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Industrial revenue bonds are a form of public-private partnership — a tool that governments can use to stimulate economic development, allowing them to offer tax subsidies for new or expanding businesses that create jobs and improve communities.
Subsidies may include a property tax exemption, a gross receipts tax deduction and compensating tax exemption if certain equipment is purchased with bond proceeds, an exemption for bond interest from New Mexico income tax and, in some cases, an exemption of bond interest from federal income tax.
These types of bond issues have been popular as a way to help New Mexico cities and towns compete — without assuming financial liability — for capital-intensive projects by extending tax subsidies to reduce the risks and costs for a company to move here.
New Mexico cities and counties are authorized to issue IRBs.
To be eligible for IRB financing in New Mexico, a project must encourage manufacturers and commercial businesses to move or expand here or to promote the state's agricultural products or natural resources.
IRB candidates include factories, assembly plants, warehouse and distribution hubs, nonprofit enterprises, health-care services, research facilities, industrial parks and corporate offices.
Plastic bags account for small fraction of petroleum use
In reading John Gonzales' Guest Column on June 4, I found unbelievable his assertion that "8 percent of all petroleum is used for the manufacture of plastic bags."
Online research uncovered the truth: the U.S. Energy Information Administration says 2.7 percent of the total U.S. petroleum consumption (191 million barrels) is used to make plastic, in all forms and according to American Plastic Manufacturing, 12 million barrels of oil are used to make plastic bags (or 6.3 percent of that to produce all plastics). These numbers can be confirmed from many sources.
Hence, plastic bag production amounts to only .17 percent of our petroleum use, not the 8 percent quoted by Gonzales. That is truly a tiny fraction.
Furthermore, among the huge variety of plastic bags made, plastic shopping bags most likely make up a small fraction of this .17 percent, although it is difficult to find a precise estimate.
It is errors like this one that should make people highly suspicious of activists' arguments.
An ugly word, "shortfall," appears twice at the bottom of page 7 of "2015 Post-Session Review," the Legislative Finance Committee's report on the 2015 legislative session.
Based on what the LFC calls "a somewhat conservative scenario for expenditure growth," revenue is projected to be $14.6 million less than spending in the 2017 budget year (FY 17) and $3.6 million short in FY 18.
While FY 17 is a way off — it doesn't start for another year — the idea of less money appearing than the amount of projected spending rattles the psyche of government people. The normal government world means more money each year to provide raises, expand programs and do new stuff. Less money requires ugly choices by elected officials, even conservative ones who are especially prone to copping out of their proclaimed financial righteousness.
The problem will be solved, if only because the state Constitution requires a balanced budget. The state keeps a reserve fund, which offers the easy place to cover the shortfall. However, the reserves will take a $153 million hit this year because of reduced revenues and unexpected spending requirements.
For the coming budget year (FY 16) that starts July 1, state government plans to spend $6.23 billion, $7 million less than anticipated revenue.
Joel Williams' piece is a classic example of people with only a little information trying to convince you that all those professional climate scientists have missed his points even though they are the ones who did all the work he cites.
Consider just one of the unsaid assumptions: that a single ice core at one place near a pole on the Earth is representative of global behavior…not! As for recent temperature fluctuations, Williams' graph disagrees with every one of the peer-reviewed papers — some 20 of them — in their determinations of global (not just in Europe or Greenland) temperature variations in the past. Since you presented graphs, here are a few to consider.
The first shows that, just as planetary rotation and orbital cycles predict (so-called Malenkovitch Cycles, which govern large scale climate change over the past million or so years), the climate has been cooling down for the past 8,000 years or so as the Earth's orientation to the sun slowly changes. And that's why the recent unprecedentedly rapid warming is a matter of concern.
On the graph: top is from an ice core, middle is measurement of altitude of treeline. Bottom is from stalactites in a cave.
I'm pleased to report that the County Manager's monthly report, which provides information about county projects and performance, will become a standing agenda item on the second council meeting of each month.
This change will give the county manager a structured opportunity to discuss high priority or time sensitive initiatives in the report, which has been distributed to council members for some time.
Typical report topics include updates on ongoing construction projects or information about extraordinary achievements. For example, in this month's report, there's an update on the teen center remodel and on other major facilities projects; information about how the county is preparing for the summer tourist season; and activities at county parks and recreation facilities.
By putting the report on the council agenda as a monthly briefing by the county manager, the public visibility of the information in the report will be elevated; and there will be a routine, recurring opportunity for council members and the public to ask specific questions about these issues.
Additionally, it will add an important feedback loop that will help the county manager better understand concerns and perspectives from the council and the public.
More opposition
for plastic bag ban
I read the guest columnist column on plastic bags, and I find it difficult to reply to nearly a yard of column inches in 250 words. I had no particular opinion one way or the other until I heard the proponents. The complete absence of content in their statements drove me to search for information and, eventually, as a result, I decided to oppose the proposal on factual grounds.
The guest columnist article was, as usual for those supporting the proposal against plastic bags, very emotional and totally devoid of facts, or data. Mr. Gonzales calls the proposal a "green initiative" and advocates the use of "greener products."
In most places, such as Santa Fe, paper is used as a replacement for plastic. Unfortunately, there is a rather substantial amount of data identifying the use of paper as one of the most polluting activities on the planet. Plastic bags are far less polluting than paper bags at all stages in their life, production, shipping, use and disposal.
The Sierra Club, whose members seem to be the most avid proponents of the bag ban proposals appears only to claim that bags produce litter, which can harm animals. No one has claimed that this is a problem in Los Alamos.
Copyright © 2015
The Los Alamos Monitor is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Los Alamos County and Los Alamos, NM, and the surrounding area.


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Pooja Sharma Wiki and BiographyPooja Sharma is a television actress who got fame by playing the lead role as Sanchi in Star Plus's popular show "Ruk Jana Nahi". She was a cabin crew with Jet for a year. After that she came into modeling and has done few tv serials like 'Devi', 'Tujh sang preet lagaai sajna', 'Mahima shani dev ki' as a supporting artist. She has also done two TVC's for Vatika and Classmate notebook. Her cousin Mehak Sharma is also an actress. Pooja Sharma is very dedicated towords her work. Currently, she is seen in the daily series Tu Mera Hero which airs on Star Plus.
Personal Profile detailsName : Pooja Sharma
Date Of Birth : Unknown
Age : 25 years (approx)
Height : 5'2"(approx)
Occupation : Actress and Model
CareerEarlier she was working in a firm as HR and was not having any clue that she will get any chance of being in serial. It was just sudden for her and got this opportunity "RUK JANA NAHI". She said, "Once I was going in market with my mother and star co-ordinator unknown to me, just came towards me and said why dont you try for acting you really look good." That's how she started by giving auditions.
In Tu Mera HeroPooja Sharma is seen essaying a negative character in Shashi Sumeet Mittal's show Tu Mera Hero. The show stars Sonia Balani and Priyansh Jora in the lead roles. She is playing the role of Vaishali in the series.
She said, "I have earlier mentioned that essaying a positive role is very easy than a negative one as portraying a grey or negative requires an actor to be very expressive in the way they look, talk and walk. What I really like about essaying negative characters is that I get to wear very colourful clothes. It is extremely challenging, without a doubt. I need to give at least 5 to 10 takes complete a scene. But people are very patient with me, particularly Madhuri Sanjeev who excels at portraying such roles. Amita Khopkar helps me modulate my voice too. This show is more of a learning experience for me."
In Ruk Jaana Nahi Tu Kahi Haar KePooja Sharma grabbed the female lead's role in Star Plus "Ruk Jaana Nahi Tu Kahi Haar Ke" produced by Playtime Creations and Writer cum Producer Kamal Pandey. She has played the character of a girl who fights all odds starting from her college life to her personal battles to become a lawyer. Her only aim in life is her 'sangharsh' to help her father get back his lost property.

