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Disclosed are compositions, methods, and devices that generally relate to silanes and silicides and to uses thereof for hydrogen generation. Methods and devices for generating hydrogen for fuel cells and for other applications such as fuel or a supplementary fuel for internal combustion engines and reducing agents to improve catalyst efficiency are also disclosed.
1. A method of generating hydrogen for a fuel cell, comprising contacting water and silane with an amine catalyst, wherein the silane is converted into hydrogen and a silicate, and supplying the hydrogen to the fuel cell.
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This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/705,331, filed Aug. 3, 2005, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
The subject matter disclosed herein generally relates to silanes and silicides and uses thereof to generate hydrogen. Methods and devices for generating hydrogen for fuel cells and for other applications such as fuel or a supplementary fuel for internal combustion engines and reducing agents to improve catalyst efficiency are also disclosed.
A fuel cell is a device that converts energy of a chemical reaction into electrical energy (electrochemical device) without combustion. A fuel cell generally comprises an anode, cathode, electrolyte, backing layers, and current collectors. Since the voltage of a typical fuel cell is usually small, they are often stacked in series. In such configurations, fuel cells can have 2-3 times greater efficiency than internal combustion engines.
There are several types of fuel cells, which are typically classified by their various electrolytes. One common type of fuel cell is a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell. PEM fuel cells generally involve a solid organic polymer (e.g., polyperfluoro-sulfonic acid or NAFION�) as an electrolyte. They have high power density and can vary output quickly, which makes them desirable for portable and auto applications. PEM fuel cells are also known as polymer electrolyte fuel cells, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) fuel cells, and solid polymer membrane (SPM) fuel cells.
Fuel cells produce electricity, water, and heat using fuel and oxygen. The oxidation and reduction reactions occurring within a fuel cell are:
The two half-reactions normally proceed very slowly at the low operating temperature of a fuel cell. Specifically, kinetic performance of PEM fuel cells is limited primarily by the slow rate of the O2 reduction half reaction (cathode reaction), which is more than 100 times slower than the H2 oxidation half reaction (anode reaction). The O2 reduction half reaction is also limited by mass transfer issues. Thus, catalysts are typically used on one or both the anode and cathode to increase the rates of each half reaction. Platinum (Pt) has been the most effective noble metal catalyst to date because it is able to generate high enough rates of O2 reduction at the relatively low temperatures of the PEM fuel cells.
The catalysts used to induce the desired electrochemical reactions are often incorporated at the electrode/electrolyte interface by coating a slurry of the catalyst particles onto the electrolyte surface. When hydrogen or methanol fuel feed through the anode catalyst/electrolyte interface, an electrochemical reaction occurs, generating electrons and protons (hydrogen ions). The electrons, which cannot pass through the polymer electrolyte membrane, flow from the anode to the cathode through an external circuit containing a motor or other electrical load, which consumes the power generated by the cell. The protons generated at the anode catalyst migrate through the polymer electrolyte membrane to the cathode. At the cathode catalyst interface, the protons combine with electrons and oxygen to give water.
One major challenge for fuel cell development and commercialization has been the supply of fuel to the fuel cell. While hydrogen gas is generally the most efficient fuel, the use of hydrogen gas is complicated by storage concerns. For example, in order to supply significant amounts of hydrogen gas, especially for portable fuel cells, the hydrogen gas must be stored under pressure in specialized tanks. Such pressurized containers can add weight and complexity to a fuel cell apparatus, in addition to the costs associated with purifying and compressing hydrogen gas. Another concern regarding hydrogen gas is that it can easily ignite.
A Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) is a popular type of PEM fuel cell that uses methanol for fuel. DMFC's are the only commercially available fuel cell units today. While DMFC's solve the hydrogen storage dilemma and perform well in the field, DMFC's suffer from lower cell voltages than are available with hydrogen gas fuel, and possess inherent toxicity and flammability difficulties. Also, the use of methanol (and fossil fuels in general) as fuel fails to eliminate carbon dioxide release, and they produce small levels of by-products that can poison the fuel cell and degrade performance. Furthermore, methanol fuels usually contain H2SO4 to facilitate oxidation of methanol and to provide ionic conductivity in the catalyst. The H2SO4 penetrates the anode structure providing ionic conductivity throughout the electrode, thus allowing most of the catalyst to be utilized resulting in improved performance. The use of H2SO4 is, however, undesirable due to sulfate species adsorbing onto the electrode surface and also the corrosive nature of the acid. Moreover, significant work has been undertaken by others to develop reformers to convert a variety of fossil fuels and other alcohols to hydrogen, but the weight burden and complexity of this approach is very large and has generally been rejected for automotive and small fuel cell applications.
In another approach, hydrogen fuel is stored in the form of metal hydrides, which release hydrogen gas to the fuel cell upon hydrolysis of the metal hydride. While the storage of hydrogen in metal hydrides overcomes the carbon dioxide issue, the maximum storage efficiency obtained thus far is about 4.0 wt. %. Other disadvantages of these systems are the necessity to carry water and, most importantly, the requisite use of expensive metal hydrides. Further, the metal hydrides are irreversibly hydrolyzed into metal hydroxides during hydrogen production. Thus, these systems require handling of metal hydroxide by-products, which are difficult, energy intensive, and costly to convert back to the original metal hydride form.
The United States Department of Energy (DOE) has identified hydrogen storage energy density as a critical requirement for the successful transition to the hydrogen economy. And to encourage efforts to overcome the challenges associated with hydrogen fuel, the DOE has established the hydrogen storage efficiency targets identified below.
The use of hydrogen as a sole fuel and as a supplementary fuel has been adopted by several engine manufacturers including Ford and BMW. The use of hydrogen can allow very lean combustion, which dramatically improves fuel economy and reduces harmful exhaust emissions. As a supplementary fuel, the use of hydrogen in amounts from about 1 to about 10% can facilitate the use of higher amounts of exhaust gas recirculation to reduce harmful emissions without incurring combustion instability. Hydrogen is also being pursued as an effective agent to enable the adoption of Lean NOx catalyst. The hydrogen can initiate catalytic reactions at lower temperatures, and has no carbon burden.
In light of the current difficulties with hydrogen generation and storage and the increasing need for a clean source of energy, new hydrogen generation and storage technologies for portable and stationary fuels cells are needed. Specifically desired are technologies that offer low pressure, high density storage of hydrogen and which overcome the efficiency, performance, and toxicity concerns of methanol, metal hydrides, and other hydrogen sources for fuel cells. The compositions, methods, and devices disclosed herein address these and other needs.
In accordance with the purposes of the disclosed materials, compounds, compositions, articles, devices, and methods, as embodied and broadly described herein, the disclosed subject matter, in one aspect, relates to compounds and compositions, and to methods for preparing and using such compounds and compositions. In a further aspect, the disclosed subject matter relates to silanes and silicides and methods for using such silanes and silicides as a source of hydrogen fuel (e.g., for fuel cells). In a still further aspect, the disclosed subject matter relates to articles and devices (e.g., fuel cartridges and fuel cells) that involve silanes and silicides.
Additional advantages will be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the aspects described below. The advantages described below will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive.
The accompanying figures, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several aspects described below.
The materials, compounds, compositions, articles, devices, and methods described herein may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of specific aspects of the disclosed subject matter and the Examples included herein and to the Figures.
Before the present materials, compounds, compositions, articles, devices, and methods are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that the aspects described below are not limited to specific synthetic methods or specific reagents, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only and is not intended to be limiting.
Also, throughout this specification, various publications are referenced. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which the disclosed matter pertains. The references disclosed are also individually and specifically incorporated by reference herein for the material contained in them that is discussed in the sentence in which the reference is relied upon.
In this specification and in the claims that follow, reference will be made to a number of terms, which shall be defined to have the following meanings:
Throughout the description and claims of this specification the word "comprise" and other forms of the word, such as "comprising" and "comprises," means including but not limited to, and is not intended to exclude, for example, other additives, components, integers, or steps.
As used in the description and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "a composition" includes mixtures of two or more such compositions, reference to "an organosilane" includes mixtures of two or more such organosilanes, reference to "the silane" includes mixtures of two or more such silanes, and the like.
"Optional" or "optionally" means that the subsequently described event or circumstance can or cannot occur, and that the description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. For example, statements about a device that optionally contains a check valve refers to devices that have a check valve and devices that do not have a check valve.
