text:
Coolcar antenna, eyes, mouth, mature, cool, course, speed,, Male, fast, light, cartoon, cheeky, unique, children, quickness, nice, rapid, design, face, fantasy, funky, friendly, cheerful, witty,
This great product in white from our department Women and T-Shirt category can be printed just for you in the size and style you like. The design coolcar was created by Style-o-Mat and uploaded to Spreadshirt for you to have printed on a T-Shirt. Next to a host of other great designs, you can find this coolcar design in Spreadshirt's Cars category. If you are interested in topics like Children or Coolcar antenna, then you'll love coolcar designs by Style-o-Mat. Spreadshirt also offers a huge selection of personalised T-shirts, hoodies and accessories for the category Cars as well as top Design clothing. Style-o-Mat's designs have already impressed many of our customers, so we are sure that we've got right stuff for you! Spreadshirt is your shop for great designs of all kinds – whether it's Children, Coolcar antenna or Design. We are sure that you will find something nice in our shop, there are many amazing personalised Cars T-shirts, jumpers or accessories for you to find! Tags: Design ID: 14351155
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still to fill


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Dhak-dhak girl Madhuri Dixit will be starring in Director Prakash Jha's upcoming movie. Comeback film Aaja Nachle under YashRaj banner may have flopped at the box-office but actress Madhuri has not lost hope. It seems the movie has been scripted keeping in mind the actress. The movie is about an older village woman falling for a younger man. AN dif the grapevine is to believed, actor Ranbir Kapoor will be acting in the movie opposite Madhuri!With Ranbir roping in it seems this movie will sure be a hit not only in the audiences but also at the box-office!

subset: commoncrawl


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foreskins are bad only dirty street trash have them
fore skin is so old its rotten dude it sucks foreskin
by anuslicker09-1 November 07, 2007
A dairy farm specialising in ripe cheese, located in the pants of uncircumcised males.
"OOOOhhhh what is that f#$king smell?? Is that your foreskin?!?! Duuuuude, you need to get that sh!t pasteurized!"
by Cleansed July 10, 2008
the best thing any male can have
good in masturbation, sex and dicking around
good 4 ten cent trick
good in masturbation, sex and dicking around
good 4 ten cent trick
pull 4skin bac and tri 2 put and many 10c coinz in their az possibly az told 2 mi bi matt
by Mr-X May 28, 2005
Useless piece of male flesh. Discarding this person would have no ill effects. When the doctor/raabi circumsized this person as an infant they threw away the wrong piece of flesh, leaving the "foreskin" to roam the earth to annoy people.
John is such a foreskin! He is absolutely worthless
by JMSMD October 30, 2005
Now outdated by the new fiveskin.
"Dude, your foreskin is so old, I've got a fiveskin."
by Soiled Undergarment August 17, 2003
a useless piece of diseased-laden skin that covers the otherwise attractive male penis head; the World Health Organization now recommends that the foreskin be cut off to prevent the male from getting AIDs because the moist, smegma-producing cells of the inner foreskin are very receptive to the HIV virus; educated males and smart parents remove the foreskin from the penis as quickly as possible to promote health and hygiene.
Hey, doc, I dont wanna get AIDs and shit, so please get this foreskin off me right away.
by Jason Corrigan June 17, 2008
The piece of skin hangind from the end of your knob piece.
"Ouch! I've got my foreskin stuck in a vice"
by Anonymous November 09, 2003


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2005 Nissan Murano Q&A
2005 Nissan Murano Question: Strange "thumping" in suspension
We have a 2005 Murano AWD. There is a thumping sound coming from the front suspension that sounds almost like a bass drum. Brakes, rotors and tires are all in good shape. I can not find anything that is loose and don't have any idea where the problem could be to try and fix it. Any suggestions? - jheinemann
0 Answers
This question hasn't been answered yet.Answer It or share it on Facebook , Twitter or Email to get an answer.
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Adventurer to be
Joined: May 2012
Location: Portugal
Oddometer: 81
Very nice trip Jet...
Portugal to Andorra in 1984
Gnarly Adventurer
Joined: Nov 2009
Location: Somewhere in Europe on a Motorbike :)
Oddometer: 490
After a bit of a hiatus here is the latest video blog. I have spent about 40 hours editing this one and have put together a new intro so hope you like it.
Joined: Jun 2009
Location: Arizona--Land of the free and heavly armed
Oddometer: 1,205
In a word
loving ever minute of this--- keep it coming
"Only A Peasant Puts Beans In Chili "
Arizona OHV Ambassador
Joined: Sep 2011
Location: The Dandenong Ranges, Vic
Oddometer: 449
Really enjoying the videos and report.
Great work.
Safe travels.
Gnarly Adventurer
Joined: Nov 2009
Location: Somewhere in Europe on a Motorbike :)
Oddometer: 490
Monday 27th Feb - 4th March - FLORENCE - SAN GIMIGNANO - SIENA - PERUGIA - MATERA
Monday 27th Feb - 4th March - FLORENCE - SAN GIMIGNANO - SIENA - PERUGIA - MATERA
It was all hugs and smiles as we said good bye to Alice in the morning before she headed off for work. We headed on for Florence where we have a pension booked. When we finally find it we are greeted by this elderley Italian man, big guy with a big smile but not much english. He shows us the room, it is in the side of their house. Pictures of his sons achievements line the walls of the dining room and there are plenty of old knick knacks in display cases around the room. The sort that only have value to the person who understands the significance.
Scooters are like ants, lining the streets, weaving in and out of any open space on the road.
We are smack in the centre of the city and head towards the Duomo, Italiano for Cathedral, at the centre of the city.
Green marble, burnt orange tile rooftops are typical of the region but this is by far the biggest Duomo we have seen.
Inside the Duomo the cieling rises up, belittleling, almost intimidating in grandeur. Nicole and I discuss religion. It's not a fiery discussion, we're both Athiests, myself slightly harder line but not the type to push my views on others. I try to imagine what this building would have felt like 300 years prior, before the high rise buildings and feats of engineering we know today. A feeling of awe, work that only devine intervention could inspire, conveying the a similar authority of our modern skyscrapers.
There are a few things you have to take advantage of in Italy. Pizza and Gelati!
We take a walk in the afternoon to see the Ponte Veggio (old bridge) that, if you have ever seen images of Italy, is likely familiar.
The stores along the bridge mostly sell expensive jewellery with the kind of margins I expect would help pay the lease on what is probably one of the busiest foot bridges in the world.
The sun is reaching the horizon and Nicole takes some great photos.
We sit on an open cement area and soak up the last of the sun rays with the locals.
The next morning it is off to the Uffizi gallery. There are two lines to get in, one for express entry, where you pay 3 times as much to get in straight away without waiting, another about 100 people long, where every 5 minutes they let another 10 people through the door. It is a complete rort. After an hour we enter the gallery to find it practically empty. It reminds me of the pretentious night clubs back home in fortitude valley Brisbane, who force you to wait in line on the street, despite the club being barely half full, in order to give the faux appearance of popularity to passers by. This sort of thing really boils my blood and I loathe myself for participating in it but tell myself it will be worth it.
It's not.
Unless you are overly interested in religion, the catholic religion moreover, and have a knowledge of Boticelli and others I don't remember the names of, it is probably worth skipping. The sculptures and works of art all come from a time when the church funded the majority of artwork. To me it is like reading a Rupert Murdoch newspaper and expecting that it accurately reflects the reality of what actually happened. The best thing about the gallery is the view of the Ponte Veggio from the top floor and only a couple of hidden gems in the east wing, tiny examples of Realism, painted by a woman who was into insects. It's extreme detail you have to see up close. However it didn't make up for waiting an hour in line next to a group of chain smokers.
The view from the top.
That afternoon we take the bike an hour away to a small village, built on a mountain, San Gimignano. It's a walled medievil hill town famous for it's white wine and was once a stopping point for catholic pilgrims on their way to rome, or so says Wikipedia. For me it was a quaint town and we walked around the walls for a bit, taking photos and absorbing the landscape. Steeped in cliche romance it was also a chance to try and kiss Nicole for the first time.
