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Sovereign by Chris Tomlin - Digital Sheet Music
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Sovereign digital sheet music. Contains printable sheet music plus an interactive, downloadable digital sheet music file.
* This arrangement contains complete lyrics
* This product is available worldwide
Leadsheets typically only contain the lyrics, chord symbols and melody line of a song and are rarely more than one page in length. Musicians will often use these skeletons to improvise their own arrangements. Leadsheets often do not contain complete lyrics to the song.
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Nicole Richie Flaunts Curves In Nude, Form-Fitting Minidress (PHOTOS)
The super slim star, 30, had her curves and legs on full display as she exited a Miami, FL restaurant Tuesday night. Dressed in sky-high heels, the new strawberry blonde looked like she was walking a runway rather than to her car.
What do you think of the fashionista's voluptuous look? Play celeb stylist in the comments.
Despite her serious style, Nicole is still full of jokes. She tweeted while in Miami:
"Just got to Miami and Will Smith DID NOT pick me up in his ride with the top down. This is bullsh**."
While promoting Fashion Star, the mother-of-two had an array of awesome outfits. Check them out in the gallery below:

subset: commoncrawl


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Spears, Gregory A.
Gregory A. Spears, 82, Neenah, was born into eternal life Saturday, May 3, 2014. He was born May 24, 1931, in Bruce, Wisconsin, son of Raymond and Helen (Haasl) Spears. On June 22, 1957, Greg was united in marriage to Joan Ritger at Our Lady of Sorrows Catholic Church, Ladysmith. He proudly served our country in the US Army Reserves as a medic. Greg attended UW-Stout and was named the "Most Improved Player" on the football team his freshman year. He then graduated with honors from the University of Wisconsin Pharmacy School. He worked in retail settings and then retired from Theda Clark Medical Center after 25 years of employment. Greg was an active and life member of the Neenah Knights of Columbus Council #5514, the Neenah Menasha
Elks Lodge
#676 and of the EAA. For over the past 10 years, Greg and his family have been volunteering at Fr. Carr's Place 2 Be. Greg was an avid Badger and Packer fan.
Greg is survived by his loving wife of 57 years, Joan; three daughters: Cathy, Elizabeth and Carol Spears; and many nieces, nephews and other relatives and friends.
Greg was preceded in death by his parents; his son, Gregory "Butch"; his brothers and sisters and Joan's parents and sisters.
Funeral services will be held at 3:00 p.m. Thursday, May 8, 2014, at St. Gabriel Catholic Church, 900 Geiger Street, Neenah, with Fr. Larry Seidl officiating. Visitation will be at the church on Thursday from 1:00 p.m. until the time of the Mass. A Knights of Columbus Rosary will be prayed at 2:00 p.m. at the church. Inurnment will be in St. Margaret Cemetery, Neenah. A memorial has been established in Greg's name.
The Spears family would like to express a special thank you to Dr. Patrick O'Brien, Dr. Misty Johnson and to the nurses from 2 South at St. Elizabeth Hospital for all of their wonderful care and compassion.
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text: The The Fall Of The Brotherhood (Part 1) wiki last edited by pikahyper on 01/15/15 06:08AM View full history At last, Havok makes his move against the Dark Beast! After months of build up, Alex Summers plays his hand! When this issue ends, the Brotherhood will be no more and a new age will have dawned for X-Factor!


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About This Listing
we DO NOT ACCEPT "INSTANT BOOK" reservation:
- CHRISTMAS TIME - 23 Dic - 4 Gen
- DESIGN WEEK 13 Apr - 19 Apr 2015
Please ask for AVAILABILITY
Space where guests can cook their own meals
Towels, bed sheets, soap, and toilet paper
Central heating or a heater in the listing
Space where guests can cook their own meals
Towels, bed sheets, soap, and toilet paper
Central heating or a heater in the listing
In the building, free or for a fee
In the building, free or for a fee
Continuous access in the listing
Breakfast is provided.
The listing can accommodate a gathering of 25 or more attendees
Easy access to the building and listing for guests in wheelchairs
Private or Shared
Free, in the building or nearby
Posted emergency information and resources
The Space
In the heart of the noblest side of the city, we propose a suite of special charm in a Art Nouveau style building. It is a property with a luxurious finish for an unforgettable experience. Large living area with fully equipped kitchen and large sofa bed for two additional guests. At the top level a romantic double bedroom. We are ten meters from the Metro Station "Conciliazione" for a direct link to the Duomo and Piazza della Scala in 8 minutes. Through a walk through the most beautiful building of the last century you arrive to Santa Maria delle Grazie, a masterpiece of Renaissance and to the Unesco World Heritage Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper. Few meters away you will find "Chocolat", one of the most famous ice-cream shops in Milan and from there you can easily reach Piazzale Cadorna and then the largest castle in Europe, the spectacular Castello Sforzesco
Other Things to Note
we DO NOT ACCEPT "INSTANT BOOK" reservation:
- CHRISTMAS TIME - 23 Dic - 4 Gen
- DESIGN WEEK 13 Apr - 19 Apr 2015
Please ask for AVAILABILITY
we DO NOT ACCEPT "INSTANT BOOK" reservations for the following dates:
- CHRISTMAS TIME - 23 Dic - 4 Gen
- DESIGN WEEK 13 Apr - 19 Apr 2015
Please ask for AVAILABILITY
check-in after 02.00pm
check-out before 11.00
in case of difference need we can arrange other check-in check-out times
in case of one-night reservation requests do contact previously the host
For check-in later than 8.00pm an extra 10 euros fee will be charged
CHECK-IN: pick up of the keys by our office at the Central Station (where trains and buses from every Milan airport arrive)
CHECK-OUT: very easy, just leave the keys inside the apartment (no need to come back to our office)
per check-in oltre le ore 20.00 verrà richiesto un contributo di 10 euro
CHECK-IN: il ritiro delle chiavi presso il nostro ufficio in Stazione Centrale
CHECK-OUT: molto semplice: potrete lasciare le chiavi all'interno dell'appartamento
53 Reviews
I have reserved this for my parents and was very disappointed. They left dirty laundry to the bathroom and never picked up, we asked them few times but there was no follow up, my parents had to leave early in the morning because it was so unpleasant. Also, the bathroom was not flushing properly. Lesson learned from Airbnb, if there are not much detailed photos, do not reserve.
Great location, very nice, clean a bit too small apartment. Can highly recommend this place.
Wygodna lokalizacja blisko stacji metra (czuć przejeżdżające pociągi) i niewielkiego placu z miejscowymi wyrobami i owocami.Gospodarz dostępny na każdy telefon .Mieszkanie w klimacie starego Mediolanu w budynku z pięknym patio.Włoski klimat towarzyszył nam przez cały pobyt.Dziękujemy.
Bel immeuble au centre de Milan.
L'appartement est en rez de chaussée avec fenêtre sur la rue et assez sombre.
Sinon l'appartement était propre avec climatisation et fonctionnel.
La chambre est une Mezzanine au dessus du Salon.
Le fait de devoir chercher les clés dans un bureau à l'autre bout de Milan n'est pas très pratique.
Noisy (people in the street and metro vibration) and smaller than it seems on the web site due to miror effects but good location directly connected to Milan expo. Filiberto explained us everything necessary whic was very usefull.
Très bel immeuble dans un quartier résidentiel de Milan, à 10' à pied du Château, ou à 4' de Santa Maria Delle Grazie pour y admirer la Cène de Leonardo Da Vinci.
Le metro est au pied de l'immeuble et conduit en 4 stations au Duomo ou en 35' à l'Expo Universelle qui a ouvert le 1er mai quand nous y étions.
Fantastic host!
Easy on keys and logistics. Even changed towels and sheets. Location splendid! Only note for improvement was a slight improvement for the inside deco.
This host has 1980 reviews for other properties.View Other Reviews
About the Host, Filiberto
Agente immobiliare da oltre 20 anni mi occupo di gestioni immobiliari orientate al turismo. Adoro la musica classica ed in particolare la musica corale tanto che collaboro con il gruppo vocale arscantica di Milano.
Adoro la cucina e cucinare per gli amici; mi affascina il giardinaggio.


