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Activation of the alternative pathway of complement plays a critical role in the development of allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation in mice. Endogenous factor H, a potent inhibitor of the alternative pathway, is increased in the airways of sensitized and challenged mice, but its role in regulating inflammation or AHR has been unknown. We found that blocking the tissue-binding function of factor H with a competitive antagonist increased complement activation and tissue inflammation after allergen challenge of sensitized mice. Conversely, administration of a fusion protein that contains the iC3b/C3d binding region of complement receptor 2 (CR2) linked to the inhibitory region of factor H (CR2-fH), a molecule directly targeting complement activating surfaces, protected mice in both primary and secondary challenge models of AHR and lung inflammation. Thus, although endogenous factor H does play a role in limiting the development of AHR, strategies to deliver the complement regulatory region of factor H specifically to the site of inflammation provide greater protection than that afforded by endogenous regulators. Such an agent may be an effective therapy for the treatment of asthma.
Asthma is the most common chronic respiratory disease in westernized countries. Because of the increasing prevalence, severity, and morbidity in asthma, particularly among certain ethnic groups, numerous studies have been carried out to address the underlying mechanisms of the disease and to identify potential therapeutic targets. To date, the most widely accepted mechanistic theory is that asthma is a Th2-type cell-mediated airway inflammatory disease (1). However, despite aggressive targeting of the Th2 pathway, only limited successful trials with Th2 modulators have been reported (2). Indeed, few new asthma drugs have been successfully introduced into the clinic, and corticosteroids remain the treatment of choice.
Several studies of asthma pathogenesis have focused on the role of the complement system in the induction of the allergic inflammatory response and propagation of the disease (3–6). Our previous studies have shown that mice treated with the mouse complement-inhibitory protein Crry-Ig developed decreased levels of AHR and allergic airway inflammation than control mice (6). Subsequently, we demonstrated that mice genetically-deficient in factor B (fB), an essential molecule for the activation of the alternative pathway, were protected from the development of AHR and allergic airway inflammation (3). However, mice deficient in C4, a protein that is required for classical pathway activation, were not protected in this model. These studies suggested that complement was activated via the alternative pathway during the development of allergen-induced airway inflammation. However, the mechanisms by which the alternative pathway was activated have not yet been determined.
The alternative pathway regulatory protein factor H (fH) is the most important soluble regulator for the alternative pathway initiation and amplification system. Factor H is abundant in plasma and is capable through its N-terminal domain of binding to C3b, of accelerating the decay of the alternative pathway C3-convertase (C3bBb) and acting as a cofactor for the factor I-mediated proteolytic cleavage and inactivation of C3b (7). As a result of these activities, fH regulates complement activation and amplification through the alternative pathway and is critical to the homeostatic regulation of the alternative pathway in the fluid phase (8). Moreover, several regions within the protein outside of the N-terminal alternative pathway regulatory domain mediate binding to ligands present on host tissues, consisting primarily of polyanions in combination with covalently fixed C3 activation fragments C3b and C3d, preventing autologous injury by the alternative pathway on self tissues (7).
One of the important characteristics of fH is its ability to limit inflammation in host tissues to which it binds while permitting complement activation on several types of pathogens that are not recognized by fH (9). The importance of the recognition of host by fH is evident in patients with mutations in the C-terminal regions of fH that bind to host ligands. These patients appear to regulate the alternative pathway in the fluid phase but are predisposed by the lack of tissue binding in certain diseases including atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome and other thrombotic microangiopathies (10).
Pathologic alternative pathway activation contributes to several inflammatory diseases even in the presence of fully functional membrane-bound regulatory proteins and fH, highlighting the limitations of one or more of these proteins in some tissues and disease states (3, 11–13). The central role of the alternative pathway in asthma models suggests that fH, a regulator specific to this pathway, has a limited ability to regulate the alternative pathway within the lung after allergen sensitization and challenge. A greater understanding of the mechanisms by which the alternative pathway is activated and by which endogenous fH is bypassed or overwhelmed may permit the development of effective new therapies.
The goals of the studies reported here were to examine the role of endogenous fH in the prevention or attenuation of experimental asthma, and to test strategies to overcome these limitations. To approach this, we used a recombinant protein that blocks the binding of fH to tissue surfaces, and another recombinant protein that links the alternative pathway regulatory region of fH to the iC3b/C3d binding region of CR2. This latter protein was developed based upon the premise that the CR2 moiety would specifically direct the regulatory protein to sites of complement activation where iC3b/C3d was bound (14). These studies utilized a secondary ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic airway inflammation model of asthma. In the former, effects on development of lung allergic responses were assessed. In the secondary allergen challenge model, allergic airway inflammation was first established and allowed to resolve before secondary challenge. This model may be particularly relevant to the clinical setting, as patients typically have established disease at the time of treatment. Consequently, a complement inhibitory agent that is effective at preventing and/or attenuating disease in this model could provide a promising addition to the therapeutic options for treating patients with severe asthma.
Female C57Bl/6 (wild-type, WT) mice from 6–8 weeks of age were obtained from Harlan (Indianapolis, IN). The animals were maintained on an OVA-free diet. Experiments were conducted under a protocol approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of National Jewish Health.
In the primary allergen challenge protocol, mice were sensitized by intraperitoneal (ip) injection of 20 µg of OVA (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA) or short ragweed (Rw) (Greer Laboratories, Lenoir, NC) emulsified in 2.0 mg alum (AlumImuject: Pierce, Rockford, IL) in a total volume of 100 µl on days 1 and 14. Mice were challenged via the airways with OVA or Rw (1% in saline) for 20 minutes on days 28, 29, and 30 using an ultrasonic nebulizer (model NE-07, Omron Healthcare, Vernon Hills, IL) (OVA/OVA or Rw/Rw). The control mice were sensitized with PBS followed by OVA or Rw challenge in the same way (PBS/OVA or PBS/Rw). In the secondary allergen challenge protocol, mice were sensitized with 10 µg of OVA with alum on days 1 and 7 followed by 0.2% OVA challenge on days 14–16 (primary allergen challenge). Fourteen days after the last primary allergen challenge, during which time mice were not treated, mice were challenged again with a single, provocative aerosolized dose of 1% OVA for 20 minutes (secondary allergen challenge) (OVA/OVA/OVA). As controls, mice were not sensitized but received primary and secondary allergen challenge (PBA/OVA/OVA) or were sensitized and primary challenged but were not exposed to secondary challenge (OVA/OVA/PBS) In all groups, assays were carried out 48 hours after the last allergen challenge.
CR2-Crry and CR2-fH were prepared as previously described (14, 15). In the primary model, sensitized mice were treated with 250 µg of CR2-Crry or CR2-fH by intraperitoneal injection on days 28–30, 2 hours prior to each airway challenge with OVA. In the secondary allergen challenge protocol, mice received a treatment on days 32 and 33; 2 hours prior to and 24 hours after secondary allergen challenge. PBS or CR2 alone (125 µg/mouse) were administered as controls.