The male pidgeon puffs up to court the lady pidgeon.
I can't say there were not opportune moments but two years of friendship puts a lot of pressure into a situation like this. Logic gets the better of me, what is a few more days on 2 years, I leave it for now.
We ride back into Florence and get some rest. The next day we are headed to Siena and Perugia.
The city centre of Siena is a UNESCO world heritage site and one of the most touristy places in Italy.
A pidgeon paces up and down a wall in the famous Piazza del Campo.
We relax, grab some food, people watch and soak up the sun rays. I head one way on our way out, self-assured in where I am going. It takes longer than it should and we find the city walls. We find an exit and I have no idea where we are, so we start the long walk around the wall to where we parked the bike. We're lost. Well, not lost as such, we know that all we have to do is follow the wall and we will get back to the bike but we have no idea how long that is going to take. About 3k's later we find the bike with a much better understanding of how large and complex Siena actually is.
A couple of hours and one close call with a reckless driver later we are in Perugia. There is a farmhouse that we found on the hostelbookers and we turn up without a booking. In low season, this is the way to go, you know their online price and so chances are you will get a better price on arrival given there is no middleman.
The farm is about 10 minutes out of Perugia and has a great view of the old city. We are starting to wear out after a week on the bike and it is time to recharge the batteries. For 2 days we plan, have a look at the old city, edit video blogs, wash the motorbike and pretty much relax. One place that I am very keen to see is the Saturnia natural springs. Someone on ADV sent me the link and as soon as I saw it I didn't think twice about heading there.
Nicole and I finally kiss. There was no hollywood moment and I will spare any details. We crossed a point where there was no going back, neither of us could deny to either ourselves or eachother what half our friends probably suspected anyway. We didn't talk about it, who likes that conversation anyway, we agreed to leave the hard discussion for later.
It's my Birthday, 28 years old, I spend the morning chatting to the family and friends and then we head off for Saturnia. It is sunny and warm. Birthdays are often a time for reflection and Nicole and I chat about the past and plans for the future, skirting around anything too in depth, speaking in generalities.
We stop at a few camping places along the route to find a place but they are all yet to open for the summer. Even if they were open, they all still want more than 20 euro a night for the two of us. If you are headed to the more isolated places in Italy it becomes harder to find budget accommodation. After coming around a bend we can see the Saturnia springs at the bottom of a hill. It is a relief, I forgot to mention, but there is very little information on the net as to their precise location so we were just heading in the general direction with plans to ask the locals if we got stuck. We stop by them briefly but decide to find accommodation and food before coming back for a proper swim.
There is a campsite nearby but it only caters to RV's with a spot to pump out your toilet, 3 phase power sockets and cement parking spaced. Not suitable for us, a bit of nous around the local town finds us cheap pub style accommodation for the night above a bar.
Finally we get down to the spa for a swim. You can smell the sulfur from half a mile away. We had read about the smell but you gloss over any thoughts of this when you see photos of the place. It is probably the smell as to why this place isn't totally overrun with tourists. That in itself is refreshing. As a tourist, the last place you want to be is where other tourists are. As much as I would like to see myself as more of a traveller, the few days before we had been doing a lot of touristing.
About twenty locals, including a soccer team are soaking up the water. With a constant temperature of 37.5 degrees and an air temperature of about 16 it doesn't take much convincing to get in once you are out of your warm clothes. After ten minutes or so you get used to the smell. The texture below the water ranges from sand to pebbles, to slimy rock. Water pummels out of a gap in some reads at the top of the cascade of springs.
We stay for over an hour, just absorbing the warmth and at one point I get up and try and stand under the gushing water, without much luck.
Afterwards we stink of sulphur, it stays in our clothes and hair, and will last for a good 3 more days.
We get a good nights sleep, our plan for the next day is to hit the auto-route and hammer out a solid 600k's to get down to Matera in the south.
It proves to be a long day on the bike, traffic slows us at various places and it's 130kph the whole way. The highway doesn't provide much eye candy and by the time we get into Matera and navigate our way to the local hostel it is after 7pm. Ditching all our gear and having a shower makes us feel that bit better and we walk out to get some dinner and explore for a bit. We are both impressed with Matera. It was in the film the passion of the christ, I mean I haven't watched that film but I can understand why Gibson filmed it in Matera.
The next morning we get up with enthusiasm to explore. We are on a roll with the good weather. Church bells chime and we start walking around the town. Everything is white stone a lot of it polished from the continual wear of feet over time. It is kind of semi circular with houses built on levels cascading down into a natural ampitheatre overlooking another massive valley. We meander down to the bottom of the ampitheatre and find a tourist information point. They point out across the valley and tell us the cliffs are filled with old churches, tucked away and hidden. We can see a semblance of a path that heads down and we ask about hiking it. One of the women at the centre tell us it is a six hour day and we would need to get a guide. Another tells us that we could probably do it by ourselves. Seasoned hikers, we opt for the latter, it looks quite easy to navigate and she points out roughly where the churches are for us.
We jump a fence that was never built with any serious attempt to stop people crossing over. Carefully we decend into the valley below. We can see groups of young teenagers across the valley.
The views are amazing, every way we look. There is a river to cross and we take our shoes off and jump across.
We head through a few bushes and find the church. It's over 1000 years old according to the locals and there is a fresco almost worn away on the walls inside. The rest is tainted by locals scratching their names into the walls. It's amazing to us that such a historic place would be left so open. History to Australians, I guess, is more of a novel thing as opposed to Italians some of whom literally have Roman ruins in their backyards.
A scout leader comes out of nowhere, it was scout troops that we had seen earlier. He has little english but tells us that wecan see more up on top of the mountain.
We have trouble finding anything until we reach the top and bump into a group of scouts. Most of the speak english and their Scout leader has a keen interest in Archaeology. They invite us to follow them around the cliffs.
Their leader shows us various hidden churches, one with tiles leading up to an alter and he tells us that pilgrims would kneel on the ground and lick the tiles all the way up to the alter, a good 4 metres of tile-licking away. We answer a hundred questions from the scouts who are very interested in our travels and an hour later we say our goodbyes and trek back up to Matera. The scouts have built a makeshift bridge to cross the river and they set it up for us to cross.
Once we get back into the town we spend a bit more time exploring the abandoned houses. Some of them are being rebuilt and you can see how they have been turned into pensions to make the most of the tourism to the area.
A solid storm breaks out and we head back to our hostel. It's our last night in Matera and we go to the pizza place in town recommended to us by the scouts. It's damn good pizza!
class A bollockser
Joined: Jul 2006
Location: Johannesburg, South Africa
Oddometer: 146
enjoying your ride report.
enjoying the videos even more.
Gnarly Adventurer
Joined: Nov 2009
Location: Somewhere in Europe on a Motorbike :)
Oddometer: 490
Monday 5th Mar -11th Mar - Matera - Cilentro - Amalfi - Naples - Rome
Monday 5th Mar -11th Mar - Matera - Cilentro - Amalfi - Naples - Rome
We wake up in Matera and hit the road. We want to get to the Cilentro coast road, suggested by an inmate on ADV to us a few months earlier in planning.
It's a few hours on the road and the GPS loses us for a bit, we ride along some rougher roads past farmers harvesting, well we can't tell what it is, but something.
We have reached a straight road following the coast and we know it heads to some mountains before it gets more interesting. I have heard that this area has quite the mafia presence. There are a lot of hotels and restaurants abandoned and the ones still running look like they have seen better days. I imagine if you are running a business with the mafia around then you are only hampered by your own success. The more money you make the more they take and this might not be, but could be the reason the local businesses look like they have had the life blood sucked out of them. We get alot of stares on the bike, suggesting this is the route less travelled by tourists.
A little further and I am cleaning the visor every minute as we are riding through a cloud of salty sea spray. We hit the Cilentro coastal road and the spray is gone, we are 100 metres above the water on a road cut out of the side of the cliff, weaving in and out of small towns.