subset: commoncrawl


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Videos tagged "#oo"
Angela Davis speaks at Oscar Grant Plaza during Occupy Oakland's West Coast Port Shutdown09:21
22 Plays / 0 Likes / 0 Comments
30 SFPD officers versus the last tent to go down at Occupy SF. Bradley Manning Plaza, 2011.+ More details
Police brutality during Occupy Oakland #J28 action. January 28, 2012.+ More details
Michael Moore speech at Occupy Oakland11:05
85 Plays / 2 Likes / 0 Comments
By Casey Capachi. October 28, 2011. Read the full story at Oakland North: http://oaklandnorth.net/2011/10/28/filmmaker-michael-moore-rallies-occupy-oakland-crowd/+ More details
OPD Officer Discusses Viral Copwatch Video06:15
24.2K Plays / 30 Likes / 6 Comments
A Copwatch video went viral when it depicted Oakland Police Officer Fred Shavies in plain clothes with demonstrators at Occupy Oakland (bit.ly/shavies). Shavies speaks about infiltration, the Occupy movement, activism, and his allegiance to the 99%. © 2011 Justin Warren. All rights reserved.+ More details
Passion of the People - Occupy Oakland02:14
170 Plays / 0 Likes / 0 Comments
Occupy Oakland General Strike November 2, 2011 Occupy Oakland Re-Occupation November 19, 2011 Filmed on 16mm Kodak Vision2 Color Film using a Bolex Camera and 10, 25 and 75mm lenses. Filming and Audio Recording by Kira Trinity & Natalie Wede Edited by Kira Trinity+ More details
11K Plays / 29 Likes / 4 Comments
#whilewewatch is a gripping look at the media revolution that emerged from Zuccoti Park in New York City to the world. It is the story of how many people came together in the sun and rain, day and night, broke and loaded with energy and hope to get their story out to the world. #OWS has galvanized the world. #whilewewatch is the real inside story of great people who have no fear. They don't back down from the police, big business or a city government that tried to dismiss them. When regular media paid no attention to this movement they decided to tell the world their story. #whilewewatch is the real experience of what democracy looks like. We hear it from their voices, pain, energy and honesty. Directed by: Kevin Breslin Produced by: Mike Vanderfield Edited by: Garrett Sergeant Cinematography by: Luca Fantini Thomas Brookins Conor Byrne Orlando Gondar Associate Producer: Karen Brown+ More details
What are Tags?
Tags are keywords that describe videos. For example, a video of your Hawaiian vacation might be tagged with "Hawaii," "beach," "surfing," and "sunburn."


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Bozeman Man Killed in Crash Identified
The identity of a Bozeman man who died in a Monday crash in Gallatin County has been identified.
The identity of a Bozeman man who died in a Monday crash in Gallatin County has been identified.
American singer-songwriter Neko Case is making a stop in Bozeman this spring.
Known for her solo career as well her work with the Canadian indie rock group The New Pornographers, Case is scheduled to perform at the Emerson Center for the Arts in Culture on April 22
Groups of talented ice climbers occasionally make night runs at Hyalite. What does that look like? Glow in the dark ants (if you ask me) but I bet it's fun.
No experience is necessary as you'll get training! Join the fun of the Gallatin Valley Softball Association this upcoming season by becoming an umpire!
When you first enter the door, the melding of different art mediums will catch your attention. From the retail racks to the paintings, The Foundry has a groove all its own. Tatum Johnson, founder of The Foundry and screen printer for intrigue ink, explains the place as "a flagship to meet and get advice
Bundle up, grab the kids and head to the Haynes Pavilion for 2 great nights of inaugural Black Diamond League hockey with the Bozeman Stingers hosting the Sun Valley Suns.
There's an underground garage in downtown Bozeman which is a Venus Fly Trap for trucks, especially when it's icy. Watch our very own Zombie Response Unit rescue a fellow vehicle.....
Thankfully, these incidents have happy endings but yet again skiers needed to be rescued after skiing out of bounds at Bridger Bowl in two separate calls for assistance.
It appears that Slide the City is sliding through Billings and Bozeman, Montana in 2015! Slide the City is a day for the whole family that features a waterslide over 1,000-feet long! We are talking over 3 football fields! Plus, according to the website there will be food, music and a wide assortment of entertainment. And yes, the largest slip and slide to ever make its way through Montana.
This FANTASTICALLY fun event to benefit Montana Special Olympics is now in it's 14th year, called The President's Plunge happening on February 16th, 2015. It's very easy to participate, whether you "plunge" or "chicken out"!
I love surfing Facebook on mornings when the sky is on fire in Bozeman. So many people (including me) can't help but snap a picture or two to share with the world.
Landon Tage took a really nice video of Bozeman and the surrounding area which is not only cool for locals but even better for folks who MISS Bozeman and need a dose!


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Italian FM: Peace deal could send signal of stability to Middle East
Bennett tours Gaza settler museum to mark 10 years since disengagement
Netanyahu's clandestine trip to hospital fuels talk of succession
US 'continuously' briefing Israel from Iran talks
Franz Kafka's manuscripts belong in National Library, Tel Aviv court says
Israel Festival Review: ENSEMBLE MODERN- Jerusalem Theater, June 21
Israeli films at the heart of the Jerusalem Film Fest
Under-19's warmup with MK's knockout
Mekel needs to make a decision one way or another
Basketball: Disappointed Hapoel Jerusalem snubbed by Euroleague
Tennis: Sela sent packing in first round of Wimbledon
Publishing gas plan doesn't solve political problem
Islamic State threatens to topple Hamas in Gaza, 'uproot the Jewish state'
Suspected terrorist shot at Ramallah checkpoint after charging officers shouting 'Allahu Akbar'
Shin Bet chief says Palestinian terror attacks up 50% since 2012
Israeli man wounded in West Bank terror shooting dies in Jerusalem hospital
As tensions escalate, anti-Arab graffiti with swastikas found in Jerusalem neighborhood
Rabbi accused of molestation to be extradited to Israel
Community welcomes police decision to move 'anti-Jew' protest to central London
Anti-Semitic hostilities down in France, Germany and Belgium, ADL poll finds
White supremacist behind July 4 'anti-Jewification' protest arrested
New, $11m. Jewish center to be built in Paris despite record emigration
Obama warns Iran in eleventh hour nuclear negotiations
Egypt's Sisi calls for new measures against terrorism following assassination
Iranians arrive in Vienna to seal the deal; interim agreement extended 7 days
WATCH: Egyptian belly dancer's YouTube clip gets her jailed for 'inciting debauchery'
Hamas shuts offices of Gaza's sole cellular operator
Unions demand collective agreement to ensure vocational conditions
Israeli scientists develop 'smell fingerprint' that could identify every human on Earth
Israel joins Interpol Operation Pangea 8 to seize illegal and counterfeit drugs
Health Ministry says it has not encountered widespread homophobia in health system
Energy Minister Steinitz announces terms of gas compromise deal
Southern Israel feels effects of 5.1-magnitude earthquake that hit Sinai
Gas decision is the right solution for all citizens of Israel, PM says
Israel Security Cabinet deems gas issue of 'national security,' allowing deal to advance
Apps for finding jobs are among Microsoft Venture's latest start-up
Tech Talk: Tel Aviv hosts international cybersecurity conference
Government seeks to fill hi-tech manpower shortage
Still got it: Seniors going online to discuss, learn about sex
Jerusalem Post Editorial: Greek tragedy?
The Iran deal and democracy
Candidly Speaking: Explosive new Claims Conference scandals revealed by ombudsman
Letters to the Editor: Same-sex marriage
Reforms – prospects and impediments
An enemy of individual expression
Puzzles of reminiscence
A soul in Sheol
Ten ideas for Naftali Bennett
Turning a rekindled passion into a lucrative business
Book Review: Catch the truth
Book Review: An exceptional relationship, tested?
Hot off the Arab press
A nation of enablers
Come to the Kretshme
Ramadan 'kareem' in the Old City
Remembering the Rebbe
Grapevine: A couple of 'Odd Couples'
EVA ruminates on dating in the 21st century: Repeat mistakes
'I'm innocent – really!'