Ranges can be expressed herein as from "about" one particular value, and/or to "about" another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another aspect includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent "about," it will be understood that the particular value forms another aspect. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. It is also understood that there are a number of values disclosed herein, and that each value is also herein disclosed as "about" that particular value in addition to the value itself. For example, if the value "10" is disclosed, then "about 10" is also disclosed. It is also understood that when a value is disclosed that "less than or equal to" the value, "greater than or equal to the value" and possible ranges between values are also disclosed, as appropriately understood by the skilled artisan. For example, if the value "10" is disclosed, then "less than or equal to 10" as well as "greater than or equal to 10" is also disclosed. It is also understood that throughout the application data are provided in a number of different formats and that this data represent endpoints and starting points and ranges for any combination of the data points. For example, if a particular data point "10" and a particular data point "15" are disclosed, it is understood that greater than, greater than or equal to, less than, less than or equal to, and equal to 10 and 15 are considered disclosed as well as between 10 and 15. It is also understood that each unit between two particular units are also disclosed. For example, if 10 and 15 are disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed.
References in the specification and concluding claims to parts by weight of a particular element or component in a composition denotes the weight relationship between the element or component and any other elements or components in the composition or article for which a part by weight is expressed. Thus, in a compound containing 2 parts by weight of component X and 5 parts by weight component Y, X and Y are present at a weight ratio of 2:5, and are present in such ratio regardless of whether additional components are contained in the compound.
A weight percent (wt. %) of a component, unless specifically stated to the contrary, is based on the total weight of the formulation or composition in which the component is included.
As used herein, the term "substituted" is contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic or inorganic compounds. In one example, the permissible substituents can include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, and aromatic and nonaromatic substituents of compounds. Illustrative substituents include, for example, those described below. The permissible substituents can be one or more and the same or different for appropriate compounds. For purposes of this disclosure, the heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, can have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents of organic or inorganic compounds described herein which satisfy the valences of the heteroatoms. This disclosure is not intended to be limited in any manner by the permissible substituents of compounds.
"A1," "A2," "A3," and "A4" are used herein as generic symbols to represent various specific substituents. These symbols can be any substituent, not limited to those disclosed herein, and when they are defined to be certain substituents in one instance, they can, in another instance, be defined as some other substituents.
The term "alkane" as used herein is a branched or unbranched saturated hydrocarbon group having the general formula of CnH2n+2 and can have from 1 to 40 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, eicosyl, tetracosyl, and the like. The alkane can also be cyclic, substituted, or unsubstituted, which are included within the meaning of the term "alkane." A cyclic alkane can specifically be referred to as a cycloalkane, but these structures are included within the meaning of the term "alkane." A radical of an alkane can be specifically referred to as an "alkyl," but throughout the disclosure alkyls are also intended to be included within the meaning of alkanes.
A "cycloalkyl" is a type of alkyl group and is included within the meaning of the word "alkyl." A cycloalkyl group is a non-aromatic carbon-based ring composed of at least three carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, etc. The term "heterocycloalkyl" is a type of cycloalkyl group, and is included within the meaning of "alkyl" and "cycloalkyl," where at least one of the carbon atoms of the ring is substituted with a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus. The cycloalkyl group and heterocycloalkyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted. The cycloalkyl group and heterocycloalkyl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy, ketone, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, sulfonyl, sulfone, sulfoxide, or thiol as described herein.
The term "alkoxy" as used herein is an alkyl group bound through a single, terminal ether linkage; that is, an "alkoxy" group can be defined as —OA1 where A1 is alkyl as defined above.
The term "alkene" as used herein is a hydrocarbon group of from 2 to 40 carbon atoms with a structural formula containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Asymmetric structures such as (A1A2)C═C(A3A4) are intended to include both the E and Z isomers. This may be presumed in structural formulae herein wherein an asymmetric alkene is present, or it may be explicitly indicated by the bond symbol C═C. The alkene can also be cyclic, substituted, or unsubstituted, which are included within the meaning of the term "alkene." A cyclic alkene can specifically be referred to as a cycloalkene, but these structures are included within the meaning of the term "alkene." A radical of an alkene can be specifically referred to as an "alkenyl," but throughout the disclosure alkenyls are also intended to be included within the meaning of alkenes.
A "cycloalkenyl" is a type of alkenyl group and is included within the meaning of the word "alkenyl." A cycloalkenyl group is a non-aromatic carbon-based ring composed of at least three carbon atoms and containing at least one double bound, i.e., C═C. Examples of cycloalkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, and the like. The term "heterocycloalkenyl" is a type of cycloalkenyl group, and is included within the meaning of the terms "alkenyl" and "cycloalkenyl," where at least one of the carbon atoms of the ring is substituted with a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus. The cycloalkenyl group and heterocycloalkenyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted. The cycloalkenyl group and heterocycloalkenyl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy, ketone, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, sulfonyl, sulfone, sulfoxide, or thiol as described herein.
The term "alkyne" as used herein is a hydrocarbon group of 2 to 40 carbon atoms with a structural formula containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. The alkyne can also be cyclic, substituted, or unsubstituted, which are included within the meaning of the term "alkyne." A radical of an alkyne can be specifically referred to as an "alkynyl," but throughout the disclosure alkynyls are also intended to be included within the meaning of alkynes.
The term "aryl" as used herein is a group that contains any carbon-based aromatic group including, but not limited to, benzene, naphthalene, phenyl, biphenyl, phenoxybenzene, and the like. The term "aryl" also includes "heteroaryl," which is defined as a group that contains an aromatic group that has at least one heteroatom incorporated within the ring of the aromatic group. Examples of heteroatoms include, but are not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Likewise, the term "non-heteroaryl," which is also included in the term "aryl," defines a group that contains an aromatic group that does not contain a heteroatom. An aryl can also be substituted or unsubstituted, which are included within the meaning of the term "aryl." The term "biaryl" is a specific type of aryl group and is included in the definition of "aryl." "Biaryl" refers to two aryl groups that are bound together via a fused ring structure, as in naphthalene, or are attached via one or more carbon-carbon bonds, as in biphenyl.
The term "silane" as used herein is represented by the formula H—SiA1A2A3, where A1, A2, and A3 can be, independently, hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl. Generally, the term "silane" means a silicon analogue of an alkane, alkoxyl, alkene, alkyne, or aryl where one, more than one, or all carbon atoms in those structures are replaced by a silicon atom and at least one of the silicon atoms is covalently bonded to a hydrogen atom.
In some examples, a silane can be analog of an unsubstituted alkane and have the general formula of SinH2n+2. Such structures are typically named according to regular nomenclature where the word "silane" is preceded by a numerical prefix (di, tri, tetra, etc.) for the number of silicon atoms in the molecule. Thus, Si2H6 is disilane, Si3H8 is trisilane, and so forth. There is usually no prefix for one, as SiH4 is referred to as simply "silane." Silanes can also be named like any other inorganic compound; for example, silane can be named silicon tetrahydride, disilane can be named disilicon hexahydride, and so forth. Silanes that are substituted with a hydroxy group are called silanols.
In other examples disclosed herein, a silane can be substituted with one or more organic groups such as an alkane, alkene, alkyne, or aryl. Such structures, which contain a silicon-carbon bond, are typically referred to as organosilanes. Examples of some well known organosilanes include tert-butyldimethylsilane, trimethylsilane, phenylsilane, and the like. Silanes with more than one silicon atom can also be referred to as polysilanes.
Throughout this disclosure and the appended claims, the term "silane" is intended to include organosilanes, polysilanes, branched silanes, cyclic silanes, substituted silanes (e.g., silanols), and unsubstituted silanes, though in some instances these structures can be referred to specifically herein. Further, a radical of such a silane can be specifically referred to as a "silyl," but throughout the disclosure silyls are also intended to be included within the meaning of silanes.
The term "halide" as used herein refers to the halogens fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
The term "hydroxyl" as used herein is represented by the formula —OH.
The terms "amine" or "amino" as used herein are represented by the formula NA1A2A3, where A1, A2, and A3 can be, independently, hydrogen, an alkyl, halogenated alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl group described above.
Unless stated to the contrary, a formula with chemical bonds shown only as solid lines and not as wedges or dashed lines contemplates each possible isomer, e.g., each enantiomer and diastereomer, and a mixture of isomers, such as a racemic or scalemic mixture.
Reference will now be made in detail to specific aspects of the disclosed materials, compounds, compositions, articles, and methods, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying Examples and Figures.
Materials and Compositions
Certain materials, compounds, compositions, and components disclosed herein can be obtained commercially or readily synthesized using techniques generally known to those of skill in the art. For example, the starting materials and reagents used in preparing the disclosed compounds and compositions are either available from commercial suppliers such as Aldrich Chemical Co., (Milwaukee, Wis.), Acros Organics (Morris Plains, N.J.), Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, Pa.), or Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.) or are prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art following procedures set forth in references such as Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volumes 1-17 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991); Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Volumes 1-5 and Supplementals (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989); Organic Reactions, Volumes 1-40 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991); March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, (John Wiley and Sons, 4th Edition); and Larock's Comprehensive Organic Transformations (VCH Publishers Inc., 1989).
