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Welcome trick-or-treaters and party guests this Halloween with front-door accents that cast just the right spell. Our ideas for wreaths, door decorations, and entryway accents are sure to give your porch spook-tastic flair for Halloween.View Slideshow
These must-see ideas are super fun accessories for your Halloween party. From a vampire place setting to a fresh spin on caramel apples, you'll be inspired to start creating.View Video
One, two, three, done! Get ready for Halloween in no time with our easy three-step decorating ideas. Including flying bats, playful pumpkins, and scaredy black cats, these Halloween crafts will be ready in no time. Try one of our easy Halloween decorations to get your home ready for the spooky season.View Slideshow
Create quick no-carve Halloween pumpkins with a creative eye and some decorative tape. We share our technique!View Video
Want to host a Halloween party but aren't sure where to start? Browse our creative Halloween party themes--for both kids and adults--to get inspired by decorating ideas and delicious menus and recipes. Bonus: We have free downloads to make everything extra-easy!View Slideshow
This easy-to-make Halloween wreath can be used year after year. A few cheap supplies and some creativity result in a pretty fall wreath that's ready to display on your front door all season long. See how to make it!View Video
Looking for sleek fall decorating ideas that last all the way through Halloween? You've come to the right spot. Our collection of eclectic autumn displays and spookily stylish Halloween decor is sure to bring a little magic to your home all season long.View Slideshow
Celebrate the spirit of Thanksgiving with these quick harvest-theme crafts.
Place your favorite harvest-scented candles inside glass votive cups and wrap the vessels with tamale-making husks (available at grocery stores). Soak husks in warm water for a minute to make them flexible. Tightly wrap a husk around a votive cup and hold in place with a rubber band. Trim excess husk at the top and bottom. Twist a thin length of husk and tie it around the center of the candleholder; remove rubber band.
Turn a Thanksgiving dinner table into something special with these ideas that take only a few minutes to make.
-- Hot-glue cloves, star anise, and leaves to a small pumpkin or gourd to make a fragrant place card.
-- Fill a white container with white and yellow mini pumpkins resting on a bed of colorful fall leaves.
-- Top a pale green pumpkin with a bright gingham bow. Beneath the bow, crisscross thin ribbon in colorful rows down the pumpkin.
Mimic an expensive antique botanical with this affordable DIY version. Lay a dry (but not brittle) fern branch in between layers of newspaper and place inside a heavy book. Top the book with one or two more heavy books. Glue photocopies of pages from old books or newspapers to a picture frame backing. Once the branch is pressed, decoupage it to the mat, place in the picture frame, and hang.
Protect your furniture with these festive fall coasters, perfect for guests to use while enjoying Thanksgiving drinks in the living room. Tear yellow tissue paper into small pieces and adhere to a plain ceramic tile using decoupage medium. Let the glue dry slightly before adding border, leaf, and acorn stickers. When the glue is completely dry, coat the piece with acrylic glaze. Add adhesive felt circles to the bottom of the tile to prevent it from scratching surfaces.
Say "thank you" to your guests with a favor of a tree planted in their honor. (Arborday.org offers the service.) Present the certificate tied to a fallen or dried leaf twig wrapped in burlap.
Revive bare branches with paper leaves. Pick paper scraps that match your Thanksgiving decor. Fold paper scraps in half and cut out leaf shapes using scallop-edge scissors. Hot-glue the leaves to the branches, along with dried or artificial berries.
Craft this easy table runner to display on your Thanksgiving table -- no sewing required! Stamp leaf designs in straight rows down the length of a purchased table runner using fabric paint. Following the manufacturer's instructions on the paint, set and wash the finished design.
Drill holes through dried gourds and English walnuts (with husks still attached), and alternately string them on heavy-duty twine for a harvest swag. Tuck a spray of vibrant leaves in each corner to add a pop of color and hang the swag indoor or out. See next slide for a detail shot.
For an easy, handmade candleholder, hot-glue ears of dried Indian corn around a candle and wrap twine around the base. Display the embellished candle on your dining room table, buffet, or kitchen counter.
Add a homey touch to your holiday table with these fall-theme tabletop accessories. Thanks to purchased press-on lettering and crafts clay, no special skills or equipment are required.
Add some shimmer to your Thanksgiving table by coating ordinary rocks with gold, silver, and copper leaf (available at crafts stores). Give the rocks a rustic look by leaving some of the surface exposed.
Decorate a buffet table with this simple garland. Use heavy-gauge, gold wire to attach pinecones to rope. Tie a bow made from coarsely woven hemp or cotton ribbon around the rope at the top of each pinecone to hide the wire. (Optional: Add a little glitter to the pinecones before assembling the garland to catch the light.)
Editor's Tip: Reuse this garland for Christmas by swapping out the neutral bows for red or green ones.
Welcome guests with an easy-to-make leaf wreath. Using small scissors or a utility knife, cut slits in the centers of fresh leaves or pliable dried ones from a crafts store. String the leaves onto a wire wreath form until full. Hang from a pretty ribbon.
Turn miniature pumpkins into tabletop topiaries accented with raffia bows.
Rimmed with pinecones and casuarina pods, this bentwood basket is ready to hold the fruits of your harvest. Golden pecan stain gives the inexpensive container a rich patina.
Create a special keepsake journal filled with family recipes. Ask guests to bring old photos of themselves and a favorite holiday recipe to Thanksgiving dinner. Fill the pages with their offerings, then use the book year after year to create personal meals.
Create a beautiful Thanksgiving centerpiece overflowing with the colors of fall.
Stack these painted gourds on a glass cake plate to create an elegant display.


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James Dirksen has joined Procera Networks, Inc. as vice president of OEM Products where his primary role will be growing Procera's strategic OEM relationships with networking, SIEM, telecom, and security companies around the world.
Community Education Partnerships
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Capital Markets
Company Overview of Arena Capital Partners Fund I, L.P.
Company Overview
Arena Capital Partners Fund I, L.P. specializes in leveraged buyouts, industry consolidation, expansion capital, and structured preferred stock and common equity transactions in small to middle market firms. The fund may also consider firms undergoing structural change resulting in consolidation. It focuses on investing in education and training, information and financial services, consumer goods, and services industries. The fund seeks to invest between $2 million and $25 million in companies with less than $75 million in revenues and less than $50 million in total capitalization. The fund invests in both established companies as well as developing businesses.
50 East 42nd Street
Suite 702
New York, NY 10017
United States
Founded in 1999
Key Executives for Arena Capital Partners Fund I, L.P.
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The VeggieTales Bible, NIrV, Italian Duo-Tone, Lime Green
- Occasion▼▲
- Version▼▲
- NIV-New International Version
- KJV-King James Version
- NKJV-New King James Version
- ESV-English Standard Version
- NLT-New Living Translation
- HCSB-Holman Christian Standard
- NIrV-New International Readers Version
- NRSV-New Revised Standard Version
- CEB-Common English Bible
- CEV-Contemporary English Version
- GNT-Good News Translation
- ICB-International Children's Bible
- God's Word
- NAB-New American Bible
- NBD-Nueva Biblia al Dia
- NCV-New Century Version
- NTV-Nueva Traduccion Viviente
- NVI-Nueva Version Internacional
- Other
- RVR-Reina Valera
- TLA-Traduccion en Lenguaje Actual
- NLV-New Life Version
- Ages▼▲
- Audience▼▲
- Binding▼▲
- Color▼▲
- Format▼▲
- Grade Level▼▲
- Helps & Features▼▲
- Book Introductions
- Book Outlines
- Character Profiles
- Charts
- Concordance
- Dictionary
- Family Record Page
- Footnotes
- Gilded Edges
- Gold Gilding
- Harmony of the Gospels
- Illustrations
- Magnetic Flap
- Maps
- Note Pages
- Other Helps
- Paragraph
- Plan of Salvation
- Presentation Page
- Ribbon Marker
- Self-Pronouncing Text
- Silver Gilding
- Slide-Tab
- Smyth-Sewn
- Snap Flap
- Table of Weights & Measures
- Thumb Index
- Timeline
- Topical Index
- Zipper
- Language▼▲
- Media Type▼▲
- References▼▲
- Series▼▲
- Text Color▼▲
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Product Description
Features include
- Veggie Stories feature 8 full-color, best-loved Bible stories as told in the VeggieTales videos, including
- Dave and the Giant Pickle
- Rack, Shack, and Benny
- Esther, the Girl Who Became Queen
- Book introductions give important information about each book of the Bible
- "Veggie Values" teach lessons from the Bible like God made you special, God loves you very much, don't be afraid, be kind to others, forgive one another, and many more
- Index to "Veggie Values"
- "Remember This" highlights key verses of Scripture to remember
- A dictionary helps kids better understand key Bible words and concepts
- Blank pages for personal notes
- 8-point text size
- 9.00" x 6.00" x 1.50"
Product Information
|Format: Imitation Leather
Number of Pages: 1344
Vendor: ZonderKidz
Publication Date: 2013
Dimensions: 1.10 X 6.10 X 11.10 (inches)
Availability: In Stock
Ages: 7-10
|Series: VeggieTales
Text Color: Black Letter
Text Size: 8 Point
Note Size: 8 Point
Thumb Index: No
Ribbon Marker: No
Spine: Sewn
Page Gilding: None
Page Edges: White
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Publisher's Description
Grow with the Bible VeggieTales-style! Join Bob, Larry, and all the rest of the VeggieTales characters as they explore the most amazing book of all time. Filled with fun features, children will learn more about God and how he wants us to live.
Features include:
Veggie Stories feature 8 full-color, best-loved Bible stories as told in the VeggieTales videos, including Dave and the Giant Pickle; Rack, Shack, and Benny; and Esther, the Girl Who Became Queen.
Book introductions give important information about each book of the Bible.
Veggie Values teach lessons from the Bible like God made you special, God loves you very much, dont be afraid, be kind to others, forgive one another, and many more.
Remember This highlights key verses of Scripture to remember.
A dictionary helps kids better understand key Bible words and concepts.