Landed gentry
Israel-Palestine: French recipe lacks ingredients
Israel's core challenge - staying alive in an age of enemy 'martyrdom'
The European Union risks 'Jew-hater' label
A model for resolving clashes between Jewish and liberal values
אֲנָשִים טוֹבִים
עֵמֶק הַצְבָאִים
שֶקֶט אֲמִיתִי
חִיבּוּק שֶל אַהֲבָה
Mourning the Mount of Olives
A different perspective
No apologies for fighting 'sabotage'
The aliya premium
A call in the wilderness for morality
New York, Nu York: The Supreme Court has spoken...
Duqu and Destiny
Three US churches consider BDS measures against Israel in upcoming vote
NGO seeks to seize N. Korean ship to pay off $330 m. US judgment for killing of priest
ISIS purportedly threatens to 'slaughter' Christian Arabs living in Jerusalem
Lutheran pastor says Jews to blame for destroying Christian values after US approves gay marriage
Pope: Why didn't the allies bomb the railway lines to Auschwitz?
Green Leadership Classroom Inaugurated at Dimona School
Eitan Levav Scenic Lookout Inaugurated in Adamit Park
Cherries in the Negev: If You Will it, It is No Dream
Healing Garden Dedicated at the Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital in Tel Aviv
Italy's National Day at EXPO 2015
The Ambassadors' Club of Israel Tours the Galilee with KKL-JNF
The International Solidarity Mission Says Goodbye in Jerusalem
Chinese Ambassador Visits the Israel-China Friendship Fores
New Bio-filters Purify Surface Runoff Water for Reuse
Future Tour Guides Discover the Negev with KKL-JNF
The Shamir Drilling Project
Graduation Ceremony for Rosh HaAyin's Volunteer Firefighters
$100 Million JNF Boruchin Israel Education Advocacy Center Opens
JNF Canada Pays Tribute to the Honourable John Baird
From Sunny Israel to Cold Canada
Walking for Water with KKL France in the Mountains of Eilat
The Negev Conference on Agricultural Research and Development
Arava Open Day: Food Security for Israel and the Entire World
Living Green in Israel: the Contest and the Winners
Addressing Climate Change Conference
An Olah Reports From Nepal
How One Oleh is Helping to Transform the Way People Drink Water
From Think Tank to Environmental Consultant
Award Winning Designer Launches Career as Wedding Dressmaker
How Natalie Edwards Built a Successful Career in Israel's Startup Industry
5 Tips to Land a Job in Israel
Starting Your Own Business in Israel: Real Life Examples
5 Strategies for Finding Your Professional Place in Israel
36 Hours in Southern Israel
Food Shopping In Israel
How Women Can Have it All in Israel
The Eisenberg's Long Journey Home
Why Retirees are Thriving in Israel
Thanks to Aliyah video
6 Frequently Asked Questions about Israeli Healthcare
Starting Over in Israel
Sam Eisenberg: From Nativ to Aliyah
WATCH: Why Olim #LiveLoveIsrael
5 Ways that Olim Kick Back
VIDEO: Are you ready for the South?
Make yourself at home… in Israel
NBN Announces Bonei Zion Prize Recipients for 2015
NefeshB'Nefesh Provides Services to Bnot Sherut
How Doctors Are Impacting Israel's South
07.01.2015 | 14 Tammuz, 5775
Obama warns Iran in eleventh hour nuclear negotiations
Egypt's Sisi calls for new measures against terrorism following assassination
Iranians arrive in Vienna to seal the deal; interim agreement extended 7 days
WATCH: Egyptian belly dancer's YouTube clip gets her jailed for 'inciting debauchery'
Hamas shuts offices of Gaza's sole cellular operator
Israeli official: Syria is dying, the funeral will be declared in due time
In first, ISIS beheads two Syrian women for sorcery
A direct line from 'Arab Spring' to Islamic State
Report: US intel community concerned about last resort chemical attack by Syria's Assad
Iranian report: Injured Yemenis contracted AIDS, Hepatitis from Saudi aid
PA's Abbas gives Hamas Tuesday deadline to join unity government
A balance between access and sovereignty
Middle East
09/19/2012 18:57
Soldier in Lebanon black and white old 521.
(photo credit:IPPA/Jerusalem Post Archives)
Recently declassified documents discovered by doctoral candidate Seth Anziska at the Israel State Archives reveal key conversations between US and Israeli officials at the time of the 1982 IDF occupation of West Beirut, according to documents published by the The New York Times on Wednesday.Thirty years later, Anziska has discovered transcripts that reveal American diplomats felt they were misled by Israel about events in Beirut during the Lebanese civil war, and convinced them to accept the claim that thousands of terrorists were in the camps.The massacres by Lebanese Christian Phalangist militias on September 16,
1982 at Palestinian refugee camps of Sabra and Shatilla in Beirut led
to the slaughter of between 762 and 3,500 people. Nearly all of the dead
were women, children and elderly men.After the assassination of then-president Bashir Gemayal, a Maronite, Israel reacted by quickly occupying West Beirut — ostensibly to prevent militia attacks against the Palestinian civilians. Israel had initially hoped that Gemayal would turn Lebanon into a Christian-ruled ally and neighbor, but with the growing militant presence of the Palestinian Liberation Organization, Israel sought to intervene.The documents convey heated discussions and repeated miscommunication between Israeli and US officials.One such transcript between then-US Secretary of State Lawrence Eagleburger and Israeli Moshe Arens, ambassador to the US at the time of the massacres, shows a heated discussion over Israeli policy in Beirut.Eagleburger stated: "We got the impression your action would be of limited nature. Now we find you are across West Beirut. You know we objected to you going in." Eagleburger continued, "Israel's credibility has been severely damaged" and "we appear to some to be the victim of deliberate deception by Israel." Israel invaded it's northern neighbor in June in order to weed out the Palestinian Liberation Organization. The withdrawal of the PLO was negotiated by then president Ronald Reagan, who agreed to deploy Marine forces to supervise their departure. By early September, around 15,000 Palestinian fighters, including PLO chairman Yasser Arafat, had left Beirut. Contrary to American objections, then-defense minister Ariel Sharon said the occupation of West Beirut was justified because there were "2,000 to 3,000 terrorists who remained there." In the same meeting, US Middle East envoy Morris Draper and Sharon debated the issue, with Draper stating: "We want you to stay out. We spent three months trying to get as many of the terrorists out as possible - safely. That was the arrangement. So it wouldn't be necessary for you to come in."Mr. Draper disputed Sharon's claim about the number of terrorists, having coordinated the August evacuation, he knew the actual number of militias in the camp.On the eve of the massacre, the Israeli cabinet met and was informed that Phalange fighters were entering the Palestinian camps. The newly declassified documents chronicle a conversation between the US secretary of state, George P. Shultz, and Moshe Arens after US officials were informed of the massacre.Shultz stated: "When you take military control over a city, you're responsible for what happens. I didn't say you wanted this. But what happened rests in your hands." He continued: "Against everybody's advise, you've taken military control of the city. Now we have a massacre. So we urge you as soon as possible to hand over control to the Lebanese, and to leave West Beirut as soon as possible."Anziska concludes from the documents that the United States was in a position to exert strong diplomatic pressure on Israel that could have ended the atrocities, yet failed to do so.The declassified documents also reveal steadfastness and determination on the Israeli side to act unilaterally, in spite of US verbal protests to the contrary. Sharon stated to Draper in one meeting: "When it comes to our security, we have never asked [permission]. We will never ask. When it comes to our existence and security, it is our responsibility and we will never give it to anybody to decide for us."
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Page 1
Expanding the Genetic Code for Biological Studies
Qian Wang, Angela R. Parrish, and Lei Wang*
The Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology & Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological
Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
Using an orthogonal tRNA-synthetase pair, unnatural amino acids can be genetically encoded with
high efficiency and fidelity; and over forty unnatural amino acids have been site-specifically
incorporated into proteins in E. coli, yeast, or mammalian cells. Novel chemical or physical properties
embodied in these amino acids enable new means for tailored manipulation of proteins. This review
summarizes the methodology and recent progress in expanding this technology to eukaryotic cells.
