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By Dawn Watson
Architecture is more than the study of blueprints and building specs for Daniel Arsham. It's a living, breathing thing to be experienced. It's art.
Creating site-specific sculpture directly relating to the space in which it's erected, the artist's aim is to transform the entire area into a visceral, yet playful, interaction with the viewer.
"When we think about architecture, it's the most lasting gesture we can make as human beings—art too, I suppose, although one could argue that architecture is the most visible and present," says Arsham. "Therefore its disruption can be very uncanny and powerful, and this is where I'm trying to allow the work to reside, a place where people are a little bit shaken by the disruption of the familiar and the everyday."
He is now working to install his newest piece, "The Formless Figure," made of fiberglass, metal and plaster, at the Watermill Center. Located in the Water Mill-based artistic laboratory's main rehearsal studio, the "draped figure, minus the figure," according to exhibit curator Daneyal Mahmood, will be on view starting Saturday, April 4.
"The form, generated through negative space, looks like a plaster form coming through the wall," he said during a telephone interview on Monday morning. "Imagine if, as when you were a child, you put a sheet over your head like you were pretending to be a ghost."
The slightly larger than life-size sculpture, blends directly into the wall, creating an interaction between the work and the building, said Watermill Center special events manager Elise Herget during Monday's interview with Mr. Mahmood. "It shows, as Daniel's work often does, of how we walk into a space every single day without noticing our own interaction with that space. What he's done is to mold or melt that space around you. It's an amazing duo."
Arsham, a growing name on the contemporary art circuit, is well known for his work in "Snarkitecture," a collaborative and experimental artistic expression that he and co-creator Alex Mustonen dreamed up. The name pays homage to the Lewis Carroll's poem "The Hunting of The Snark," which describes an "impossible voyage of an improbable crew to find an inconceivable creature."
"Snarkitecture investigates the unknown within architecture – the indefinable moments created by manipulating and reinterpreting existing materials, structures and programs to spectacular effect," says Arsham. "Snarkitecture makes architecture perform the unexpected."
The work is "simply hypnotic," said Mr. Mahmood, who described himself as a big fan. One of the things he loves most, he said, is that it's instantly accessible to everyone, from children to art critics. "Whether you have a vocabulary about contemporary art or not, Daniel resonates with everybody."
The busy artist is in high demand as of late. He's currently collaborating on a film project with Watermill Founder Robert Wilson, who says he appreciates the arresting quality to Arsham's work.
"I see in Daniel's work something very personal, a unique visual vocabulary," he said. "Through sculpture, drawing and performance, Arsham challenges our perceptions of physical space in order to make architecture perform the improbable. The surfaces of walls appear to melt, erode and ripple. Animals contemplate the emergence of floating shapes in nature. Sculptures from antiquity are infused with rigid, geometric forms."
The New York-based artist recently completed a project with musician and producer Pharrell Williams. For that collaboration, Arsham recreated Williams's first keyboard, presented as a relic, in volcanic ash. He's also recently worked with actor James Franco on a "The Future Relic" film series based on his casts everyday objects—such as eroding laptops, cell phones, and cameras—made to resemble archaeological finds made from volcanic ash and plaster.
Current and upcoming exhibitions include:" A Special Project for Leica" at the Leica Gallery in Los Angeles, "Remember the Future" at the CAC in Cincinatti, and solo exhibits at Galerie Perrotin in Manhattan in November and at SCAD in Savannah next spring. Additionally, Arsham's work has been shown at MoMA PS1 in New York, The Museum of Contemporary Art in Miami, The Athens Bienniale in Greece, The New Museum In New York, Mills College Art Museum in California and Carré d'Art de Nîmes in France.
"The Formless Figure" will open with a public reception at the Watermill Center on Saturday, April 4, from 4 to 6 p.m. Arsham will give an artist's talk at Watermill on June 6 at 4 p.m. For more information, visit watermillcenter.org


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Demi Lovato at the 2011 Do Something Awards, where she performed for the first time since leaving rehab.
She's ready for the summer!
Work it, girl.
Mariah Carey, her boobs and her new beau James Packer, aka the fourth richest man in Australia, took their love to Ibiza, Spain where they gallivanted on a yacht with her kids.
Bad Girl RiRi? More like Braless RiRi.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
"All the best parts of Korean contents in one place!"
"OnDemandKorea Hot Clips"
Get a taste of our most popular programs! We upload the best parts of our contents on OnDemandKorea Hot Clips. You can watch the best parts of your favorite shows, dramas, and even the news here on Hot Clips.
Tags : Variety, Video, Life Style, Sports, Laugh
Tags : Variety, Video, Life Style, Sports, Laugh
Happy Together : Lee Duk-hwa, Lee Hong-ryul, Huh Soo-kyung, Park Joon-kyu, Kwang-hee
Airdate : 07/02/2015


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Meleah Brown was coming off a great first year as the head coach of the East Webster High School fastpitch team.
A leadership role can be somewhat difficult and hard to accept for a freshman.
East Webster catcher Autumn Frost had to be a leader this season after the departure of Swayze Hollenhead.
By NATHAN GREGORY
By STEVEN NALLEY
East Oktibbeha County High School will hold its graduation ceremony 6 p.m. Sunday at Mississippi State University's Humphrey Coliseum.
By MATT CRANE
West Oktibbeha County High School celebrated its graduating class Saturday, May 19 at a ceremony in the school's gymnasium.
Mr.Thomas D. Cook, 85, died Friday, May 18, 2012 in his home in Starkville.
Funeral services will be held 3 p.m. Monday, May 21 at First Baptist Church in Starkville.
The Mississippi State Bulldogs take the field today looking to sweep the No. 2 Kentucky Wildcats.
A team's bullpen can be the difference late in games.
Mississippi State has sure shown No. 2 Kentucky this weekend that its bullpen is ready for a deep run in the postseason.
Starkville High School's Kate Mattox had a goal in mind going into the State cross country meet last fall.
That goal came true.
It has been one year and 21 days since a powerful tornado ravaged the East Webster High School campus.


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The Legendha Sukhothai Resort
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Beautiful rooms. Fabulous pool. Nice dinner and show at night. Loved the frogs that came out at night. Friendly staff. Cool ruins close by. Overall very happy we stayed here.
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Travel Blogs from Sukhothai
A Short Trip through Thai History
... Sukhothai, that pre-date any of the Buddhist structures. They think these ones were built in the early 1100's sometime. Both were reused as Buddhist temples, but you can see that the architecture is noticeably different than anything else in the area. Very cool.
Now we are waiting for our night train up to Chiang Mai, and have spent the evening eating terrific food at the local market, and drinking 1L cups of coconut juice. Life is pretty ...
Sukhothai Day 2
... Some lovely wats along the way. We got to the furthest point, approx 3km out and found the wats were all situated up a hill. So a bit of trekking was required to reach these. Day wasn't without its drama though. Unfortunately I got a puncture as we were at the farthest point away. Bit of a long walk back it would have been. But luckily out this far there are lots of security control posts so it is very ...
Sukhothai, another Ancient Thai Capital
... laptop downstairs and relaxed. About 30mins before the train departure time the guy from reception called the train station again to check in the train if it was running on time and of course it wasn't. It was running an hour late at least so I just had to keep waiting. Another hour goes by and we ring again and yep, now running another hour late. By this stage I had enough time to go grab some lunch which was lucky as I wasn't sure about food on the train. After lunch I came ...
Lots of Buddha love in Sukhothai
I stayed in bed until 9.00am I could of slept forever but I wanted a coffee and to be up at the national park by midday.
Coffee, Fruit, yogurt and muesli was a good simple start to the day and much needed. I got the local bus for 30bt to the park and on my way passed a Big C, yippee I've been looking for one of those for a while so will stop on the way back for dinner and a look around.
When I arrived at the park, alot of people seemed to be walking ...
Blue Hawai in Sukhothai
... mound, but only until I could see the Stupa- not wasting any energy. Back on my bike I got some new energy, and enjoyed cycling through the section. The scenery with the mountains in the back ground, and yellow rice fields in front of them were just stunning. And I made it back to the main road. And I decided it is time for a linch break. Thankfully there was a little restaurant - a papaya salad and ice coffee was just what I needed. After that break it was time to return the ...


