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tem. A commercial two-year warranty is provided. THT provides tri-band satellite commu- nications capable of supporting a variety of worldwide missions and is interopera- Warfighter Infor- ble with all tri-band satellite terminals and mation Network- teleport earth terminals. Setup/teardown Tactical (WIN-T) time is 30 minutes. The USARPAC Tri-Band Satellite Ter- minal (U-TST) is a Humvee (M1113) prime mover-mounted satellite terminal hub, capable of supporting C-, X- and Ku- cal (WIN-T) is the Army's communica- GCS is a command partner in the TACOM band frequencies. The U-TST is capable of tions system for reliable, secure and seam- Life Cycle Management Command. using the LHGXA tracking antenna and less video, data, imagery and voice ser- PEO GCS Project Management Offices tows a tactical quiet generator (TQG), and vices that enables decisive combat actions. include Heavy Brigade Combat Team, supports GMF as well as C4ISR communi- It is focused on moving information in a Joint Lightweight Howitzer, Mine Resis- cations when operating with the single manner that supports commanders, staffs, tant Ambush Protected Vehicles, Modular shelter switch base-band suite of equip- functional units and capabilities-based for- Brigade Enhancements, Stryker Brigade ment. mations. It is optimized for offensive and Combat Team and Robotics Systems Joint The Mobile Deployable Ku-Band Earth joint operations so that the theater combat- Project Office. Terminal (DKET) is a commercial off-the- ant commander will have the capability to As an example, the Project Manager for shelf nondevelopmental item Ku-band perform multiple missions simultaneously the Heavy Brigade Combat Team (PM prime mover-mounted satellite communi- with campaign quality. HBCT) serves as the life-cycle manager for cations terminal capable of supporting a the major combat vehicles in the Army's variety of worldwide missions. The DKET G R O U N D COMBAT SYST EMS heavy forces, including the Abrams, M88, operates with INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, Bradley, M113, M109 and Knight family of PANAMSAT and DOMSAT. The Program Executive Office–Ground vehicles. Combined, these fleets total DKETs provide high-bandwidth inter/ Combat System (PEO GCS) serves as the 32,682 platforms in various stages of their intratheater links over commercial satel- "System of Systems Integrator" of the life cycles under PM HBCT's management lites, appropriate for camp, base or station ground combat systems for the armed purview, and total program funding where heavy use of voice, data and video forces and leads Army transformation ef- through fiscal year 2013 of approximately services is required. forts toward future systems while main- $36.8 billion. PM HBCT's responsibilities Warfighter Information Network-Tacti- taining a current combat-ready force. PEO include the design, development, produc- October 2009 I ARMY 349 M1A1 Abrams tank tion, fielding and sustainment (reset, recap and upgrade) of safe, reliable and lethal ground combat systems. Product Manager Abrams manages ap- proximately 8,325 platforms within the Abrams family of vehicles, including M1A1, M1A1 AIM and M1A2 SEP tanks, M88A1/A2 recovery vehicles and M104 Wolverine assault bridge. M1A1, M1A1 AIM and M1A2 SEP Tanks The M1 Series Abrams Tank provides the Army with mobile, protected fire- power and will remain the cornerstone of the Army's counterattack and containment forces as the Army transforms to the Fu- and for other roles that require shock effect Army's first digitized, direct-fire combat ture Force. The Abrams tank provides sol- and mobile direct firepower to support vehicle. diers with the lethality, survivability and Army mission requirements. The M1A2 has a digital command-and- staying power to successfully close with Two major programs maintain and recapi- control system that provides situational and destroy enemy forces on the inte- talize the Abrams fleet: the M1A2 systems en- awareness updates to all the other tanks in grated battlefield. The 120 mm main gun hancement program (SEP) and the M1A1 a unit. Vetronics architecture ties all elec- on the M1A1 and M1A2, combined with Abrams integrated management (AIM) pro- tronic components in the tank together the powerful 1,500-hp turbine engine and gram. and provides increased survivability and special armor, make the Abrams tank par- The M1A2 program provides the Abrams supportability. The commander's indepen- ticularly suitable for attacking or defend- with the necessary improvements in lethal- dent thermal viewer gives it a hunter-killer ing against large concentrations of heavy ity, survivability and fighting ability re- capacity. The M1A2 also has improved on- armor forces on a highly lethal battlefield quired to defeat advanced threats. It is the board diagnostics that allow the tank to 2010 ARMY Magazine Photo Contest Sponsored by the Association of the U.S. Army The Association of the U.S. Army is pleased to announce its fifteenth annual ARMY Magazine photo contest. Amateur and professional photographers are invited to enter. The winning photographs will be published in ARMY Magazine, and the photographers will be awarded cash prizes. First prize is $500; second prize is $300; third prize is $200. Those who are awarded an honorable mention will each receive $100. Entry Rules: 1. Each photograph must have a U.S. Army-related subject and must have been taken on or after July 1, 2009. 2. Entries must not have been published elsewhere. Evidence of prior publication of any entry will disqualify it. 3. Each contestant is limited to three entries. 4. Entries may be 300 dpi digital photos, black-and-white prints, color prints or color slides. Photographs must not be tinted or altered. (Send digital photos to firstname.lastname@example.com.) 5. The minimum size for prints is 5x7 inches; the maximum is 8x10 inches (no mats or frames). 6. The smallest format for slides is 35mm, and slides must be in plastic or paper mounts. 7. A sheet of paper must be taped to the back of each entry with the following information: the photographer's name, Social Security number (for identification and tax purposes), address and telephone number, and caption information. 8. Entries must be mailed to: Editor in Chief, ARMY Magazine, 2425 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22201-3385, ATTN: Photo Contest. 9. Entries must be postmarked not later than June 30, 2010. Letters notifying the winners will be mailed in September. 10. Entries will not be returned. 11. Employees of AUSA and their family members are not eligible. 12. Prize-winning photographs may be published in ARMY Magazine and other AUSA publications three times. 13. Photographic quality and subject matter will be the primary considerations in judging. For further information, contact Jeremy Dow (email@example.com), ARMY Magazine, 2425 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22201; (703) 841-4300, ext. 204. 350 ARMY I October 2009 troubleshoot itself without any additional covery operations of towing, winching The system is in full-rate production and special tools or equipment. and lifting. The Hercules uses the M88A1 deployment. Fielding began in July 1997, Further M1A2 improvements, through chassis modified to significantly improve and it achieved first unit equipped in July the SEP, are under way. The M1A2 SEP is towing, winching, lifting and braking char- 1997. the backbone of the Army's first digitized acteristics. The M104 Wolverine Heavy Assault division and the counterattack corps of the It is the primary recovery support for Bridge (HAB) is an M1A2 Abrams SEP Army's current force. It is the only weapon the 70-ton M1 Abrams tank, the Wolverine variant and is operated by a two-man crew. system that can withstand the impact of and other heavy combat vehicles. The 26-meter bridge can span gaps of up to high-energy warheads and remain lethal The M88A2 includes a 1,050-hp engine; 24 meters to support heavy maneuver oper- in high-mobility and sustained operations. a 35-ton boom; overlay armor; a 140,000- ations at 16 kph. It has integrated combat command and pound, single-line, constant-pull main The bridge is computer-controlled and control (IC3), which incorporates Force XXI winch; and a 3-ton auxiliary winch for de- automatically compensates for minor devi- Battle Command Brigade and Below ploying the main winch cable. When com- ations in launch-site elevation and terrain (FBCB2) to provide command and control pared to the M88A1, these upgrades im- rack and cant. The crew can launch the and situational awareness. prove towing power by 25 percent, lifting bridge under armor in five minutes and re- Its sights use the latest thermal-imaging capability by 40 percent and winching abil- trieve it in less than 10 minutes. system (second-generation forward-look- ity by 55 percent. The M104 Wolverine enables decisive ing infrared, or FLIR) for increased lethal- ity and survivability. The M1A2 SEP tank takes advantage of computer/electronic industry advances by including improved electronics developed since the introduc- tion of the M1A2. The SEP package includes a new com- puterized mass-memory unit and color maps and displays. A thermal manage- ment system increases electronic reliability and decreases crew fatigue. Production deliveries of the M1A2 SEP tank began in September 1999. These vehi- cles were used extensively during OIF. The Army must sustain the readiness and reduce the operations and support costs of approximately 4,300 older M1A1 Abrams main battle tanks in its active and reserve component units. The Abrams Integrated Management Program (AIM) is the recapitalization pro- gram for the M1A1 tank. Under AIM, M1A1 tanks are completely disassembled at Anniston Army Depot, Ala. The depot re- furbishes many of the tank's components. The assemblies are then shipped to the Joint Systems Manufacturing Center (JSMC) in Ohio, where General Dynamics Land Systems reassembles the tanks to a zero time/zero miles standard. The AIM program has fielded tanks to units at Fort Hood, Texas, and in Germany. Annual production now stands at 135 tanks per year and will continue until 2012. In addition, AIM serves as the venue to apply modifications and upgrades to the tank, including embedded diagnostics. AIM also serves as a means to combat elec- tronic obsolescence by introducing im- proved line-replaceable units for those that face technical obsolescence. The AIM process also incorporates redesigned hull and turret network boxes. The M88A2 Heavy Equipment Recov- ery Combat Utility Lift and Evacuation System (Hercules) is a full-tracked, heavy armored vehicle developed to accomplish safe, effective and independent battlefield recovery operations. It implements swift and effective com- bat evacuations through the battlefield re- October 2009 I ARMY 351 maneuver by allowing units to span target acquisition system that in- tank ditches, road craters and par- M113 cludes a full ballistic fire-control tially damaged bridge sections up to package with hunter-killer function- 24 meters wide at combat speeds. ality via a commander's indepen- dent viewer (CIV). Optical improve- Product Manager Bradley ments also include two second-gen- Product Manager Bradley man- eration FLIRs and day television ages approximately 6,452 M2/3A2, cameras, which can be displayed to M2/3A2 ODS and M2/3A3 