So far we have had very little luck with camping on the Italian leg. Camping either costs us 30 euro for a night at which we balk and decline, given that we can stay in a hostel for that price.
Camping grounds start to appear on the side of the beach but most of them appear closed. We finally see one with an open gate and we go in to investigate. There are no guests there, plenty of caravans that appear to stay there through the winter. They are locked up, covered in tarps, everything is packed away. We manage to find a guy who is working on something and with a bit of mime we explain we want to camp for a night. He calls his boss. 10 euro for the night, good for us. So that is how we ended up with a whole camp site to ourselves for a night.
I decided I wanted to go for a bit of a swim but I only got about knee deep before giving up and we sat and watched the sunset.
Making the most of the only lighting in the place at the toilet block to cook up ravioli on the jet boil.
Rain came through in the night, making it great fun for breaking camp in the morning.
The road gets a little rough, not much money is getting spent on this part of Italy.
Rough translation "Shit road, drive slowly"
As we make our way up the coast to Amalfi we start passing women on the side of the road, quite dressed up. It is the strait road to Salerno and I imagine they are catering to the tourists in Amalfi. A husband says to his wife "Honey, just headed out for some milk, might take a couple of hours..."
Before we know it we are riding Amalfi... the roads are busy and it is the quintessential example of risk taking in Italian driving. Cars skirt round us on blind corners for the sake of saving a minute or two on their journey. I had seen the busses take corners here on the tv back home and so knew what to expect. When you hear the horn blasting you stop on the side of the road and wait. Sometimes I have no idea how they get these busses around the corners but somehow they manage. The traffic is bad but not chaotic, the benefit of coming here on the cusp of spring while it is still fairly cold.
Check out the bus taking the corner.
When the traffic clears out and you get the road to yourself the riding is something else. As far as coastal roads go, this is mecca. I have some great footage that I will put in an upcoming video blog, photos just don't do corners justice.
Agerola is our stop for the night, it is high up on the mountain and we plan to stay there a couple of days at least. We find a good hostel and settle in for the night. I may not have mentioned it yet but I have secured a volunteer job at a horse ranch in Spain. I need a bit of a break from travel for a bit and am keen to put my 2 years of Spanish study to use. The plan is to go back and stay with Nicole for a week and then head down to the Catalonian mountains where I will stay for 4 or 5 months. The plan, at this stage at least, is still a little vague. Things have changed with Nicole but we haven't worked out what we are going to do yet and we have agreed to not have that conversation, at least for now.
We are now two and a half weeks into our 3 week trip. It is almost over but neither of us wants to think about that yet and we take a hike into Amalfi. We are at around 600m above sea level, and we need to walk down to sea level. The hike we have to take is known for its steps, 900 odd steps. Going down steps sounds easy and for the part it seems easy but after about 300 steps you notice that your stabalising muscles in your legs are working overtime to stop your knees from buckling with each step.
Stopping for a rest on the walk down the stairs.
Amalfi is as to be expected, an overpriced tourist trap. Take away everything and you are left with a really beautiful part of the world so you just have to ignore the 20 euro price tag for a pizza and garlic bread and try and enjoy where you are. There is no way we are hiking back up the hill and so we hop on the bus and experience the road from the other side. On the bus you are quite high off the road and you an easily see over the edge of the road barriers. It's a nice change to be able to enjoy the view without worrying about focussing on the road.
The sun is setting when we get back to the top at Agerola.
Our plan from here is to head further north to Rome where Nicole will fly back to Avignon to get back to her job teaching english. I will head north after that to San Marino, the Ducati museum in Bologna and then slowly make my way back up to Nicole's place in Avignon.
The destination today is Naples, home of Pizza and the supposed mafia capital of Italy. However disaster has struck. I went to plug in my digital camera to charge and the thing stopped working. I take it apart to check for loose wires but everything is miniaturised and I can't tell what is wrong with it. Realistically I know that I have little chance of fixing it but with only the fisheye of the gopro to take photos and footage the attempts to fix the camera are more an attempt at getting past the Kubler-Ross stage of denial. A new camera is out of my budget so most of the photos will stop here, at least until I can find a solution.
The riding today is equally as thrilling as the days before and the further we get away from Amalfi the lighter the traffic gets, meaning I can really lean the bike into the corners.
That afternoon we arrive into Naples. It's rough. Rustic. My street-smart senses can tell it is the sort of place where you need to watch yourself. Traffic is insane, there are no rules, cars are literally weaving into the tram lanes (tram lanes that are isolated by 6 inch high cement gutters mind you) to get ahead in the traffic. "Fuck off to your own country" or something to that effect is yelled out as I am stopped at a light. It is the first bit of hostility I have come across in Italy but easily ignored. At our hostel we find a safe spot in a hallway to park the bike.
There really isn't that much time for us to explore Naples. At this stage the journeysin teh day are enough for me. Nicole has seen Naples before and we need to get to Rome so Rome it is.
It is our second last day together before Nicole flys back to Avignon. We will only be apart for a few days but have become quite used to eachothers company.
The ride to Rome is all filler. We crank out the ks to get there. As we get into Rome I capture a guy on a GSA giving us the wave.
We have been getting a lot of waves from the local riders, especially when they see the British number plates. I wish I had have brought an Aussie flag or something for the bike. Although sometimes you want to attract less attention.
Another rider flies past us in some of the most reckless riding I have ever seen on the road. He is doing at least 90 in a 50 zone weaving through the traffic. As he passes us he turns around to have a second look at us, whilst turning to overtake another car.
That night we check out the main sites in rome. It's nice but the one thing I see that fully takes my attention is a fully black F800GS with the reverse forks and virtually all the parts exchanged for carbon fibre. Yet I don't have a camera to take a photo.
Trevi fountain by night.
The next morning I say good bye to Nicole. She heads for the bus and I punch in the coordinates for San Marino and Bologna. Heading off solo again for the first time in a month.
Gnarly Adventurer
Joined: Nov 2009
Location: Somewhere in Europe on a Motorbike :)
Oddometer: 490
Wiley Wanderer
Joined: Sep 2007
Location: In the mountains
Oddometer: 564
Fantastic stuff, really enjoying your full of life RR and Vid's..keep em coming.
Must say you were really unlucky weather wise.
I was brought up in the North of England; mate, you need some protection, a screen or something if your gonna tangle with that kind of weather.... came to my senses in the end and am now living SW France
Ride safe
Subscribed?.....you bet.
Potski Photos - https://www.flickr.com/photos/potski-photos/sets/ "Don't wait for your ship to come in, swim out and meet the bloody thing" Barry Sheen
Gnarly Adventurer
Joined: Sep 2010
Location: NJ
Oddometer: 380
Just an AMAZING report!! Much pleasure to read and view such a good photos. Thank you for taking us along.
Joined: Aug 2012
Location: Melbourne, AU
Oddometer: 55
This is an amazing report!!! I can't wait to read more. Such wonderful photos, and you write really wonderfully. You should write a book1
Wiley Wanderer
Joined: Sep 2007
Location: In the mountains
Oddometer: 564
+1 We want more
Come on Jet your public awaits.
Ride safe..
Potski Photos - https://www.flickr.com/photos/potski-photos/sets/ "Don't wait for your ship to come in, swim out and meet the bloody thing" Barry Sheen
Gnarly Adventurer
Joined: Nov 2009
Location: Somewhere in Europe on a Motorbike :)
Oddometer: 490
Sorry on the delays guys... Appreciate the feedback :)
I am filming literally every day at the moment. I have some awesome footage in the bag and some crazy things have happened over the past few months. It's just been exhausting and I am almost finished editing the latest video blog... once that is in I will start writing more of the reports.
I haven't given up, I assure you. After November I will have a bit more time to start flying them out the door, and fingers crossed I will have access to a much more powerful computer that I will be able to edit a lot faster on.
Joined: Aug 2012
Location: Melbourne, AU
Oddometer: 55
Hey Jet
This is an incredible ride report and I reckon when you come home, you will have such amazing records of your trip that you'll end up on TV (perhaps with your own mini travel series!). Wonderful.
