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This modern Thai-style residence with free Wi-Fi enjoys a central location in Patong, only 500 metres from Patong... More Info »
Dive Den is a small, family-run guesthouse in Patong, Phuket, offering comfortable, affordable accommodation to... More Info »
WE ARE ONLY 1 MINUTE WALK TO BEACH AND BANGLA NIGHT LIFE The Patong backpacker hostel is ideally located in the... More Info »
A clean, secure, and quiet quality guesthouse with 12 twin rooms(2 email@example.com Ft.) + 18 double room (1 bed@6 Ft.)... More Info »
Sarang Bang Guest House is the center of Patong Beach within walking distance of Jungceylon, Nearly Jycenlon the... More Info »
Welcome to M&K Guesthouse only a few step to the beach and within a short walking distance to shopping paradise and... More Info »
The 2C Phuket Residence is located in Soi Dr. Wattana Patong Beach. We are ideally located just steps away from... More Info »
Situated at the Northern end of Patong beach, this hotel offers a bit of a reprieve from the crowds. The Avantika... More Info »
The Silk Hill Hotel has 40 guest rooms available on 5 floors with elevator. All rooms are air conditioned and... More Info »
Chill Patong Hotel is the Cheerful, Cheap, Charming, & Cozy place of Patong beach. The hotel is the perfect... More Info »
The hotel GRAND VIEW, elegant and reserved, is located in a quiet area surrounded by greenery and a 5-minute drive... More Info »
GARDEN The lavish 6500 m² garden invites for a relaxing stroll under the palm trees. The Patong Palace Hotel also... More Info »
The Wave Patong Hotel in Phuket stands within Patong, a pulsating destination known for its 3.5-km stretch of sandy... More Info »
The 3-star hotel has 29 comfortably decorated rooms. The competent team at reception is ready to cater for your every... More Info »
Lupta Hostel is within a 5 minutes walk from beautiful Patong beach and Bang La road - the one and only walking... More Info »
The artwork says it all. The Journey Patong is a tranquil getaway right in the midst of vibrant and ever exciting... More Info »
Bossa Bauman Ville is a boutique hotel in the heart of Patong Beach with convenient ideal Nanai Road, only 5 minutes... More Info »
Neeraja Guesthouse is a newly built property located in a unusual location for Patong. And 'situated in the heart of... More Info »
We are a new budget hotel that offers clean, quiet rooms. Our hotel is walking distance to the beach, Bangla Road,... More Info »
Capsule Hotel & Sauna is in the center of Soi Bangla, there's Bangla Mall. We are located at underground of this... More Info »
Video guides, travel podcasts, city maps & free city guides. What to eat, where to stay and things to do and see - our travel guides have it all.Find a guide »
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We offer the most comprehensive selection of hostels on the internet with over 35,000 great places to stay in 180 countries. The ultimate online resource for hostels everywhere.Find great value hostels »


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Some of the names on the move ahead of the open.» Read More
Stocks extended their losing streak for a fourth session Wednesday as hardware stocks advanced but worries about the recovery continued to gnaw at the market.
Figuring out when and how a company's earnings are going to change before anybody else does is hard to do, and it's time consuming. But, man, does it pay off.Investing can be confusing. Luckily, Cramer has mapped out some road rules for all you Home Gamers trying to navigate the jungle that is Wall Street. Think of it as "Mad Money 101" –- some fundamental advice to keep in mind as you play the market. Whether you're a first time investor or a seasoned financier, it's always good to remember the basics.
Following are the day's biggest winners and losers. Find out why shares of Nasdaq and JPMorgan popped while CBS and Boeing dropped.
Following are the week's biggest winners and losers. Find out why shares of Citigroup and Boeing popped while Research In Motion and Novell dropped.
At this point, stock index futures are pointing to modest gains at the open on Friday, as most markets in both Asia and Europe rose, with investors awaiting more macroeconomic data for clearer near-term market direction.
Here's your game plan for the foreseeable future.
In the after hours, investors poured over earnings from Dell, hoping to gleen insights about the market and the economy from the computer maker's results.
Stocks were mixed on Thursday—well off their lows for the day—as investors greeted a downturn in the markets with yet another round of buying. The market digested economic reports a bit better than expected as signs developed that the market was ready to take a breather from its violent five-month surge off the March lows. Read and listen to what the pros had to say...
Stocks closed with modest gains, helped by a rally among bank stocks as well as oil prices.
Plus, Cramer makes the call on mortgages, insurers, natural gas and more.
As investors look ahead, following the Dow and S&P 500 best 6-month performance since 1933, here is a look at how both equity indexes performed 6-months and 12-months after a 6-month rally greater than 30%.
Stock index futures are indicating a similar lack of conviction Thursday, drifting downwards on flat European stocks and losses in Asian markets.
Stocks ended flat Wednesday as investors shrugged off solid demand from today's five-year Treasury auction and some encouraging economic reports.
Cramer makes the call on viewers' favorite stocks.
Following are the day's biggest winners and losers. Find out why shares of Boeing and Burger King popped while Manitowoc and Staples dropped.
Following are the day's biggest winners and losers. Find out why shares of Advanced Micro Devices and Boeing popped while Toll Brothers and Harman International dropped.
Dividend yields in the Dow index are down about a quarter of a point since early June and 165 basis points since early March, as equity markets continue to trend higher, pushing yields lower. Here is a look at the dividend yields of all 30 Dow components:
Compared to an average short interest of 2.2% for all Dow components, bets against these three companies stand at around 8%.
Following are this week's biggest winners and losers. Find out why BB&T and United Healthcare popped while shares of Boeing dropped.
Stocks skidded Friday after a disappointing report on consumer prices and as consumers' mood took a turn for the worse. The Dow finished down about 50 points on the week, snapping a four-week winning streak.That snapped the markets four-week winning streak:

subset: commoncrawl


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Narrow down the 43 results:Map View
x The average starting price for a place to stay in Denver is £102 per night.
4210 Airport WayExcellent 90%
18741 E 71st AveExcellent 90%
6951 Tower RoadExcellent 90%
5001 S Ulster StreetExcellent 90%
4100 N Kittredge StreetExcellent 90%
6805 N. Argonne StreetGreat 80%
3203 Quebec StGreat 80%
7001 Yampa StGreat 80%
4040 Quebec StreetGreat 80%
3333 Quebec StGreat 80%
6290 Tower RdGreat 80%
7675 East Union Ave.Great 80%
6851 Tower RdGreat 80%
6890 Tower RdGreat 80%
Create your own travel plan including Denver as one of your stops. You can use it to store all your research (even hotels found on other websites!)
Do you have questions about Denver? You might try asking in our active travel forums and see if anyone else has been there.
Keep your family and friends up to date with your trip by starting your own travel blog!


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Posted by Chris Kucharski
Friday, October 10, 2014 - 12:38pm
Week 6: Williams vs.Patriots
A new QB in Buffalo can change wide receivers roles for the team. Two weeks ago, Mike Williams was fantasy relevant. Last week with Kyle Orton, he wasn't.
No reason to think he will be this week. Keep him on the bench for Week 6 in a tough matchup with the Pats pass defense.


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Antonio Guterres says his agency and others working with migrants can do more
Blame the Government for food banks where they are really culpable: but this is mainly a global problem – and bishops need to understand that. And the EU doesn't help
Episcopal attacks on politicians are just too easy; politicians are always unpopular. But the Government isn't always to blame for much of for the real hardship
Young people forced to become child soldiers, say bishops
Priests and nuns have remained in the country during the current conflict, despite offers of evacuation.
The nuncio to the UN said that "widespread persecution of Christians rages"
But the Holy See will respond to justified criticisms with 'courage and determination', according to statement
If critics think the Church hasn't changed, they only need to do a quick online search to learn the truth
And the committee oversteps the mark by criticising Catholic teaching on contraception and abortion
Committee tells Church to release details of abuse
Archbishop Nzapalainga in London to urge politicians to lobby for UN intervention


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With 1.7 million freelancers, we'll match you with the perfect talent.
The client has made the following changes to the job.
Client prefers freelancers from:
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The client prefers freelancers from
a different location.
Knowledge in the musical instrument would be an advantage.
- develop new accounts with clients and distribute products to retailers.
- recognise potential clients in Hong Kong, China, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand.
- Stretegic Planning with customers on sales target.
- answering e-mails, setting up and tracking customer orders
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- Product advertising, promoting, marketing strategy and planning
- Experience in a similar position preferred, but not essential
Essential Requirements:
- Good communication and interpersonal skill
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Playing Bing Pong is the Best Thing You Can Do With Bing
Bing? Yeh, it's this search engine that's like a not very good version of Google.
Bing? Yeh, it's this search engine that's like a not very good version of Google.
The new OS is now apparently being released "in waves".
Microsoft really wants to blur the line between the digital and real worlds. It's developed a new program could eventually help robots and self-driving cars better "see" their surroundings. Read More >>
Luckily that price is a glitch. Or at least, we hope it is.
The latest preview build of Windows 10 for PCs comes complete with a version of Microsoft's new Edge web browser so you can try it out before the official launch on July 29th.
With fewer chromatic aberrations to offend thy poor, overused eyes.
If you'd told my 10-year-old self that a private space company would blast some holographic virtual reality googles to the International Space Station one day, my young head would've exploded.
To celebrate this momentous occasion for desktop software, Microsoft has released the 'hero image' that will grace your desktop backgrounds for years to come. I kind of hate it already.
Microsoft Office for Android came out for tablets in January, but the app suite is available for Android smartphones starting today.
Field of view rears its ugly head.
Microsoft spent the weekend thoroughly confusing users of the Windows 10 beta over whether they'd get a free copy of the final version. But in the latest (and hopefully final) post on the matter, Microsoft has settled matters: no freebies.
Designed for the Computer Stick but works on all Windows machines.
Get your message straight, Microsoft.
Rather nice, it has to be said.
Responds to internet shaming with hyper-local ad.
He will now have more time to play Snake with his family.