Bradleys the squad members in the back of and approximately 13,943 M113 se- the vehicle via the rear-mounted ries platforms. squad leader's display. This feature The Bradley M2A3 Infantry/M3A3 significantly improves the real-time Cavalry Fighting Vehicle (IFV/CFV) situational awareness for the entire facilitates enhanced command-and- dismounted or mounted crew. control capabilities, provides mobile pro- The M2A3/M3A3 provides overwatching The A3 integrated combat command- tected transport of an infantry squad to criti- fires to support dismounted infantry and to and-control (IC3) package incorporates the cal points on the battlefield and performs suppress and defeat enemy tanks, recon- Army's digital command-and-control suite cavalry scout and other essential (Bradley- naissance vehicles, infantry fighting vehicles of automated messages, overlays and equipped fire-support and Stinger teams) (IFVs), armored personnel carriers, bunkers, friend-or-foe graphics that meet the Army's missions in the 21st century. Upgrades in dismounted infantry and attack helicopters. objectives for a fully digitized force. This this program include advanced technology The infantry version (M2) of the A3 Bradley same digital command-and-control capabil- in the areas of command and control, lethal- fighting vehicle is used most often to close ity was incorporated into the A2 Operation ity, survivability, mobility and sustainability, with the enemy by means of fire and ma- Desert Storm (ODS), including a squad required to defeat current and future threat neuver. The primary tasks performed by the leader's display for messages and graphics. forces while remaining operationally com- cavalry version (M3) as part of a troop The A3 variants reflect the latest itera- patible with the main battle tank. and/or squadron are reconnaissance, secu- tions of a fighting vehicle family that in- The M2/M3 vehicle armament includes rity and flank guard missions. cludes the Bradley M2/M3A0, A1, A2, A2 the 25 mm M242 Bushmaster cannon, the The A3 is the consummate digitized ODS, IFV/cavalry fighting vehicle (CFV), TOW II missile system and a 7.62 mm platform, with a core electronics architec- Bradley fire-support team (BFIST) vehicle M240C machine gun. ture on a 1553 data bus and an improved and M2A2 ODS engineer vehicle. Addi- tional Bradley variants, based on the asso- ciated tracked M270 multiple-launch rocket system (MLRS) chassis, range from command-and-control systems to armored medical treatment vehicles. The M4 Command and Control Vehicle (C2V) program emerged from lessons learned during Operation Desert Storm. Based on the Bradley family's MLRS chas- sis, the M4 C2V is a self-contained platform with onboard support subsystems capable of providing adequate power for mission equipment and NBC protection and envi- ronmental control. Platform components include a primary power unit that can provide 21,000 watts of AC and 4,600 watts of DC power, an an- tenna compartment that supports a 10- meter nesting mast, a 579-cubic-foot crew / mission equipment compartment, a bio- chem system (100/200 cubic foot per minute with 1.5 inches of water overpres- sure) and an environmental cooling unit (40,000 BTU-per-hour cooling). A March 1994 engineering and manufac- turing development contract was followed by three low-rate initial production awards that covered a total of 25 vehicles. The fi- nal vehicles covered under that contract were delivered in June 2001. Although the M4 C2V program was ter- minated in December 1999 to provide funding for the Army's new Stryker ar- mored vehicle acquisition, the Army pulled the systems out of storage and is- sued most of them for combat use during 'Be generous, General. Think of it as a defense budget.' Operation Iraqi Freedom. The M113 Family of Vehicles (FOV) pro- 352 ARMY I October 2009 vides a highly mobile, survivable and reli- able tracked-vehicle platform that, with up- grades, is able to keep pace with Abrams- and Bradley-equipped units and is adapt- able to a wide range of current and future battlefield tasks through the integration of specialized mission modules. Although not Paladin/FAASV presently in new production, the 14,795 M113 FOV systems now in Army vehicle inventories constitute a significant percent- age of present and future heavy division assets. Recent activities within the M113 FOV fo- cused on upgrading several models of the vehicles to meet or exceed the mobility char- acteristics of the supported maneuver force. The most recent upgrade to see wide field- ing is the A3 reliability improvement for se- lected equipment (RISE). RISE provides var- ious derivatives within the FOV with major s performance improvements in mobility, reli- yst em ability and survivability through installation ES BA of a 275-hp 6V53T engine with an X-200-4A transmission. Coupled with reconfiguration of the dri- Product Manager Fire Support Platforms Paladin/FAASV: The M109A6 Paladin ver's station and several other vehicle sub- Product Manager Fire Support Platforms 155 mm self-propelled Howitzer provides systems, these improvements provide bat- manages approximately 2,582 platforms, the primary indirect fire support to modu- tlefield mobility commensurate with the including the M109A6 Paladin/M992A2 lar HBCTs and armored cavalry regiments. supported Abrams/Bradley maneuver FAASV System, the Paladin/FAASV Inte- Like the earlier M109 models, the M109A6 force. Moreover, the increased perfor- grated Management (PIM) program, the Paladin is a fully tracked, armored vehicle. mance provided by this and other upgrade M707/M1200 Knight family of vehicles, The enhanced Paladin configuration is packages permits a range of enhanced sur- and the M7/A3 Bradley Fire Support Team achieved through extensive modifications vivability options. (BFIST) vehicles. to existing M109A2/A3 vehicle hulls and October 2009 I ARMY 353 the subsequent introduction of an entirely sustainability and commonality across the new turret structure. The Paladin includes HBCT. PIM also incorporates select tech- FREE TO an onboard Paladin Digital Fire-Control System (PDFCS) that provides ballistic computation, weapon control, a vehicle lo- nologies from the NLOS-C, including an automated (modified electric) projectile rammer and modern electric-gun drive AUSA cation/navigation system, secure radio systems to replace the current hydrauli- communications systems, an improved cally operated elevation and azimuth dri- M284 cannon and M182A1 gun mount, au- ves that were designed in the early 1960s. tomotive improvements, improved ballis- The M109 FOV platforms will be fitted MEMBERS tic and nuclear-biological-chemical protec- tion, driver's night-vision capability, and built-in test equipment. Additional chassis with Blue Force Tracker capability to en- sure compatibility with future architec- tures. These upgrades and better commu- upgrades include a remotely actuated nication technology will significantly travel lock (for quicker replacement and improve operational awareness on the bat- displacement), longer torsion bars (to help tlefield and reduce the logistics footprint support the new turret) and a low-heat re- within the HBCT. The new electric-gun jection engine with an improved cooling drives and rammer components as well as system. Described as the first digitized a microclimate air conditioning system combat vehicle in the Army's inventory, will be powered by the Common Modular the Paladin has improved responsiveness, Power System (CMPS). CMPS, which will survivability, lethality and reliability com- also be installed on Stryker and has been pared to the earlier M109s. installed on High-Mobility, Multipurpose A parallel U.S. Army recapitalization ef- Wheeled Vehicle (Humvee) demonstrator fort was seen in the M992A2 Field Artillery vehicles, is based on architecture jointly Ammunition Supply Vehicle (FAASV). The developed by the Army Tank-Automotive basic M992A0 FAASV emerged from an in- Research Development and Engineering dustry research and development project Center and the Program Executive Office- designed to provide self-propelled field ar- Ground Combat Systems. Once delivered tillery units with a ballistically protected to the field, the PIM M109 FOVs will give vehicle capable of performing critical re- HBCT commanders upgraded capabilities supply and support functions. The FAASV including more maneuverability, higher system was type classified and entered rate of speed, increased crew survivability production in 1983. It was based on an and delivery of accurate and timely fires M109 howitzer chassis that provided the where and when needed. In addition, the resupply asset with mobility and surviv- upgraded Paladins and FAASVs will be ability characteristics commensurate with more sustainable, providing commanders Receive AUSA's the supported cannon element. The system increased confidence in their artillery fleet. is paired on a one-for-one basis with the M707 Knight/M1200 Armored Knight: Legislative Newsletter Army's M109A6 Paladin self-propelled howitzer. The M707 Knight was developed and fielded during the late 1990s. Based on the electronically each Paladin Integrated Management (PIM): The PIM program is a sustainment pro- M1025A2 Humvee chassis, the M707 fea- tures a mission equipment package fully gram engineered to improve readiness, adapted to support the U.S. Army Field Ar- week. avoid components' obsolescence and in- tillery Combat Observation Lasing Team crease sustainability of the M109A6 Pal- (COLT) mission with G/VLLD and AN- Stay current on adins and the M992A2 FAASVs platforms out to the year 2050. The upgrades will al- TAS-4 sensors. In 2003, the M707 was en- hanced with a fire-support sensor system low the PIM to fire Excalibur (XM982) (FS3) second-generation FLIR based on the legislative activity that rounds and fuzes such as the precision LRAS3. guidance kit. Operationally, the PIM will Fielded to both Infantry and heavy bri- affects you. be faster and more maneuverable, sustain- able and lethal. PIM will leverage fleet gade combat teams (BCTs), Knights consist of a laser designator and rangefinder, ther- commonality for key components includ- mal imager, digital command-and-control ing the Bradley engine, transmission, final system, blended inertial/global positioning drives, suspension and the FCS NLOS-C system navigation and targeting capability, E-mail AUSA at Rammer. PIM will ensure the Paladin fire and a self-defense weapon. COLTs use the support platform continues to meet the Knight precision targeting systems, along firstname.lastname@example.com needs of the Army's HBCT maneuver commander by improving fires support re- with the forward observer system (FOS) software, to provide precise far-target loca- sponse and increasing the mobility of the tion and laser designation for conventional using the subject line fires support platform. The PIM uses the ordnance, laser-guided munitions and pre- existing M109A6 main armament, recently cision-guided projectiles such as Excalibur. "Newsletter" to begin designed cab structure, Chief of Section Protection, and belly plate and side armor First fielded in 2008, PM Fire Support Platforms developed the M1200 Armored your free subscription. improvements, increasing crew survivabil- ity while replacing outmoded chassis com- Knight to provide improved survivability for the COLTs. Integrating the M707 mis- ponents with advanced