This Bible contains the complete text of the New International Reader's Version (NIrV). Written at a third-grade level and specifically designed to help early readers discover the Bible for themselves, it's the perfect steppingstone to the NIV.
Product Reviews
TommyWinnipeg, MBAge: 18-24Gender: male5 Stars Out Of 5Great way to get somebody in the BibleJanuary 27, 2014TommyWinnipeg, MBAge: 18-24Gender: maleQuality: 5Value: 5Meets Expectations: 5This review was written for The VeggieTales Bible, NIrV, Hardcover.This is a great Bible for multiple reasons. The format is kid friendly, and any fan of Veggietales will enjoy flipping through the pages and reading "veggie stories", "veggie values", "remember this", and most importantly; the Word of God.
The NIrV is good for kids, anybody with English as a second language, and even anyone who wants a translation that is easy to understand.
The features and format in this Bible, and the easy to read NIrV text make this a great purchase.


text:
The team-based master apprentice project based at the Sac and Fox Nation has completed a multi-year effort to significantly boost the language proficiency of three second language learners. Funded by a grant from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Administration for Native Americans, the project was jointly administered by Cultural Survival's Endangered Languages Program and the Sauk Language Department in Stroud, Oklahoma.
With only a handful of local fluent elders available as language mentors, the innovative approach adapted the master apprentice program developed more than twenty years ago by the Advocates for Indigenous California Language Survival by working as a language team, rather than in an elder-learner language pair. Apprentices spent more than twenty hours in structured language immersion training sessions with an elder fluent speaker each week for the past three years in order to improve their language abilities to the level where they are capable of complex conversations with first language Sauk speakers.
The team last week hosted an impact evaluator from the Administration for Native Americans, based in Washington, D.C., to demonstrate the ripple effects federal funding has had in the community. The apprentices teach intensive high school language classes, evening community classes, and host open houses and other events for the tribal community to encourage broad participation in language learning opportunities, and to create a pipeline of new speakers for their endangered language. The project also supported annual language immersion field trips for elder speaker mentors and the apprentice team to visit their sister language community, the Meskwaki Nation based in Tama, Iowa, who speak the Fox language, which is very closely related to Sauk linguistically. Sauk elders living in the Stroud area have very few counterparts to converse with in their language, so the visits to a more intact language community with fluent speakers among multiple generations served as an opportunity to encourage language recall and development, and the enjoyment of engaging with other first language speakers.
Recording and archival quality materials purchased with the grant funding also have enabled the language department to continue to build on its growing audio and video archive. While the tribal Language Department is less than a decade old, it has established itself as a highly effective program that reaches hundreds of community members annually via programming geared at supporting language awareness and development across the generations. With three young highly proficient speakers now in their twenties and thirties, the department will now move to recruit new apprentices from the public high school courses they offer in cooperation with the local school district.
Administration for Native Americans (ANA) competitive grant funds are available on an annual basis to support tribal language programs in two categories—Native Language Maintenance and Preservation, and the Esther Martinez Initiative, which supports language immersion schools.
Watch for more language leadership from the Sauk Language Department as they work with Cultural Survival to submit the final objective evaluation report this month to ANA, and to disseminate a detailed team-based master apprentice teaching book developed during the past three years. Visit TalkSauk.com to download a language grammar and to learn basic vocabulary. Visit OurMotherTongues.org to meet the Sauk Language Department apprentices.
Since 1972 Cultural Survival has been advocating for Indigenous Peoples' rights and supporting Indigenous communities' self-determination, cultures and political resilience.
To read about Cultural Survival's work around the world, click here. To read more articles on the subject use our Search function and explore 40 years of information on Indigenous issues.
For ways to take action to help Indigenous communities, click here.
We take on governments and multinational corporations—and they always have more resources than we do—but with the help of people like you, we do win. Your contribution is crucial to that effort. Click here to do your part.
Cultural Survival is not a disaster relief organization. We work towards a world in which the rights of Indigenous Peoples are respected, protected, and fulfilled.
Bikalpa Gyan Kedra, an organization in Nepal founded by our Board Member Stella Tamang offers alternative educational opportunities to Indigenous girls and is not a disaster relief organization either, but since the earthquake they have been acting as a shelter to 300 local families. They need basic items like drinking water and food.
Radio Kairan in Kubu-Kasthali is asking for help with purchasing a power generator to get his community radio station back up and running to provide an essential means of communication for villagers on relief efforts as well as to power his community. Cost for this generator would be about $2,500


text:
The invention is a soda-lime-silica glass composition which is blue in color and having improved UV and IR absorption. The spectral properties of the blue glass at a 4.0 mm. Thickness include: 477-494 dominant wavelength and 6-40% purity of excitation. The blue glass composition, by weight, comprises a base glass composition of: 68 to 75% SiO2, 10 to 18% Na2 O, 5 to 15% CaO, 0 to 10% MgO, 0 to 5% Al2 O3, and 0 to 5% K2 O, where CaO+MgO is 6 to 15% and Na2 O+K2 0 is 10 to 20%; and colorants consisting essentially of: 0.4 to 2.0% total iron oxide as Fe2 O3, 0.15 to 2.00% manganese oxide as MnO2 ; 0.005 to 0.025% cobalt oxide as Co, and 0 to 1.00% titanium oxide as TiO2. The glass is useful for automotive or architectural applications. It preferably is made by a nitrite-free method which may desirably involve the use of a reducing agent during melting operations.
1. A blue colored ultra violet and infra red absorbing glass composition, having a base glass composition comprising: 68 to 75% SiO2, 10 to 18% Na2 O, 5 to 15% CaO, 0 to 10% MgO, 0 to 5% Al2 O3, and 0 to 5% K2 O, where CaO+MgO is 6 to 15% and Na2 O+K2 O is 10 to 20%; and colorants consisting essentially of: 0.4 to 2.0% total iron oxide as Fe2 O3 ; 0.15 to 2.00% manganese oxide as MnO2 ; 0.005 to 0.025% cobalt oxide as Co, and 0 to 1.00% titanium oxide as TiO2, all percentages being based on the weight percent of the total blue glass composition; the blue glass having at a 4.0 mm. thickness: 477-494 dominant wavelength and 6-40% purity of excitation.
2. The blue glass composition according to claim 1 wherein the dominant wavelength is between 480 and 488 nanometers.
3. The blue colored glass composition according to claim 1 wherein the amount of said total iron expressed as Fe2 O, is within the range of 0.6 to 1.2 wt. %.
4. The blue glass composition according to claim 1 wherein the amount of manganese compound expressed as MnO2 is 0.2 to 0.8 wt. %.
5. The blue glass composition according to claim 1 wherein the wherein the purity of excitation of the blue glass is from 10 to 30%.
6. The blue glass composition according to claim 1 wherein the amount of cobalt oxide as Co in said blue glass composition is within the range of 0.005 to 0.015 wt. %.
7. The blue glass composition according to claim 1 wherein the dominant wavelength of said blue glass composition is between 482 and 485 nanometers.
8. The blue glass composition according to claim 1 wherein said purity of excitation of said blue glass composition is between 10 and 20%.
9. The blue glass composition according to claim 1 wherein said composition contains about 0.10 to 0.30 SO3.
10. The blue glass composition according to claim 1 wherein said glass at 4.0 mm thickness has the spectral properties: 20 to 70% light transmittance using Illuminant A (LTA) and less than 62% ultra violet (UV) transmittance measured over the range of 300 to 400 nanometers and less than 54% infra red (IR) transmittance over the range of 760 to 2120 nanometers.
11. A blue ultra violet and infra red absorbing glass composition comprising: 68 to 75% SiO2,10 to 18% Na2 O, 5 to 15% CaO, 0 to 10% MgO, 0 to 5% Al2 O3, and 0 to 5% K2 O, where CaO+MgO is 6 to 15% and Na2 O+K2 O is 10 to 20%; and colorants consisting essentially of: about 0.6 to 1.2% total iron oxide as Fe2 O3 ; about 0.2 to 0.8% manganese oxide as MnO2 ; about 0.005 to 0.015% cobalt oxide as Co, about 0 to 1.00% titanium oxide as TiO2, all weight percents being based on the total weight of the blue glass composition; the blue glass having at a 4.0 mm. thickness: 480-488 dominant wavelength and 10-30% purity of excitation.
12. The blue glass composition according to claim 1 being manufactured with the addition of anthracite coal or other reductant as a raw material component.
13. The blue glass composition according to claim 1 wherein said blue glass is manufactured without the use of sodium nitrate.
14. An automotive or architectural glass made from the composition of claim 1 wherein the glass was floated on a molten tin bath.
15. An automotive or architectural glazing made from the composition of claim 1.
Reference is made to related U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,417 entitled "A NITRATE-FREE METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A BLUE GLASS" concurrently filed and commonly assigned herewith.
The invention is directed to a blue glass composition having improved ultra-violet (UV) and infra-red (IR) absorption together with a low shading coefficient. More particularly, it is a soda-lime-silica glass whose colorants are iron oxide, cobalt oxide, manganese oxide and optionally titanium oxide. Preferably the blue glass is manufactured by a nitrate-free method which may use, e.g., anthracite coal as a reducing agent.
Blue glass has found particular utility for architectural applications as building glass and has been considered for automotive glass applications. Blue glass has been manufactured using iron oxide, cobalt, and selenium as colorants, the cobalt imparting a blue color to the glass, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. RE 34,639 to Boulos et al. In U.S. Pat. No. RE 34,760, Boulos et al disclose blue glass using iron oxide, cobalt, and nickel, and yet in another embodiment, a blue glass further including selenium, both patents being commonly owned with the present invention. Selenium is however a costly colorant and tends to volatilize from the glass while nickel is prone to undesirable nickel sulfide "stone" formation within the glass. Still another blue glass composition is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,344,798, the glass including iron oxide and cerium oxide, together optionally with limited amounts of titanium oxide, zinc oxide, manganese oxide, and cobalt oxide, and having a specific Fe+2 /Fe+3 wt. ratio. The use of cerium oxide, which is known to improve UV absorption, is less than commercially desirable because cerium oxide is extremely expensive.