In order to block complement inhibition by endogenous fH on host cells, a recombinant fragment of mouse fH, encompassing the 19th and 20th SCRs of the protein (rH 19-20) was generated. Briefly, a cDNA fragment containing murine fH SCRs 19-20 was cloned into plasmid pUC57 (GenScript Co., Piscataway, NJ). This DNA fragment was subcloned into the Pichia pastoris expression vector pPICZ A (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) upstream from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae factor secretion sequence. The protein was expressed and deglycosylated by incubation with endoglycosidase H (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA). rH 19-20 was purified by cation exchange chromatography, dialyzed against PBS, filter-sterilized, and stored at −80°C until use. A recombinant protein derived from SCRs 3-5 of the human fH protein (referred to as rH 3-5) was generated in a similar fashion and used as a negative control, since this protein should not interfere with the binding of fH to cell surfaces. rH 19-20 or the control molecule rH 3-5 were administered at a dose of 150 µg ip 2 hours prior to the provocative allergen challenge in the secondary challenge model. Control groups received PBS as vehicle, or the mice were treated with rH 19-20 prior to the saline challenge instead of the OVA challenge.
Airway responsiveness was measured as the change in lung resistance (RL) after exposure to increased concentrations of aerosolized MCh (Sigma). Mice were anesthetized, tracheostomized, mechanically ventilated, and lung function was assessed as described previously (16). RL was continuously monitored for up to 3 minutes after aerosolized MCh exposure. Maximum values of RL were taken to express changes in airway function. Baseline values (saline) for RL were not significantly different among the groups.
Immediately after assessment of AHR, lungs were lavaged via the tracheal tube with Hank's balanced solution (HBSS, 1x1 ml, 37°C). The number of leukocytes was counted (Coulter Counter, Coulter Corporation, Hialeah, FL), and differential cell counts were performed by counting at least 200 cells on cytocentrifuged preparations in a blinded manner (Cytospin 3, Shandon Ltd., Runcorn, Cheshire, UK). Slides were stained with Wright-Giemsa and differentiated by standard hematological procedures.
Cytokine levels in the BAL fluid were measured by ELISA as previously described (35). Briefly, measurements of IFN-γ, I L-4, and IL-5 were performed using OptEIA sets (BD PharMingen, San Diego, CA). IL-13 measurements were performed using an ELISA kit (QuantikineM; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN). All followed the manufacturers' protocols. The limits of detection were 1.5 pg/ml for IL-13, 4 pg/ml for IL-4 and IL-5, and 10 pg/ml for IFN-γ.
The levels of C3a in BAL fluid were measured by ELISA as a marker of complement activation. ELISA was performed using a monoclonal antibody to mouse C3a as the capture antibody and a biotinylated monoclonal antibody to C3a for detection (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The samples were collected into 10 mM EDTA to prevent complement activation ex vivo, and they were stored at -80°C until the assay was performed. Factor H was measured in the BAL fluid by Western blot analysis. Equal volumes of BAL fluid (20 µL) were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose. Factor H was detected using a monoclonal antibody to mouse fH (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA).
After obtaining BAL fluid, the right lung was inflated with 1 ml of 10% formalin through the trachea, and fixed in formalin by immersion. Tissue blocks of lung tissue from 4–5 mice in each group were cut from around the main bronchus and embedded in paraffin blocks; 2–3 tissue sections (5-µm) per mouse were then affixed to microscope slides and deparaffinized. The slides were then stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). The slide images were captured using a microscope (BX40; Olympus America Inc., Melville, NY) equipped with a digital camera (Q-color 3; Olympus America Inc.). Goblet cell metaplasia was quantified as the number of pixels on the computer converted from PAS+ areas along the airway epithelium. The quantification was performed using NIH Image J software (version 1.38), available on the internet at http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/download.html. Four different fields per slide in 4–6 samples from each group of mice were examined in a blinded manner.
All results were expressed as the mean±standard error of the mean (SEM). ANOVA and the Tukey-Kramer multiple-means comparison test were used for comparisons between 3 or more groups. Statistical analyses using non-parametric t tests (Mann-Whitney U test) were also performed to confirm that the differences remained significant. The p values for significance were set to 0.05 for all tests with statistical software (JMP, SAS Institute, Cary, NC).
Previous work demonstrated that alternative pathway complement activation occurs within the alveolar and/or bronchial surfaces during the development of AHR (3). The inability of endogenous fH to prevent this complement activation could be due to inadequate access of the protein to this location or insufficient ability to regulate complement activation on the activating surface. To determine whether fH is present in the airways, we performed Western blot analysis on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from mice subjected to sensitization and challenge and then secondary allergen challenge or mice which were not sensitized and then exposed to primary and secondary allergen challenge (Figure 1A). Factor H was detected in the BAL fluid of sensitized and challenged mice but not in unsensitized mice. Thus, fH is present in the airways of mice that developed allergen-induced airway inflammation.
To determine whether fH is functionally protective in the airways of mice with established allergen-induced airway inflammation, a competitive antagonist of the C-terminal cell surface binding region of fH (rH 19-20; 150 µg) (15) was administered to the mice intraperitoneally, 2 hours prior to the provocative (secondary) OVA challenge. C3a levels were higher in the BAL fluid of secondary challenged mice treated with rH 19-20 compared to those that did not receive the antagonist (Figure 1B). rH 19-20 had no effect in mice that did not receive secondary allergen challenge. Treatment with rH 19-20 was also associated with an enhancement of AHR (Figure 1C) and significantly more eosinophils in the BAL fluid compared to vehicle- or control protein-treated mice (Figure 1D). Cytokine analysis revealed that both IL-5 and IL-13 levels in BAL fluid were increased following administration of rH 19-20 (Figure 1E); the levels of IFN-γ were not altered (data not shown). Histological analysis also demonstrated increased cellular infiltration into the submucosal areas of the airways and enhanced goblet cell metaplasia following rH treatment compared to control protein treatment (Figure 1F). This development of enhanced lung allergic responses that developed when endogenous fH was blocked confirmed its capacity to limit the magnitude of complement activation, and AHR and inflammation as a result of allergen sensitization and challenge.
These results also indicate that although endogenous fH limits the development of AHR and airway inflammation, the protection afforded by fH is incomplete. Given that fH is present within the airways (Figure 1A), we hypothesized that it fails to fully prevent complement activation and the development of lung allergic responses at this location due to insufficient levels or a deficiency in its interaction with the activating surfaces. To test this hypothesis, we employed a chimeric protein that links the iC3b/C3d binding region of CR2 to the complement regulatory region of fH (14). This fusion protein with a high affinity for iC3b/C3d would target fH protective functions specifically to the airways where complement is activated, increasing the local complement activating surface concentration of the complement regulatory region of fH. In parallel, we also tested another targeted complement inhibitor, CR2-Crry, that prevents activation of both the classical and the alternative pathways on tissue surfaces (15).