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Police say they have arrested the man who fired a shot during a bank robbery in Plymouth Township, Montgomery County.
OKLAHOMA CITY (AP) — A jury was selected Tuesday in the trial of an Oklahoma man accused of sexually abusing children at an orphanage in Kenya.
The U.S. agency that screens passengers for explosives and weapons at airport checkpoints has been handing out passes for expedited screening "like Halloween candy," a whistleblower told a U.S. Senate committee on Tuesday. Under PreCheck, begun in 2011, travelers can get low-risk status for expedited U.S. screening, exempting them from, for instance, removing their shoes or opening their laptops. "TSA is handing out PreCheck status like Halloween candy in an effort to expedite passengers as quickly as possible, despite the self-admitted security gaps that are being created in the process," Roering said.
The U.S. Air Force said on Tuesday it will use Lockheed Martin Corp's updated A2100 spacecraft for the fifth and sixth U.S. missile early warning satellites, with no additional cost to its 2014 bulk purchase contract with Lockheed. The Air Force said by swapping out the spacecraft for the next two Space Based Infrared System satellites, it will be easier to implement new capabilities, including sensors that would allow troops to see dimmer targets more quickly. The move followed a proposal made by Lockheed last December aimed at lowering costs by increasing commonality with other space systems, making the spacecraft more resilient, and reducing the number of obsolescent parts.
Fire officials say a roofer's blowtorch sparked Monday's multi-alarm fire that destroyed nearly an entire block of homes in Mercer County.


text:
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- 800.878.7323
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Ships in 1 to 3 days
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Other titles in the Ahmanson-Murphy Fine Arts Books series:
Seeing High and Low: Representing Social Conflict in American Visual Culture (Ahmanson-Murphy Fine Arts Books)by Patricia Johnston
Synopses & Reviews
Publisher Comments:
"Seeing High and Low is a much-needed addition to the study of nineteenth and early twentieth-century American art history. Featuring insightful, well-written essays on visual and material culture subjects ranging from history and landscape paintings to Harper's Weekly illustrations, Anheuser-Busch ads, Craftsman chairs, American Indian handicrafts, and more, this helpful volume explores the popular and 'fine' arts in the national narrative."and#151;Erika Doss, author of Twentieth-Century American Art
"This edited volume presents compelling case studies, offering a series of masterly explanations of how visual culture, visual studies, cultural studies, and art history intersect. The chapters examine paintings, sculpture, photographs, museum exhibitions, architecture, and popular prints, looking closely at the representational strategies and capacities of high and low art, two historical discourses that together reinforce social ideas and cultural forms."and#151;Vivien Green Fryd, author of Art and Empire: The Politics of Ethnicity in the U.S. Capitol, 1815-1860
"Seeing High and Low may well become the standard text for developing new ways to view and interpret American art. It tactfully removes old boundaries and replaces them with theoretical approaches dedicated to opening the field to a wide range of related visual materials. One comes away convinced that the study of images has begun all over again, and that it has become richer and more rewarding than ever."and#151;William H. Truettner, Senior Curator, Smithsonian American Art Museum
"At long last, an excellent introduction to the social construction of American visual culture and the hierarchical categories assembled to organize it. Indispensable reading for scholars in and out of the classroom, this illuminating anthology's contributions are many and significant."and#151;Sally M. Promey, author of Painting Religion in Public
"This gem of an anthology brings a refreshing perspective to the high-low debate. Using all types of visual and material objects its authors read these categories against one another, watching their often-conflicted interactions shape ideas about culture and society. A lucid overview of its visual culture framework explicates the volume's methods and animates its rich selection of case studies, making it a 'must read' for Americanists of all disciplines. And a vital accompaniment to their courses."and#151;Ellen Wiley Todd, George Mason University
This novel anthology explores the historic boundaries between "high" (elite) art and other media traditionally defined as "low" by presenting thirteen case studies on visual culture's engagement with social controversies throughout American history.
This cutting-edge volume presents a sweeping view of the evolution of visual culture in the United States through fifteen absorbing case studies by top scholars of American art that explore visual cultureand#8217;s engagement with social controversy. Written especially for this work in lively and accessible language, the essays illuminate what visual formsand#151;including traditional crafts, sculpture, painting and graphic arts, even domestic and museum interiorsand#151;can tell us about social conditions, how visual culture has contributed to social values, and how concepts of high and low art have developed. The only work on visual culture to span American history from the early republic to the present and to delve into issues from ethnicity to geography, Seeing High and Low allows readers to follow the evolution of concepts of and#147;highand#8221; and and#147;lowand#8221; art as well as to gain new insight into American history.
Arranged roughly chronologically, these generously illustrated essays explore topics including the formative role of visual images in the process of class stratification in the Early Republic; the contribution of media images and paintings to debates on environmental crises, race relations, and urbanization in the late nineteenth century; and the difficulties of engaging with social issues while employing a modernist vocabulary.
About the Author
Patricia Johnston, Professor of Art History at Salem State College, is author of Real Fantasies: Edward Steichen's Advertising Photography (1997). She has been awarded fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Charles Warren Center for the Study of American History at Harvard University.
Table of Contents
Patricia Johnston
1. Educating for Distinction? Art, Hierarchy, and Charles Willson Pealeand#8217;s Staircase Group
David Steinberg
2. Samuel F.B. Morseand#8217;s Gallery of the Louvre: Social Tensions in an Ideal World
Patricia Johnston
3. Cartoons in Color: David Gilmour Blytheand#8217;s Very Uncivil War
Sarah Burns
4. and#147;Ainand#8217;t I a Woman?and#8221;: Anne Whitney, Edmonia Lewis, and the Iconography of Emancipation
Melissa Dabakis
5. Cultural Racism: Resistance and Accommodation in the Civil War Art of Eastman Johnson and Thomas Nast
Patricia Hills
6. Custerand#8217;s Last Stand: High-Low on Old and New Frontiers
Patricia M. Burnham
7. Reenvisioning and#147;This Well-Wooded Landand#8221;
Janice Simon
8. At Home with Mona Lisa: Consumers and Commercial Visual Culture, 1880and#150;1920
Katharine Martinez
9. Gustav Stickleyand#8217;s Designs for the Home: An Activist Aesthetic for the Upwardly Mobile
Arlette Klaric
10. Handicraft, Native American Art, and Modern Indian Identity
Elizabeth Hutchinson
11. Alone on the Sidewalks of New York: Alfred Stieglitzand#8217;s Photography, 1892and#150;1913
Joanne Lukitsh
12. The Colors of Modernism: Georgia Oand#8217;Keeffe, Cheney Brothers, and the Relationship between Art and Industry in the 1920s
Regina Lee Blaszczyk
13. The Invisibility of Race in Modernist Representation: Marsden Hartleyand#8217;s North Atlantic Folk
Donna M. Cassidy
14. Caricaturing the Gringo Tourist: Diego Riveraand#8217;s Folkloric and Touristic Mexico and Miguel Covarrubiasand#8217;s Sunday Afternoon in Xochimilco
Jeffrey Belnap
15. The Norman Rockwell Museum and the Representation of Social Conflict
Alan Wallach
List of Illustrations
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Si bien esta no es una lista de directores, sí una que pretende ser representativa. Si permitiera repetir directores en la presente, probablemente se hallaría plagada de buñueles, fernández, de fuentes, rodríguez, galindos y otros clásicos, que, aunque lo merezcan, saldrían sobrando para plasmar un escenario de diversidad y pluralidad en la cinematografía mexicana.
The Perfect Vagina (2008)
The title of this documentary tries to sell you the film like something other than what it really is: a 50 minutes motivational episode
Beyond the fascinating that may be this issue, the presenter shows a highly biased and closed-approach, at times even somewhat alarmist and ethnocentric. If a cosmetic operation disturbs her, then what would she think about some things done for centuries by hundreds of African, pacific islands and native American cultures to look more attractive to their peers? Without going too far in the Americas circumcision is still practiced in most newborn males. Each culture has its own eccentricities, and as a human race this is not the first time we maim ourselves in pursuit of beauty or the simple of normalcy, to stop being-identified and judged. Or to honor certain cultural contracts. Or for mere whim.
Laissez faire et laissez passer, le monde va de lui même.
Even with all the documentary can bring you some views of the execution of such operations and the diversity of the female genital organs.
Del olvido al no me acuerdo (1999)
Superb... but not for everybody
It is not too much to appreciate in this movie for them whom do not have deep knowledge about the biography of the brilliant Mexican writer: Juan Rulfo.
And does not help in anything the non-orthodox decision of not introducing/displaying the names of the interviewed people, avoiding therefore the relation that each of these kept with Juan. Saving this point, which is in fact the central plot of the film (recollections of the people who lived with this author), the context is wonderful: beautiful landscapes, the memories and forgetfulnesses of a country that Mexican people have let go but at the same time it stay with them, and great senile humor and popular wisdom of personages of a peculiar (but in some way also a representative) Mexican little town.
To only add, here death plays an important role, like indeed is that ingrained idiosyncrasy which beats in Mexican people veins and nevertheless modernity has kill it (but not buried).


