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A multi-fiber for use in an endoscope having a plurality of fiber optic bundles. Each bundle comprises cores A, B, C and D, each core having a different index of refraction. The index difference between cores is at least 0.02 to produce mismatch in the propagation constants in the cores and to substantially reduce crosstalk among the cores.
1. A visible image-carrying multi-fiber comprising:
a first group of cores having an index of refraction N1;
a second group of cores having an index of refraction N2, the cores being positioned in a matrix;
the cores of the groups being arrayed so that the adjacent cores of any core are members of the other group;
the indices N1 and N2 being greater than the index of the surrounding matrix and the index difference between N1 and N2 being at least about 0.02 to produce substantial mismatch in the propagation constants in the cores and to substantially reduce cross talk between any core of one group and any core of the other group.
2. The multi-fiber of claim 1 which comprises:
distal optics to form an image of an object onto the distal end of said multi-fiber.
3. The multi-fiber of claim 2 wherein the distal optics is a spherical lens.
4. The multi-fiber of claim 3 wherein the lens includes a circular shoulder and a smaller hemispheric lens extends from the shoulder.
5. The multi-fiber of claim 1 which comprises:
proximal optics to project the image at the proximal end of the multi-fiber.
6. The multi-fiber of claim 2 or 5 which comprises:
means to illumate the object to be viewed.
7. The multi-fiber of claim 1 wherein the distal end is bevelled.
8. The multi-fiber of claim 1 which includes:
third and fourth groups of cores having indices of refractions N3 and N4, the indices of refraction of N3 and N4 being different from one another and from either of the indices of refraction of the cores N1 and N2, the index of refraction between the higher and lower index cores being at least about 0.06.
9. The multi-fiber of claim 1 wherein the cores are about 0.8 microns in diameter and are spaced about 2.5 microns center-to-center.
10. The multi-fiber of claims 1 or 9 wherein there are about 10,000 cores in said multi-fiber.
The present invention relates to endoscopic devices and in particular to a fiber optic endoscope embodying a "flying spot" fiber(s).
The transmission of light through thin fibers of glass or plastics have permitted a variety of instruments for the visualization of otherwise inaccessible organs and tissues inside the human body. Such instruments are broadly referred to as endoscopes and have been useful in the diagnosis and treatment of, for example, gastro intestinal and respiratory diseases.
In recent years, thin, flexible optical fibers have allowed for the remote viewing, photography, biopsy and surgery of organs and tissues. Such thin, flexible optical fibers, also known as fiber optics, are incorporated in endoscopes to enable the transmission of light to illuminate the internal space being viewed and/or enabling the object so illuminated to be viewed. Generally, the viewing capability is accomplished by aligning multiple fibers so that the relative position of each fiber is the same at each end of the bundle. The methods and apparatus transmitting images thereon is well known.
In addition to light and image transmission, endoscopes frequently have auxiliary channels through which fluids can pass, either to or from the observation site or through which implements and tools can be remotely controlled. In addition to the above, fiber optics are used in guiding laser radiation for applications in surgery, fluorescent methods of diagnosis and high intensity illumination. The fiber optics and endoscopes have also been applied to the development of a variety of transducers for the measurement and monitoring of parameters, such as blood flow, temperature, pressure and the like.
Recent developments have involved the use of fiber optics in an endoscope known as a cardioscope to allow for the visualization of intracardial structures. This field, better known as angioscopy, may be defined as the technique for visualization of the inner surfaces of blood vessels by means of the cardioscope. Since its introduction, advances in the use of the cardioscope have enabled the fiber optics to be inserted into arteries and vessels to enable visualization. Flexible fiber optic scopes have also been recently used to beam laser energy and to observe orifices in the coronary arteries of patients.
Because of these advances in the application of endoscopes, there is a continuing need to develop fiber optics of very small diameter which are nevertheless capable of performing all of the above-described functions. Typical endoscopes presently include a bundle of fiber optics, each having a light transmitting core and an outer cladding. The light enters the end of the core and through internal reflections passes down the core to the other end. A multiplicity of such fiber optics may be gathered together in a bundle along which light passes to illuminate the object at the distal end of the endoscope. A second bundle, arranged in a coherent manner, may also be incorporated to provide a means of viewing the illuminated area at the distal end of the endoscope. Various other channels, as described above, may be provided for the transmission of fluids, the control of miniature tools or surgical instruments or any other desired function. The illuminating bundle, the visualizing bundle and the auxiliary channels are gathered together in a multi-lumen or hollow cylindrical sheath. The sheath necessarily has a thickness which increases the thickness and bulkiness of the endoscope, often preventing its use in smaller vessels of the body. The resolution of a fiber optic endoscope is limited by the core-to-core spacing. Below a certain spacing, cross talk degrades the image. Even above the theoretical fundamental limit there are practical problems in manufacturing a `loose fiber` endoscope with a spacing of less than seven (7) microns. Therefore, it is desired to make an endoscope which has a decreased diameter to thereby increase the application of the endoscope in examining increasingly smaller blood vessels and for other uses as well. The present invention provides an endoscope of for example 0.5 to 2 microns effective fiber spacing.
It accomplishes this by using a multi-fiber whose adjacent cores are phase mismatched, a flying spot fiber(s) or a flying spot multi-fiber.
My invention, in a preferred embodiment, is a fiber optic endoscope which comprises a flying spot optic imaging device having fiber optic means to illuminate an object to be viewed and to view the object illuminated. The fiber optic has a proximal end and a distal end. Means to display the object viewed is in communication with the proximal end. A lens is in optical communication with the distal end. Means are provided to impart to the fiber optic, a scanning mode, which may be in the form of a X, Y raster, a spiral scan, an oscillating scan and/or a rotary scan.
In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the fiber optic comprises a multi-fiber and the fibers scan by movement of the fibers themselves. The object lens is substantially spherical. The output signal may be converted to a standard TV signal and displayed.
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a basic embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic of a scan pattern;
FIG. 3 is a schematic of a lens;
FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a lens fiber optic combination;
FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 are schematic illustrations of an imaging technique of the invention;
FIGS. 8 and 9 are illustrations of fiber optic ends;
FIGS. 10 and 11 are illustrations of image planes with a lens of the invention;
FIG. 12 illustrates a rotary scan;
FIGS. 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 are schematics of fiber optic configurations;
FIGS. 18 and 19 illustrate alternative scanning modes;
FIGS. 20, 21 and 22 are fiber optic patterns of fiber optic combinations used in a rotary scan;
FIG. 23 is a schematic of a multi-fiber;
FIG. 24 is a schematic of a fiber bundle;
FIGS. 25 and 26 are schematic illustrations of a system embodying the invention;
FIG. 27 is an illustration of a time gating system useful with the invention;
FIG. 28 is a schematic of an embodiment for illumination and viewing in synchronism; and
FIG. 29 is a schematic view of a fiber and lens fixed to one another for scanning as a single unit.
In the simplest embodiment of this invention, a single fiber traces out an X, Y raster. The fiber may be secured to an electromagnetic driver which provides a sinusoidal vibration at a high frequency W1 in the X axis and a lower frequency W2 in the Y axis gives a fair approximation of the traditional raster if the format is cropped and the return trace blanked out. Preferably, the format is cropped so the speed is not objectionally non-linear within the remaining format. Illumination can be carried out-bound in the same fiber that does the viewing. If the object is not viewed directly, but the viewing light as a function of time is detected and used to generate a video display then any background reflected light can be subtracted electronically from the image light. As shown in FIG. 1, general illumination of the field of view can be used with a light source that goes around the imaging optics. The object to be viewed is shown at 2. A fiber optic, 4, for illumination goes around the imaging optics, 6. The viewing fiber optic, 8, has its distal end in optical communication with the imaging optics, 6. In this embodiment, as with TV, the illumination may be a flying spot with unscanned viewing or the viewing may be a flying spot with unscanned illumination or they may both be scanned in synchronism. The fiber may be caused to vibrate with an electromagnetic driver 10. The fiber is preferably cut to a length such that it vibrates naturally at the X frequency, W1, thus the excursion of the driving magnet need not be more than a small fraction of the tip excursion. Alternatively, a rectangular fiber to obtain a natural resonance vibration of W1 on one axis and W2 on the other axis can be used. Still further, the fiber can be very stiff or the driver can be near the loose end so that all the motion is provided by the excursion of the magnet itself. Resonance effects are used only to decrease the power and size of the magnet.