CR2-fH or CR2-Crry were administered to sensitized mice 2 hours prior to each of the primary OVA challenges. Unlike mice that received vehicle (PBS) alone or control protein (CR2), treatment with CR2-fH or CR2-Crry significantly prevented the development of AHR and eosinophil infiltration into the airways after allergen challenge (Figures 2A and B). In addition, treatment with CR2-fH or CR2-Crry significantly reduced production of BAL Th2-type cytokines, IL-5, and IL-13. Conversely, the levels of IFN-γ were increased (Figure 2C). Histological analyses revealed that cellular infiltration into the airway submucosal areas and goblet cell metaplasia along the airways was also reduced in mice that had received CR2-fH or CR2-Crry (Figures 2D and E).
To determine whether the effects of CR2-fH were demonstrable with another allergen besides OVA, CR2-fH was also administered to mice sensitized and challenged with Rw, the most common allergen in humans. Similar to the findings in the OVA-induced allergen challenge model, CR2-fH prevented the development of AHR and eosinophil inflammation in Rw sensitized and challenged mice (Figures 2F and G).
These results directly demonstrated that fH that is targeted to the tissues with sufficient concentration and with the proper localization can reduce the development of AHR and airway inflammation. The limitations of endogenous fH thus appear to be due to the nature of its interaction with the activating surfaces in this model. Furthermore, a recombinant form of fH that is targeted to sites of complement activation was as efficacious as a complement inhibitor (CR2-Crry) that blocked both the classical and alternative pathways.
To determine the effects of CR2-fH and CR2-Crry on established allergic airway disease, mice were systemically sensitized and challenged with OVA, rested, then exposed to a single, provocative aerosolized OVA challenge (secondary allergen challenge). Following secondary allergen challenge, mice developed AHR, demonstrated an increased number of eosinophils in the airways, and had increased levels of Th2-type cytokines in the BAL fluid. When mice were treated with CR2-fH or CR2-Crry just prior to the provocative allergen challenge, significant decreases in AHR (Figure 3A), fewer airway eosinophils (Figure 3B), and lower levels of IL-5 and IL-13 in the BAL fluid (Figure 3C) were detected. Also, as shown in the primary allergen challenge model, levels of IFN-γ were increased in mice that received either CR2-fH or CR2-Crry. In parallel, histological analyses revealed that cellular infiltration into the airway submucosal areas and goblet cell metaplasia along the airways was also reduced in mice treated with CR2-fH or CR2-Crry compared to vehicle-treated mice (Figures 3D, E, and F).
A large body of data from animal models and asthmatic patients demonstrates that the complement system is activated during the development of AHR (3, 4, 17–19). In support of a specific role for activation of the alternative pathway in the full development of altered airway function, we previously showed that therapies which specifically block this pathway prevent the development of experimental asthma (3). The mechanisms by which the alternative pathway is activated in this model have not been identified. In particular, it was unclear why fH, an effective endogenous inhibitor of the alternative pathway, did not prevent alternative pathway activation during the development of asthma. We hypothesized that the effectiveness of endogenous fH was limited, at least in part, by the nature of its interaction with activating surfaces during the development of AHR and inflammation. In the current study, we addressed this question directly by employing agents that could either enhance or block the interaction of fH with tissue surfaces.
The results demonstrated that endogenous fH did limit alternative complement pathway-mediated injury during the development of AHR, but that this protection was incomplete. We showed that fH gained access to the airways during the development of AHR, and was present in significant quantities in the BAL fluid following provocative challenge of previously sensitized and challenged mice. When the interaction of fH with tissue surfaces was blocked with rH 19-20 in mice that had established allergic airway disease, the levels of C3a in BAL fluid were significantly higher than in vehicle-treated mice, demonstrating that fH does limit complement activation on activating surfaces in the airways during the development of AHR. rH 19-20 does not block fluid phase fH function (15); therefore, enhanced C3a generation in its presence suggests that the relevant effects are due to surface activation. Mice treated with rH 19-20 also developed a greater degree of AHR, increased infiltration of the airways with eosinophils, goblet cell metaplasia along the airways, and higher levels of IL-5 and IL-13 in the BAL fluid. Treatment with rH 19-20 without allergen challenge did not have an effect on airway responses, however, indicating that fH is not functionally necessary to control airway function or inflammation in the absence of the allergic insult.
In order to test whether improved targeting of fH to activating surfaces could overcome the limitations of endogenous fH, we employed a recombinant complement inhibitor that incorporates the complement regulatory region of fH but also contains the binding region of CR2 for tissue-fixed iC3b/C3d. In this way, the inhibitory potential of fH was modulated through direct targeting to C3 activation fragments. CR2-fH has previously been shown to provide alternative-pathway specific local control of complement activation both in vitro and in vivo (14). Functionally, treatment with this agent during primary allergen challenge significantly reduced the development of AHR, the number of eosinophils in BAL fluid, and goblet cell metaplasia in the airways. Treatment with CR2-fH also decreased the levels of the Th2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 in BAL fluid. Conversely, in mice treated with CR2-fH, levels of the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ were increased. Similar inhibitory effects of CR2-fH treatment on the development of AHR and eosinophilic airway inflammation were observed in Rw sensitized and challenged mice. The overall degree of protection in mice treated with CR2-fH was equivalent to that obtained with another targeted complement inhibitor, CR2-Crry, which can control both the classical and alternative pathways. This suggests that fH, when targeted to sites of C3 cleavage, can prevent complement-mediated injury induced by allergen sensitization and challenge as effectively as a broader spectrum inhibitor that blocks both the classical and the alternative pathways.
Given the effectiveness of CR2-fH in preventing the development of AHR and airway inflammation in the primary challenge model, we also sought to determine whether this agent can be used to suppress established allergic airway inflammation induced by a single, provocative allergen challenge in mice that were previously sensitized and challenged. Similar to the findings in the primary allergen challenge model, when treated with CR2-fH at the time of provocative allergen challenge in mice with established allergic airway disease, the degree of airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine (MCh), the number of eosinophils and the levels of Th2-type cytokines in BAL fluid were significantly decreased, while IFN-γ levels in BAL fluid were increased. As with the primary model, CR2-fH was equally effective as CR2-Crry at controlling these outcomes. These results demonstrated that the CR2-fH was effective at controlling allergen-induced exacerbation of lung allergic responses.
These findings highlight three important points: 1) the limitations of endogenous fH to completely prevent alternative complement pathway-mediated injury in the primary and secondary challenge models was primarily due to deficiencies in the delivery of the molecule to the site where it can function most effectively, 2) targeted complement inhibitors can effectively prevent the full spectrum of allergen-induced changes in AHR, airway inflammation, and Th2 cytokine production, and 3) therapeutic complement inhibitors can ameliorate injury in both the primary (preventing development) and secondary (established disease) models of AHR. The iC3b/C3d binding region of CR2 has been successfully used to develop several targeted complement inhibitors (14, 20–23). These targeted inhibitors appear to work at lower concentrations than untargeted complement inhibitors and may pose a lower risk of infection (15). The efficacy of these agents in both the primary and secondary models of asthma was particularly informative establishing the role of the alternative pathway of complement activation in asthma and the potential for therapeutic intervention.