Iron oxide exists in two forms in glass, the reduced (Fe+2) form and the oxidized (Fe+3) form. Another blue glass composition, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,779,733, incorporates tin oxides to form more of the blue reduced (Fe+2) iron which has IR absorbing properties. This decreases the amount of the yellow oxidized iron, however, which has UV absorbing properties. Others have used a combination of zinc and tin oxides to similarly reduce the iron and form a pale blue glass, as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,013,487, with a resultant lowering of the UV absorption. Another pale blue glass is obtained in U.S. Pat. No. 4,792,536 using a unique melting furnace to reduce the iron oxide, without using tin or zinc oxides, which again lowers the UV absorption.
As would be appreciated, the UV and IR light absorption properties of iron oxide are especially valuable when the glass is to be used in buildings. When heat is absorbed by the glass, the load on building air conditioners is reduced and when the ultra violet absorption is improved, there is less damage over time to the colors of articles inside the building, additionally providing for more comfort. Therefore, controlling these spectral properties of the glass is very important. Adding iron oxide to the glass under normal furnace conditions improves both the ultra-violet and the infrared absorption of the glass since the concentration of both iron forms is correspondingly increased, but this improvement is at the expense of visible transmittance since the reduced form is darker in color. That is, as iron oxide is added, the color of the glass darkens so that the visible transmittance is correspondingly decreased which may limit the usefulness of the glass.
We have unexpectedly found that the present invention blue glass can include relatively large amounts of iron oxide yet have good visible transmittance and excellent UV absorbing properties, without the undesirable aspects of some prior art blue glasses, through the use of a particular combination of colorants in the glass, i.e., iron oxide, cobalt oxide and manganese oxide. For example, the present blue glass provides this excellent UV absorption without the use of costly UV absorbers like cerium oxide. In U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/762,474 filed Dec. 9, 1996 and CIP application Ser. No. 08/767,768 filed Dec. 17, 1996, both commonly assigned herewith, the present inventors disclosed a high transmittance green glass with improved UV absorption, whose colorants are iron oxide and manganese oxide, and optionally any of titanium oxide, cerium oxide, vanadium oxide, and chromium oxide.
The present invention is a blue soda-lime-silica glass composition having at a 4.0 mm. thickness: 477-494 dominant wavelength and 6-40% purity of excitation. The blue glass composition has a base glass composition comprising: 68 to 75% SiO2, 10 to 18% Na2 O, 5 to 15% CaO, 0 to 10% MgO, 0 to 5% Al2 O3, and 0 to 5% K2 O, where CaO+MgO is 6 to 15% and Na2 O+K2 O is 10 to 20%; and colorants consisting essentially of: 0.4 to 2.0% total iron oxide as Fe2 O3, 0.15 to 2.00% manganese oxide as MnO2 ; 0.005 to 0.025% cobalt oxide as Co, and 0 to 1.00% titanium oxide as TiO2. The weight percents of the components are based on the total weight of the glass composition.
Advantageously, embodiments of the glass composition have improved UV and IR absorption and a low shading coefficient as compared to some other blue glasses of similar color and visible transmittance. The shading coefficient is a widely used indicator of solar heat gain through a glass when compared to a standard reference glazing system. It is a significant advantage to improve UV and IR absorption, in a commercially desirable way without the use of expensive absorbers like cerium oxide as done herein, while maintaining good visible transmittance. We have found that the manganese oxide colorant of the present blue glass composition allows particularly for the avoidance of often added colorants like selenium or nickel oxide, while obtaining a pleasing medium to dark blue color.
According to another aspect of the invention, it is a commercially desirable nitrate-free method for manufacturing a blue glass composition and improving the ultraviolet absorbing properties of the glass while maintaining good visible light transmittance through the inclusion of iron oxide, cobalt oxide, and manganese oxide colorants in the glass composition. The method particularly comprises adding colorants, during molten glass formation, consisting essentially of a manganese compound along with a cobalt compound, iron oxide and optionally titanium oxide to a soda-lime-silica base glass composition, and adding no sodium nitrate into the batch during molten glass formation, to manufacture a glass having high visible light transmittance and improved ultra-violet absorption in quantities sufficient to form the blue glass composition disclosed above. Thus in this preferred method of manufacturing the glass, no sodium nitrate is added during glass melt processing. The use of sodium nitrate can lead to undesirable nitrogen oxide emissions. Anthracite coal, a reducing agent, is optionally but desirably added to the batch materials to aid in refining during the manufacturing process, in particular to cooperate with a conventional fining agent, sodium sulfate. This cooperation advantageously lowers the temperature at which SO3 is released from the sulfate. The anthracite coal may be replaced in part or in total by other reductants like blast furnace slag, slag from coal fired furnaces, coke, or graphite in the batch. In the present invention, the use of such reducing agents can act to override some of the oxidizing effect of the manganese oxide colorant or sodium sulfate fining agent without destroying the blue color of the glass. These and other advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description which follows.
Soda-lime-silica glass, used in the automotive and architectural industries and conveniently made by the float glass process, is generally characterized by the following basic composition shown in Table I, the amounts of the components being based on a weight percentage of the total glass composition:
TABLE I______________________________________ Base Glass Components Weight %______________________________________ SiO2 68 to 75 Al2 O3 0 to 5 CaO 5 to 15 MgO 0 to 10 Na2 O 10 to 18 K2 O 0 to 5______________________________________
The blue glass composition of the present invention employs this basic soda-lime-silica glass composition wherein, additionally, CaO+MgO is 6 to 15% and Na2 O+K2 O is 10 to 20%. In addition, the coloring components of the blue glass composition consist essentially of: 0.4 to 2.0 wt. % total iron oxide as Fe2 O3, 0.15 to 2.00 wt. % manganese oxide as MnO2 ; 0.005 to 0.025 wt. % cobalt oxide as Co, and 0 to 1.00 wt. % titanium oxide as TiO2. Further, the invention blue glass considered at a 4.0 mm. thickness has the following spectral properties: 477 to 494 dominant wavelength and 6 to 40% purity of excitation.
Blue Glass products made according to embodiments of the invention preferably have the following spectral properties at 4.0 mm. thickness: 20 to 70% light transmittance using Illuminant A (LTA) and less than 62% ultra violet (UV) transmittance measured over the range of 300 to 400 nanometers and less than 54% infra red (IR) transmittance measured over the range of 760 to 2120 nanometers. A preferred embodiment of glasses of the invention include a LTA of less than 60% with the UV transmittance being less than 50% and the IR transmittance being less than 45%. The most preferred embodiment of glasses of the invention include a LTA of less than 50% with the UV transmittance less than 40% and the IR transmittance less than 30%.
Generally, as quantities of the colorants increase in the glass composition, the % LTA, % IR and % UV transmittance of the glass will go down. Similarly, as the glass thickness increases for a given glass composition, the transmittance of the thicker glass decreases. Preferably, the dominant wavelength is between 480 and 488 nanometers with an excitation purity of 10 to 30%. Most preferably, the dominant wavelength is between 482 and 485 nanometers with an excitation purity of 10 to 20%.
Melting and refining aids are routinely included in glass manufacture and may also be used herein. One refining aid generally used to remove bubbles from the glass is sodium sulfate which generates SO3 in the glass. Preferably SO3 is present in the glass composition in a range of 0.10 to 0.30 wt. %, more preferably this range is 0.14 to 0.25 wt. %.
One required colorant of the invention blue glass is iron oxide, wherein as total iron oxide (as Fe2 O3) it is present in quantities of 0.4 to 2.0 weight %, more preferably being 0.6 to 1.2 weight percent. All weight percents herein being based on the total weight of the invention blue glass composition. Typically, this colorant is added into the batch ingredients in the oxide form, Fe2 O3. As discussed above, iron oxide exists in two forms in the glass melt. The oxidized form of iron oxide absorbs ultra violet (UV) light and the reduced form of iron oxide absorbs infra red (IR) light, hence the presence of iron oxide lowers the UV and IR transmittance through the glass products. Both absorbing functions of the iron oxide are especially valuable when the glass product is used in architectural applications particularly in geographic areas having a significant amount of sunshine.
Another essential colorant in the invention blue glass composition is manganese oxide which is present in the composition in an amount of 0.15 to 2.0 wt. % as MnO2, more preferably in an amount of 0.2 to 0.8 wt % MnO2. The manganese component can be added to the batch glass materials in a variety of manganese compound forms, including, but not limited to, MnO, MnO2, Mn3 O4, MnSO4, MnCO3, MnCl2, MnF2, etc, as well as mixtures of any of them. This colorant is generally present as a Mn+2 and Mn+3 oxide of manganese in the glass, although it may additionally or alternately be present in other states such as Mn+4. It is generally expected that any manganese compound used would be present in the glass as manganese oxide.
It is important that the Mn2 O3 form of manganese oxide generally absorbs in the same spectral area as selenium or nickel oxide colorants. Thus we have found it may be used in the blue invention composition to provide, in part, the coloring effect of selenium or nickel oxide in obtaining the desired blue color of the present invention glass, yet without the drawbacks of either selenium or nickel. As disclosed above, selenium is expensive and easily volatilized from the glass melt. Manganese oxide, for example, is inexpensive and not subject to such volatility as is selenium so that it is optimal as a colorant in the present blue glass composition. Using nickel oxide as a colorant brings about the undesirable potential to form nickel sulfide stones in the glass when sulfates are used as fining agents. Nickel sulfide stones are small ellipsoids that escape normal inspection methods during glass manufacturing and have been known to cause spontaneous breakage upon tempering of the glass. It has often been suggested in the literature that the use of manganese oxide along with iron oxide should be avoided in glass compositions because of the tendency of the glass to then solarize. That is, manganese oxide has been known to cause glass to discolor when it is exposed to a strong ultraviolet light. U.S. Pat. No. 5,344,798 mentioned above discusses the solarization problem as related to the inclusion of manganese oxide in the glass and limits its inclusion. In the present invention, the composition includes relatively large amounts of manganese oxide and yet we have found, as shown in the examples, that this amount of manganese oxide is not expected to cause the glass to solarize.