In another embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 2a and 2b, the scan can be a spiral. This can be accomplished by rotating the fiber rapidly about its axis. Referring to FIGS. 2a and 2b, a fiber 12 is secured to a shaft (not shown) of a motor 14 for rotation with the shaft. A bearing sleeve 16 is secured over the fiber. The rotational speed is held constant and the sleeve 16 is moved back and forth along the length of the fiber until the fiber is neutral. That is, the centrifugal and spring return forces are equal. The centrifugal force tends to make the fiber fly away from the center and the spring force tends to restore it. The centrifugal force is W2 R and the restoring spring force is hR so the device is to a first approximation neutral. That is, it can fly around at any radius at just the right rotational frequency but will finally fly out of control in excess of that frequency. For any rotational frequency less than the critical frequency, the fiber will tend to stay centered. The fiber is caused to spiral outwardly and inwardly by either varying its rotational speed up and down about the neutral speed or by varying the bearing position to vary the neutral frequency or by changing the mass. This can be accomplished by pumping a liquid back and forth in a hollow tube in the fiber.
In either scanning format, X, Y or spiral, the object can be viewed directly as long as the proximal and distal ends scan out the same pattern and are synchronized. When a photodetector is used to generate a video signal, the electronic scanning pattern in the oscilloscope is caused to replicate the scan of the fiber and is synchronized with the fiber scanning pattern. Further, other scan format conversion systems can be used once there is an electronic signal and these other scan format conversion systems are well within the skill of the art.
Another important aspect of the invention is to use spherical lenses of high index material--preferably non-birefringent. With a very small sphere of index of refraction of 2.0, the image surface of an object at infinity lies on the surface of the sphere, as shown in FIG. 3. The image is shown in dots 20 on the sphere or lens 22. Typically, the diameter of the lens used in the device of my invention may be between 0.25 to 0.50 mm. Generally, spherical lenses are not used in these applications because the aberration is too great. However, the numerical aperture (na) is stopped at about 0.5, the aberration is less severe and the aberration scales down in proportion to the lens diameter. For a sphere of 0.020 inches in diameter, a resolved spot of about 1 micron has been measured for visual monochromatic light. This is close to the diffraction limit. As the sphere becomes larger, the aberration scales up linearly even though the diffraction spot size itself does not. A further reason prior art devices do not use spherical lenses is it is not easy to couple a spherical lens to a fiber. When the fiber is looking at an image 30� off-axis it should still be in contact and to minimize aberration should be looking at the center of the sphere. This is shown in FIG. 4.
When the device of my invention is used to examine the walls of a cylinder, such as a blood vessel or ureter, if the fiber is 30� off axis (for example), it is not looking at an object far away but at the wall of a tube which is close by. This is shown in FIG. 5. Thus, to an approximation a "flat faced" scan approximates the image surface of a cylinder as seen through a spherical lens. To accommodate the view shown in FIG. 6, the scan of the fiber optic should follow the surface of the lens. For a sphere of index of refraction of 1.5 for example, instead of 2.0, the image surface 22 for an object at infinity is still a sphere but it is away from the surface of the lens. This is shown in FIG. 7.
The advantage of the spiral scan is that the fiber can be moving along its axis toward and away from the lens to keep the end of the fiber at or near the surface of the lens. With an X, Y raster scan, the motion required to follow the surface of a sphere would include a much higher frequency; that is, once per X scan instead of once per frame.
To partially correct for spherical aberration, the fiber tip can be cut on a bias, as shown in FIG. 8, to tip the exit cone toward the center of the sphere. This tipping is rotated in synchronism with the scan so that it remains inward. Of course, during that part of the scan when the fiber is near the center line, the tipping increases aberration. Preferably the tip of the fiber is bevelled, as shown in FIG. 9, so it will not hit the sphere.
Surprisingly, it has been discovered that a lens of the geometry, such as shown in FIG. 10, gives a much improved image and allows the use of a non-biased fiber. A spherical lens 30 has a stepped surface 32 formed therein to create a sphere 34 within a lens 30. The diameter of the sphere 34 is between 0.5 to 0.6 of the diameter of the lens 30. This lens gives a much improved image contour 36. The image of a plane at infinity almost hugs the surface of the smaller sphere 34 out to about 30� and the aberration is greatly reduced because the principle ray of the fiber is tipped inwardly toward the center of the large lens. The exact image surface is shown in FIG. 11. The lens of FIGS. 10 and 11 requires no bias cut on the fiber and moves the image to slightly off the surface of the sphere. Thus, the use of the modified lens reduces spherical aberration.
To minimize or eliminate chromatic aberration, as will be described with reference to the preferred embodiment, a first frame is dedicated to red, a second frame to yellow or green and a third frame to blue. A spinning filter wheel at the proximal end accomplishes this. The spacing between the tip of the fiber and the sphere is slightly modified for each frame to put the surface traced out by the fiber as near as possible to the best focus of the color of that frame. Obviously, the ideal image surface varies with what one is viewing. Looking at a large cavity, such as a stomach, everything is at a large distance--approximately at infinity and the image tends to hug the sphere. Looking at a blood vessel (cylinder) the image surface is very much flattened.
Thus, the surface swept by the fiber can be tailored ad hoc by computer and feedback to approximate good focus for any reasonable object geometry. The techniques for determining the best focus are well known to those skilled in the camera art. Any corrections that are not symmetric about the axis will require a high frequency focusing mechanism.
In another embodiment of the invention, referring to FIG. 12, a spiral scan can be obtained with more certainty where the fiber is relatively stiff. The fiber is rotated and a double rotary motion is provided. θ1 is rapid and θ2 goes through one revolution per frame. When θ2 is inward, the fiber is at the center of the spiral. When θ2 is outward, the fiber is at the outer extremity of the spiral (θ1 is measured relative to the line connecting the two centers of rotation).
In a still further embodiment of the invention the single fiber flying spot is replaced by multiple fiber flying spots. Referring to FIG. 13 multiple cores 40 are shown. Each fiber scans one line in an X, Y raster instead of one fiber scanning in both X and Y. To avoid cross talk, the cores are spaced apart by 6 to 8 wavelengths (if the fibers have a n.a. of 0.5). To insure that the area is not sparsely scanned, each fiber scans rapidly in the X direction across the whole frame and scans slowly in the Y direction by at least the distance between the fibers. As shown in FIG. 14, this retains the minimal allowed fiber-to-fiber spacing but provides a dense scanning array in Y.
The spacing between cores can be decreased if the cores are not phased matched. Referring to FIG. 15, there are alternating cores 40 and 42. If 40 is made out of a glass of index 1.65 and 42 out of a glass index 1.60, and the cladding of index 1.52, the two cores are phased mismatched with a beat length of approximately 20 wavelengths (about 10 microns for visible light). This gives the requirement that the power transferred in 10 microns of length be small. It is well within the art to calculate the separation necessary to accomplish this (surface-to-surface spacing). It is approximately 1 to 2 microns (instead of 3 to 4 microns if the cores are phased matched).
In FIG. 16 an embodiment is shown wherein the spacing is further reduced. Here the alternating cores 40-42 have a separation of about 0.5 microns between adjacent cores with free space between the cores.
Referring to FIG. 17, in a three column array, cores 40 have an index of 1.65, cores 42 have an index of 1.60 and the cores 44 have an index of 1.63. The proximal and distal ends of the fibers are scanned in synchronism, or various electronic scanning means can be provided. For example, the proximal end can be held fixed against a single row charge coupling device (CCD) camera. The CCD is read out rapidly to accomplish a Y scan between adjacent pixels in the X direction. This is done repeatedly. The X scan is slow and the Y scan is fast.