Applications of genetically encoded unnatural amino acids are highlighted with reports on labeling
and modifying proteins, probing protein structure and function, identifying and regulating protein
activity, and generating proteins with new properties. Genetic incorporation of unnatural amino acids
provides a powerful method for investigating a wide variety of biological processes both in vitro and
in vivo.
The genetic code consists of 64 triplet codons specifying 20 canonical amino acids and 3 stop
signals. This code is preserved in all three kingdoms of life with few reassignments (Knight et
al., 2001). Although various amino acid derivatives have been identified in natural proteins,
most of them are posttranslational modifications of the canonical amino acids (Uy and Wold,
1977). Two additional amino acids, selenocysteine (Bock et al., 1991) and pyrrolysine
(Srinivasan et al., 2002), are also found to be incorporated into proteins co-translationally and
thus regarded as natural expansion of the genetic code (Ambrogelly et al., 2006). With these
amino acids and with the help of posttranslational modifications and cofactors, proteins are
able to carry out various functions for sustaining life.
Given the important roles of proteins in biology, it is desirable to be able to manipulate proteins
at will for understanding protein structure-function relationship, investigating protein-involved
biological processes, and generating proteins and organisms with new properties. Therefore,
tremendous efforts have been made on the incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins
to introduce new functional groups apart from those found in the canonical amino acids,
through chemical or biosynthetic means (Wang and Schultz, 2004). Chemical methods use
chemistry to directly modify or prepare proteins. Early efforts focused on derivatizing reactive
side chains of the protein, such as the thiol group of cysteine and the ε-amino group of lysine
(Kaiser et al., 1985). The advance of stepwise solid-phase peptide synthesis makes possible
the complete synthesis of peptides and small proteins (usually < 100 residues) containing any
synthetically accessible unnatural amino acids (Kent, 1988). The protein size limitation is
Correspondence: E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com.
Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers
we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting
proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could
affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
NIH Public Access
Author Manuscript
Chem Biol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 March 27.
Published in final edited form as:
Chem Biol. 2009 March 27; 16(3): 323–336. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.03.001.
NIH-PA Author Manuscript
NIH-PA Author Manuscript
NIH-PA Author Manuscript
Page 2
subsequently overcome by semisynthetic protein ligation methods, in which two or more
peptide fragments are chemically ligated to make the full-length protein (Dawson et al.,
1994, Muir, 2003). By contrast, biosynthetic methods harness the endogenous cellular
machinery to translate the target protein, in which the unnatural amino acid is incorporated co-
translationally. Bacterial strains auxotrophic for a particular amino acid have been used to
globally replace the amino acid with a close structural analogue (Cohen and Cowie, 1957,
Minks et al., 2000, Link et al., 2003). For the site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino
acids, a suppressor tRNA is chemically acylated with an unnatural amino acid. When added
into cell extracts or Xenopus oocytes that support protein translation, the acylated tRNA
incorporates the attached unnatural amino acid in response to a stop or extended codon (Noren
et al., 1989, Bain et al., 1989, Nowak et al., 1995). All of these methods have proved extremely
valuable but each has limitations in either the lack of site selectivity, the in vitro nature of the
method, or the low incorporation efficiency (Wang and Schultz, 2004).
The ability to genetically encode unnatural amino acids in the same manner as the canonical
amino acids would enable specific changes to be precisely made in proteins directly in vivo,
thus providing novel tools for understanding biology in molecular terms in the native settings.
Here we review the methodology for genetically incorporating unnatural amino acids into
proteins in live cells, and focus on recent advances in expanding the method to eukaryotic cells.
Representative applications are discussed to illustrate the utility and scope of this technology
in studying various biological questions.
Similar to canonical amino acids, the genetic encoding of an unnatural amino acid requires a
dedicated set of components including a tRNA, a codon, and an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
(hereafter referred to as synthetase) (Figure 1) (Wang and Schultz, 2002). This tRNA/codon/
synthetase set, termed the orthogonal set, must not crosstalk with endogenous tRNA/codon/
synthetase sets and be functionally compatible with other components of the translation
apparatus. Specifically, the orthogonal tRNA should not be recognized by any endogenous
synthetase and it should decode the orthogonal codon, which is not assigned to any canonical
amino acid. The orthogonal synthetase should not charge any endogenous tRNA but the
orthogonal tRNA, and charge it with the unnatural amino acid only. The unnatural amino acid
cannot be a substrate for any endogenous synthetase and be available in the cytoplasm of the
host cell. Once expressed in cells, the orthogonal synthetase charges the orthogonal tRNA with
the desired unnatural amino acid, and the acylated tRNA incorporates the attached unnatural
amino acid in response to the unique codon into proteins by utilizing the endogenous
translational machinery. As all elements are genetically encodable, this method has the
potential to be applied to almost all genetically tractable organisms.
Method Development Escherichia coli
E. coli was initially chosen as the host organism to develop this general method for genetically
encoding unnatural amino acids in vivo, because its translational machinery had been
extensively studied and genetic manipulation of E. coli is efficient and relatively
straightforward. A unique codon is required to specify the unnatural amino acid, and the amber
stop codon has been chosen for this purpose. There are three stop codons that do not code for
amino acids but function as a signal for termination of translation. By reassigning a "blank"
stop codon to an unnatural amino acid, any overlap and ambiguity with sense codons is avoided.
The amber codon became the "blank" codon of choice in this approach because (i) the amber
codon is the least used among the three stop codons in E. coli, and (ii) amber suppressor tRNAs
have been identified or engineered in E. coli to readthrough the amber codon with canonical
amino acids, and they do not significantly affect the growth rates of E. coli cells (Normanly et
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al., 1990). Therefore, specifying an unnatural amino acid with the amber codon was expected
to minimize perturbations to the genetic code and to the health of the host.
Endogenous tRNAs and synthetases recognize their cognate partners through delicate
interactions between various regions (Ibba and Soll, 2000). As there is already a pool of tRNA/
synthetase pairs inside cells, it is challenging to generate a new tRNA/synthetase pair
orthogonal to existing ones and functional in translation. A successful strategy is to import a
tRNA/synthetase pair from species in a different kingdom of life followed by fine tuning with
selections. This strategy is based on early reports that in vitro cross-species aminoacylation is
often low (Kwok and Wong, 1980). The first orthogonal tRNA/synthetase pair E. coli generated
from archaeal bacteria was derived from the tRNATyr/tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS) from
Methanococcus jannaschii (Wang et al., 2000). The anticodon of the tRNA is mutated to CUA
for recognizing the amber codon UAG. This M. jannaschii tRNATyrCUA (MjtRNATyrCUA) and
its cognate MjTyrRS function efficiently in translation in E. coli, but there is a small degree of
aminoacylation of this MjtRNATyrCUA by endogenous E. coli synthetases. To make a
completely orthogonal tRNA while maintaining its affinity for the cognate synthetase, a general
strategy has been developed to evolve orthogonal tRNAs in E. coli (Figure 2A) (Wang and
Schultz, 2001). A library of tRNA mutants is prepared by randomizing specific nucleotides,
and the orthogonal tRNA is selected using a combination of negative and positive selections.
The negative selection removes non-orthogonal tRNAs from the library, and the subsequent
positive selection removes non-functional tRNAs but allows only orthogonal tRNAs with high
affinity for the cognate synthetase to pass. This approach was applied to the MjtRNATyrCUA
and the mutRNATyrCUA was identified that is orthogonal in E. coli and functions efficiently
with MjTyrRS to translate the amber codon.