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Cop accused of lying about murder confession cleared
There's no proof that now-retired Detective Armando Saldate lied under oath or committed a crime
By Brian Skoloff
Associated Press
PHOENIX — A prosecutor says a former Phoenix police detective who testified that a woman confessed to him about her role in her son's murder will not face criminal charges.
Maricopa County Attorney Bill Montgomery says there's no proof that now-retired Detective Armando Saldate committed any crimes.
Debra Milke (MIL'-kee) was released last week on $250,000 bond after more than two decades on death row. An appeals court overturned her conviction in March, accusing Saldate of misconduct, including lying under oath in previous cases.
Prosecutors plan to retry Milke for the 1989 killing of her 4-year-old son.
Saldate's lawyer says the detective won't testify for fear of incriminating himself. But Montgomery says there's no proof of the appeals court's allegations, and the U.S. attorney says the federal statute of limitations had passed.
Copyright 2013 Associated Press
Copyright 2015 Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
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- 5 Former LA cop involved in OIS shares lessons on deadly force


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Marketing to Millennials
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 169-the First Mailbag Issue
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 156-emergency podcast on Deflategate and the Wells Report
BakerHostetler Partner Alan Friel Talks Big Data and Data Collection
The TCPA: Deep Dive: Details, Class Actions, Regulations, and Defense Strategies
The TCPA: Basics, Targeted Industries, and Trends
Advertising Law
Polsinelli Podcast - Telephone Consumer Protection Act and Consequences for Corporations
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 137, interview with Loren Steffy
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 130, The Oscars and Compliance, Part IV with Jay Rosen
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 124, The Oscars and Compliance, Part I with Jay Rosen
fcpa Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 106-interview with Gini Deitrich
A Moment of Simple Justice - Snitching Ain't Easy
Polsinelli Podcasts - Be Careful What you Put in Writing - What Companies Need to Know About Document Retention
Jail Time for Revenge Porn Offenses?
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 3-Interview with Marie Patterson, Vice President of Marketing for Hiperos
Jeff Ifrah's Internet Gaming Predictions for 2014
What to do if you think your company has had a data breach...
What you need to know about Canada's new Anti-Spam Law (CASL)
Why Ending FCC Blackout Rules May Be Broadcast TV's Demise
Is PRETZEL CRISPS a Generic Term? Federal Circuit Resets Standard for Genericness -
In an earlier precedential decision, the TTAB held there was a dichotomy in the standard for determining whether an applied-for mark...more
Richard Prince is either on the very edge of fair use or is engaging in blatant copyright infringement. Unlike most however, Prince has been down this road before; accused of infringement and a defense based entirely on fair...more
On June 8, 2015, the 8th Circuit reversed the Eastern District of Missouri and revived class claims in Golan et al. v. Veritas Entertainment, LLC et al. In Golan, the plaintiff alleged that the defendants—producers of the...more
On May 14, 2015, the Southern District of New York issued two opinions in Laumann v. Nat'l Hockey League, No. 12-cv-1817, excluding plaintiffs' damages expert under Daubert and denying plaintiffs' motion to certify a damages...more
On March 19, 2015, Wilson Elser published "Michael Jordan Denied Summary Judgment on His Right of Publicity Claim against Illinois Grocer," an Alert concerning a case in which Michael Jordan was denied summary judgment on his...more
Abbott and Costello's "Who's on First?" brings back memories of my seventh-grade talent show where I performed the routine with Brandon Berry at Atascocita Middle School. I can't remember if we won second or third place —...more
It was inevitable. Following his "Fight of Century" with Floyd Mayweather, Jr. on May 2, 2015, Manny Pacquiao has been named in a class action suit filed in Nashville for allegedly defrauding pay-per-view customers. The...more
Social media, it seems, has turned us all into photographers. Anyone with a Facebook page, an Instagram account or any of the other methods for socializing on the web, can post original photos for all the world to see,...more
In Garcia v. Google, No. 12-57302 (9th Cir. May 18, 2015), the en banc Ninth Circuit reversed a prior panel decision and held that an actress was not entitled to a preliminary injunction removing all copies of a film from...more
After an en banc review, the Ninth Circuit reversed a preliminary injunction against YouTube requiring the takedown of the controversial trailer of the film "Innocence of Muslims." The preliminary injunction was granted by a...more
This blog previously discussed the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals opinion in Garcia v. Google, Inc., (9th Cir. 2014) 766 F.3d 929, reversing a decision of the district court. On Monday, the Ninth Circuit, en banc, in Garcia...more
When the United States Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals issued its 2014 opinion in Garcia v Google, its tentative conclusion that actors might enjoy copyright protection in their on-screen performances was met with vociferous...more
On Monday, May 18, 2015, the Ninth Circuit, sitting en banc, overturned a highly-controversial opinion in Garcia v. Google, Inc., in which a three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit reversed the trial court and held that an...more
Boxing fans eagerly awaited the May 2, 2015, championship match between boxers Floyd Mayweather, Jr. and Manny Pacquiao. But the fight also drew the interest of those following online video apps Meerkat and Periscope....more
Periscope (owned by Twitter) and Meerkat are two new "live streaming" apps which allow users to live stream videos from their phones. These applications could potentially change the way live sporting or music events are...more
On May 6, 2015, in Pandora Media, Inc. v. American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers, the Second Circuit held that composers and music publishers cannot partially withdraw from the American Society of Composers,...more
A recent decision from the British Columbia Court of Appeal provides an important reminder when communicating by email regarding the negotiation of the terms of an agreement: Just because you haven't signed a contract,...more
On April 30, 2015, digital music provider Grooveshark—owned by Escape Media Group, Inc. ("Escape")—agreed to permanently shut down its controversial music streaming website following several years of litigation with major...more
Katy Perry runs into trademark trouble in her attempt to register a "Left shark" design mark. Here's what happened and what you can do to avoid a similar fate.
To the merriment of Left Shark fans everywhere, Katy Perry...more
The UK Independent Press Standards Organisation has upheld a complaint against a newspaper after it published an image taken from social media without consent picturing a man who had been arrested for murder with a woman...more
In copyright infringement action concerning trailer for Disney's blockbuster film Frozen court denied both parties' motions for summary judgment, finding that plaintiff established genuine factual dispute as to Disney's...more
Red Light! Cab Companies Claim Uber Falsely Claims to Be Safer Service:
What's safer—riding in a cab or riding in an Uber car? -
A new false advertising lawsuit raised that question when a coalition of 19...more
In a significant victory for open court filings, the California Court of Appeal rejected an effort by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ("NCAA") to seal 400 pages of documents in a dispute between the NCAA and a...more
In a victory for all authors of fiction, a screenwriter of the film "What Maisie Knew" has successfully defended a lawsuit that sought to hold him liable for defamation based on the portrayal of a character drawn from an 1897...more
Content creators of all stripes strive for realism in their depictions of the world. This is for good reason – media is more effective, and more immersive, when viewers recognize it as a reflection of the real world. Despite...more
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Anthony Flammia
Albums & Mixtapes
Artist: Anthony Flammia
Album: The Looper
Think of every album you've ever heard. Many of these projects may have experimented drastically in terms of sound, but few push boundaries when it comes to the actual creation and recording process. Anthony Flammia realized... More
Posted about 2 months ago


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Oxygen measurements at high pressures with vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers
- J. Wang,
- S.T. Sanders,
- J.B. Jeffries,
- R.K. Hanson
- … show all 4 hide
Rent the article at a discountRent now
* Final gross prices may vary according to local VAT.Get Access
Measurements of oxygen concentration at high pressures (to 10.9 bar) were made using diode-laser absorption of oxygen A-band transitions near 760 nm. The wide current-tuning frequency range (>30 cm-1) of vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) was exploited to enable the first scanned-wavelength demonstration of diode-laser absorption at high pressures; this strategy is more robust than fixed-wavelength strategies, particularly in hostile environments. The wide tuning range and rapid frequency response of the current tuning were further exploited to demonstrate wavelength-modulation absorption spectroscopy in a high-pressure environment. The minimum detectable absorbance demonstrated, ∼1×10-4, corresponds to ∼800 ppm-m oxygen detectivity at room temperature and is limited by etalon noise. The rapid- and wide-frequency tunability of VCSELs should significantly expand the application domain of absorption-based sensors limited in the past by the small current-tuning frequency range (typically <2 cm-1) of conventional edge-emitting diode lasers.
- Title
- Oxygen measurements at high pressures with vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers
- Journal
Applied Physics B
Volume 72, Issue 7 , pp 865-872
- Cover Date
- 2001-05
- 10.1007/s003400100539
- Print ISSN
- 0946-2171
- Online ISSN
- 1432-0649
- Publisher
- Springer-Verlag
- Additional Links
- Keywords
- PACS: 07.07.Df; 42.62.Fi; 42.55.Px
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- J. Wang (A1)
- S.T. Sanders (A1)
- J.B. Jeffries (A1)
- R.K. Hanson (A1)
- Author Affiliations
- A1. High Temperature Gasdynamics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-3032, USA, US


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Faith Seeking Understanding Discussion Group
Are you interested in deepening your understanding of your faith? Join us for this great discussion group! Our talks will combine exploration of Christian theology with personal reflections. All are welcome! We meet at Corner Bakery on La Paz in Laguna Niguel on Tuesdays at 6:30PM. More info can be found here: Faith Seeking Understanding.