FIG. 18 shows a means for generating a one dimensional oscillator motion without use of an electromagnetic driver. A fiber optic bundle 44 is secured to a relatively massive support 46. A rotary eccentric cam 48, driven by a shaft from the proximal end and suitably supported, engages the fiber optic 44 and oscillates the fiber optic as shown.
As shown in FIG. 19, in another embodiment, the cores of a fiber optic bundle are positioned so each of the cores in one half interlaces with the cores in the other half. The bundle is rotated about its central axis. As before, the scanning fiber can be used for illumination or viewing or both. The scan of FIGS. 18 and 19 may easily be accomplished by simply rotating the cam or fiber bundle, say for example, at 15 to 30 revolutions per second.
If illumination and viewing are not both scanned then efficiency in the use of the light is extremely low, in the ratio of the area of the fiber to the area of the frame. For 200 pixels across (40,000 pixels per frame) the efficiency is 1 over 40,000 if a single fiber is scanned. It is 200 over 40,000 or 1 over 200 if a strip of fibers as shown in FIG. 13 is scanned. The efficiency can be increased by scanning a sparse, two dimensional array of fibers, as shown in FIG. 20.
Increased separation adversely affects the efficiency of light used but not the resolution. By scanning both proximal and distal ends in synchronism, the discrete matrix appearance disappears. This is basically a multiple flying spot scanner. A number of scanning modes are possible such as previously described.
A preferred scanning mode, with a multi-fiber flying spot scanner 50 is simple rotation as shown in FIG. 21. Averaged over one complete rotation the coverage is reasonably uniform. This may be further improved upon by superimposing a rotation of the axis itself in which the axis 52 is displaced no more than the spacing between two fibers, as shown in FIG. 22.
The contouring of the distal end of this two dimensional bundle of fibers is similar to the surface generated by the single flying spot scanner previously described and the same lens 30 is useful. The fiber bundle can be tapered by a drawing process using a very short hot zone such as a laser beam as is known in the art. However, it has the disadvantage that any distortion that is not rotational symmetrical is deleterious to a rotary scanning mode and vibrational scanning is very limited if the surface is concave. A compromise to minimize damage from distortion is to use an oscillatory scan with small excursion with the same driving means shown in FIG. 18.
In a working fiberscope of the invention, two viewing devices can be used as previously described. For example, one device can look ahead and the other can look at right angles. One or both may be retractable so they will not interfere with the view of each other. In either case the lens can rotate with scanning rotation of the fiber or it can be rotated separately. In a further embodiment, two devices can be used to obtain a stereoscopic view. With this, one can illuminate through one scope and view through the other and then alternate rapidly, such as once per frame.
In the preferred embodiment of the invention, referring to FIGS. 23 and 24, a multi-fiber 60 comprises a plurality of fiber optic bundles 62, each drawn into a hexagonal shape, so they can be more easily nested when the multi-fiber is formed. Each bundle comprises cores A, B, C and D embedded in a cladding matrix 64. The cladding 64 is ordinary soda lime tubing having a refractive index of 1.52 such as available from Corning Glass or Owens Illinois. The Owens Illinois tubing is called R6.
The four different cores each have indices of refraction as follows:
______________________________________ A. 1.56 (BaK 5)* B. 1.58 (LF 5)* C. 1.60 (F8)* D. 1.62 (F2)*______________________________________
This core material is available from Schott Glass Co., West Germany, *Schott catalogue numbers. The cores are arrayed, as shown in FIG. 24, such that no similar cores are adjacent one another. The cores and, cladding are drawn together to form the bundle 62. The bundles are then drawn together in an outer glass sleeve to form the round multi-fiber 60. Although the bundles 62 are each shown as a hexagonal array, the arrays can be square, round etc. The resulting multi-fiber 60 has a number of distinct optical channels, each with its own cladding for optical isolation but fixed to its neighbor in the desired geometrical array. In the preferred embodiment, the cores are in a hexagonal pack. The minimum usable separation of the cores in the multi-fiber is determined by the refractive indices of the cladding and the cores and the core diameters.
The multi-fiber 60 is then finally encased in a smooth metal tube 66 to form a fiberscope 68. The number of cores in the multi-fiber 60 is about 10,000. Each core has a diameter of 0.8 micron. The core-to-core spacing measured center-to-center is 2.5 microns.
The lens 30 has the following dimensions and optical properties 0.5 mm diameter, index 2.0.
Referring to FIG. 25, the fiberscope 68 is driven by a motor 72. The motor, such as a D.C. motor, has a hollow shaft. The fiberscope 68 is secured in the hollow shaft for rotation therewith. The proximal end of the fiberscope communicates with a CCD (charged coupled device) camera 76. Moveable ring bearings 80 and 82 are adapted to slide back and forth along the length of the fiberscope 68, with reference to its longitudinal axis to control the scan pattern. A light source 76, such as a xenon tube, provides the necessary illumination.
The fiberscope 68 and the lens 30 are received in a sheath 84 (the tip of the endoscope) which is inserted into the cavity under examination. (The fiberscope 68 may be used with any endoscope). The sheath 84 is secured to the housing supporting the motor 72 and bearings 80 and 82 in any suitable manner. Referring to FIG. 26, the lens 30 is secured to the sheath 84. Also, a window 86 is secured to the end of the sheath 84.
The fiberscope and lens 30 are rotated at 30 rps and the scanning mode is that shown in FIG. 21. The cores A, B, C and D transmit the light to the object. A typical phase mismatch beat length for the preferred embodiment would be 30 microns. The distal and proximal ends rotate in synchronism. The distal ends of the cores scan the image plane and the scanned image is returned via the cores A, B, C and D to the proximal end of the fiberscope where the image information is read by the CDD array. The transmission of the image and its display are well within the skill of the art whether the display be solid state imaging device, TV, oscilloscope, etc.
Although it is possible to send the illumination beam distally through the same path that the image travels, it is not always practicable to do this because of unwanted reflections. As a practical matter, in endoscopes, they are encased in sheaths, as shown schematically in FIG. 26, and typically include a window such as 86 distally beyond the lens 30 to keep foreign material away from the lens and, in this case, the vibrating fiber. The reflection from the window will vary as the fiber goes through its scan. One way to avoid the reflection problem is to illuminate with a pulsed laser and then gate the return signal so as to exclude reflections from the lens and the window. For example, for a given pulse the reflection from the lens will arrive first, then the reflection from the window and then the reflection from the object. As the object moves further away, the frame discrimination necessary to gate successfully becomes less difficult. A suitable gate mechanism is homodyning, i.e., a returning signal is beaten against a delayed pulse. The delayed pulse is made to overlap that part of the light train corresponding to the object. The return image light may be divided into three or four paths. This can be done optically or with the fiber optics. In any event, the reflective phase between the homodyne and signal pulse varies by 120� between detectors (or 90� if there are four detectors). An electronic logic circuit chooses the detectors which have the greatest signal difference. This difference is interpreted as the image signal. The homodyning only overlaps the object signal. Reflections from any other surfaces are not homodyned and so the detectors respond equally to these signals. This scheme is shown in FIG. 27.
The gating time for this homodyne scheme is limited by the pulse length available. It is possible within the art to achieve pulses as short as 10-11 seconds, or even 10-12 seconds. This corresponds to about 1 mm or 0.1 mm in object distance. Whereas, the most rapid photodiode response is about 10-9 seconds or a little shorter. This corresponds to about 10 cm in object distance.
The return light can also be gated with an electro-optic Mach-Zender or the like in 10-9 seconds to 10-10 seconds is about the practical limit for this application. The choice of a Mach-Zender, a homodyne device or a fast photo diode will depend primarily on the object distance expected to be encountered.
Therefore, with this embodiment, a signal channel (core) scanning fiber optic image device uses the same path, at least in part, for illumination and signal processing using time gating to discriminate between object signals and undesired backscatter or reflection in the system. Generally the device will have more than one channel and time gating will be provided for each channel. With the time gating, one may also derive a three dimensional image in the manner of radar by noting the time of arrival of the object signal.