Mutations in fH have been associated with the development of several diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type 2 (10). Even in the presence of fully functional fH, however, uncontrolled alternative pathway activation contributes to several different diseases including asthma (24). The inability of endogenous fH to limit complement activation on the disparate tissues involved in these diseases may be due to the nature of the interaction of fH with the activating surfaces in these diseases. Endogenous fH contains C3b binding regions, but protection of a given surface by fH is also believed to depend upon fH interacting with other surface molecules, such as sialic acid (7–9). Thus, the relative degree of activation of the alternative pathway on a particular surface appears to be a function of the interaction between fH and the repertoire of molecules expressed by that surface. It is also possible that the failure of endogenous fH to fully prevent alternative pathway activation in these models was due to an insufficient concentration of fH within the airways. Nevertheless, the systemic administration of CR2-fH provided even greater protection from alternative pathway-mediated injury than that provided by the endogenous fH.
We describe the effectiveness of two CR2-targeted complement inhibitors in preventing the development of AHR and airway inflammation in both primary and secondary models of experimental asthma. The targeted delivery of fH was as effective in these models as the targeted delivery of Crry, indicating that the complement regulatory region of endogenous fH was capable of preventing complement-mediated injury in this disease when directed to sites of complement activation. CR2-fH may have fewer side effects than CR2-Crry since it does not block the classical pathway of complement. Nevertheless, the efficacy of both CR2-fH and CR2-Crry in these models identified the general effectiveness of using CR2 to target complement inhibitors to sites of complement activation. Future approaches could include the targeted delivery of complement regulatory proteins to specific molecular targets expressed within the lung (35). Given some of the limitations and concerns with current therapies, targeted complement inhibitory therapies hold promise in the treatment of severe asthma.
The authors thank Ms. Diana Nabighian for her help in the preparation of this manuscript.
Grant Support: This work was supported by the Sandler Program for Asthma Research and the American Asthma Foundation (to M.H.), NIH grants HL-36577, HL-61005, and AI-77609 (to E.W.G.), and DK-35081 (to M.K.P.).
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Audiology | AAC | Aural Rehabilitation | Autism Spectrum Disorders | EI/Preschool | Medical SLP | Professional Resources | Schools | Posters | Speaker Schedule Complete | Speaker Disclosures
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Changes in Fundamental Frequency over Time When Exposed to Frequency Altered Feedback
The purpose of this poster was to investigate changes in fundamental frequency over time with participants wearing a frequency altered feedback device (FAF). Speech samples were recorded with and without FAF and analyzed for changes in fundamental frequency and its standard deviation in the beginning of the sample, middle of the sample, and end of the sample. Preliminary results indicated there were no significant differences in either measure across the duration of the samples.
Lindsay Cardinali, B.A., Megan Dunn Davison, Ph.D., CCC-SLP, Elizabeth Riina, Ph.D.
Family Correlates of Language Development in Fragile Families
The importance of early language experiences for young children is well established, as is the critical role that caregivers play in providing that experience. This poster examines family characteristics of low-SES, non-married families with children with and without language impairment using a longitudinal, population-based dataset. Multiple regression analysis is used to examine associations between parenting behaviors and children's early language and literacy development. Implications for current practice are discussed.
Shannon Coleman, B.A., Robert Owens, Jr., Ph.D., CCC-SLP
Language Production and Executive Function in Preschool Children's Narratives
This poster will examine whether individual differences in executive function (EF) skills and the ability to adequately refer to characters in narrative discourse were related in a group of high risk preschool age children. Results demonstrated a significant positive correlation between EF skills and adequately referring to a story character. The strongest relationships occurred between working memory and a child's ability to adequately introduce and reintroduce a story character.
Rosie Dominguez, Jennifer Meza, B.A., Elizabeth Ijalba, Ph.D., CCC-SLP
Translanguaging Strategies Supporting Vocabulary Learning and Literacy among Triplets in a Spanish-Speaking Home
The purpose of this poster is to identify the naturally occurring Translanguaging strategies and Funds of Knowledge (TLK) used between a mother and her three children during literacy-based interactions. We then turn to the explicit teaching of translanguaging strategies and the mother's use of these strategies in supporting her children's vocabulary learning, generalization and maintenance.
Caitlin Donohue, B.A., Robin Goldenberg, M.S., Cecilia Navarra, M.A., CCC-SLP
Factors Impacting Topic Maintenance in a Child with High Functioning Autism
Situational factors impacting topic maintenance in a 12-year-old boy (R.) with high functioning autism were assessed in this poster. Results indicate that the ability to maintain discourse appears to be related to factors such as the child's familiarity with specific types of problems. This suggests that targeting problem solving in the context of play has the potential for dual benefits in that it may enhance topic maintenance while enhancing social skills, as play provides real time practice for situations that require problem solving in a non-threatening environment.
Jessica Ellis, B.S., Allison Koslowski, B.S., Michelle Rodriguez, B.S., Barbara Leader, M.A., CCC-SLP, Kate Franklin, Ph.D., CCC-SLP
EMTs and EMCs: Emergency Medical Technicians and Emergency Medical Communication - A Continuation Project
Emergency medical technicians face daily communication challenges. Patients are unable to provide critical information to first responders. Additionally, primary informants may have limited communication skills. AAC strategies are appropriate to consider for these individuals. This poster involves training EMTs/paramedics on the use of the communication board developed in an earlier project. Training focused on strategies for use of the communication board in various emergency situations. Pre-and post-training ratings assess participant knowledge and skills.
Elizabeth Ferrara, B.S., Mary Napolitano, B.A., Sima Gerber, Ph.D., CCC-SLP
Implementing Play-Based Developmental Assessments with Children Functioning in the Prelinguistic Stages of Development
Developmental language assessments are viable in assessing nonverbal children functioning at early developmental stages. These assessments reflect children's 'true' developmental levels, leading to effective intervention. Notions of the relationship between ideas, symbolic representation, and language in play led to implementation of a play-based developmental language assessment with a non-verbal client with autism spectrum disorder using Linder's (1993) Transdisciplinary Play-based Assessment. This poster demonstrates the benefits of evaluating non-linguistic domains in children within prelinguistic developmental stages.
Lina Fox, B.S., Monica McHenry, Ph.D., CCC-SLP
The Potential for Animal-Assisted Therapy in Speech-Language Pathology
Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) has been receiving growing attention as a possible intervention strategy for children and adults. It is of interest to speech-language pathologists in particular, as it has notable potential to increase communication skills. This poster will provide guidelines for assessing the present research, an explanation of terminology, a delineation of the possible benefits indicated for different populations, as well as the steps and considerations involved in implementing AAT.
Jennifer Garcia, B.S., George Pagano, M.S., CCC-SLP
Graduate Student Clinicians' Self- Rating of Preparedness in School-based Externships
This poster describes graduate student clinicians' self-rating of preparedness for school placement/student teaching externship. The positive components as well as perceived areas of improvement in their graduate-level preparation were examined. The results of the study have implications for speech-language pathology graduate clinical preparation programs.
Shameeka Harris, A.A., Joann Hua, B.A., Akiko Fuse, Ph.D.