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Giambattista Valli's black and white giraffe-print ramie shorts are a chic way to introduce animal-print to your summer wardrobe. Wear them with a cropped cardigan and cutout leather sandals for an elegant warm-weather look. Shown here with Miu Miu shoes, 3.1 Phillip Lim necklace, Marni clutch, J.Crew top, Alexander McQueen ring and a Giambattista Valli cardigan.
Black and white ramie shorts with giraffe print. Giambattista Valli shorts have a grosgrain trim at waistband and slant pockets, pleating at front, a single welt pocket at back, concealed zip, hook and button fastenings at front and are partially lined. 100% ramie; lining: 100% rayon; inserts: 50% cotton, 50% rayon. Dry clean.
Product code: 108340 - Need help? Contact us


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A process and compositions are described for the reception of electrolytic or electroless plating onto non-platable substrates, in particular, semiconductor substrates. The process comprises immersion of the non-platable substrate in a promoter composition containing primary metal ions, selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, iron, and copper, and mixtures thereof, and a suitable reducing agent. The reducing agent is capable of chemically reacting with the non-platable substrate and the primary metal ions and the concentration of the reducing agent relative to the primary metal ions is so adjusted as to permit the initial chemical interaction of the reducing agent with the non-platable substrate and then the heterogeneous reduction of some of the primary metal ions present in the promoter composition. In addition, the promoter composition also comprises other metal ions selected from the group consisting of tin, cadmium, zinc, thallium, and lead and mixtures thereof, the other metal ions being in a sufficient concentration to inhibit the growth of metallic sites formed at the conclusion of the immersion of the non-platable substrate in the promoter composition.
1. A process for rendering a non-platable substrate platable by conventional electroless plating, said process resulting in the deposition of metallic sites, said sites being catalytic to said conventional electroless plating, said substrate selected from the group consisting of silicon, germanium, and III-V compounds, comprising the step of immersing said non-platable substrate into a promoter composition wherein said promoter composition is a single composition which comprises a suitable reducing agent and primary metal ions selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, and iron wherein said reducing agent is capable of chemically reacting with said non-platable substrate and said primary metal ions and further wherein the concentration of said reducing agent relative to said primary metal ions is so adjusted as to permit the initial chemical interaction of the reducing agent with the non-platable substrate and then the heterogeneous reduction of some of the primary metal ions present in the promoter composition, and further wherein said promoter composition also comprises other metal ions selected from the group consisting of tin, cadmium, zinc, thallium, and lead and mixtures thereof, said other metal ions being present in a lower concentration relative to said reducing agent and in a sufficient concentration to inhibit the growth of said metallic sites and further wherein said process is prior to conventional electroless plating.
2. The process according to claim 1 wherein the concentration of said reducing agent is in molar excess to said primary metal ions.
3. The process according to claim 1 wherein said primary metal ions are nickel.
4. The process according to claim 1 wherein said promoter composition is used above room temperature.
5. The process according to claim 1 wherein said reducing agent is dimethylamine borane and/or its derivatives.
6. The process according to claim 1 wherein said reducing agent is a borohydride and/or its derivatives.
7. The process according to claim 1 wherein said reducing agent is hydrazine and/or its derivatives.
8. The process according to claim 1, wherein said promoter composition further contains secondary metal ions capable of reacting with said reducing agent selected from the group consisting of palladium, gold, silver, and platinum and mixtures thereof said secondary metal ions being in a concentration such as to permit their reaction with the reducing agent in a fashion similar to that of the primary metal ions.
9. The process according to claim 1 wherein said non-platable substrate is silicon.
This is a division of application Ser. No. 931,513 filed Aug. 7, 1978, U.S. Pat. No. 4,228,201, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 803,777, filed June 6, 1977, U.S. Pat. No. 4,181,760.
Electroless or autocatalytic as well as electrolytic plating of varied substrates find wide-spread utility in the preparation of such diverse articles as printed circuits, automotive trim, mirrors, electronic devices, etc.
In the normal commercial electroless plating process, the dielectric substrate, which has been etched preferably by physical or chemical means to improve metal adhesion, is sensitized by exposure to a solution of stannous ions, e.g., stannous chloride solution, and then activated by exposure to a solution of palladium ions, e.g., a palladium chloride solution. This activation is effected by reduction of the palladium ions to the zero valence state by the stannous ions to form palladium metal sites or by the formation of a tin/palladium complex on the surface of the dielectric substrate.
Thereafter, the activated substrate is plated by exposure to an electroless plating bath containing ions of the metal to be plated and a reducing agent capable of reducing (heterogeneously) the valence state of the plating ions present in bulk solution to the metallic state. In conventional processes, copper is plated using an electroless plating bath comprised of copper ions and formaldehyde as a reducing agent. In the plating of nickel or cobalt, the reducing agent commonly used is sodium hypophosphite.
More recently, process have been developed for electroless plating without the necessity of using palladium or other precious metal. For example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,772,056 and 3,772,078, non-metallic substrates are coated with a solution containing non-precious metal ions, i.e., ions of copper, nickel, cobalt or iron, and dried to form an adherent coating of the metal ions. Thereafter, the metal ions are reduced to the metallic state and the substrate is plated with a compatible electroless plating bath.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,993,491 another procedure for effecting electroless plating of non-metallic substrates without the necessity of using palladium or any other precious metal ions is described. In the processes described therein, a non-metallic substrate is contacted with stannous and copper ions to form a stannous-cuprous complex on the surface of the substrate. The copper ions are then reduced to their metallic state using a suitable reducing agent.
Still another procedure is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,993,799. In the process described therein, hydrous oxide colloids of metal or metal ions are coated on the surface of a non-metallic substrate. The substrate is then rinsed and immersed in a solution containing a reducing agent capable of reducing the metal ions to the metallic state (or reducing the outer surface).
While significant cost savings are realized by coating of the substrates with non-precious metal ions, as exemplified by the above disclosures, instead of with the more expensive palladium or other precious metal ions, care must be exercised in the selection of electroless plating baths used with such systems. Specifically, conventional hypophosphite baths are not effective in the plating of nickel or cobalt onto the surface of substrates prepared using non-precious metals, e.g., copper or silver, in a commercially suitable manner. Instead, it is necessary in the plating of nickel and cobalt to use an electroless plating bath containing a stronger reducing agent e.g., an amine-borane, such electroless plating baths being disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,338,726, or a borohydride, as shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,461,661 and 3,045,334. Such reducing agents, because of their relatively higher cost, diminish the commercial savings to be realized in the use of such procedures. Also, in using the preceding non-precious metal systems, at times a lower site density is realized thus reducing the speed and effectiveness of plating onto the prepared substrates.
Procedures permitting the utilization of non-precious metal activated substrates while eliminating or minimizing the aforesaid disadvantages and permitting the utilization of conventional, commercially available electroless plating baths would be highly desirable.
It is also well documented in the art that there are a wide variety of metals and alloys and semiconductor substrates which are non-catalytic (non-platable) for initiation of conventional electroless plating. Typical materials which are non-catalytic include copper, gold, silver, chromium containing stainless steels, kovar, moly, manganese, aluminum and its alloys, and others. In the prior art, exotic procedures have been adapted to provide such non-catalytic materials catalytic. Typical procedures well known are activation with palladium, zincating methods, impressing of a galvanic potential, and others. It is well documented that such procedures are tedious and costly and it would be highly desirable to eliminate them by a simple treatment which ideally would be universal to all non-catalytic materials (metals and alloys). In addition, various techniques have been developed for the activation of semiconductor substrates as to render them receptive to plating, e.g., activation via acidic compositions containing precious metal ions. Surprisingly, I found that the composition disclosed may effectively be used upon these non-catalytic (non-platable) materials or semiconductor substrates and thereby render the surface of such material platable in conventional electroless plating baths or even in electrolytic plating.
It is the principle object of the present invention to provide effective and economical processes for preparing non-catalytic surfaces, such as semiconductor substrates, receptive for electroless or electrolytic plating eliminating the need for palladium or other precious metals and permitting the utilization of conventional electrolytic or electroless plating baths.
Other objectives of the present invention, if not specifically set forth herein, will be apparent to one skilled in the art from a reading of the following detailed description of the present invention.
The term "non-catalytic metal" as used in the present invention refers to a wide variety of materials (metals or alloys) including semiconductor substrates which are not catalytic and hence would not initiate conventional electroless nickel plating. Typical materials may include, however are not limited to, copper, gold, silver, chromium containing stainless steel, steel, kovar, moly, manganese, aluminum and its alloys, zinc, chromium, stainless steel, and others.
The process and systems of the present invention are applicable to the metallic plating of a wide variety of substrates (semiconductors, dielectrics and metallic).
The term "Semiconductor substrates" as used in the present invention refers to a wide variety of materials including silicon, germanium and III-V compounds well known in the semiconductor industry and the device arrays fabricated using such substrates.
It is noted that some of the objectives set forth in this invention are met in a recent patent, U.S. Pat. No. 3,993,801, which is included herein by reference.
The following steps are generally pursued when utilizing non-catalytic metals or semiconductor substrates.
(A) Immersing the substrate in a promoter solution containing primary metal ions e.g. nickel or cobalt, and a reducing agent capable of chemically interacting both with said substrate or metal or alloy and with said nickel or cobalt ions present in bulk solution to the metallic state; and
(B) Immersing the treated substrate into an electroless or conventional electrolytic plating bath comprising of the metal ions to be plated. In the case of electrolytic deposition suitable metal ions must be present and a proper rectifier instead of the reducing agent (e.g., hypophosphite) commonly present in electroless baths.
It is believed that improved plating is achieved using the above developer (promoter) composition through the seeding of catalytic sites which are also conductive on the substrate due to plating of copper, nickel or cobalt from the developer solution onto the substrate. This seeding may result in varied concentrations of sites per unit area depending upon the parameters used in the immersion in the developer (e.g., time, temperature, and concentration).
Suitable reducing agents used in the promoter solutions of the present invention may be any chemical reducing agent capable of reducing the ions on the substrate (or chemically interacting with the metal or semiconductor element or compound on the surface) and also in the developer solution to the metallic state. In the chemical interaction, generally hydrogen gas is formed through the presence of a reactive intermediate adsorbed on the surface. While I do not wish to be bound by theory, the adsorbed intermediate may be chemisorbed nascent hydrogen or a hydride ion, both of which are short lived. Exemplary of such reducing agent are amine-boranes, borohydrides, hydrazine and its derivatives, N-alkyl-borazones, N-alkyl-borazoles, borazenes, borazines, and mixtures thereof. Particular reducing agents include dimethylamine borane, diethylamine borane, and the alkali metal and alkaline earth metal borohydrides, such as potassium and sodium borohydrides.
The following are a few publications describing the use of miscellaneous reducing agents (e.g., hydrazine) which have been reported capable of both copper and nickel plating.
P. Fintschenko et al, Metal Finishing, January (1970).
D. J. Levy, Proc. Electroplaters Soc., 50, p. 29 (1963).
D. J. Levy, Electrochem. Tech., 1, No. 1-2, pl 38 (1963).
J. W. Dini et al, Plating, 54, p. 385 (1967).
It is further recognized that with the availability of new chemicals, other chemical reducing agents will be available capable of functioning in accordance to the present invention, and hence the inclusion of other such reducing agents falls within the spirit of this invention.