components from sion equipment package (MEP) onto the the Bradley fighting vehicle to increase more survivable M1117 armored security 354 ARMY I October 2009 M1200 Armored Knight terface. The TSCP functions are controlled through a series of menus. The TSCP con- trols the 1553B data bus. The MPU sends processed information back to the TSCP and SCU for display and routing over the single-channel ground and the airborne ra- dio system to external fire-support ele- ments. The first unit equipped (FUE) with the M7 BFIST was the 3rd Infantry Division in FY 2000. The second model BFIST is the A3BFIST. The A3BFIST incorporates the FIST MEP with a digitized M3A3 chassis. Features in- corporated from the M3A3 chassis include: the commanders' independent viewer with 360-degree traverse and the im- proved Bradley acquisition system (IBAS), vehicle chassis, the M1200 Armored Knight sume common repair parts as the maneu- both second-generation FLIRs, to improve adds 360-degree continuous cupola rota- ver force they support. Target designation target acquisition and target engagement; tion, CREW II, high frequency radio capa- for all available laser-guided munitions is the 25 mm gun; 7.62 coaxial machine gun; bility, and M2HB .50-caliber capability. To required, including those delivered by PLGR; and digital command-and-control date, 107 M1200 Armored Knights have mortars and airborne platforms. Dismount enhancements. The first unit equipped for been fielded to support operations in Iraq operations are required under some condi- the M3A3 BFIST was the 4th Infantry Divi- and Afghanistan. In addition, 38 systems tions. Extensive and real-time communica- sion. are scheduled to be fielded to IBCTs and tions with other members of the force and An effort is under way to incorporate HBCTs through the remainder of fiscal rear-area command posts is required for the fire support sensor system (FS3) onto year (FY) 2009, and 138 more Armored mission success. Interoperability in the the A3 digitized BFIST. In addition to the Knights will be fielded via new production net-centric array of other systems de- improved features of the M3A3, the A3 or reset in FY 2010. mands full compatibility with the newest BFIST with FS3 will allow the fire support Product improvements are currently un- C4ISR equipment and procedures. team to detect, identify and designate tar- der way to incorporate targeting under ar- The M7 BFIST is one of the two models gets for precision munitions at greater mor/on the move onto the M1200 Armored that replaces all the M981s (FISTVs) in the ranges while remaining "buttoned up"— Knight. The program will accomplish this active force at the company FIST opera- protected by the vehicle's armor. The new by incorporating a common remotely oper- tional facility. The M7BFIST integrates both ranges will meet Office of Research and ated weapons system II (CROWS II) and a existing and improved FIST mission equip- Development requirements and will also remote stabilized sensor system (CRS3) onto ment packages onto an M3A2 Operation allow for laser-guided smart munitions, the Armored Knight. This capability will Desert Storm (ODS) chassis. Some of the laser-guided bombs, and missiles for ro- put the soldier under armor for operations, mission equipment, such as the G/VLLD, tary and fixed wing aircraft. The first unit with no degradation in capability. Addi- will be taken directly from displaced scheduled to be equipped with the M3A3 tional efforts are under way to add a fourth FISTVs and stowed. Features incorporated BFIST is the 2nd Brigade, 1st Artillery Di- crewmember and upgrade the MEP and from the M3A2 ODS chassis include the 25 vision, in FY 2011. software to a more open architecture. The mm gun, 7.62 coaxial machine gun, preci- program is currently funded for 103 up- sion lightweight global positioning system PM Joint Lightweight Howitzer graded Knights and will begin fielding in (GPS) receiver (PLGR) and the Bradley The Project Manager for the Joint Light- FY 2012. eyesafe laser rangefinder. The current M7 weight Howitzer takes a joint (Army and M7/A3 Bradley Fire Support Team BFIST uses the integrated sight unit, which Marine Corps) perspective in managing (BFIST): The BFIST program is executing is also used as the gun sight for self-de- the development, acquisition, testing, sys- to the Army campaign plan and will com- fense. The M7BFIST uses the standalone tems integration, product improvement plete modularization of the force in FY computer unit (SCU), the ruggedized and fielding of the M777A2 155 mm joint 2013 with 20 heavy brigades of A3 BFISTs handheld computer and the forward ob- Lightweight Howitzer system, designed to and 11 heavy brigades of M7 BFISTs. server system with full interoperability enhance strategic mobility and provide the BFIST vehicles are required to conduct with AFTADS fire-support networks. The Infantry soldier and marine with effective various mission scenarios including recon- inertial navigation system (INS) provides and responsive fire support. Their task is to naissance and surveillance, reporting of navigational capability based on a blended provide a world-class, supportable how- enemy activity in the area of operations, inertial/GPS solution. The mission proces- itzer system to artillery cannoneers, per- reporting of hazards and obstacles to sor unit (MPU) calculates target grid loca- mitting them to accomplish their missions. movement, and the coordination of indi- tion by processing information received The M777A2 155 mm Joint Lightweight rect fire support. Both versions have from the INS, and mission information Howitzer (LW155) is a joint Marine Corps equivalent mobility, survivability, signa- from the the targeting station control panel and Army program to replace the M198 ture and night-vision capability and con- (TSCP) serves as the primary operator in- 155 mm towed howitzer. The LW155 is a October 2009 I ARMY 355 M777A2 howitzer general support system for the Army's light units and direct-support cannon fire- support system for the Stryker brigade combat team. It is designed to be the sole howitzer in the Marine Corps. Its primary performance parameters are a howitzer weight of less than 10,000 pounds, emplacement time of two to three minutes and a displacement time of one to two minutes. The LW155 uses the M776 155 mm can- non, giving it a maximum firing range of approximately 30 kilometers with rocket- assisted projectiles and 24.7 kilometers with standard rounds. It has a maximum firing rate of four rounds per minute and a sustained rate of two rounds per minute. Army Modularity requirements had in- the M119A2 105 mm Light Towed How- The M777A1 is fitted with onboard elec- creased the M119A2 authorized acquisition itzer. The application of a digital fire con- tronics, giving it self-locating, self-laying objective to 893 systems. A decision to reen- trol will allow the digitized M119A2 to and digital communications similar to the ter production was made by the general of- emplace and displace faster, provide more M109A6 Paladin. The M777A1 was uncon- ficer steering committee. In 2005, the Pro- responsive fires and allow the system to ditionally approved for use by Army units gram Executive Officer for Ground Combat become more survivable on the battlefield. in January 2007. Systems, through the commanding general, To provide even greater range and The new M777A2 adds the ability to fire U.S. Army Tank-automotive and Arma- lethality for light-unit fire-support ele- the Excalibur precision-guided munition. ments Command (TACOM) Life Cycle ments, the Army began fielding the M198 The M777A2 was approved for use in Sep- Management Command, endorsed the 155 mm Towed Howitzer in early 1979. As tember 2007. make-or-buy recommendation to produce a successor to the older M114A1 155 mm In addition to the M777 series howitzer, the M119A2 towed howitzer at Rock Island towed system, the 15,750-pound (original other towed artillery systems being sup- Arsenal. The analysis was conducted under fielded weight) M198 provided a maxi- ported in U.S. Army inventories include the authority of 10 USC 4532 and in accor- mum range of 30 kilometers (with rocket- the M119A2 105 mm howitzer as well as dance with the Army Industrial Base assisted projectiles) and the capability to the M198 155 mm howitzer. Process, Army Regulation 700-90 dated 14 fire a broader range of ammunition op- The M119A2 is a lightweight 105 mm December 2004. Cannons would continue tions than those available for 105 mm howitzer that provides continuous close to be produced at Watervliet Arsenal, N.Y., units. fires to the Infantry brigade combat teams and basic issue items for the system are be- Normally towed by a 5-ton truck, the (IBCTs). The system weighs 4,270 pounds ing purchased out of the government sup- M198 can also be moved by a CH-47D Chi- and is air assault/airdrop capable. It has a ply system. Production at Rock Island and nook helicopter or Air Force assets, C-130 range of 19.5 kilometers with rocket as- Watervliet Arsenals commenced with the and larger. sisted munitions (14 kilometers unas- receipt of the FY 2005 Defense Supplemen- sisted). It fires all currently fielded U.S. tal funding. The last weapon order will be Project Manager Mine Resistant munitions and has a rate of fire of six in FY 2010, and the last deliveries will be Ambush Protected (MRAP) Vehicles rounds per minute. Each M119A2 section taken in FY 2012. A full materiel release of The Project Manager for Mine Resis- has seven crewmembers. The M119A2 is these new production howitzers was ap- tant Ambush Protected (MRAP) Vehicles fielded as two eight-gun batteries for each proved by the commanding general, U.S. program will rapidly field highly surviv- M119A2 battalion. Army TACOM Life Cycle Management able, mobile, multimission vehicles to the The M119 was originally acquired in Command, in June 2008. joint force to meet urgent operational re- 1986 as a nondevelopmental item from A program to integrate a digital fire-con- quirements. Royal Ordnance Plc. The original 147 how- trol capability onto the M119A2 howitzer MRAP vehicles are commercial off-the- itzers were manufactured in the United (becoming the M119A3 howitzer) was ap- shelf vehicles designed from the ground Kingdom and the balance produced at proved by the Program Executive Officer up to reduce casualties and increase sur- Rock Island Arsenal, Ill. The current fleet for Ground Combat Systems (PEO GCS) vivability for personnel subjected to mine of M119A2s in the inventory from the first and the commanding general of the Field explosions, improvised explosive device production run is 382 systems. U.S. fire Artillery School Center of Excellence in detonations and small-arms fire. Multiple control and a low-temperature-capable re- January 2008. Direction was provided to missions will be supported by the MRAP cuperator were implemented as the maximize commonality across the IBCTs fleet, including recon, convoy operations, M119A1 in 1991. The light artillery system to the maximum extent possible, thus min- troop transport, ambulance, combat engi- improvement program resulted in the imizing the IBCT logistics footprint. Lever- neer and explosive ordnance disposal mis- M119A2, which possessed a number of im- aging the software for the M777A2 155 sions for maneuver units. The Pentagon provements to enhance the ease of opera- mm howitzer maximizes commonality in has approved the expansion of the MRAP tion and maintenance of the weapon sys- operation and training while minimizing program to more than 20,000 vehicles, tem. Approved prime movers include the program cost, schedule and risk. The re- with the U.S. Army increasing its fleet of Humvee and 2.5-ton and 5-ton trucks. quirement for this capability is the ma- MRAP vehicles from the planned 2,300 to In 2004, it was determined that U.S. teriel change package for digitization of 17,700. 