to simulation and methods based on direct measurements) provide a fast, flexible and cost effective approach to network performance evaluation. This approach can be adopted during the network design phase for predictive performance analysis finalized to network dimensioning and "what if" analysis. The same approach can also be applied during actual operation of the network for real time performance estimation based on indirect measurements.
The intrinsic complexity of multi-service networks makes the exact solution of the analysis problem unfeasible; therefore, only approximated approaches are possible.
Two aspects of the problem are particularly significant:
Concerning the former aspect, services with real time requirements are to be distinguished from so-called "elastic" (i.e., best effort) data services.
Real time services (e.g., voice and video transmission services) do indeed require that each packet be received with low delay and delay jitter. As a consequence, performance for these services is properly evaluated at the packet level, in terms of average and maximum packet delay.
Elastic services, on the contrary, are sensitive to the total time required to receive an application level data unit (e.g., a file, a web page) while being essentially insensitive to the delay experienced by each packet. As a consequence, performance for these services is more properly evaluated at the application level in terms of average throughput available for each individual transmission.
Concerning the latter aspect, GPS-like mechanisms serve different traffic aggregates in parallel and control the quota of capacity guaranteed to each flow through pre-assigned weights. By modifying the weights associated to each flow, it is possible to control the capability of each flow to exploit the server capacity and, finally, the service speed perceived by each flow. In practice, a GPS mechanism operates as a priority-based server where the relative priorities of the different traffic aggregates can be varied in a continuous manner. This is in contrast with a classical, absolute priority server approach, where only three states are possible: lower, equal or higher priority.
This flexibility renders GPS-like mechanisms a powerful tool in guaranteeing different levels of service to the different classes. As indicated, GPS-like mechanisms are however extremely difficult to model.
A basic reference textbook such as L. Kleinrock: "Queueing Systems" Volume 1 and Volume 2; J. Wiley & Sons, 1975 provides a quite exhaustive explanation of queuing theory and includes the analysis of a large number of queuing systems; specifically, Volume 2 includes at pages 166-170 the analysis of Processor Sharing (PS) systems. While giving the expression for the average transmission time in a M/G/1-PS system without priorities, GPS systems are not addressed directly.
The article "Performance of Bandwidth Sharing Mechanisms for Service Differentiation in the Internet" by T. Bonald and J. W. Roberts; Proceedings of 13 ITC Specialist Seminar, September 2000, focuses on GPS systems from the viewpoint of "elastic" services only. Therefore, only the average throughput is evaluated. In addition, this article basically approximates a GPS system by means of a system with absolute preemptive priorities and derives upper and lower bounds for the average throughput in a GPS system; these bounds, however tend to be excessively approximated in general load conditions.
The article "Reduced-Load Equivalence and Induced Burstiness in GPS Queues with Long-Tailed Traffic Flows" by S. Borst, et al., Queueing Systems, Vol. 43, N. 4; April 2003, is one of many papers exploiting the so-called Large Deviation Theory to derive the asymptotic behavior of GPS systems under a variety of assumptions about the distribution of the flow length (exponential distribution, heavy tailed distribution etc.). This approach is oriented to the evaluation of the packet loss probability rather than to the characterization of delay and is therefore of little relevance for performance evaluation as intended in the present context.
Finally, U.S. Pat. No. 5,883,819 describes a method for QoS assessment in a multimedia communication network. The method described was developed in an ATM network context with either full sharing of the transmission capacity by the different CoS or a complete segregation of the different CoS. Therefore, the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,883,819 is not adapted to be applied successfully in the context of the invention.
In practice, no arrangement is available in the art that permits an integrated evaluation of performance as experienced e.g. by the two types of service (real time and "elastic" services) identified above in the context of GPS-based networks. Approximated solutions focusing either on real time services or on elastic services are available. However, these prior art solutions approximate the behavior of the GPS mechanism with the behavior of an absolute priority mechanism, which causes most of the peculiarities of these mechanisms to be lost.
The need therefore exists of providing an arrangement adapted to overcome the intrinsic drawbacks of the prior art considered in the foregoing by providing a general approach for evaluating the behavior of GPS-like mechanisms.