Also, disclosed herein are materials, compounds, compositions, and components that can be used for, can be used in conjunction with, can be used in preparation for, or are products of the disclosed methods and compositions. These and other materials are disclosed herein, and it is understood that when combinations, subsets, interactions, groups, etc. of these materials are disclosed that while specific reference of each various individual and collective combinations and permutation of these compounds may not be explicitly disclosed, each is specifically contemplated and described herein. For example, if a composition is disclosed and a number of modifications that can be made to a number of components of the composition are discussed, each and every combination and permutation that are possible are specifically contemplated unless specifically indicated to the contrary. Thus, if a class of components A, B, and C are disclosed as well as a class of components D, E, and F and an example of a composition A-D is disclosed, then even if each is not individually recited, each is individually and collectively contemplated. Thus, in this example, each of the combinations A-E, A-F, B-D, B-E, B-F, C-D, C-E, and C—F are specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed from disclosure of A, B, and C; D, E, and F; and the example combination A-D. Likewise, any subset or combination of these is also specifically contemplated and disclosed. Thus, for example, the sub-group of A-E, B-F, and C-E are specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed from disclosure of A, B, and C; D, E, and F; and the example combination A-D. This concept applies to all aspects of this disclosure including, but not limited to, steps in methods of making and using the disclosed compositions. Thus, if there are a variety of additional steps that can be performed it is understood that each of these additional steps can be performed with any specific aspect or combination of aspects of the disclosed methods, and that each such combination is specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed.
Silanes and Hydrogen Production
Disclosed herein are compositions, and methods for their use, based on silane chemistry. The reaction of silanes with water (and alcohols) to evolve hydrogen is well known and contained in the literature (Pawlenko, Organosilicon Chemistry, Walter de Gruyter New York, 1986; Eaborn, Organosilicon Compounds, Butterworths Scientific Publications London 1960 and Xerox Microfilms Ann Arbor 1976, which are incorporated by reference herein at least for their teachings of silane and organosilicon reactions).
The hydrolysis reactions of silanes are strongly enthalpically driven. To illustrate, the bond energies of silanes are much lower as compared to hydrocarbons. The Si—Si bond is about 226 kJ/mole whereas the C—C bond is about 347 kJ/mole. The Si—H bond is about 318 kJ/mole whereas the C—H bond is about 414 kJ/mole. And, significantly, the Si—O bond is 464 kJ/mole, which is 146 kJ/mole higher in energy than the Si—H bond, whereas the C—I bond is 360 kJ/mole and lower in energy than the C—H bond. Thus, the hydrolysis of a silane, which involves breaking weak Si—H bonds to release H and forming strong Si—O bonds, is energetically favored. Conversely, the analogous reaction with carbon is energetically disfavored. This provides a fundamental advantage to silane chemistry in producing hydrogen because reformers, precious metals catalysts, and other hardware that add to the balance of plant weight and system complexity are, in many cases, not needed to promote the reactions that generate hydrogen.
Disclosed herein are compositions, methods, and devices that address issues related to the perceived hazardous character, low hydrogen density, and poor regeneration capability of silanes as fuel. For example, the compositions, methods, and devices disclosed herein can reduce or eliminate the need to provide separation or clean-up of the hydrogen from gaseous by-products. Also, the disclosed compositions, methods, and devices can provide pressure to eliminate or reduce the need for mechanical pumping and assist the fuel cell with its own pumping needs. Moreover, the disclosed compositions, methods, and devices do not result in the release of carbon dioxide (or any other gaseous pollutants) to the atmosphere. And, in most instances disclosed herein, a residual by-product is formed, but it is environmentally benign (i.e., sand).
In several examples disclosed herein, compositions comprising silanes can be used to generate hydrogen, which in turn can be used in (e.g., supplied to) a fuel cell or an internal combustion engine or a catalyst. The silanes, which react with water or alcohols under various conditions to produce hydrogen gas, are also disclosed herein and include for example organosilanes and polysilanes, as well as silanes or siloxenes produced from silicides.
In many examples disclosed herein, the compositions, methods, and devices comprise organosilane. Some suitable examples of organosilanes comprise one or more silicon atoms bonded to one or more organic groups such as an alkane, alkoxy, alkene, alkyne, or aryl group. Specific examples of organosilanes include, but are not limited to, disilabutane, tetrasilyl ethylene, tetrasilyl methane, trisilyl methane, silyl acetylene, disilyl acetylene, tert-butyldimethyl silanes, trimethyl silane, and silyl substituted benzenes. Some specific examples of silyl substituted benzenes include, but are not limited to, silyl benzene (i.e., phenylsilane), disilyl benzene, trisilyl benzene, and hexasilyl benzene. The structures of such silyl benzenes are as follows.
Many of the organosilanes disclosed herein, such as disilabutane and phenyl silane, are commercially available. Further, the disclosed organosilanes are often liquids at ambient temperature, are non-reactive when mixed with water, but reactive with water in the presence of a catalyst to produce hydrogen. That is, when exposed to a catalyst, an organosilane/water mix, as disclosed herein, can generate hydrogen at rates ranging from very slow to extremely rapid depending on the catalyst and the reaction conditions (temperature, stoichiometry, back pressure, etc).
To illustrate, phenylsilane reacts with water in the presence of a catalyst to produce a silanol, as shown in the following scheme.
While not wishing to be bound by theory, proposed mechanisms for this reaction are shown in
Organosilanes, as well as silanes, do not react with pure water or slightly acidified water under normal reaction conditions. However, in basic solution, a very rapid reaction occurs. Another proposed mechanism for the hydrolysis of phenylsilane involves an organic amine catalyzed reaction and is shown in
A theoretical gravimetric efficiency of 5.6% can be obtained when using all the water produced by the fuel cell. Under certain conditions, two silanols can dimerize and evolve an additional mole of hydrogen to yield an efficiency of 6.5%. Disilyl benzene with two silane groups per benzene ring is yet not commercially available but has been synthesized for research studies. It has a theoretical gravimetric efficiency of 8.7%. Disilabutane can react with water in the presence of a catalyst to yield six moles of hydrogen for a theoretical gravimetric efficiency of about 13%.
Organosilanes have high material gravimetric efficiencies, minimal safety issues, and the moderate pressures from the hydrogen evolvement can be utilized by a fuel cell for pumping.
In some other examples, the compositions, methods, and devices can comprise a polysilane. Examples of suitable polysilanes include, but are not limited to, disilane, trisilane, tetrasilane, pentasilane, cyclopentasilane, hexasilane, cyclohexasilane, heptasilane, octasilane, nonasilane, decasilane, undecasilane, dodecasilane, tridecasilane, tetradecasilane, pentadecasilane, hexadecasilane, heptadecasilane, octadecasilane, nonadecasilane, icosasilane, henicosalilane, doicosasilane, doicosasilane, triicosasilane, tetraicosasilane, pentaicosasilane, hexaicosasilane, heptaicosasilane, octaicosasilane, nonaicosasilane, triacontasilane, hentriacontasilane, dotriacontasilane, tritriacontasilane, tetratriacontasilane, pentatriacontasilane, hexatriacontasilane, heptatriacontasilane, octatriacontasilane, nonatriacontasilane, tetracontasilane, hentetracontasilane, dotetracontasilane, tritetracontasilane, tetratetracontasilane, pentatetracontasilane, hexatetracontasilane, heptatetracontasilane, octatetracontasilane, nonatetracontasilane, pentacontasilane, henpentacontasilane, dopentacontasilane, tripentacontasilane, tetrapentacontasilane, pentapentacontasilane, hexapentacontasilane, heptapentacontasilane, octapentacontasilane, nonapentacontasilane, hexacontasilane, henhexacontasilane, dohexacontasilane, trihexacontasilane, tetrahexacontasilane, pentahexacontasilane, hexahexacontasilane, heptahexacontasilane, octahexacontasilane, nonahexacontasilane, heptacontasilane, henheptacontasilane, doheptacontasilane, triheptacontasilane, tetraheptacontasilane, pentaheptacontasilane, hexaheptacontasilane, heptaheptacontasilane, octaheptacontasilane, nonaheptacontasilane, octacontasilane, henoctacontasilane, dooctacontasilane, trioctacontasilane, tetraoctacontasilane, pentaoctacontasilane, hexaoctacontasilane, heptaoctacontasilane, octaoctacontasilane, nonaoctacontasilane, nonacontasilane, hennonacontasilane, dononacontasilane, trinonacontasilane, tetranonacontasilane, pentanonacontasilane, hexanonacontasilane, heptanonacontasilane, octanonacontasilane, nonanonacontasilane, and hectasilane, including any combination or substituted derivatives thereof. Such polysilanes have high hydrogen density, which is beneficial for, for example, lightweight, portable, high power demand applications.