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24 Simple Scrapbooking Layouts
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Valentine Scrapbook Layout
By: Valoree Albert for Krylon
We are adding the craft to your Craft Projects.
The project was added to your Craft Projects.
Click here to view your Craft Projects.
Heart die cuts and marble-like webbing spray add valentine charm for a great Valentine's Day Scrapbook Layout from Krylon.
- Krylon Webbing Spray - Gold Chiffon (#603)
- Krylon Webbing Spray - Black Lava (#601)
- Krylon Glitter Spray - Magical Multi-Color (#405)
- Krylon Leafing Pens - 18 KT. Gold (#9901)
- Krylon Spray Adhesive - Clear (#7011)
- Beads
- Heart Gold Nailheads
- Wire 24 Gauge Silver
- Die cut letters
- Cardstock in black, red, white
- Vellum
- Small Heart Die Cuts
- Needle
- Spray 12" × 12" white cardstock with Webbing Spray. Let dry.
- Trim to 11" square. Mount on black cardstock, slightly tilted.
- Tear a strip of black cardstock. Tear strip of red cardstock and mount over black cardstock.
- Wrap wire around three small die cut hearts. Add beads to wire for added dimension.
- Hang hearts from torn cardstock – place small hole in the cardstock using a needle, and thread wire through hole; curl the back end of wire to secure.
- Mount photo on red cardstock and trim leaving border.
- Spray vellum with Glitter Spray. Let dry.
- Mount on layout using Adhesive Spray.
- Spray black cardstock with Gold Chiffon Webbing Spray. Let dry.
- Die cut letters and mount on top of page.
- Draw an accent line at top of page using 18 KT Gold Leafing Pen.
- Add gold heart nailheads to each end of the gold line.
For more project ideas, please visit www.krylon.com/projects.
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Culture, Arts & Entertainment
Library Branch
Don Mills
Learn about beautiful objects in the Aga Khan Museum Collection and be inspired to create your own art. Ages 5 & up....
Don Mills
Please join Peter Silverman (PhD, O.Ont), broadcast journalist and current host of the Saturday morning radio "The Peter Silverman Show" for a talk on consumer protection. Mr. Silverman previously hosted Silverman Helps (89-0...
Enjoy a cup of tea and watch a movie, call 416-396-8916 for more information.
Toys of the Past!...
Open to children ages 9-12, this free workshop offers an introduction into the enriching world of art and creativity. Working with professional dancers, musicians and authors, workshop participants will be guided through an i...
Tue Oct 06
Thu Oct 08
Tue Oct 13
Thu Oct 15
Tue Oct 20
Evelyn Gregory
Join costumed interpreters from the Gibson House Museum and discover historic toys and games! These hands-on activities are available for everyone to come and play with at the library. Children will also be invited to make a...
An interactive one-hour dance class to live traditional drumming, focusing on beginner technique. Take a journey with Coco to engage in the reciprocal relationship of the body with rhythms of the "dunun" - West African drum. ...
Take a journey with Coco in this interactive dance class to engage in the reciprocal relationship of the body with rhythms of the drums. All ages and all levels welcome. Drop in.
Welcome back to school with our staff puppet show "The Monkey and the Crocodile" performed at Palmerston Library Theatre. Based on an ancient tale from India....
Don Mills
Join Ontario Senior Archivist Paul D. McIlroy as he shows more than 100 years worth of Ontario photographs from the many records of Archives of Ontario and explains how Archives of Ontario manages these records.


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1.Cook pasta for about 14 minutes in salted boiling water till al dante.
2.In a large frying pan crisp the bacon over medium or high heat.
3.Add gorgonzola,walnuts,butter,pear and half of the parsely.
4.As the gorgonzola begins to melt add the cream and simmer for some time.
5.Add the drained pasta to the sauce.(keep aside around 3 tablespoon of pasta water).
6.Spoon in the pasta water and stir till the pasta absorbs the liquid.
7.Drizzle some olive oil and sprinkle parsley on top before serving hot.
Always salt your pasta.
Add a tablespoon or 2 of pasta cooking water to your sauce.


text:
Can this technology Chrome App or Google NaCl provide me with this capabilities?
Basically it should be able to run terminal commands (even by asking permission first).
And it needs to be able to edit client's filesystem.
I am interested in Chrome App or Google NaCl because they both can run in any operating system (that supports chrome).


text: Frank Salomon Associates Music Articles Bach's Best 'Brandenburg' Concertos November 3, 2009 Subtle and brilliant at the same time, J.S. Bach's Brandenburg Concertos are a microcosm of Baroque music. They contain an astonishingly vast sample of that era's emotional universe. Listen Loading… 4:45 Playlist Download Embed Embed Close embed modal <iframe src="http://www.npr.org/player/embed/120020618/114331505" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no">


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Entertainmenthits.com visualizedupdate
Visualize traffic of entertainmenthits.com. Can you realise a group of 36 people? The answer is no. Our brain can't visualize a group of 36 people. If you read 36, it has just the meaning of a number. To put the number of visitors entertainmenthits.com has in a perspective we can visualize better how much people 36 really are.
Currently Entertainmenthits.com has 36 daily visitors and
1,080 monthly visitors. let's put them in a perspective!
Daily 36 of the 7,017,846,922 internet users are visiting entertainmenthits.com. 36 daily visitors,
let's see what happens if they all come together.
If Entertainmenthits.com where a country, it will be bigger than
Never land with a population of 0 people.
Below here you find a list where entertainmenthits.com would be ranked on the list of country populations if entertainmenthits.com where a country
|Vatican City
|Pitcairn Islands
|Never land
There are at least 18 Bugatti Veyron's required to transport all 36 visitors of entertainmenthits.com
The Bugatti Veyron is the fastest car in the world. The car is equipped with an 8 liter W16 Motor, 1201 pk and a top speed of 439 km/h. Price: $1,300,000,-
If we count how many water the 36 visitors of
Entertainmenthits.com consume it will be 4,608 gallon every day.
The average water consumption a person is 123 liter. Big spender of water is taking a shower, using the toilet or doing the dishes.
If all 36 daily visitors of Entertainmenthits.com take each other
by hand we will have a straight line with a length of 61.2 km.
The average span width of a human is 1.79 meter
What is the electricity usage by Entertainmenthits.com in a year with
36 visitors a day.
Before a visitor leaves entertainmenthits.com, the average page views of a visitor is 2. This means the server of entertainmenthits.com generates 72 page view a day. We estimate that entertainmenthits.com uses 1 web server(s). The average of electricity use by a internet server is 2.400 kWh a year. With this info we can calucalte how much the server(s) of entertainmenthits.com will consume 1,728 kWh a year. Looking at the average cost of 1 kWh with a price of 0,23 cent per kWh, the cost for using electricity will be €397.44 a year.
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- Take-profit.org 9 hour
- Groupleisure.com 10 hour


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Pavement CoffeehouseMarch 3, 2012Coffee Shop • Boston, United States
Best coffee in the city!
Holy brunch, Batman...definitely try the French toast!
Delicious bloody Mary's, light-feeling food, good service.
The Ruby on brioche with wild boar. Nommmmm.
Service is terrible, but the sangria is amazing!
Waiting to go inbound in the rain? Stay away from the fence or stand on the bench if you don't want to get soaked by passing cars!
You have to try the Ike sandwich. Yummmmm