The next step is to change the substrate specificity of the orthogonal MjTyrRS from tyrosine
to a desired unnatural amino acid, which is also achieved using two step selections (Figure
2B). A mutant synthetase library (> 109 members) is generated by randomizing five amino
acid residues in the active site of the MjTyrRS and the selection of the residues to be randomized
was enabled by the availability of B. steraothermophilus TyrRS crystal structure (Brick et al.,
1989). The library is first positively selected in the presence of the unnatural amino acid, in
which active synthetase mutants able to charge the orthogonal mutRNATyrCUA with the
unnatural amino acid or any common amino acid are identified. The active synthetases are then
subjected to a negative selection, in which synthetase mutants charging a common amino acid
are eliminated. In the end, only synthetase mutants specific for the unnatural amino acid will
survive both selections. Using this approach, a mutant synthetase specific for the unnatural
amino acid, o-methyltyrosine (1, Figure 4), was identified from the MjTyrRS library. Together
with the orthogonal mutRNATyrCUA evolved above, it enables the site-specific incorporation
of o-methyltyrosine into proteins in response to the amber codon in E. coli. Western blot and
mass spectrometric analyses of the expressed protein indicate that the translation fidelity for
o-methyltyrosine is close to that of common amino acids (Wang et al., 2001).
This work represents the first expansion of the genetic code to include an unnatural amino acid
using engineering approaches. Structurally similar to tyrosine and phenylalanine, o-
methyltyrosine provides an excellent case to demonstrate the high translational fidelity that
can be achieved using this approach. Meanwhile, it was important to test whether this method
could be generally used to genetically encode various unnatural amino acids, especially those
significantly deviating from common amino acids in structure. Subsequent experiments
showed that L-3-(2-naphthyl)alanine (2), which represents a significant structural perturbation
relative to tyrosine, can also be genetically incorporated into protein in E. coli (Wang et al.,
2002). In the following years, the principle and methods developed herein have been used to
genetically incorporate more than 40 different types of unnatural amino acids in E. coli (Wang
et al., 2006). For most unnatural amino acids, suppression efficiencies range from 25% to 75%
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of the wild-type protein and translational fidelity is >99%. Yields of unnatural amino acid
containing proteins are in the range of several milligrams to tens of milligrams per liter of cell
culture. Additional orthogonal tRNA/synthetase pairs have since been generated (Anderson
and Schultz, 2003), and four-base codons have also been used to encode unnatural amino acids
in E. coli (Anderson et al., 2004). In addition, a biosynthetic pathway for p-aminophenylalanine
was created in E. coli so that the strain is able to produce and genetically incorporate p-
aminophenylalanine autonomously (Mehl et al., 2003).
Transition to Yeast
There are examples of eukaryotic organisms having natural changes in their genetic codes
(Knight et al., 2001), suggesting that it is possible to artificially alter the genetic code in
eukaryotes as well. The general strategy developed to genetically encode unnatural amino acids
in E. coli should also be applicable to eukaryotic organisms. A number of tRNA/synthetase
pairs derived from E. coli have been shown to be orthogonal in eukaryotic cells (Drabkin et
al., 1996, Kowal et al., 2001), again due to the low cross kingdom aminoacylation. In particular,
the E. coli tRNATyrCUA/TyrRS pair is orthogonal in yeast (Edwards and Schimmel, 1990,
Kwok and Wong, 1980).
To evolve synthetases specific for unnatural amino acids in yeast, a general selection scheme
analogous to that used in E. coli was set up, which also uses positive and negative selections
with a mutant synthetase library. A synthetase library (108 in size) is similarly constructed by
randomizing five active-site residues in the E. coli TyrRS that correspond to the five residues
randomized in the MjTyrRS (Wang et al., 2001). Mutant synthetases are identified after several
rounds of selection that, together with the E. coli tRNATyrCUA, incorporate a number of
unnatural amino acids into proteins in yeast, albeit with rather low protein yields (about 0.05
mg/L) (Chin et al., 2003).
Low incorporation efficiency results in reduced yield of the full-length protein containing the
unnatural amino acid and increase of truncated protein products terminated at the introduced
amber codon, thus creating difficulties in employing genetically encoded unnatural amino acids
strategy in yeast. To address this problem, new methods have been developed to efficiently
express orthogonal prokaryotic tRNAs and to improve the target mRNA stability in yeast.
Transcription and processing of tRNAs are different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. A major
distinction is that E. coli tRNAs are transcribed through promoters upstream of the tRNA gene,
while eukaryotic tRNAs are transcribed through promoter elements within the tRNA known
as the A- and B-box (Figure 3A) (Galli et al., 1981). The A- and B-box identity elements are
conserved among eukaryotic tRNAs but are absent in many E. coli tRNAs. Creating the
consensus A- and B-box sequences in E. coli tRNAs through mutation could cripple the tRNA
(Sakamoto et al., 2002). The E. coli tRNATyrCUA has the B-box but no fully matched A-box.
In the previously described system (Chin et al., 2003), only the tRNA structural gene was
inserted in a plasmid, resulting in basal level of tRNA expression likely driven by a cryptic
promoter elsewhere (Chen et al., 2007).
One method for increasing tRNA expression is to use the 5′- and 3′-flanking sequences of an
endogenous yeast suppressor tRNATyrCUA (SUP4) (Francis and RajBhandary, 1990, Drabkin
et al., 1996, Kowal et al., 2001, Chen et al., 2007). The E. coli tRNATyrCUA without the -CCA
trinucleotide is flanked by these sequences, and this cassette is repeated in tandem 3 to 6 times.
A strong PGK1 RNA Polymerase II promoter is additionally placed upstream of the tandem
arrangements (Chen et al., 2007). This combination gives an overall >50 fold increase in tRNA
levels compared to the previous tRNA alone scheme. Together with an optimized expression
of the synthetase, this approach improves the yield of unnatural amino acid containing proteins
to 6–8 mg/L of yeast cells. A new method to efficiently express prokaryotic tRNAs in yeast
involves an external promoter containing the consensus eukaryotic A- and B-box sequences
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(Figure 3B) (Wang and Wang, 2008). The promoter is placed upstream of the E. coli tRNA
(without 3′-CCA) to drive the transcription of a primary RNA consisting of the promoter and
the tRNA. The promoter is cleaved post-transcriptionally to yield the mature tRNA. Two yeast
Pol III promoters, the RPR1 promoter and the SNR52 promoter, have been shown to efficiently
drive the expression of the E. coli tRNATyrCUA in yeast. The expressed E. coli tRNATyrCUA
is 6 to 9 fold more active in translation than the same tRNA transcribed using the SUP4 5′-
flanking sequence. Interestingly, the increased activity is not a result of a higher tRNA
transcription level, suggesting the importance of proper tRNA processing. The cleavage of the
SNR52 or RPR1 promoter from the primary RNA transcript could directly generate the correct
5′ end of the tRNA. This external promoter method has also been used to express E. coli
tRNALeuCUA in yeast, which also functions efficiently in translation, suggesting that it can be
a general method for functionally expressing different prokaryotic tRNAs in yeast.
An important factor for unnatural amino acid incorporation in eukaryotes is the stability of the
target mRNA. Eukaryotic cells have an mRNA surveillance mechanism, nonsense mediated
mRNA decay (NMD), to identify mRNAs containing premature stop codons and target the
mRNA for rapid degradation (Amrani et al., 2006). The amber stop codon is so far the most
frequently used codon to encode unnatural amino acids, but NMD could shorten the target
mRNA lifetime resulting in a lower protein yield. Inactivation of NMD would preserve the
stability of the UAG-containing mRNA and thus enhance the incorporation efficiency. An
NMD-deficient yeast strain was generated by knocking out the UPF1 gene, an essential
component for NMD. The unnatural amino acid incorporation efficiency was indeed increased
more than two-fold in the upf1Δ strain compared to the wild-type yeast (Wang and Wang,
2008). NMD in yeast shows a polar effect of nonsense codon positions (Cao and Parker,
2003). The steady-state mRNA level is reduced by NMD more significantly when the nonsense
codon is closer to the 5′ end than to the 3′ end of an mRNA. Consistently, the increase of
unnatural amino acid incorporation efficiency in the upf1Δ strain correlates with the position
of the UAG codon: more than two-fold increase is measured when the amber codon is within
the N-terminal two thirds of the gene while no significant increase is detected when it is within
the C-terminal fourth of the coding region (Wang, Q., Wang, L., unpublished results). By using
the external SNR52 promoter and the NMD-deficient upf1Δ strain, the overall yields of purified
unnatural amino acid containing proteins have reached ~15 mg/L of yeast cells, approximately
300-fold higher than the previous system and comparable to the yield in E. coli.