356 ARMY I October 2009 Mine resistant ambush protected (MRAP) vehicles M1134 antitank guided missile vehicle, the M1132 engineer squad vehicle, the M1133 medical evacuation vehicle and the XM1135 nuclear-biological-chemical reconnaissance vehicle. The SBCT will also be furnished with the mobile gun system. The MGS, now under development, will be based on the ICV but modified to incorporate a 105 mm turreted gun, an autoloader system and a crew of three. The ICV is armed with a remote weapons station that supports the M2 .50-caliber ma- chine gun or the Mk 19 automatic grenade launcher, the M6 countermeasure device (smoke grenade launcher) and an inte- grated thermal weapon sight. The Stryker In 2005, Project Manager for Modular family of vehicles, the "vanguard for Army supports communications suites that inte- Brigade Enhancements (PM MBE) was transformation." grate the single-channel ground-and-air established and chartered to be the central- The Army's responsibility to satisfy radio system radio family (SINCGARS); ized manager for enhancements to the 21st-century requirements for effective full enhanced position location reporting sys- modular brigade combat teams (MBCT). spectrum operations requires an improved tem (EPLRS); Force XXI Battle Command Specific PM MBE responsibilities are to capability for the rapid deployment of Brigade and Below (FBCB2); global posi- manage the post-Milestone C program and highly integrated, combined arms forces tioning system (GPS); and high-frequency lead the effort to field the Army modern- possessing overmatching capabilities, ex- and near-term data radio systems. The ization technologies into selected MBCTs ploiting the power of information and hu- Stryker provides up to 14.5 mm of ballistic in a consistent and synchronized manner. man potential, and combining the advan- protection. The Project Manager for Stryker Brigade tages of both light and mechanized forces General Dynamics Land Systems pro- Combat Team (PM SBCT) develops, pro- across the full range of military and non- duces the Stryker, which is powered by a duces and sustains the full range of safe, military operations. 350-hp diesel engine, runs on eight wheels reliable, supportable and effective Stryker The Stryker was the first new combat ve- that possess a run-flat capability and has a vehicle systems, a diverse fleet of medium- hicle to be acquired by the Army for more central tire inflation system. It also incorpo- weight vehicles capable of being rapidly than 20 years. The primary design has two rates a vehicle height management system. deployed to trouble spots around the world. variants: the M1126 infantry carrier vehicle These vehicles leverage existing military (ICV) and the XM1128 mobile gun system Robotic Systems Joint Project Office "state of the art" technologies in order to (MGS). The ICV is a troop transport vehicle Finally, the PEO GCS Robotic Systems provide world-class equipment to the sol- capable of carrying nine infantry soldiers joint Project Office takes a joint (Army and dier in record time. and their equipment and requires a crew of Marine Corps) perspective in managing Stryker Family of Vehicles. "We must two, a driver and a vehicle commander. the development, acquisition, testing, sys- provide early entry forces that can operate There are eight other ICV configurations tems integration, product improvement jointly without access to fixed forward with combat service and combat support and fielding of robotic systems that will bases, but we still need the power to slug it roles. Those configurations include the form the backbone of the force of the fu- out and win decisively." This was the chal- M1130 commander's vehicle, the M1127 re- ture. We are spearheading development of lenge in 1999 given by then-Army Chief of connaissance vehicle, the M1131 fire-sup- the first-generation system employing the Staff GEN Eric K. Shinseki. The response port vehicle, the M1129 mortar carrier/ latest sensor, remote navigation, and com- was brigade combat teams and the Stryker XM1129A1 mounted mortar carrier, the mand-and-control technologies to integrate AUSA FAX NUMBERS (703) 236-2929 (703) 841-3505 (703) 841-1050 (703) 236-2927 (703) 236-2926 INSTITUTE OF LAND ARMY MAGAZINE, EXECUTIVE OFFICE REGIONAL ACTIVITIES, EDUCATION, WARFARE, AUSA NEWS, NCO/SOLDIER PROGRAMS FAMILY PROGRAMS SENIOR FELLOWS COMMUNICATIONS (703) 243-2589 (703) 841-1442 (703) 525-9039 (703) 841-7570 INDUSTRY AFFAIRS ADMINISTRATIVE FINANCE, ACCOUNTING, MARKETING, SERVICES, INSURANCE, GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS ADVERTISING INFORMATION SYSTEMS October 2009 I ARMY 357 up production capability, which spawned a number of tier suppliers and upstart ro- botic companies. Competition increased, and innovative, quality products ensued. This dynamic six-year period has created a configuration management and interoper- ability challenge for the RS JPO. Although close to 6,000 systems have been fielded since 2003, the warfighter still needs a ven- dor-specific operator-control unit to inter- face with any given robot. A key tenet of RS JPO's strategic vision is the develop- ment, application and certification of a set of interface specifications and open archi- tecture standards that will enable interop- Multifunctional, erability, payload integration and product agile, remote- improvement. RS JPO, serving as the sys- controlled robot IV tem integrator of all payloads on any ro- botic platform, is responsible for managing space, weight and power trades. The defin- ition of a systronic payload interface (one that defines the mechanical, electrical, com- munication and systematic interfaces) al- lows the PM to prescribe a configuration management process. This will drive the PM to a family of robotic platforms with a common set of payload, communication and command-and-control interface stan- dards. The benefits of this discipline are plug-and-play mission payloads, common controllers and true modularity of systems. As the attention of U.S. military forces has shifted from Iraq to Afghanistan, the RS robotics into the battlefield. Speeding these needs has created a number of opportuni- JPO anticipates additional requirements technologies to the battlefield has the po- ties as well as challenges for the RS JPO and new applications for ground robots. tential to revolutionize combat operations. and its partners. Operational needs from Fighting in Operation Enduring Freedom The Robotic Systems Joint Project Office theater have defined mission requirements (OEF) is significantly different from that in (RS JPO) serves as the life-cycle manager for ground robots from explosive ordnance Iraq. Unlike in Iraq, the transportation, for all current and future Army and Marine disposal to area and route clearance and re- communication and utility infrastructures Corps unmanned ground systems. The fol- connaissance and surveillance. This has re- are rugged mountain trails and mud huts. lowing are priorities of the RS JPO mission: sulted in the proliferation of ground robots In Afghanistan, smaller, lighter robots with support the joint warfighter, modernize on the battlefield. Initially, EOD units and increased agility and mobility will be current unmanned systems, facilitate the route-clearance teams adopted ground ro- needed by infantry units and maneuver ele- transformation to the Future Force, apply bots to interrogate and neutralize impro- ments hiking the high-altitude trails. Cer- continuous process improvement, conduct vised explosive devices or unexploded tainly, more EOD and route-clearance ro- sound systems-engineering practices and ordnance. Warfighters have since identified bots will be needed with the build-up of develop the workforce. A healthy partner- mission applications for robots to inspect force. Hazardous material and explosives ship with industry, academia, government vehicles; search caves, rubble and tunnels; detection sensors, high-resolution cameras, research centers and the user community extend reach and provide enhanced situa- dextrous manipulators and other payloads has enabled the RS JPO to develop, ac- tional awareness. The U.S. industrial base will be required to enhance warfighter ca- quire, field and sustain robotic systems, ex- has grown to meet the demand for un- pability in OEF. The RS JPO is poised to ceeding warfighter expectations. manned systems. This growth is evident meet the emerging ground robotic require- Its mission is to lead the development, across all sectors of the market, including ments for OEF. Modernization and stan- systems engineering, integration, acquisi- basic and applied research at academic in- dardization of veteran assets from Iraq will tion, testing, fielding, sustainment and im- stitutions and government laboratories, occur during a process called reset. Reset provement of unmanned systems for the prototyping and commercialization by and new procurements will facilitate the joint warfighter to ensure safe, effective and small businesses, and manufacturing, pro- transformation to the Future Force. Regard- supportable capabilities are provided while duction and sustainment operations by tra- less of how robots are integrated into the meeting cost, schedule and performance. ditional defense contractors, automotive heavy, Infantry or Army modernization Its vision is continuous improvement of suppliers, new companies and government brigade combat teams, interoperability and unmanned system capabilities to meet cur- organizations. modular payloads are two sure things. An- rent and future joint warfighter objectives. In the haste to field robots in Iraq in other certainty is that this capability can be Support to the joint warfighter in over- 2003, commercial off-the-shelf equipment delivered to the warfighter only through seas contingency operations has greatly ac- was procured and fielded to get systems in collaboration between the RS JPO and its celerated acquisition and fielding time- the hands of soldiers and marines as partners. The RS JPO is committed to build- lines. Delivering safe, effective unmanned quickly as possible. Initially, demand for ing strategic and tactical relationships to systems with a variety of mission payloads robots outpaced the supply capability of support the joint warfighter in the life-cycle in response to joint urgent operational industry. Industry responded by cranking management of unmanned systems. 358 ARMY I October 2009
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Discover our quality British & Irish meat products:
-- posted October 18 2012 by Oliver Balson
A highlight from last year's National Sausage Week... R.J. Balson's Spicy Pork and Toffee Apple sausage, created for fireworks night, reached the finals of the competition and was judged to be one of Britain's "Most Legendary Bangers" by the panel of experts and guest judge Noddy Holder. I list of all 2012 awards coming soon!