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RECENT POSTS: Crocy
[soundcloud id='127390866′]
Matevz Crocy returns after his last outing 'Cry' featuring Ashley Berndt with a superb two track progressive house cut 'Rotten Hour'. Crocy has been consistently churning out the goods with quality productions across different labels within the Bonzai stable and here he keeps up the momentum with the prospect of much more to come.
First up is the title track 'Rotten Hour', the intro boasts a chunky kick and percussion combi that builds up steady rhythms with a synth pulsing in the background. The bassline sets the track off with a true deep resonance alongside a soft vocal sample. The break enhances the vocal with cool mangled piano sound coming through, top stuff yet again out of Slovenia!
'LanteSol' is up next and packs a punch with a chunky kick intro and fading pads. Percussions build nicely adding smooth rhythms while a warm synth note begins to form. The bass cuts deep with resounding power and the rhythms get a boost with some very cool bongos and tablas. Vocal samples come into play throughout and on the break we are treated to more lush keys before the track kicks back in taking us on a wonderful prog house trip.
1 January 2014 Bonzai Progressive FEATURED RELEASES Read more
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Joining forces for the first time we have two of the finest producers on the circuit with a multitude of quality releases between them. Airwave and Jimmy Galle deliver a stunning slice of prog with "Karaba" which comes with their own plus two additional top notch remixes. Laurent is currently working his way around many collabs with quite amazing results while Jimmy is his usual busy self churning out awesome music on a regular basis. Both guys come to the desk armed with a wealth of experience which they have pumped into this epic release, expect to get blown away by the sheer quality within the sound on this release.
Airwave's mix intros with a cool percussion led sequence that builds up to a solid progressive groove with a tribal element. Laurent's distinct atmospheric vibes shine through as a myriad of sounds blend in perfect harmony. The break takes us into a world of melodic guitar plucks with superb pads rising through the background. The track kicks back in style and continues on a purely progressive rhythmic journey, wonderful stuff yet again from a master of his craft.
Jimmy's mix takes on a much more house orientated vibe with a strong progressive slant. The track gets moving with a chunky kick as percussions ease their way into the grooves. Deep basses take this track more towards the house side of the tracks alongside a tribal tinged vocal. Flowing rhythms are quickly established and as we approach the break the tracks signature guitars come through. Very well crafted track which would go down well in any set.
DJ and producer Crocy delivers a fine slice of prog house with his usual tight arrangements. Nice and steady flowing rhythms emanate from cool kicks and superb percussions giving off a groovy house vibe. Bright melodic plucks add contrast to the deep bass and on the break subtle synth stabs peek through before easing back into this fine house joint, superb stuff!
Alexey Samotarev is up next with a sublime prog house cut. Alexey's last release "Odyssey" gained a lot of support through our Progrez imprint and he sure knows how to deliver the goods. Here he attacks the remix with a focus on the guitar sounds from the original. A super tight drum section with very cool percussive elements sit over a swirling pad as the guitar licks echo throughout the sound, big house grooves abound on this and a sure fire hit in many sets.
18 December 2013 Bonzai Progressive FEATURED RELEASES Read more
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10th installment in the Afterhour Trax series, this time with original tracks and remixes by Airwave, Moshic, Gai Barone, Audio Noir, Kintar, CJ Art, Michael & Levan and Stiven Rivic, Philthy Chit, Noa Romana, Deersky, Yuriy From Russia, Mindgamers, Angga, Cid Inc., Manu Riga, Franbeats, Thorin, Quadran, Beat Maniacs, deepAlexander, Eric Powa B, Zan Preveé, WayWork, Hector Sawiak, Chantola, J-Junior, AquAdro, Anthony Yarranton, JJ Grant, Digital Department and Crocy.
11 December 2013 Bonzai Progressive FEATURED RELEASES Read more
10 October 2013 Bonzai Progressive UPDATES Read more
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Bonzai favourite Crocy teams up with stunning Canadian vocalist Ashley Berndt for "Cry". Ashley has a very impressive repertoire of vocals, she also creates her own melodies and writes her own lyrics.
"Cry" takes us on a beautiful progressive journey, on the intro the kick and percussion arrangement builds up a superbly deep and laidback bass groove with deep rooted piano chords making a show. High pitched strings and pads take us through to the drop where the sultry vocals appear with melancholic flavour. The vocals paint a stunning picture while the melodies in the music will take you right into the story, what a great collaboration and no doubt will be well received.
Next up is "Recht" with another laidback approach to the progressive house sound. Tight drum arrangement sits over subtle percussions that build up a nice flowing rhythmic vibe. In contrast the deep bass transforms from soft and rounded into tough and gritty effortlessly and this adds a strong dynamic. The break throws out a strange melody as that gritty bass lurks behind, superb stuff from this darkly groove!
8 October 2013 Bonzai Progressive FEATURED RELEASES Read more
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Sixth installment in the Club Traxx – Progressive House series comes with original tracks and remixes by Relaunch, Neon, Moshic, Mindgamers, Matan Caspi, Steve McGrath, Chris Sterio, LoQuai, Tom Conrad, Andre Bonsor, Van Bellen, Frangellico, Domased Electronica, Noa Romana, Deersky, Matt G., Booya featuring Iulia Constantin, Kintar, Crocy, Manu Riga, Timewave, Citizen 42, Philthy Chit, Oliver Morgenroth, Erich Lh, Cut Knob, Hector Sawiak, Blufeld, Kevin Vega, Paul Martinez, Fiddler, Thomas Genchev, Downgrooves, Mariano Mellino, Wally M, Deepfunk, and Mathov.
29 May 2013 Bonzai Progressive FEATURED RELEASES Read more
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Ibiza 2013 comes with original tracks and remixes by Airwave, John 00 Fleming, Andre Bonsor, 06R, Davide Catania, Citizen 42, Philthy Chit, Blufeld, Kevin Vega, Chantola, LoQuai, Manu Riga, Frangellico, Shimmer, Dyron, Mindgamers, Metodi Hristov, Jakhira, Luckoni, Diego Alvez, Paduraru, Oushanmete, Pierre Zamyatin, Mylan, Scrub, Barbara Wahnon, Piek, Efron, Hector Couto, Ed Lee, Charles Ramirez, Dimitry Liss, Project KF, Rick Wade, Wonji, Fauvrelle, Rogerio Martins, Crocy, Pozitive, Joal, Tribal Warriors, Tofke, Ugur Yurt, Fabian Jakopetz, Dub Way, Ritch Mollen, Chanelle Pearl, Ecco, Yogimeister, Onofrio Conte, Oz Romita, W&DY, Victor Vera and Ozan Kanik.
8 May 2013 Bonzai Progressive FEATURED RELEASES Read more
The third installment of the Eyepatched series on vinyl is available now!
The sampler comes with four original tracks and remixes from Dimitri Liss, Nasrawi, Wonji, Daniele Kama, Project KF and Crocy.
Now in its third instalment, Eyepatch delves into the vaults to deliver another ram packed exclusive vinyl filled with top quality deep house grooves. Four top class tunes with tracks and remixes from some of the best artists Eyepatch has to offer. A must have for any vinyl junkie and your decks are gonna love it!
First up we journey into the sounds of "Backstage Queen" from Dimitry Liss & Nasrawi, both these guys have appeared on this series before and we just had to get them back again. This track is a deep house groove that grabs you and holds you in its grip for the duration. Sublime deep bass and a well crafted arrangement are held together with a quite brilliant vocal sequence throughout the track.
Daniele Kama's remix of Wonji's "Convince Me" is up next with a more tribal feel, lots of bongos doing the rounds and the vocal takes control when in effect. A deep bassline commands throughout and on the break some classic samples are evident, perfect fodder for vinyl and already a firm favourite on the circuit.
The awesome talents of Dimitry Liss gives us his Re-Rub of Project KF's "Priority Of Night", and taking things to a deeper level. Cool sharp hats accompanied with a tight kick set up a solid groove. The sounds are arranged brilliantly with a few added vocal samples thrown in, monster tune for any floor.
Crocy's "Bouquet" carves out a cool groove with a laidback approach to deep tech house. Subtle intro with percussions building the rhythm and the bass shining through for an awesome ride. On the break funky keys make an appearance changing the landscape slightly and then straight back to a solid deep groove, top stuff.
25 April 2013 Bonzai Progressive FEATURED RELEASES Read more