The manganese colorant has oxidizing ability which we have found additionally useful in the present invention. We wish to oxidize the iron oxide towards its more colorless form. Oxidizing environments have been provided to glass melts in several ways, for example by providing additional air to the glass melt in the furnace, increasing sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, or sodium nitrate in the batch or lowering the temperature of the furnace. All of these efforts have commercial drawbacks. For example, use of sodium nitrate can lead to undesirable nitrogen oxide emissions. We have found that the use of the manganese oxide colorant in the glass in a range of 0.15 to 2.00 wt. % as MnO2 additionally provides oxidizing benefits in the manufacture of the present invention blue glass eliminating the need of any additional oxidizer, like sodium nitrate. Thus, desirably, this blue glass composition may be manufactured without the use of sodium nitrate, as is preferred herein.
When the manganese compound is added to the glass batch, it is reduced to its more colorless form. For example, a portion of the purple colored manganese oxide colorant in its oxidized form (e.g., Mn2 O3) is converted to the more colorless, reduced MnO. We have thus found that more iron oxide may be added to the batch to enhance both the ultraviolet and the infra red absorption of the glass while simultaneously maintaining a high visible transmittance and obtaining a desired blue color of the glass. While it is expected that the other manganese compounds like MnCl2 would be similarly useful and converted to oxides in the batch, preferably it is most desirable to use the manganese oxide or manganese carbonate compounds as sources of the manganese oxide colorant in the glass batch.
Cobalt is another colorant required in the present invention blue glass composition. It is typically added to the batch ingredients as an oxide compound thereof, and is present as a coloring component in the glass in an amount of 0.005 to 0.025 wt. % as Co, preferably in an amount of 0.005 to 0.015 wt. % and most preferably in an amount of 0.006 to 0.012 wt. % as Co. The cobalt colorant functions to absorb light in the 580 to 680 nanometer range of the visible spectrum. The strong absorption in the 580 to 680 nanometer range and weaker absorption in the lower wavelengths is what primarily gives glass of the present invention its blue color. It is necessary to balance the amount of absorption from MnO2 and both FeO and Fe2 O3 with that of cobalt to achieve the desired blue appearance of the present glass composition.
Ordinarily, in conventional glass compositions, increasing the amount of iron oxide would undesirably reduce the amount of visible light being transmitted through the glass. Thus while the UV and IR properties might be improved in conventional glass by increasing the iron oxide colorant, if a high visible light transmittance glass were desired, it would not be achieved. The present invention advantageously provides a blue glass with good UV and IR absorption, while at the same time maintaining good visible transmittance and a pleasing medium blue color. And it provides the good UV absorption without the use of costly UV absorbers like cerium oxide.
One property of the manganese colorant, its oxidizing ability toward the iron oxide, acts to improve the UV absorption of the invention blue glass. And, in the present invention, increasing the total iron concentration can improve the IR absorption plus again lower the UV absorption. In another preferred embodiment of the present invention discussed in more detail below, anthracite coal or other reductant is used together in the batch with the colorants to further increase the UV and IR absorption of the glass product. The anthracite coal shifts some of the manganese oxide and iron oxide toward their reduced forms and the effect is to enhance the blue color. The visible transmittance (% LTA) is lowered when manganese oxide, cobalt oxide, iron oxide and anthracite coal are used in the manner described above. Some of the cobalt oxide can be removed to raise the % LTA and the glass will remain blue from the coloring effect of the reduced species of both iron oxide and manganese oxide.
The particular amounts of each of the colorant employed, e.g., iron oxide and each form of iron oxide (Fe+3, Fe+2) in a embodiment of a glass product according to the present invention will be a matter of choice and dependent in part on the desired spectral properties of the blue glass product, as would be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the present disclosure. Selection of a particular embodiment glass composition will be dependent in large part on its desired application, such that one application glass product advantageously has more UV absorption while another glass product optimally has better IR absorption.
As explained above, the present glass invention has been found to have improved UV absorption while maintaining good visible transmittance without the use of costly additives. For example, a sample of a commercially available blue glass made according to U.S. Pat. No. RE 34,639, discussed above and being commonly assigned herewith, includes iron oxide, cobalt, and selenium as colorants and has a UV transmittance of about 64.7% and an IR transmittance of 48.8% at 64.7% LTA (composition of Example 1 herein). A present invention embodiment of similar color appearance can be made having, at 63.6% LTA, a UV transmittance of 40.0% and an IR transmittance of 40.6% as in Example 3. Example 2 has a UV transmittance of 45.5% and an IR transmittance of 41.0% at 64.7% LTA. These examples demonstrate the significant improvement of the UV and IR properties of embodiments of the present blue composition as compared to available blue glass with almost the same % LTA. The advantage for architectural applications is apparent.
The present invention glass composition may also include titanium oxide as TiO2 in an amount up to 1.0 wt. % to improve the UV absorption of the glass. Generally, the present invention glass does not require any added titanium oxide since it possesses excellent UV and IR properties. Should it be desired to enhance the UV absorption, titanium dioxide may be added and preferably when included it will comprise up to about 0.4 wt. % of the blue glass composition.
It is known that tramp materials may enter the glass batch during production changeover from one glass composition to another in the glass melting furnaces or from impurities often accompanying the raw materials used. Exemplary of such tramp materials are selenium, nickel oxide, molybdenum, zinc, zirconium, lithium, and chromium, although this list is not meant to be limiting. Still others will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the present disclosure. These tramp materials or impurities are expected to be in small amounts, e.g., up to 0.0005 wt. % selenium and up to 0.005 wt. % nickel oxide as NiO. Depending on the source of the raw materials, of course, titanium dioxide often enters soda-lime-silica glass compositions as an impurity with the sand, dolomite or limestone in levels that give rise in the final glass product, even when no titanium dioxide has intentionally been added, in a range of about 0.015 wt. % or 0.02 wt. % to about 0.05 wt. % titanium dioxide.
The following table lists ingredients which are preferably used to form the optimal embodiments of blue glass compositions according to the present invention.
TABLE II______________________________________BATCH MATERIALS RANGE MASS (LBS.)______________________________________SAND 1000SODA ASH 290 TO 350DOLOMITE 215 TO 260LIMESTONE 70 TO 90SALT CAKE 6 TO 24ROUGE (97% Fe2 O3) 6 TO 30MANGANESE DIOXIDE 2.0 TO 28COBALT OXIDE (Co3 O4) 0.095 TO 0.5TITANIUM DIOXIDE 0 TO 14CARBOCITE 0 TO 4NEPHELINE SYENITE 0 TO 150______________________________________
In order to demonstrate the advantages of the present invention blue glass, glass melts detailed in all of the examples were made in the laboratory according to the following procedure: batches were weighed, placed into a glass jar about 2" high and 2" inside diameter and dry mixed for 10 minutes each on a Turbula mixer, dry batch was placed into an 80% platinum/20% rhodium crucible that stands 2" tall and has an inside diameter at the top of 2.5" and is tapered to the base which has an inside diameter of 1.75". An amount of 4.5 ml. of water is added to the dry batch in the crucible and mixed with a metal spoon. After such preparation, a group of six different batches is melted in a gas/air fired furnace at the same time for 1 hour at 2600� F. and each crucible is removed in turn from the furnace and fritted. Fritting the glass involves coating the inside of the platinum/rhodium crucible with the molten glass and then plunging the crucible into cold water.
After removing the crucible from the water and draining the water, the broken glass particles are removed from the sides of the crucible and mechanically mixed inside the crucible. All six samples are fritted in like manner and all crucibles are placed back into the furnace for another 1 hour interval at 2600� F. and the fritting procedure is repeated. After the second fritting process, the crucibles are returned to the furnace for 4 hours at 2600� F. Each crucible is removed in turn from the furnace and each molten glass sample is poured into a graphite mold with an inside diameter of 2.5". Each glass is cooled slowly, labeled, and placed into an annealing furnace where the temperature is quickly raised to 1050� F., held for 2 hours, and then slowly cooled by shutting off the furnace and removing the samples after 14 or more hours. The samples are ground and polished to about 4.0 mm. thickness and subsequently the spectral properties are measured for each sample.
All the laboratory melts of the examples are made with the above procedure and use a base composition of 100 grams sand, 32.22 grams of soda ash, 8.81 grams of limestone, 23.09 grams of dolomite, 1.2 grams of sodium sulfate, 2.64 grams of nepheline syenite, and the remainder of the batch includes rouge, manganese dioxide and cobalt oxide and may include anthracite coal or other reductant as described in the example melts. Titanium dioxide also may be added to improve ultra violet absorption, if desired. The base composition of a typical glass melt made from the batch materials above would be about 72 wt. % SiO2, 13.5 wt. % Na2 O, 0.15 wt. % K2 O, 8.4 wt. % CaO, 3.6 wt. % MgO, 0.6 wt. % Al2 O3, and 0.2 wt. % SO3. The range of colorants of the invention embodiment examples herein was: 0.4 to 2.0 wt. % Fe2 O3, 0.15% to 2.00 wt. % MnO2, 0.005 to 0.025 wt. % CoO, and 0 to 1.0 wt. % TiO2, the specific amounts being detailed in the examples. As would be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the wt. % concentration of the base components would decrease as the total amount of colorants is increased.
Table III shows the improvement of the ultra violet and infra red absorption of several examples of embodiments of present invention glass compositions (i.e., other than Example 1 which is a comparative example) including varying amounts of manganese dioxide colorant. In particular, Table III below shows the improvements in ultra violet absorption with an increasing amount of MnO2 at a constant level of 0.6 wt. % Fe2 O3 For comparison, Example 1 is a commercially made product based on U.S. Pat. No. RE. 34,639 commonly owned herewith as discussed above, which contains about 0.0002 wt. % selenium. In both Tables III and IV, no TiO2 was added to the glass, but it was present as an impurity in the glass at a level of about 0.02 wt. %, having come in with raw materials.
TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________ Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4 Ex. 5 Ex. 6 Ex. 7__________________________________________________________________________Wt % Fe2 O3 0.42 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6Wt % FeO 0.096 0.123 0.125 0.109 0.123 0.254 0.266ppm Co 50 50 50 150 150 150 150Wt % MnO2 None 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.6% LTA 64.7 64.7 63.6 49.3 42.9 40.3 39.3% UV 64.7 45.5 40.0 42.9 39.3 50.9 46.9% IR 48.8 41.0 40.6 44.1 40.5 18.2 16.9% TSET 58.7 53.6 52.3 49.8 45.4 33.1 31.6Dom. Wavelength 481.9 484.3 486.3 479.6 479.4 478.9 479.4% Excitation Purity 8.7 9.4 8.2 20.2 23.7 29.8 29.5__________________________________________________________________________
From Table III, it can be readily seen that the addition of manganese dioxide colorant together with the relatively increased amount of iron oxide colorant significantly improves both the ultra violet and infra red absorption of the present invention blue glass composition. Particularly, compare the spectral properties of commercial product of Example 1 to glass of the present invention embodiments in Examples 2 and 3. Most desirably, in addition to the significant improvement in the ultra violet absorption of the glass, the invention examples also maintain the visible transmittance of the glass, as evidenced by a similar % LTA. Examples 4 and 5 shows the increase in blue color intensity by increasing the concentration of cobalt oxide with correspondingly significant improvements in both UV and IR absorption. Examples 6 and 7 are similar to Examples 5 and 6 respectively, except that anthracite coal was added to the batch such that the salt cake to anthracite coal ratio was 7:1 to generate reducing conditions. The reducing conditions significantly improved the IR absorption while also attaining better UV absorption than the commercial blue glass product of Example 1.
While Table III showed the improvement in ultra violet absorption of present invention glasses with constant total iron colorant when the MnO2 colorant was increased, Table IV shows the change in ultra violet absorption when a constant amount of MnO2 (0.2 wt. %) is added to various concentrations of Fe2 O3.
The results of Table IV, for present invention glass composition embodiments, demonstrate that, in glasses with a constant MnO2 wt. % (concentration), increasing the Fe2 O3, correspondingly increases the ultra violet absorption. Table IV also shows that at a given concentration of MnO2 colorant, the dominant wavelength (color) tends to increase slightly as the total iron oxide is increased in the glass. Example 3 (Table III) is the same as Example 9 in Table IV. Example 8 demonstrates the improved UV absorption compared to Example 1 in Table III based, it is believed, on the action of the manganese colorant to shift the iron oxide colorant toward its oxidized form. The blue color and intensity of present invention embodiment blue glass in Example 8 is similar to the commercial blue glass of Example 1 and yet has the added benefit of a higher % LTA. Table IV also demonstrates that the infra red transmittance is lowered in the present invention embodiments as the total iron oxide is increased in the blue invention glass compositions.
TABLE IV______________________________________Ex. 8 Ex. 9 Ex. 10 Ex. 11 Ex. 12 Ex. 13______________________________________Wt. % 0.4 0.6 0.75 0.9 1.2 1.6Fe2 O3Wt % FeO 0.091 0.125 0.228 0.318 0.450 0.644ppm Co 50 50 50 50 50 50Wt % MnO2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2% LTA 68.0 64.7 58.9 54.0 46.6 35.1% UV 56.1 45.5 41.4 36.9 27.7 17.5% IR 50.4 41.0 21.5 12.7 6.1 1.6% TSET 60.5 53.6 40.3 33.0 25.4 16.9Dom. 482.7 484.3 485.2 485.8 487.0 488.5Wave-length% Exci- 9.4 9.4 12.4 14.4 16.2 19.5tationPurity______________________________________
Table V demonstrates the spectral property changes that occur when sodium sulfate and anthracite coal are varied within the embodiment of the invention. The total iron oxide, ppm Co and wt. % MnO2 were maintained at constant values and the % FeO is the only variable. The actual % Fe2 O3 varies proportionately with the respective concentration of % FeO to maintain the total iron oxide at 0.6 wt. %. Note that the anthracite coal has a stronger impact on the concentration of % FeO than does the concentration of sodium sulfate. Examples 14 through 17 have the same wt ratio of sodium sulfate to anthracite coal (7:1), but the reducing action of the coal overwhelms the oxidizing effect of increasing the sodium sulfate. Note also in Example 16, 18, and 19 at constant sodium sulfate concentration that as the anthracite coal is lowered, then the % FeO gradually falls. In Examples 14 through 19, the constant cobalt oxide and manganese dioxide keep the dominant wavelength and excitation purity within a small range.
TABLE V______________________________________Ex. 14 Ex. 15 Ex. 16 Ex. 17 Ex. 18 Ex. 19______________________________________Wt. % 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6Fe2 O3Wt % FeO 0.274 0.303 0.331 0.353 0.282 0.274ppm Co 80 80 80 80 80 80Wt % MnO2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4Na2 SO4 / 7.5 10 12 16 12 121000SiO2Coal/ 1.07 1.43 1.71 2.29 0.8 0.481000SiO2% LTA 51.6 52.3 50.4 48.1 51.6 52.3% UV 48.5 50.4 51.0 47.7 46.2 50.3% IR 16.4 13.9 11.7 10.5 15.6 16.3% TSET 35.4 34.1 32.1 30.0 34.5 35.7Dom. 482.6 483.1 483.1 484.0 483.7 482.5Wave-length% Exci- 19.3 18.7 19.9 19.1 17.3 19.4tationPurity______________________________________
Table VI below further demonstrates the impact of using anthracite coal as compared to not using coal in the batch. Manganese dioxide colorant, sodium sulfate and total iron oxide colorant were kept constant while the % FeO varied due to the reducing power of the coal. Examples 20 through 22 did not have any reducing agent in the batch while Examples 23 through 25 each had anthracite coal in the batch which reduced the iron oxide to generate a higher % FeO and the % IR transmitted was much lower. Note that in each case as the cobalt oxide increased, the dominant wavelength dropped and the % excitation purity increased indicating that the blue color was more intense.
TABLE VI______________________________________Ex. 20 Ex. 21 Ex. 22 Ex. 23 Ex. 24 Ex. 25______________________________________Wt. % 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6Fe2 O3Wt % FeO 0.121 0.115 0.117 0.150 0.148 0.152ppm Co 65 80 95 65 80 95Wt % MnO2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2Na2 SO4 / 12 12 12 12 12 121000SiO2Coal/ 0 0 0 0.8 0.8 0.81000SiO2% LTA 57.9 57.6 54.2 59.7 56.3 52.6% UV 41.3 44.9 44.8 46.2 46.5 45.9% IR 41.2 43.1 42.4 34.6 34.9 34.0% TSET 51.1 52.3 50.8 48.4 47.5 45.7Dom. 482.8 481.8 480.9 482.9 481.9 481.0Wave-length% Exci- 12.9 14.0 16.3 12.9 15.3 18.1tationPurity______________________________________
Table VII below demonstrates the increase in the dominant wavelength as the manganese oxide colorant is increased from 0.2 to 0.6 wt. % plus the oxidizing effect that lowers the % UV transmitted at the higher manganese oxide concentration and at constant iron oxide levels. It further demonstrates the influence of increased iron oxide colorant. In particular, as the iron oxide concentration increases; the % UV, % IR, and the % LTA are all lowered. All of the Examples in Table VII demonstrate the increased absorption in the IR from the addition of anthracite coal.
TABLE VII______________________________________Ex. 26 Ex. 27 Ex. 28 Ex. 29 Ex. 30 Ex. 31______________________________________Wt. % 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.9 1.6 1.6Fe2 O2Wt % FeO 0.163 0.160 0.373 0.367 0.622 0.644ppm Co 150 150 150 150 150 150Wt % MnO2 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.6Na2 SO4 / 12 12 12 12 12 121000SiO2Coal/ 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.711000SiO2% LTA 43.8 43.2 36.4 36.1 24.6 23.3% UV 61.6 55.2 37.8 35.6 16.4 12.7% IR 31.5 32.1 9.1 9.4 2.0 1.9% TSET 42.5 42.1 25.2 25.0 13.9 12.9Dom. 477.9 478.4 480.4 480.9 482.8 483.9Wave-length% Exci- 28.5 27.3 30.1 29.4 31.7 30.1tationPurity______________________________________
Blue glass compositions made according to the present invention can be used for both automotive and architectural applications. Generally, they would be manufactured by well known float glass techniques. Present federal automotive regulations require a minimum of 70.0% LTA measured at the actual glass thickness, in general, for glazings used in automotive vehicles. For example, sun-roofs may have a lower LTA. The blue glass of the present invention is expected to maintain its LTA throughout its useful life. Glasses containing manganese and iron oxide colorants have been known to solarize or discolor when exposed to a strong ultra violet light source as discussed above. Tests of glass compositions in the ranges of the concentrations of the iron oxide with manganese oxide colorants of the present blue glass compositions by the inventors have demonstrated that solarization does not take place. It is expected that the present invention blue glass additionally including cobalt oxide will likewise not experience solarization since it is the manganese oxide which has been repeatedly implicated in literature as causing solarization, not colbalt oxide.
The examples demonstrate the inventors unexpected discovery of an advantageous way to improve ultra violet light absorption in blue glass products while maintaining good visible transmission and, at the same time, improving absorption in the infra red portion of the spectrum. All of this has remarkably been accomplished in a low cost and environmentally friendly way, i.e. by using, as one of the colorants, a manganese compounds instead of commonly used materials like selenium, nickel, or cerium oxide in the glass composition batch. And preferably, the blue glass can avoid the inclusion of sodium nitrates into the glass batch as is generally used in glass manufacture, since these nitrates are a source of undesirable NOx emissions.