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VIEWS: 299 PAGES: 49 CATEGORY: How To Guides POSTED ON: 4/19/2012 Public Domain
Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing Small and Medium Enterprise Development Authority Government of Pakistan www.smeda.org.pk HEAD OFFICE 6th floor, LDA Plaza, Egerton Road Lahore Tel: (042) 111-111-456, Fax: (042) 6304926, 6304927 email@example.com REGIONAL OFFICE REGIONAL OFFICE REGIONAL OFFICE REGIONAL OFFICE PUNJAB SINDH BALOCHISTAN NWFP th TH 8 Floor, LDA Plaza, Egerton 5 Floor, Bahria Ground Floor Bungalow No. 15-A Road, Lahore Complex II, M.T. Khan Road, State Life Building Chaman Housing Scheme Tel: (042) 111-111-456 Karachi. The Mall, Peshawar. Airport Road, Quetta. Fax: (042) 6304926, 6304927 Tel: (021) 111-111-456 Tel: (091) 9213046-47 Tel: (081) 831623, 831702 email@example.com Fax: (021) 5610572 Fax: (091) 286908 Fax: (081) 831922 email@example.com email@example.com firstname.lastname@example.com January, 2007 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing DISCLAIMER The purpose and scope of this information memorandum is to introduce the subject matter and provide a general idea and information on the said area. All the material included in this document is based on data/information gathered from various sources and is based on certain assumptions. Although, due care and diligence has been taken to compile this document, the contained information may vary due to any change in any of the concerned factors, and the actual results may differ substantially from the presented information. SMEDA does not assume any liability for any financial or other loss resulting from this memorandum in consequence of undertaking this activity. Therefore, the content of this memorandum should not be relied upon for making any decision, investment or otherwise. The prospective user of this memorandum is encouraged to carry out his / her own due diligence and gather any information he/she considers necessary for making an informed decision. The content of the information memorandum does not bind SMEDA in any legal or other form. DOCUMENT CONTROL Document No. PREF-7 Revision 2 Prepared by SMEDA-Sindh Approved by Provincial Chief - Sindh Issue Date January, 2007 Issued by Library Officer 1 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing 1 PROJECT PROFILE.................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 OPPORTUNITY RATIONALE ...................................................................................................... 4 1.2 PROJECT BRIEF ....................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 Sport or Isotonnesic Beverages .......................................................................................... 6 1.2.2 Energy Beverages .............................................................................................................. 6 1.2.3 Nutraceutical Beverages .................................................................................................... 6 1.2.4 Herbal Beverages .............................................................................................................. 6 1.2.5 Smart Beverages................................................................................................................ 6 1.2.6 Fun beverages ................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 MARKET ENTRY TIMING ......................................................................................................... 8 1.4 PROPOSED BUSINESS LEGAL STATUS ....................................................................................... 8 1.5 PROJECT CAPACITY AND RATIONALE ....................................................................................... 8 1.5.1 Basis/Rationale.................................................................................................................. 8 1.5.2 Plant Capacity................................................................................................................... 9 1.5.3 Raw Material Sourcing – Backward Integration ................................................................. 9 1.6 PROJECT INVESTMENT ............................................................................................................. 9 1.7 PROPOSED PRODUCT MIX ........................................................................................................ 9 1.8 PROPOSED LOCATION ............................................................................................................ 11 2 KEY SUCCESS FACTORS/PRACTICAL TIPS FOR SUCCESS ............................................ 12 2.1 BACKWARD INTEGRATION ..................................................................................................... 12 2.2 PRODUCT QUALITY ............................................................................................................... 12 2.3 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ...................................................................................................... 12 2.4 PRODUCT MARKETING AND EXISTING COMPETITION .............................................................. 12 2.4.1 Existing Competition........................................................................................................ 12 2.5 OTHER MARKETING ASPECTS ................................................................................................ 13 2.5.1 Seasonality of Demand..................................................................................................... 13 2.5.2 Market Characteristics .................................................................................................... 13 2.5.3 Packaging........................................................................................................................ 13 2.5.4 Product Distribution ........................................................................................................ 14 3 PRODUCT MARKETING ......................................................................................................... 17 3.1 ADVERTISEMENT /PROMOTIONAL ACTIVITIES AND DEMAND CREATION .................................. 17 3.2 GUIDELINES ON PRODUCT MARKETING .................................................................................. 18 3.2.1 Road Side Stands ............................................................................................................. 18 3.2.2 Restaurants and Hotels .................................................................................................... 18 3.3 PRODUCT MARKETING PLAN AND BUDGET EXPENDITURES .................................................... 18 4 SECTOR & INDUSTRY ANALYSIS......................................................................................... 20 4.1 SECTOR CHARACTERISTICS AND OVERVIEW........................................................................... 20 4.2 SUB SECTOR INFORMATION ................................................................................................... 21 4.2.1 Fruit Juice Industry ......................................................................................................... 21 4.3 FRUIT JUICE INDUSTRY – POTENTIAL BARRIERS ..................................................................... 24 4.4 TAX STRUCTURE – FRUIT JUICE INDUSTRY............................................................................. 24 4.5 GOVERNMENT POLICY DIRECTION ......................................................................................... 24 4.6 QUALITY CONTROL ISSUES.................................................................................................... 24 5 MARKET INFORMATION ....................................................................................................... 25 5.1 MARKET POTENTIAL ............................................................................................................. 25 5.2 OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS ANALYSIS .............................................................................. 25 5.2.1 Opportunity ..................................................................................................................... 25 5.2.2 Threat.............................................................................................................................. 25 6 PRODUCTION PROCESS......................................................................................................... 26 2 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing 6.1 FRUIT JUICE - PRODUCTION PROCESS FLOW ........................................................................... 26 6.2 FRUIT JUICE PRODUCTION PROCESS ....................................................................................... 28 6.3 PACKING .............................................................................................................................. 28 6.4 STORAGE. ............................................................................................................................. 28 7 RAW MATERIAL REQUIREMENT ........................................................................................ 29 7.1 OTHER RAW MATERIAL ........................................................................................................ 29 7.2 PACKAGING MATERIAL AND RATIONALE ............................................................................... 30 7.2.1 Aluminum Laminate Pouch Packs: ................................................................................... 30 7.2.2 Tin packs:........................................................................................................................ 30 7.2.3 Glass /plastic bottles:....................................................................................................... 30 7.2.4 Product Shelf Life ............................................................................................................ 30 7.3 TECHNOLOGY AND PROCESSES .............................................................................................. 31 8 MACHINERY REQUIREMENT ............................................................................................... 32 8.1 PACKAGING & STORAGE ....................................................................................................... 34 8.2 MACHINERY SUPPLIERS AND PLANT FABRICATORS ................................................................ 34 8.3 IMPORTED MACHINERY ......................................................................................................... 34 8.4 PLANT AND MACHINERY MAINTENANCE ............................................................................... 34 9 LAND & BUILDING REQUIREMENT .................................................................................... 35 9.1 SITE DEVELOPMENT .............................................................................................................. 35 9.2 LAND & BUILDING REQUIREMENTS FOR FRUIT JUICE FACTORY .............................................. 35 10 HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT................................................................................... 36 11 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS & KEY ASSUMPTIONS .................................................................. 38 11.1 LAND & BUILDING ................................................................................................................ 