text:
A temperature sensitive thick film resistor unit for use in detecting and control systems is formed employing thick film plating technology. A final sized negative is formed from enlarged artwork and transferred to a photosensitive emulsion supported on a stainless steel screen to form a printing stencil. A fritted molecular bonding nickel paste including finely divided vitreous and nickel particles in a solvent carrier is screen printed onto an alumina substrate by a pressure printer in which the paste is forced through the screen to control the thickness of the deposited nickel paste. The deposited nickel is allowed to settle and partially heated to remove gases and organic solvents. A highly conductive film is overlaid on tab connecting ends and the unit is fired to intimately attach the nickel paste to the substrate by the formation of a chemical bond. Nickel in appropriate form for printing is a readily available material and also provides a significant and linear change in resistance per unit of temperature change.
1. The method of forming a temperature sensitive thick film resistance sensor comprising forming a masking means defining a grid pattern, aligning said masking means on a base member formed of a high temperature, electrical insulating material, forcing an air fireable molecular bonding metallic paste including finely divided metal particles of a pure metal having a high temperature coefficient of resistance through said masking means onto said surface to form a deposited conductive thick film as a grid, and firing at an elevated bonding temperature the subassembly to form the paste to a selected resistivity and temperature coefficient and to sinter the grid and thereby molecularly bonding the thick film to the base member.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said paste is a frittless bonding nickel.
3. The method of claim 1 including the steps of depositing a highly conductive metal film on spaced portions of the thick film, and joining connector leads to the conductive films.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein said highly conductive metal film is selected from the group consisting of silver, silver-platinum, silver-palladium and gold-palladium.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein said masking means is formed by providing a printing screen unit including an emulsion film of a preselected thickness attached to a screen of preselected thickness and mesh opening and exposed to a positive image pattern of resistance grid and removing of the unexposed portions of the emulsion.
6. In the method of claim 5 including the steps of removing the screen unit and allowing the thick film to level, and heating the subassembly to remove volatile materials from the thick film.
7. In the method of claim 6 including screen printing the conductive metal film onto the thick film after said heating, removing the metal film printing screen and allowing the metal film to level, and again heating the subassembly.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein said highly conductive metal film is selected from the group consisting of silver, silver-platinum, silver-palladium and gold-palladium.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein said paste is fritted finely divided vitreous particles and nickel particles uniformly dispersed within an organic binder and solvent.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein said nickel particles have an average size of less than 20 microns.
11. The method of claim 3 including the step of attaching connector leads to the nickel grid.
12. The method of claim 6 including trimming the fired nickel grid to a reference resistance at a preselected temperature, and encapsulating the trimmed subassembly in a protective coating.
13. The method of claim 3 including trimming the fired nickel grid to a reference resistance at a preselected temperature, and encapsulating the trimmed subassembly in a protective coating.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein said coating includes forming a bath of polyurethane and a solvent in a viscous state, dipping the trimmed subassembly in the viscous polyurethane, drying said dipped assembly including a final elevated temperature to form said coating.
15. The method of forming a temperature sensitive thick film resistance sensor comprising forming a printing screen unit including an emulsion film of a preselected thickness attached to a screen of preselected thickness and mesh opening and exposed to a positive image pattern of a resistance grid and removing of the unexposed portions of the emulsion, cleaning a high temperature base member formed of a high temperature electric insulating material to remove contaminant thereon, aligning said screen on said base member, forming an air firable nickel paste including finely divided nickel particles thoroughly mixed with vitreous particles and organic binders and solvents forcing said paste through said screen onto said base member to form a nickel grid of a deposited nickel thick film, allowing the deposited nickel thick film to set to promote leveling of the film, heating the subassembly to outgas the deposited nickel thick film, firing the subassembly in a bell-shaped, heat-temperature pattern including a first relatively low temperature period to remove said organic binders and solvents followed by a high temperature period to form the nickel to a selective resistivity and temperature coefficient and to sinter the nickel particles and thereby anchoring the nickel thick film to the base member.
16. The method of claim 15 including the step of screen printing a highly conductive metal film on spaced portions of said nickel thick film and allowing the subassembly to set.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein said highly conductive metal film is selected from the group consisting of silver, silver-platinum, silver-palladium and gold-palladium.
18. The method of claim 15 wherein connector leads are joined to the nickel grid.
19. The method of claim 18 including the step of joining connector leads to the conductive films, trimming the fired nickel grid to a reference resistance at a preselected temperature, and encapsulating the trimmed subassembly in a thin protective conformal coating.
20. The method of claim 19 wherein said coating includes forming a viscous polyurethane bath of polyurethane and a solvent, dipping the trimmed subassembly in the viscous polyurethane bath, drying said dipped assembly including a final elevated temperature to remove the solvents.
21. The method of claim 19 wherein said coating is a low temperature glass glaze.
This invention relates to a temperature sensing resistance device and particularly to a unique thick film resistor device for continuous monitoring of temperature.
In various monitoring and control circuits, continuous monitoring of a temperature condition may be required. For example, environmental controls for heating and cooling of buildings requires sensing existing conditions and developing control signals based thereon. Although various sensing devices have been proposed, the design of a device for precise continuous temperature monitoring at a relatively low cost has presented a continuous problem. Generally, the present designs are based upon one of three different temperature sensing elements including a: (1) thermocouple; (2) a thermistor and; (3) a resistance thermometer. A thermocouple which measures the temperature differential at the junction of two dissimilar metals provides an indirect signal, unless the one side of the junction is maintained and/or compensated to a reference temperature. Thermistors and resistance thermometers provide a direct indication of absolute temperature. Thermistors are generally semi-conductor devices having a high negative temperature coefficient of resistance. While thermistors avoid the objection of thermocouples, the device is relatively non-linear over many ranges of temperatures encountered in environmental and other controls and the response changes with time. Resistance thermometer devices are generally formed with a platinum element which functions with a high degree of accuracy and linearity. A thick film platinum element has recently and after the present invention has been made available by Engelhard Minerals and Chemical Corporation of New Jersey, (hereinafter referred to as Engelhard). Another device employing a bonded conductive track is available from Mathey Bishop, Inc. as thermafilm 100 R 30 sensors. The use of platinum, of course, results in a relatively high cost sensor and one which is also significantly vulnerable to mechanical damage.
There is a need, therefore, for a stable, long life and relatively low cost resistance sensor which produces a linear response over a relatively wide temperature sensing range such as encountered in many environmental and other control systems.
The present invention is directed to a temperature sensing thick film resistor unit and to the method of forming such thick film resistor unit. Generally, in accordance with the present invention, a conductive grid pattern of a conductive metal is deposited on a stable insulating substrate as a thick film resistor and fired at an appropriate elevated temperature to effect a integral and in particular a molecular bond of the conductive metal to the substrate. The inventor has disclosed that a particular unique and satisfactory thick film conductor is nickel which can be intimately and molecularly bonded to a substrate of alumina, beryllia, or the like. Nickel provides a material which is readily available, is adaptable to thick film technology and provides a significant change in resistance per unit of temperature change. The output is substantially linear over a wide change in temperature. Appropriate lead conductor films may be overlaid on the metal and fired to permit attachment of connecting leads by soldering. The unit is completed by an outer protective coating to establish optimum humidity resistance and also protect the conductor against abrasion. The temperature sensing thick film resistor unit provides a practical and relatively inexpensive unit having essentially linear characteristics over a wide range of temperatures. The unit is highly shock and vibration resistant and may thus be employed in industrial and institutional environments. The stability and the relative large output signal of the unit permits use in conventional temperature sensing instrumentation without the necessity of complex compensating circuits and the like.
In accordance with a preferred and highly unique sensing unit, the unit is formed by screen printing of a grid of an air firable nickel conductor fritted paste onto a substrate member formed of alumina or beryllia. A thin layer of oxide and some glass phase characteristics appear on the fired nickel to which it is difficult to solder electrical contacts. An overprint of readily soldered conductors such as Gold-Palladium material, a Silver-Palladium or other suitable material is applied to appropriate portions of the nickel grid after which the unit is fired to integrally and chemically bond the nickel grid to the substrate. Gold-Palladium is preferred. Connecting wires or leads are then soldered to the connectors portion. The nickel resistor is then trimmed to establish the desired resistance at a reference temperature, preferably by known abrasive or chemical etching methods. The unit is then encapsulated or coated to protect the device against mechanical abrasion and seal the resistor against humidity.
The unit is preferably formed employing a hybrid thick film processing technique in which a final sized negative is formed from enlarged artwork. The image is transferred to a photosensitive emulsion supported on a screen to form a printing stencil with the desired pattern. In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the printer employed for depositing the nickel ink or paste onto the insulating support or substrate includes a pressure system in which the paste is forced through the screen which controls the thickness of the deposited metal. The paste film is allowed to set and then heated at an appropriate temperature to outgas the film and remove organic solvents. After drying, the connector overprint of Gold-Palladium or the like is applied using a connector screen stencil. The connector over print is in turn heated at appropriate temperatures to out-gas the film and remove organic solvents.
The printed unit is then fired, preferably with a particular temperature-time sequence, to eliminate creation of stresses within the unit which might cause thermal cracking of the substrate, and then completed by the addition of the connector leads and the encapsulation.