I'm thinking of doing exactly the same thing (as are many people on ADV I guess). I have a couple of questions --
Do you carry camping gear with you?
Do you stay in hostels each night?
What is your daily budget?
Do you have work you do whilst travelling or did you save up cash before leaving?
What are your essential/most useful items (apart from your cameras of course!)?
Also, I grew up in BrisVegas! Haha. Live in Melbourne now though.
Take care and safe travels.
Gnarly Adventurer
Joined: Nov 2009
Location: Somewhere in Europe on a Motorbike :)
Oddometer: 490
The footage I have is mostly filmed in 720p, not high enough res for television unfortunately. I have already racked up about 700 Gigabytes of footage. If I was filming in 1080p then I would have about 5 Terabytes of data by now and would have to carry around about 5 external hard drives with me... for that reason I am sticking with 720p, which is enough for youtube. TBH I don't know if I would want to be on TV, happy enough just sharing with people online.
I carry camping gear - I think that is really important, helps you keep your budget down and also gives you a back-up option in case things go wrong, such as a break down in the middle of nowhere, you can think a lot more clearly when you break down if you have everything you need to survive a couple of days there (food/camping gear). Plus you don't have to be as organised with accommodation. If you turn up to a city only to find that all the hostels are full, you can at least camp... a lot of hostels will let you camp in their yard if they have one. Which takes me to the next point.
I camp/hostel and have only stayed in a hotel once and a couple of motels in Eastern Europe where it cost about 20 euro or less for the night. I have a budget where I don't have to camp unless I want to, but if I do camp it saves me money. I think this is the best approach, saves you money. So I will camp if it is somewhere really cool, like on a beach, up in the mountains, in a forest but I would rather stay in a hostel than camp in the industrial area of a city just for the sake of saving money. In Western europe camping is not necessarily cheaper than a hostel anyway. Sometimes it will cost 25 euro to camp, when you can stay in a hostel for 30 euro - so its worth the extra 5 euro to save the time making/breaking camp that you could be spending exploring. The European idea of camping is a bit different to ours - they think that taking a caravan to a camp site for 2 weeks is camping - in my mind it isn't. But that means that their camp sites are more set up for caravan tourists and priced that way too.
Hostels are the go, they help you meet people and also nearly always have internet, which helps you plan the next days/weeks of your trip while you are on the go.
Daily budget - not including fuel/bike maintenance is 20 euro per day in Eastern Europe - this was quite doable - you can still stay in hostels and the occasional motel and eat in restaurants twice a day and stay under the 20 euro budget.
Western Europe it is around 30 euro per day, however to maintain a 30 euro per day average means self-catering more often by cooking your own meals in hostels, and also couch-surfing maybe once a week and camping where you can for free (maybe once or twice a week).
I saved up all the money before I left and then quit my job. I have done volunteering work along the way in exchange for free food/accommodation - this has helped me stretch my budget.
My most essential items - warm sleeping bags that can go down to 0 degrees - I would have frozen if not for that. I have these BMW raingear overalls - you need rain overalls if you are going to stay dry, a two piece kit will always result in a wet crouch if it rains hard enough. You can see that in my gear section - I should do a few more actually.
Other pieces of kit that have made my travels easier.
- Thermarest Neoair - this mattress packs down tiny, yet blows up really thick with about 25 breaths. I am a side sleeper and so it means when I go camping I wake up without a sore back. If not for this I would then have to hop on the bike with a sore back and ride all day which would only make it worse.
- Jetboil - a gas boiler for water and cooking - you need one of these but in retrospect I would go for the MSR setup which allows you to use any fuel you want.
- Pacsafes - I have a 120L pacsafe that I can put my main duffel bag into in hostels or use it to lock the bag to the motorbike. I also have a pacsafe backpack which has wire in all the straps to prevent slash and grab robberies -although these are only more common in south america and I have not come across any of these types of attacks yet. That bag also comes with a pacsafe, like a bag with wire all the way through it that I can use to lock up my stuff in hostels. They cost over $200 for everything but well worth it.
The camera setup I have is basic and I have to push it to the limits to get the results I get... when I get home I plan on buying a much better setup so I can continue to make riding videos but at a much higher quality.
My brother moved to Melbs a few years ago, he likes it down there and I am struggling to convince him to come back to Brisbane.
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1993 Toyota Camry Q&A
1993 Toyota Camry Question: Lighter - Fuse or Relay? WAGON
I plugged in an accessory. It worked for a few minutes. The lighter socket is dead. I checked all fuses behind the change tray in the passenger compartment. ALL good. The Lighter appears to be on the same fuse as the Radio. Radio works. Front squirts are out. May be related problem. If not fuse, is there a relay which serves both the lighter and the squirts? What else should I check? How do I remove the dash cover to expose the lighter? - tri3
Answer 1
Check ALL the fuses. Some cars don't use the radio fuse for the cig lighter. Also check the under hood fuses, relays and fuse able links. The device may have over loaded more than just a fuse. AND, don't rule a out a defective socket and/or lighter element. A 1993 Camry can wear out the lighter and the socket. - dandd
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The Top 10 In Action Sports
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09Guns, Roses, And Eating Insects: Adventure Cycling in Vietnam
10From Intense Trails to Intensive Care: Dicing with Death In a Mountain Biking Paradise
Wetsuit Review - C Skins Wired Winter Wetsuit Series 2012
Jeff from the wetsuit centre talks you through this years C Skins Wired Winter Wetsuit Series Review for 2012.
The C Skins Wired in renowned for providing a huge amount of technology for an incredible price. Rider proven technology used throughout the Wired 5x4x3 enables any surfer to perform at their optimum ability. Revised for 2012, the Wired features the Enigma Chest zip. This zip system is taken from the Session model, rotated and fitted to the chest of the 2011 Wired, creating a more secured, yet sinuous zip system.
More information and buy online at http://www.wetsuitcentre.co.uk/c-skins_wired_s2_mens_543_winter_wetsuit_2012


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The CarpathiansSpringer 2013; US$ 129.00
The book includes a broad spectrum of perspectives from different scientific disciplines (both the natural and social sciences) as well as practical knowledge. It gives a new insight into the Carpathian mountain region more...
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Land degradation in drylands is a multi-faceted problem. Consequently, current management approaches that attempt to mitigate such land degradation often fail to produce significant improvements. The processes associated with land degradation in drylands fall at the interface of ecology and geomorphology. For a better understanding of this degradation,... more...
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Process Geomorphology Nature of Process Geomorphology Systems Concept in Geomorphology Thresholds Climate and Processes Frequency Concept of Geomorphic Processes Environmental Change Summary References Geologic Processes and Properties of the Earth Materials Origin of the Earth Fundamental Divisions of the Earth Internal Structure of the Earth... more...
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Lands lost to desert may effectively be lost for ever, so desertification is humanity's most obvious despoliation to the planet. It is certainly one of the most serious environmental problems facing the world today. In this book the author describes what is happening and where. Although the problem is greatest in developing countries, it is by no means... more...
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Below the live oaks, palm trees, cypress swamps, and springs, water is slowly wearing away the limestone bedrock of Florida. The erosion is often unseen, and over time it can result in shocking cave-ins like the destructive spectacle of the 1981 Winter Park sinkhole. Florida Sinkholes --the first comprehensive book on the subject--is an easy-to-follow... more...
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A life of H.L.A. Hart: the nightmare and the noble dreamBy Nicola Lacey
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ABC15 Arizona
By E.W. Scripps Company
Open iTunes to buy and download apps.
The ABC15 app is your destination for Arizona breaking news, weather, traffic, streaming video and in-depth coverage to keep you informed throughout the day.
Our mission is simple. ABC15 is Taking Action to make Arizona an even better place to live.
Please review the app and let us know what you think.
What's New in Version 5.2
We've added a brand new notification preference center in Settings, so now you can choose which alerts you get, and which ones you don't.
This release is optimized for iPhone 6 and iPhone 6+.
Miscellaneous bug fixes and performance enhancements.