38 11.2 FACTORY / OFFICE FURNITURE & EQUIPMENTS ...................................................................... 38 11.3 VEHICLES FOR TRANSPORTATION .......................................................................................... 39 11.4 POWER GENERATOR.............................................................................................................. 39 11.5 DEPRECIATION TREATMENT .................................................................................................. 39 11.6 UTILITIES ............................................................................................................................. 39 11.7 WORKING CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS ...................................................................................... 40 11.8 PLANT & MACHINERY INSTALLATION & TRIAL RUN EXPENSES ................................................ 40 11.9 PRE-OPERATING COSTS ......................................................................................................... 40 11.10 MISCELLANEOUS E XPENSES .................................................................................................. 41 11.11 RAW MATERIALS INVENTORY ............................................................................................... 41 11.12 FINISHED GOODS INVENTORY ................................................................................................ 41 11.13 LOSSES DURING TRANSPORTATION AND DELIVERY ................................................................ 41 11.14 REVENUE PROJECTIONS......................................................................................................... 41 11.15 ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLES ...................................................................................................... 42 11.16 ACCOUNTS PAYABLES........................................................................................................... 42 11.17 FINANCIAL CHARGES ............................................................................................................ 42 11.18 TAXATION ............................................................................................................................ 42 12 SUMMARY OF ASSUMPTIONS............................................................................................... 43 13 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ..................................................................................................... 46 13.1 INCOME STATEMENT ............................................................................................................. 46 13.2 BALANCE SHEET ................................................................................................................... 47 13.3 CASH FLOW STATEMENT ....................................................................................................... 48 3 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing 1 PROJECT PROFILE 1. 1 Opportunity Rationale The fruit juice industry coupled with beverage industry is considered to be one of the largest industrial sectors in Pakistan. It is to growing at a robust rate of 27%1. Modernization of this industry, in consonance with the change in urban life style, massive shift of rural population to the urban areas, growth in population, etc., predict a growing potential for instant solutions in fruit juice segment of the beverage industry. Traditionally in Pakistan and generally all over the world people prefer to use natural drinks rather then carbonated soft drinks and this perception is gaining more currency day by day which also adds to the advantage of the fruit juice industry. Common people especially young generation is inclined to have ready to consume drinks; in addition hotels, hospitals are also expanding day by day where juices could be marketed successfully. Moreover the global trend of preferring fresh fruits and juices also marks possibilities of growth in this sector. Furthermore, the growing exports volume and withdrawal of CED (customs and excise duty) on fruit juices (produced locally) could further supplement significant growth in the fruit juice industry. 1. 2 Project Brief Fruit juices are produced and consumed for their refreshing character and nutritional qualities being rich in vitamins and minerals and having regulatory functions to the body systems; such as augmenting of alkaline reserve of the blood and proper functioning of blood vessels, including capillary, permeability and fragility as a result of contained falconoid. Juices also increase body retention of calcium, magnesium, nitrogen and are also good sources of quick energy. These qualities need to be maximized in technologies used to process fruit juices. Juice is generally defined as liquid extracted from the fruit, although many fruit juices are the results of expressing the liquid from the whole or cut fruit. There are some fruits where the distinction is not so apparent, e.g. fruits like mango, apple and banana when squeezed yields little or no juice; rather flesh is obtained which when comminutes will result in a dense puree and directly cannot be consumed as drink. Whereas in case of lemon, expressed fluid cannot be called juice, it is too sour to consume and can only be used as juice when diluted with sugar and water. For commercial purposes, procedure involved in juice manufacturing varies from fruit to fruit. This process is a bit technical and lengthy which we will discuss in detail later in this document; however, broadly the fruit juice making process starts from fruit washing, drying, skin removing (normally for citrus fruits i.e. orange), deseeding, pulp macerating, 1 Data obtained from Tetra Pack Reports 4 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing pressing, pasteurizing and storage which is then used for producing fruit juices. The process takes place using fruit processing machinery and during the process, preservatives are also added in order to avoid microbial growth and increasing shelf life. During the discussions with the industry experts and business stakeholders it was found that usually C grade (A grade is of export quality, B is consumed locally) fruit is used for the juicing or pulping purposes. For industrial scale manufacturing of fruit juice, pulp is used which is available round the year; on the other hand, fresh fruits are also being used for 100% pure juice production. However, based on our discussions with industry experts, we understand that business viability could be a question mark when fruit juice business starts with fresh fruits processing. The primary objective of the fruit processing is to preserve the perishable fruits in a stable form or juice that can be stored and supplied to local and distant markets during all months of the year. Processing also can change fruits into new or more usable forms and make fruits more convenient to prepare. In Pakistan, people generally prefer fresh fruit juice which is extracted directly from the fresh fruit by using simple equipments like blender or squeezing machine. This type of micro scale commercial setups can be seen in mega cities and towns as an unorganized sector. However, preserved juices using tetra packs and other packaging forms and intended for direct consumption are obtained by the mechanical process from ripe fruits and subsequently preserved exclusively by physical means. The juice may be turbid or clear. The juice may have been concentrated and later reconstituted with water suitable for the purpose of maintaining the essential composition and quality factors of the juice. It is absolutely necessary for someone starting a juice manufacturing operation to be familiar with the regulations and requirements of the market. For commercial purposes, it is important to define the differences (from other juice products) carefully and ensure that specifications and labeling are correct. There are circumstances where a 100 percent juice or puree product is impractical while dilution with other juices and/or water and sweeteners are practical, as long as the products are correctly identified. Water, sugar, organic acids and low cost bulk juices are much cheaper than higher value fruit solids. Thus, unlabelled dilution and adulteration practices are common in the market. Following are the main types of fruit drinks: Sport or isotonnesic beverages Energy beverages Nutraceutical beverages Herbal beverages Smart beverages Fun beverages 5 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing 1.2.1 Sport or Isotonnesic Beverages These products are designed to replace fluids and electrolytes and provide extra energy during periods of intense exercise. Typically they have a low content juice base of 5 to 10 percent juice, added levels of sucrose, glucose (less sweet). 1.2.2 Energy Beverages These are designed to increase the consumers' perception that they could have more energy either by increasing the levels of sugars in the beverage or having a stimulant like caffeine. These can be marketed to office workers in cities or to laborers who need additional energy during a long day. 1.2.3 Nutraceutical Beverages This category is designed to provide healthful benefits beyond the calories they contain and are aimed at reducing the risk of various diseases. These beverages can contain vitamin C from citrus, vitamin A from fruits or vegetable juices and a mixture of plant extracts that are believed by local consumers to promote good health. 1.2.4 Herbal Beverages These are similar to Nutraceutical drinks, but are made by adding herbs to a beverage. A word of caution is necessary here - while many of these herbs are safe at low levels of consumption they can become toxic at higher levels. 1.2.5 Smart Beverages This popular group of beverages is believed to increase mental capacities on a short-term basis. Some of these drinks contain carbohydrates, such as glucose that is readily absorbed. Smart beverages may contain local herbs assumed to be effective for increasing mental capabilities. 1.2.6 Fun beverages This category of beverages is designed to have a maximum eye appeal and must taste very good. Some of these have suspended colored particles or have weird names that appeal to kids. Typically Fun beverages contain a minimal amount of juice, but a maximum amount of advertising and label hype. 6 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing Some common juice designations are given in the following table: Table 1.1: Juice Categories S# Term Criteria Remarks 1 Pure juice 100% All juice No adjustment, not from concentrate 2 Fresh squeezed Not pasteurized Held refrigerated, Food-safety concerns 3 Chilled, ready to All juice Held refrigerated, made from serve concentrate or pasteurized juice 4 Not from Single strength Reconstituted and pasteurized Concentrate 5 Fresh frozen Un-pasteurized Single strength, frozen after extraction 6 Juice blend Un-pasteurized Single strength, frozen after extraction 9 Nectar Pulpy or clear Sugar, water and acid added, 25 to 50% juice 7 Juice blend All juice A mixture of pure juices 8 Puree Pulp-containing More viscous than juices, totally fruit 10 Nectar base Requires Possesses sufficient flavor, acid and reconstitution sugar to require water dilution for consumption 11 Juice drink Low in juice Contains 10 to 20% juice 12 Juice beverage Low in juice Contains 10 to 20% juice 13 Fruit + ade Lemonade Contains greater then 10% fruit juice, sugar and water 14 Juice extract Water extract Fruit extracted by water, then concentrated 15 Fruit punch Token juice 1% juice, + natural flavours 16 Juice cocktail Low in juice Contains 10 to 20% juice * 17 Natural flavored Token juice Usually greater then 1% juice + natural flavours * juice designations we have proposed for this feasibility report 7 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing 1. 