The present invention has been found to provide a linear temperature sensor which can be constructed employing present production means and produces a sensor having a reliable and long life at relatively low cost.
The drawings furnished herewith illustrate a preferred construction of the present invention in which the above advantages and features are clearly disclosed as well as others which will be readily understood from the following description.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a temperature sensing film resistor unit constructed in accordance with the teaching of the present invention and connected to a control circuit;
FIG. 2 is a plan view of the resistor element shown in FIG. 1 and more clearly illustrates one grid pattern;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged vertical fragmentary cross-section taken generally on line 3--3 of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a flow diagram for a preferred method of forming the elements of FIGS. 1 and 2;
FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic view of the printing of the thick film resistor on the base;
FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic view showing one method of trimming the thick film resistor unit;
FIG. 7 is a graphical illustration of the characteristics of a series of temperature sensing unit thick film resistor units.
FIG. 8 is a graphical illustration indicating the long term stability of the thick film resistor unit.
Referring to the drawings and particularly to FIG. 1, a temperature sensing unit 1 is illustrated connected in a control circuit, such as an environmental temperature control system. The temperature sensing unit 1 as more fully developed hereinafter provides a resistance which varies with temperature. The unit 1 is shown connected in a bridge network 2 and thus controls the input signal to a controller 3. The output of controller 3 controls a cooling and/or heating device 4 to maintain the surrounding environment at a selected temperature. In accordance with the present invention, the temperature sensing unit 1 is specially constructed with an insulating base or substrate 5 to which a conductive metal grid 6 is intimately secured as a thick film deposited resistor. The resistor 6 terminates in connecting tab 7 to which electrical wires 8 are secured to define terminals for connecting of the sensing device into circuit. An outer protective coating 9 of suitable plastic such as polyurethane encloses the resistor 6 to prevent abrading and to make the device essentially insensitive to humidity conditions. The base 5 is a suitable high temperature electrical insulating material such as alumina, beryllia or the like, which can be fired at high temperatures. However, ordinary glass such as employed in standard laboratory glass slides has also been used. Alumina or beryllia is also impervious to water and forms a highly stable support, both electrically and mechanically, over a wide range of temperatures. Both materials are also good heat dissipators, alumina being approximately 20 times better than glass and beryllia about 135 times better than glass. Such material is also commercially available with a high degree of uniformity and consistancy. This is desireable as it minimizes the number of variables introduced into the commercial production process. Alumina has been particularly employed and is referred to hereinafter. The metal grid conductor or resistor 6 is suitable finely divided metal conductor which has a significant temperature coefficient of resistance and is in vitreous carrier which forms an intimate chemical bond to substrate 5 when applied employing thick film technology. Nickel is particularly a desirable material because it has a large coefficient of resistance and develops a relatively large resistance change per unit temperature change. This produces relatively significant change in the signal output with minor temperature changes. Further, finely divided nickel in a suitable glass frit which can be fired to form a strong chemical bond with the alumina and the like is readily available. It produces a highly stable and reliable unit.
Nickel is also highly desirable because it is compatible with many precious metal conductors which can be employed in forming the interconnecting tabs 7. Thus, the formation of the firm chemical bond between the fritted nickel grid and the base requires high temperature firing. However, under such conditions, thin layers of oxides and some glass phases develop on the outer conducting nickel surface. It is difficult to solder electrical contacts to such a nickel surface and the tab is thus formed by intimately bonding a suitable precious metal to the ends of the grid.
The present invention preferably forms unit 1 employing a process based on thick film circuit technology which has been employed to form conventional printed circuit board units. Although there is not a precise line between thin and thick film processes, generally in thick film technology the conductor layer is at least 10 mils. thick. In one embodiment to be described, a 0.025 inch thick plate 5 has a nickel grid in excess of 10 mils. applied to the plate.
The conductor 6 was formed in the well-known grid pattern with parallel conducting legs joined at each end. Although one grid design has been illustrated, any other pattern can, of course, be employed. Thus, the space geometry provided in a particular application may well require some other form of grid pattern adapted to hybrid screen printer.
Referring particularly to FIG. 4, the steps in the fabrication of a thick film resistor unit 1 is illustrated.
The grid pattern is initially formed as substantially enlarged artwork, for example, either by drawing directly on a suitable photographic base or by applying opaque black strip tapes to an antistatic mylar drafting film manufactured and sold by Durester. Tape in widths of 0.093 inches is readily available from W. H. Brady Company, Milwaukee, Wis. A reduced negative of the grid pattern is made to the final grid pattern size through the use of any suitable well known camera reduction. A positive image is then made from the negative. An emulsion screen stencil is developed from the positive. A 200 mesh stainless steel screen and a violet film which is commercially available from the Advance Process Supply Company have been used. A standard readily available system is a chromaline screen emulsion system of the type B-100-1-mil. Generally, in this system, the dry emulsion film is supported on a release paper. The dry emulsion film is applied to the contact side of the stainless steel screen to assure a very accurate thickness of the emulsion. A compatible fluid emulsion is applied over the screen mesh to completely fill the metal fabric while locking of the emulsion film to the screen. The contact fluid emulsion also provides an automatic total sensitizing of the screen which is then dried and the release paper removed. The positive image film pattern is properly aligned on the photosensitive emulsion-screen, positioned in a vacuum frame and exposed to an actinic light source, with the unexposed areas washed out by gentle spraying to both sides of the screen after a one or two minute soak in warm water. This forms a finished stencil which is in condition for screen printing in a pressure printer which forms a particularly significant aspect of the present invention.
Prior to the actual screening, the substrate 5 is appropriately treated to insure a highly effective bond on the resistor 6 to the substrate surface. The presence of contamination can adversely effect the adhesion and the electrical performance of the thick film resistor. The substrate 5 is preferably ultrasonically cleaned with an alcohol solvent and immediately thereafter the resistor 6 is screen printed.
The screen printing process as hereinafter discussed is also carried out in an ultra-clean work station such as a horizontal flow ultra-clean work station of a conventional construction.
Although described in the preferred embodiment, employing a screen, other masking means could of course be employed to define the grid for depositing of unique nickel grid element or conductor 6.
The substrate 5 is preferably a ceramic material which can stand the high temperatures required during the firing steps to provide the intimate chemical bond between the substrate 5 and the resistor conductors. A highly satisfactory material is 96% weight percent alumina ceramic which is available as 0.025 inch thick, 2�1 inch plate, manufactured and sold by Technical Ceramics Division of Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company or 3M Company. The material has a 25 microinch AA surface which provides an ideal foundation for thick film circuitry.
The substrate is mounted in the screen printing unit 10, with the stencil supporting abutting the substrate. Unit 10 is shown as a simple manually operated device. An electronic Model All-Metal Cam-Lok Printing Frame may be employed to support the screen. The printing essentially consists of forcing a viscous molecular bonding ink through the preprocessed openings in the stencil screen to deposit the grid pattern 6 on the substrate 5. A particularly satisfactory material is an air firable nickel conductor material such as a paste-like material manufactured and sold by Engelhard and more fully identified as a molecular bonding nickel ink number A-2884. This material is a printing formulation and includes finely divided vitreous material and finely divided nickel mixed with suitable organic binders and solvents, with the particles of a controlled size, shape and composition. Generally, the nickel particles are ground to a fineness of below 20 microns and the nickel particles are thoroughly dispersed in a suitable carrier. The ink or paste should be stirred prior to use to remove any sediment or lumps which remain as shipped or which may occur as a result of settling after time of delivery. The fritted ink is preferably stored on rotating rollers to prevent the solids from settling out significantly between screen printing operations.
A significant aspect of the unique hybrid process is the pressure screen printing of the conductor 6 in order to maintain a high degree of reproductability in a practical and economical manner. The screen printing process employs a pressurized forcing of the viscous nickel ink through the openings in the stencil screen and thereby depositing the metal on the substrate 5. Generally, the stencil is accurately positioned within a support and a transfer mechanism moved across the screen to force the ink into and through the stencil screen. A hand operated screen printer has been employed with a sliding or brush action squeegee. The printer would preferably be automated with means to control the pressure of the squeegee and the speed to maintain a high degree of reproducibility.
After the pressure screen printing of the ink onto the substrate, the assembly is allowed to dry at a somewhat elevated temperature to outgas the deposited film and remove organic solvent.
After drying and outgassing, the resistor grid screen is replaced with a screen stencil for formation of the soldering tabs 7. The material is again an ink material and in this case employing a highly conductive ink which is adapted to be intimately bonded to the nickel resistor. A particularly satisfactory material providing good solderability to the incoming leads is a frittless silver ink A-2790 manufactured and sold by Engelhard. The overprint application of a contact produces an interface which has no distinct differences, no bubbling and no separation and thus provides a highly effective electrical contact. A lead 8 can be conventionally and directly soldered to the tab 7. Any other readily available material such as gold or platinum alloys which can be applied by screen printing techniques may, of course, be employed. Silver-platinum, silver-palladium and gold-palladium have also been used with the gold-palladium being a preferred film material. The highly conductive ink is screened directly on top of the small end portions of the dry nickel conductor of the grid. The printed unit is again allowed to set for appropriate leveling and then dried at an appropriate temperature.
The overprinted conductor substrate subassembly is then fired at the necessary temperature to create a firm, intimate chemical bond between the nickel resistor 6 and the substrate 5.