While embodiments of the novel blue glass composition of the invention has been illustrated and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art in the light of the present disclosure that various modifications within the scope of the disclosure may be made without departing from the invention. It is intended to cover in the appended claims all such modifications and equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
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What Milwaukee is talking about
Firstwatch: Jobs at the archdiocese and the capital
If you're job hunting, there's still an opening to head up the Milwaukee archdiocese.
But if your name isn't in this article, it seems you might have some work to do to get the post.
Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett seems under more pressure from top-dog Democrats to apply for the job opening in the governor's office in Madison now that Lt. Gov. Barbara Lawton has removed herself from the running.
On the other hand, Republicans Scott Walker and Mark Neumann probably don't mind Barrett's lack of a decision.
While both of those jobs are still hanging out there, someone else actually took a new gig. Former Journal Sentinel reporter Alan J. Borsuk nabbed a new job as a senior fellow in law and public policy at Marquette University.
Local health departments have been holding so many swine flu vaccination clinics lately that they might be hiring. Waukesha County is offering the nasal mist vaccination only today at the Waukesha County Expo Center, 1000 Northview Road.
In other health news, Katherine Bliss a policy expert on global health and a former U.S. State Department officer, will talk about the global water crisis tonight at UW-Milwuakee's Hefter Conference Center, 3271 N. Lake Drive, at 7 p.m.
If you want a job as a weather forecaster, take your best guess at the forecast for the day. One of the guys we trust with that job, John Malan of WTMJ-TV (Channel 4) has his dry, but foggy forecast here.
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Arizona drivers with stolen license plates should be wary of cactuses. One town has installed cameras tucked away in faux versions of the spiny plants.
Technically Incorrect: Why do owners of greener vehicles feel the need to crow about their eco-superiority? Is it pride, or a need to make the rest of us feel bad?
Streaming music's loudest critic is also its greatest gift: Every time Taylor Swift denounces services like Apple Music, she explains to consumers what a great deal they are.
A few states have begun the journey toward offering a digital version of your driver's license that would reside on your phone. But the going could be stop and go for a while.
As more items from our wallets move to our smartphones, a digital driver's license developed by biometric company MorphoTrust is poised to make the migration as well. But how do you keep it secure in an era of rampant identity theft? Sumi Das takes a look at the tech behind the digital identity app.
An early draft of the next 007 outing has leaked a pretty massive spoiler -- but don't worry, we're keeping it top secret.
Iowa announces it is testing driver's licenses on phones. But what if a police officer asks to take your phone, so that he can check your license in his own vehicle?


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Contact us if you have any questions, ideas for improvements or experience any bugs when playing the game: email@example.com
Your feedback will be used in future updates.
Last, but not least, a big THANK YOU goes out to everyone who has played "Roll The Ball: slide puzzle"
Bouncy Ball
[Record Google Play] - (Republic of Korea)
Overall Top 2 free app
Top 2 Brain & puzzle games
[Introduction Game]
The best addictive brain games
You eat the stars to all the way. It's easier than any games.
various obstacle/trap will be the best control games to test your control.
And level of more than 20 world and 800 will be a great brain games.
※ Note: Bounce Ball is best killing time game. You will not stop the moment you begin. ※
[Game Play Service]
You can compete in social play with people all over the world by using the Google plus ID.
Do you have confidence to be the No.1 in the world?
[Online Map Store]
Bouncy ball is providing the map editor, the online map store for creative game.
You can to design your own levels in the map editor. and You can share it in the map store to world users.
Map editor has most addictive better than any games.
You feel pass one minute to create the map, but in fact one hour has passed. It's incredible killing time game.
Users in each country, play the map you've created, and give rating 1~5 point.
Map store has created more than 100,000 maps per day,
1 million maps in three days that users have uploaded map store, sufficient to establish the best addicting games.
Far more interesting than the official map, various, maps have been waiting for your brain in the map store.
To touch the left and right sides of the screen.
Bouncy ball is a most simple game.
You can feel the addictive nature of the best user simplicity, we did a lot of effort.
1.100% free brain games
2.Provide map editor and online map store
3.Official Map of more than 800
4.endless updates
5. So many various item.
Facebook : http://www.facebook.com/RAONGAMES
Unblock Ball
1000s of interesting puzzles in six different game modes each having hundreds of puzzles.
Ultimate mind game to pass your boring moments and it also refreshes your thinking.
Pocket the colored balls in the same color holes in given moves, avoid dropping them anywhere else.
Balls move realistically and are lively animated even while moving the blocks.
How to Play
Touch and drag the blocks to move them.
Move the blocks such that you get the balls near their matching colored holes.
Think and play with strategy to pocket the balls in minimal moves.
Repeat failed levels by playing alternate moves to find new routes.
Brand new & unique unblock game...
Single Ball, Multi Ball, Red & Blue Ball, Magic Wall, Splitting Ball & Super Block game packs.
Complete 50 Levels in Single Ball to unlock Multi Ball pack.
Unlock sucessive packs by finishing 50 Levels in each pack.
Other features
Top up extra moves with lives in tough levels.
All levels are star rated with skill based scoring system.
30 Achievements and 9 Leader boards to compete.
Google play leader boards and achievements for all game modes.
Share this game with friends and compete with them for top scores.
Get free lives by inviting friends and watching sponsored videos.
Unique and new game for all in family.
Ultimate mind game puzzles for passing time.
Magnetic balls bubble shoot
* 4 worlds with different physics, 384 levels with increasing difficulty
* 16 collection kittens with 80 items for the collection of which you gain experience
* new location "Vacation" (at the end of stage) in which you can help to make the penguin ski resort
* endless game mode with adjustable difficulty (nightmare included)
* amusing ball physics for different materials
* leaderboards
* friendly user interface
* mode for people with impaired color vision (in settings top-right button)
Game description:
There are two game modes — endless mode with adjustable difficulty ("Arcade" button) and campaign mode ("Levels" button). Game has four worlds with different physics and decorations, which can be switched by the «Realms» button in the main menu.
The gravity in the playing area is upward-directed, and this is taken into account for geometrical calculations of wall rebounds and ball drops.
In the game you can see the score, time and number of coins on the left, the players ball queue on the right and the current ball on the bottom side.
You can shoot the ball by pressing on the game field.
Special balls can be chosen by pressing on the current ball. Second pressing allows to change the ball type.
There is advertising in the free version of the game.
Game instructions:
Press the screen where you want to shoot the ball. The new line appears in the glass after several balls shot (amount depending on the level). Combine three or more balls in one line to destroy them.
You get coins for each line of four and more balls. You can exchange the coins for special balls to use in difficult situations (or just for fun).
You can get combo bonus for destroying of several groups of balls within 1.5 seconds.
3-combo will give you a special "mine" ball. If you combine it in line with 3 or more balls, you will get an explosion and an extra coin.
You will get up to 6 coins for 5-combo and higher.
Press the ball in the bottom of the screen to select a special ball. Press again to change the ball type.
Game supports all Android screen sizes (phones and tablets) .
Known Issues on http://www.100500games.org/#!support/c24vq
Bouncing Red Ball
YOU are a Bouncing red ball jumping and bouncing
Bounce, , jump, and hop to survive in this endless free obstacles spike run world!
* Dodge the spikes and don't let the bouncing ball spikes hit you
* WARNING: This game is hard and moves FAST but it is super addictive
* Train your reaction skills in this impossible tap hard style endless runner
* Can you guide your red bouncing ball far enough to make it to desert world and beyond?
Red Ball Bouncing coolmath red bal gamesl is a simple onetouch game that will keep you on edge and entertained with endless flow running game play. Jump, bounce, hop, use your skill your way over and around endless amounts of enemy spikes and other dangerous obstacles. With simple onetouch control, tapping the screen to dodge spikes and falling blocks, guide your red ball over spikes and jump onto blocks to continue the endless levels. Any mistake will result in instant death and a respawn at the beginning of the level to restart your impossible run. Be careful not to hit the ball spikes or POP! GAME OVER!
Don't think a spike is all you have to worry about; Red Ball Bouncing Dash has many other obstacles, enemies and traps to worry about too. The red ball rolls while running under your control with the steady flow of a great endless runner red ball game.
Red Ball Bouncing Dodge Dash may feel too hard and impossible at times but after practicing and repetition you will be running, bouncing, and dodging over endless amounts of ball spikes for hours and hours of fast, fun and addicting game play!
[How to play]
>Tap the screen to make the red ball bounce on obstacles and dodge spikes
>Don't land on a spike or your dot will pop and your run will come to an end
>Endless run flow style hardest game play
>Dodge spikes at all costs
>jump your way through fast, world hard game levels and 3 hard worlds
>Beat all of your friends high scores!
If you love endless hard, impossible and red ball runner style games like don't touch the spikes and red bouncing ball spikes then you will love Red Ball Bouncing friv game! This is the new hardest impossible run game The most addictive game requires great skill and concentration join the thousands already playing red ball bouncing game
Hamster Balls: Bubble Shooter
Ready? Aim… Shoot!
Match 3 or more color balls to pop them!
Help your cute hamster friends reach their home in this bubble shooter game. An exciting adventure, full of dangers, obstacles, and tricky balls waits for you! Save lab flies and other creatures trapped inside balls, get the highest score, or just survive!
Meet the ingenious hamster team: Timmy, Runner, Psycho, and Wisenheimer. Along with yourself, they constitute a perfect bubble shooter crew that can overcome anything!
Discover how the hamsters' special skills come in handy with their ball-popping abilities.
Psycho hates red buttons? Ok, there is a perfect Red Button for him that causes total ballihilation!
Runner loves running. Let's upgrade the equipment on his running wheel and produce bombs!
Wisenheimer can control balls with the power of his mind. Just clean the dust off his telepathic helmet and let him do his job.
Timmy's best skill (besides operating the bubble shooter cannon) is… getting into trouble! This little tyke is the reason why the whole adventure started.
Disclaimer: Beware of mysterious events, fading light, and balls that refuse to pop, but also may freeze, poison, or even predict the future!