According to the present invention, that object is achieved by means of a method having the features set forth in the claims that follow. The invention also relates to a corresponding system, a related network as well as a related computer program product, loadable in the memory of at least one computer and including software code portions for performing the steps of the method of the invention when the product is run on a computer. As used herein, reference to such a computer program product is intended to be equivalent to reference to a computer-readable medium containing instructions for controlling a computer system to coordinate the performance of the method of the invention. Reference to "at least one computer" is evidently intended to highlight the possibility for the present invention to be implemented in a distributed/modular fashion.
The arrangement described herein is essentially based on a modification of the arrangements used heretofore for taking into account the effect of the load offered by the different CoS on the performances experienced by a given CoS. More to the point, the modification is based on the introduction of specific weighting factors that account for the relative priority of the different CoS.
Preferably, the arrangement described herein applies such an approach to different procedures adapted for performance evaluation of real time and elastic services, respectively. The procedures in question can be integrated to a common procedure for evaluating the performances perceived by the whole of the different CoS sharing the capacity of a common server. The arrangement described herein can thus be applied in evaluating network performance as experienced by the different CoS (real time CoS as well as elastic CoS) at any network device where packet buffering and scheduling are performed. Exemplary of such devices are the input and/or output interfaces of network switches, routers or multiplexers.
The arrangement described herein is applicable to any number and/or combination of real time and elastic CoS. In order to provide the best results, the arrangement preferably exploits the knowledge of the first and second order statistics of the packet lengths as well as the flow lengths. The arrangement described herein can also be applied, with a greater approximation, when only the first order statistics are known.
The arrangement described herein can be applied directly to the evaluation of performance of a network device subject to a given load. Alternatively, it can be used as the basic building block in an iterative algorithm for link capacity dimensioning. The former application mentioned also includes the utilization of arrangement described herein in a network monitoring system for real time performance evaluation. In addition, the arrangement described herein can be used as a building block for end-to-end performance evaluation within a network.
The invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the enclosed figures of drawing, wherein:
A number of abbreviations used throughout this description are listed below together with their associated meanings:
CoS: Class of Service
DRR: Deficit Round Robin
GPS: Generalized Processor Sharing
MDRR: Modified Deficit Round Robin
PS: Processor Sharing
QoS: Quality of Service
WFQ: Weighted Fair Queuing
The exemplary arrangement described herein is primarily intended for use in evaluating the performance experienced by different classes of services (CoS) sharing the capacity of a packet service system/network. Specifically, in the system considered here a scheduling discipline is implemented based on the Generalized Processor Sharing (GPS) algorithm. Hereinafter, such a system will be identified briefly as a "GPS-like" system.
A GPS-like system may represent any input, output or internal interface of a packet-based communication equipment where packets are buffered before being served and the serving discipline implements a GPS-like algorithm. In particular, the GPS-like system may represents an output interface of a DiffServ-based IP router implementing a scheduling discipline based on algorithms such as Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ), Deficit Round Robin (DRR) or Modified Deficit Round Robin (MDRR).
The exemplary arrangement described herein distinguishes two main types of CoS: those having real time requirements (Real Time CoS) and those exhibiting no real time CoS (Elastic CoS). The arrangement may handle any number of CoS and/or combination of the two types, without restrictions. All CoS are assumed to be handled by the scheduler according to configuration weights, with the only exception of the first class, which can be handled with absolute priority. This feature facilitates the modeling of special schedulers, such as MDRR schedulers, that provide this capability.
The performance parameters considered may differ depending on the type of CoS and depending on whether the CoS is congested or not.
The performance parameters computed for the non-congested real time CoS are:
The performance parameters computed for the non congested elastic CoS are:
The performance parameter computed for the congested CoS (Real Time CoS as well as Elastic CoS) is the fraction of information lost due to congestion (loss probability).
A high level block diagram of the arrangement described herein is shown in
In the exemplary embodiment shown, the inputs to a link performance evaluation block, designated 100, are:
Commercial devices associate different meanings and formats to the scheduler configuration parameters, but the translation from these specific formats into the fraction of link capacity is usually trivial and does not require to be described in detail here.