Customer Reviews
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The update didn't fix the issue of not being able to listen to music while using the app. The editors continue to link the wrong stories and pictures to the descriptions on the app. The only benefit I see to the update is the font is easier to read.
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- Seller: E.W. Scripps Company
- © 2013 The E.W. Scripps Company
Compatibility: Requires iOS 7.0 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch. This app is optimized for iPhone 5, iPhone 6, and iPhone 6 Plus.


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Crosstalk Reduction in Area Routing
Date Added: Jan 2011
Format: PDF
Interconnect delay dominates system delay in modern circuits, and with reduced feature sizes, coupling capacitance and signal crosstalk have become significant issues. By spacing interconnect wires effectively, and avoiding long parallel runs, coupling can be reduced; with current routing methods, however, this is difficult to achieve. This paper presents a new approach to area routing. Rather than inserting routes sequentially (Using a performance driven maze router), multiple candidate routes for each connection are generated; excess routes are then eliminated iteratively.


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West Liberty has 9 schools. Some of the best schools in West Liberty are Morgan Central Elementary School with a GreatSchools rating of 9/10, and West Liberty Elementary School with a GreatSchools rating of 7/10 and a parent rating of 5/5 stars. The average GreatSchools rating for West Liberty public schools is 6/10, with an average student/teacher ratio of 16:1.
School data provided by National Center for Education Statistics, Maponics, and GreatSchools. Intended for reference only. GreatSchools Ratings compare a schools test performance to statewide results. To verify enrollment eligibility, contact the school or district directly.
Property is in demand due to reduced inventory, as there are more potential buyers than sellers. Bidding wars with other buyers are possible, and listings begin to sell at greater than the asking price.
Not enough data to determine market type. Consult a local REALTOR® for up-to-date market summaries
Trend data coming soon.
Trend data coming soon.
|For Sale: 7
|New: N/A
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|Reduced: 2
|Average Home Price
|Average Sold Price
|Property Records: 60
|Foreclosed: N/A
The average home price in West Liberty is $179,645, which is 187.4% higher than the average sold price in West Liberty ($62,503) . The average home price per square foot in West Liberty is $92 and about 0% of all homes in West Liberty sold in the last 6 months. For West Liberty home values, real estate prices, and city market trends, research the 60 property records or search our 0 recently sold or 7 homes for sale listings. The listings and properties in West Liberty are only a part of the 1,109,598 properties and 25,939 homes for sale in Kentucky. Because of this, the average home price and average home value of West Liberty also influence the average home price $196,280 and average sale price $171,684 of Kentucky. Listing counts, West Liberty home prices and home values in West Liberty are sourced daily from listing and property data on realtor.com®, which is the most up-to-date and accurate aggregation of real estate listings in the industry and includes approximately 800 regional MLSs and is the official website of the National Association of Realtors®.
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The Elveden Country and Craft Show04/07/2015
The Elveden Country and Craft Show- with something for everybody!
The Elveden Festivals of Dogs04/07/2015
The Elveden Festival of Dogs- the show with something for everybody!
Sunday Traditional Car Boot at Stonham Barns on July 5th05/07/2015
Growing every week. Why not come to one where people buy!
Suffolk Coastalnet Networking Event15/07/2015
Join us for an informal and informative networking event and hear a knowledge sharing presentation from guest speaker 3rd Wednesday of every month
Tap Dance Classes16/07/2015
Tap Dance classes for Adult Improvers, every Thursday morning 10am to 11am from 16 July at St John's Church Hall in Woodbridge, Suffolk.


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Africa Business News (Pty) Limited | InsideView Directory
Zafar Siddiqi, Co-Founder, Chairman, Founder of CNBC Arabia, Founder of CNBC Pakistan, Chairman of CNBC Arabia and President of CNBC Pakistan ...
- Moneycontrol.com
CNBC to launch new affiliate channel in Africa. CNBC Africa to launch in 2007 ... Zafar Siddiqi, Chairman of Africa Business News Limited commented, "The launch ...
Zafar Siddiqi: Executive Profile & Biography - Businessweek
Zafar Siddiqi co-founded Africa Business News (Pty) Limited in 2008 and serves as its Chairman. Mr. Siddiqi is Co-Founder of CNBC Africa and serves as its Chairman.
Chairman Zafar Siddiqi is Chairman and Co-Founder of CNBC Africa, Chairman and Founder of CNBC Arabia and President and Founder of CNBC Pakistan. He...
Zafar Siddiqi: Zafar Siddiqi - CNBC Africa
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In a significant development for media diversity and information flows for Africa, a global business-broadcasting leader, CNBC, on Monday announced the ...
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CNBC Africa, an affiliate of business news television network CNBC, went live ... Africa announcing the venture, Zafar Siddiqi, chairman of Africa Business News, ...
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But Zafar Siddiqi, who is heading the venture, is optimistic, pointing out that South Africa alone generates about $600 million a year in television ...
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Mr. Zafar Siddiqi is Chairman and Co-Founder of Murdoch University Dubai and also the Chairman and Co-Founder of CNBC Africa, Chairman and Founder of ...
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more biased coverage
12.10.2006 by adamwestbrook zafar siddiqi, chairman of cnbc africa, an affiliate of the us nbc, said he is planning two new offices in south africa, and others across the country. al jazeera announced the same intention, and offices will be opened in abidjan, ...
Zafar Siddiqi - Sentech News Archive | ITWeb
CNBC announced the launch of its Gauteng presence at a joint press conference with CNBC Africa Chairman, Zafar Siddiqi and the Premier of ...
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Zafar Siddiqi and Ward Edmonds - current issue
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No to vigil aunties - The Hoot
A group of citizens emailed the letter to the Samaa head Zafar Siddiqi (President CNBC Pakistan, with which Samaa is affiliated), and an ...
The African Business Awards 2012 - IC Events
... Bank of Industry; Jim Ovia, CEO, Zenith Bank; Zafar Siddiqi, Chairman, CNBC Africa; Daniel Saliba, Director, Dubai World Africa; Zeinab Badawi, Anchor, BBC.
Ventures Africa | CNBC Africa Opens Bureau In Mozambique
Co-founder and Chairman of CNBC Africa, Zafar Siddiqi, says; Africa's business and economic leaders have the opportunity to change the ...
How does journalism work, now that old media is in disarray ...
08.05.2008 by Cecilia Aronsson Apart from bringing together leaders from the news industry, the conference will this year bring in Zafar Siddiqi (pictured right), Chairman of CNBC Arabiya and CNBC Africa and President of CNBC Pakistan. He will talk about intellectual ...
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On Tue, Jan 24, 2012 at 12:05 AM, wrote: Dear All I have travelled to Khi to look at this matter and yesterday Maya apologised in her program for this. I can...
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... Zafar Siddiqi (Chairman, CNBC Africa),; Nevill Isdel (CEO & Chairman, Coca-Cola Worldwide) and; HE Inoni Ephraim (Prime Minister of Cameroon) as well as ...
Moral policing gets show axed
This letter and a followup letter were sent by a group of citizens to Zafar Siddiqi (President CNBC Pakistan, with which Samaa TV is affiliated).
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14 Nov 2006 ... the channel's chairman Zafar Siddiqi told the media yesterday, Monday 13 November 2006, at the Park Hyatt Hotel in Rosebank, ...
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Crowds pack the city centre for Swansea's Festival of Transport in celebration of cars, campervans, motorbikes, buses, trikes, lorries and trucks.
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Local Aid School Challenge, Gnoll Counrty Park 2015
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It's time for another round of school photos and this time we've delved into the archives for Birchgrove Comprehensive School. From prom night to physics class,...