*No balls were harmed while making this game.
How to play:
★ Tap the screen to aim and shoot the balls.
★ Tap the bubble shooter cannon to swap the balls.
★ Bounce the balls off the walls to aim into tricky spots.
★ 100+ levels of Challenging Puzzles!
★ Upgradable Hamsters, each with unique abilities!
★ Diverse mission goals and challenges.
★ Cool & effective boosters and rescue kits.
★ Toggable color blind mode.
★ Facebook login to invite friends and exchange gifts.
★ Leaderboards.
★ Trophies.
Balls (Lines)
Game is a clone of Lines'98
- Nice graphics & sounds
- 9x9 and 10x10 boards (9x9 is harder!)
- 5 6 7 8 colors (more colors is harder!)
- Unlimited undo of moves
- Combos in any direction
- Leaderboards
- Achievments
factory balls
The popular browser puzzle game is now on mobile, with more levels, new graphics and new music!
Can you produce the ball on the box in each level of this logical puzzle game?
Contains 44 standard levels and 36 bonus levels: 80 levels of logical thinking!
"Factory Balls is an essential mobile game, I loved this game so much that I wanted it to go on and on and on." - indiestatik.com
"Straightforward and deceptively tough, Factory Balls is perfect for players who crave a mental workout. It's simple, attractive to look at, and refreshingly tricky." - pocketgamer.co.uk
"Get ready for a new generation of infuriating, satisfying sphere painting. Its brand of puzzles are perfect for casual on-the-go play." - jayisgames.com
The objective of the game is to change the shape and colour of a white ball and match a picture pasted on the side of the open box, by using the ball with a set of different tools provided.
Can you produce the ball on the box in each level? Drag and drop the ball over the tools or just tap the tools.
The game supports all Android screen sizes (phones and tablets) and was featured by Google!
This is the official Factory Balls game, a bontegames game copyrighted by Bart Bonte, the game you know from coolmath, hoodamath and many other gamesites, completely redesigned for mobile with new graphics and many new levels.
Bouncing Balls Free
★ Excellent game that will help improve your eye coordination skills!
★ Auto scaled and optimized to the screen size of your device.
★ Great for phones and tablets.
★ Built using Adobe AIR for best performance.
★ No hidden fees. Play for free.
Marble Solitaire
The goal of the game is to remove marbles from a board till you are left with just one marble.
✓ 8 popular boards (see list below)
✓ Solutions to help learn the game
✓ Thousands of customizable HD themes
✓ No special device permissions
✓ Kids friendly
✓ Lightweight & supports SD card install
The following boards are included in this game pack:
1. English
2. European (French)
3. Wiegleb's (German)
4. Asymmetrical (Cross)
5. Continental
6. Diamond
7. Square 6x6
8. Square 9x9
Bouncing Balls - Bubble Buster
* Specially built Colorblind Mode (everyone should enjoy playing bubbles)
* A special bubble buster version, especially adapted for your Android phones and tablets
* A friendly match-3 bubble game that suits all ages, from young to old!
How to play-
Tap where you want to direct the ball.
Create groups of three or more balls to make them disappear.
Clear each level before time runs out!
Color Balls
It's smallest Color Balls app (only 185k) !
It working on all devices with all screen resolution!
Ball Alien
The game combines elements of arcade and puzzle, where an errant ball is the only character. This story originated in the early 80s with the game Marble Madness and continued by Ballance in 2000s.
A long time ago in a galaxy far far away... a wonderful journey of the ball continues.
No one knows for certain why and when this story was originated. The nature of the ball remains unknown as well. Perhaps it is the creation of an ancient civilization, wandering through time and space. Or just a figment of imagination.
Whatever it is, you have an opportunity to plunge into his new story, to see the reality by its eyes, to feel another unexplored side of life. And, of course, to get an unforgettable experience.
What are you waiting for? Do it!
The main goal of the game is to pass through all the levels balancing and reach the maximum score. Various elements and obstacles are being introduced as one moves onto new levels, meaning that the complexity and level of puzzle solving required are gradually increasing as the game progresses.
You will find 5 lives to spend and the unique ability to switch material and physical characteristics of the ball turning it light, medium or heavy. However, this feature is to be used only at special transformation points.
• Classic gameplay
• Deep atmosphere
• Modern graphics
• Realistic physics
• Intuitive controls
• No time limits
• Free-to-play
Ball Alien is accessible both for kids and adults, easy-to-learn and control. Vivid graphics and addictive gameplay contribute to quick relaxation and bright emotions.
(OLD) Bubble Ball Free
Bubble Ball Free has 48 sweet levels for you to play! Want more after those? Get Bubble Ball Pro with lots more levels, and get all future levels for free!
Try this fun, new physics puzzle game, where you will test your ingenuity and thinking skills to get the bubble to the goal. Use the pieces and powerups provided, and come up with creative solutions! There are two types of pieces, wood and metal. Wood pieces are affected by gravity when you hit Start, while metal ones stay where you placed them. Use powerups to give the bubble speed boosts and even reverse gravity! Don't like the blue bubble? Make it a different color! Don't want to start at the beginning? You can skip around to your liking and jump right into the 48 exciting levels. A great game to test your logical thinking skills, and to play whenever you're bored!
Bubble Ball Free
NEW! Community Levels - make your own levels for Bubble Ball, and play levels created by others!
Go to http://naygames.com/create on your computer to get started making your own levels!
Bubble Ball Free has 48 sweet levels for you to play! Want more after those? Get Bubble Ball Pro with 144 total levels – http://market.android.com/details?id=com.naygames.android.bubbleballpro
Try this fun, new physics puzzle game, where you will test your ingenuity and thinking skills to get the bubble to the goal. Use the pieces and powerups provided, and come up with creative solutions! There are two types of pieces, wood and metal. Wood pieces are affected by gravity when you hit Start, while metal ones stay where you placed them. Use powerups to give the bubble speed boosts and even reverse gravity! Don't like the blue bubble? Make it a different color! Don't want to start at the beginning? You can skip around to your liking and jump right into the 48 available exciting levels. A great game to test your logical thinking skills, and to play whenever you're bored!
Impossible Ball Rush
Spin the color wheel and catch the maximum number of colored balls.
A simple and addictive game to entertain in those moments of boredom.
3 different modes of play.
- A square with 4 colors.
- A pentagon with 5 colors.
- A hexagon with 6 colors.
More from developer
Marble Bubbles
Shoot all bubbles before they reach the end point.
Use powerful bonuses to speed up the game.
For every 10,000 points you will earn an extra life.
Use bonuses to speed up the game:
Freeze - pearls do not move
Slowdown - pearls movement will slow down
Reverse - pearls will move in the opposite direction
Accuracy - you will get a sight and faster ball speed
Explosion - 3 next pearls will disappear
Same Color - pearls of same color will disappear
Touch the gun to change bubble color.
Bubble Shooter
Bubbles can stick to the top border or other bubbles.
If bubble hits side borders - it will change direction.
If you attach 3 and more same bubbles - they will disappear.
Bubbles shift down after certain period of time.
When they reach your gun - you will loose a life.
Mahjong Ace
Ninja Mission
Cling to the walls with a hook
Collect coins and avoid traps.
Mahjong Ace 2
Once two tiles have been matched, they will disappear.
When you click on a tile - it becomes highlighted.
You can select a tile, when it has at least one side edge free.
(no other tiles touching it, and cannot have any tiles on top of it)";
Hidden Objects - Power Of Love
Help Mary to find her husband.
Explore different locations, talk to people.
Search hidden items and solve the puzzles.
Tunnel Fly
Fly as far as you can inside a tunnel.
Move your ship to avoid objects.
Created square will disappear and you will get a score.
You will get additional score for speed of creation.
From level to level number of tubes will increase.
And number of squares you have to create will increase.
Make lines of 5 and more.
The longer line - the higher score.
Get a score for each guessed riddle.
Use a hint to find all words.
Word Search
Words are placed in three directions:
horizontally, vertically, diagonally.
Dominoes Ace
Player and computer get 7 domino tiles.
14 domino tiles are placed into the base.
Player who has smallest double tile (1:1) starts first.
All your active domino have a mark.
Domino item automatically rotates to fit ends number.
To win you have to put all items first.
Domino numbers are counted on usual base.
Double zero gives you - 25 points.
Candy Match 3 Remove
Explore different locations and collect candies.
Buy bonus items to complete your journey.
- match 3 and more same items to collect them.
- smash all colored tiles to complete the level.
- buy bonuses to speed up the game.
- bonuses can be upgraded 2 times.
- for every 100.000 points you will get an extra life.
Slice And Cut
Cut blocks with a finger.
Help the tomato to grow ripe.


text:
4th European Change Forum
Tuesday, October 27, 2015
Munich, Germany
Transforming into a high performance organization. Flexible. Human. Successful.
To be agile – it is an interesting way of business these days. The complexity in our markets is boosting and the classic ways of management reach the limits. Something has to change.
What do we need for the future success? Its an easy question but an complex answer. A quick standard practice for tackling the new challenges does not exist, it is always an individual frame. There has to be a change in our mindset, our entrenched habits and in the approach to deal with complexity and change.
The key factors for the future success are to be flexible: Managing the unpredictable with structure of the organization which are driven by the market respectively the customer.
Hot topics for the day could be ´decision-making at the right place in the organisation´, ´the new understanding of leadership´ or ´how to manage virtual teams?´.
Interested? Find out more about the Speakers and our Time Table – Coming soon…
"How to be agile" is our attendant for the ECF this year.
Experience how the individual businesses from various industries through to the consulting and change management discover new concepts for organization.
Take the chance and get connected with experts from various industries with different backgrounds.
Be ready to meet interesting people on the same wavelength. Share and exchange knowledge and experience regarding change management challenges.
Make yourself part of this forum! Register for this insightful one-day change management conference and workshop to discuss and discover solutions for the most common change management issues.