New York City Commuters on Noise Induced Hearing Loss Awareness and Precautions Taken to Protect Hearing Health
A study on New York City (NYC) commuters and their awareness of Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) and the precautions they take in protecting their hearing was conducted. The purpose of this poster is to examine the commuters' (students and the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) employees, N=70) attitude toward NYC Subway noise and how they cope with the noise during their commutes.
Jasmine Jenkins, B.A., Linda Milosky, Ph.D., Tanya Eckert, Ph.D., Kimberly Lamparelli, M.A., CCC-SLP, Erin Holdridge, M.A., CCC-SLP
Evaluating the Efficacy of Dialogic Reading Strategies in Increasing the Vocabulary of a Preschooler with Expressive/Receptive Language Disorder
The preschool years are foundational for building language and literacy skills in young children. Hart and Risley (1995) found that a lack of exposure to vocabulary resulted in low-income children lagging behind their higher income peers, a gap that had only widened when these children were reassessed in the third grade. A multiple baseline design examined the effectiveness of dialogic reading as a vocabulary intervention for nouns, verbs, and attributes in a 4-year-old male, Matthew Jones with mixed receptive/expressive language disorder from a low-income background. During the intervention phases, Matthew showed an increase each week in his ability to label targeted vocabulary words across all categories (e.g. nouns, verbs, and adjectives). Matthew was also assessed at the end of the semester on his ability to label all of the vocabulary targeted in his single subject design sessions, and he was able to do so with 58.3% accuracy. At the beginning of the study, Matthew labeled these words with 0% accuracy.
Suzanne Johnston, M.A., CCC-SLP, Whitney Atwood, B.S., Bridget Miskell, B.S., Jaide Edwards, B.S., Heather Coles, M.A., CCC-SLP
AphasiaScriptsTM: A Tool for Teaching, Reaching, and Learning in a University
This poster will describe the broad utility and benefits of the AphasiaScriptsTM software program in treatment with individuals with brain injury as well as its varied application as a teaching tool for students, and its use as an efficient and effective service delivery model in the context of a graduate student clinical training program.
Michelle Krasko, B.A., Yelena Norkina, B.A., Jocelyn McLoughlin, B.A, George Pagano, M.S., CCC-SLP
Implementation of Common Core State Standards by Speech-language Pathologists in Urban School Settings
Speech-language pathologists have unique training and skills that contribute to the development of student's language and literacy skills. With the recent implementation of the national Common Core State Standards, school-based SLP's have been urged to incorporate these standards into their practice. Possible applications include aligning and developing goals based on grade level standards and collaborating with teachers in order for students to access the general education curriculum. This poster describes a study that assessed the understanding and implementation of the Common Core State Standards by speech-language pathologists in urban public school settings.
Kirsten Ley, B.S., Chernelle Patrice, B.S., Jenny Huynh, B.S., Barbara Leader, M.A., CCC-SLP
Health Literacy: Do SLPs Know What They Need to Know?
Health literacy reflects "the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions." (Healthy People 2010) The National Institutes of Health specifically includes "assessments for allied professional programs, such as …speech-language pathology" as areas commonly associated with health literacy [www.nih.gov]. This poster will report results of a survey of speech-language pathologists to ascertain working knowledge of concepts of health literacy and application of these concepts to professional practice.
Carly Maldonado, B.S., Dr. Karen A. Doherty, Ph.D.
Early Age-related Changes in High Frequency Hearing Thresholds, Hearing Handicap, and Motivation to Take Action
This poster evaluated factors related to the early stages of age-related hearing loss in adults who reported having difficulty hearing in some situations, but did not know if they had a hearing loss. Differences in hearing handicap, high frequency hearing thresholds, motivation to take action, and attitudes towards hearing loss and hearing aids were assessed as a function of these adults' hearing thresholds, which ranged from normal hearing to a mild to moderate hearing loss.
Kerry McNamara, Andrew Mancini, Jessica Kisenwether, Ph.D., CCC-SLP
A Survey of Singers' Knowledge of Vocal Anatomy and Physiology
This poster will examine the knowledge of singers in the areas of vocal anatomy and physiology. Approximately one hundred students enrolled in a voice concentration program completed the survey. Results indicated that although singers demonstrated basic knowledge, continued education is necessary to ensure safe vocal practices.
Meaghan Paul, B.A., Giovanna Restrepo, M.S., Monica DaSilva, B.A., Daniella DeVita, B.A., George Pagano, M.S., CCC-SLP
The Use of Piagetian Tasks by Graduate Clinicians in Assessing the Cognitive-Linguistic Abilities of Monolingual Spanish Clients
This poster describes the use of Piagetian tasks by graduate student clinicians while engaged in an academic and clinical international program in Manizales, Colombia. The graduate students performed diagnostic evaluations on monolingual Spanish children in various school settings. The students and supervisors developed a diagnostic protocol that incorporated Piagetian tasks to assess the child's current level of cognitive-linguistic functioning. The development of these tasks not only was important for training graduate students how to measure monolingual Spanish children's language functioning, cognitive flexibility, and cognitive potential, but also had a profound effect on the graduate students' clinical mindset.
Erin Pikowski, B.A., Megan Leece, M.A., CCC-SLP, Linda Milosky, Ph.D., Tanya Eckert, Ph.D.
Evaluating the Efficacy of Simultaneous Acquisition of Phonemes and Motor Learning Principles in Treating Developmental Articulation Disorder
"Inconsistent progress" and "regression" are two terms often used to describe the treatment of developmental articulation disorder, especially treatment of rhotic phonemes. A multiple baseline design examined the effectiveness of simultaneous acquisition incorporating motor learning principles for initial /s/, initial /r/, and final /?/ in a 5-year-old male with developmental articulation disorder. During intervention phases, the client increased production accuracy for all three phonemes in phonetically-loaded carrier phrases.
Giovanna Restrepo, M.S., Daniella Devita, B.A., Monica DaSilva, B.A., Meaghan Paul, B.A., George Pagano, M.S., CCC-SLP
The Evolution of Graduate Students' Clinical Perspective, Post International Study Abroad Experiences
This poster describes the evolution of graduate students in their clinical knowledge and attitudes before and after participating in an international clinical rotation. Students from Long Island University (LIU) -Brooklyn partook in a month-long international clinical experience during which they evaluated and/or treated individuals with various speech and language deficits. The graduate students also had the opportunity to observe and collaborate with professionals currently working in the respective sites of travel. Student evaluations measured clinician's thinking, service delivery and approach when working with clients with communication disorders.
Kelly Schafer, B.A., Kimberly Lamparelli, M.S., CCC-SLP, Linda Milosky, Ph.D., Megan Leece, M.A., CCC-SLP, Tanya Eckert, Ph.D.
Targeting Conversational Abilities with the Power Card Strategy
This poster examined the effectiveness of the Power Card Strategy for targeting conversational skills in an 11-year-old male with autism. According to Gagnon (2001), this intervention motivates children to increase desired behaviors based on their high level of interest in the characters/activities that the cards describe. Percentage of non-overlapping data points (Scruggs, Mastropieri & Casto, 1987) demonstrates this intervention was highly effective for making eye contact and asking questions and minimally effective for adding comments.
Lisa Velella, M.A., CCC-SLP, Michelle Hesari, B.A., Cali Scott, B.A.