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text: Jobs Companies & Reviews Companies Salaries Interviews Hiring? Post a Job Visa Consultant Salaries 3 Salaries Sort: Popular Most Reports Salary Salaries in $ (USD) Average Min Max Visa Consultant CIBT (4 CIBT Salaries) $52,527 $38k $58k $52,527 $38k $58k Visa Consultant - Hourly Travisa Outsourcing (1 Travisa Outsourcing Salary) n/a $15 $17 n/a $15 $17 Visa Consultant - Hourly Travisa Visa Service (1 Travisa Visa Service Salary) n/a $12 $13 n/a $12 $13 Embed this report Anonymized Range [?] If we only have one or two salaries posted for at , showing that salary information may risk employee anonymity. So in that case we generate an anonymous salary range by adding and subtracting a small percentage from the posted salary. The small percentage difference offers additional anonymity while still minimizing the difference between the range and the employee's actual salary. Salaries > Visa Consultant Explore More Visa Consultant salaries in San Francisco, CA


text:
4x ABRA / IBHA World Champion Stallion, 3rd AQHA World Show. AQHA Superior Halter Stallion. 77 AQHA Halter Points. 9x World & Reserve World Champion…Stud Fee: $1,250
Blaze and Lightening (named by previous owner). I don't know what all of their riding capabilities are - since we haven't ridden anywhere but the yard…$1,500
I've got a yearling palomino colt for sale. Registered AQHA. Sonny Dee Bar in mother and father. Was purchased last fall and handled almost daily since…No Price Listed
Thank the Stars (Turbo) is a 16 year old off track thoroughbred. He has been off the track since early 2000s. For a few years when I first got him, about…$750
3 year old gelding. Very fast learner and easy to work with. Doing a lot of ground work on A line. Grandson of Hotroddin Zippo and Zippos Sunny. He was…$800
Solid Appy yearling. The more he sheds his winter coat the darker he looks. I can't wait to see his color when he is all slicked up. He has one Appy…$700
4year old halter bred mare by Mochas Gold Fella and a Coolest Reflection mare. Placed third as an early weanling and fifth as a yearling in the Iowa Quarter…$3,000
N/N mare with a lot of size and prettiness. Placed 6th as a yearling at the Iowa Quarter Horse Association Breeders Futurity. This mare has what it takes…$2,250


text:
Sometimes it seems like researchers design experiments specifically to win an Ig Nobel prize. How else do you explain a paper titled "Implanted Biofuel Cell Operating in a Living Snail"?
See also: Solar-powered tanning salon.
Sure, it's green to raise chickens in your backyard, but it's a tragedy that they have to live in rough-hewn, generic coops. What about your chickens' sense of style and feng shui? Luckily, Williams-Sonoma takes this problem seriously.
The Sierra Club's anti-coal campaign has shut down proposals for 166 coal-fired power plants.
You go, grandpa. I think we can overlook a little sidewalk-riding for a guy who was born before television.
A round-up of the news of the day.
What do the latest hydrogen fuel production technology and your tramp stamp have in common? They both take inspiration from butterfly wings.
I'm pretty sure this is the ultimate eco-product: a biodegradable shoe modeled after the Amazonian practice of painting resin onto one's feet to protect them. …
In the northern Indian province of Assam, there's a forest named after one man — not a politician, or a historical hero, but a guy who lives there today. It's named after him because he planted most of its 1,360 acres.


text:
A Rolex Daytona chronograph sold for a record $1.1 million at a Christie's International auction in Geneva yesterday which raised $13.2 million, four times the presale estimate.
As summer winds down, there's still time to think about changing your life and leaving the fast lane of finance for the slow pleasures of winemaking.
Film director Francis Ford Coppola and sculptor Antony Gormley are among the five winners of this year's Praemium Imperiale, an arts prize that's worth 15 million yen ($151,000) to each recipient, organizers said today.
Before "This Is Spinal Tap" and "Best in Show," before the term "mockumentary" was even coined, there was "David Holzman's Diary."
Gordon Gekko, the corporate raider who annihilated rivals in Oliver Stone's 1987 "Wall Street," returns to the big screen at the Cannes Film Festival , which opens today.


text:
A system is disclosed for accurately detecting an alert signal. Improving detector accuracy decreases missed detects and false detects. In one example embodiment the detector monitors received telephone signals for an alert signal such as a CPE alert signal. In such a configuration, the invention processes the received signal prior to monitoring by the detector to remove or reduce unwanted echo, interference and/or other signal portions that may otherwise inhibit accurate detection of alert signals sent from a remote location. In one configuration, the invention performs echo suppression or cancellation on the received signal to eliminate or reduce echo, such as may be introduced by a hybrid.
1. An customer premise alert signal (CAS) receiver system, comprising:
an echo canceller configured to connect to an input line and an output line and generate a processed signal, where the input line carries a received signal and the output line carries a transmitted signal such that the signal processor receives the received signal and the transmitted signal;
a detector configured to receive the processed signal and detect a CAS signal as part of the processed signal, the processed signal comprising a processed version of the received signal from the echo canceller;
a receiver connected to the input line, where the receiver is selectively controllable between an on-state and an off-state, and wherein the receiver is configured, when in the on-state, to receive a caller-ID information; and
a controller, in communication with the detector and the receiver, the controller configured to activate the receiver from the off-state to the on-state upon detection, by the detector, of an CAS signal.
2. The system of
3. The system of
4. The system of
5. A method for detecting an alert signal sent from a remote location and receiving information from the remote location, comprising:
receiving an input signal on an input line, the input signal including unwanted signal portions;
processing the input signal to remove the unwanted signal portions of the input signal to create a processed signal;
monitoring the processed signal to detect an alert;
responsive to detection of the alert, turning on a receiver from an inactive state to an active state to thereby allow the receiver to receive the alert signal, an information signal, or both; and
receiving the information signal with the receiver.
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
10. The method of
11. An customer premise alert signal (CAS) and an information signal receiver system, comprising:
means for generating a processed signal, the means for generating connected to an input line and an output line, where the input line carries a received signal and the output line carries a transmitted signal;
means for receiving the processed signal and detecting an CAS signal as part of the processed signal, the processed signal comprising a processed version of the received signal from the means for generating a processed signal;
said means for receiving connected to the input line and connected to the means for receiving and detecting, where the means for receiving selectively receives the information signal when the means for receiving and detecting detects an alert signal; and
means for controlling the means for receiving, wherein responsive to a signal from the means for receiving and detecting, the means for controlling selectively turns on the means for receiving to an active status.
12. A system for detecting an customer premise alert signal (CAS), comprising:
means for filtering configured to isolate echo from a combined signal comprised of a received signal and echo;
means for combining configured to subtract the output of the means for filtering from the combined signal; and
means for detecting configured to receive the output of the means for combining and monitor for an CAS signal; and
means for activating a receiver, the means for activating a receiver configured to turn on a receiver in response to detection of the CAS signal by the means for detecting.
1. Technical Field
This invention relates generally to telephone systems and in particular to signal detectors with echo cancellation features.
2. Related Art
Advances in technology have increased the features available to telephone service subscribers. One widely offered and commonly subscribed to advanced feature is caller identification and call waiting. Caller identifier ("caller ID") allows a subscriber to received information at the time of a call regarding the calling number and, in some instances, the name of the calling party. This information appears on a display or screen. Call waiting allows a subscriber to receive an indication, often an audible series of beeps while the subscriber is using the telephone, that another party is calling their number. Caller ID and call waiting can be combined so that while a subscriber is on the telephone, the call waiting feature will notify the subscriber of an incoming call and the caller ID display will provide information about the calling party.
The caller ID and call waiting information is sent to the subscriber, and in particular, to the customer premise equipment ("CPE") using special tones known as customer premise alert signals ("CAS"). These signals are sent over standard telephone lines. The CPE includes a monitor or detector, often referred to as CAS detector that monitors for CAS.
There are numerous other types of systems that rely on receipt of detected alert signals for operation. CAS detectors that detect caller ID and call waiting information are one exemplary system that relies on monitoring and detection of transmitted alert signals for desired operation.
Regardless of the particular type of system that relies on the detection of signals for proper operation, one important aspect of operation is that these types of systems accurately detect when a signal is being sent and thereafter accurately receive the signal. Failure to accurately detect or receive a signal prevents the system from operating. In the case of caller ID and call waiting signals, failure to detect a CAS signal will lead to missed calls or failure of the call waiting display to provide the desired information regarding an incoming call.