Transition to Mammalian Cells
Genetic incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins in mammalian cells would face
the same challenges as in yeast. Specifically, a major challenge is how to efficiently express
prokaryotic orthogonal tRNAs and to ensure they are translationally competent in mammalian
cells, due to the aforementioned difference in tRNA transcription and processing. In addition,
another major challenge is how to evolve mutant orthogonal synthetases to be specific for an
unnatural amino acid for use in mammalian cells. The latter arises because the transfection
efficiency of mammalian cells is much lower than the transformation efficiency of E. coli or
yeast, making it impractical to generate large synthetase mutant libraries inside mammalian
cells. Moreover, survival-death selection in mammalian cells is not as efficient as in E. coli
and yeast. Therefore, it is difficult to evolve a specific synthetase out of a large mutant
synthetase library directly in mammalian cells.
The E. coli tRNATyrCUA -TyrRS pair is orthogonal in mammalian cells, but the E. coli
tRNATyrCUA is not easily expressed in mammalian cells presumably due to the lack of a
matched A-box. Fortunately, the B. stearothermophilus tRNATyrCUA happens to contain
consensus A- and B-box sequences, is not charged by mammalian synthetases, and works with
the heterologous E. coli TyrRS in suppressing the TAG codon. The B. stearothermophilus
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The purpose of the CWI catalog is to provide information for prospective and current students, faculty and staff, and interested educational institutions or agencies.Read more
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Connecting with Ideas (CWID) helps students become engaged members of the academic community at College of Western Idaho and cultivates the habits of mind for lifelong achievement and success. The course encourages students to claim their education through learning how to learn. By linking critical...Read more
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From Our Editors
Much of Arizona remains unchanged from the days when cowboys and their dinosaur steeds ruled the desert plains. Millions of acres of lush trees still blanket the Coconino National Forest, growing up over mountains in defiance of the desert's red rocks.
The horseback guides at Pot A Gold Adventures call each of these majestic landscapes home. Each day, they lead groups from four different stables: Hitchin' Post Stables, Pot A Gold Stables, White Tank Stables, and Pot A Gold Tucson. From here, they depart on adventures through deserts and forests. The wagons are drawn on rubber wheels to make the ride as smooth as possible so guests can enjoy the views as well as the horses, as they are nearly as beautiful as the surrounding landscape. On some of these trips, they might stop to build a fire and cook dinners of steak, potatoes, and beans, or a real cowboy breakfast.


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Illustrated Star Wars movie maps by Andrew DeGraff
By Annie Churdar in New Illustration on Thursday 18 April 2013
Now this is what we call fan art! Check out these finely detailed Star Wars infographic style illustrated movie maps by Andrew DeGraff where you can follow the events from each movie.
Vadering: Levitation, done the Star Wars way
By Low Lai Chow in New Trends on Wednesday 10 April 2013
Can this be true? Vadering, a geeky Star Wars reference to Darth Vader's invisible neck choke, might just be the next big Internet phenomenon. At least two people need to be in the shot, with one playing the role of Vader with one outstretched arm and clenched fingers, and another playing victim suspended in mid-air, […]
The Star Wars Remix project: may the creativity be with you
By Mareike Muller in New Art on Wednesday 3 April 2013
Even though you might not be a fan of the Star War movies, or going to international conventions, meet-ups and stuff, you still might enjoy the characters, gimmicks and famous quotes brought into our lives. To guarantee you some more fun with Darth, Jabba and friends, you should take a look at the Star Wars […]
Lord Vader and more: Star Wars figures as distinguished Victorian figures
By Low Lai Chow in New Art on Saturday 9 March 2013
Genius! Toronto-based Terry Fan mixes traditional ink and graphite with Photoshop to create these classy studio portraits of Star Wars icons as Victorian dignitaries. There's Lord Vader in a top coat and top hat, Chancellor Chewie looking grand with a monocle and pocket watch, Sir Yoda suited up for the occasion, Earl of Eisley enjoying […]
- 52
Star Wars stole the alphabet
By Annie Churdar in New Design on Wednesday 6 March 2013
I'm not sure if this chart from ChartGeek tests your knowledge of the English language or actually only reveals your nerdy obsession with Star Wars. Ok, let's be honest. If you can figure out what each letter stands for in this chart, it only shows of your embarrassingly vast knowledge of the Star Wars universe. I mean, […]
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Quirky Portraits of Overlooked Star Wars Characters
By Annie Churdar in New Illustration on Monday 11 February 2013
Ok, you've heard of Dark Vader, Chewie, C3P0, Luke, Leia, Yoda, and Boba Fett. You've seen the fan art. You know their heroic deeds, mishaps, and heartbreaks. Those characters are the famous ones. But come on guys, there's two sides to every story! What about all those other characters not important enough to have cool […]
JJ Abrams and Darth Vader duet in Star Wars: The Musical
By Low Lai Chow in Video on Monday 4 February 2013
So JJ Abrams, he who revived Star Trek not that long ago, has jumped ship from the Enterprise to, er, the Death Star. YouTube users Antonius and Vijay have created the silliest musical duet featuring a confrontation between Darth Vader and JJ Abrams on a pier of all places. The latter tries to pledge his […]
Star Wars Taxidermy
By Rebekah Rhoden in New Trends on Friday 25 January 2013
Okay, so maybe these are Phototohopped. But you can't deny that they're pretty cool. Who wouldn't want a wall mount inspired by Star Wars creatures? As long as you're not the one who has to hunt them down. May the force be with you, and with them, of course.
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Star Wars-Disney mashups
By Low Lai Chow in New Design on Saturday 3 November 2012
Disney buys Lucasfilm for US$4 billion, enrages Star Wars fans, sparks off deluge of reactions in the form of Disney-Star Wars mashups. We're a bit wistful, so the one with Luke Skywalker walking away into the Mickey Mouse sunset fits our mood perfectly.
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Will Disney change the face of Star Wars?
By David Bergmans in New Illustration on Thursday 1 November 2012
You would have to be living in a galaxy far, far away not to have picked up on the news of Disney buying the empire of George Lucas, Lucasfilm Ltd. An empire that doesn't stop at Star Wars. Industrial Light & Magic, Skywalker Sound and LucasArts are all part of this astronomical 4 billion dollar […]
Star Wars fanzines
By Low Lai Chow in New Trends on Tuesday 23 October 2012
Star Wars fans are loyal. They are also a creative bunch. How do we know? Three words: Star Wars fanzines. Executed in a range of art styles from realistic sketches to art deco, some of them come with rocking titles too, like Wookie Rendezvous; I Don't Care What You Smell; Imperial Entanglements; Dark Master Dark Servant; and On A Clear Day You Can See Dagobah. Here, we dug up some fan gems from eBay.
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Canine Star Wars: Imperial Walker and more
By Low Lai Chow in New Trends on Friday 21 September 2012
Now you no longer have to take your dog for any other walk, you can take them on an Imperial Walk instead.
Star Wars USB flash drives
By Mareike Muller in New Products on Wednesday 22 August 2012
May the force be with you! Well, from now on it will, easily, thanks to this very cool and cute collection of Star Wars USB flash drives. Just join forces with your favorite character and he'll take care of all your files, music or whatever you want to put on your USB stick.