An alternative to the time discrimination scheme is to carry the illumination down one channel and the return image back another channel so backscatter is not a problem.
In still another embodiment of the invention, referring to FIG. 28, both illumination and viewing are scanned in syncrhonism. Fiber 90 carries the illumination through lens 92 to the object 94. Lens 96 focuses the image, which image is carried by fiber 98. There is a convergence problem by the amount of the angle θ. This angle decreases as the object distance increases. At the expense of illumination efficiency, the illuminating beam can be defocused to form a spot larger than the viewing spot. A disadvantage of having to control convergence is a potential advantage. By sweeping out the image with θ1 and then with θ2 then θ3, the distance dimension can be traced out. A second potential benefit is stereoscopic viewing on alternate scans the illumination can travel in A and the view in B and on the next scan the illumination in B and the view in A.
In the disclosure so far, reference has been to a two dimensional object. The fiberscope of the invention is also used for scanning a one dimensional object, such as a bar code on a scale, or two one-dimensional objects side-by-side, such as an object edge position along a scale.
In the prior embodiments, there has been a fixed lens and a fiber(s) scanning relative to the lens. In this embodiment, the fiber and lens are secured to one another in a fixed relationship. The disadvantage is that scanning with the fiber-lens takes up more space. However, when the device is passing through a narrow aperture, such as a hypodermic needle, into a large cavity, such as the stomach, there is ample room for excursion of the scan. The advantage is that there is no problem of image degradation as the fiber moves off axis relative to the lens, because the two are fixed with the fiber on axis. As shown in FIG. 29, the fiber itself 100 (or members supporting the fiber) is permanently bent to some radius of curvature. The fiber 100 is supported by a long bearing 102. As the bearing is moved to the tip of the fiber, the fiber is forced to become straight. As the bearing is retracted away from the tip, the fiber bends to an angle 8 depending upon the length of the free fiber beyond the bearing. The fiber-lens is rotated to accomplish the scanning motion which would be a spiral scan. Although described with reference to a single fiber, obviously multi-fibers can be used.
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Aspects of Semidefinite Programming: Interior Point Algorithms and Selected ApplicationsHardback Applied Optimization
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- Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers
- Format: Hardback | 288 pages
- Dimensions: 173mm x 237mm x 22mm | 603g
- Publication date: 31 March 2002
- Publication City/Country: Dordrecht, Netherlands
- Edition statement: 2002 ed.
- Illustrations note: biography
Product description
Semidefinite programming has been described as linear programming for the year 2000. It is an exciting new branch of mathematical programming, due to important applications in control theory, combinatorial optimization and other fields. Moreover, the successful interior point algorithms for linear programming can be extended to semidefinite programming. In this monograph the basic theory of interior point algorithms is explained. This includes the latest results on the properties of the central path as well as the analysis of the most important classes of algorithms. Several "classic" applications of semidefinite programming are also described in detail. These include the Lovasz theta function and the MAX-CUT approximation algorithm by Goemans and Williamson. Audience: Researchers or graduate students in optimization or related fields, who wish to learn more about the theory and applications of semidefinite programming.
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Table of contents
Acknowledgments. List of notation. 1. Introduction. Part I: Theory and Algorithms. 2. Duality, Optimality, and Degeneracy. 3. The Central Path. 4. Self-Dual Embeddings. 5. The Primal Logarithmic Barrier Method. 6. Primal-Dual Affine-Scaling Methods. 7. Primal-Dual Path-Following Methods. 8. Primal-Dual Potential Reduction Methods. Part II: Applications. 9. Convex Quadratic Approximation. 10. The Lovasz upsilon-Function. 11. Graph Colouring and the Max-Kappa-Cut Problem. 12. The Stability Number of a Graph. 13. The Satisfiability Problem. Appendices. References. Index.


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Welcome to Marine Discovery Penzance
Join us on our sailing catamaran, Shearwater II, for a truly unique marine wildlife watching adventure. What makes West Cornwall such a special place for wildlife watching is its sheer diversity. Trips could encounter inquisitive grey seals and graceful seabirds, or various species of dolphins and porpoises, enigmatic ocean sunfish or even giants such as minke whales, basking sharks and leatherback turtles! Having these experiences under sail gives you the most special encounter possible, the quiet meaning you can hear the splashes of the gannets as they dive and the whistles of the dolphins as they bowride alongside us (check out our videos to see for yourself). You can also be reassured that the tour you have chosen is the most environmentally responsible option. Part of what makes Marine Discovery exceptional is that we use our trips to collect scientific data. No other tour company in the country does this to the same extent and it is an incredibly important part of our job.
We are hoping for good conditions this season so we can have another fantastic dolphin watching year.
Duncan, Hannah and their small team are completely dedicated to giving the best experience possible and are looking forward to welcoming you to Marine Discovery - In 2013 Marine Discovery won the Responsible Whale and Dolphin Watch Operator of the year.
Breaking news - For full updates Sightings and News
As well as the amazing Risso's dolphin activity we had this June we've also had some lovely common dolphin encounters.
Above is a picture of a Risso's dolphin. This species is always fantatsic to see. They are often found further offshore in deeper water but at certain places and times they will come in shore to feed. This particular animal was matched with one seen in Cardigan Bay, Wales. This is the second match we've had between these two sights and goes along way to proving connectivity and helping us understand the movements and habitat of these dolphins.
A lovely video that we took earlier this season of the bottlenose dolphin pod. Dolpin watching in Cornwall at its finest.
A harbour porpoise mother and calf swim by - harbour porpoises are our smallest toothed whale.
A visit from some common dolphins whilst out dolphin watching.
Contact details -
Tel - 07749 277110
Marine Discovery PenzanceShed 5
Albert Pier
Penzance Harbour


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|Kids love to pretend they are adults, and the Pretend and Play Collection will let them prepare plenty of imaginary activities just like mom or dad for hours of creative play.


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It takes around 48 hours for a patient poisoned with potassium to die, which gave Poggiali plenty of distance from the deaths.
The levels of radioactive cesium and potassium were elevated, and the source was unmistakable.
Then look East for mung bean sprouts, which contain Vitamins A, B, C, and E in addition to calcium, iron, and potassium.
potassium po·tas·si·um (pə-tās'ē-əm)
Symbol K
A soft, highly or explosively reactive metallic element that occurs in nature only in compounds and is found in or converted to a wide variety of salts used especially in fertilizers and soaps. Atomic number 19; atomic weight 39.098; melting point 63.28°C; boiling point 759°C; specific gravity 0.862; valence 1. Also called kalium.
Symbol K
A soft, highly reactive, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali group occurring in nature only in compounds. It is essential for the growth of plants and is used especially in fertilizers and soaps. Atomic number 19; atomic weight 39.098; melting point 63.65°C; boiling point 774°C; specific gravity 0.862; valence 1. See Periodic Table.


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Speed Kills: The Oregon Offense Starts Its Engine
Last Saturday night, I lay half-asleep in a hotel room and watched Oregon play the Arkansas State Red Wolves in a football game that felt more like a hypnagogic fantasia. The Ducks were dressed up, as always, in Nike's Alternate Elfin no. 6 color scheme, and they moved as if they were literally being chased by a pack of scarlet canids. They scored a touchdown, converted a two-point conversion, scored again, and then kept piling it on. They did not slow down until I glanced at my screen midway through the second quarter and it was 50-3 and the second-teamers were in, at which point I felt as if someone had slipped an Eli Roth film into my evening tea.
Football, as we know by now, is a brutal sport; close-up, man-to-man physicality, we like to think, is both the central element of the game and its most frightening aspect. This is what traditionally affords vicious block-and-tackle SEC squads like Alabama the edge over schools like Oregon, with its go-go West Coast, Gavin Rossdale–inspired offense. But I watched Alabama dismantle an inferior Michigan team on Saturday evening, and I watched Oregon vivisect Arkansas State afterward, and while I realize there is no true equivalence between the teams' Week 1 opponents, here is what I can say: For the first time ever, Oregon scared me more.