In the practice of the present invention I have thus recognized that sufficient reducing agent should be present in the developer (promoter) solution to insure the sequential reaction with the surface of the substrate and thereafter heterogeneous reduction of the ions in the developer solution. Thus for increased probability, a molar ratio of reducing agent to metal ions in the developer solution should exceed 1:1, and preferably should be at least 2:1. Ratios greater than about 15:1, while workable, are of little practical value and serve to increase the cost of the process. The molar concentration of the reducing agent will normally be within the range of from about 0.015 M to about 0.2 M; and the molar concentration of the metal ions will normally be within the range of from about 0.003 M to about 0.1 M. Surprisingly, it is noted that the concentration of reducing agents used in electroless plating baths (boron type), as referred to in the prior art, all normally range from about 0.015 M to about 0.2 M, while the metal ion concentration will range from about 0.02 M to about 0.5 M. The molar ratio of reducing agent to metal ions thus is less than 1:1, and normally between 0.75 M and 0.4 M. Such baths are taught, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,338,726 as typical compositional make-ups which are effective for electroless metal build-up.
While the present invention contemplates the usage of primary metal ions selected from the group consisting of copper, cobalt, nickel, and iron, other metal ions may also be present, singly or in combination. These other metal ions (secondary) when reduced would also provide catalytic sites or sites capable of conducting galvanic current required in electrolytic plating. Such ions may be precious metal type, e.g., palladium, gold, silver, platinum and the like. Their adaptation is carried forth in a similar fashion as the primary metal ions with respect to the reducing agent present in the same composition.
Conventional electroless plating baths suitably used in plating in accordance with the present invention are comprised of ions of the metal to be plated, a complexing agent, and a reducing agent. In nickel or cobalt baths, the reducing agent commonly employed is a hypophosphite reducing agent, such as sodium hypophosphite. In copper baths (the reducing agent commonly employed being formaldehyde) or in other electroless (chemical) plating baths, the reducing agent may not be compatible with the non-catalytic (non-platable) substrates.
Conventional electrolytic plating baths are also well known for precious and non-precious metals in the art.
The following examples are presented as illustrative of the present invention and not in limitation thereof. In the examples where nickel ions are used in the developer or plating solutions, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that cobalt ions, because of their similar properties, may be substituted.
In this example as well as the following examples, the following procedure was employed:
1. Immerse ABS substrates, previously etched with a CrO3 /H2 SO4 solution, into the described primer solution for several minutes;
2. Rinse;
3. Immerse primed substrate into the described developer solution;
4. Rinse (optional); and
5. Immerse developed substrate into described electroless plating bath.
In the present example, a primer solution having the following composition was used at room temperature:
SnCl2.2H2 O: 81 g/l
CuCl: 6 g/l
HCl (conc.): 45 cc/l
Phenol: 40 g/l
Following immersion in the above primer solution, the primed substrates were rinsed and immersed in the following promoter composition:
Dimethylamine borane (DMAB): 3 g/l
NiSO4.6H2 O: 2.5 g/l
Citric acid.H2 O: 3.6 g/l
NH4 OH to pH: 8.8
Temperature: 36� C.
It was observed that within 2-3 minutes the surface becomes brown in color, and within 3-5 minutes a complete intensification took place as shown by a grey color.
Nickel plating was achieved by immersion of the developed substrate in the following electroless nickel-hypophosphite bath:
Bath 1
NiSO4.6H2 O: 12.5 g/l
Citric acid.H2 O: 18 g/l
NH4 OH to pH: 8.9
NaH2 PO2.H2 O: 18 g/l
Temperature: 25� C.
As aforementioned, improved copper plating can also be achieved using the present improved developer solutions due to intensified site development. Thus, uniform plating of copper was achieved by immersion of a substrate developed in the foregoing manner into a conventional electroless copper-formaldehyde bath having the following composition:
Bath 2
CuSO4.5H2 O: 10 g/l
KNaC3 H4 O6.4H2 O (potassium sodium tartrate): 16 g/l
NaOH: 16 g/l
H2 CO (37%): 8 g/l
Electroless plating of nickel and copper obtained using the procedure, primer solution and electroless plating baths of Example I with the following developer solution:
DMAB: 3 g/l
CoSO4.7H2 O: 1.25 g/l
Sodium citrate.2H2 O: 2.5 g/l
NH4 OH to pH: 8.8
Temperature: 36� C.
Electroless plating of nickel and copper was obtained using the procedure, primer solution and electroless plating baths of Example I with the following developer solution:
DMAB: 3 g/l
CoSO4.7H2 O: 1.25 g/l
Sodium citrate.2H2 O: 2.5 g/l
CuSO4.5H2 O: 0.072 g/l
NH4 OH to pH: 8.8
Temperature: 36� C.
It should be noted that this composition is more reactive in comparison to the composition of Example II and thus lowering of the reactivity is recommended. Moreover, it should be obvious to those skilled in the art of plating that the catalytic surface resulting at the conclusion of the development stage consists of both cobalt and copper.
Electroless plating of nickel and copper was obtained using the procedure, primer solution and electroless plating baths of Example I with the following developer solution:
DMAB: 3 g/l
Nickel sulfamate: 0.8 g/l (Ni)
NH4 OH to pH: 8
Temperature: 38� C.
Good intensified development took place within 5 minutes. Additional Tergitol (TMN) surfactant seemed to improve the overall uniformity.
In this example, priming of the ABS substrate was achieved using as the primed solution a hydrous oxide colloid of copper prepared by adding 400 ml of 0.025 molar NH4 OH dropwise with stirring to 1600 ml of 0.0125 molar copper acetate.
ABS substrates primed with the above colloidal composition were developed using the following developer solution:
DMAB: 4 g/l
Nickel sulfamate: 1.6 g/l (Ni)
NaOH to pH: 6.2
Temperature: 44� C.
Using the electroless nickel bath of Example I, a complete intensified developed surface was obtained within 5 minutes of immersion, and good initiation in the electroless bath was noted. It should be noted that using a modified developer formulation similar to Example No. 1 was poor, probably due to the presence of ammonia. Based upon this example and procedure, it should be obvious that hydrous oxide colloids of cobalt and nickel may be used as well as combinations thereof.
DMAB: 1.5 g/l
NiSO4.6H2 O: 1.25 g/l
Citric acid.H2 O: 1.8 g/l
NH4 OH to pH: 7.8
Temperature: 37� C.
When substituting the above solution after a partial degassing for the developer solution of Example V, it was noted that development took place within 2 minutes while complete intensification took place in about 8 minutes. In this example, no agitation or surfactant was included. The intensified developed substrate was directly immersed into the electroless nickel bath of Example I with good immediate initiation noted. Dilution (x2) of the above modified developer formulation under the same conditions did result in intensified development, however with a lower speed.
Electroless plating of nickel was obtained using the procedure, primer solution and electroless nickel plating bath of Example I with the following developer solution:
NiCl2.6H2 O: 3 g/l
Ethylene diamine: 5 g/l
Potassium borohydride: 1 g/l
pH: 9.9
Temperature: 38� C.
Standard development was noted within two to three minutes of immersion, while complete intensification was observed only after about twelve minutes of immersion. The latter could be foreshortened by further adjusting developer reactivity and probably by lowering or eliminating the ethylenediamine concentration. Following the intensified development good initiation in the electroless bath No. 1 took place. To overcome some of the stability problems associated with borohydrides, the use of salts of cyano-borohydrides is recommended. The latter show good stability over a wide pH range.
As stated previously, one of the novel features of this invention is the fact that development and intensification take place in the same media in a preferred sequence of events. This feature is accomplished to a large extent by the relative concentration make-up of the developer solution. To better illustrate this point the following results are provided.
__________________________________________________________________________ Observed timing (minutes) to: Development DMAB.sup.(a) /NiSO4.6H2 O(g/g) (brown color Intensified DevelopmentNo. in modified solution formation) (grey color formation)__________________________________________________________________________1 3/12.5 .sup.(b) none after 7 min.2 3/6.25 .sup.(b) 40% only after 7 min.3 3/3.12 21/2 44 3/1.6 21/2 4__________________________________________________________________________ .sup.(a) All developer solutions were operated at 39� C. and were also composed of citric acid H2 O at � 1.44 the weight of nickel sulfate.hexahydrate. Ammonium hydroxide was used to maintain a pH of 8.7. .sup.(b) The observation of a brown color was nonreproducible and in case in which a brown color was formed, the intensified development was sluggish.
A ceramic substrate coated with silver was used; the silver was derived from a printable ink composition. After activation in a 20% hydrochloric acid, the substrate was effectively treated in the developer of example I and then in electroless nickel-phosphorus formulation. It is recognized that in using surface primed with silver, it is advantageous to include within the developer composition a silver complexing agent. Such inclusion will extend the life of the developer composition, hence making the process more economical.
I have also found that due to the non-noble (precious) characteristic of silver it may be required to treat the silver surface prior to the developer composition as to dissolve any oxide layer.
Cleaned non-catalytic materials such as moly, chromium, copper, chromium containing steel, an alloy of aluminum (7075 T6, 6061 T6), were contacted for 1 to 2 minutes in a composition of example I at temperature range 60� to 70� C. After this treatment, the materials were immersed in a conventional electroless nickel using hypophosphite as the reducing agent. It was noted that instantaneous plating was started. The plated parts surprisingly have also shown good adhesion before and after heat treatment.
I have also recognized that in the processing of non-catalytic metals or alloys and in particular those having metals which are more noble with respect to nickel, the inclusion of a complexing agent and/or a chelating agent is preferred. Specifically, the complexing agent and/or chelating agent should be of the type which could complex or chelate the more noble metal with respect to nickel. Such materials are well known in the art and include an endless list of chemicals, and they are recited in many publications, e.g., K. B. Yatsimirski et al, "Instability Constants of Complex Compounds," Pergamon Press (1960). I have also recognized that in addition to the metal ions (primary or secondary) other metallic constituents may be present for the purpose of providing inhibition in the growth of the catalytic (metallic) sites onto the non-platable substrates. It is generally preferable to have a catalytic site of small particle size distribution. The metallic constituents are generally selected from the group consisting of copper, zinc, cadmium, tin, thalium, mercury, lead, and titanium. The concentration for the components is preferably less than the molar concentration for the reducing agent(s) and the optimum concentration can generally be determined by simple trial experiments well known in the art, taking into consideration the make-up of the promoter composition and its activity.
Cleaned silicon wafers: [111] N-type, [100] P-type, and [111] P-type were cleaned and treated as follows:
1. Immersion into the composition (promoter) of Example I for about 1-minute while the composition was maintained between 90� to 99� C.;
2. Water rinse; and
3. Immersion into an electroless nickel composition comprising hypophosphite as the reducing agent operating at 85� C. for about 1-minute.
In all cases, effective nickel plating was noted after the activation in the promoter composition. In fact, plating was noted on both sides of the wafers; one side was polished and the second side was chemically etched. This procedure is especially significant in the metallization of semiconductor substrate since it eliminates the conventional step whereby activation is effected via immersion into hydroflouric acid solutions containing precious metal ions (e.g., palladium gold, and the like). The conventional approach, while it works, often results in problem for those devices having shallow junctions or poor adhesion onto the silicon due to the precious metal-silicon interface. By contrast, in the present approach only a nickel-silicon interface exists and the use of hydroflouric acid is completely eliminated. Accordingly, it is recognized that the present procedure is also useful for metallization of semiconductor substrates such as silicon and doped silicon as well as other semiconductor substrates such as germanium or III-V compounds (e.g., Ga-As) and the like. It is also noted that though step 3 (above) was electroless metal deposition, the seeding of the surface taken in step 1 is sufficient to permit electrolytic plating. Hence, in its broadest sense, the present method in which the promoter composition is employed may be considered as a method for rendering non-platable substrates platable by both electroless or electrolytic type deposition techniques.
It is further noted that though in this example the semiconductor substrates were different crystallographic forms of silicon, the present invention does further apply to other substrates, e.g., germanium and III-V compounds. Such adaptation falls within the spirit of this invention.
I have also recognized that, at times, for improved adhesion or for the purpose of forming an ohmic contact, a heat treatment step may be desirable, particularly after the promoter activation step.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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text:
Old Fashioned Bread Stuffing
20 Feb 2010
|Chopped onion
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|Poultry seasoning/Ground sage
|1 Teaspoon
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|1⁄8 Teaspoon
|Dry bread cubes
|8 Cup (128 tbs)
|Chicken broth/Water
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
Cook onion in butter or margarine till tender; add poultry seasoning or sage, salt, and pepper.
Combine with bread cubes.
Drizzle with broth; toss to mix well.
Use to stuff a 10-pound turkey (or two 4- to 5-pound roasting chickens) or bake, covered, in a 2-quart casserole at 325° for 40 to 45 minutes.
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Old Fashioned Bread Stuffing Recipe