Star Wars figures recreate iconic events and photographs
By Bridget Barnett in New Art on Tuesday 10 July 2012
52 Weeks of Star Wars is a follow up to photographer David Eger's series 365 Days of Clones, this time using Star Wars figures to recreate iconic events and photographs including the Beatles Abbey Road album cover and Martin Luther King's I Have a Dream speech. The project started on January 1, 2012 and will be completed on December 31, 2012, with a new interpretation, featuring the likes of Storm Troopers, Yoda, Darth Vader and R2D2, added to the site every Sunday.
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Pop culture and history, starring Star Wars character toys
By Low Lai Chow in New Art on Saturday 30 June 2012
In David Eger's mini-series, Clone Troopers, the Canadian teacher uses Clone Troopers and other Star Wars character toys to recreate important historical images, often with a pop culture slant. Just so you know, we are now convinced a certain Wookie would be perfectly casted in a Patterson-Gimlin film remake.
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'Rescue Me's' Denis Leary, Peter Tolan Spill Secrets About Series in Candid, Funny Conversation
The co-creators reveal to THR how the FX show -- whose series finale airs Wednesday night -- was almost a Toronto-filmed comedy on HBO, their hopes (and fears) for the legacy of the show and what's in store for the bickering pair.
- $10 million+: Funds raised by Denis Leary's Leary Firefighters Foundation since it was founded in 2000
- 3.4 million: Weekly viewership for the series on a live-plus-seven basis during the show's seventh
- and final season
- 182: Guest stars on the show, including Marisa Tomei, Susan Sarandon and Michael J. Fox
Never miss a story. Stay up-to-date with THR's Daily Headlines.
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Comic-Con 2015: THR's Full Guide to Parties in San Diego
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News in Brief: Peter Steele, Zs, Adam Green, Melbourne Jazz Festival
By Tom Breihan on April 15, 2010 at 4:50 p.m. EDT
-- MTV reports that Peter Steele, frontman for long-running Brooklyn goth-metal overlords Type O Negative, has died of heart failure. He was 48. Remember the man by spending nine minutes with the "Christian Woman" video right here.
-- New York experimental rock trio Zs will release their new album New Slaves on May 11, via the Social Registry. It includes a song called "Black Crown Ceremony I: Diamond Terrifier", which is obviously awesome.
-- "Teen Tech", the debut art exhibition from antifolk singer-songwriter and former Moldy Peach Adam Green, opens April 22 at New York's Morrison Hotel Gallery. And on May 11, Contraphonic will release Musik for a Play, an album of the instrumental music Green recorded to soundtrack a theatrical adaptation of the Paul Auster novel Timbuktu. The soundtrack is limited to 500 copies.
-- The Melbourne International Jazz Festival comes to the Australian City May 1-8. The fest's program includes shows from Tortoise, Mulatu Astatke, Peter Brotzmann, Charles Lloyd, Ahmad Jamal, and others.
News in Brief: Yeti, Adam Green, Title Tracks, Sounds Like Brooklyn Festival
By Tom Breihan on December 17, 2009 at 5:55 p.m. EST
-- The eighth issue of Yeti, the zine/journal published by Pitchfork contributor Mike McGonigal, is out now. As always, it includes a compilation CD of rare and unreleased tracks. On this one, you'll get music from the late Jim Dickinson, Vaselines, Ty Segall, White Rainbow, Vampire Hands, and others.
-- On February 16, Fat Possum will release Minor Love, the sixth album from former Moldy Peach Adam Green. Little Joy's Rodrigo Amarante and Devendra/Joanna collaborator Noah Georgeson guest, but Green plays most of the instruments on the album himself.
-- John Davis, formerly of Q and Not U and Georgie James now has a solo project called Title Tracks. On February 9, he'll release debut album It Was Easy, via Ernest Jenning. Camera Obscura's Tracyanne Campbell guests.
-- The Sounds Like Brooklyn festival will take over the Brooklyn Academy of Music's Howard Gilman Opera House and various other Brooklyn venues January 29 - February 6. Les Savy Fav, Ra Ra Riot, Rain Machine, the Antlers, Vivian Girls, Anti-Pop Consortium, and Dan Zanes and Friends will all take part.
Benefits in Brief: Jeff Tweedy, Robin Pecknold, TV on the Radio, Chairlift
By Tom Breihan on June 25, 2009 at 5:30 p.m. EDT
Photo by Natalie Kardos
Who: Wilco frontman Jeff Tweedy
When: August 8
Where: Emanuel Congregation in Chicago
What: A benefit for Emanuel Congregation
Who: Fleet Foxes frontman Robin Pecknold, Throw Me the Statue
When: July 11
Where: Neumos in Seattle
What: A benefit for the all-ages Seattle music/art venue the Vera Project
Who: TV on the Radio, Chairlift
When: August 7
Where: Double Door in Chicago
What: A benefit for Chicagoan Colleen Malone, who suffers from thyroid cancer
Who: Lightspeed Champion, Adam Green, Chairlift
When: July 9
Where: The Shank in Brooklyn
What: A benefit for Lightspeed Champion/Adam Green collaborator Jon Wiley, who is afflicted with multiple sclerosis
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Lana Del Rey Previews "Honeymoon"
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Radiohead's Jonny Greenwood Discusses the Band's New Album
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Bon Iver's Justin Vernon Criticizes Apple
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Monsanto, Starbucks, Walmart Respond to Neil Young's New Album
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Lil B Discusses NBA Curses on ESPN's "SportsNation"
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Death Grips Play First Show of Post-"Breakup" Tour
June 20, 2015 at 11:16 a.m. EDT
Tyler, the Creator & Vince Staples Freestyle on Hot 97
June 15, 2015 at 10:12 a.m. EDT
Ian MacKaye Digs Up Fan Letter from 14-Year-Old Dave Grohl
May 28, 2015 at 4:16 p.m. EDT
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May 27, 2015 at 11:43 p.m. EDT
Mastodon Portray "Wildlings" on "Game of Thrones"
May 31, 2015 at 10:36 p.m. EDT
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This article presents a framework for multimedia networking in a wireless and mobile environment. We consider both multimedia application needs as well as networking requirements, and try to bridge these paradigms using an adaptive framework. Central to this framework is the concept of representing a multimedia connection in terms of multiple substreams each with their own specified QoS requirement and making network elements (switching and access points), services, and protocols (signaling, control, routing) aware of the QoS requirements of such substreams. As resource availability in the wireless and mobile network fluctuates, the network selects and schedules substreams in order to present the information content with an acceptable quality at a receiver (or each receiver in case of multicast connections). This is done while achieving a reasonable utilization efficiency of network resources and sharing them in a fair manner
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Oregon Jumps Florida State for No. 2 BCS Ranking Behind Alabama
Oct. 28 (Bloomberg) -- The University of Oregon jumped over Florida State to take the No. 2 spot in college football's Bowl Championship Series standings behind top-ranked Alabama.
Oregon improved its record to 8-0 two days ago by scoring 28 straight second-half points to pull away for a 42-14 victory over then-No. 12 UCLA.
The win helped the Ducks move past Florida State, which is 7-0 after a 49-17 win over North Carolina State. The Seminoles held the second spot in the first BCS standings of the season a week ago thanks to their No. 1 ranking in the computer polls.
Florida State this week is collectively ranked third by the six computer polls, which determine the BCS standings along with the Harris Interactive Poll and the USA Today coaches' poll.
Alabama, the two-time defending BCS national champion, is 8-0 after a 45-10 rout of Tennessee two days ago.
The Crimson Tide have a .994 rating out of 1.000 in the BCS standings, which determine the two teams to play for the national championship on Jan. 6 in Pasadena, California. Oregon is at .952, followed by Florida State at .921.
Ohio State (8-0) is fourth in the BCS rankings, with Stanford (7-1), Baylor (7-0), Miami (7-0), Clemson (7-1), Missouri (7-1) and Oklahoma (7-1) rounding out the top 10.