The difference is simple: Oregon has always been fast, but this year, Oregon is absurdly fast. Their quarterback, a Hawaiian kid named Marcus Mariota who was marooned at the bottom of the depth chart last season, is speedy and elusive and the best passer the Ducks have unearthed in quite some time; their tailback, Kenjon Barner, is electric; and their scatback, 5-foot-9 sophomore De'Anthony Thomas, is such a blur that every time he breaks loose in the open field, I worry someone is actually going to die. I think Thomas might win the Heisman Trophy, if Rich Rodriguez doesn't find a way to lower an Acme-brand anvil onto his skull.
The other day, Arkansas State defensive coordinator John Thompson — who has coached at five SEC schools — told CBS Sports' Bruce Feldman the same thing. "That is, by far, the fastest team I have ever, ever, EV-ER seen," Thompson told Feldman. "It is unbelievable."
You may have guessed by the third "ever" that Thompson thinks Oregon will win the national championship, which is a premature notion, given that the Ducks still have to beat USC, and then (perhaps) beat an Alabama squad that is already being dubbed by opposing coaches as "the 33rd team in the NFL." But I do think this is the year they can finally do it, because I think this might be the year that speed becomes the fiercest killer of them all.
Filed Under: College Football, Michael Weinreb, USC
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Magic Mike Fan Party with SHOCKra Pole Dance Studios
- Health & Wellness
- 43 Mercer St New York, NY 10013, US
First Day of Summer Lovin' Party
Saturday, June 21, 2014 at 7:00 PM (EDT)
Get out your sun block and join us as we toast to a summer of satisfaction and give out tips for sexy fun in the sun. Arrive early; the first ten people will receive gift bags with toys and vouchers for free hot dogs at Bark.
General Information
Babeland workshops are open to people of all genders and sexualities, individually, in couples, or in groups. You must be over 18 to come to the workshops or store.
Free events do not require an RSVP unless noted on the individual event. Free workshops are short mini workshops and are not as in-depth as our full, paid workshops. These mini workshops review highlights from our most popular classes or cover topics not taught in our longer workshops. Free workshops are 15-20 minutes. They start on time, so arrive early.
All Babeland stores are wheelchair-accessible.
With three welcoming boutiques in New York City and a website, babeland.com, Babeland is the destination of choice for a comfortable, friendly place to shop for sex toys and accessories. We have a knowledgeable staff, quality products, and a multitude of sexy workshops. Babeland's mission is to promote and celebrate sexual vitality by providing an honest, open and fun environment. Babeland has received numerous accolades for our unparalleled customer service, in addition to being rated the best place to buy sex toys by numerous publications. We host free events and ticketed workshops in our stores every month, and offer private parties, as well.
Join millions of people on Eventbrite.
In order to purchase these tickets in installments, you'll need an Eventbrite account. Log in or sign up for a free account to continue.


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Street style tip of the day: Party in the USA
4th of July deals: The best online sales to shop this weekend
Street style tip of the day: All-American look
The People's Princess: Diana of Wales, a style transformation
Street style tip of the day: Red, white and blue
Shop this video: The water bottle that keeps drinks cold for 24 hours
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The 71st Annual Golden Globe Awards brought out the previous year's biggest stars in film and TV. While we couldn't wait to see who took home the globes, the most important part of the night was obviously the red carpet.
To see who made our list of best and worst dressed at the 2014 Golden Globe Awards, click through the gallery above.


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First thong first time
My mum got me my first thong, the first time I put it on it feels like it was resting against my anus, I feel the need to pull it out. Does it meant... Show More
Most Helpful Opinion
you're 30+,have never worn a thong,and your mother buys you your underwear, somehow,i doubt that.
that makes more sense :)
well try wearing it for an entire day+night without touching it at all unless you're going to the bathroom,you should probably get used to it eventually
Yeah if you sleep in them you get used to them quicker :)
i wonder i how that conversatation came up about your underwear? from what i heard you have to get used to wearing the skimpy fabric on ur pussy and ass
What Guys Said 3
Yeah they are made to rest against your anus. The size you get matters and so does the brand because like pants they are all made to different dimentions. Make sure the waist bands are high enough so that when you bend your legs it doesn't pull it up the back making it un comfortable. The back strap should rest but not be tight across your anus. Once you learn where to adjust it when you first put it on you won't even notice it.
Hey if it's not too tight, I am sure you will get used to it pretty soon, I hope your mum got you a soft and simple one, the lacy type with frills will surely be uncomfortable ... You wearing it out to show? Trust me... Guys love it! I for 1 has something going for girls in this! I won't be pulling it! Enjoy!
What Girls Said 6
I know how you feel. My first time in a thong was when I was 9 for dance. my teacher said that we should wear thongs under our costumes so my mom put one on me while helping me get dressed. I remember feeling very awkward not understanding what was happening with my underwear. I kept squirming backstage trying to remove what I thought was a wedgie.
I didn't wear thongs again until I was 14. my body was more developed and my friends all wore them so I was more ready Now I were them all the time and like the feeling.
if you find thongs uncomfortable try waiting a while then wearing them again.
Have an opinion?


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Hazelwood Home AMT Computer Desk
Hazelwood Home AMT Computer Desk
Weights & Dimensions
|Desk Type: Computer desk
|Top Finish: Brown
|Base Finish: Black
|Top Material: Glass
|Base Material: Metal
|Hardware Material: Stainless Steel
|Cable Management: No
|Keyboard Tray: Yes
|Height Adjustable: No
|Drawers Included: No
|Exterior Shelving: Yes
|Cabinets Included: No
|Chair Included: No
|Legs Included: Yes
|Casters Included: Yes
|Hutch Included: No
|Treadmill Included: No
|Light Included: No
|Product Care: Wipe clean with a dry cloth
|Country of Manufacture: China
|Assembly Required: Yes
|Additional Parts Required: No
|Product Warranty: 1 Year
About the Manufacturer
Hazelwood Home AMT Computer Desk
Questions & Answers (2)
"Hi, what are the dimensions of the keyboard shelf?" asked by Jennifer
"Hi, does this desk have a pull-out drawer underneath the keyboard tray?" asked by Amy
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OUR SKU # HMC1542AMT Computer Desk is also sometimes listed under the following manufacturer numbers: AMT8879 4342


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Rotherham v Macclesfield preview
Team news for Tuesday's League Two clash between Rotherham and Macclesfield at Don Valley Stadium.
Last Updated: 19/03/12 6:56pm
Team news for Tuesday's League Two clash between Rotherham and Macclesfield at Don Valley Stadium.
Assistant manager Darren Patterson will take temporary charge of Rotherham's clash against Macclesfield after Andy Scott was sacked on Monday following less than a year at the helm.
Versatile Mark Bradley, who has found himself at right-back in recent weeks, hobbled out of Saturday's defeat at Oxford with a knee problem and will be assessed. If Bradley does not make it then Dale Tonge, who came on at the Kassam Stadium, will start.
Veteran centre-half Richard Naylor is a continued absentee while left-back Scott Griffiths is no nearer to fitness as they also both battle knee injuries.
Loanees Kieron Cadogan and Sam Hoskins were introduced from the bench on Saturday as the Millers chased the game and they are in contention for starting spots.
Meanwhile, Brian Horton will begin his second spell as Macclesfield manager against Rotherham faced with the injury crisis that plagued the final months of Gary Simpson's reign.
Saturday's defeat to Dagenham led to Simpson's dismissal after a run of 14 games without victory left the Silkmen outside the League Two relegation zone on goal difference.
Lewis Chalmers made an unexpected return in midfield against the Daggers following a lengthy absence with hernia trouble and will be assessed ahead of kick-off.
Oldham loanee Matt Smith made his debut up front, although Ben Tomlinson will push him for a starting berth alongside George Donnelly having recovered from illness.
Matt Ball was an unused substitute at the weekend after joining on loan from Norwich and could come into a midfield deprived of Ross Draper (broken metatarsal), Marcus Marshall and Dwaine Mattis (both ankle).