Such polysilanes are well known for their propensity to dehydrogenate in air and water and form SiO2. SiH4 and polysilanes up to Si3H8 are gases at room temperature and require special handling and high pressure cylinders for storage. However, polysilanes with four or more silicon atoms have low vapor pressures and are liquids at room temperature. Polysilanes with seven or more silicon atoms are no longer pyrophoric and are suitable silanes for hydrogen producing fuel.
The production of hydrogen gas with a polysilane (e.g., Si7H16), as shown in the following scheme generally require catalysts.
Silicides & Siloxenes
In still other examples, the disclosed compositions, methods, and devices can comprise silanes produced from silicides. For example, metal silicides (M2Si, MSi, or MSi2), where M is an alkaline, alkaline earth, or transition metal, can react with water to form silane (SiH4) or siloxene (Si6H6O3), which further reacts with water to produce hydrogen. Examples of suitable alkaline earth metals include magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium. This two step reaction is illustrated in the following scheme with magnesium silicide, Mg2Si.
The gravimetric efficiency of this reaction is 10.42% if stoichiometric amounts of water are provided. If the only water available is the water effluent of the fuel cell, the theoretical efficiency drops to 7.6%. While alkaline earth metal silicides are abundant and stable, the caustic by-product (alkaline earth metal hydroxide) is generated, which requires careful handling.
Another example of this two step reaction involves the production of not a silane intermediate but a siloxene intermediate, and is illustrated in the following scheme with calcium silicide, CaSi2.
Using a catalyst, the gravimetric efficiency of this reaction can be 9.9% if stoichiometric amounts of water are provided. If a catalyst is not used then the overall theoretical efficiency for this two-step reaction drops to 2.5%. While alkaline earth metal silicides are abundant and stable, the siloxene intermediate (Si6H6O3) is generated, which may be air, water, and light unstable and possibly requires careful handling.
Also disclosed herein are devices or cartridges that can be used to convert silanes into hydrogen. The disclosed devices can also provide the hydrogen to a fuel cell; that is, the device can be connected to a fuel cell in a manner that facilitates the supply of hydrogen produced from the device to the fuel cell. The disclosed devices can, in some examples, feed the reactants on demand to a reaction zone. Further, the disclosed devices can blend the reactants in the desired concentrations, segregate the resulting hydrogen gas, and deliver the gas to the fuel cell. The disclosed devices can also contain a means for segregating and collecting the precipitate, refluxing clean water, and preventing backflow of reaction products into the reactant streams.
Organosilane Fueled Device
In one example, the device can be as shown in
The device can also comprise a reaction chamber (16) (see
The reaction chamber (16) can also comprise a silicate collector, which can be used to contain and/or remove the silicate by-product of the reaction. In some examples, the catalyst can comprise transition metals, base-functionalized and acid-functionalized membranes, non-woven fabrics, and amine functionalized dendrimers. Aerogels can also be used as a scavenger and polymerization site for the silanol product.
The catalyst that can be used in the reaction chamber can be any catalyst that can catalyze the production of hydrogen from an organosilane. Examples of suitable catalysts include, but are not limited to, compositions comprising scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, mercury, rutherfordium, dubnium, seaborgium, bohrium, hassium, meitnerium, ununnilium, unununium, or ununbium. In some specific examples, the catalyst can comprises 10% Pd—C, Pd—Cu, Raney nickel, 5% Ru—C, H2PtCl6, PdCl2, PdOAc2, CuOAc2, superacid membranes, phosphonic acid containing membranes, sulfonic acid containing membranes, and polymers along with alkaline membrane and polymers.
In some particular examples, the catalyst can be a nitrogen-containing catalyst, such as a soluble or insoluble amine. Examples of such nitrogen-containing catalysts include, but are not limited to, substituted or unsubstituted mono-, di-, and tri-alkyl amines, hydroxyalkylamines, substituted or unsubstituted mono-, di-, and tri-alkenylamines, and jeffamines, and substituted or unsubstituted imidazoles, benzimidazoles, imidazolidines, imidazolines, oxazoles, pyrroles, thiazoles, pyridines, pyrazines, morpholines, pyridazines, pyrimidines, pyrrolidines, pyrazoles, quinoxalines, quinazolines, phthalozines, quinolines, purines, indazoles, indoles, indolazines, phenazines, phenarsazines, phenothiazines, pyrrolines, indolines, piperidines, and piperazines, including combinations thereof. Some specific examples include, but are not limited to, triethylamine (TEA), tributylamine, ethylbutylamine, hexylenediamine, N,N-dimethylethanolamine (DMEDA), dimethylaminoethanol (DMEA), triethylenediamine (TEDA), ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine, N,N′-dimethylaniline, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA), N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA), pyridine, dimethylaminopyridine, benzyldimethylamine, tris-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol, alkyl-substituted imidazoles (e.g., 1,2-dimethylimidazole), phenyl-substituted imidazoles, or bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl)ether (BDMEE). In one particular example, the catalyst is an alkyl amine, such as methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, isopropylamine, butylamine, tert-butylamine, pentylamine, hexylamine, heptylamine, octylamine, nonylamine, decylamine, undecylamine, dodecylamin, tridecylamine, tetradecylamine, pentadecylamine, hexadecylamine, heptadecylamine, octadecylamine, nonadecylamine, icosylamine, henicosylamine, doicosylamine, triicosylamine, tetraicosylamine, and the like. A specific amine catalyst is octylamine. These amine catalysts can be used either alone or in combination. For example the amine catalyst can be used with a metal catalyst.
In some examples, a catalyst, such as an amine catalyst or metal disclosed herein, can produce hydroxide ions when contacted to an aqueous solution of organosilane. The generated hydroxide ion can then attack the silicon atom of the organosilane, releasing a hydrogen atom bonded to the silicon atom. When a metal catalyst is used, the metal can react with water to produce hydrogen in addition to the hydroxide ion, which, as noted, can react with the organosilane to produce hydrogen. In this instance, there can be two hydrogen producers in the system: the metal catalyst reacting with water to produce hydrogen, and the organosilane reacting with the in situ-produced hydroxide ion. Further, in these systems, the metal oxide by-product can be regenerated, for example, by using solar power.
Concentrated photovoltaics have been used to take metal oxides to their metal oxidation state. For example MgO or ZnO can be converted to Mg or Zn metal by the use of concentrated photovoltaic.
Thus it is envisioned that the source of hydrogen for these metal can be used as an initial stream of hydrogen and the hydroxide ion generated can be used as a catalyst in the silane reactions.
In such examples, while hydroxide ion can be produced in situ, it is not added (e.g., by adding sodium hydroxide) to the silane or water in the mixing chamber or reaction chamber. In other examples, hydroxide ion is not added as a reactant (e.g., in stoichiometric amounts, or in reactant amounts) to the silane or water but it can, in certain examples, be added in small amounts as a catalyst.
Experimental evidence disclosed herein has shown that phenylsilane will evolve up to 2 wt. % hydrogen at room temperature without any catalyst at a very slow rate (e.g., over 96 hours). With copper acetate as a catalyst, however, three times the mass of hydrogen is liberated upon mixing of the reactants at room temperature. No exothermicity was witnessed. And when octylamine was used as a catalyst, about 6.2 wt. % hydrogen was produced.
Polysilane Fueled Device
In another example, the device can be as shown in
The polysilane fueled device can also have hydrogen permeable membrane (38) on the hydrogen outlet (34). Such a membrane can be used to purify the hydrogen gas emitted from the reaction. However, unlike the organosilane device disclosed above, where carbon based by-products can be produced, the use of polysilanes does not involve the production of such by-products and the hydrogen permeable membrane can, in many cases, be omitted. Further, because, separation of the precipitate produced from polysilanes is not as involved as with the organosilanes disclosed above, a precipitate discharge can be included.
Additionally, the polysilane fueled device can comprise a catalyst, such as any catalyst disclosed above for the organosilanes; although, this is optional.
Silicide Fueled Devices
In this example, the device can be as shown in
The device also comprises a reaction chamber (46) connected to the first mixing chamber. The reaction chamber (46) can have a first hydrogen outlet (47) and an alkaline earth metal hydroxide outlet (48). As with the other devices disclosed herein, the first hydrogen outlet (47) can comprise a hydrogen permeable membrane (49).