The outputs from the link performance evaluation block 100 are:
The link performance evaluation block 100 is comprised of two main sub-blocks or units 110 and 120.
The (sub)block 110 (to which the roles of weighting factors computation and CoS stability evaluation are allotted) performs the computation of the weighting factors used by the performance evaluation algorithm and evaluate whether the different CoS are congested (unstable) or not. In addition, it performs also the computation of intermediate data as required by the block 120.
The block 120 (which is allotted the role of CoS performance evaluation) implements the performance evaluation algorithms.
The performance evaluation arrangement described herein implements different approaches for real time and for elastic CoS. For both types of CoS, operation of the arrangement described herein is obtained by adapting to the more general case of GPS systems the results available for strict priority systems. The adaptation involves a modified approach in taking into account the effect of the load offered by the different CoS on the performance experienced by a given CoS.
Specifically, the modification is based on the introduction of specific weighting factors to account for the relative priority of the different CoS.
The key aspects of this generalization are the two related concepts of "virtual load" offered by a given CoS and of relative priority between two CoS.
More in detail, the load offered by CoS r can be identified as the ratio between the offered traffic B(r) and the link capacity M:
The virtual load of class r, ρ′(r), is defined as the ratio of its offered load to its associated scheduler weight:
The virtual load of a given class provides an indication of the service level received by that class: the lower the virtual load, the better the received service.
Consequently, the relative priority of class s with respect to class r, x(s, r), can be defined as the ratio between the Virtual Loads of the two classes:
If the value of x(s, r) is lower than 1, then class s has a priority higher than class r; on the contrary, if the value is higher than 1, then class s has a priority lower than class r.
Performance Experienced by Real Time CoS
The performance experienced by the real time CoS is evaluated at the packet level, and is expressed in terms of average and maximum packet delay (including the queuing delay and the transmission time). Each packet is transmitted at the full link speed: therefore, at this level of observation, there is no sharing of the server capacity and the system behaves like a classical M/G/1 (Poisson arrival process, general distribution of service times, single server, infinite buffer) queuing system with absolute non preemptive priorities.
The average packet delay experienced by CoS r in an M/G/1 queuing system with absolute non pre-emptive priorities can be computed as:
The basic improvement introduced consists in modifying the computation of two terms expressed by formulas (6) and (7) in order to take into account the peculiarities of GPS systems. In practice, two weighting factors α1(s,r) and α2(s,r) are introduced, so that the contribution of class s to the performance perceived by class r can be varied gradually depending on the relative priority of the two classes.
With this modification, the average packet delay experienced by class r can be computed as:
The two summations are computed on the full set of CoS. α1(s,r) and α2(s,r) are the two weighting factors computed on the basis of the virtual loads of the two classes.
The two weighting factors can have any functional form, provided that they satisfy the requirements listed below.
Requirements on α1(s,r), when described as a function of ρ′(s) are:
α1(s,r)=1 for ρ′(s)≦ρ′(r) (i.e., when class s has priority higher than or equal to class r)
α1(s,r) shall be monotonously decreasing to 0 with ρ′(s) when ρ′(s)>ρ′(r) (i.e., when class s has priority lower than class r)
α1(s,r) shall go to zero when ρ′(s) goes to infinite (i.e., when no capacity is allocated to class s), in such a way that the product α1(s,r)�ρ(s) goes to an asymptotic value πA(s,r)=w(s). The exact value of said asymptotic value depends on the global load, but it is limited by the lower bound w(s) and the upper bound w(s)/[w(s)+w(r)].
Requirement on α2(s,r), when described as a function of ρ′(r) are:
α2(s,r)=0 for ρ′(r)≦ρ′(s) (i.e., when class r has priority higher than or equal to class s)
α2(s,r) shall be monotonously increasing with ρ′(r) when ρ′(r)>ρ′(s) (i.e., when class r has priority lower than class s)
α2(s,r) shall asymptotically go to 1 when ρ′(r) goes to infinite (i.e., when no capacity is allocated to class r).