Apr. 13: "500 Years Behind the Block" book just released! Order on amazon.co.uk for worldwide delivery...
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Jan. 21: RJ Balson Bangers at COSTCO clubs in February!
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Dec. 20: Merry Christmas!!
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Jul. 23: New Chicagoland Retailer!
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Feb. 13: "Balson Bangers" are Back on the Shelves!
Jan. 17: Watch the BALSONS on the BBC!...
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subset: commoncrawl


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Things up to now have been quiet for San Francisco's Pale Chalice. The band released their debut EP Afflicting the Dichotomy of Trepid Creation via The Flenser back in 2011, and I think we can all agree that in today's metal climate four years is a freakin' eternity between releases. But give just one listen to Negate the Infinite and Miraculous, the quintet's inaugural full-length for new label home Gilead Media, and it will become readily apparent that Pale Chalice favors quality over quantity.
black metal
False – Untitled (Gilead Media, 2015)
Since 2010, Minneapolis, Minnesota's False has been quietly making some of the best USBM in the game. Their split with the equally excellent Barghest, as well as their untitled 2012 EP were both great slabs of atmospheric black metal that remain largely unnoticed, or at the very least woefully underrated by the metal community at large. With the release of their untitled debut full length on the ever-reliable Gilead Media however, False is poised to bid farewell to their under-the-the-radar status once and for all.
Devilspit – Grim, Hateful and Drunk (Caligari Records, 2015)
With an album title like Grim, Hateful and Drunk, it's pretty easy to guess what you're getting from France's Devilspit. Filthy, punk-influenced black metal is the name of the game here, so if you're into similarly scuzzy shit such as Whipstriker and DeathCult, you best grab a bottle or twelve of your favorite rotgut and cuddle up with this disgusting tape, which is currently being peddled in a limited edition of two hundred by our pals at the venerable Caligari Records.
Nihilistinen Barbaarisuus – The Child Must Die (Infernal Kommando, 2015)
Philadelphia, PA's Nihilistinen Barbaarisuus first came to my attention early last year when I received the band's excellent debut full length Synkkä Tuuli for review along with the equally great Väinämöinen EP. The young band's grim yet sweeping and melodic brand of icy black metal instantly grabbed my attention; it's the kind of black metal that sinks its claws in instantly and drags you kicking and screaming into its frostbitten world, something that's becoming increasingly rare as the scene continues to splinter in innumerable directions, often losing sight of what made it such a powerful form of expression in the process.
Heathen – s/t (Caligari Records, 2015)
Not to be confused with the long-running Bay Area thrash/speed metal band of the same name, Norway's Heathen is an obscure black metal entity that recently released its debut full length via the mighty Caligari Records. The first thing that struck me about Heathen is that there is literally no information on them to be found; nothing is known about the band's lineup, their online presence is meager to say the very least, and they've already developed a penchant for self-titling multiple releases. Indeed, there is an air of mystery that surrounds Heathen, but if this excellent tape is anything to go by, rest assured that they have much more than an esoteric image going for them.
Bretwaldas of Heathen of Doom – Seven Bloodied Ramparts (Caligari Records, 2015)
It's been a few months since we last heard from the increasingly prolific Caligari Records, but fear not, because the label has recently released yet another slew of great tapes, the greatest of which just might be Seven Bloodied Ramparts, a reissue of the third album from obscure UK metallers Bretwaldas of Heathen Doom. Originally seeing an extremely limited physical release back in 2010, Seven Bloodied Ramparts might be a bit of an oldie at this point, but make no mistake, this is an album that deserves to be heard well beyond the handful of diehards that picked up on it the first time around.
Satanic Warmaster – Fimbulwinter (Hells Headbangers, 2015)
Although Satanic Warmaster has long been one of my favorite black metal bands due to their unwavering commitment to genre traditionalism, I found myself rather underwhelmed by their last full length, 2010's Nachzehrer. The production was atrocious (and not in a good way) and to be blunt the songs simply weren't there; the goofy looking werewolf on the cover and the less than insightful interview SW ringleader Satanic Tyrant Werwolf granted me that year did little to improve my opinion.


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Direct Student Loans:
Additional Steps Would Increase Borrowers' Awareness of Electronic Debiting and Reduce Federal Administrative Costs
GAO-02-350: Published: Mar 29, 2002. Publicly Released: Mar 29, 2002.
Additional Materials:
- Full Report:
- Accessible Text:
(202) 512-8403
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(202) 512-4800
Since 1999, the Department of Education (Education) has offered a 0.25 percent interest rate reduction to borrowers who agree to an electronic debit (EDA) program. Borrowers pay a lower interest rate, while the federal government receives fewer late payments. Any revenue loss to the federal government from a reduced interest rate would be more than offset by a gain in revenue because some EDA borrowers who had previously paid by check would stop making periodic payments in excess of their scheduled amount due. By ceasing to make these prepayments, these borrowers would not pay off their loans as soon as they would have without signing up for EDA and, therefore, incur additional interest costs over the life of their loans. Although actual EDA enrollments have exceeded original estimates, Education lacks data on prepayment patterns after borrowers enroll in the program. Education has not informed borrowers of the cost implications of EDA participation, nor has it systematically informed borrowers of their prepayment options. GAO estimates that Education saved $1.5 million in administrative costs in fiscal year 2001 because it did not have to mail bills to EDA borrowers.
Recommendations for Executive Action
Status: Closed - Implemented
Comments: Education fully addressed GAO's recommendation by adding information to the exit counseling guide and the application form borrowers use to establish electronic debiting, as well as by highlighting the reduced interest rate borrowers receive by using electronic debiting on its direct loan servicing web page.
Recommendation: To better publicize EDA and help Education achieve additional administrative cost savings, the Secretary of Education should update the Exit Counseling Guide for Borrowers to reflect the repayment incentives for direct loan borrowers who repay their loans through EDA as well as borrowers' prepayment options.
Agency Affected: Department of Education
Status: Closed - Implemented
Comments: Education completed several actions to better inform borrowers about prepaying their loans including providing information on making additional payments in their brochure for EDA borrowers, providing similar information on the Direct Loan website, and implementing an online payment system that allows borrowers to pay any amount.
Recommendation: To address concerns that borrowers may unknowingly pay more total interest over the life of their loans by not making prepayments if they make their loan payments through EDA, the Secretary of Education should take steps to inform EDA borrowers about steps they can take to prepay their loans. Such steps could include modifying EDA applications to allow borrowers interested in prepaying their loans to designate withdrawal amounts in excess of their scheduled payments when they initially complete the EDA application.