The alkaline earth metal hydroxide outlet (48) can be connected to a second mixing chamber (50). This second mixing chamber (50) can be used to mix the alkaline earth metal hydroxide and a silane. As such, the second mixing chamber (50) can comprise a silane inlet (51), with optional check valve (52). As with the first mixing chamber (40), the second mixing chamber (50) can also contain a mixing device such as a stirrer or mixing tee (53) to mix the alkaline earth metal hydroxide and silane.
In some examples, the second mixing chamber (50) can comprise a second hydrogen outlet (54), which can also comprise a hydrogen permeable membrane (not shown). This second hydrogen outlet (54) can also be connected to the first hydrogen outlet (47). The second mixing chamber (50) can be connected to an alkaline earth metal oxide collection chamber (55).
In still another example, the device can be as shown in
The device also comprises a reaction chamber (62) connected to the first mixing chamber. The reaction chamber (62) can have a first hydrogen outlet (63) and an alkaline earth metal salt outlet (64). As with the other devices disclosed herein, the first hydrogen outlet (63) can comprise a hydrogen permeable membrane (64).
The siloxene outlet (65) can be connected to a second reaction chamber (66) to mix the siloxene with catalyst. The second reaction chamber (66) can comprise a water inlet (67) and a second hydrogen outlet (68) which can also be connected to the first hydrogen outlet (63).
Also disclosed herein are fuel cells comprising a hydrogen source, wherein the hydrogen source comprises any of the devices disclosed herein.
Methods of Making Silanes
Many of the silanes that can be used in the compositions, methods, and devices disclosed herein are commercially available; for example, disilabutane and phenylsilane are both commercially available. Although other silanes disclosed herein are not commercially available, the synthesis of silanes is well documented in the literature and can be conducted according to established synthesis procedures. Some specific synthetic strategies for various silanes are provided herein.
For example, disilyl acetylene can be prepared according to the following scheme.
Tetrasilyl methane and trisilyl methane can be prepared via similar synthetic routes, such as that shown in the following scheme.
Another route to tetrasilyl methane begins with the reactive species C1-4, which when treated with bromosilane, produces tetrasilyl methane. Similar procedures using bromosilane and a lithiated carbanion can be followed to produce disilyl acetylene and tetrasilylethylene, for example.
Disilyl and trisily benzenes can also be prepared according to analogous synthetic routes. One route to such compounds is illustrated in the following scheme.
Preparation of the hexasilyl benzene species can be obtained by the following strategy.
Several polysilanes that are suitable for the disclosed compositions, methods, and devices are not commercially available. However, polysilanes have been extensively studied for their use in micro-chip manufacturing and various synthetic pathways have been reported (e.g., see Sandia, National Laboratories, "Environmentally Friendly Polysilane Photoresists," Bech, Loy, Hsiao, Waymouth, 1997). These researchers have shown that UV light from a mercury vapor lamp can quickly break the Si—Si bonds to dehydrogenate and polymerize silanes for use in chemical vapor deposition.
Silanes and siloxenes can be prepared from alkaline, alkaline earth, and transition metal silicides as disclosed herein. Alkaline earth metal silicides are commercially available in bulk quantities as they are commonly used in the steel industry.
Fuel Cells
As described herein, the disclosed compositions, methods, and devices can be used to generate hydrogen. As such, they can be used as a source of hydrogen fuel for fuel cells. Generally, the disclosed compositions, methods, and devices can be used to supply hydrogen to any type or design of fuel cell that uses hydrogen as fuel. One of skill in the art will recognize that there are many ways to supply the hydrogen gas produced by the disclosed compositions, methods, and devices to a fuel cell. For example, the hydrogen outlet of any of the disclosed device (e.g., hydrogen outlet 17 in
The production of fuel cells is known in the art. For example, a fuel cell can be produced as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,733,916, 6,399,235, 6,348,278, 6,106,963, 6,087,033, 6,080,503, 5,328,779, 5,273,837, 5,741,408, 5,508,128, 5,079,103, which are all incorporated by reference herein at least for their teachings of fuel cell fabrication and manufacture.
The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how the compounds, compositions, articles, devices, and/or methods described and claimed herein are made and evaluated, and are intended to be purely exemplary and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention.
Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.) but some errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, temperature is in � C. or is at ambient temperature, and pressure is at or near atmospheric. There are numerous variations and combinations of reaction conditions, e.g., component concentrations, desired solvents, solvent mixtures, temperatures, pressures and other reaction ranges and conditions that can be used to optimize the product purity and yield obtained from the described process. Only reasonable and routine experimentation will be required to optimize such process conditions.
Reactants were added by syringe to a mixture of water, reagent, and catalyst in amounts shown in
Water and HCl were added to CaSi2 to create one mole of the siloxene, 3 moles of CaCl2 and 12 moles of hydrogen. KOH and water was then added to the siloxene to generate the 12 additional moles of hydrogen and 6 moles of potassium silicate.
Other advantages which are obvious and which are inherent to the invention will be evident to one skilled in the art. It will be understood that certain features and sub-combinations are of utility and may be employed without reference to other features and sub-combinations. This is contemplated by and is within the scope of the claims. Since many possible embodiments may be made of the invention without departing from the scope thereof, it is to be understood that all matter herein set forth or shown in the accompanying drawings is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Our hopes were dashed a week and a half ago when the seemingly perfect used 12 passenger van we found at a local dealership fell from our grasp. But thanks to many moving parts including the future sale of our minivan, we are up and running with this:
Yup, our circus just got a whole lot bigger. I had to keep reminding myself about how in my early twenties I frequently drove not 12, but 15 passenger vans filled with 10-15 year old kids in and out of Beacon Hill in Boston (picking up equipment at the Appalachian Mountain Club), on our way mountain biking, or for week long trips camping in Acadia, Maine, Cape Cod, or New Hampshire when I worked for the YMCA.
A good friend who I was sharing this with yesterday said "Yeah you were pretty badass back then." and then followed it up with "Well you're still badass, just in a totally different way." That made me laugh.
Badass as I may be, I was kind of afraid to get behind the wheel of this thing, partly because the van itself is so large and partly because it is such a declaration of the size of our family to the world. Sure we look like a bunch of clowns getting out of the minivan at this point, but it's a minivan, they are a dime a dozen around here. But a full sized van… now we are a school trip, a livery service, or one of those families (feel free to fill in whatever stereotype for larger families you would like here) .
When I did finally drive it for the first time, truly (do you hear this Jon? -my old YMCA boss and Lauren -my partner in Y all those years ago) it was like coming home. I couldn't help but shout out "Anyone want to go to Acadia?!"
Really it feels so great that Kevin, the kids, and I can all fit in one car/van now. Heading to Massachusetts to visit family no longer requires a van rental and we can all go together to church and any other visits, trips, etc. we need or want to make.
I am utterly grateful. A 12 passenger van is big, for sure, and like this over-sized in todays' world family I've got, I've just got to own that this is where we are at.
Anyone looking for a minivan that seats eight? We've outgrown ours and have one to sell!
What is your minivan to van conversion, that unexpected part of your life that you've learned to "own" instead of try to hide or diminish?
I'd love to hear about it.
Sending y'all love from the journey.


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Finally! Some justice. I have wished that I could radio in 20 cop cars to stop some idiot before.