Carl Tremarco came back from a hamstring injury on Saturday but fellow defender Paul Morgan (ankle) is expected to miss the rest of the season.


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09Guns, Roses, And Eating Insects: Adventure Cycling in Vietnam
10From Intense Trails to Intensive Care: Dicing with Death In a Mountain Biking Paradise
Already on the second weekend in October the first shoot of the season in the Glacier Park at the Kitzsteinhorn went over the stage. Markus Brandauer, Niki Sagmeister, Michi Pacher, Moritz Schwarz, Flo Ehgartner and a lot of other freeskiers enjoyed a really nice session! Parkdesigner Stefan Plattner and his crew are already busy with finishing the lower parts with Superpipe, Easy- and Centralpark! All infos on www.snowpark.kitzsteinhorn.at
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Actor Shreyas Talpade is so impressed with Parineeti Chopra after watching her in the song "Pareshan" from "Ishaqzaade" that he feels the youngster will give everyone a run for their money.
"Saw 'Pareshan' from 'Ishaqzaade' ... I am in love with Parineeti Chopra ... one talented actress who's gonna give everyone a run for their money," the 36-year-old tweeted.
Yash Raj Films' (YRF) "Ishaqzaade", which also marks the debut of filmmaker Boney Kapoor's son Arjun, will release May 11. The film tells the story of two fiery characters and their fight for power and supremacy.
'Chhodo Kal Ki Baatein' an inspiring film'
Actress Divya Dutta is all praise for Pramod Joshi's "Chhodo Kal Ki Baatein" and says that this is the one movie people should go and watch.
The film tells the tale of a successful IT professional, played by Sachin Khedekar. He comes across a blind man, played by Anupam Kher, who makes him understand the importance of life.
"Anupam Kher and Sachin Khedekar are a treat to watch in 'Chhodo Kal Ki Baatein'. What an inspiring film! especially in today's times when we have no Time to stand and stare," the 34-year-old tweeted.
The film is in Hindi and Marathi languages.
"Just keep aside two hours of your time and watch it! You will come back befriending yourself. I have to Thank AnupamPkher for this lovely film," she further tweeted.
I am enjoying working with new talent: Ritesh Sidhwani
Ritesh Sidhwani, who has produced hits like "Dil Chahta Hai", "Lakshya" and "Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara", says direction is not in his scheme of things and that right now he is enjoying working with new talent.
"Will wear the director's hat when I have something to say and share, in the meanwhile I am enjoying working with all the new talent out there," Sidhwani tweeted.
Sidwani worked with some of the new faces including Reema Kagti in "Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd", Vijay Lalwani in "Karthik Calling Karthik" and Abhinay Deo in "Game".
"Nurturing them and giving them a platform to make their films," he further tweeted.
His next project is Reema Kagti's "Talaash" that has Aamir in the lead role.
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pARI U R FABULOUS I AM UP FOR YOUR MOVIE ISHQZAADE omg YOUR ARE SOO CUTE IyOU..U GONNA ROCK U ARE ONE IN A MILLION I SWEAR [:d] BE BUBBLICIOUS EXPECTING YOU IN MANY SHOWS PROMOTING YOUR MOVIE
I loved her in LVRB. Also looking forward to Ishaqzaade as the promos are looking brilliant!
I never liked Parineeti's acting in Ladies..but I will watch this b/c trailer looks great!
Love the Pareshaan song.
Parineeti is so cute
LOv the song pareshan ,parineeti is fab
i reli like parineeti chopra afta watching ladies vs ricky...it was a bad film but she jus did gr8 in that and now im reli lookin forward to seeing parineeti in ishqzaade with arjun kapoor!...the promo's and song pareshan looks reli gud!!!
Love the song Pareshaan...Just now downloaded it.!!! Loving it.
And Parineeti acts fab in the song...What expression...!!!
Love will be in the air for Bhanwri Devi in Piya Rangrezz. Find out ...
Who has joined the star cast of Shashi Sumeet Mittal's upcoming show? ...
On Hollywood legend Marlon Brando's 11th death anniversary, veteran ...
Actor-filmmaker Kamal Haasan wants to watch "Gour Hari Dastaan - The ...


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- Filed Under
TMZ.com reports a Las Vegas business fiasco is causing trouble in a Hollywood A-list relationship. And it's not man versus woman.
George Clooney is steamed that longtime pal Brad Pitt backed out of a plan to join him in building a posh Las Vegas resort, only to turn around and set his sights on building a similar resort in Palm Springs, Calif.
The "Ocean's Eleven" costars were investors in Las Ramblas, a $3-billion, 11-building complex off the Las Vegas Strip. But Pitt soon soured on the deal and left Clooney to partner with supermodel Cindy Crawford's club-owning husband, Rande Gerber.
Pitt jetted to Germany twice recently to meet with a trio of award-winning architects he hired to draw up plans for the as-yet unnamed, $60-million futuristic resort. Meanwhile, the Las Vegas Review-Journal said Las Ramblas is on the verge of being sold to a new developer -- a report that a Las Ramblas spokesman denied.
TMZ notes: "Industry types in Vegas always smirked at Clooney's plans" for a retro Sinatra-style resort. "But Pitt's plan to tap into the young market makes more sense to them."
Should make July filming of "Ocean's 13" rather interesting. Both of the investment titans appear in it.
All in the family
Speaking of interesting sets, actor Chad Michael Murray is engaged to WB "One Tree Hill" crew member Kenzie Dalton, 18, People.com reports.
What's so intriguing about it all? Murray, 24, was married to Sophia Bush, a costar on "One Tree Hill." The pair split in September after just five months of marriage.
Where's the can, man?
Now this is a saga! The long, strange trip continues for Jerry Garcia's toilet.
Police say that recently the late Grateful Dead leader's commode was stolen from a driveway along with three other toilets and a bidet in Sonoma, Calif.
Garcia's salmon-colored toilet was the subject of a legal battle before it was moved to Sonoma, to await shipment to a casino.
It's unclear whether the toilet was swiped by a wayward Deadhead or a thief remodeling a bathroom. Police said they aren't flush with suspects or leads.
Last month, Henry Koltys sold Garcia's toilet to Goldenpalace.com for $2,550. The online casino planned to use it as part of a traveling marketing exhibit. There's a $250 reward.
Koltys bought Garcia's home in 1997. He said the toilet was in the master bathroom.
"It would have been his personal head," he said. Special!
Suge's a little short
Marion (Suge) Knight, head of Death Row Records, filed for Chapter 11 personal bankruptcy Tuesday in L.A. federal court. His recording company is expected to follow.


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Promoting Preventive Medicine Policy in the AMA
As a national medical specialty society credentialed in the House of Delegates (HoD), ACPM is able to sponsor and advocate for resolutions and other policy recommendations for adoption by organized medicine. In addition, ACPM coordinates and participates in the AMA's Section Council on Preventive Medicine.
AMA Resolutions
Section Council on Preventive Medicine
The section council is governed by a set of Rules and Operating Procedures (bylaws). More specific rules of operation and conduct of business for the SCPM are outlined in the Modus Operandi. Currently, there are eight participating organizations in the SCPM.
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The Boling Family Adoption Testimony
The Boling Family brought their son, Ki, home from Uganda with the help of a Show Hope grant! In their adoption testimony below, they share about their journey and how they relied on God through […]
11 Television Characters Who Were Adopted
Throughout the years, there have been quite a few television characters who were adopted! Television is one of the most nostalgic entertainment mediums available; there is nothing quite like a rerun of one of […]
July Prayer Focus: Rebecca-Isabella
Rebecca-Isabella is a precious five-month-old little girl who was admitted to Maria's Big House of Hope just four months ago. Since then, she has developed such a bright personality! She loves to be held […]
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Dive into the heart of our ministry by watching our latest featured videos, monthly video Sponsorship Updates, and episodes of Inside Show Hope.