text:
Goldfinch Tavern at the Four Seasons Seattle
I love the downtown area around the Four Seasons Hotel Seattle and was delighted to check out Goldfinch Tavern, Ethan Stowell's latest culinary venture inside the hotel. Named after Washington's state bird, the restaurant has an approachable menu that highlights their shellfish and raw bar menu.
The ultra-buttery Hamachi Crudo ($17) with Taggiasca olives and horseradish is rich and flavorful while the Geoduck Crudo ($19) is fresh and light. I heard the grilled beef options are amazing so I'll need to go back and check it out. If you go with a friend, definitely end the meal with a plate of assorted warm cookies ($11) or sugar-dusted donut holes ($13).
Goldfinch also offers a fun happy hour — $1.50 oysters from 4-6pm daily. That's reason enough to go there every single day!
Check out the rest of the menu at www.goldfinchtavern.com.


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Watching the new PBS documentary Caring for Mom and Dad was like looking in a mirror. The gut-wrenching heartaches, stress, fatigue, fears — but most of all, the love — these families experience reflect my own caregiving journey. The film (check local listings or watch online at pbs.org/caringformomanddad) is narrated by actress Meryl Streep and highlights several adult children's experiences as they work and care for parents who are dealing with strokes, dementia and other health challenges as they age. It …
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"We have to start thinking about healthy aging starting at an early age," Amy St. Peter, human services manager for the Maricopa Association of Governments, told attendees in Phoenix at the second of a series of five forums leading up to the White House Conference on Aging this summer. Experts on aging issues along with advocates and everyday older Americans gathered for the invitation-only confab to offer opinions and help set the agenda for the White House conference in Washington. …
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Members of Congress announced Tuesday the formation of the Assisting Caregivers Today caucus, a bipartisan coalition that aims to bring more attention to the plight of family caregivers. With the support of AARP and more than 20 other national organizations, Sens. Kelly Ayotte (R-N.H.) and Michael Bennet (D-Colo.) and Reps. Diane Black (R-Tenn.) and Michelle Lujan Grisham (D-N.M.) had an afternoon news conference to announce their efforts to provide more help for people to live independently as well as to …
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"Make this a national conversation," Cecilia Muñoz, director of the White House Domestic Policy Council, urged participants in Tampa at the first in a series of five regional forums preparing for the White House Conference on Aging this summer. The invitation-only forums allow older Americans and those who work with and for them an opportunity to voice their opinions and concerns on various issues. Discussions aim to form a vision and agenda for the White House conference, held in Washington …
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The Older Americans Act (OAA) is critical to helping seniors live independently as they age. Last month, the Senate HELP Committee unanimously approved the Older Americans Act Reauthorization Act of 2015, a bipartisan bill supported by AARP. The bill now awaits a vote in the full Senate. This is the third in a three-part series detailing the importance of programs funded by the OAA to the dignity of seniors across America. How would you get to your doctor's appointment if you didn't have a car? …
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Life spans are increasing around the world, but countries differ enormously in how they deal with increasing demands for long-term services and supports (LTSS). AARP International recently sponsored a policy symposium on the LTSS systems in Germany, France and the United Kingdom to inform important discussions about how to reform the U.S. system. As AARP Executive Vice President Debra Whitman noted in her opening remarks, the costs associated with LTSS represent the largest uninsured risk to the retirement security of …
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Measurement of ocean waves and ice coupled waves near a fast ice boundary, McMurdo Sound [K137_1990_1993_NZ_1]
Ocean waves interact with Antarctic ice. Pack ice acts as a barrier to wave penetration, and attenuates the propagating waves. The presence of fast ice changes the nature of the wave interaction so ...
Measurement of the characteristics of the intensity and polaristion of skylight at two different sites in Antarctica, differeing in albedo [K041_1992_1993_NZ_1]
The enhancement of UVB radiation falling onto the different land surfaces was investigated. Previous measurements (in the 1990 season) found low maximum polarisation of sky light and strong low azimuth ...
Measurements of the UV radiation (Blue, Violet, UVA and UVB) falling on sea ice in McMurdo Sound, quantification of sea ice algae and the effect of snow thickness on the transmissivity of sea ice to UV radiation [K041_1995_1996_NZ_1]
The relative amounts of visible, near and far UV radiation (Blue, Violet, UVA and UVB) falling onto sea ice in McMurdo Sound was measured at a site well cantered in the ice, i.e. not at the ice edge. ...
Measurements of the polarisation of the Antarctic sky from the sea ice edge at Cape Bird and from a ship journey from Hobart to McMurdo Sound [K041_1997_1998_NZ_1]
The polarisation of the Antarctic sky was captured near the sea ice edge at Cape Bird to complement previous studies of the sky polarisation seen at Wellington (New Zealand), Scott Base, Tent Island ...
Measurements of the transmission of UV light to infrared light through different samples of snow around Scott Base [K041_1997_1998_NZ_2]
The transmission of light through snow depends not only on the cleanliness but also on the size of the snow particles. The transmission properties are directly related to the reflection properties ...
Measurements of tropospheric aerosols and meteorological data in remote marine region in Antarctica to compare with New Zealand measurements to help understand the sulphur cycles influence on global climate [K176_1991_1992_NZ_1]
Dimethylsulphide (DMS) and sub-micron atmospheric particles are key components in the atmospheric sulphur cycle. DMS produced by biota in the oceans is thought to be the main source of atmospheric ...
The concentration of combustion engine particulates, the organic fraction of the particulates and the sources of the particulates identified by isotopic analysis from snow and ice samples near Scott Base [K016_1993_1994_NZ_1]
The McMurdo Dry Valleys contain negligible snow and ice, while being surrounded by other glaciated valleys and snow covered mountains. The mechanisms causing the valleys and maintaining them were ...
Wind profiles of the Wright Valley using an acoustic wind profiler measuring wind speed and direction and dry bulb temperature [K016_1990_1991_NZ_1]
A new acoustic wind profiler was tested in the Wright Valley on the slopes of Mount Odin. This instrument may have the advantage of providing continuous vertical profiles of wind speed and direction ...
CIROS Project: Obtaining Cenozoic history of the Ross Sea by coring sedimentary strata offshore [K001_CIROS_PROJECT]
The CIROS (Cenozoic Investigation in the Western Ross Sea) drilling project was conducted to obtain a record of the early history of the Antarctic Ice Sheet and the rise of the Transantarctic Mountains. ...
Monitoring of permafrost temperatures at Marble Point and Bull Pass, Wright Valley [K123_2005_2007_NZ_1]
Bore holes were drilled in bedrock near existing climate monitoring stations at Marble Point and Bull Pass, Wright Valley to monitor permafrost temperatures at depths of up to 30m and to drill till ...
The use of GIS mapping techniques to assess changes in vegetation at Cape Hallett [K024_2003_2004_NZ_1]
A detailed vegetation map of a 120m by 28m study site was published by Rudolph (1963). A paper copy of the original maps of this research was obtained from archives at the University of Ohio.The map ...
The use of computer models to predict changes in patterns and processes of terrestrial ecosystems in Antarctica: real data from automatic weather stations and digital cameras, dust samplers and soil samples [K024_2007_2008_NZ_1]
Field work was carried out to add to the creation of a dynamic geographic information system in which the specific observations about patterns and processes of the physical environment, plus observations ...
A study of the glacial history of the McMurdo Oasis by the dating of lacustre carbonates [K009_1979_1980_NZ_1]
Three holes were drilled into frozen sediments around Lake Fryxell. The first was 4ft in depth in frozen silts approx 50m NW of the Fryxell Hut. The second hole was 30m east of the first hole and ...
A survey of suitable sites in the Wright Valley for boreholes and a study of Lake Vanda sediments [K009_1971_1972_NZ_2]
Two weeks were spent in the Wright Valley to survey suitable sites for boreholes to be put down as part of the International Drilling Programme. It was proposed to core the entire thickness of bottom ...
Bathymetric surveys, the geomorphology, glacial chronology, halite investigations, thermokarst formations, overland flow and stream bifurcations of Lake Bonney area [K009_1973_1974_NZ_1]
35 holes were drilled through the ice in the smaller western lobe of Lake Bonney and the bathymetry of the lake was determined. A further 52 holes were used for the eastern lobe bathymetry. Sediment ...
Dating of the Ross Sea glaciations from the Koettlitz Glacier region [K021_1986_1987_NZ_1]
The interaction between the Koettlitz Glacier and Trough Lake was determined as a model for the Quaternary proglacial lakes which occupy many of the coastal valleys of the McMurdo Oasis. Trough Lake ...
Geochemical and geochronology of late quaternary glaciations in the McMurdo Sound Region [K009_1982_1983_NZ_1]
The history and mechanics of the late Wisconsin age lakes which have periodically filled many of the lower portions of many of the Valleys that open into McMurdo Sound was studied from samples taken ...
Studies of the surface strain of Erebus Glacier Tongue to determine the process of calving [K009_1977_1978_NZ_3]
The surface deformation of the Erebus Glacier Tongue was measured in order to elucidate the calving mechanisms for the formation of icebergs. Surface strain, surface tilt, surface velocity and long ...
The Marshall Valley Drilling Project [K021_1985_1986_NZ_1]
Three bore holes were drilled in the Marshall Valley approximately 1km apart to determine the Quaternary glacial stratigraphy of the area. The first hole was 24.52m in depth, the second was 31.92m ...
The bathymetry and sedimentology of Lake Joyce [K009_1972_1973_NZ_4]
18 holes were drilled through the floating ice of Lake Joyce. The position of the holes were surveyed, the ice thickness and water depths were measured and the coring of the bottom sediments was ...
Water chemistry and biology of the Canada Glacier glacial meltwater stream [K009_1981_1982_NZ_1]