The Role Pediatricians Play in Early Detection and Intervention of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Many children are not receiving an ASD diagnosis within the appropriate timeframe despite early indicators/symptoms. Thus, the question comes to mind who is screening and making appropriate referrals for Autism Spectrum Disorders and what is the knowledge base of those individuals? This poster seeks to identify the main indicators used by pediatricians to determine if a child is exhibiting characteristics suggestive of Autism Spectrum Disorder.


text:
|ISSN 1088-6826(online) ISSN 0002-9939(print)
On the barycenter of the tent map
Abstract | References | Similar Articles | Additional Information
Abstract: It is well known that the average position or barycenter of generic orbits for the standard tent map is . Periodic orbits are exceptional orbits in the sense that most of them have barycenters different from . In this paper we prove that for any positive integer , there exist distinct periodic orbits for the standard tent map with the same barycenter. We also provide some patterns of periodic orbits with the same barycenter.
Retrieve articles in Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society with MSC (2010): 37E05, 37E45
Retrieve articles in all journals with MSC (2010): 37E05, 37E45
Additional Information


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- LoriPori
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After touring all afternoon in Amish Country, it started to rain a bit, so we thought we would carry on a little further and head towards home. We stopped in Mansfield Ohio as there was a lot of motels to choose from with plenty of restaurants close by. We decided on the TRAVELODGE IN MANSFIELD OHIO as they had nice rooms and gave us a good Senior's rate of $45.00. The room included a minifridge and microwave, 2 double beds, coffee maker in room and lobby, and free continental breakfast in the morning.
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Town Turtle #1430
Ken® doll looked especially handsome in his mod Edwardian style suit. A soft white, long sleeved Nehru shirt was paired with a handsome pair of blue mini-checked slacks with zipper. The unlined double-breasted blue jacket featured wide lapels and pocket tabs. Blue knit socks and black loafers completed the set.
All images and descriptions courtesy of Collector Books, publisher of "Barbie Fashion: Volume 1" and "Barbie Fashion: Volume 2" by Sarah Sink Eames
Production doll may vary from the photo shown above. Mattel reserves the right to modify the fashion/fabrics, sculpt, hair color/style, and accessories. Doll cannot stand alone as shown.


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The Global FlyFisher - The Largest and Best Place to go for Online Fly Fishing and Fly Tying
This was a glorious day, the sun was out, we had our lunch outside, and in the afternoon I got into some Grayling - I measured them against my rod handle and they were al longer than that. My rod handle is 12.5" so the Grayling were 13" - 13.5". Caught on pink Czech nymph, clipped coachman and Iron blue dry.
Submitted by: Neil Nice
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|Exposure time
|1/100 s
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|Date and time of original
|2006-01-29 14:34


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Last year I decided I wanted to knit a massive scarf, with a ton of different colorwork motifs, using scraps and leftovers from all the sock yarns I have used over the years. 69 more words
Tags » Wendy Johnson
The Medic of Eden Parish
In The Sacrament (2013), Wendy Johnson, 41 (Donna Biscoe) is not only the resident medical staff member but also a devoted member of Eden Parish. 23 more words
My first pair of socks
I have knitted (and finished!) my first pair of socks. Yay!! The pattern was taken from Wendy Johnson's Socks from the Toe up.
If you are interested in knitting socks have a look at… 66 more words


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Diypower - Diy Power System - Ebook
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text:
Corey Hill making a comeback
MMA gear now available at the UG Store
tags: Corey Hill (detail)
Recent Comments »
11/1/09 6:26 PM by K-Dub-"T"
In the article, he says he does... I cringed reading that.
11/1/09 5:44 PM by macdawg
He really should listen to the doctors, that said I find this a fascinating story and I am pulling for him.
11/1/09 2:15 PM by TapouT24
11/1/09 1:41 PM by obi1
yeah i agree, he needs to put some size on his frame.. I think he could be really solid at ww. I wish him the best, very solid prospect hopefully he can rebound and figh at a proper weight class
11/1/09 12:43 PM by Truemanc3
Give it a year and that part of his leg will be tougher than before.... breaks heal alot stronger, bone remodeling and all that.
11/1/09 12:39 PM by urijahblupit
i hope he goes up to at least welterweight he was freakishly skinny for lightweight
11/1/09 12:32 PM by The Sultan
Hopefully it works out for him.
11/1/09 12:29 PM by Sniffy
Stuck at home, this is my zone!
11/1/09 12:17 PM by Chomas
it's pity party
11/1/09 12:08 PM by Putin
at first i was like ;[but then, i lol'd


text:
LSI MegaRAID 9280-24i4e RAID Controller w/ 24 Crucial RealSSD C300s Review - Benchmarks - PassmarkPutting our 24 Crucial RealSSD C300s to good use once again, Chris fires them up off LSI's SSD optimized 9280-24i4e RAID controller.
Passmark Advanced Multi-User Tests
Version and / or Patch Used: 6.1
Developer Homepage: http://www. passmark.com
Test Homepage: http://www.passmark.com
Many users complain that I/O Meter is too complicated of a benchmark to replicate results so my quest to find an alternative was started. Passmark has added several multi-user tests that measure a hard drives ability to operate in a multi-user environment.
The tests use different settings to mimic basic multi-user operations as they would play out on your server. Variances is read / write percentage as well as random / sequential reads are common in certain applications, Web Servers read nearly 100% of the time while Database Servers write a small amount of data.
The Workstation test is the only single user environment and will be similar to how you use your system at home.
The LSI MegaRAID 9280-24i4e is designed for tasks like what we are looking at in these tests. Here we see the controller putting up some respectable numbers.
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- Page 1 [Introduction, Specifications, Pricing and Availability]
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Sing for the Moment - WwW.4-FuN.iRFile QR Code
Mindful Living With Aspergers Syndrome - Everyday Mindfulness Practices to Help You Tune in to the Present Moment.pdf
by: Lael S.


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June 29,2015
Visitors can watch Cincinnati Art Museum conservator restore bronze sculpture, starting July 7 (Cincinnati Art Museum Press Release, June 25, 2015)
June 03,2015
Cincinnati Art Museum Summer Update (Cincinnati Art Museum Press Release, June 3, 2015)
June 01,2015
Cincinnati Art Museum announces new permanent gallery: The Nancy and David Wolf Gallery (Cincinnati Art Museum Press Release, June 1, 2015)
May 11,2015
Northern Baroque Splendor showcases rare collection of 17th century Dutch and Flemish art (Cincinnati Art Museum Press Release, May 11, 2015)
April 02,2015
Human-Altered Landscapes explores environmental changes through photography (Cincinnati Art Museum Press Release, April 2, 2015)
April 02,2015
Early opening for Cincinnati Art Museum new exhibition, Up at Bat: Warhol and Baseball (Cincinnati Art Museum Press Release, April 2, 2015)
June 11, 2013 to August 25, 2013
Cincinnati entrepreneur Powel Crosley (1886–1961) held the democratic vision of creating products affordable to the masses. He is well remembered for his inexpensive and well-engineered radios and appliances, the establishment of the WLW radio station, and his one-time ownership of the Cincinnati Reds baseball team. At the age of 12, he created his first working automobile, and his dream to manufacture affordable and reliable cars was born. He launched his first commercially-available automobile at the New York World's Fair in 1939. The small three-seater—America's first compact car—retailed for about $350. After World War II, Crosley developed several different models, all "designed to sell cheaply like Crosley radios and refrigerators and run economically like the Cincinnati Reds."