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Events & News
The Boling Family brought their son home from Uganda with the help of a Show Hope grant! In their inspiring testimony, Elaina Boling shares, "When we went to the orphanage to meet Ki for the first time, he ran into my husband's arms and wouldn't let go." ❤ Click the link in our profile to read more about Ki's adoption!


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Concertos for Harp by Handel, Boieldieu & Mozart: (Valerie Milot, harp; Clare Marchand, flute; Les Violons de Roy, Bernard Labadie; Analekta CD 9990)..
Schubert: String Quintet in C (Cypress String Quartet; Gary Hoffman, cello; Avie CD 2307).
Tchaikovsky: Manfred Symphony (Russian National Orchestra, Mikhail Pletnev; Pentatone SACD 5186387).
Mozart: Piano Concertos No. 22 in B-flat, K482 & No. 24 in C minor, K491 (Angela Hewitt, piano; National Arts Centre Orchestra, Hannu Lintu; Hyperion CD 68049).
Respighi: The Birds; Three Botticelli Pictures; Suite in G(Chamber Orchestra of New York; Salvatore Di Vittorio; Kyler Brown, organ; Naxos CD 8.573168).
Wallace: William Wallace Symphonic Poem No. 5; Villon Symphonic Poem No. 6; The Passing of Beatrice Symphonic Poem No. 1; Sister Helen Symphonic Poem No. 3 (BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra, Martyn Brabbins; Helios CD 55461).
Film Music of Ralph Vaughan Williams vol 3: Vaughan Williams: music from The Story of a Flemish Farm; The Loves of Joanna Godden; and Bitter Springs (BBC Philharmonic, Rumon Gamba; Chandos CD 10368).
Joseph Achron: Music for Violin and Piano (Michael Ludwig, violin; Alison d'Amato, piano; Naxos CD 8.573240).
Panorama of American Piano Music 1911 – 1991 Ives thru Cage; Antheil to Zappa (Yvar Mikhashoff, piano; Mode 3 CDs 262).
Tchaikovsky: Souvenir de Florence String Sextet. Schoenberg: Verklärte Nacht for String Sextet (Emerson String Quartet, Paul Neubauer, viola; Colin Carr, cello; Sony CD 5470600).
Schubert: Unfinished Symphony (Vienna Philharmonic) Beethoven: Symphony No 2 Wagner: Siegfried Idyll (Chamber Orchestra of Europe, Claudio Abbado; Audite CD 95627).
Brahms: Symphonies 1-4; "Haydn" Variations; Academic Festival Overture; Tragic Overture (Gewandhaus Orchestra, Riccado Chailly; DG 3 CDs B002121502).
Dvorak: Cello Concerto; and works for cello and piano (Alisa Weilerstein, cello; Czech Philharmonic Orchestra, Jiri Belohlávek Decca CD B001976502).
Shore: Music from film scores "The Lord of the Rings" trilogy, "The Hobbit" trilogy, "Hugo:The Thief", "The Twlight Saga", "The Departed", "Gangs of New York", "Ed Wood", "Silence of the Lambs" and "Dead Ringers" (The City of Prague Philharmonic; Silva Screen CD 1396).
Mozart: Requiem (Dunedin Consort, John Butt; Linn CD 449).
Vaughan Williams: Symphony No. 4; Dona nobis pacem; The Lark Ascending (Atlanta Symphony Chorus, Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, Robert Spano; ASO Media CD 1005).
Elina Garanca Meditation: music by Gounod, Ugis Praulins, Mascagni, Gomez, Vaskas, Puccini, Bizet Vavilov and Mozart (Elina Garanca, mezzo soprano; Deutsche Radio Philharmonic, Karel Chichon; Deutsche Grammophon CD B00213270).
Beethoven: Piano Concerto No. 3 in C minor Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 24 in C minor, K491 (Yevgeni Sudbin, piano; Minnesota Orchestra, Osmo Vänskä; BIS SACD 1978).
Schumann: The String Quartets Op. 41: No. 1 in A minor, No. 2 in F, No. 3 in A (Ying Quartet; Sono Luminus CD 92184).
Schubert: Winterreise (Jonas Kaufmann, tenor; Helmut Deutsch, piano; Sony CD 379563).
Verdi: Requiem (Barbara Frittoli, sop; Olga Borodina, mz; Mario Zeffiri, ten; Ildar Abdrazakov, bass; Chicago Symphony Chorus and Orchestra, Riccardo Muti; CSO Resound CD 1006).
A Tale of Two Cellos Julian and Jiaxin Lloyd Webber: Music by Saint-Saëns, Piazzolla, Monteverdi, Shostakovich et al (Julian and Jiaxin Lloyd Webber cellos; Naxos CD 8.573251).
Maxim Vengerov: The Complete Recordings 1991- 2007 (Maxim Vengerov, violin with numerous orchestras; Warner Classics 19 CDs 631514).
Domingo at the Met Legendary live performances from the radio archive of Met broadcasts of Tosca, La Traviata, Otello, Rigoletto, Simon Boccanegra, Tales of Hoffman, Faust, Die Walküre, Parsifal, and Lohengrin (Placido Domingo, tenor; The Met Orchestra; Sony 3 CDs 72120).
Grieg: Incidental music to Olav Trygvason, Landkjenning and Sigurd Jorsalfar (Malmö Symphony Orchestra, Bjarte Engeset; Naxos CD 8.573045).
Fibich: Symphony No. 2; At Twilight; Idyllfor clarinet & orchestra (Irvin Venyš, clarinet; Czech National Symphony, Marek Štilec; Naxos CD 8.573175).
Some Other Time music by Barber, Bernstein, Copland and Foss (Zuill Bailey, cello; Lara Downes, piano; Steinway and Sons CD 30025).
Behind the Lines Anna Prohaska: Leider and songs of war by Schumann, Beethoven, Rachmaninoff, Eisler, Ives and others (Anna Prohaska, soprano; Eric Schneider, piano; Deutsche Grammophon CD B 00209290).
J. S. Bach: Double Concerto for violin and oboe in C minor, BWV 1060; Violin Concerto in E, BWV 1042; Sonata No. 2 for solo violin in A minor, BWV 1003 (Lisa Batiashvili, violin; Chamber Orchestra of the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra; Deutsche Grammophon CD 479 2479).
A Tribute to Oscar Peterson music by Warren, Monk, Rodgers, Gershwin, Carmichael, Arlen and Ellington (Andrew Litton, piano; BIS SACD 2034).
Rimsky-Korsakov: Sheherazade (Chicago Symphony, Fritz Reiner; Analogue Production Originals SACD 2446).
Rimsky-Korsakov: Sheherazade (Toronto Symphony Orchestra, Peter Oundjian; Chandos SACD 5145).
John Williams: Star Wars Trilogy: The Original Soundtrack Anthology (London Symphony Orchestra, John Williams; Sony 4 CDs )
Jason Vieaux Play 17 short works for solo Guitar from the 17th to the 21st Century (Jason Vieaux, guitar; Azica CD 71287).
In 27 Pieces: The Hilary Hahn Encores 27 short pieces commissioned by the violinist for encores (Hilary Hahn, violin; Cory Smith, piano; Deutsche Grammophon CD B0019103).
Gliere: Symphony No. 3 Il'ya Muromets (Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra, JoAnn Falletta, Naxos CD 8.573161).
Guilini The Complete Sony Recordings:Music by Beethoven, Mozart, Schubert, Dvorak, Debussy, Ravel, Franck, Bach, Verdi, Mussorgsky, Schumann, Stravinsky and Vivaldi (Carlo Maria Guilini conducting Filarmonica della Scala, Berlin Philharmonic, Bavarian Radio Symphony, Vienna Philharmonic and Royal Concertgebouw; Sony 22 CDs 301464)
Britten: The Performer The Complete Decca Recordings (Kathleen Ferrier, contralto; Peter Pears, tenor; Mstislav Rostropovich, cello; Sviatoslav Richter, Benjamin Britten, pianos; English Chamber Orchestra, Benjamin Britten; Decca27 CDs B001922102).