Agency Affected: Department of Education
Status: Closed - Implemented
Comments: Under Education's prior loan servicing contract, the Department of Education paid higher fees to service all delinquent loans than it did for loans with on time monthly repayments. Education paid these fees on accounts that were at least 1 day past due, even though the servicer took no action to collect payments until accounts were at least 7 days past due. Education has implemented a new system--Common Services for Borrowers (CSB)--that integrates several existing data systems, including direct loan servicing. Under CSB, payments to the servicing contractor are based on loan performance rather than transaction processing cost or activity. Under the contract terms, borrowers who are less than 31 days delinquent are grouped with borrowers whose repayment status is current. Therefore, Education pays the same fees for borrowers who are making payments on time and those that are less than 31 days late. Fees paid to the servicer progressively decrease the longer loans are in delinquency.
Recommendation: To ensure that the fees Education pays for servicing delinquent accounts appropriately reflect current collection activity practices, the Secretary of Education should consider renegotiating the fee provision in its contract with the direct loan servicer to eliminate the servicing fee for accounts with payments less than seven days late.
Agency Affected: Department of Education
Explore the full database of GAO's Open Recommendations »
May 19, 2015
School Meals:USDA Could Improve Verification Process for Program AccessGAO-15-634T: Published: May 19, 2015. Publicly Released: May 19, 2015.
May 13, 2015
Indian Affairs:Further Actions on GAO Recommendations Needed to Address Systemic Management Challenges with Indian EducationGAO-15-597T: Published: May 13, 2015. Publicly Released: May 13, 2015.
Apr 22, 2015
Indian Affairs:Further Actions on GAO Recommendations Needed to Address Systemic Management Challenges with Indian EducationGAO-15-539T: Published: Apr 22, 2015. Publicly Released: Apr 22, 2015.
Apr 13, 2015
Race to the Top:Education Could Better Support Grantees and Help Them Address Capacity ChallengesGAO-15-295: Published: Apr 13, 2015. Publicly Released: Apr 13, 2015.
Race to the Top:Survey of School Districts' Capacity to Implement Reform (GAO-15-317SP, April 2015), an E-supplement to GAO-15-295GAO-15-317SP: Published: Apr 13, 2015. Publicly Released: Apr 13, 2015.
Race to the Top:Survey of State Education Agencies' Capacity to Implement Reform (GAO-15-316SP, April 2015), an E-supplement to GAO-15-295GAO-15-316SP: Published: Apr 13, 2015. Publicly Released: Apr 13, 2015.
Women in STEM Research:Federal Agencies Differ in the Data They Collect on Grant ApplicantsGAO-15-291R: Published: Mar 17, 2015. Publicly Released: Apr 13, 2015.
Mar 26, 2015
Higher Education:Better Management of Federal Grant and Loan Forgiveness Programs for Teachers Needed to Improve Participant OutcomesGAO-15-314: Published: Feb 24, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 26, 2015.
Feb 27, 2015
Indian Affairs:Preliminary Results Show Continued Challenges to the Oversight and Support of Education FacilitiesGAO-15-389T: Published: Feb 27, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 27, 2015.
Jan 22, 2015
Higher Education:Education Should Strengthen Oversight of Schools and Accreditors [Reissued on January 22, 2015]GAO-15-59: Published: Dec 22, 2014. Publicly Released: Dec 22, 2014.
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A method for dynamically initiated interactive group communication between several participants concerning a process offered by an organizer includes: definition and conditioning of the process according to parameters that can freely be defined by the organizer, selection of the resource(s) to display the process, definition of target persons or groups and call by the organizer for participation/registration, registration by interested persons, acceptance of the registration and definition of group of participants according to criteria which can be pre-set by the organizer, start of the interactive communication depending on the organizer, on one or more participants or on an event, specification of a process content, enforcement of the interactive communication with regard to the communication rules and completion of the communication when reaching a result which is defined or can be defined or influenced by the organizer or by one or more participants in the course of the communication.
1. A method for dynamically initiated interactive group communication between several participants regarding a process offered by an organizer, comprising:
definition and conditioning of the process according to parameters that can freely be defined by the organizer;
selection of the resource or the resources to display the process;
definition of target persons or target groups and call by the organizer for participation/registration;
registration by interested persons;
acceptance of the registration and definition of group of participants according to criteria which can be pre-set by the organizer;
start of the interactive communication depending on the organizer, on one or more participants or on an event;
specification of a process content;
enforcement of the interactive communication with regard to the communication rules that can be pre-set and—if applicable—influenced by the organizer; and
completion of the communication when reaching a result which is defined or which can be defined or influenced by the organizer or by one or more participants in the course of the communication.
2. The method according to
a preparation phase preparing the interactive communication; and
a communicative operation phase which can preferably be initiated in a dynamic way.
3. The method according to
4. The method according to
5. The method according to
6. The method according to
7. The method according to
8. The method according to
9. The method according to
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14. The method according to
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for dynamically initiated interactive group communication between several participants regarding a process offered by an organizer.
2. Description of the Related Art
Methods of the above mentioned kind can be used in very different fields whenever a process requires an interactive group communication that can in addition be dynamically initiated. The case of the process offered could be a mobile auction or maybe a medical emergency in which a surgical team invites other specialists for a professional consultative participation.
In principle, the present method is a method for group communication which can be used for a wide range of fields and where a dynamical initiation takes place and which can be performed for a major portion online and for a minor portion offline over a large variety of media.
In practice, there are already known methods, such as for example those on the field of holding auctions in a communication net. As an example, we would like to refer to DE 102 25 111 A1. Concretely, from this publication there are methods known for holding online auctions between a number of bidders aiming at buying an auction item in form of goods or a service offered by a seller. For this purpose a communication net is offered via a computer system wherein the auctioneer reveals information via servers about the auction's object, the seller, the bidders as well as about the course of the auction. In this case it is absolutely mandatory that the bidders intervene into the communication net via a computer and by these means participate in the auction or at least retrieve information about the course of the auction. Within a pre-set time-span for the auction, bids can be made wherein an auction module which is assigned to the server identifies the corresponding highest bid. It is pointed out there as a special feature that the computers of the online bidders are connected via a so-called auction portal of the server to the auction module wherein the auction portal lets the bid either not, immediately or lets it pass with delay, depending on the control of the server. This approach is meant to relieve the computer system—in any whatsoever way—as a whole.
For further examples, we would like to refer to the DE 102 35 420 A1 concerning a method to run an automatic reverse auction and to the DE 102 19 699 A1, also concerning a method to run an auction. The same is valid for the state of the art as set out in the EP 1 246 116 A1, according to which a corresponding method is also known.
An auction process run over the Internet, which is in practice widely known, is offered by e-Bay. There, objects or services are offered for sale by means of an auction, wherein the interested people or potential participants are provided only restricted information. A dynamic initiation of the communication as possible there is not provided. In addition, the communication cannot or can only to a limited extent be influenced by the participants, i.e. by a concrete offer. Therefore, an interactive group communication does not take place. After all, the participants have only one possibility to take part in the auction, i.e. via Internet over a PC.
All of the above mentioned methods have the disadvantage that the communication is mainly unilateral and that a dynamic initiation is not possible. Insofar, the conditions for the communication are more or less pre-defined in a fixed way. This does not match the real requirement for the target of an interactive group communication which should be applicable in many ways.
An object of the present invention is to provide a method for a dynamically initialized interactive group communication between several participants in such a way that it is universally applicable at a maximum of flexibility regarding the offered process. The target flexibility refers to the definition of the process itself on the one hand, and to the conditions for displaying and performing the process on the other hand, both of the latter shall be influenceable by the organizer as well as by the participants.
According to the invention, the above mentioned problem is solved by the characteristics of patent claim 1. According to this, by the method for a dynamically initialized interactive group communication between several participants regarding a process as offered by an organizer, the following process steps are realized.
First of all, the process is defined and conditioned, i.e. by the aid of process parameters freely definable by the organizer. So, the process can for example be a mobile auction being offered online via the portal "Internet" or any other mobile resources.
The resource or the resources to display the process and to offer the process or the participation in the process respectively are selected in any way.
In a further step, target persons or target groups are defined by the organizer and asked to participate or to register. The participation or the registration can be restricted to specific persons or person subgroups, as for examples to such persons having a specific authorization in the sense of being eligible.
After this, the interested persons register themselves whereby a selection for the participation takes place according to the definition of target persons or target groups. Accordingly, the registration is accepted or refused and the participants' group is defined due to criteria that can be set by the organizer. It is to be noted here that criteria also can develop in a dynamical way, i.e. taking the characteristics of registering persons as a basis. In this sense, a dynamic access authorization can evolve.
In a next step the interactive communication starts wherein this can take place in the framework of some kind of pre-phase. The start depends on the organizer, on one or more participants or on an event, so even in this stage a dynamic process can be considered.
In a further step it is possible to define process contents or to pre-set them. This process step can also be done at an earlier moment or can be done at any time during a later phase. After this, the interactive communication is performed with regard to the communication rules as pre-settable and if applicable, influenceable by the organizer, wherein these communication rules only define the framework of the communication. Besides, the parameters can be dynamically defined and/or changed here as well.
Furthermore, the communication can be finished after having achieved a defined event or after having achieved an event which can be defined or influenced in the course of the communication by one or more participants.
Concerning the characteristics described above, it should be noted that here in fact a dynamical initialization of the group communication takes place, regarding the process itself, the performance of the process as well as its end. In this sense, the start of the process as well as its performance and finally its end can be defined or performed depending on conditions. Important parameters resulting from the above mentioned characteristics are the status regarding the process, the presence or availability of the participants as well as the behavior of the participants all over the process.