One problem with prior art CAS detectors is that the signal detectors have difficulty detecting the alert signals. This is especially true for CAS sent while the telephone is off-hook and conversation is occurring. The conversation on the line often disrupts desired detector operation and may lead to missed detects or false detects. A false detect is when the detector falsely detects a signal and initiates action based on the false detect.
Another deficiency is that the operational environment often creates additional unwanted signals and noise that can further disrupt operation of the signal detectors. One example of an undesirable signal that may disrupt desired detector operation is echo. One source of unwanted echo is from a hybrid, a device commonly found in telephones to convert the incoming/outgoing signal path from two conductors to four conductors. Conversely, a hybrid also reduces the signal path from four conductors carrying signals from the telephone to two conductors for transmission to the central office. As signals pass through the hybrid, which is typically not perfectly isolated, reflection signals are created. In addition, the hybrid may create side tones that further disrupt desired detector operation. As a result there is a need for an alert detector configured to reduce or eliminate missed detects or false detects.
The invention provides a system to overcome the undesired effects of the echo that is generated as a signal passes through apparatus of a telephone network. This invention also provides a system for alert detection. Alert detection comprises the monitoring of a received signal for an alert signal. The received signal may comprise a plurality of various signals that interfere with the accurate detection of the alert signal. In an alternative embodiment, signals other than an alert signal may be detected by the invention.
In one embodiment, the invention comprises a signal processor configured to tap into an input line and into an output line, the input line carrying a received signal, the output line carrying a transmitted signal. The signal processor processes the received and transmitted signals to remove various unwanted portions from the received signal to facilitate more accurate detection of the alert or other signals. Removing the unwanted portions of the received signal improves detector operation by reducing signals that may trigger false detects or missed detects. In one embodiment the unwanted signal portions comprise near end echo.
The detector may be configured to receive the processed signal and detect an alert. In alternative embodiments, the invention may comprise a receiver connected to the input line and the detector such that the detector selectively activates the receive when the detector detects an alert signal. Thus the detector activates the receiver to receive data or other information upon detection of an alert signal. In one embodiment, the receiver may be configured to receive and demodulate frequency shift key modulated signals.
In one example operational mode, the invention may improve the accuracy of a signal detector configured to detect a first signal on an input carrying a combined signal. The combined signal may intermittently comprise multiple signals, such as a first, second and third signal. In example method, the system receives and filters the combined signal to remove or reduce the third signal. Next, the invention monitors the filtered combined signal to detected when the first signal is part of the combined signal. In this manner the accuracy of monitoring is improved by removing the third signal because the third signal may comprise an echo signal. The first signal may comprise a customer premise alert signal ("CAS"). The second signal may comprise a voice signal.
In one embodiment the method also comprises activating a detector to receive a forth signal, the fourth signal being sent from a remote location after the monitoring detects the first signal. The fourth signal may comprise caller ID information.
Other systems, methods, features and advantages of the invention will be or will become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the invention, and be protected by the accompanying claims.
The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principals of the invention. Moreover, in the figures, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the different views.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a hybrid.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an example operating environment.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an example embodiment.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an example embodiment of an echo canceller.
FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a method of operation of the invention.
This invention provides a system for improving the performance of a signal detector. The invention is particularly well suited for use in an environment where the signal must be detected over other signals or noise on the channel. One example environment for implementation of the detector is in telephone or associated systems, commonly known as customer premise equipment. In this environment the detector detects signals sent from the central office. In one embodiment these signals comprise alert signals. One example of an alert signal is a CPE alert signals ("CAS") as might be used to notify the CPE that caller identification ("caller ID") information or call waiting information is being sent. Although one embodiment of the invention is described in relation to CPE and CAS the invention can find use in a variety of other environments or applications. The invention will benefit any system where detection of a signal is desired.
In the case of a CPE environment, the alert detector should operate during various modes of telephone operation. The telephone may be off-hook or on-hook. During the on-hook state there is no conversation on the line and hence the detector is less likely to generate missed detects or generate false detects. However, when the phone is off-hook conversation is often occurring and the detector must attempt to detect the alert signal over these other signals. This is more difficult for the detector and missed detects or false detects may occur.
The alert detector typically receives numerous unwanted signals that can interfere with proper detection. FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a hybrid 100 as is commonly found in CPE. This hybrid 100 comprises a 2-to-4 hybrid. The hybrid 100 includes two conductors 102 that travel to the central office ("CO"). The hybrid 100 also includes four conductors 104, 106 that connect to systems within the CPE. The four conductors include two input signal conductors 104 and two output conductors 106. The input conductors 104 carry signals from the CO to the CPE. The output conductors 104 carry signals from the CPE to the CO.
In operation, as the user of the CPE transmits a voice signal, the signal travels to the hybrid 100 on the signal output line 106. The majority of the power of the output signal passes through the hybrid 100 and travels to the CO. However, some of the output signal is reflected back to the input conductors 104 as an undesired echo. The inventors determined that the echo received on the input conductors 104 comprises two signal components, near end echo 110 and far end echo 112. Near end echo 110 comprises an unwanted signal transferred to the input conductor 104 from the signal on the output conductor 106 when an outgoing signal passes through the hybrid 100. Far end echo 112 comprises an unwanted signal received on the input conductor 104 that is reflected back from the CO or other equipment between the CO and the hybrid 100. Both the near end echo 110 and the far end echo 112 interfere with the CAS detectors ability to accurately detect a CAS sent from the CO.
The more disruptive portion of the echo is the near end echo 110 because it is received at a higher power level than the far end echo 112. As a result, the near end echo 110 is disruptive to the detector.
FIG. 2 illustrates an example environment of use of the invention. In one embodiment the invention is incorporated for use with a CAS detector 200 of a telephone 202. The telephone 202 connects to a telephone network 204, such as the PSTN. The telephone 202 includes a hybrid 100 that operates as described above. A coder/decoder ("CODEC") 206 connects to the hybrid 100. The CODEC 206 performs coding and decoding on the telephone signals and performs conversion of the incoming signal from the analog domain to the digital domain and conversion of outgoing signals from the digital domain to the analog domain.
The CODEC 206 connects to a digital signal processor (DSP) 210 configured to perform specialized digital processing and calculations on digitized signals. The DSP 210 provides the advantages of powerful mathematical computational ability and programmability for tailored operation in a particular application. Devices besides a DSP may be adopted for use. These devices includes processors with associated code or logic configurations or other signal processing apparatus.
In this embodiment the DSP 210 is configured to perform various signal processing tasks. One portion of the DSP 210 is a CAS detector 200 configured to monitor for and detect a CAS signal sent from the CO to indicate upcoming transmission of important information. Other portions of the DSP 210 are dedicated to standard telephone operations, referred to on FIG. 2 as communication systems 212.
An echo canceller 216 connects to the conductors that connect the CODEC 206 to the communication systems 212 of the DSP 210 so that the incoming signal presented to the communication systems is also presented to the echo canceller. The output of the echo canceller 216 connects to the CAS detector 200. The echo canceller 216 processes the received signal to remove echo portions of the received signal before presenting the received signal to the CAS detector 200.
The echo canceller 216 taps into the input conductor and the output conductor that connects to the communication system. These line taps provide signals to the echo canceller 216 so that it may processes the incoming signal to remove unwanted signal portions from the incoming signal. After removing these unwanted signal portions, the echo canceller 216 provides the processed signal to the CAS detector 200. In one embodiment, the echo canceller 216 subtracts the near end echo from the received signal and then provides only the received signal to the CAS detector 200.
After the CAS detector 200 receives the processed signal from the echo canceller 216, it performs filtering and processing on the signal to monitor for a CAS being sent from the CO. In one embodiment, the CAS may be a dual tone signal comprising a combination of 2130 Hz and 2750 Hz signals that are 80 milliseconds in duration. In another embodiment, the CAS detector 200 is configured to detect this type of signal. The CAS detector 200 may be configured to detect other signals other than the dual tone signal.