3 Market Entry Timing Beginning of summer (May, in most of the country regions) season is supposed to be the best time to start fruit juice marketing operations, where, production operations could be started from January to February Since fruit juice is considered to be a highly agro based industry, juice production should be started when fresh crop is coming into the market and pulp is easily available at low prices. This will also be highly dependable on what fruit is being selected for juice production, however, for the purpose of this pre-feasibility we propose to go for Mango, Guava and Orange juices for which pulp is available throughout the year at reasonable prices. Hot weather increases liquid consumption all over the country; and instantly available drinks become more attractive and valuable for the general public in metro cities and towns & for seasonal consumers (especially in Northern areas). All these conduce to a mass consumption of drinks in the form of plain water, carbonated drinks and fresh/instant fruit juices etc. People everywhere in general and in northern areas especially are inclined to use fruit juices for gaining extra energy which supports extra physical activities. This is the most suitable time to market fruit juice. Another thing that has to be taken into account before entering into this business is that usually in the peak seasons when fresh crops coming into the market people shift to the freshly extracted juices rather than preserved solutions. 1. 4 Proposed Business Legal Status The legal status of business tends to play an important role in any setup; the proposed Fruit Juice Manufacturing setup is assumed to operate as a Private Limited Company. 1. 5 Project Capacity and Rationale 1.5.1 Basis/Rationale In recommending the plant capacity we have considered the following main factors: Current and future demand for the products in the local market. Trend of imports by the local market, which is not more, then 2%2 of the total juice consumed locally. Availability of raw materials (fruit pulp) and the seasonal supply. The need to have a medium sized but manageable fruit juice processing plant. Discussions with the industry experts and entrepreneurs. 2 Based on the discussions with the industry experts, entrepreneurs 8 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing 1.5.2 Plant Capacity The proposed project will have a capacity to produce 5000 trays of 24 packs in 250ml tetra pack servings of fruit juice daily and the juice specifications and other details would be as follows: Table 1.2: Proposed Capacity Product Production Juice No. of Trays Produced / Day Name Assumption Criteria (Year 1) Guava Juice 15% Token Juice 450 Mango Juice 50% Token Juice 1,499 Orange Juice 20% Token Juice 599 Juice Blend 15% Token Juice 450 The plant will be operated at 60% capacity utilization for 8 hours a day in the beginning; however, a 5% annual increase in capacity utilization is assumed. Expansion to a higher capacity can be considered later and will mainly be dictated by the level of business performance. 1.5.3 Raw Material Sourcing – Backward Integration To support the production operations, continuous supply of fruit pulp plays a key role for the success in the fruit juice business. Therefore, it is proposed for the fruit juice manufacturer to finalize the buying deal with the pulp processor six months prior to the commencement of the production operations. 1. 6 Project Investment Total cost of the project is estimated at around Rs. 128.31 million. The working capital requirement is around Rs 19.96 million and the rest will be the fixed capital. 1. 7 Proposed Product Mix For the purpose of this feasibility, the product mix is assumed to be as given on page 9. 9 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing Table 1.3: Proposed Product Mix Selling S. Product Fruit Product Specification Packaging Quantity Price No. Name (Rs.) Guava Pulp 4%, Treated Guava Water, Sugar, Citric Acid, 1 Guava 250 ml 7.6 Drink Natural Mango Flavor, Color and Preservatives Mango Pulp 4%, Treated Mango Water, Sugar, Citric Acid, 2 Mango 250 ml 7.6 Drink Natural Mango Flavor, Tetra pack Color and Preservatives Orange Pulp 4%, Treated Orange Water, Sugar, Citric Acid, 3 Orange 250 ml 7.6 Drink Natural Mango Flavor, Color and Preservatives Guava, Guava, Mango & Orange Mango Juice Pulp 4%, Treated Water, 4 Sugar, Citric Acid, 250 ml 7.6 & Blend Orange Natural Mango Flavor, Color and Preservatives Around 92%3. of the total fruit juice market is accounted for by 250ml tetra pack servings while the rest 08% includes 500ml and 1000ml packs. 125 ml 3% 250 ml Other 8% 200 ml 92% 3% 1000 ml 2% 3 Data Provided by Tetra Pack 10 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing This shows significant convenience (from consumer's perspective) and high sales frequency in 250ml package category. Based on this market situation, it could be observed that the entrepreneur should focus more on small serving packs rather than one liter or other serving sizes. Since a 100 percent juice or puree product is impractical especially in the case of fleshy/pulpy fruits i.e. mango, to convert them into consumable drink, dilution with other juices and/or water and sweeteners is required. Therefore we have proposed the product mix as presented in the table above. It is expected to be practically workable and financially viable for an entrant in the fruit juice business. Another reason for proposing the above product mix is that high quality 100% pure juices would cover the manufacturing cost only if provided in big size serving packs i.e. one liter or 1 ½ liter or bulk supply to contract customers and mass availability of fruit pulp is ensured, which is a difficult task for a new starter. In the context of the aforesaid, it is suggested that a new entrant should consider the 100% pure juice production once the first course is complete and understanding of the typical business demographics, export market as well as contemporary fruit juice business skill is developed. 1. 8 Proposed Location Location to setup a fruit juice-processing unit largely depends on the continuous (and at reasonable price) availability of raw material; however, factors like availability of manpower, utilities and easy market access should also be carefully assessed. Most of the existing fruit juice units are being operated in Lahore, Bahawalpur, Karachi, Hyderabad, Hattar (NWFP), Loralai, and Sargodha. For citrus fruits Sargodha is the best location; and NWFP or Balochistan are preferred locations for setting up processing units for apple, apricot, pear, grape and pomegranate. Province wise proposed locations are provided below: Punjab - Lahore, Sargodha, Gujranwala - Sindh -- Hyderabad, Karachi NWFP - Malakand or Hattar Industrial State Balochistan - Loralai 11 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing 2 Key Success Factors/Practical Tips for Success Fruit Juice Business is highly dependent on the trade margins given to the distributors and retailers; however, following additional factors are considered as important for success: 2. 1 Backward Integration Frequent and continuous availability of quality fruit pulp is a prerequisite for Fruit Juice Business. It is the only way to integrate operations from fruit orchards to pulp processing to juice making and packing. Integrated and earlier pulp supply arrangements with pulp producers and suppliers would be critical in business success. 2. 2 Product Quality Quality should be emphasized at each step right from the beginning to the marketing of the product. Over the years, an image of high quality products should be cultivated. 2. 3 Distribution Network Distribution network should be given extra emphasis. Market share could be gained by enhancing retailer, and distributor margins. Normally distribution and retailer margins in fruit juice business are from 15 to 20%. 2. 4 Product Marketing and Existing Competition 2.4.1 Existing Competition Imported fruit juices are not more than 2% of the total quantity consumed locally; and are generally available on those departmental stores, hotels, and foodstuff specialty shops almost reserved for high income groups. Therefore, imported juices are not considered as direct or indirect competitors. Competition from the formal sector might be with FROST and TWIST who are enjoying major share of the Punjab market in 250ml serving packs, where in Sindh, FROOTO is almost a household name in the same fruit juice category. However, there are other juice brands i.e. Golden, Tropico (Marketed by Haleeb), etc. which could be considered as likely competitors. The major competition threat would be from informal sector units who are engaged bulk juice manufacturing. They produce chemical based, adulterated, fake juices using artificial flavorings and colors with minimum overheads and substandard juice manufacturing methodology, which result in low manufacturing cost and high margins for distributors and retailers. A detailed account of the local competitors and players has been provided in the second section of the report in sector analysis. 12 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing Despite the stiff competition, given the right marketing strategies, market penetration is still possible because the market is growing at an annual rate of combined annual growth rate of 27%4. Million Liters 225 200 204 Production 175 150 157 125 120 100 99 86 75 74 50 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 25 2. 5 Other Marketing Aspects 2.5.1 Seasonality of Demand Processed food products are in great demand during July-December. This is the peak period for tourists and hoteliers as well as tour operators to stock the products in large quantities to cater for the increased number of arrivals. It is also a dry season when the fruit juices are in great demand by the local consumer. 2.5.2 Market Characteristics Customers are sensitive to the quality, price, color and size (weight) of the product. They would purchase the products frequently, immediately and with minimum effort; to the marketer of food-processed products, this calls for prompt and regular supply of the products and effective marketing/advertising. 2.5.3 Packaging Processed food products are packed in tins/cans, Tetra packs and aluminum laminate pouch packaging in milliliters/liters or kilograms. The quantity of fruit juice products 4 Data provided by Tetra Pack 13 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing varies from 200 ml to over 1 ½ liter. Most of the local juice manufacturers penetrating the Pakistani market using tetra pack cartons, which come in 1 liter, 500ml and 250 ml handy packs. Our study has shown that except in few cases, locally processed fruit juice products are characterized by poor packaging, labeling and absence of vacuum packing unlike the imported products, which are well packed and marked. Thus, appropriate and attractive packaging is one of the areas, which a new entrepreneur should strive to effect and maintain. 