Lake water chemistry is relatively well understood, whereas in comparison stream waters have been little studied. The chemistry of glacial meltwater from the Canada Glacier was characterised and the ...
Deformation surveys of the Mt Erebus crater from 1980 to 1985 [K044_1980_1985_NZ_1]
A programme to monitor volcanic activity about the active summit crater of Mt Erebus was conducted by the NZ Geological Survey from December 1980 to December 1985. The surveys were made annually in ...
Geodetic (data) survey marks for a geodetic referencing system in the Ross Sea Region: Scott Base GPS continuous tracking station [K150_2004_2008_NZ_1]
A number of survey stations are in use in the Ross Sea Region by both the USAP and NZAP. All of the survey stations have been visited to connect and unify all current survey datums in use in the area ...
The Cape Roberts Project [K001_Cape_Roberts_Project]
The Cape Roberts Project was a multinational project in which the Antarctic programmes of Australia, Germany, Italy, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the USA collaborated together to take a series ...
Magnetotelluric measurements of the earth's crust beneath the Wright Valley [K042_1983_1984_NZ_3]
A magnetotelluric study was made of the earth's crust beneath the Wright Valley. Fluxgate magnetometers were used to record 3 component magnetic field variations and lead electrodes, 150 meters apart, ...
The thermal conductivity and diffusivity of first year sea ice measured as a temperature depth profile in developing sea ice during the winter months in McMurdo Sound [K131_1994_1998_NZ_2]
Measurements of heat flows and hence thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity in sea ice was measured in the absence of thermal radiation (i.e. sunlight, which dumps heat at depth in the ice and ...
Column and vertical profiles of chlorine monoxide from a heterodyne spectrometer [K085_1996_2008_NZ_2]
A microwave experiment was installed at Scott Base to measure microwave emission of atmospheric chlorine monoxide (ClO) near 1.1 mm wavelength by a heterodyne spectrometer. The heterodyne techniques ...
Infrared spectrometer measurements of nitric (HNO3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) from Arrival Heights using a Bromem spectrometer [K085_1988_1996_NZ_1]
A Bomem infrared Fourier transform spectrometer (FTIR), a high resolution infrared instrument, was used to measure stratospheric nitric (HNO3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) (measuring spectra at 10 ...
Infrared spectrometer measurements of nitric (HNO3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) from Arrival Heights using a Bruker 120M spectrometer [K085_1996_2008_NZ_1]
A Bruker 120M interferometer, a high resolution infrared instrument, was used to measure trace gases in the atmosphere (HNO3, HCl, CH4, N2O, CO, ClONO2) during the early spring from the time the sun ...
Measurements of the boundary layer (bottom) of the atmosphere of the atmospheric trace gases NO2, O3, OClO and BrO [K085_2004_2005_NZ_1]
The experimental set up of the 'off axis' UV/visible wavelength diode array spectrometer was compared with a small portable field instrument. The diode array uses sunlight and moonlight to measure ...
Measurements of the total amount of ozone in the vertical column of the atmosphere from a ground based Brewer spectrophotometer at Arrival Heights, Antarctica [K085_1989_1996_NZ_1]
A Brewer spectrophotometer was installed at Scott Base in February 1989 to extend the measurements obtained from the Dobson spectrophotometer. The first full season of measurements began in mid-September ...
Measurements of the total amount of ozone in the vertical column of the atmosphere from a ground based Dobson spectrophotometer at Arrival Heights, Antarctica [K085_1988_2008_NZ_1]
Atmospheric ozone is important to mankind because it absorbs most ultraviolet and other high energy radiation harmful to life, preventing it from reaching the earth's surface. A rapid loss of more ...
Measurements of total ozone and aerosol parameters from October to mid-December, 1986, during the period when ozone levels are changing most rapidly [K085_1986_1987_NZ_1]
A spectrophotometer was installed at Arrival Heights near Scott Base and operated for a period of six weeks from the end of October 1986 to mid-December 1986. The instrument was fully automated and ...
Moon tracking spectrometer measurements of ozone and nitrogen dioxide from Arrival Heights during the polar winter [K085_1985_1987_NZ_1]
A moon tracking spectrometer was installed at Arrival Heights in January 1985 to measure trace gas species (ozone O3 and nitrogen dioxide NO2) in the stratosphere. The spectrometer measurements are ...
Spectrometer measurements of ozone and nitrogen dioxide from Arrival Heights [K085_1982_2008_NZ_1]
Ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are two trace gases in the stratosphere that interact to have an important effect on the radiation balance. The spatial and temporal variation in these gases ...
Spectrometer measurements of ozone and nitrogen dioxide from Arrival Heights, South Pole Station, Halley Base and Campbell Island [K085_1985_1994_NZ_1]
The measurement of trace gas species in the stratosphere was monitored. Ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) interact to have an important effect on the radiation balance in the stratosphere. The ...
Spectrometer sunlight and moonlight measurements of Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Chlorine Dioxide (OClO) and Bromine Oxide (BrO) from Arrival Heights [K085_1998_2008_NZ_1]
A UV/visible wavelength diode array spectrometer was installed at Arrival Heights to allow off axis sunlight and moonlight measurements of ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), chlorine dioxide (OClO) ...
Spectroscope absorption measurements of the stratospheric trace gases hydrogen chloride (HCl) and nitric (HNO3) using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer with the full moon as a light source at Arrival Heights [K085_2002_2003_NZ_1]
Spectroscope absorption measurements of the stratospheric trace gas hydrogen chloride (HCl) was measured using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer with the full moon as a light source (sunlight ...
Springtime chlorine dioxide and bromine monoxide measurements from a diode array spectrometer [K085_1993_2000_NZ_1]
A UV/visible diode array spectrometer was installed at Arrival Heights (93/94 seasons) for zenith skylight measurements of Chlorine Dioxide (OClO) and Bromine Monoxide (BrO) in two wavelength ranges, ...
Surface ozone concentration from an TEI instrument at Arrival Heights [K085_2002_2008_NZ_1]
A TEI instrument was installed at Arrival Heights to monitor boundary layer concentration of surface ozone levels with an ultraviolet absorption measurement. Ambient air is pumped through a cell and ...
Surface ozone concentration measurements using a surface ozone monitor from Scott Base [K085_1996_2003_NZ_1]
The boundary layer concentration of ozone was measured with a Dasibi ozone instrument that monitors surface ozone with an ultraviolet absorption measurement. Ambient air is pumped through a cell ...
Ultraviolet radition from 290-450 nm with a high precision spectro-radiometer [K085_2006_2007_NZ_1]
A high precision spectro-radiometer measuring total ultraviolet radiation from 290-450 nm was installed at Arrival Heights as a two month blind inter-comparison with the established measurement programme ...
Determination of the range of reflecting structures in the upper atmosphere: a frequency shift experiment [K055_1990_1991_NZ_1]
A HF Middle and Upper atmospheric radar is operated at Scott Base year round under automatic control for two experiments: the Partial Reflection Winds and the D-region polarimeter experiments. An ...
Dynamics and ionisation in the Antarctic middle atmosphere: MF radar measurements [K055_2004_2008_NZ_1]
Our studies investigate the Antarctic middle atmosphere?s response to natural and man-made factors which change climate. The dynamical processes of this region are significant in controlling the circulation ...
Daily records of the dynamics, ionization and structure of the Antarctic mesosphere from Scott Base [K055_1982_2003_NZ_1]
CHILD DIFs
An investigation into the ionospheric D-region of the atmosphere was initiated in 1982 with the installation of radar equipment (Polarimeter and HF radar) at Scott Base. The radar operated by remote ...
5 minute sea level, air temperature and barometric pressure data from a monitoring station near Scott Base since 2001 [K089_2001_2008_NZ_1]
In January 2001, a sea level monitoring station was installed near to the reverse osmosis intake near Scott Base. The data are transmitted from the sensor, to a data logger at Scott Base. Data is ...
Climate data (wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, and solar radiation) from manual observations and automatic weather stations at Scott Base and Arrival Heights [K089_1957_2008_NZ_1]
Climate data have been collected at Scott Base continuously since 1957 and more recently from Arrival Heights and is one of the longest continuous climate records in Antarctica. Climate parameters ...
Radio tracking of adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) foraging movements while at sea during the early breeding season [K121_1986_1988_NZ_1]
Adelie penguin foraging movements at sea were located and described during the early breeding season at the Cape Bird colony. Radio transmitters were attached to individual birds and 18 penguins were ...
Showing 51 through 98 of 98
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This Burr Ridge hotel is located off Interstate 55 and is 20 miles from downtown Chicago. This hotel features in-room massage services and a jacuzzi tub in every suites. Suites at the Champagne Lodge include a flat-screen TV and free Wi-Fi. The rooms also include bathrobes and a fireplace. The Champagne Lodge and Luxury Suites provides with daily breakfast and coffee. The hotel has tour desk with area information. The Champagne Lodge Luxury Suites is 15 miles from Midway International Airport. The Cog Hill Golf Course is 7 miles from the hotel.
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Though clients flock to licensed massage therapist Dana Randall to experience the soothing effects of her hands, they soon come to realize that her eyes have the same calming powers. Before asking them to recline on the plush massage bed, Randall gets to know her clients face-to-face. Through these informal chats, she comes to identify which modalities might best help them shake off soreness and anxiety from trudging through long workdays or arm-wrestling boogie monsters nightly.
Randall?s breadth of knowledge is as extensive as the range of ailments she can treat: during each massage, she may draw on techniques that span Swedish, deep-tissue, trigger-point, sports, and prenatal modalities. Through this integrative process, she zeroes in on trouble spots and endows physical and psychological benefits that range from easing lower-back pain to promoting an overall sense of calm. When she isn?t soothing muscles with her nimble fingers, Randall draws out built-up wax and other impurities from the ears with gentle ear-candling therapy.