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Kent Euroclean 140701504 UZ930 and GZ930 Canister Series Vacuum Bags, 10pk.$15.99 As low as: $12.00This is a package of 10 generic replacement bags for the Kent - Euroclean UZ930 and GD930 Series Wet / Dry Canister Vacuum Cleaners. Fits models GD930-SP, GD930-HSP, and UZ930, UZ930s, DP9000, and Z970. Fits Kent Euroclean Part number 140701504. 10 Pack Learn More
Kent-Euroclean GD930 & UZ930 Bags (10pk)$17.95This is a 10 pack of generic 4 gallon Green Klean Vacuum bags for the EuroClean GD930 & UZ930 HEPA professional vacuum cleaners. Learn More
Kent/Euroclean UZ934 140690502 10 Pack Generic Vacuum bags$14.95Kent/Euroclean UZ934 140690502 10 Pack Generic Vacuum bags use the highest quality Micro-Plus filter media including Melt-Blown inner liner in order to achieve filtration efficiencies up to 99.9% Learn More
Kent Duravac 152 703768 10 Pack Generic Vacuum bags$19.95This is a 10 pack of Generic Kent DuraVac 152 Vacuum Bags. Learn More
Kent Vacuums that use F&G bags, 52320 10 Pack Generic Vacuum bags$19.95Kent Vacuums that use F&G bags, 10 Pack Generic Vacuum bags Designed specifically for commercial use, they are always equal to, or exceed OEM quality. Learn More
Kent Edge 12 Vacuum 56704409 10 Pack Generic Vacuum bags$23.95Kent Edge 12 Vacuum 56704409 10 Pack Generic Vacuum bags Designed specifically for commercial use, they are always equal to, or exceed OEM quality. Learn More
Kent/Euroclean Red Cloth Shake-Out 53354-12 Generic Vacuum Bag w/ Liner$19.95Kent/Euroclean Red Cloth Shake-Out 53354-12 Generic Vacuum Bag w/ Liner Learn More
20 Advance / Kent EuroClean UZ964 HipVac 1406554010 Commercial Backpack Vacuum Cleaner Bags, 20 Bags + 2 Filters, fits Part$56.08This is a bulk package of 20 Total Bags for the Advance / Kent EuroClean HipVac UZ964 Commercial Backpack Vacuum Cleaner. These high quality premium allergen filtration bags are the best quality generic bags on the market, and capture up to 40% more fine dust and debris then standard paper bags do. Each bundle includes 2 packages of 10 Bags, and 1 Filter, for a Total of 20 Bags and 2 Filters in every order. SAVE BIG over buying these individually, or genuine Advance / Kent Euroclean bags. Fits all Advance / Kent / Euroclean UZ964 Hip Vac Back pack vacuum cleaners, including models UZ964, UZ964-H, UZ964-SR, and UZ964-400. These bags will fit old part numbers 140655405, and 1406554010. Generic aftermarket bags, 20 Bags and 2 Motor Filter in every order. Full money back guarantee on size, fit and quality. Learn More
Advance / Euroclean / Kent Vacuum Micro-Filtration Bags$19.73Hip Vac vacuum cleaner bags fits Advance and Euroclean Kent UZ964, UZ964, UZ964H, UZ964SR and UZ964400 Hip Vac models. Replaces part 140655405 and 1406554010. These microfiltration bags use a proprietary blend of filter media called MicroPlus, which filter out up to 99 percent of particles smaller than 1 micron in size. Euroclean Kent 10 pack of micrfiltration vacuum bags made by EnviroCare Commercial. Learn More
Dustless Technologies 13141 Wet Dry Micro Pre Filter Bag, 2-Pack$29.99Dustless Technologies Wet Dry Micro Pre Filter Bag captures fine dust particles and can hold more than 40 lb. of dust and debris. With this bag, you don't need to clean filters and it also extends life of hepa filters. Learn More
Dustless Technologies MU305R Cheetah II Ash Vacuum, Red$199.00Dustless Technologies MU305R Cheetah II Ash Vacuum, Red Learn More
Dustless Technologies MU305WS Cheetah II Ash Vacuum, Winter Scene$392.02MU305-W Finish: Winter Scene Features: -Vacuum.-External agitator rod: keeps suction strong and cleans filter without opening canister.-Patented filter system: Filters the finest ash to keep your home clean and dustless.-2 layers of filtration: protects against fire and filters the finest ash.-Capacity: 3 Gallons.-Made in the USA. Specifications: -Powerful 6 Amp motor: Powerful performance for superior suction and extended life. Dimensions: -22'' H x 15'' W x 15'' D, 17 lbs. Warranty: -Manufacturer provides 3 year limited warranty. Learn More
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Articles tagged tony wilson
24 Sep 2009 // 9:59 PM
Factory Records was as influential in design, sound production, and defining what a label could be as it was in music.READ more
3 Sep 2009 // 9:59 PM
Our jazz critic Will Layman spent a full week soaking up the music -- and the city -- offered by what may be North America's finest jazz festival.READ more
//Mixed media
Colette Carr "Static" (video) (Premiere) // Music
House of Blondes "First of July" (audio) (premiere) // Music
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PopMatters is on a short summer publishing break. We resume Monday, July 6th.
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"PopMatters is on a short summer publishing break. We resume Monday, July 6th.READ the article


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- June 22: Toyota Won't Get New Koua Fong Lee Camry Trial
- May 16: Toyota Sienna Recalled By Two Independent Toyota Distributors
- May 13: Over 11.5 Million Vehicles Recalled Due To Explosive Takata Airbag Inflators
- May 3: NHTSA: No Toyota Corolla Unintended Acceleration Investigation
- April 12: Lawsuit Filed Over 2012 Toyota Camry Air Conditioner Smell
2004 Toyota Sienna
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Worst 2004 Sienna AC / heater Problems
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This place is a oasis in Marrakesh!. Whenever i don't know where to go to eat I remember this small place with great food, Fresh, tasty & big portions. I love the fresh Juice. The location is not bad as is located near the CTM station.
Food is always very fresh and tasty, service quick and friendly, and I keep enjoying the meal more than I would at many restaurants that would be twice the price.
Hope the quality can be maintained!!
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Paper Cock-a-DoodlePaper Cock-a-Doodle (1908) Theatrical Cartoon
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>Unknown Tag: 'short_stud_crew'
- Pathé Studios
- Animated Characters: Birds.
- Originally Released in December of 1908 (Estimate).
- Black & White
- France
Cartoon Production Information:
This is the first recorded use of paper cutouts in animation- the cutouts being in the form of birds.
Traditional, Hand-drawn Animation.
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Double D Cycles
Phone: (608) 799-0988 2805 Lakeshore Dr Apt 7, La Crosse, WI 54603 http://www.doubledcycles.com
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Updated 11/14/2013
The popularity of this neighborhood restaurant is partly due to Germans' affinity for all things Spanish, but also to its food—12 to 20 seasonally changing tapas, for starters—which rarely miss the mark. The kitchen is especially proud of its Spanish cheese platter, featuring the beloved Manchego.
Mozartstr. 1, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, 53115, Germany
Website: www.lachata.de
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Updated 11/14/2013
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About UsPosted on 28. Mar, 2013 by content_admin
All InfraGard participants are committed to the proposition that a robust exchange of information about threats to and actual attacks on these critical infrastructures is an important element for successful infrastructure protection efforts.
The goal of InfraGard is to enable the flow of information so that the owners and operators of infrastructure assets can better protect themselves and so that the United States government can better discharge its law enforcement and national security responsibilities.
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Funny Or Die
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Chad hates aliens. A lot.
Big Boobies on Blondes or Brunettes or Redheads - Blaak Attaak (feat. Chad Ridgely)
Comedian Chad Ridgely's newest comedy music video, "Big Boobies on Blondes or Brunettes or Redheads" is an ode to all things boobies.
First Kiss with Rachael Leigh Cook & Chad Michael Murray
A first kiss can sweep you off your feet. Over and over and over and over...
The Chad: Real Estate Genius Part 1
The Chad is here to sell your home.
Hot Lesbians Makin' Out & Smokin' While Tied Up & Fightin' - Blaak Attaak (feat. Chad Ridgely)
Hilarious comedy rap (reminiscent of The Lonely Island boys) about hot lesbians who happen to be smoking and making out while tied up and fighting. Availa...
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America's Favorite Comedian Of All Time, Chad Riden on why he loves being married.
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The World's Laziest Comedian
Every comedian is lazy. Chad takes it to a WNL (Whole New Level). After 10 years of comedy Chad still remains Anonymous.
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Rob flees from Chad and Matt after stealing a diamond.
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Chad, Matt and Rob enter the zone of danger.
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Rich sneaks up on Chad!
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A children's book written and illustrated by Chad Fogland As read by Sylvester Stallone


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Congress says Sushma Swaraj must quit because she 'backed a person like Lalit Modi', but the minister maintains that 'she had helped former IPL chief on humanitarian grounds'
Earlier, addressing the meeting, Bharti said that people in Northeastern states have demanded for revamping the Brahmaputra Board.
PM Modi has deputed 4 Union ministers to assess the loss of life and property in quake-hit areas of India, especially Bihar, to oversee the rescue operations.
Rajnath Singh is scheduled to address a press conference on May 26, which will be followed by his public meeting at Satyanarayan Park.
The three central government's social security schemes were launched at the district level by Union Law and Justice Minister D V Sadananda Gowda here.
Giriraj Singh was forced to express regret in the Lok Sabha for his remarks against Sonia Gandhi after Congress members staged vociferous protests on the issue.
Ananth Kumar: Assam endowed with rich biodiversity, flora and fauna, could become the cradle of Ayurveda like Kerala for the entire North East.
North Delhi Mayor Ravinder Gupta expressed hope that the physical education centre would help find sporting talent.


text:
Alcohol Teacher Resources
Find Alcohol educational ideas and activities
Showing 61 - 80 of 2,439 resources
Statistical Drug Abuse and Adolescents in the U.S.A.