In practice, α1(s,r) and α2(s,r) should preferably have a behavior similar to the one depicted in
A possible functional form for α1(s,r) is, for instance, the exponential expression (11) below, where x(s,r) represents the relative priority of class s with respect to class r as defined by expression (4):
An alternative functional form exhibiting all the desired features is the hyperbolic function (12) below:
In both formulas (11) and (12) the asymptotical value ρA(s,r) can be approximated as:
On the basis of experimental results, formula (12) seems to provide the best accuracy, as is adopted in the presently preferred embodiment of the arrangement described herein. However, any other functional form satisfying the requirements listed above may be adopted without substantial modification. Similar expressions can be found for the weighting factor α2(s,r).
In principle, the functional form of α2(s,r) can be independent from the form chosen for α1(s,r). However, the accuracy of the model can be improved if some dependency between the two set of weighting factors is introduced. A preferred solution is to determine α2(s,r) according to formula (14) below:
This relationship generally expresses a sort of law of complementarity where the sum of α1(s,r) and α2(s,r) is a value between 1 and 2 which is a function of the load factor Σ1(r).
With this specific function the packet delay averaged over all the different classes appears to be independent of the values of the virtual loads (as it should be) at least for the simple case of two classes.
Formula (8) holds provided that Σ1(r)<1. If this condition is not satisfied, then class r is affected by an overload condition and its packet delay is undefined. In practice, the overload condition will induce the loss of part of the transmitted traffic and the performance degradation can be measured in terms of percentage of lost traffic rather than in terms of packet delay. When this happens, the delay value γPA(r) remains undefined and the loss probability for the congested class can be estimated with the approach described in the article by S. Borst, et al. cited in the introductory portion of the description. In practice
and S represents the set of non congested classes, i.e., those classes for which Σ1(r)<1.
For non-congested classes, the maximum packet delay (i.e., the ε-quantile of the delay distribution) can be estimated by assuming an exponential distribution. With this assumption we have:
Performance Evaluation for Elastic CoS
The performance of the elastic CoS is evaluated at the application level, in terms of average throughput available for the transmission of a data unit or, equivalently, in terms of average transmission time.
When observed at the application level, the queuing system appears to operate essentially like a processor sharing system: application level data units, indeed, are made up of several packets and appear to be served in parallel.
The article by Bonald, et al. cited in the introductory portion of the description provides an expression for the average throughput perceived by a generic flow of class r, derived under the assumption of absolute pre-emptive priorities and hyper-exponential distribution of the data unit size. This formula is reported here for the sake of clarity:
where M is the link capacity, a is the parameter of the hyper-exponential distribution and:
A hyper-exponential distribution with parameter a can be used for approximating a generic distribution with known first and second order moments. It is sufficient to choose for a the value that leads to a match in the second order moment of the generic distribution. In particular, for this application one may choose:
where DL and DL2 are the average document size and the average squared document size, respectively.
This approach is valid provided that all the elastic CoS have the same characteristics in terms of average document size and average squared document size. If this assumption is not verified, then some additional approximations may be introduced by averaging the statistical characteristics of the document size over the different CoS.
The specific case of an exponential distribution is obtained by imposing a=1 and A=1/2.
Formula (18) can be generalized to extend its validity to the case of gradual priorities. The generalization introduced here follows the same approach described for the case of the real time CoS, and consists in substituting the terms Σr and Σr-1 with the alternative terms Σ1(r) and Σ2(r) provided by formulas (9) and (10).
With this modification, the new expression for the average throughput becomes:
The average throughput TA(r) represents the average transmission speed experienced during the transmission of a data unit. The average transmission time of a data unit of given size can be determined thereby.
By taking the average document size DL(r), as a reference size, one obtains:
Formula (21) applies provided that Σ1(r)<1. Those CoS for which this condition is not satisfied are congested (unstable) and will experience a non-negligible loss of information. For these CoS the average throughput and the average transmission time are undefined and the performance level is measured in terms of traffic load probability, computed according to expression (15).
More in detail, the block 110 computes in a unit 111 the values of the loads ρ(r) offered by each CoS, and the values of the virtual loads ρ′(r).
The block 110 further processes in a unit 112 the list of the scheduler weights w(r) and generates a new set of weights w′(r) compatible with the presence of a CoS handled with strict priority.