The inventor has found that the firing preferably includes an initial relatively low temperature phase during which the organic binder and residual solvents are further removed from the nickel conductor, and then immediately fired at a substantially higher temperature to develop the required characteristics of resistivity and temperature coefficient. The high firing temperature simultaneously sinters the glass material to anchor the molecular nickel to substrate. The sintered subassembly is allowed to cool within the heating unit, with the heat source removed until the temperature decreases to a relatively low temperature during which all of the reaction will occur. Thereafter, the substrate can be rapidly cooled, subject only to a limitation consistant with proper stress relieving of the ceramic material in such a manner as to avoid thermal fracturing. In accordance with the present invention, the interconnecting leads 8 are then soldered to the connecting tabs 7, and then the soldering paste carefully removed from the surfaces of the unit. The resistor 6 is then trimmed to establish the desired resistance at a given reference temperature.
Either of two methods have been employed.
In one method, abrasive trimming of the nickel grid conductor is employed. A protective tape such as Scotch brand tape No. 470 3VEA, a product of the 3M Company of Minneapolis, Minnesota, is applied over the portions of the nickel grid.
The contact wires 8 are connected to a suitable precision meter and the uncovered portion of the nickel grid altered until the desired resistance is obtained. An abrasive air jet has been employed to reduce the width of the element to obtain the desired resistance. The sensor is of course held at the desired reference temperature. The air abrasive processes may tend to heat the sensor. Consequently, care must be taken to adjust the resistance value for any temperature change occurring during the trimming step. Once trimmed the protective tape is carefully removed and the surfaces of the trimmed unit are cleaned in an alcohol solvent for final processing.
Alternately, a chemical etching trimming system can be applied to remove a portion of the nickel resistor for trimming. A resistor equivalent for the given temperature is again calculated. An aqua-regia chemical solution 11 (FIG. 6) is prepared consisting of 3 parts of nitric acid and one part of hydrochloric acid. The wired unit is connected to the precision meter 12 and immersed within the solution to completely cover the conductive nickel grid and uniformily etch the entire grid face. After chemical etching, the trimmed unit is thoroughly rinsed in a suitable deionized water and a final rinse of alcohol solvent to complete the cleaning of the unit for applying of the coating 9, where employed.
In a particularly satisfactory encapsulating step liquid polymer such as polyurethane, such as Conathane, CE-1164, a product of Conap, Inc. is employed. The polymer is an air drying and room temperature curing polyurethane which can be formed into a suitable liquid by Conap S-8 solvent. The trimmed units are dipped in the solution, withdrawn and allowed to dry for a period at room temperature and then cured in elevated temperature. The drying and curing of the deposited coating evaporates the solvents and promotes the subsequent curing reaction of the polymer with the moisture in the air. Although this material is highly satisfactory, it is generally adversely effected by low humidity conditions and, therefore, is not generally suitable for use where the humidity is less than 30%.
The resistance of the sensing unit is, of course, a direct function of film thickness, and somewhat an inverse function of the firing time and temperature. Generally, with a film thickness of, in excess of 6 mils, the resistance is not noticably or significantly different even though the temperature ranges between 800� C. and 870� C. Once completely fired, the elements can be refired without any notable change in the temperature coefficient of resistance.
It is known that the temperature coefficients of relatively pure metals are greatly affected by the introduction or presence of impurities. Thus, it is important to use a relatively pure metal and to prevent contamination during processing.
The molecular bonding of the frit nickel formulation, employed in the preferred construction was found to have a temperature coefficient of resistance very close to that of pure bulk nickel, namely 5900 to 6300 PPM per degree centigrade. The repeatable nature of the process is clearly illustrated in a graphical illustration of FIG. 7. Three different thick film resistors constructed in accordance with the present invention produced essentially the identical curves. Further, to clearly illustrate consistancy of response and characteristic, the data for each curve was normalized so that its resistance values are equivalent at 70� F. The results are presented in the following table:
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Resistance - Temperature Variations Resistance in Ohms Equiv.Temp. Temp. Element A Element B Element C Vari- Temp.(� C.) (� F.) Element A (Normalized Element B (Normalized) Element C (Normalized) Average ation Vari. (� F.)__________________________________________________________________________0.7 33.26 951.0Ω 889.7Ω 900.1Ω 890.2Ω 894.5Ω 890.7Ω 890.2Ω 0.5Ω 0.175.0 41.00 974.5 911.7 922.0 911.9 916.0 912.1 911.9 0.2 0.0610.7 51.26 1006.9 942.0 952.6 942.2 946.2 942.2 942.1 0.1 0.0315.1 59.18 1032.6 966.0 976.8 966.1 970.3 966.2 966.1 0.1 0.0318.9 66.02 1055.0 987.0 998.6 987.7 991.4 987.2 987.3 0.4 0.1322.9 73.22 1079.2 1009.6 1020.8 1009.6 1013.9 1009.6 -- -- --25.0 77.00 1091.9 1021.5 1033.0 1021.7 1025.8 1021.5 1021.6 0.1 0.0327.5 81.5 1107.5 1036.1 1047.5 1036.0 1040.3 1035.9 1036.0 0.1 0.0335.8 96.44 1157.1 1082.5 1094.1 1082.1 1086.6 1082.0 1082.2 0.3 0.1040.5 104.9 1185.0 1108.6 1119.9 1107.6 1113.5 1108.8 1108.3 0.7 0.2347.1 116.78 1224.9 1145.9 1157.3 1144.6 1150.7 1145.8 1145.4 0.5 0.16__________________________________________________________________________
As seen in the table, the very largest resistance variation is only on the order of 0.7 ohm which is equal to 0.23� F.
As previously noted, the stability with time is particularly significant when the device is employed for significant monitoring in long life systems, such as building automation systems, The graphical illustration of FIG. 8 indicates excellent stability of the unit over a period of approximately one year. In the test, a thick film resistor unit constructed in accordance with the present invention was placed in a test bath of fluid, the unit continued to record to a high degree of accuracy the actual temperature of the bath.
The several samples of FIGS. 7 and 8 were formed as previously described and summarized in the following examples of different temperature sensitive resistance elements made in accordance with the teaching of the present invention. In each instance, the process was carried out using a 200 mesh stainless steel screen although any other suitable screen may of course be employed. Both air-abrasive and chemical methods of trimming were employed.
______________________________________Substrate Material Alumina 1 � 2 � 0.025 inchesResistor Material Engelhard Molecular Bond/Nickel Ink #A2884Resistor Material 0.0006 inchesThicknessSetting Time 10 minutesDrying Time - on 15 minutesPanel HeaterDrying Temperature - 100� C.PanelConnection film material Engelhard Frittless Silver Ink A2790Setting Time 10 minutesDrying Time 15 minutesTemperature 100� C.Firing Profile:Lindberg Furnace 1. Heat 550� C. 2. Time 5 minutes 3. Heat 850� C. 4. Time 10 minutes 5. Cool less than 400� F. in closed Furnace______________________________________
Other examples employing the same basic sequences with modification of selected portions produced satisfactory thick film resistors.
In another example, a protective coating was screened over unmasked areas and dried for fifteen minutes at 110� C. before firing for fifteen minutes at 600� C. The coating was an overglaze ink E0031 from Engelhard, to form a low temperature glass glaze coating.
In a third example, a completely glass free or frittless bonding nickel was employed. The specific material employed was Engelhard Molecular Bonding Nickel No. A-2964.
The above bonding nickels of Examples 1 and 2 were bonded to an ordinary glass substrate of a thickness between 0.96 and 1.06 mm employing a firing profile of 600� C. during the final heating. The glass plate was formed from the readily available glass slides employed in the laboratory for supporting a specimen to be reviewed under a microscope. The glass has a lower melting temperature and the firing profile of 600� C. rather than 850� C. was thus necessary.
In other examples, A-3146 silver-platinum and A-2572 silver-palladium were employed to form the connection films prior to the molecular bonding. A preferred construction is obtained by forming the connection films of a gold-palladium prior to the molecular bonding.
The molecular bonded nickel conductor in the present invention provides a significantly higher coefficient of resistance than any presently employed thin or thick film conductor. The conductor thus provides a unique material particularly useful as a temperature sensitive device for continuously monitoring of temperature conditions. After the firing to establish the desired characteristic, the units can be refired without any significant change in the temperature coefficient of resistance.
The present invention provides a highly unique apparatus and method for producing a temperature monitoring unit. The sensing unit provides a high degree of accuracy, stability over long periods of time, a rugged stress-free construction which can be constructed with commercially practical on-line equipment using readily available commercial components.
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Astros have Castro on same spring plan
KISSIMMEE, Fla. — Catching is the most grueling position, and the Astros want to be sure they don't wear out their best backstop in spring training. Manager Bo Porter is going to employ a Grapefruit League usage plan similar to last year's with catcher Jason Castro. Castro started working out this past winter earlier than […] [Read More]
Jason Castro reaches one-year deal with Astros
All-Star catcher Jason Castro and infielder Jesus Guzman reached one-year deals with the Astros on Friday, avoiding arbitration in their first year of eligibility. "It's definitely a relief to not have to continue to have to focus on preparing for a case and that type of stuff," said Castro, who set the franchise single-season record […] [Read More]
Astros taking time on Jason Castro and arbitration
The arbitration filing period began today but Astros assistant general manager David Stearns won't be surprised if contract talks don't heat up until closer to Friday's deadline to exchange figures. All-Star catcher Jason Castro and infielder Jesus Guzman are the Astros' only arbitration-eligible players. Both are in their first year of arbitration eligibility. "I think it's […] [Read More]
Luhnow, All-Star catcher Castro welcomes ban of plate collisions
Astros All-Star catcher Jason Castro, who survived a bone-jarring collision with the Brewers' Mat Gamel in April 2012, welcomes Major League Baseball's decision to ban collisions at the plate next season. "It will be interesting," Castro said. "It's definitely going to change some things. It's going to be something that guys are aware of. For […] [Read More]
Jason Castro exits in second inning with sprained right knee
Astros catcher Jason Castro left today's game against the Twins with a sprained right knee suffered in the second inning, according to team officials. Castro, the Astros' lone All-Star representative, appeared to be walking gingerly at the plate in the second after a swing that resulted in a foul ball. He delivered a run-scoring single […] [Read More]
Astros report: Castro to use All-Star experience as motivation
All-Star Astros catcher Jason Castro understood why he was held back during the All-Star Game on Tuesday. "It's one of those things that the game really has some purpose now," he said. "In order for that to kind of be the focus of the game you have to have some guys who are kind of […] [Read More]
All-Star Game report: Castro may get chance to catch Rivera's finale
American League manager Jim Leyland said whether or not there's a save situation, retiring Yankees reliever Mariano Rivera will get into Tuesday night's game, and that could be very interesting news for Astros catcher Jason Castro. Castro and Royals catcher Salvador Perez are the two backups to Minnesota's Joe Mauer. So whether Rivera pitches his […] [Read More]