Students examine statistics of teenagers using alcohol and marijuana. In groups, they brainstorm the reasons why they believe usage is higher than in years past. As a class, they role-play different roles in scenerios to help them...
10th - 12th Health
New Review Homeostasis Lab
Get young biologists' hearts pumping with this invigorating experiment on homeostasis. Working in small groups, one student performs jumping jacks for eight minutes while the other group members regularly record the person's vital signs,...
7th - 12th Science CCSS: Adaptable


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I'm an engineer in informatics from Chile. I've developed in Objective-C, JavaSE (many frameworks), JavaEE (many frameworks too), JavaME, C, PHP, Python (with Web2Py), Bash, Javascript, Prolog, SQL and many others lenguajes.
In the last time, I've worked in projects related to the telemetry of data and IoT solutions, like software engineer and proyect management areas. I'm a professional adaptable to any type of technology, I like challenges and complicated projects.
+3 years of professional experience. I hope help you.
stay in touch with me in:
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The Coconut Plantation 1228-3
From $5,750 / month
Description from the manager
Description from the manager
Bedrooms: 3/
Bathrooms: 3/
Sleeps: 8/
Type: House
***For instant quotes, online booking and / or personalized service, please visit our website at www.OlaProperties.com, or call us Toll Free at 888-737-4188 extension 2***
This highly upgraded Coconut Palm model in Ko Olina Resort's Coconut Plantation has 3-bedrooms and 3 full baths, plus a den with sofabed, and a 2-car garage. The home is newly painted and furnished, and upgraded with plantation shutters, wood laminate floors, upgraded appliances and more.
Perfect for those who cannot climb steps because on the first level there is one full bath and one BEDROOM with a QUEEN-sized bed. Upstairs offers a huge MASTER BEDROOM SUITE with a KING-sized ...Read more
About the manager
About the manager
Ola Properties
Ola Properties
- Response rate: 40%
- Response time: A few hours
- Calendar updated: today
Overall rating:
4.6 / 5.0
The Coconut Plantation 1228-3 Kapolei, Hawaii
Additional Location Information
This beautiful, highly upgraded, fully furnished resort home is located on the 10th hole of the championship Ko Olina Golf Course in the well-known Coconut Plantation at Ko Olina Resort. This 3 bedroom, 3 full bath townhome with den has a fresh, bright and open decor with a personalized style to each room.
The master bedroom suite has a king sized bed, walk-in closet, full bath with a soaking tub and separate shower stall. The master is located on the second level with a wonderful "Precious Pineapple" theme decor and its own lanai overlooking the golf course with tropical palm trees and even a view of the Disney Aulani Hotel and Spa. There is also a den with a sofabed, and across the hall is a queen-sized bed in the second bedroom and full bathroom. The first level has a full bath and queen-sized bed, perfect for those who cannot climb steps. There is a 2-car garage and plenty of room for parking in driveway. The home is newly painted and furnished, and upgraded with plantation shutter, wood laminate floors, upgraded appliances and more.
Other amenities include FREE high-speed wireless Internet access, digital phone service with long-distance within U.S. and Canada, 3 televisions, full kitchen, full size washer and dryer in the unit and more. The home is fully equipped with linens, kitchen ware and utensils. Just bring your suitcase and toiletries.
This beautiful home is located on the tenth fairway of the Championship Ko Olina Golf Course. It is a 5 to 10-minute walk to the famous Ko Olina Lagoon Beaches, the Ihilani and Aulani Spas and numerous restaurants. Shopping at the Island Country Market is a "stone's throw" away.
Area activities include: Ko Olina Marina; 18-Hole Ted Robinson Championship Ko Olina Golf Course; Award-Winning Marriot Ihilani full service Spa, the newly opened Disney Au'lani Resort , the Paradise Cove Luau, shopping, snorkeling, SCUBA diving, boating, fishing, sailing, surfing, windsurfing, walking and hiking paths; guided activities, including whale watching and dolphin swims as well as scenic island tours.
Area: This romantic yet family-friendly resort is located just 20 to 30 minutes from Honolulu International Airport, world-famous Waikiki, downtown Honolulu, Pearl Harbor, Waikele Premium Outlets and other attractions such as Historic Ewa Town, Hawaii's Plantation Village, and Dole Cannery. Breath-taking Hanauma Bay is a 45 minute drive with Sea Life Park a short 5 minutes further. The Polynesian Cultural Center is well worth the hour's drive and you'll experience many traditional must-sees along the way – such as the historic surfing town of Haleiwa, and Hawaii's infamous North Shore Beaches such as Sunset, Pipeline and Turtle Beach to name a few. The resort itself is conveniently located just 5 minutes from the newly opened Disney Au'lani Resort and the island's best and most authentic luau - Paradise Cove, as well as Hawaiian Waters Adventure Park; Kapolei's 16-plex movie theater, and shopping at K-Mart, Wal-Mart, Target, Safeway and Costco for souvenirs and all your needs.
HI Tax Registration: W36303463-01
Show rates details
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Book your room at Comfort Suites Park Place
Suite, Non SmokingMax Occupancy: 6 guests (up to 5 children, 5 infants)
Suite, 1 Queen Bed with Sofabed, Non SmokingMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children, 3 infants)
Suite, 1 King Bed with Sofabed, Non SmokingMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children, 3 infants)
Suite, 1 King Bed with Sofabed, Jetted TubMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children, 3 infants)
Suite, Accessible, Non SmokingMax Occupancy: 6 guests (up to 5 children, 5 infants)
Get an overview of this hotelHotel in Milwaukee with free breakfast and indoor pool
Situated in Milwaukee, this hotel is within 6 mi (10 km) of Ray's MTB Indoor Mountain Bike Park, Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church, and Harley Davidson Factory. Walter Schroeder Aquatic Center and Lynden Sculpture Garden are also within 9 mi (15 km).
Hotel Features
An indoor pool, a fitness center, and a spa tub are available at this hotel. Free buffet breakfast, free WiFi in public areas, and free self parking are also provided. Additionally, meeting rooms, dry cleaning, and a front-desk safe are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 120 rooms provide conveniences like refrigerators and microwaves, plus free WiFi and cable TV. Other amenities available to guests include coffee makers, free local calls, and hair dryers.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
In addition to an indoor pool, Comfort Suites Park Place provides a spa tub and a fitness center. Public areas are equipped with complimentary high-speed wired and wireless Internet access. A complimentary breakfast is offered. This Milwaukee hotel also offers dry cleaning/laundry services, a safe deposit box at the front desk, and an elevator (lift). Onsite self parking is complimentary.
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Elevator/lift
- Fitness facilities
- Free breakfast
- Free self parking
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Indoor pool
- Meeting rooms
- Number of floors - 4
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Spa tub
- Total number of rooms - 120
Family Friendly Amenities
- Free Wi-Fi
- Indoor pool
- Microwave
- Refrigerator
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Cable TV service
- Climate control
- Coffee/tea maker
- Desk
- Free local calls
- Free WiFi
- Hair dryer
- Iron/ironing board
- Microwave
- Refrigerator
Where to Eat
Guests are offered a complimentary buffet breakfast.
Nearby Things to Do
An indoor pool and a spa tub are on site. Other recreational amenities include a fitness center.
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- In-room accessibility
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Check-out time is 11 AM
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
Pets allowed, Maximum number of pets per room 2, Pet maximum weight in lb is 40
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- Pet fee: USD 15 per night


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The Housing Initiative is a project that we are working towards in order to provide safe and secure housing options for women who are released from incarceration. The lack of affordable, accessible housing leads many women leaving federal and provincial institutions to be released into homelessness. The Elizabeth Fry Society is working to obtain secure, sustainable housing to support our women by providing safe shelter while being reintegrated into the community. Safe housing is crucial to keeping our clients and communities safe from harm.
The next housing initiative event that we are hosting is a paint nite at The Pint Off Whyte. Tickets are $45 and part of the proceeds go to our Housing Initiative fund.
For more details and to purchase tickets, click here .


text:
1993 Lincoln Town Car Q&A
1993 Lincoln Town Car Question: Car randomly stops accelerating
The car started to randomly shut down when idling for to long, now it randomly stops accelerating until it comes to a complete stop and shuts off. Then after about 5-10 mins I start it back up and it runs fine until a few mile down the road the same problem happens. Any ideas? - clajoh
Answer 1
ck codes an dfuel pressure and spark when it won't start. could be fuel pump or ign control modlule which is a common issue - globalhelper
Answer 2
review when last tuned. it may be due. rec. fuel system clean. ethanol treatment to 1 tank premium. clean fuel system always runs better. have alternator tested as it may be failing. how is the battery? strong? when you throttle it always uses more current so i would say its an ignition issue. get alternator tested. - arturo08
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10. BrianLankford


text:
Two television watchdog groups, citing a lack of required educational programs for children at two Washington, D.C. stations, are trying to get the outlets' licenses revoked.