In practice, it generates an artificial weight for the strict priority class and rearranges the remaining weights so that the normalization condition (1) is satisfied. From now on, the modified weights w′(r) will replace on the original weights w(r).
Two further units 113 and 114 compute the values of the parameters Σ1(r) and the values of the parameters Σ2(r). This occurs on the basis of the values w′ (r), ρ(r) and ρ′(r) output from the units 111 and 112.
Additionally, the block 110 further checks (in a unit 115, based on the output of the unit 113) the stability of each CoS and stores the result of the test in the array FlagStab(r).
Finally, a unit 116 computes the values of parameters a and A.
More in detail, the input data to the block 110 are the following.
The output data are:
As shown, the block 110 preferably includes six main (sub)blocks or units 111 to 116.
The unit 111 performs the computation of the values of the offered loads ρ(r) according to formula (2) and the computation of the values for the virtual loads ρ′(r) according to formula (3).
The unit 112 performs the computation of the modified weights w′(r). This computation depends on the value of FlagSP, according to the following expression:
The unit 113 has the detailed architecture shown in
The unit 114 (having the detailed architecture shown in
The unit 115 assigns the value to FlagStab(r), depending on the value of Σ1(r):
The detailed architecture of the unit 116 is shown in
The block 120 is devoted to the evaluation of the performances experienced by the different CoS. The block 120 (having the architecture shown in
A first component (module 120.1) evaluates the traffic loss probability PLoss(r) for the congested (unstable) CoS.
A second component (module 120.2) evaluates the average and maximum packet delay for the non congested (stable) Real time CoS.
A third component (module 120.3) evaluates the average throughput and the average transmission time for the non congested (stable) Elastic CoS.
Operation of the modules 120.1 to 120.3 is managed via three modules (that are in fact representative of logical steps) indicated as 120.4 to 120.6.
The module 120.4 scans the CoS list by varying r from 1 to N. The modules 120.5 and 120.6 test the flags Flagstab(r) and Flagn(r) for trueness in order to properly "steer" the procedure over the various alternatives represented by the modules 120.1 to 120.3.
The architecture of the module 120.1 is shown in
The architecture of the module 120.2 is shown in
The inputs to this module are:
The outputs from this module are:
The average packet delay is computed according to the formula (8) in a unit 120.2.1; the maximum packet delay is computed according to the formula (17) in a module 120.2.2.
The architecture of the module 120.3 is shown in
The outputs from the module are:
The average throughput is computed according to the formula (21) in a unit 120.3.1; the average transmission time is computed according to the formula (22) in a unit 120.3.2.
Experimental data demonstrate the improvement achieved by means of the arrangement described herein.
Specifically, in the experiments three CoS have been considered, namely:
The link capacity has been assumed to be M=1.544 kb/s and the global offered load ρ has been varied in the interval [0.7, 0.95]. The adopted scheduler weights have been the following: w(1)=0.7; w(2)=0.2; w(3)=0.1. With these assumptions the Real Time class (CoS 1) has the highest priority and CoS 2 has higher priority than CoS 3.
The observed performance parameters are the average packet delay experienced by the real time class (CoS 1) and the average transmission time experienced by the elastic classes (CoS 2 and CoS 3).
Table 1 below reproduces the basic parameters for the three CoS used in the experiments
Performance of the elastic classes (CoS 2 and CoS 3) has been evaluated by means of a prior art algorithm, based on expression (18), as well as by means of the arrangement described herein, based on expression (21). Similarly, performance of the real time class has been evaluated by means of a prior art algorithm, based on expression (5), as well as by means of the arrangement described, based on expression (8).
The experimental results show an appreciable improvement of accuracy over the prior art for CoS 1 (real time, highest priority) and for CoS 2 (elastic, intermediate priority).
Only a marginal improvement was observed for CoS 3: this is not surprising since, with the set of scheduler weights selected, the level of service provided to the lowest priority class is very close to the level provided in an absolute priority system: for that lowest priority class the advantages of the arrangement described herein are thus less evident
Consequently, without prejudice to the underlying principles of the invention, the details and the embodiments may vary, also appreciably, with reference to what has been described by way of example only, without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the annexed claims.
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