2.5.4 Product Distribution The effectiveness of distribution coverage and practice is of paramount importance in achieving the desired fruit juice sales. Understanding of the distribution channels is crucial in order for the manufacturer to plan and implement an effective distribution strategy. Our study shows that the distribution of fruit products and juices is done through multiple channels involving producers, importers, wholesalers, retailers and users. While it is the common practice for the individual customers to buy the products from the retail outlets; institutional/ organizational buyers such as tourist hotels and agencies would normally place orders directly with the producers/importers and wholesalers. A typical distribution setup in fruit juice business involves the following hierarchy starting from the manufacturer to the consumer: Fruit Juice Manufacturer Designated Distribution Manufacturer's Own Field Agents Force (Covering mostly the Wholesaler close markets) Retailers 1. Departmental Stores 3. Supermarkets 5. Hotels 2. Convenience/Town Shops 4. Bakeries/Staple food stores 14 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing Fruit Juices are consumed both in rural and urban areas without any exception and brand loyalty does exist for fruit juices i.e. Frooto in Karachi and Twist and Frost have a strong penetration in Punjab's urban and rural markets, whereas, low cost and cheap juices having token juice element are available in the rural areas. As in case of other consumer goods, the effectiveness of distribution network for fruit juices is a function of similar parameters, i.e. distribution margins, frequency of distribution and product penetration. However, 'sale first pays after' type distribution strategy was also observed during the study in which usually new comers of the industry offers to the retailers to keep the fruit juice in their shop and pay as the product is sold. The distribution and retail margin is around 15% to 20% for the fruit juice industry which is relatively higher than the other consumer goods due to the strong competition. A domestic producer is generally able to handle distribution within his home city and surrounding areas. Most manufacturers use their own sales force for distribution in the close local area. Very few market players in the fruit juice business have their own national scale distribution networking, e.g. Shezan. For a fruit juice manufacturer, when he expands the market to another city (or one outside his local distribution capability) he normally signs up a distribution agent to cover the entire city market. Distribution agents generally work to target the city market (including hotels) and cover the full spectrum of retailers; however, a manufacturer can designate own distribution to the hotels where bulk delivery is expected in large packaging. The wholesaler's main job is to sell and promote the manufacturer's product at one wholesale market. Manufacturers generally appoint a designated (or primary) wholesaler, either one per city, if the city is a bigger one and its markets cater to different non- overlapping localities, or one per wholesale market. Smaller cities move all of their consumer goods through a single major wholesale market. Sometimes manufacturers rent or buy a stand in the major wholesale markets of their home city and act as their own primary wholesaler, although this is rather uncommon. Secondary wholesalers generally sell to small local retailers (convenience stores), although sometimes their products go onto tertiary wholesalers in even smaller localities. The retail price formation formula varies significantly for different products as they move through the above distribution channels. Generally speaking, lower-value bulk products are modestly marked up by manufacturers and wholesalers and rely on large volumes to achieve profitability. Based on discussion with industry experts, it appears advisable to operate with a mixed distribution setup. For the purpose of the project under consideration, we propose that company owned distribution team would cover the home city and the factory surrounding areas to capture the niche market which will provide business a room for survival whereas distant distribution operations will be outsourced to the distribution agents playing around the distribution margins and other promotional schemes. Designated wholesalers and secondary wholesalers may also play a key role in capturing far off 15 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing markets for the product. For setting up a distribution network and sourcing of distributors across the country for metro cities and town, the following may be considered: - Infinity Distributors Abdullah Plaza,G-10,Markaz Islamabad - Kamran Distributors (Pvt) Ltd. C-1/A,S.I.T.E. Karachi - Kohinoor Distributors Saddar Bazar,Sahiwal - Multichannel Distributors Limited S/15,S.I.T.E., Karachi - Mushtaq Distributors 1,Street 17,Housing Colony #1 Toba Tek Singh - National Distributors (Pvt) Ltd. U-49,Raja Bazar,Rawalpindi - National Progressive Distributors Plot No.11A,New Karachi,SITE,Gulshan-e-Maymar Karachi - New Mehran Distributors 22 Police Welfare Centre,Block-E,North Nazimabad Karachi - Prime Distributors Industrial Estate,Kohat Road Peshawar 16 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing 3 PRODUCT MARKETING 3. 1 Advertisement /Promotional Activities and Demand Creation The marketing and promotional activities of fruit juice and related commodity groups are crucial in increasing the demand for fruit juices. These activities include, but are not limited to, promotion, advertising, new product development, and packaging innovations. Marketers adopt their strategies in accordance with specified consumer wants and needs. They also create product image and influence consumer purchases. Often, consumer demands for processed food like juices are difficult to categorize. Consumers tend to purchase products and services that cover a broad spectrum of price and value combinations. Servicing the educated, nutritionally aware consumer who dwell in the localities i.e. Defence, Clifton, Gulshan-e-Iqbal etc. in Karachi and same type of consumer category in Lahore and other metro cities is a complex role which marketers strive to master. In these types of areas people use to have a pure fruit juice at least once a day, with an imported or prime local fruit juice. Similarly this market could be catered through intensive marketing and promotion campaign on television or other sophisticated media. New product developments in conjunction with technological advancements have improved the marketing of fruit juices like many other food items. Relatively recent innovations appearing on supermarket shelves are single serving aseptically packaged fruit juices, fruit roll-ups and fruit juice blends. Marketing infrastructure, which includes refrigerated transportation facilities and the composition of retail and wholesale markets, is correlated to the consumer demand for high quality produce. Equipment that transports from the field to the supermarket, field wrapping machines, improved cooling techniques, and temperature controlled distribution centers have been developed to ensure the delivery of quality produce to retail outlets. It is also important to ensure that the product has a meaningful point of difference i.e. sophisticated and healthy attractive packaging, less use of preservatives and clearly mentioning of purity of the juice etc. Most new products fail in the market because they are "me-too" products with no unique benefit (or attraction) for the consumer. Generally for the fruit juice business advertising budget is around 5% of the Total Revenue but for a small or medium scale unit, it may vary (on the higher side). Billboards, Television, Radio, F.M Channels, and Newspapers are the conventional mediums, which have been powerfully used for the promotion of fruit juice products. 17 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing 3. 2 Guidelines on Product Marketing 3.2.1 Road Side Stands Roadside stands in the peak season of the fruit will be helpful for the juice producer to develop the brand awareness in a short time period which would be coinciding with harvest schedules and weather circumstances and seasonality. Advantages of a roadside stand include the following: You can manage time more efficiently between factory and stand operations. Transportation costs are reduced. You can expand production to meet consumer demand. You can expand production as you improve your regional-sales ability. You can improve facilities as volume and returns increase. 3.2.2 Restaurants and Hotels Selling directly to restaurants eliminates one or two middlemen which help in increasing profit margins. By assuming traditional wholesaler functions, the juice producer can keep the profit that normally goes to the wholesaler. Often chef and restaurant owners are willing to make the extra effort to get high quality and specialty items, but they demand the same consistent quality and service from the producer that they can get from a wholesaler/importer—broad product line, partial cases of product, clean produce, frequent delivery schedules, convenient ordering, etc. Urban, suburban, and tourist destination areas usually have the number and type of restaurants that could make selling directly to restaurants economically feasible. A restaurant's needs depend on its style of cuisine, chef's preferences, number of customers, and menu prices. Generally, restaurants that feature regional specialties, vegetarian dishes, or unique cuisine are the best candidates for direct sales. For example, restaurants in the Northern areas and metro cities could be the potential customers. Frequently cited advantages for direct-to-restaurant/Hotels sale include: A higher wholesale selling price A potentially higher net profit A possible outlet for specialty or unusual products More precise production planning Effective counter competitive strategy aimed at wholesaler and established brands like Shezan, Maza who have a year-round products line and regular sale staff 3. 3 Product Marketing Plan and Budget Expenditures Marketing and promotion of a new fruit juice brand will be critical. Before going into the details of marketing and promotion it would be recommended to also take into account the following points: Fruit juices in smart neat packaging with clearly written specifications (i.e. 100% pure etc.) attracts consumer in first light. Therefore, if the juice is visibly placed on a 18 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing separate stand in a neat and clean shop, it is likely to attract the consumer and there will be no requirement of pre-sale buy-in. Well balanced price and quality combination will be helpful to attract the consumer. Juice stands are good promotional mediums when placed in the restaurant of good reputation in terms of cleanliness and sophistication i.e. KFC, McDonalds, and Pizza Hut (there could be other comparable hotels and restaurants). Although, this type of promotional format would be unconventional, yet it would be a unique point for marketing if somehow made possible. 19 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing 4 SECTOR & INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 4. 