The output of the CAS detector 200 connects to a controller 220. As shown, the controller is external to the DSP. In other embodiments, the controller 220 may be embodied in the DSP 210. The controller 220 receives a signal, such as an interrupt, from the detector 200 that a CAS was sent and detected. The CAS indicates that caller ID or call waiting information is going to be or is being sent from the CO.
The controller 220 connects to and controls a receiver 224 configured to decode or demodulate the data sent after the CAS is detected. In one embodiment the receiver 224 comprises a frequency shift keying modulated signal receiver. The controller 220, upon receipt of an input from the CAS detector 200, sends a signal to the receiver 224 that turns on or enables receiver operation. The receiver 224 is thus active and able to receive and demodulate the information being sent by the CO. The receiver 224 may optionally output this information to an LCD for display, such as to display caller ID information. The controller 220 may seize the channel to prevent the incoming data from being processed by the communication systems 212 and hence heard by the user of the telephone during the conversation.
FIG. 3 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the invention configured more generally to operate with a variety of systems including, but not limited to, CAS detection systems. An input/output line 300 connects to a signal processing device 302 and a communication system 304. The signal processing device 302 connects to a detector 306. The output of the detector 306 controls a receiver 308, the receiver being configured to selectively receive the input from the input/output line 300. A controller 308 may reside between the detector 306 and the receiver 314.
In operation the input/output line 300 carries incoming and/or outgoing signals. It is contemplated that unwanted interference, noise, echo, reflection, or any other unwanted additions to the incoming signal may be combined with the incoming signal. This unwanted portion may undesirably disrupt operation of the detector 306. As a result, the detector may fail to accurately detect alert signals sent to the detector 306 on the input/output line 300.
To overcome this disadvantage, the invention includes a signal processing device 302 to remove the unwanted portions of the incoming signal. After removing the unwanted portions, the signal processing device 302 presents the processed signal to the detector 306. The detector 306 is thus able to accurately detect an alert signal sent to the detector on the input/output line 300 because the unwanted portion no longer interferes with accurate detection.
If the detector does detect an alert signal, it provides an interrupt to the controller 308. Alternatively, the alert or interrupt may be provided directly to the receiver 310. The receiver 310 begins monitoring and receiving signals on the input/output line 300 as intended by the apparatus transmitting information or data.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an example implementation of the signal processing device 302 shown in FIG. 3. In this example implementation, the signal processing device 302 comprises an echo canceller using adaptive feedback to dynamically track and cancel near end echo. As shown, an estimator 402 receives the transmitted signal on an input 404 that connects to a conductor carrying the transmitted signal. The estimator 402 also receives the received signal on a input 406 that connects to a conductor carrying the received signal.
The input 406 also connects to a summing junction 410. The summing junction 410 also receives input comprising the output signal from the estimator 402. The output of the estimator 402 is subtracted from the signal received on the input 406 to create a summing junction output on the summing junction output line 412. The summing junction output 412 connects to a detector 416 and feeds back into the estimator 402. The output of the detector 416 comprises a signal indicating when the detector has detected a predetermined signal, such as an alert signal. In one embodiment, the detector 416 may providing this output to a receiver or controller. In other embodiments, the detector 416 continues to receive the signal and passes it directly to a receiver or other processing device.
In one embodiment, the estimator 402 comprises a finite impulse response (FIR) filter operating in the digital domain. In general, a digital filter is designed to manipulate discrete data sequences to remove noise, extract information, or perform other processing. The FIR filter is a linear discrete time system that forms its output as the weighted sum of the most recent and a finite number of past inputs. The FIR may be time invariant or time variant in design and operation. In one embodiment the estimator 402 is a adaptive FIR filter. The adaptive FIR provides the advantage of actively and dynamically adapting to the channel characteristics to improve operation.
In operation, the system 302 shown in FIG. 4 operates as follows. The estimator 402 receives the transmitted signal on input 404 and the incoming received signal on input 406. The estimator 402 also receives feedback on summing junction output 412. The estimator 402 isolates the portion of the received signal on input 406 that is the unwanted interference and, using summing junction 410, subtracts the interference from the received signal. The output of the summing junction 410 thus comprises the received signal without the unwanted interference.
In one embodiment, the interference comprises near end echo and the estimator comprises an adaptive FIR. In this configuration the estimator utilizes the transmitted signal and the received signal to make an estimate of the amount of near end echo. Near end echo can be evaluated based on a comparison of the transmitted and received signal. In another embodiment, the difference between the received signal and the output of the estimator 402 is routed back to the estimator to control the weighting of the coefficients of the FIR filter. A training sequence may also be used to establish coefficient weighting. The training phase may occur as part of the initialization process or periodically during operation. In one embodiment a least mean square algorithm is adopted to minimize the error and to adapt to time-varying environments.
Because the signal processing device generates the received signal without the near end echo, the detector 416 more accurately detects signals sent to the detector. The estimator 402 is able to adapt to changing channel conditions and to various levels of interference or near end echo.
FIG. 5 is a flow chart of an example method of operation. The invention is not limited to this method of operation which is provide for purposes of understanding on not limitation. At step 500, the system initializes or configures the echo canceller for operation. In one embodiment, this comprises determining the coefficients of a finite impulse response filter that is configured as a near end echo canceller. The coefficients may be determined during a training sequence or during manufacturing based on estimated equipment and echo characteristics. Apparatus other than an echo canceller may be used.
Next, at step 502, the system receives and monitors the signal transmitted from the device. In one embodiment, the device comprises a telephone and the transmitted signal comprises the signal sent from the telephone. The system also receives and monitors the received signal at step 504. In another embodiment, the received signal is understood to comprise a signal sent from one or more telephones connected to the system and an echo portion. The echo portion is understood to be generally undesirable and may interfere with operation of a detector configured as part of the system or connected to the system.
After receiving these signals the system isolates the unwanted echo portion of the received signal that contains the unwanted echo. This occurs at step 506. In one embodiment this operation is performed by an echo canceller.
At step 508, the system subtracts the isolated echo portion from the originally received signal to create a processed signal. As a result, the received signal, without unwanted echo, may be isolated for use by the system. Removing the echo portion of the received signal is but one example of the type of unwanted signal components that may be removed in accordance with the invention. In other operating environments signal components other than echo may be removed to obtain a signal void of unwanted components. This will increase detector or receive accuracy in a variety of systems.
Next, at step 510, the system provides the processed signal to a detector or other receiver with capability to monitor for a particular type of signal. In one embodiment the detector comprises a CAS detector configured to monitor for a CAS from a central telephone office.
At step 512, the system may provide the processed signal, as feedback, to the echo canceller. The operation thus continues in this manner as shown so that the coefficients may be dynamically set or changed in real time. In other embodiments the processed signal is channeled back to the echo canceller only at start-up or during a training sequence.
At step 514, the detector monitors for an alert signal. The alert signal may comprise any signal or pattern of tones. The alert may be an alert signal that provides an indication that information signal is to be sent or the alert signal may comprise data. After step 514, the operation returns to step 502 and step 504 and the process continues.
While various embodiments of the application have been described, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that many more embodiments and implementations are possible that are within the scope of this invention. Accordingly, the invention is not to be restricted except in light of the attached claims and their equivalents.
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text:
Neurofibromatosis: what is it?
19 June 2007 12:00 AM
Our three-year-old daughter has been diagnosed with neurofibromatosis. She was born with quite a few small, pale brown skin marks, which caused her no problems. We thought they were just simple birthmarks. When she went to the GP about something unrelated, she saw a new doctor who thought the marks might represent an underlying problem. She was sent to a paediatrician, and after scans and examinations, we've been told that she has neuro-fibromatosis type 1. It's apparently a genetic condition, but neither of us has any sign of it. Where can we find out more about it? I looked on the internet, and some of the stuff I saw was frightening.


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A true classic, the Sabine Side Table is handcrafted from solid mahogany wood in a Rococo style to add a touch of opulence and drama to your bedroom. Sweet dreams!
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