To contact the reporter on this story: Erik Matuszewski in New York at firstname.lastname@example.com
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Michael Sillup at firstname.lastname@example.com


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Picture: Dustin Hoffman and Lisa Hoffman AFI Fest - 'Quartet' - Premiere at the Grauman's Chinese Theatre - Arrivals Los Angeles, California - 04.11.12
Made a significant contribution to American culture recently? Well unless you're in that headline, you've not done well enough. Dustin Hoffman, David Letterman, Buddy Guy, Natalia Makarova and Led Zeppelin have, and they've been recognized with a Kennedy centre honour because of it. Here are the winners:
Robert De Niro introduced actor and director Dustin Hoffman as a "world class, spectacular, colossal ... pain in the ass," before the 2000-strong audience were privy to a compilation of some of his best and most loved performances. "He just thinks at a different velocity," actor Liev Schreiber told reporters on the red carpet. "He burns at a brighter intensity," he added, according to Time.
Natalia Makarova, renowned for her work as the lead in Giselle, became a star dancing with the Kirov Ballet in the 1950s and 1960s. She was awarded for her pure dedication and excellence in her field. Buddy Guy has won six Grammys for his work in rock as well as traditional and contemporary blues, and been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, so it was about time the Kennedy Center gave him a call.
The name David Letterman speaks for itself, with him being one of the most prominent American entertainers of all time. "He changed comedy by breaking all rules of status for himself or for his guests," newsman Stephen Colbert told TIME. "He had respect for that which he respected but no respect for respectability itself, especially his own."
Led Zeppelin - following controversy over their 'last' gigs and eventual dismissal of a comeback proper, are last but not least. What else is there to say? Led Zeppelin: started in the 70's, still in the headphones of many today.
Thomas Berger, the renowned US author best known for his novel Little Big Man - later adapted into a movie starring Dustin Hoffman - has...


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Listen to free music played by Brotherdoobie
Blip.fm is internet radio made social. It's easy to search for, play, and discover free music recommended by real people. Join today to create your own free station and start listening to @Brotherdoobie.
Brotherdoobie Only hippies would try to dry rain with metaphors. Awesome.
The Beta Band – Dry the Rain| play
Brotherdoobie I promise you.
Brotherdoobie Bright. word play...brain and late for the train to work. Yes, really.
Silver Jews – Famous Eyes| play
Brotherdoobie double post :dabs:
Silver Jews – How To Rent A Room| play
Brotherdoobie Lake shadows, girls kissing boys, dirty knees, and lies about getting laid. Summer is over. 16 years is over. Blink.
Silver Jews – How to rent a room| play
Brotherdoobie Listen - to this song. Listen to all of their songs.
Brotherdoobie Witty flowers, left to die. Brilliant.
Silver Jews – The Wild Kindness| play
Brotherdoobie Cleveland, rawks. True story.
Pere Ubu – 30 Seconds Over Tokyo| play
Brotherdoobie Meat Puppets >*
An Albatross – Starving on Rabbit Meat| play
Brotherdoobie Doing it for the lulz.
Bloodhound gang – The roof is on fire| play
Brotherdoobie The man in black with purple veins and busted guitar strings reeking of speed and rust. Excellent. @isabellathestrange
Johnny Cash – Cocaine Blues With Lyrics| play
Brotherdoobie Summer Kool-Aid, blazing cherry lips,and breast with beads of sweat. Drug dazed ...slow...
Violent Femmes – Blister in the Sun| play
Brotherdoobie An excellent choice. Vietnam visuals of rain and sweat. @ Dottybubbles
Rolling Stones – Paint_it_Black| play
Brotherdoobie A sativa saturated visit to the head. Lovely, simply lovely.
Brotherdoobie Ouch! I have a cavity now, ffs...
Marcy Playground – Sex & Candy| play
Brotherdoobie Rotten tooth - sweet.
Marcy Playground – Sex And Candy (Video)| play
Brotherdoobie We don't need no water let it burn, ffs.
Bloodhound Gang – The Roof Is On Fire| play
Brotherdoobie @olgaduarte Nice selection. (reblip)


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Oily Skin Care Tips is strictly
Your skin layer could be the body and personality's photograph. So, you have to get proper care of your skin.
Getting Rid Of Acne Starting Right Now
How to Pick Out Supplements for Gaining Muscle Mass
Floor and then put your foot in and the sock
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Georgia Sees Season Come To An End
Posted: 05/22/2015 - Rally Comes Up Short as Georgia Falls 7-6 to Michigan
Posted: 05/22/2015 - Rally Comes Up Short as Georgia Falls 7-6 to Michigan
Posted: 05/22/2015 - Florida State drops the final game of the NCAA Knoxville Super Regional, 2-1, on May 22.
Posted: 05/20/2015 - The Seminoles score all three runs in the third and ride the right arm of Biegalski to an opening round win.
Posted: 05/20/2015 - The Florida State indoor volleyball team will play 31 regular season matches starting on Aug. 28 in Colorado.
Posted: 05/20/2015 - Two of the nation's top collegiate women's basketball programs will play each other on Dec. 11, 2015, at Mohegan Sun Arena in Uncasville, Conn.
Posted: 05/15/2015 - The Seminoles open the season at 8 p.m. on ESPNews versus Texas State at Doak Campbell Stadium
Posted: 05/15/2015 - MCGUIRE IN THIRD PLACE IN INDIVIDUAL STANDINGS, SEMINOLE MEN'S GOLF TEAM IN THIRD IN TEAM STANDINGS WITH ONE ROUND REMAINING IN NCAA CHAPEL HILL REGIONAL CHAMPIONSHIP
Posted: 05/14/2015 - Dylan Busby accounted for the only Seminole run with a solo shot in the second.
Posted: 05/14/2015 - Rattlers pound out a season-high 15 hits against MEAC competition.
Posted: 05/13/2015 - The defending national champions will play nine home matches in 2015.
Posted: 05/13/2015 - The Florida State men's basketball team, which is quickly gaining steam as one of the top teams in the nation and the ACC for the 2015-16 season, will play at Iowa in the 17th Annual ACC/Big Ten Challenge as announced by ESPN and the Atlantic Coast Conference office.
Posted: 05/13/2015 - GAME NOTES VS CLEMSON ATTACHED
Posted: 05/13/2015 - Georgia looks to secure a spot in the 12-team SEC Tournament as the Bulldogs play host to 20th-ranked Arkansas at Foley Field starting Thursday at 7:05 p.m.
Posted: 05/07/2015 - The No. 9/10 Seminoles earned a 4-2 victory over Boston College at the ACC Championship on May 7.
Posted: 05/07/2015 - University of Georgia football player Chris Conley has been named the 2014-15 Brad Davis Southeastern Conference Community Service Male Leader of the Year
Posted: 05/07/2015 - Florida State Women's Basketball team MVP Adut Bulgak is the latest Seminole to get a chance to represent her country this summer
Posted: 05/07/2015 - Florida State places a total of six student-athletes on the All-ACC First and Second Teams, while Lonni Alameda earns ACC Coach of the Year for the third season in a row.
Posted: 05/05/2015 - The senior southpaw works 7.0 shutout innings to move to 6-1 on the year.
Posted: 05/04/2015 - The Mark White era was ushered in at Tallahassee Community College
Updated: 05/04/2015 - The Georgia men¹s golf team will begin its quest for another national championship May 14-16 at the NCAA Regional hosted by the University of San Diego, according to an announcement Monday by the NCAA Division I Men¹s Golf Committee.
Posted: 05/04/2015 - TOURNAMENT BRACKET / NCAA SOFTBALL TOURNAMENT PAGE
Posted: 05/04/2015 - The Seminoles will participate as the No. 1 seed at the University of North Carolina Finley Golf Course on May 14-16
Posted: 05/04/2015 - Florida State Women's Hoops assistant coach and former Seminole standout Brooke Wyckoff was honored in her home state Saturday night as one of 11 inductees
Posted: 05/01/2015 - The Seminoles outhit the Chanticleers 16-4 in the opening game of the series.
Updated: 04/30/2015 - Quarterback Jameis Winston was selected first overall in the NFL Draft by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on Thursday night