The Office of Communication of the United Church of Christ and the Center for Digital Democracy filed a petition last asking the FCC not to renew licenses for WDCA-TV (channel 20) and WPXW-TV (channel 66).
The groups argue that the two stations have not complied with the FCC's 1996 guidelines regarding the Children's Television Act, which require stations to air at least three hours of educational programming for children per week. The act has never before been cited in a petition to revoke a license and represents a new strategy for broadcast critics.
The stations "are clearly in violation of the rules and are thumbing their noses at parents, educators and children in this market," Jeff Chester, director of the Center for Digital Democracy, told the Washington Post.
The newspaper reported that the stations presented three programs to the FCC as meeting the requirements: WDCA's animated, action-oriented sci-fi shows "Ace Lightning" and "Stargate Infinity," and WPXW's reality show "Miracle Pets," which profiles extraordinary animals. The groups assert that these shows do not meet FCC guidelines.
Back to the top
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Huge Ultra HD Display Lights Up Times Square


text:
|Reviews for Twilight 25 - Round 7
| cullensrule chapter 25 . 2/2/2013
This was a wonderful reading experience. I enjoyed all the chapters and different groupings. I especially liked your Kate and Garrett. I have never read a fic of theirs but I think I will.
| twilly chapter 25 . 1/28/2013
Nice job on all the prompts. I think you have some of the best takes on them :)
| twilly chapter 21 . 1/28/2013
LOLOL Poor little Geekward. But Bella's tummy down, maybe she won't notice.
| twilly chapter 18 . 1/28/2013
Oh, another one fantastically fit to canon. Very nice.
| twilly chapter 16 . 1/28/2013
I might cry right along with Charlie. Heartbreaking.
| twilly chapter 9 . 1/28/2013
Wait...I get it now! Bella's the cub. bwahahahaha. I have to admit, I was a tad slow on the uptake, even after you explained it, but once I got it, it was hilarious! Nice.
| twilly chapter 8 . 1/28/2013
Oh my goodnessss. This was perfect for that prompt! Just perfect!
| twilly chapter 7 . 1/28/2013
Me too. I think BD2 made a lot of use G/K fans. :) I like this, it's very in character for them.
| tinkrbe1l3 chapter 25 . 1/24/2013
Awwwwww. I write that and I said it lit'rally. I freaking love Edward and Bella. Great job Deb! The challenge was a pleasure to read.
| tinkrbe1l3 chapter 24 . 1/24/2013
I cackled at the end. This was good fun. Was 88 a nod? 88 keys? I loved this. Sexy visuals going on here. The sweat and smooth and rippling and spent. Work it out, B!
| tinkrbe1l3 chapter 23 . 1/24/2013
Oooooooo I do love this one...did u ever read Da Capo?
| wonderfullybedazzled chapter 25 . 1/24/2013
Ahhh all too short.. any long fics on the horizon?
| wonderfullybedazzled chapter 24 . 1/24/2013
Ooooh sexy
| wonderfullybedazzled chapter 18 . 1/24/2013
| Rita01tx chapter 25 . 1/24/2013
Thanks for all the goodies, Deb darlin'! Until the next time! MWAH!


text:
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Christopher's Herbal Eyebright -- 450 mg - 100 Vegetarian Capsules
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Apache Compile Wallpaper
Feb 27, 2008 By Carlie Fairchild
Overlaid text is the result of long-exposure.
Victor Gregorio brings us this image from the Linux Journal Flickr pool.
Carlie Fairchild is the publisher of Linux Journal.
I didn't realize Linux
Submitted by Phillip Tarone (not verified) on Thu, 06/12/2008 - 19:22.
I didn't realize Linux Journal had so many pics on flickr. I like the one with Cory Wright and the USE LNUX plate, pretty neat! Wouldn't mind getting one of them for my car; although it would be a bit different here in the UK!
[Elliptical Trainer Reviewer]
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3 bedroom property for sale near Park Gardens, Yeovil BA20
Offers over £162,950 Just added
3 bed semi-detached house for saleRichmond Road, Yeovil BA20
'this three bedroom semi detached older style semi detached house, situated in the popular area of richmond road, has come to the market with no onward chain' This property has mostly double glazed windows, some original features and a Garage with ... More details
Note: Distances are straight line measurements
- Yeovil Pen Mill (1.2 miles)
- Yeovil Junction (1.6 miles)
Marketed by Chants Estate Agents, BA20. Call 01935 388279£195,000
3 bed semi-detached house for saleCarisbrooke Gardens, Yeovil BA20
A spacious extended three bedroom end terrace house in a quiet sought after residential area close to Huish school and within easy reach of the town centre More details
Note: Distances are straight line measurements
- Yeovil Pen Mill (1.2 miles)
- Yeovil Junction (1.7 miles)
Marketed by Edwards, BA20. Call 01935 388278£240,000
3 bed terraced house for saleTanyard Way, Yeovil BA20
**no onward chain** The Glove Factory 'Live Work' unit presentes a unique opportunity to purchase a home with optional retail space. This three story, three bedroom duplex, with private roof terrace sits comfortably above a 38m2 corner retail unit. ... More details
Note: Distances are straight line measurements
- Yeovil Pen Mill (0.9 miles)
- Yeovil Junction (1.4 miles)
Marketed by Fox & Sons, BA20. Call 01935 388002
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text:
Give your infrastructure a checkup: Four areas of security vital to business health
Date Added: Jul 2009
Format: HTML
Does your IT infrastructure need a physical? System-wide security checkups are essential to strategically assess areas of potential weaknesses, before it can cause problems. This article covers the four areas a checkup of your information security should cover: overall security capabilities, privacy, risk management and compliance.


text:
Display Ads
Dir. of Advertisers
Mail: Thanks Sen. Al Davis
Davis at Legislature: 'No' to packer ownership of hogs
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The Sutherland Sailors volleyball team showed why it is one of the top teams in the state Saturday, decisively winning three matches over highly rated opponents and taking the Cozad Invitational title.
In the Sailors second match against Gothenburg (19-3 in C-1), the Sailors took the first set of the match, 25-21. The Swedes came back to win the second, 25-22, but the Sailors took the third, 25-20.
In the final match, Sutherland put away Alma (16-7 in Class D-1) in two straight, 25-21, 25-21.
Sutherland finished the day with a 19-6 record.
Going into the tournament, Sutherland was rated No. 3 in Class D-1 by the Nebraska School Activities Association ratings.
Four of Sutherlands losses have been to North Platte St. Patricks, 22-1 and rated No. 2 in Class C-2.
Sutherland dealt St. Pats their only loss of the season, claiming a five-set marathon win in the championship of the South Platte Valley Association tournament.
For the Sailors, Samantha Kennedy had 35 kills for the day; Jalyne Schuster had 41 digs and Joli Hopping had 58 assists.
Flatrock Publishing, Inc.
1300 E 4th St., Suite F
North Platte, NE 69101


text:
- Address:
Rue du Page 65
1050 Brussels (IXELLES)
- MAPS: Google Maps
- Opening Dates
- All year round
- Tuesday-Saturday : 10:00-18:30
- All year round
Every day at Lilicup's you get a choice selection of freshly baked cupcakes.
But Lilicup's is much more than cupcakes. There are cookies, scones, brownies, cheesecake, muffins and lemon pie… that you can delve into on the spot or take home.
The shop is often crowded but you can stop at the nearby Tenbosch Park or the Renier Chalon playground close by and munch away on a bench while relaxing in a green setting.
- tel. : +32 (0) 2 538 02 68
- website : http://www.lilicup.com
Visit our partners' webpages
- Laurent Gerbaud Chocolates
- Halle Gate - Royal Museums of Art and History in Brussels
- La Fonderie - Brussels Museum of Industry and Labour
- The Wellington Museum in Waterloo
- Walibi Theme Park...With friends or family, let's all go to Walibi!


text:
October 6, 2012
Staff Photo: John Bohn Kris Doran explains the workings of a 9mm pistol in the sales department at the Norcross Gun Club and Range. The range owned by women and offers a shooting environment that is friendly towards woman shooters.
Stories this photo appears in:
Sisters open female-centric gun range
Sister owners of a gun range in Peachtree Corners have made it their mission to ensure female customers feel comfortable in an environment long dominated by males.
Use the comment form below to begin a discussion about this content.