1 Sector Characteristics and Overview Agriculture sector highly depends on the weather circumstances. God has gifted Pakistan with several varieties of fruits and vegetables. Modern processing and packaging techniques make seasonal fruits and vegetables available all year round to almost all parts of the globe. Tropical fruit like mangoes can be enjoyed in temperate countries. Today, the world horticulture industry is a $77 billion market comprising of the following sub sectors: Vegetables; fresh or preserved Fruits and nuts; fresh or preserved (excluding oil nuts) Fruit and vegetable juices (unfermented). Spices Bulbs, tubers, rhizomes of flowerings Cut flowers and foliage The break up of the world horticulture market is Fruits 41%, Vegetables 39%, Juices 8%, Flowers 7% and Bulbs 5%.5 Pakistan's share in the horticulture market is $ 12.6 million while the world's fruit and vegetable import markets are estimated at US$42 billion. It is interesting to note that in terms of volume, Pakistan is globally ranked 6th for the production of Kinoo, 6th for the production of mangoes and 36th for the production of apples. Pakistan produces a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, with total annual production estimated at 13.2 million metric tons. Production estimates for various fruits are given in the following table: Fruit Production in metric tons(2005) Citrus Fruit 1,670,000 Mango 1,673,900 Apple 360,000 Guava 570,000 Total Fruit Production 5,751,800 Source: Pakistan Horticulture Development & Export Board 5 Source: Pakistan Horticulture Development & Export Board 20 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing Provincial fresh fruits production share is provided below: Province % Share Punjab 59.6 Sindh 8.6 NWFP 6.2 Balochistan 25.6 Source: Pakistan Horticulture Development & Export Board Although mechanized grading and packaging has started but still nearly 50 percent of total fruit and vegetable production is reportedly lost during harvesting, transportation, preservation and storage. 4. 2 Sub Sector Information 4.2.1 Fruit Juice Industry Products which come under beverage industry are: carbonated drinks, fruit juices, squashes, syrups, powder drinks and mineral water; for the purpose of this study, we are confined to the fruit juice segment. Currently in Pakistan, there are 24 fruit juice/pulp processing units and a number of small units in the informal sector are working. The present installed capacity is estimated around 400,000 metric tons per annum with a demand for juices growing at a combined annual growth rate of 27%. The fruit juice industry reported sales of 8.526 billion Rupees in year 2005. 10 9 8 52 8. 7 6 64 6. 5 07 5. 4 3 2 2003 2004 2005 Most of the fruit juice manufacturing units are operating in Lahore, Sargodha, Bahawalpur, Hyderabad, Gujranwala, Hattar NWFP and Karachi. The following table presents a synopsis of some well known local and imported brands: 6 Source: Tetra Pack 21 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing Table 4.1: Major Brands Fruit Juice Available in Company Name Juice Category Brand Packaging 1. Frost Nestle Token Juice 250ml Tetra Pak Orange, Mango, Apple, Red 1000ml Tetra Pak 2. Nestle Nestle Grape Juice, Pineapple & & 250ml Tetra Pack Mixed Fruit Apple, Pineapple, Red grape, 3. Good Day / 1000ml Tetra Pak Haleeb Mango, Orange, and mixed Tropico & 250ml Tetra Pack fruit Standard Fruits 4. Golden Token Juice 250ml Tetra Pak Ltd. 5. Poly - Token Juice 250ml Tetra Pak 6. Mango Maaza Pakistan 250ml Tetra Pak Dense or Thick Mango Drink Pvt. Ltd. and Glass Bottle Frooto Industries 7. Frooto Token Juice 250ml Tetra Pak (Pvt.) Ltd. Shezan Both in 100% Pure Orange 8. Punch 1000ml Tetra Pak International Ltd. Juice & Mixed Fruit Blended Shezan Energy Drink (Not Actually 9. Caution 200ml Tetra Pak International Ltd. Fruit Juice) Shezan 10. Twist Token Juice 250ml Tetra Pak International Ltd. Energy Drink (Not Actually 11. Red Bull Imported 250ml Tetra Pak Fruit Juice) 12. Lacnor Imported 100% Pure Orange Juice 1000ml Tetra Pak 22 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing Following are considered to be the major players of fruit juice industry. Table 4.2: Major Players S. Name S. Name No. No. 1 Sunflo Cit-Russ (Re-Started, but not catering to 14 National Fruit Juices local market) 2 Cargill Pakistan 15 Standard Fruits 3 Fresh Juices 16 Fruit Sap 4 Haleeb 17 FADCO 5 Shezan 18 Pakistan Fruit Juices 6 Milk Pak 19 Ali Hassan Corporation 7 Indus Fruit Juices 20 Kamran Distributors 8 Tops Foods & Beverages 21 Popular Food Industry 9 Malik Food Industry 22 Benz Industries 10 Shaheen Foods 23 Mitchells 11 Sinsas Enterprises 24 Hyderabad Beverages 12 Langar-e-Sulaimani 25 13 Nestle 26 Shezan, Ahmed and Mitchell's largely considered market leaders in fruit and vegetable processing industry; yet, each of them has its own product specialty i.e. Ahmed enjoys an almost monopoly like situation in pickle and sauces segment while Mitchell's has been considered the market leader in Jams, Jellies and marmalades. Shezan has an edge over other with its own fruit farms. Currently Shezan is giving tough time to other fruit juice manufacturers due to its quality and huge export volume as well as capturing local fruit juice market where it has competition with Nestle and Haleeb. Most of them offer fruit juice in tetra packs where squashes and syrups are available in glass bottles. 23 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing 4. 3 Fruit Juice Industry – Potential Barriers A significant number of fruit juice manufacturers have imported cheap, second hand machinery which is inefficient with high cost of production. The packaging material, such as glass bottles are inconvenient and expensive. Many manufacturers use small percentage of real fruit juice, rendering low quality product not offering a long life. Many units were established through bank loans. The project owing to various reasons could not generate sufficient funds to repay loans and have turned into sick units. Lack of infrastructure and limited budget for advertising & publicity. Most consumers continue to show a preference for fresh foods. High cost of processed food due to high input, processing & packaging costs. Low income coupled with erosion in purchasing power Inadequate infrastructure facilities including storage & transportation facilities. Lack of awareness of standards required for processing of foods. 4. 4 Tax Structure – Fruit Juice Industry Duties and taxes are classified into two categories, namely import duty and sales tax. Import duty on food processing machinery equipments and food products vary from 5% to 25% and on packaging machinery from 0% to 10%. The sales tax is 15% on all categories. 4. 5 Government Policy Direction In the beverages segment, the government has exempted local Fruit Juice Industry from Custom and Excise Duty to give boost to the sector. 4. 6 Quality Control Issues Government has laid down certain regulations, which include registration of food products with Pakistan Standard Quality Control Authority (PSQCA) and carrying a safety logo on the package. Failure to do so is punishable by fine and imprisonment. 24 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing 5 MARKET INFORMATION 5. 1 Market Potential Installed capacity of fruit juices in Pakistan is around 400,000 Mt. as provided in the EAC-2003 report, where as the demand for juices have grown at 27%7 in last 5 years. Pakistan's population for the year 2005-06 is estimated around 153.458 million with a population growth rate of 1.9% per annum. If we simply workout the total fruit juice consumption on population growth rate, we can safely observe that juice consumption will definitely increase. Moreover, current developments in the local and global economic scenario also add to the constructive growth in all sectors of the country. The improvement in economic affairs of Pakistan over the last few years, government's positive measures towards expansion of the industrial sector, revision of the duty structures and exemption from excise duty (especially for fruit juices), etc. are factors which are likely to further reinforce the development of the industrial sector. 5. 2 Opportunities and Threats Analysis 5.2.1 Opportunity Healthy organic and natural drinks oriented global and local culture. Limited options in locally produced real fruit juices. High Export potential. With good pre-harvest planning, which is around 50% of the total production, could be turned into potential business opportunity. Reduction in excise and import duties on food processing machinery. 5.2.2 Threat Unavailability of adequate industry statistics. Single product company High processing and packaging costs High cost of backward integration (availability of raw material) Threat from other fruit juice exporting countries (India and china who are already in foreign market). Price sensitivity and low consciousness towards quality amongst consumers. Wide availability of sub-standard (with token juice) substitutes. Heavy advertising from existing giant players. High cost to meet international quality standards. 7 Tetra Pack, 8Economic Survey of Pakistan 2005-06 25 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing 6 PRODUCTION PROCESS Fruit juice production procedures involved in fruit juice manufacturing depending on what type of the juice the unit is going to make. For the purpose of this -feasibility, we propose the 4% token juice drink of Citrus fruit (Orange), Mango and Guava. 6. 1 Fruit Juice - Production Process Flow Production of fruit juices is a standardized process and type of technology depends on type of fruits, scale of operations and availability of investment financial resources. For the purpose of this pre-feasibility, the focus is on Citrus fruit (Orange), Mango and Guava juices. Initial preparatory processes for all fruits will be similar, as will be the last stages of juice/pasteurization section and packaging, although differences in handling juice composition arise in certain cases due to the nature of the fruit and percentage of pulp involved. Basically, preparation process of juices involves the following steps:- Boiling of fruit pulp I) Pulp Storage in Tank II) Sugar Hopper Pulp and ingredients mixing Syrup Storage in Tank Juice Preparation Juice Storage Tank Filling and Packaging Cooling and Storage In the following pages the process flowchart and brief description of the various processes involved in fruit juice production is outlined. 26 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing Fruit Juice Production Process Flow Incoming Raw Material Reject No Yes Product Storage Boiler Plate Heat Exchanger Sugar Hopper Citric Acid, Pulp Food Color, Juice Mixing Storage & Preservatives Tank Shifting etc. Tank Syrup Storage Tank Pasteurizer Bulk Juice Storage Bottled/Packa Transport Tank ged/Labeled Finished Product in Cold Storage Wholesale Retail Transport 27 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing 6. 2 Fruit Juice Production Process Pulp is shifted to the boiler where it is cooked and shifted to the plate heat exchanger. Pulp is then stored in the pulp storage tank. Pulp is then supplied to the mixing tank in the desired quantity while in mixing tanks; any additives to the pulp are made at this stage before it is pumped to syrup storage tanks. Blended juice is then pumped through pasteurizer; where it is heated to 90oC to inactivate enzymes and living organism. After pasteurization the juice passes through final filtration, before loading it into a juice storage tank. Juice from the tank is ready for packaging 6. 