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36 year old woman | Belfast, ME, USA | Seeking men 35-40 within 50 miles
My motto is: IT'S ONLY OVER IF YOU GIVE UP!
I'm a great person with 2 wonderful sons. I'm grateful they are both healthy and happy.I love having fun and enjoying life and feel like I am in that space to meet that special someone to enjoy the rest of my life with but of course right now I'd like to enjoy some conversation and see how it goes. I like to be happy and walk alot! Other then that if you have any questions you know what to do.
Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Gardening/Landscaping , Movies/Videos , Exploring new areas , Travel/Sightseeing
Aerobics, Walking / Hiking, Yoga
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
Middle of the Road
I havnt traveled to far but I do love nature and enjoying the outside more in the warmer weather. I like meeting new people I also like to just chill at home with online games on fb watch movies and read a good book.
Beal College, Bangor, ME
My favorite food isnt to hard. I do enjoy trying new foods. Of course within reason. I do have some exceptions lol
My free time is usually well balance with my kids, friends, and family. I'm definitely in that space to begin and settle down with a special someone.
I read mostly mystery type horror novels. I like reading the republican journal. scientific american mind is one of my favorite magazines.
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|What she is looking for
|5'7" (170cms)
|5'7" (170cms) to 6'0" (182cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|About average
|Black, Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
|Dark brown
|Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Dark blonde
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
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|Never Married
|Never Married
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they live at home (2)
|Yes, and they live away from home
|Wants kids:
|Not sure
|Someday, Not sure
|White / Caucasian
|Black / African descent, White / Caucasian
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Some college
|Some college
I went for a double major at Beal College. I have 2 associate degrees.