text:
License & Identifications
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Learn more about Dr. John Pirris:
View the full profile to get information on:
- Qualifications
- What's important to you
View full profile
Patient Reviews
Patient comments (0)
The overall average patient rating of Dr. John Pirris is Excellent.
Specialties & Research
Dr. John Pirris, MD is board certified in Urology.
- He has special expertise in 1 area:
- Overactive Urinary Bladder
Education & Awards
Dr. Pirris graduated from University Of Athens.
Dr. Pirris has 2 hospital affiliations:
- Washington HospitalWashington, Pa
- Allegheny University HospitalPittsburgh, Pa
Home > Find an Urologist > PA > Washington Urologists > Dr. John Pirris, MD
Similar doctors nearby
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41 years experience
Washington, PA
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- Additional Information
- Dr. John Pirris MD is a male Urologist and practices in Urology.
- Where does Dr. John Pirris practice?
- Dr. John Pirris has 1 office location.
Dr. John Pirris practices Urology near Washington, PA.
See Washington Urologists.


text:
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Message Subject
I am the AC who wrote that vision I had when I was 15. I tuned 44 today. So it begins. Does anyone have any questions or need any encouragement?
Poster Handle
Anonymous Coward
Post Content
The author claims that he/she presently wants nothing to do with religion:
Then why is the story filled with religious/biblical undertones & references????
- 2013 to 2020 = 7 Year Period, gee where did that come from?
- Reference to Moses flood at the end
- Reference to 'God' or the Creator as 'Lord'.
- Harvest/Rapture like event at the end
Why would someone who calls christians 'hypocrites' and says he/she wants nothing to do with religion write a story with multiple references that come directly from christianity & the bible? Why would someone make multiple references to christianity/bible and claim that the 'Lord' was a 6 foot tall medium build male with white hair when the bible contradicts this by saying that 'God' is LIGHT and that no man shall see the face of 'God'???? How's that for a contradiction?
The author of this message was also alleged to have written this follow up on another forum:
So there's 'no warning', no 'predicting it', no 'prophet' will warn of it, and 'no one will know', yet the author is sitting here telling us this will happen in a few weeks while his/her own story directly contradicts this account by telling us there will be no messenger, no warning, no prophet telling us of these events. That's weird huh?
I find it comical how the introduction to the story is meant to touch on all the various belief systems - mentioning atheists, new agers, christians, and the likes of other religions. Almost as if to intentionally eliminate suspicion of bias in advance of the story. To appease to a larger audience right?
Couple this in with the fact that you've got 3 different anonymous australian AC's posting this same story on the same day and one of which is embellishing the account by adding phrases like "
I've never seen anything like it
" (yeah right) and encouraging others to post this vision elsewhere.
Sorry but this has all the ingredients for being Grade A:
People, no divinely inspired vision/message is going to be told or relayed in this contradictory manner and it's certainly not going to contain any elements designed to generate a fear response within you. The follow up message contains phrases such as:
'terrifying abyss'
'milllions dying, war, death'
'devastating, permanent end of western civilization'
'world shaking'
'sudden and shocking'
All of this bullshit is designed to play on your emotions and generate anxiety/fear and make the story seem more sensational and thus, believable. Funny how this story is being posted on multiple conspiracy forums and by multiple users from the same location.
Words of advice:
- Do not allow yourselves to be easily swayed or manipulated by your emotions during these trying times because people will seek to test you like this, especially online.
- Do not listen to anyone who tells you what will happen in the future and gives you exact dates/years. No one knows this information, whether they claim to have had a dream, a vision, or to be psychic - NO ONE KNOWS because the future is not written in stone and is currently being created in the PRESENT moment!
- Do not listen to anyone who acts as a prophet while also telling you there will be no prophet (MAJOR RED FLAG)
Finally: Recommend unpin this B.S.
/end rant
Nicely worded Anhedonic
Plus he Throws in a self-righteous (and christian) dig about 30 million abortions being the reason so many children were running around in heaven.
Please verify you're human:
Reason for copyright violation:
Video…Show Me The Money!!! ATM's Limiting Cash Withdrawals In South Carolina. Is A Collapse Near?
FBI Sets Up 56 Command Centers Ahead Of Expected "Terror" Targets For The 4th Of July
Muslims shocked when they were forced to obey the law
Dangerous Swirling Vortex Opens Up On Lake Texoma
The Founding Fathers Warned Us About the Powers of the Supreme Court
This Simple Hand Exercise Will Help You Balance Emotions and Boost Energy
Rush Limbaugh Has a SHOCKING Theory About Confederate Flag Battle
Farrakhan: I Don't Get Debate Over Confederate Flag, 'We Need to Put the American Flag Down'
8 Former Countries That No Longer Exist
Watch Big Mac being DEEP FRIED in video that will either make you feel hungry or disgusted
Bill Introduced: The State Of New Columbia – Under the proposed legislation, residents of "New Columbia" would obtain full representation in Congress.
Bizarre Sign In Front Of House Slams Caitlyn Jenner, President Obama
Barack Hussein Obama is Flooding the Bible Belt with Tens of Thousands of Unscreened Muslim Refugees
Obama Wants to Pass Gun Control Laws Like Australia's False Flag Mass Shooting Gun Control Laws?
BANNED: Iconic Dukes of Hazzard Car 'General Lee' Stripped Of Confederate Flag: "This is a new level of P.C. idiocy"
Black Panthers Leader Urges Blacks to Kill White Men and Their Families
How the illuminati show the "End of Time" in Movies!
Earth's protective shield is weakening
NASA Working With National Nuclear Security Administration On Plan To Use Nukes On Doomsday Asteroid
Satanic Temple to unveil Pagan goat-headed statue in Detroit
U.S. propaganda now conditioning Americans to accept outright fascism as mandatory 'national service'
Birth Control in Drinking Water: A Fertility Catastrophe in the Making?
Same corporations that manufacture vaccines are killing half a million people annually with deadly psychiatric drugs
Movies, book covers and computer games being banished... calls for taking down the American flag, bulldozing Southern memorials,
This Flag Represents The Principle, "Fight For What You Believe In."
This Is The Rebel Flag, "You're Either Free Or You're Not."
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text:
Robert Mair
|Robert James Mair
Robert Mair delivering a lecture in Cambridge, February 2013
|[1]20 April 1950
|Geotechnical engineering
Tunnel design & construction
|University of Cambridge
Geotechnical Consulting Group (GCG)
Laing O'Rourke
Scott Wilson Group
The Leys School
|Alma mater
|Clare College, Cambridge
|Centrifugal modelling of tunnel construction in soft clay (1979)
|Doctoral advisor
|Andrew N. Schofield
|Known for
|Jubilee Line Extension[2]
|Notable awards
|Fellow of the Royal Society
Order of the British Empire
Robert James Mair (born 20 April 1950) CBE FRS FICE FREng[3] is a Professor of Geotechnical Engineering at the University of Cambridge. He was Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge from 1998 to 2001, when he became Master of Jesus College, Cambridge.[4][5]
Mair was educated at The Leys School in Cambridge[1] and went on to study Engineering at Clare College, Cambridge gaining a Master of Arts degree in 1975[1] and a PhD in 1979.[6]
Mair was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2007. Mair delivered the 46th Rankine Lecture of the British Geotechnical Association and was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2010 New Year Honours.[7] Mair has been awarded numerous research grants by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)[8] He was elected as a Fellow[9] of the Royal Academy of Engineering[10] in 1992.
Robert is the son of the late William Austyn Mair, Francis Mond Professor of Aeronautical Engineering at Cambridge 1952-1983.
- ^ a b c "'MAIR, Prof. Robert James', Who's Who 2013, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 2013; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2012 ; online edn, Nov 2012".
- ^ "BBC Radio 4 - The Life Scientific, Prof Robert Mair".
- ^ "List of Fellows".
- ^ List of publications from Microsoft Academic Search
- ^ Burland, John B.; Mair, Robert James (2013). "Sir Alan Marshall Muir Wood FREng FICE. 8 August 1921 -- 1 February 2009". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2013.0011.
- ^ Mair, Robert (1979). Centrifugal modelling of tunnel construction in soft clay (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.
- ^ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 59282. p. 8. 31 December 2009.
- ^ "Grants awarded to Robert Mair by the EPSRC".
- ^ "List of Fellows".
- ^ "List of Fellows".
|Academic offices
|Preceded by
David Crighton
|Master of Jesus College, Cambridge
2001 - 2011
|Succeeded by
Ian White
|This biographical article about a British geologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
- Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge
- Masters of Jesus College, Cambridge
- Fellows of the Royal Society
- Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
- Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge
- Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
- Living people
- Rankine Lecturers
- People educated at The Leys School
- 1950 births
- British geologist stubs


text:
List all words that contain stookers
Only the word stookers was found, nothing longer.
Some random words: ear gharial ho mho aid bo nuptial
This is not a dictionary, it's a word game wordfinder.
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text:
Minors: Lyman, Hammerheads shut down Miracle
The Jupiter Hammerheads defeated the Fort Myers Miracle, 5-1, at Roger Dean Stadium on Tuesday evening.
Jupiter starter Scott Lyman hurled six scoreless innings to lower his Florida State League-best ERA to 0.36. Lyman (2-1) scattered five hits and struck out five.
The Hammerheads scored two runs in the bottom of the third inning off Miracle starter Jason Wheeler. Alonzo Harris lead off with a walk, then Ross Wilson singled to right. Harris went from first to third and Wilson advanced on Adam Brett Walker's throw from right field. With runners at second and third, Noah Perio drove in the game's first run with a ground ball to second.
Advancing to third on the grounder from Perio, Wilson trotted home on a sacrifice fly by Cameron Flynn to push Jupiter's lead to 2-0. Matt Juengel homered off Wheeler to start the fourth, and Wilson added an RBI single later in the inning.
The Miracle scored in the seventh when Travis Harrison tripled, and Max Kepler singled him home. Fort Myers faces the Hammerheads at Hammond Stadium on Wednesday at 7:05 p.m.
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