The Super Sport was introduced in February 1950 at the New York Sportsman's Show with leopard skin seats. It went into production (without the leopard skin) a month later. It was envisioned as the super edition of Crosley's Hot Shot, America's first mass-produced sports car, introduced in 1949. The loping lines of the Hot Shot and the Super Sport's bodies are identical. The most obvious difference between the two cars is that the Super Sport includes hinged doors, whereas the Hot Shot is door-less. Despite its stream-lined, race car-inspired looks and economical approach, the Super Sport did not find favor with post-war consumers who gravitated toward the hulking, gas guzzling models that became the American classics of the 1950s. Crosley was too far ahead of his time.
Lent by Doug Doty, L8.2013


text:
I'm happy to report that the husky was perfectly fine a couple days later.
That's not even next level, that's a few levels away.
His return on investment was outstanding considering the entertainment valu...
Bad Driving
How can you possibly do this
dont drive after knee surgery
i don't know what was going through his mind
Maybe just go through the gate next time
That's just not smart.
It wasn't a bad driving test.
So the buzzing noise wasn't a bad hard drive. Hooray!
To bad a guy drives this thing.
Last one, I promise. Just wanted to show the path he took. Right between th...
Another angle.
The day after, when all the debris was cleared out. Yep, I could definitely...
So, I'm out drinking with buddies when my roommate calls me. "There's a car...
Inside view
Just bad..
Can we drive?
Never let your gf drive


text:
OOC: @AmericanTreeFrog
Gaius shrugged and continued to lead us down the sandy path. The scenery didn't change so I could only assume that it would be another water Pokemon. I shook my head and looked around me. Sand was everywhere. The pond was behind us and sand lay before us. Trees towered shot into the sky and the sun beet down on us.
I almost jumped out of my skin when Gaius spoke.
"There is a Squirtle over." He pointed out where an orange shell stuck out of the sand. "You can try to catch it if you want."
I thought about it for a moment before shaking my head no. "Nah. I'm not that big on water Pokemon. Lets keep moving. Besides, I can always buy a doll if it decides to be a P.A.B."


text:
Nai Harn Beach Shopping
Where to Shop & What to Buy in Nai Harn Beach
Nai Harn is not Phuket's best shopping destination – its beach, verdant hills and tranquility are its main assets and the area has more of a residential feel to it than other West Coast destinations.
However, shopping for groceries in Nai Harn has become a lot easier lately with the opening of several 7-Elevens and if you're after souvenirs there are several shops selling original paintings and others knick-knacks. For tourist items like Asian art and wood carvings, check out Asian Collections Shop. Nearby the beach, you will find a few shops offering beachwear and beach accessories.
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","LongArea":"Mai Khao","rating":"5.0","guest_rating":"4.7","image_url":"http:\/\/hotels.com\/hotels\/4000000\/3510000\/3500300\/3500262\/3500262_123_b.jpg","currency":"THB","price":"3796.70","tax_inclusive":"0","longitude":"98.298266","latitude":"8.155948","hc_url":"http:\/\/www.hotels.com\/ho344194","promo":"","url":"http:\/\/www.asiawebdirect.com\/thailand\/phuket\/mai-khao\/renaissance-phuket-resort-and-spa\/","distance_metres":null},{"name":"Centara Grand Beach Resort Phuket","id":"375478","hotel_id":"60296","description":"Nestled on the beach, this Karon resort is within 1 mi (2 km) of Karon Market, Karon Beach, and Karon Temple. Simon Cabaret and Dino Park Mini Golf are also within 3 mi (5 km). 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","LongArea":"Karon","rating":"4.5","guest_rating":"4.3","image_url":"http:\/\/hotels.com\/hotels\/2000000\/1170000\/1161300\/1161237\/1161237_274_b.jpg","currency":"THB","price":"2998.27","tax_inclusive":"0","longitude":"98.293634","latitude":"7.846341","hc_url":"http:\/\/www.hotels.com\/ho246215","promo":"","url":"http:\/\/www.asiawebdirect.com\/thailand\/phuket\/karon-beach\/moevenpick-resort-and-spa-karon-beach-phuket\/","distance_metres":null},{"name":"Holiday Inn Resort Phuket","id":"134398","hotel_id":"62","description":"This family-friendly Patong resort is located by the sea, within a 15-minute walk of Bangla Night Street and Patong Beach. Jungceylon Shopping Center and Bazaan Fresh Market are also within 1 mi (2 km). 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","LongArea":"Choeng Thale","rating":"5.0","guest_rating":"4.7","image_url":"http:\/\/hotels.com\/hotels\/2000000\/1280000\/1277100\/1277096\/1277096_135_b.jpg","currency":"THB","price":"9619.71","tax_inclusive":"0","longitude":"98.301485","latitude":"8.022981","hc_url":"http:\/\/www.hotels.com\/ho233875","promo":"","url":"http:\/\/www.asiawebdirect.com\/thailand\/phuket\/bang-tao\/the-pavilions-phuket\/","distance_metres":null},{"name":"Sri Panwa Phuket","id":"248364","hotel_id":"3868","description":"This beachfront Phuket villa is situated on 32 lush acres on top of Cape Panwa, with panoramic views of the Andaman Sea. Guests can sail to 8 islands in the Phuket peninsula within 40 minutes. 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Asian Collections
This is quite a unique shop offering a good range of artifacts and furniture from Thailand and nearby countries, Asian Collections is owned and run by Ammarit Limsuepchua who is a painter specialising in Thai painting (similar to the images one might find in Thai temples). Some of the most interesting items include Chinese-style cabinets, Thai classical paintings, Buddha images, lamps, wooden dolls and bracelets.
- Opening Hours: Daily from 09:00 – 22:00
- Location: On Sai Yuan Road at the three-way junction in central Nai Harn village
- Tel: +66 (0) 83 5221385
Baan Batik
Like many of the artists who have gravitated to Rawai, Apinan Tovankasame is originally not from Phuket. He's from Bangkok but has absolutely no plans to go back there. He originally moved to the island many years ago to teach in a local college and only later set up Baan Batik, selling to both the retail and wholesale markets.
"Every batik here is designed by our team, so our work is more original than you'll see in any batik shop in the markets," says Khun Apinan.
- Opening Hours: 09:00 – 18:00, Closed on Sundays
- Location: about 2 km from the Chalong circle, next to Lemon (Bangjak) gas station on Viset Road
- Tel: +66 (0) 76 384 061
Beach Shopping
There are a few shops located opposite Nai Harn Beach's public car park that stock a fair variety of beachwear and accessories such as beach mats, swimming rings, hats, sarongs, sunglasses, flip-flops, snorkeling sets and T-shirts. Some shops also stock silk tablecloths and bedcovers and though the variety might be limited, buying here saves a trip elsewhere. In the same neighborhood you'll find a few tailor shops and hard bargaining is definitely the order of the day here.