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Mission Bay Hotels
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Paradise Point Resort and SpaMission Bay, San Diego, CaliforniaThis 462-room property near Sea World has sprawling, 44-acre grounds on a private island, activities galore (tennis, a putting green, water sports, basketball), five pools, a mile-long beach, bonfire pits and a spa. Rooms were renovated in 2010 and feature Balinese-inspired decor, patios, 42-inch flat-screen…
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We will offer you the best service & effective, lasting results! Contact Us Now!
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Control Room Logbook (CRL) Quick Reference Card (Generic) Select an appropriate category and topic to open the corresponding input container window. Create entry. Entry header appears in RED. 3. Select entry type and create entry in one of three ways: • Select target container then double-click button on Logbook Entry Toolbar (at right-hand side of desktop). See LOGBOOK ENTRY TOOLBARS. • Drag Logbook Entry toolbutton into target container. • Double-click inside target container (if configured). 4. Add information to entry. 5. Archive entry when complete. Note: Any logbook entry that remains unarchived longer than 2 hrs will generate a prompt to archive or delete. Prompt repeats every 25 min. These intervals are set by default; your CRL admin may change them. Getting Started with CRL Get started with the CRL application interface. Contact your CRL administrator to obtain a CRL account. Change your CRL password when you use CRL the first time. See CHANGE PASSWORD under THE CRL TOOLBAR, below. Log in to CRL at start of shift, and log out at end. See LOG IN/LOG OUT under THE CRL TOOLBAR, below. The CRL Toolbar The column of buttons on left side of CRL window. Log in (CRL username and password required), and log out self or other user(s). For "password and PIN" login method, also enter a PIN of at least 4 characters. You may enter a different one each time you log in. Add/remove logged in users to/from list of logbook entry signers (used with "username and password" login method). Add/activate/delete users (admin password required). Logbook Entry Toolbars Logbook entry toolbars run down right-hand side of desktop pages. The toolbutton names vary by experiment; those shown here are examples. See "Create Logbook Entries in CRL" for instructions on creating an entry using toolbar buttons. • TEXT • ROOT DATA • ATTACH FILE • EXECUTE Type in text at cursor and/or insert date&time, image, or text from file. In dialog box, enter name of ROOT output file, or browse for it. File is dropped into container. In dialog box, enter name of an application output file of any type, or browse for it. File is dropped into container. In dialog box, enter an OS command. Command output is dropped into the container. In dialog box, enter the COM Port, open it, and draw your picture on the tablet. Save, and drawing is dropped into the container. Fill out the form. LOG IN/LOG OUT ENTRY SIGNERS ADMINISTRATOR CHANGE PASSWORD Change your CRL password (4-8 characters). SEARCH THREAD EXPLORER SCHEDULER Query database of archived logbook entries. Bring up the THREAD EXPLORER window to access entry threads. Bring up the SCHEDULER window to change or terminate autoscheduled entry jobs. • IPEN • FORM CURRENT SITUATION Enter "current situation" global message. PREFERENCES CHECKPOINT RECOVERY ABOUT LOGBOOK EXIT LOGBOOK Select entry header lines to display/hide in container windows. If you suspect loss of unarchived entries, recover them here. View information about the CRL application. Exit the CRL application. Create Image File from Screenprint Capture image of window for subsequent inclusion into CRL entry. Save image file as gif or jpg. (UNIX prompt shown below as %) Setup the UPS product imagemagick: % setup imagemagick [version] To capture a window on CRL "home" machine: % cd /path/to/CRLfiles % import -delay <n> <filename>.<ext> Within <n> seconds, click twice on desired window. Image file is saved in directory from which "import" command is issued. Log into remote machine using ssh: (If no ssh, run "xhost <CRL home machine>" on remote host.) (on CRL home machine) % cd /path/to/CRLfiles (on CRL home machine) % import -display <remoteHost>:0.0 <file>.<ext> (on remote machine) Click twice on desired window. Image file saved in directory from which "import" command is issued. To view image: % xv [&] To view image: % xv [&] Create Logbook Entries in CRL Select an appropriate category and topic to open the corresponding input container window. Create entry. Entry header appears in RED. 1. Select a desktop page from the page tabs at top of CRL window. 2. Open an input container: • If one or more are open by default, click on one to select it. • Otherwise, select container category and topic from drop-down menus. Select Logbook Entry(ies) in Container Window You can select one or more entries in a container. Selected entry header background turns gray. select an entry deselect single entry (only one entry selected) Click Click Click once in the entry's header. Click once in the entry's header. LOG ON BEFORE YOU ARCHIVE ANY ENTRIES!! Entry header appears in BLACK after entry is archived. Unarchived entries: Edit, Delete, Archive Archived entries: Thread, Annotate insert text from file insert text from program Ctrl-o Place cursor in entry. INSERT menu > TEXT > FROM A FILE. Place cursor in entry. INSERT menu > TEXT > FROM A PROGRAM. Place cursor in entry. INSERT menu > TEXT > REPLACE ALL TEXT WITH OUTPUT FROM A PROGRAM. EDIT menu > UNDO <OPERATION> Repeat n times to undo last n operations in stack. EDIT menu > REDO <OPERATION> Repeat n times to redo last n "undo" operations in stack. Click on . Select from the left-hand list of attachable keywords and click ADD=>. You can add multiple keywords at a time. Click on ; click GLOBAL KEYWORDS. Select from the left-hand list of keywords and click ADD=>. You can add multiple keywords at a time. Click on ; select from the right-hand list of attached keywords and click <=REMOVE. You can remove multiple keywords at a time. ENTRIES menu > ARCHIVE SELECTED ENTRIES Ctrl-s ENTRIES menu > ARCHIVE ALL NONARCHIVED ENTRIES IN THIS TOPIC ENTRIES menu > REMOVE SELECTED ENTRIES (Archived entries are removed only from view, they remain in the database. Non-archived entries are deleted.) ENTRIES menu > REMOVE ALL ENTRIES IN THIS TOPIC (See note above.) F8 Ctrl+Shift-s ENTRIES menu > SEND SELECTED ENTRIES TO MAIL RECIPIENT ENTRIES menu > SEND ALL ENTRIES TO MAIL RECIPIENT CHECK CATEGORY Ctrl-e deselect single entry (only one Click once in the header of the new entry selected) and select entry. different entry simultaneously select multiple entries Select the first entry as described above, then press the <Ctrl> key and <Ctrl>-click click once in the header of another entry. Continue for additional entries replace text with program output Ctrl+Alt-A undo previous operation redo "undone" operation Ctrl-z deselect one of Press the <Ctrl> key and click once in multiple selected <Ctrl>-click the header of entry to deselect. entries select all entries in container ENTRIES menu > SELECT ALL ENTRIES This selects non-archived and archived entries. ENTRIES menu > UN-SELECT ALL ENTRIES Or 2 single clicks in selected header. Ctrl-y add keyword(s) to entry deselect all selected entries Edit and Archive Logbook Entries from CRL LOG ON BEFORE YOU ARCHIVE ANY ENTRIES!! Entry header appears in BLACK after entry is archived. Unarchived entries: Edit, Delete, Archive Archived entries: Thread, Annotate Any logbook entry that remains unarchived longer than 2 hrs will generate a prompt to archive or delete. Prompt repeats every 25 min. select text/image in an entry select all text/ images in an entry cut text/image copy text/image Ctrl-a Position cursor and drag over text. Position cursor in body of desired entry. Select all manually, or click EDIT menu > SELECT-ALL Select item,click EDIT menU > CUT-TOCLIPBOARD add global keyword(s) to entry remove keyword(s) from entry archive selected entry(ies) archive all entries in container remove selected entry(ies) Ctrl-x Ctrl-c Select item, click EDIT meNU > COPYTO-CLIPBOARD paste text/image Ctrl-v change font family Ctrl-i italic Ctrl-b bold change font style Ctrl-u underline change font size change font color insert image from file insert image from URL F9 Position cursor, click EDIT MENU > PASTE-FROM-CLIPBOARD FONT menu > FAMILY FONT menu > STYLE (Click the style again to toggle back to normal font.) FONT menu > SIZE FONT menu > COLOR Place cursor in entry. INSERT menu > IMAGE > FROM A FILE Place cursor in entry. INSERT menu > IMAGE > FROM A URL. Type full URL. remove all entries from container send selected entries send all entries view container category F8 Attach Same Message to All Upcoming Entries The Current Situation button is used to turn a global message on and off. Once set, the message is included with all future entries of all types in local CRL installation. To set a message To change the message Click CURRENT SITUATION button. Type in message, then click OK. Click CURRENT SITUATION button and edit the message. Click OK. Click CURRENT SITUATION button. Choose TERMINATE CURRENT SITUATION. Autoscheduled Logbook Entries Use SCHEDULE CONTAINERS to schedule and automate Logbook entries from a periodically updated file. Drag-and-drop a logbook entry toolbar button into schedule container. Use only data types that require no operator input. A Schedule window pops up in which to set up the job parameters. Fill in values and click OK. To turn off the message Search, View, Annotate Entries from CRL Query database to retrieve archived entries. Use a REPORT CONTAINER to view and annotate them (if INPUT CONTAINER used, it filters on its category/topic). Note: Printing is not enabled in CRL; print entries from Web interface. Search and view archived entries: Click the SEARCH button (on the CRL toolbar at left). This brings up a window with two tabs: Set one or more filters for searching the database. You can configure your inquiry, execute it, save results, save the inquiry for future use, restore and edit inquiry. To view results, drag the FOUND <n> button to a report container. Search the database by year, month, day, or hour and by category/topic. Within the selected time window, optionally confine the search to a particular data input category and/or topic. Drag entry(ies) to a report container to view them. Add a note to an archived entry. Scroll to entry and click ANNOTATE button on entry. Enter text, and click COMMIT ANNOTATION. Click REFRESH button on entry (all annotations made on entry appear). Thread Entries Logbook entries pertaining to a particular issue can be linked via a "thread". Manipulate threads in THREAD CONTAINERS and INPUT CONTAINERS, as noted below. create new thread THREAD EXPLORER > NEW THREAD (or from input or thread container: ADD SELECTED ENTRIES TO A THREAD) THREAD EXPLORER: select thread and drag it to thread container thread container: SORT menu input or thread container: ENTRIES menu > ADD SELECTED ENTRIES TO A THREAD thread container: Ctrl-click individual entries, or ENTRIES menu > SELECT ALL ENTRIES thread container: ENTRIES menu > SEND ... ENTRIES TO MAIL RECIPIENT THREAD EXPLORER: select thread and click DELETE THREAD • INQUIRIES view a thread sort entry(ies) in a thread add entry(ies) to a thread • LOGENTRY EXPLORER select entry(ies) in a thread Annotate an entry send entries in a thread View annotation delete existing thread Recover Checkpointed Entries Logbook entries are periodically checkpointed to protect against data loss. Once CRL is back up after a disruptive event, you can recover the lost entries. Click the SEARCH button (on the CRL toolbar) to bring up CHECKPOINT window. Open a checkpoint container or input container for which category/ topic matches that for entry(ies). On CHECKPOINT window, select desired entry(ies) and drag them to target container. Then edit and archive as desired. Dec. 3, 2002 CRL v1_7_4 http://www.fnal.gov/docs/products/crl
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On one of four planned space walks, Feustel and Chamitoff left the space station's airlock to set up a new communications antenna and begin work on one of the station's ammonia cooling systems.
Endeavour will spend 12 days at the station on its last mission before returning to the Kennedy Space Centre in Florida on 1 June 2011 to be retired.
Nasa's final shuttle mission, a cargo run aboard shuttle Atlantis, is scheduled for July.
The shuttles are being retired due to high operating costs and to free up funds to develop spaceships that can travel beyond the station's orbit.


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San Jose, California (PRWEB) August 04, 2014
Follow us on LinkedIn – Super-absorbent polymer (SAP), a granular material with exceptional ability to absorb aqueous solutions, is widely used in hygiene products such as diapers and feminine hygiene products. In addition, SAP finds use in agriculture, entertainment, personal care, and construction industries. Aging global population and expanding population of infants across the world are major demand generators for SAP in hygiene products. Technology advances are also facilitating use of super-absorbent polymers in an expanding range of end-use applications. Specifically, biodegradable super-absorbent polymers are expected to have a profound impact on future demand prospects. Price fluctuations and availability of raw materials, as well as changing healthcare regulations represent challenges to market growth.
As stated by the new market research report on Super-Absorbent Polymers, the United States represents the largest market for super-absorbent polymers worldwide. In developed countries, expanding elderly population is a major growth driver. Growth in these markets is higher, owing to higher levels of awareness over hygiene and greater willingness to spend on related products. Asia-Pacific, Middle East & Africa, and Latin America are forecast to emerge as rapidly growing markets in the coming years. The Middle East is poised to grow at the fastest compounded annual rate of 10.2% over the analysis period. Population growth, changing demographic structure, and rising income levels are all driving demand for SAP-based p
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