3 Packing The juice will be then packed in the quantities demanded by the market. Consumer packs as we have proposed for this pre-feasibility will be in units of 250ml tetra packs. 6. 4 Storage Products will be stored in cool dry store before distribution. 28 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing 7 RAW MATERIAL REQUIREMENT Raw material required for manufacturing fruit juice are fruit pulp, citric acid, food color, sugar, preservatives and fruit flavors. Although, juice manufacturers use molasses to thicken the juice, this is not a good practice and therefore should be avoided. All raw materials are easily available in the local market, however, fruit pulp is considered to be the principal component of the high quality fruit juice, therefore, its continuous and within the required quantity availability will need some advance planning. Fruit pulp could be purchased from open market or directly from pulp producers, however, it would be safe to sign a contract or negotiate with a pulp producer to insure the availability of pulp before the commencement of production operations. Prices for the fruit pulp have been collected from the market and are given below: Fruit(s) Purchasing Price/k.g. Guava pulp Rs. 25 Mango pulp Rs. 35 Orange pulp Rs. 30 (Price quoted above are subjected to the volume and payment terms) It is also observed that pulp prices fluctuate with the fruit prices and crop quality/quantity. Therefore, it would be a sane decision to firm up the pulp buying deal with the producer during the peak season of the fruit when it is available in low prices so that the unit could get into the value chain and get maximum discount and desired quantity. Seasonal availability calendar of the above fruits in Pakistan is as below: Fruit Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Guava Mango Orange 7. 1 Other Raw Material The ratio and utilization of other raw material depends on what percentage of pure juice the unit is going to produce; however, following are the main ingredients which will be required for the juice production proposed for this pre-feasibility: 29 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing Treated Water 80% Fruit Pulp 4% Sugar Citric Acid 10%-16% Fruit Flavor Preservative 7. 2 Packaging Material and Rationale Packaging of processed foods has always been critical to decide, since health and safety matters have been of prime concern to all consumers who go for preserved food stuff. Fruit juice, being in liquid and drinkable form could be harmful for consumers' health because of high probability of microbial growth and little shelf life. That is the primary reason why 'tetra pack' packaging got enormous popularity vis-à-vis other packaging materials i.e. tin pack, aluminum laminate pouch pack, glass bottles and plastic bottles. Though materials like aluminum laminate pouch packs, bottles of glass and plastic and tin packs are also safe for packaging food stuff; however, the material cost, availability and comparable cost and similar related factors make it difficult to prefer them over tetra pack. In the following lines we have outlined our findings regarding different foodstuff packaging materials: 7.2.1 Aluminum Laminate Pouch Packs: It is not locally available and need to be imported. Juice manufacturer will have to import the material in minimum 3 ton quantity. Material for one 250ml pack will cost around 10 rupees, which is financially unfeasible. Machinery costs around 250 million Euros which when coupled with the raw material, appears to be very high. 7.2.2 Tin packs: Locally available tin plates are not of good quality and food grade. Substandard tin plates reduce the shelf life of the product. Not safe for fruit juices 7.2.3 Glass /plastic bottles: Plastic and glass bottles are not feasible in small serving packs due to high cost of material and huge distribution logistics requirement. 7.2.4 Product Shelf Life Fruit juice shelf is a matter of high importance and should be given ample attention before getting into the course of juice production operations. It was observed that generally most of the juice packs are provided with their shelf life written very clearly; 30 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing however, it was observed that a juice in 250ml or in small serving packs have shelf life of less then 6 months, whereas, 100% pure juices in large packs are available with longer shelf life from 6 months to 1 year. Shelf life mainly depends on the preservatives, their quality/quantity and the production process followed. 7. 3 Technology and Processes Machinery required for the processing of fruit and juice packaging is available both local and imported. Local packaging machinery reportedly give poor quality output especially for fruit juice packaging which is considered to be highly sophisticated and hygienic; hence it could not be done by using local machinery. However, pulp processing and juice production could be done on locally fabricated machinery. Following machinery will be required for setting up a fruit juice plant: I. Fruit Juice Pre-Packaging Production Line II. Fruit Juice Filling & Packaging Line 31 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing 8 MACHINERY REQUIREMENT For the fruit juice production, packaging and storage both local and imported machinery can be used, however, for packaging it is proposed to use imported machinery rather than local machinery which is although a low cost option, yet do not provide good quality and quantity of output. On the other hand for juice production and processing machinery; local machinery fabricators use local and imported material and parts (available locally), and their performance is considered to be as good as of imported plant in quality and output. It will also help in reducing the fixed cost of the project. Required machinery for the proposed project will include the following for which cost and other specifications are also being provided: Table 8.1: Plant & Machinery Pre-Packaging Processing Plant/ Machinery/Equipments S. Machine Required Capacity Total Cost Local/Imported No. No. of (in million Units Rupees) 1 Boiler 2 2 tons 800,000 Local 2 Air Compressor 2 7 Bar 1,200,000 Local 3 Plate Heat 2 2,500 liter 3,500,000 Local Exchanger 4 Sugar Hopper 1 500 k.g. 300,000 Local 5 Syrup Storage 2 3,000 liter 1,000,000 Local Tank (316 Grade Stainless Steel) 6 Mixing Tank 1 5,000 liter 500,000 Local with Scale Moderator 7 Juice Storage 2 5,000 liter 1,000,000 Local Tank 8 CIP Tank 3 2,000 liter 750,000 Local 9 Pulp Storage & 1 500 liter 100,000 Local Shifting Tanks 10 Balance Tank 1 100 liter 50,000 Local 11 Turbine 2 1/2 Cusec 1,000,000 Local 12 Fork Lifter 2 2.5 tons 900,000 Local (Second Hand) 32 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing 13 Shrink Wrapping 2 400 tray/hr. 300,000 Local / Tray Making Machine 14 Conveyor - 1,000,000 Local 15 Misc Fitting / - 2,500,000 Local Pippings, Motors, Pumps, Valves Total 14,900,000 Packaging Machinery Requirement S. Machine Required Capacity Total Cost Local/Imported No. No. of (in million Units Rupees) 1 Tetra Pak - TBA 2 7,500 $988,000 Tetra Pak 19 packs of 250ml/hr 2 Freight $40,000 Tetra Pak Total PKR 61,680,000 Other Machinery Requirement S. Machine Required Capacity Total Cost Local/Imported No. No. of (in million Units Rupees) 1 Electric 1 200 KVA 2,000,000 Local Generator 2 Cold Storage - 1,000 sq. ft. 3,000,000 Imported Machinery & Equipment 3 Tools & - - 500,000 - Equipment 4 Laboratory - - 1,000,000 - Equipment & Water Treatment 5 Installation 1,000,000 Charges Total 7,500,000 Total Machinery Cost 84,080,000 Source: Based on the information gathered from the market experts and other sources during the study 33 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing 8. 1 Packaging & Storage To maintain the quality of product, it is proposed to have a cold storage facility for storing pulp and finished product. For this purpose refrigeration machinery and chilling room building has been included in the project cost. 8. 2 Machinery Suppliers and Plant Fabricators Some of the local fabricators of fruit juice pre-packaging production machinery are as follows: Installation & Fabrication Engineers (Private) Limited21/22 K. M. Ferozepur Road, Lahore Unique Engineering works (Private) Limited,233-S, Industrial Estate, Township, Lahore Central Engineering Services (Private) Limited,119-S Industrial Estate, Township, Lahore Two StarIndustrial Estate, Township, Lahore For refrigeration machinery following could be contacted: Pakistan Air-conditioning Engineering Co. (Private) LimitedGardee Trust Building, Napier Road, Lahore Kold Kraft,Industrial Estate, 247-S Kot Lakhpat, Lahore 8. 3 Imported Machinery Imported Plants from Italy and China are available comprising of main sections of the plant only, which is to be supplemented with ancillary local components. Offices of suppliers of foreign plants for fruit juice pre-packaging production line process are located at: Burtuzi, Lahore Cantt. Tetra Pak, Upper Mall, Lahore 8. 4 Plant and Machinery Maintenance Plant and Machinery is expected to be serviced on an annual basis. During the projection period, maintenance expenses are estimated to be around 1.5% of the cost of machine for first five years and thereafter rise to 2.5% for the next five years. 34 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing 9 LAND & BUILDING REQUIREMENT 9. 1 Site Development The fruit juice processing project is estimated to require a total area 1 acre. This area will give ample space in the beginning for sitting buildings and different services necessary for the project i.e. juice processing and packaging machinery installation, storage and vehicle parking area, etc. 9. 2 Land & Building Requirements for Fruit Juice Factory Building requirements for the fruit juice factory would be as follows: Table 9.1: Land & Building Details Size/Area Civil Works Total (Sq. Ft.) /Construction Construction Cost/Sq. Ft. Cost Land 1 acre of Land at Sundar 3,500,000 Estate @ 3.5 million / acre Factory / Covered Area Process Hall 15,000 650 9,750,000 Cold Storage 1,000 500 500,000 Storage Godown (Raw 5,000 500 2,500,000 Material) Factory Office 1,000 800 800,000 Other Services (water plant, 2,500 500 1,250,000 boiler, tool shop) Total Covered Area 24,500 14,800,000 Parking Area 2,500 100 250,000 Ground for Expansion 16,500 30 495,000 Total Land/Construction 43,500 - 19,045,000 Cost 35 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing 10 HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT A total 33 persons will be required to handle the business operations of a fruit juice manufacturing unit. The business unit will work on one shift basis. Technical staff with relevant experience is sufficient to look after specific tasks at the plant while trained staff will be required for operating production plant and packaging machine. Total approximate manpower required for the business operations along with the respective salaries are given in the table below: (Rs.) Table 10.1: Human Resource Staff Title No of Persons Monthly Annual Salary Salary Production Staff (Factory) 1. Business Unit Manager/Owner 1 100,000 1,200,000 2. Factory Manager (Technical Manager) 1 50,000 600,000 3. Processing Supervisor 1 30,000 360,000 4. Production Supervisor 1 30,000 360,000 5. Electrician 2 (@ 8,000) 16,000 192,000 6. Chemist 1 15,000 180,000 7. Skilled Workers 5(@ 10,000) 50,000 600,000 8. Helpers 8(@ 5,000) 40,000 480,000 Total Factory Staff 20 331,000 3,972,000 General Administration/ Selling & Distribution Staff 9. Selling & Distribution Incharge* 1 40,000 480,000 10. Selling & Distribution Officer* 2(@20,000) 40000 480,000 11. Accountant/Cashier 1 15,000 180,000 12. Store Keeper 1 7,000 84,000 13. Purchase Officer 2 (@ 8,000) 16,000 192,000 14. Guard/Chowkidar 4(@5,000) 20,000 240,000 15. Driver 2 (@ 5,000) 10,000 120,000 Total G A /S & D Staff 13 148,000 1,776,000 TOTAL 33 479,000 5,748,000 36 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing A chemist with bachelor degree in chemistry with some experience in food processing sector is recommended. The electrician should be a diploma holder and production and processing staff will be with sufficient (at least one year) experience in plant operations. However, awareness to food, safety, health and hygiene standards would be a pre- requisite for all the factory staff. 