- Opening Hours: Daily
- Location: Opposite Nai Harn Beach public car park
Book Café in Nai Harn
Book Café is a recent addition to the literary scene of Phuket. Opened in 2012, this small family-run business is located in Nai Harn on the road leading to Kata View Point. The charming little house is also a café in which you can enjoy a drink (healthy shakes, smoothies and fruit juices, coffee, herbal tea) while reading one of the books from the shelves or enjoying a chat with Beverly, the genial owner.
Book Café is more a cultural and community place than strictly a bookshop. Although a selection of French, German and Scandinavian books are available, most of the merchandise on sale or exchange here is in English. Prices here are slightly more advantageous than in other bookshops.
- Opening Hours: 09:30 – 17:30
- Location: Soi Sai Yuan
- Tel: 085 794 2371
Muay Thai Shop
If you're looking for Muay Thai accessories such as shorts, gloves, amulets, head guards, groin protectors, hand wraps, tank tops, T-shirt as well as boxing oils and creams, you can find them all at one of the Thai boxing camps located off Sai Yuan Road such as Rawai Muay Thai Camp and Sinbi Muay Thai Gym.
- Location: Rawai Muay Thai Camp on Sai Yuan Road and Sinbi Muay Thai Gym on Sai Yuan Road, heading towards Kata View Point
- Tel: Rawai Muay Thai Camp (+66 (0) 81 5376 038) and Sinbi Muay Thai Gym (+66 (0)83 3915535)
Red Gallery Art Studio
Though Somrak Maneemai's Red Gallery Art Studio opened not too long ago, it is already full of colourful paintings. As a painter, he likes to try many techniques. "You have to see the works to know what my style is," he explains. Khun Somrak has a master's degree from Silpakorn University, one of Thailand's top art schools, and teaches art part time to any interested party, young or old, Thai or foreign.
- Location: Phuket Art Village on Soi Naya 2
- Tel: +66 (0) 87 8903722
Reggae Bar/Leather Shop in Nai Harn
It seems that every town in Thailand has a Reggae Bar, run by stoned-out, bleary eyed wannabe Rastafarians. As the name suggests, Nai Harn's Reggae Bar is the place to dig some Bob Marley and get horizontal but the bar also features a wide array of leather goods made by Micky, one of the gang. Usually displayed from a minivan Micky makes pretty good shoes, belts and bags as well as necklaces and does a 'made to order' service.
- Opening Hours: Daily from 02:00 – 20:00 but the bar stays open until 02:00
- Location: By Nai Harn lake
- Tel: +66 (0) 81 2735247
Tesco Lotus Express
This is a mini version of Tesco Lotus and stocks the same basic goods, although you will not be able to buy clothing and household goods. Tesco Lotus Express may look a little incongruous in Nai Harn but at one time 7-Eleven did, too! Prices are lower than 7-Eleven and you'll be nice and cool while shopping.
- Opening Hours: 09:00 – 23:00
- Location: Soi Sai Yuan at the Nai Harn/Kata Road three-way junction
U-Sa-Ka-Ne Art Gallery
Like many local artists Apinan Sarochwong prefers to live and work in peaceful neighbourhoods such as Nai Harn and Rawai rather than on busier West Coast beach locations. His works are mostly inspired by the 'local way of life where nature is pretty much the centre of everything' and are mainly in acrylic. Next to his gallery are a few more, smaller galleries where artists also sell their own original work. All of them are members of Rawai Art Village Club. Apinan is also a well known and active Thai shadow puppeteer who has regular shows on Friday night from 20:00 onward. If interested, advance booking is recommended.
- Opening Hours: Daily from 08:20 – 21:00
- Location: Opposite Sinbi Muay Thai Gym on the road towards Kata View Point. Look for a big red sign says 'Original Arts'. You can't miss it.
- Tel: +66 (0) 81 9565872
Vichen Gallery at B Zenter
Vichen Gallery opened towards the end of 2006 with the aim of providing a place for people to relax while surrounded by art, as well as a place where artists and art lovers can exchange knowledge and opinions. Since it opened, the gallery has become one of the island's most active art showcases, with a series of interesting exhibitions by various artists, both Thai and foreign.
- Opening Hours: 15:00 – 21:30. Closed on Wednesdays
- Location: Behind Da Vinci Italian Restaurant on Sai Yuan Road
- Tel: +66 (0) 76 288999


text:
SOURCE: Daily Beast
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Matthew Alexander: Osama bin Laden Was Not Caught Because of Torture but in Spite of It
Matthew Alexander is a twenty year veteran of the Air Force and Air Force Reserves. He supervised or conducted over 1,300 interrogations in Iraq and led the interrogations that located the Al Qaeda leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, who was killed in an airstrike. Alexander's latest book is Kill or Capture: How a Special Operations Task Force Took Down a Notorious Al Qaeda Terrorist. He is currently a Fellow at UCLA's Burkle Center for International Relations.
While some may celebrate the one-year anniversary of the death of Osama bin Laden, perhaps time would be better served evaluating why it came nine years too late. The sad truth is that bin Laden should have been dead twice in the first two years after 9/11.
The first opportunity was missed in the mountains of Tora Bora early in the war in Afghanistan, when former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld insisted that local Afghan forces kill bin Laden rather than allowing our own elite fighters to do so when they had him in their sights. It was also Rumsfeld's decision not to seal off the border with Pakistan, declaring victory too early because of his arrogance (a theme that would be repeated in Iraq), thus allowing bin Laden to escape.
The second opportunity was missed when the Bush administration approved the CIA's waterboarding of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed (KSM), the mastermind of 9/11 and former al Qaeda operations officer. Jose Rodriguez, the former CIA officer who ran the agency's torture program, now insists in his new book, Hard Measures, that torture led to the identification of an al Qaeda courier and the killing of Osama bin Laden. The truth, however, is that KSM lied to his interrogators and told them that Abu Ahmed, the nom de guerre of bin Laden's courier, had retired when in fact he was still active. That lie cost us almost a decade in the hunt for bin Laden. As al Qaeda's chief of operations, KSM certainly knew that Abu Ahmed could prove to be the key piece to finding the former al Qaeda leader, but he did exactly what professional interrogators have been saying people do when faced with coercion—they lie or give limited and misleading information. In the end, it turned out Abu Ahmed was one of the vital pieces of intelligence that led to bin Laden's demise...
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- NYT History Book Reviews: Who Got Noticed this Week?
- David Hackett Fischer wins $100,000 prize for lifetime achievement in military writing
- Russian historian slams Putin
- Historians and archivists say the NY Public Library no longer functions as a world-class research library
- WaPo chastised for ignoring Venona Papers in obit for Allen Weinstein


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For those of you interested in things from a policy and government standpoint, early registration is now open for TCAT's Complete Streets Forum. The goal of the 2011 Complete Streets Forum is to … [Read more...]
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