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'Twilight' star Kellan Lutz showers girlfriend Sharni Vinson with kisses and hugs as the two say goodbye in Santa Monica, Calif., on Nov. 13.
Not only does Eva Longoria have a killer bod, but she wants to be exactly like George Clooney. …
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Work it, girl.
Mariah Carey, her boobs and her new beau James Packer, aka the fourth richest man in Australia, took their love to Ibiza, Spain where they gallivanted on a yacht with her kids.


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I have two submit buttons in my form. One button for publishing the article immediately and one button for saving the article as a draft. How can I manage through PHP, not JavaScript, to detect which one that was pressed by the user when submitting the form? Appreciate any thoughts.
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Recipe by Buitoni®
"Garlicky pesto and rich sun-dried tomatoes make this tortellini irresistible. This is an easy dish for a picnic or potluck. A salad and loaf of bread will complete this meal."
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1 pound
BUITONI® Three Cheese Tortellini
1/2 cup
BUITONI® Family Size Pesto Sauce
1/4 cup
sun-dried tomatoes, drained and chopped
1/2 bunch
basil, chopped
1/2 cup
grated Parmesan cheese
This is a great recipe; it is fast and tastes wonderful. Everyone who tries it wants the recipe. The last time I made it I added artichoke hearts.
I'm sorry, but I just didn't care for this recipe. I admit, I screwed up a little in adding 9 oz of pasta instead of a pound, and that may have had a lot to do with it. But it was dry, slightly grainy, and while the flavor was good, it looked very unappealing.
13 Ratings
Quick to prepare. My husband liked this better than I did. I think it would help to added sliced black olives and toasted pine nuts. I will make this again but try it with those additions and serve it cold. I served it warm with garlic toast.
I absolutely love this recipe! I often cook for a large number of people and this is a great easy dish that can be served hot or cold and travels well for picnics. I usually add spicey italian sausage, mushrooms and olives and some fresh pine nuts for added flavor.
I loved this recipe. It's extremely quick to prepare, and tastes great. I'd recommend substituting a few diced plum tomatoes for the sun-dried tomatoes.
Delicious! I used one fresh tomatoe instead of the sun-dried and three-cheese tortellini. Served as the main and only dish and it made a perfect light supper!
This is a great quick and easy make ahead dish. Recipe is easily doubled to feed a large party. I omit the fresh basil and double the sun dried tomatoes. A keeper in my house and usually one of the first dishes to go at a potluck!
Excellent recipe!!! Especially good with a Sauvignon Blanc.
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Tortellini with Pesto and Sun-dried Tomatoes
Serving Size: 1/4 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 4
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 539
Calories from Fat: 215
Something about the grill's heat brings out the best flavor in the simplest chicken recipe.
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Psychological distress in French college students: demographic, economic and social stressors. Results from the 2010 National Health Barometer
1 Institut National de Prévention et d'Education pour la Santé, 42 Bd de la Libération, Saint-Denis, Cedex 93203, France
2 Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
3 EA 4386 - Laboratoire Parisien de Psychologie Sociale (LAPPS), Université Paris Ouest Nanterre-La Défense, Nanterre, France
4 Aspytude, 20 cours Vitton, Lyon 69006, France
5 INED, 133 boulevard Davout, Cedex 20 75980, Paris
6 Département Epidemiologie et Biostatistiques EHESP, EA4069 Université Paris Descartes SPC, Avenue du Professeur Léon-Bernard CS 74312, Rennes 35043, Paris
7 Cermes3 - Equipe Cesames (Centre de recherche Médecine, Sciences, Santé, Santé mentale, Société, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité/CNRS UMR 8211/Inserm U988/EHESS), Paris, France
BMC Public Health 2014, 14:256 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-256Published: 17 March 2014
Psychological distress (PD) in students is under-investigated, since its prevalence can be high in certain subgroups of students and it has been seen to be associated with other mental health issues and academic achievement. In a sample of French college students, this study investigated factors associated with PD, and looked more closely at the impact of social and interpersonal variables.
Data were extracted from the 2010 French "National Health Barometer". 946 students were interviewed. Mental health was assessed using the MH-5 five-item scale.
The PD rate in this sample was 13.8% (7.2% in males, 19.5% in females). Low income, nonsexual assault in the last 12 months, studying law and low social participation were associated with PD in multivariate analyses.
French students show specific characteristics that are discussed in order to explain the relatively low rate of PD observed. The impact of loneliness and social isolation are a major focus for preventive policies based on community resources and early detection of the symptoms of PD.


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Aliases for CYP2R1 Gene
Aliases for CYP2R1 Gene
External Ids for CYP2R1 Gene
- Entrez Gene: 120227
- Ensembl: ENSG00000186104
- UniProtKB: Q6VVX0
Summaries for CYP2R1 Gene
This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. This enzyme is a microsomal vitamin D hydroxylase that converts vitamin D into the active ligand for the vitamin D receptor. A mutation in this gene has been associated with selective 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
GeneCards Summary for CYP2R1 Gene
CYP2R1 (Cytochrome P450, Family 2, Subfamily R, Polypeptide 1) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with CYP2R1 include rickets due to defect in vitamin d 25-hydroxylation and hypocalcemic vitamin d-dependent rickets. Among its related pathways are Metabolism and Metabolism. GO annotations related to this gene include electron carrier activity and heme binding. An important paralog of this gene is CYP2C19.
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for CYP2R1 Gene
Has a D-25-hydroxylase activity on both forms of vitamin D, vitamin D(2) and D(3).


text: DJ Falcon + Thomas Bangalter Together (Le Castle Vania + Computer Club's Summer Bootleg Mix) by Le Castle Vania published on 2011/04/20 16:34:26 +0000 Here's a little bootleg mix me and Computer Club (ComputerClub) put together just for fun. We went for a Summer time festival / beach party sort of vibe on this one just to do something a little different... any way we are giving it away for FREE here so enjoy! Check out www.lecastlevania.com www.facebook.com/lecastlevania www.twitter.com/lecastlevania www.myspace.com/castlevaniadisco


text:
Originally written on NY Rangers Blog | Last updated 2/21/12
The New York Rangers (38-14-5) visit the Pittsburgh Penguins (33-21-5) at the Consol Energy Center starting at 7:00 p.m. For a preview go to Yahoo! Sports. Rangers Game Notes TV: MSG; Radio: ESPN Radio 1050AM, XM 213Live Stream (Don't click on ads in stream, may download virus):http://www.firstrowsports.eu/watch/108799/1/watch-new-york-rangers-vs-columbus-blue-jackets.htmlProbable Lines:Anisimov-Stepan-GaborikHagelin-Richards-CallahanDubinsky-Boyle-PrustRupp-Mitchell-FedotenkoMcDonagh-GirardiDel Zotto-StralmanStaal-EmingerGoaltenders: Henrik Lundqvist - 28-11-4, 1.78 gaa, .940 sv%, 7 so. Marc-Andre Fleury - 30-14-3, 2.41 gaa, .909 sv%, 2 so Opponent Notes:- The Penguins are winless against the Rangers at the Consol Energy Center (4-0-0).For more game notes click the "Read More" tab below.- Evgeni Malkin has 17g, 11a in his last 20 games.- Marc-Andre Fleury has 3.20 gaa in his last 11 appareances des...
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