37 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing 11 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS & KEY ASSUMPTIONS The project cost estimates for the proposed "Fruit Juice Business" have been formulated on the basis of discussions with industry stakeholders and experts. The projections cover the cost of land, machinery and equipment including office equipment, fixtures etc. Assumptions regarding plant and machinery have been provided, however, the specific assumptions relating to individual cost components are given as under. 11.1 Land & Building As we have given above, factory land would be purchased and factory building would be constructed. Total initial outflow for acquisition of land and factory building would be as follows: Table 11.1: Land & Building - Cost Land for factory Purchased Rs. 3,500,000 Construction 15,545,000 Total Rs. 19,045,000 11.2 Factory / Office Furniture & Equipments The business will have office equipment and furniture of Rs: 1,221,000. Details are given in the table below. Table 11.2: Furniture & Equipment Description Unit Cost Total Cost AC 5 50,000 250,000 Electrical Fittings 1 200,000 200,000 Furniture 1 350,000 350,000 Total 800,000 Office Equipment Computers 10 28,000 280,000 Printer 2 18,000 36,000 Fax 2 10,000 20,000 Scanner 1 10,000 10,000 Photocopier 1 75,000 75,000 Total 421,000 38 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing 11.3 Vehicles for Transportation The proposed setup would require two vehicles to carryout all factory and office activities and to cater delivery requirements. The cost of vehicles is assumed to be Rs. 2,000,000. Table 11.3: Vehicles Description Unit Cost Total Cost Delivery Truck(Second 1 1,100,000 1,200,000 Hand) Hyundai Shehzor 1 650,000 650,000 Fiber Glass Body 150,000 (Hyundai) Total 2,000,000 11.4 Power Generator Due to the perishable nature of the product, finished goods and raw material (fruit juice and pulp) could be spoiled in case of power failure/non-availability. Therefore to cover up this risk, a power generator with 200 KVA capacities will be purchased. A generator of this capacity will cost around Rs. 2,000,000/-. 11.5 Depreciation Treatment The treatment of depreciation would be on a diminishing balance method at the rate of 10% per annum on the following. Plant & machinery Land & Building Construction and Renovation Vehicles Furniture and Fixtures etc. 11.6 Utilities The proposed fruit processing machinery will be operated using electricity for running production, packaging and refrigeration machineries. This would draw considerable amount of electricity. The cost of the utilities including electricity, Gas, Diesel/fuel (for power generator), telephone, and water is estimated to be around Rs. 270,000/- per month. The utility expenses are assumed to increase at 10% per annum: 39 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing Table 11.4: Utilities Utility Total Monthly Cost (Rs.) 1. Electricity 150,000 2. Gas or Furnace Oil, Lubricants etc. 25,000 3. Diesel for Generator 20,000 4. Water 50,000 5. Telephone 25,000 Total 270,000 11.7 Working Capital Requirements It is estimated that an additional amount of approximately Rs. 19.96 million will be required as cash in hand to meet the working capital requirements, contingency cash for initial stages and to finance the receivables. These provisions have been estimated based on the following assumptions for the proposed fruit juice business. Table 11.5: Working Capital Requirement Cost Amount in Rs. First Three Months Salaries, 1,437,000 First Three Months Utilities Charges 810,000 Misc. Expenses 1,000,000 Inventory (Raw Material-2 Month) (Excluding Packaging 6,218,176 Material) Permanent portion of working capital in the form of Cash 10,500,000 Total 19,965,176 11.8 Plant & machinery Installation & trial run expenses Plant and machinery installation and trial run expenses has been assumed to be around Rs. 1,000,000/-. It has been included in the plant and machinery cost. 11.9 Pre-Operating Costs A lump sum provision of Rs. 2,000,000 is assumed to cover all preliminary expenses like registration, documentation charges, and salaries during the construction period, utilities, fuel, etc. These will be amortized over the 5 year period. 40 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing 11.10 Miscellaneous Expenses Miscellaneous expenses of running the business are assumed to be Rs. 1,000,000 per year. These expenses include various items like office stationery, daily consumables, fuel expenses of vehicles, traveling allowances, entertainment etc. and are assumed to increase at a nominal rate of 10% per annum. 11.11 Raw Materials Inventory It is assumed that an initial raw material inventory (excluding packaging material) for two month would be purchased the total cost of which would be around Rs.5.1 million. The cost of raw materials is expected to increase at the rate of 5% per annum for the projected period. 11.12 Finished Goods Inventory The proposed setup is assumed to maintain a Finished Goods Inventory of 15 days of the total annual production. 11.13 Losses during Transportation and Delivery As per our findings during the discussions with existing industry players and experts, losses during transportation and delivery are expected in fruit juice industry because of the delicate packaging. The losses are assumed to be around 0.5% of the total gross production. 11.14 Revenue Projections For the revenue projections, fruit juice is assumed to be produced in 250ml Tetra pack with following initial prices. Table 11.6: Revenue Projections Juice Type/Category Price charged / Tray (RS) GUAVA JUICE Rs: 182 / Tray MANGO JUICE Rs: 182 / Tray ORANGE JUICE Rs: 182 / Tray BLENDED JUICE Rs: 182 / Tray Of total juice production Mango juice will be 50%, Guava and Blended juice is 30% and Orange juice is assumed to be 20%. It has been assumed that it will take some time for the business to reach the optimal capacity utilization point for the projected period. Therefore the first year sales are assumed to be based on 50% capacity utilization and an annual increase of 5% in capacity utilization is assumed over the projection period. It is also assumed that the sales 41 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing price of the product will increase at 5% every year. A provision for wastage is assumed to be around 0.01% of the daily production. 11.15 Accounts Receivables A collection period of 60 days is assumed for sales which are based on our findings during the discussions with the industry experts. A provision for bad debts has been assumed equivalent to 3% of the annual gross sales. 11.16 Accounts Payables A payable period of 60 days is assumed for raw material purchases. 11.17 Financial Charges It is assumed that long-term financing for 7 years will be obtained in order to finance the project investment cost. This facility would be required at a rate of 14% per annum with 84 monthly installments over a period of seven years. The installments are assumed to be paid at the end of every month. 11.18 Taxation The business is assumed to be run as a private limited company; therefore, tax rate of 35% which is applicable on the income of a private limited company is used for income tax calculation of the business. 42 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing 12 SUMMARY OF ASSUMPTIONS Total project cost for Juice plant is estimated to be around Rs. 128.31 million. This includes capital expenditure as well as working capital. Details are highlighted below. Table 12.1: Summary Assumptions Project Investments Land 3,500,000 Construction 15,545,000 Plant & Machinery 84,080,000 Furniture & Fixtures & Office Equipment 1,221,000 Vehicles 2,000,000 Pre-Operating Costs 2,000,000 Total Fixed Assets 108,346,000 Initial Working Capital 19,965,176 Total Project Investment 128,311,176 Project Analysis firstname.lastname@example.com% 29,237,034 IRR 21%. Pay Back 4.9 Years Cost of Capital Required Rate of Return on Equity 20% Cost of Debt 14% Debt to Equity ratio 60:40 WACC 16.4% Revenue Generation Daily Production of Fruit Juices 120,000 (Packs of 250 ml / Day) Annual Production 37,440,000 Packs of 250 ml First Year's Capacity Utilization (%) 60% Fruit Juice Production (First Year) 22,464,000 Packs of 250 ml 43 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing Sales Price / Tray ( Guava) Rs: 182 / Tray Sales Price / Tray (Mango) Rs: 182 / Tray Sales Price / Tray (Orange) Rs: 182 / Tray Sales Price / Tray (Blended) Rs: 182 / Tray First Year's Revenue (Rs.) Rs: 162,822,443 Sales Price growth rate 5% / Year Operation Assumptions Guava Juice (Sales % in Total Sales) 15% Mango Juice (Sales % in Total Sales) 50% Orange Juice (Sales % in Total Sales) 20% Blended Juice (Sales % in Total Sales) 15% Working Months in a year 12 Days Operational in a month 26 Days operational in a Year 312 Shifts Operational 1 Hours per shift 8 Initial year Capacity utilization 60% Capacity Utilization growth rate 5% Maximum Capacity utilization 90% Raw Material Inventory (days) 60 A/C Receivable (days) 60 A/C Payables (days) 60 Finished Goods Inventory (days) 15 Marketing Expense (% of Revenue) 10% Utilities Expense per month 270,000 Utilities Expenses Growth Rate 10% Salaries Growth rate 10% Repair and Maintenance (as percentage of From year 1-5, 1.5 % machinery) 44 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing From year 6-10, 2.5% Long-term interest Rate 14% Debt tenure (Years) 7 Depreciation on machinery (Straight Line 10% method) Depreciation on F&F, Office Equipment 10% Depreciation on Vehicles 10% Misc Expense 1,000,000 / Year Tax rate 35% Amortization of pre-operating expenses 5 Years Ingredients cost breakdown of one tray - (One tray = 24 packs of 250 ml each) Material Quantity Price (Rs) Guava Pulp Cost 240 grams 6 Mango Pulp Cost 240 grams 8.4 Orange Pulp Cost 240 grams 7.2 Sugar 600 grams 15 Treated Water 5.2 Liters 1.5 Food Color, Citric Acid, 5 Preservative and Flavor Juice Serving Pack 2.6 62.4 Including Straw Shrink Wrapping and Tray 7 Packing Material Cost of Guava Juice / Tray 24 107 Cost of Mango Juice / Tray 24 109 Cost of Orange Juice / Tray 24 108 Cost of Blended Juice / 24 108 Tray 45 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing 13 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 13.1 Income statement 46 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing 13.2 Balance sheet 47 Pre-Feasibility Study Fruit Juice Manufacturing 13.3 Cash Flow Statement 48
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