The dynamically interactive phase of the process can be performed in real-time on the fixed network as well as by mobile means whereby a translation between the different media will be performed. Interactive multi-media communication services as for example PoC (push to talk over cellular) can be used in the framework of a mobile application. In this case it is essential though that also by using different media some kind of "translation" between the media takes place, so independently from the type of media participation in the communication is possible.
In an especially advantageous way the communication divides into a preparing phase—in the following to be referred to as preparation phase—and into a communicative operation phase which can preferably be initiated dynamically. The example of an auction taken, the preparation phase is the phase which is there called pre-bidding phase and the communicative operation phase, which can be initiated dynamically, is the actual bidding phase. It should be noted here that the transition between the two phases is smooth, i.e. depending on the freely definable parameters.
The transition between the two phases can be pre-defined or influenced by the organizer and/or one or more participants, so the beginning of the actual bidding phase can freely be defined, i.e. depending on the behavior of the organizer and/or the participants or depending on any other occurring situation respectively.
Concretely, the border between the two phases can be influenced, relating to the situation or to the context, i.e. depending on external conditions.
As mentioned before, the participants or the participant groups can be selected according to pre-definable selection criteria and/or according to the access resources as selected by or as accessible for the registering persons. It can be envisioned that only participants will be selectable being members of a pre-definable group of age, of a specific gender or depending on a context which can be retrieved or which can be indicated by the participants. It could also be defined that the access only takes place via Internet over PCs or via conventional mobiles. Any other criteria can be envisioned.
Within the preparation phase, the process itself as well as the process parameters can be influenced. For example, the start of the process can be defined or it can be initiated depending on occurring situations or states.
Within the operation phase, the course of this phase can be influenced by the organizer as well as by the participants, depending on the pre-settings of the organizer.
Furthermore, it is essential that the participants can retrieve information about the process, preferably status information. The retrieval of such information can be guaranteed at any time wherein in this case separate access authorizations or participation authorizations can be assigned.
Furthermore, it is advantageous if participants can retrieve context information, process-related information and/or information about other participants. An optimal availability of information would be guaranteed by these means, even though restrictions are also possible here.
It has already been described above that the participants can not only participate in the operation phase by a fixed station, as for example a PC, but also by mobile terminals. Here, an online-mode is possible as well as an offline-mode, according to the wish of the participants. Furthermore it is possible that a concrete medium for participation or for the selection of media for participation can be pre-set by the organizer, so the group of the participants is defined or correspondingly restricted by these means.
As a matter of principle, in the framework of the method as according to the invention it is possible that the access resource can be freely chosen by the participants and that a translation or mediation between the different media respectively takes place automatically. A restriction chosen by the organizer does not oppose to this basic selection.
Once again, it is to be pointed out that the communication process as described here can be any kind of process where a dynamic initiation of an interactive group communication is required. So, the process can for example be an auction, wherein the preparation phase is represented by the pre-bidding phase to prepare the bidding and the operation phase is represented by the bidding phase. The transition between the two phases can be shifted depending on parameters or events.
In the following, the method according to the invention will be described by the example of an auction, wherein auction-specific problems will be mentioned there and corresponding characteristics will be discussed.
Online Auctions are a well-known application in today's internet world for selling and buying private items to other people using a bidding process. The regular scenario is given by an online auction shop which advertises the auction items and final timing for the bidding until the auction closes. The winner of the highest bid will be informed. There are open question of server overload, real-time update of highest bid and a high bid rate towards the end of the auction process.
The process also mainly involves, that people are online in order to participate or a pre-upload of bids could also be realized. All these variations available today lack the dynamics in their auction settings and process conditions. Besides including live (in-person) auction portions into auctions, which are carried out on certain places, a direct personal interaction between seller and the potential buyers are not given. Preferences from the seller (e.g. who is permitted to bid, or can the final bidding be performed when the seller is online and could he restrict it to people who have been sent a pre-bid already) and from the potential buyer (e.g. notify only, when item also supports PoC final bidding option) are not considered yet.
The invention proposes a unique auction system which integrates the dynamics and fun of personal interaction with the participants of the auction by utilizing interactive multimedia communication services (e.g. Instant messaging, PoC) in the final bidding scenario. In addition, the flexibility of IMS services in their dynamic choice of different media is utilized and applied for the bidding as well as the recording process. The preparation phase of the auction is enhanced by including presence features in the auction announcement and publication process (using a dynamic agenda with subscription support), as well as during the different auction phases as defined in this invention.
The proposed invention proposes a new way of communication, applicable for mobile auction scenarios by including dynamic context adaptation for communication means. The presented solution includes dynamic scenarios for offline process during the bidding preparation and pre-bidding phase and a dynamically initiated interactive communication during the real bidding phase. These processes are influenced by means of presence, context (e.g. terminal capabilities, accept/reject lists, user parameter, ratings), and user policy settings. The interactive communication process offers free media choice, mandates recording capabilities for any offered media into a generalized process logging protocol. During the auction preparation, we propose the usage of presence functions (e.g. watching, notifications) on auction groups and items, as well as the auction agenda dynamically assigned by parameters like auction item kind, time, or auction seller.
Auction System
The online auction is divided into the pre-bidding phase and dynamical interactive final bidding phase. The pre-bidding phase is given as an offline process, organized by website-access, SMS and Email communication. The final bidding phase is characterized by an interactive communication. The auction processor is the main module for the control of pre-bidding and interactive auction phase. The core of the auction processor is the policy handler which interacts with the user manager and context controller in order to control the setup and sessions for both auction phases.
It is proposed an auction system integrating context-driven control which is defining the pre-bidding phase as well as the process of interactive bidding process. The context-based policies are defined by considering
The preparation of an auction process is characterized by the publishing of the item to be sold and the conditions in pricing, and the time for the auction to be closed.
This invention includes specifically two new features during the auction preparation:
The waiting room is an open group of potential buyers. The room can be joined by any user depending of permission granted. The permission is based on joining settings of the seller of the item. These settings can be based on e.g. bidding history of potential buyer, reject/accept lists, timing, preferences for final bid phase (e.g. accept with PoC-capability only), size of final bidding group in auction room. Potential buyers who have subscribed to that item are notified of the waiting room state and are granted to join the waiting room. Joining the waiting room and/or submitting a valid bid value include the automatic sign-up for the dynamic auction room phase. Joining the waiting room also informs the subscriber about the preferences and settings for the auction room, where the final bidding will be hold. Conflicts between the seller's preferences (e.g. prefers only PoC communication) with the subscriber's settings (e.g. no PoC support given) are informed to the subscriber.
c) Interactive Auction Phase
The auction room is the implication of the interactive communication phase, given by a pre-defined group of the seller and the potential buyers. The group of buyers is generated of the users who got granted the permission based on their subscription to the waiting room and their bidding history on the selected item, or by preferences of the seller. The preferences of the seller for the auction room are informed to the subscriber during joining of the waiting or auction room. The auction group (so-called bidder community) might be governed in several ways:
The auction room supports single-media (e.g. PoC only) as well as mixed-media selection (e.g. PoC and text chatting). The auction room is generated and populated with the users based on context-driven policy decisions. The waiting room will be closed then.
d) Participation Control
The users of the auction service (independent of their role in a specific auction to act as seller or buyer) are given the possibility to store accept or reject lists (so-called Black Lists) in order to control who is involved in the auction they are participating. The user can also specify filter settings for auction setup notification (acting as potential buyer) or for auction participant acceptance (acting as seller).
Interactive Communication
a) Initiation:
The auction room is initiated based on single or any combination of the following reasons:
A possible scenario is the initiation of a PoC bidding session including the seller and all these potential buyers, who are currently present and PoC session available and are under the 10 highest bids from the waiting room phase.
As a special communication selection, we propose the choice of PoC-based auction room with dedicated dispatcher mode for automatic floor control of bidders.
b) Media Selection:
In an open scenario (this means not restricted by any media preferences of the seller), the system does support free media choice for all participants in the auction room phase. The selection of the media is in a context-aware environment respecting the means of preferences, presence and terminal settings for the supported media. As an example: a user with his preference settings in media choice for PoC (1st priority) and Instant Messaging (IM) (2nd priority) is joining the auction room phase automatically by the presence settings. The user is currently involved in an active PoC session and cannot accept a 2nd PoC session in parallel. The auction control is automatically initiating the IM session for this user, accepting his second priority in media choice.
The media integration of mixed media selection is based on timing control on lowest latency restrictions. The "Active Control" module is responsible for the support of proper bid queue moderation and recording for the different media.
c) Auction Moderation:
The auction room is controlled by an electronic and automatic bidding queue control. The queue control is based on the receiving of the bid on its original media (e.g. voice, text, video). The re-queuing of the buyers is managed in number (e.g. limited number of bid vouchers inside the auction room), frequency (e.g. bidding permitted after. ⅓ of the group has also given their bid values), rating and ordering of bid values (e.g. the order of bids of different participants cannot be repeated twice in order to avoid pricing push or dumping in some way). As a special queued control scenario we propose the PoC-hosted auction room in PoC dispatcher mode whereby the dispatcher might be the seller or a personal or electronic auctioneer.
d) Recording:
The auction room involves different media for the bidding on the selected item. The recording guarantees the proof of the bidding session. For this, we propose the "Active Control" module to perform the media transformer and logging module of the auction processor, which includes the following:
The recording of the bidding session is done in a generalized bidding protocol based on the settings of the seller (e.g. preferences are set to text-based protocol). This protocol is accompanied by the media-original recording logs, which means there are number of media-specific protocols as media has been involved in a given bidding session.
e) Announcement on Current Bid Status/Value
The information about the latest/highest bid will be announced constantly to interested parties. In addition to the display of the information on the auction room bullet on the website, our invention includes the simultaneous interactive sessions in order to permit automatic announcement for the interactive session mode. The invention specifically includes:
The key features of the inventions regarding auctions are in the topics for:
(1) Initiating Communication/Messaging Session After Completion of Pre-Bidding Process
Including, but not limited to: availability, media types (services)
184.108.40.206 Product presence;
Including, not limited to:
Participant/product presence change notification based on participant preferences
1.2 Initiation of dynamic interactive phase
1.2.1 Automatic trigger:
based on context conditions or pre-arranged to a certain time
1.2.2 Manual: determined by the moderator
1.3 Participant Access control to the auction based on acceptance/rejections management mechanism and/or preference control list system
2. Dynamic interactive (final) auction
2.1 Media types
2.1.1 Multiple media co-existence mode (integrating real-time and non-real-time communication services; chat, voice (VoIP), video, POC, email, SMS, etc. . . . )
2.1.2 Unique media mode:
Enforces the use of a given media depending on auction preferences and bidding history
2.2 Participant Access control to the enhanced auction, which allows for late joining and re-joining
2.3 Context Integration
2.3.1 Participant presence;
Including but not limited to status, bidding statistics, highest offered price
2.3.3 Notifications
Participant/product presence change notification based on participant preferences incl.
2.4 Highest bid display using translation when in multi-media mode
2.5 Flexible auction ending.
Optional delayed ending takes media types into consideration before ending the auction.
The examples of an embodiment related to the auction as described above only serve as a mere exemplary illustration of the claimed teaching, but do not restrict the latter to auction-specific methods at all.
Referenced by
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NWSB writer and Seattle Seahawks insider, Brian Scott, takes a look at just who might wind up returning punts in 2015. The answer to the punt return problem certainly hasn't come in free agency, at least so far. We also know it won't be Walters again as he has moved on to Jacksonville.
Who Returns Punts For The Seattle Seahawks In 2015
NFC Championship Preview — Packers at Your Seattle Seahawks
NWSB Writer and Seattle Seahawks Insider Brian Scott gives us a review of the Packers/Seahawks game from Week 1 and his watch list for their matchup in the NFC Championship Sunday. The Beast Mode-esk Eddie Lacy is the real deal for the Packers. The Seahawks have to contain the powerful runner which will be no easy task. Given Rodgers' troubles with his leg I actually expect the Packers will try to establish Lacy early and often.
Seahawks Ravage Rams, Take #1 Seed and Home Field Advantage
NWSB Writer and Seattle Seahawks Insider Brian Scott gives us his takeaways from the Seahawks NFC West Championship clinching victory over the St. Louis Rams. I have never seen Wilson take as many hard hits as did in this game. To his credit, he got up every time. Wilson hasn't missed a game or any significant playing time due to injury in his entire three year career. I guess we can add toughness and durability to the long list of reasons to love this guy.
Seattle Seahawks at San Francisco 49ers Takeaways
NWSB Writer and Seattle Seahawks Insider Brian Scott breaks down the Seahawks big win against the 49ers. The Seahawks won, but penalties persist. I get that the Seahawks play a style of defense that is going to lead to defensive holding calls, illegal contact and defensive pass interference a bit more than other teams. I can live with that. What I have a hard time with is the fact that most of these penalties are not amongst those three varieties.
Rapid reaction– Percy Harvin Traded By The Seahawks
NWSB Insider and Seattle Seahawks blogger Brian Scott weighs in on today's Percy Harvin to the New York Jets trade w/ the Seahawks. Brian says Harvin has been a locker room problem everywhere he is ever played going as far back as high school when he was prohibited from playing high school sports in Virginia. He left the Seahawks and the Seahawks just became a better team.
Takeaways From The Seahawks First Half Of Preseason
NWSB Insider and Seattle Seahawks Blogger Brian Scott gives us his early impressions from the 2014 NFL Preseason. Featured are: Doug Baldwin, Jermaine Kearse, Richard Sherman, Earl Thomas, Kam Chancellor, Michael Bennett, Cliff Avril, Bobby Wagner, KJ Wright, Malcolm Smith, Paul Richardson, Russell Wilson, Percy Harvin, Marshawn Lynch and more.
It was a Super Bowl XLVIII re-match, sorta
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NWSB Insider and Seattle Seahawks Blogger Brian Scott takes a look at the team's current wide receivers and predicts which ones make the final cut. Featured are Percy Harvin, Doug Baldwin, Jermaine Kearse, Kevin Norwood, Paul Richardson, Ricardo Lockette, Arceto Clark, Phil Bates, Bryan Walters, Taylor Price, Chris Matthews, Sidney Rice and Kevin Smith.
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NWSB Insider and Seattle Seahawks blogger Brandon Choate breaks down the 2014 Seahawks rookie class and their chances to make the final team. Between the 9 drafted players and the multiple undrafted players brought in, the Seahawks definitely addressed what little questions they may have about the roster.
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NWSB Insider and Seattle Seahawks Blogger Brett Bivens takes a look at how Day 3. Paul Richardson and Justin Britt gave the Seahawks the luxury of selecting players that best fit their scheme regardless of position throughout the remainder of the draft. Via the Seahawks website tonight we've learned the UDFA's have been signed as well including Keith Price from UW.


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1995 Chevrolet Astro Q&A
1995 Chevrolet Astro Question: blown fuse to parking lights and dash lights
my dash lights and parking lights do not come on. Also when replacing a fuse it burns out when I flip the switch for the parking light and head lights - droppocket
2 Answers
Answer 1
There is a problem in the circuit that the fuse protects. You will need a wiring diagram and a volt/ohm meter to be able to diagnose this problem. You should consider taking this to a shop, these problems can be difficult too diagnose, even for the highly experienced technicians. - Bret Bodas
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Marcus Dixon (twitter: @MarcusDixon94)
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I have been taking it for five days now and am still experiencing vaginal discomfort. I appear to have a difficult case. My gyno also added fluconazole for a possible yeast infection caused by the metronidazole as I am prone to getting them with antibiotics. Was treated for bv in early January with Tindamax which either only temporarily cured me or wasn't strong enough and it came back. Do I need an extended course of metronidazole? I'm worried it's just killing all the good bacteria that I am trying so hard to replenish (yogurt, probiotics) and that this is just one vicious cycle! Help!
When does metronidazole for bacterial vaginosis start working?
- Posted:
- 6 Mar 2013 by csckd
- Topics:
- infections, bacterial vaginitis, fluconazole, metronidazole, yeast infection
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Sources said two suspects engaged in oral sex while handcuffed, one claims she was resting
By PoliceOne Staff
PORTER, Texas — A deputy who arrested a man and a woman on drug charges caught them having oral sex in the back of his cruiser.
The Porter officer responded to a 911 call Monday about a man lying unconscious in the parking lot of a Whataburger restaurant, according to the Houston Chronicle. A friend of the couple, the passed-out man was found to have pills in his pockets and was transported to the hospital.
Tina Marie Arie, 44, and Howard Keith Windham, 30, carried bottles of Hydrocodone and Soma, sources said. They were arrested for possession of a controlled substance.
On the way to booking the officer noticed movement in his rearview mirror and when he realized he could no longer see Arie, he pulled over to investigate, The Montgomery County Police Reporter wrote.
"Despite both parties being handcuffed behind their backs, Windham's pants were unfastened and Arie was servicing his exposed genitalia," according to the report.
The deputy asked them to stop and continued to the jail. There were no additional charges.
Arie said her head was on Windham's lap because she was tired.
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We found 6 sites within 17 miles of Boncath with 3 bookable
Llandissilio, Pembrokeshire, Wales Show on map
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Chillin' Music Fest 2015
- Music
- 600 North Ashley Drive, Tampa, FL, 33602
Home Team New Year's Rally 2012
Viking Guy Productions
Saturday, December 29, 2012 at 12:00 PM - Tuesday, January 1, 2013 at 11:00 AM (PST)
Viking Guy Productions Presents:
The 2012 Home Team New Year's Rally!
Attention Home Team! Keepin' it safe on New Year's Eve!
Will coolers be allowed in the music area?
Yes! But let's try to leave glass at home.
Are pets allowed?
For everybody's safety, particularly your animals', please leave them at home.
Where can I contact the organizer with any questions?
Please direct all questions to our Facebook page.
Is my registration/ticket transferrable?
No, tickets are non-transferrable.
Do I have to bring my printed ticket to the event?
Yes, each attendee must have a printed ticket for validation.
The name on the registration/ticket doesn't match the attendee. Is that okay?
Only acceptable for multiple tickets, purchaser must be present.
Can I bring my golf cart or ATV into the park?
No, none of these types of vehicles are allowed.
Will vendors be on site?
Yes! our Freinds at the Free Lovin' Foodery will be onsite with food, deserts, crafts and drinks!
In order to purchase these tickets in installments, you'll need an Eventbrite account. Log in or sign up for a free account to continue.