Bernstein: West Side Story (Cheyenne Jackson, Alexandra Silber, Jessica Vosk, Kevin Vortmann, vocalists; San Francisco Symphony Orchestra Chorus, San Francisco Symphony, Michael Tilson Thomas; San Francisco Symphony CD 0059).
Michael Ludwig, our BPO concertmaster for so many years, has left to pursue a career playing violin concertos with orchestras. Guess which orchestra he's playing with this weekend! That's right, the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra. WNED spoke with Michael about his current life and the Sibelius Violin Concerto which he'll play Saturday night and Sunday afternoon at Kleinhans.
Arts Canisius presents Mostly Mozarts featuring a performance by the Camerata di Sant' Antonio and the Canisius College Chorale Friday evening October 24 at 7:30 at the Montante Cultural Center on the Main Street campus of Canisius College in Buffalo. WNED's Peter Hall (who gives the pre-concert talk at 7:00pm) spoke with their Music Director, Chris Weber..
Happy birthday, Giuseppe Verdi!
Viva V.E.R.D.I – "Viva Vittorio Emanuele Re D'Italia!" was the rallying cry of the Italian "Risorgimento," ("Resurgence" or "Rising Again") the 19th century movement for Italian unification that culminated in the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861 and Victor Emanuele II as king of Italy.
How does the great operatic genius Giuseppe Verdi, born on Oct. 19, 1813, fit in to this? A number of Italian opera composers were slyly inserting plot elements into their works that resonated with the "Risorgimenti." But, it was Verdi who was their best ally.
It wasn't much of a stretch for Italians, whose country had been taken over by Austria, to connect with the words of "Va Pensiero," especially with lines such as "O my country, so lovely and so lost."
Spreading throughout Italy, the slogan "Viva VERDI" expressed the people's love for their favorite composer, Giuseppe Verdi, but it also had the secret meaning of "Viva Victor Emanuele, King of Italy." Even today, the chorus "Va Pensiero" is considered the unofficial national anthem of Italy.
This month's classical composer profile was written by Peter Hall, Classical 94.5 WNED program host.
WBFO-FM 88.7 is introducing a new regular segment to its morning news lineup during the Bills season. "Beyond the Playbook" will provide insightful and lively commentary on the Buffalo Bills. WBFO morning host Jay Moran and commentator Matt Sabuda will chat twice a week about a broader team perspective, highlighting trends and developments with the Bills on and off the field.
"We know that Buffalo is a die-hard sports town and many of our regular listeners are avid Bills fans," said WNED ǀ WBFO president and CEO Donald K. Boswell. "This new segment will allow our listeners to keep up with the Bills while enjoying the in-depth news programming that WBFO and NPR offers in the morning."
The new segment will premiere on Monday, September 8 and will be heard each Monday and Friday mornings at 7:30 and 9:30 a.m. during "Morning Edition."
Matt Sabuda is a life-long Bills fan and season ticket-holder who is a founding director of the Buffalo Fan Alliance. He is frequently interviewed by local radio and television stations and has contributed perspectives on football to numerous publications. He previously worked in media relations for the Buffalo Bills. The Elmwood Village resident attended New York University and has a communications degree from Canisius College.
Jay Moran is also a life-long Bills fan and season ticket-holder whose radio career in the Buffalo region spans three decades.


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Tuchy's Law--- wisdom from those that cross my path
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Lifes Changing Tastes
by Regis Auffray
Rated "G" by the Author.
edited: Wednesday, June 13, 2012
Posted: Wednesday, June 13, 2012
An article by Sha'Tara, local writer and friend.
Life's Changing Tastes
[thoughts from ~burning woman~ by Sha'Tara]
There is a joke I share with some of my customers and friends: "I have new glasses now, I can hear a lot better." Bit of a snide remark directed at our worthless Workmen's Compensation Rip-Off Corporation (that's their official title actually) that judged my hearing loss was not their concern even though it resulted from several years of industrial noise abuse to the ears. No biggie: most of what passes for communication among Earthians, certainly including their modern "music" I'd much rather do without anyway. It may well be that silence is becoming golden once again.
But speaking of senses, I am noticing more and more the difference in "taste" I am experiencing now, compared to what I remember while growing up in the wide open spaces of northern Alberta – in the Peace River country. I remember a bitter-sweetness, a sharpness, to life's taste in those days. I remember that although the taste didn't linger long, it was constantly being renewed. I especially remember how Spring tasted. There was a harsh bruising freshness to it, like crushing the leaf of a herb to experience it's inner fragrance. It took your breath away. It hurt. It made the heart thump and bleed. It renewed. It exuded hope and promised to make any dream come alive.
Well, I've lived my dreams by cutting some corners no doubt. I've spent my hope without going too heavily into debt. I don't owe my past any reason to hate it, to feel any loss of it or any need to repeat it. We are even on that score. I'm somewhere else now, a place called "Here" actually. I'm not sure where that is, anymore than I was sure where my youthful Springs were, but I can taste it, like being led to a restaurant in a blindfold and having to order by tasting. You see, life does not let you see your choices, it doesn't even have a menu you can read – with or without new glasses – you have to be open to tasting everything and to always keep in mind that some things taste better mixed with other things while some need to be savored individually.
For me, it's not just crushed herbs anymore but a much more subtle taste on the mind's palate. Less chewing, more sipping.
I suppose life taught me through unexpected changes how to blend the proffered ingredients to create a taste I like. Or at least feel comfortable with. I think I've come to a place with a sense of familiar about it, of knowing. At the same time, although I enjoy it immensely, it's a taste I can easily let go of. And that's what I like most about it, about the result of my life's choices. They taught me the proper way to become detached – not from compassionate interaction, but from emotional attraction.
What does it mean, to taste life, or to experience life's tastes? I say it means to be aware through two basic ways: to be a constant and keen observer of everything offered to the senses, and to indulge those experiences that make one grow to become what one chooses to be. Observing (tasting) allows one to choose one's experiences rather than be their victim (having to eat what's put before you) and that's crucial to becoming an aware being. Once one is empowered to choose – no small achievement and one most people will never fully realize – one can then choose a change of nature. Yes, one can change one's very nature, become what one chooses to be, not just remaining a sheeple clone or an imitator of someone admired, real or fictitious.
I've admired a very few people in my days, two of whom happened to be contemporaries for a time: Mahatma Gandhi and Mother Teresa. They weren't perfect people, certainly. Gandhi abused his wife; Mother Teresa taught women to remain subservient according to her old traditional ways. Nevertheless I admired their unique commitment to their chosen way and becoming living proof that you don't need money to make a difference in your life and the life of countless others, thus giving the lie to the modern belief in money and political power. In keeping with this, they could not be bought or corrupted by the "values" of modern vice. Had individuals looked to them for guidance and direction instead of to Hollywood and Wall Street this world would certainly be very different today. I always wanted to feel what life tasted like for them, and for others who also lived exemplary lives in other times, or in contemporary times though hidden from sensation-seeking media hounds. But no one can experience another's life taste – that's as individual as one's DNA. What one must do is become aware of those peculiar changing tastes and that means a powerful resolve to battle against the universal "Jesus Saves," "Coke" and "Big Mac" offerings of the Matrix.
My youthful tastes of life were necessary to giving spring to one stepping off into the unknown; into new experiences. My current tastes are necessary to give me the relaxed quiet needed for an honest analysis of who I was and what I have become; to know myself and to dream of an entirely new "me" based on what I have done in those past 60-plus years. I can "see" myself now and knowing what I know of what a human should be, I certainly could wallow in guilt for all the opportunities received meant to mold me into a better person which I blatantly refused to acknowledge and use. I could fall into despair thinking that it's too late now to change; to become what I've always known I intended to be. Or, like so many of my peers I could simply throw myself on the mercy of the divine court and claim forgiveness on technicalities offered by religious faith.
But I refuse to do any of that.
I've had my thoughts and desires; I've written some of those thoughts, spoken others I've worked among and side-by-side with thousands of people, sometimes just for the mortgage but enough times because I desired whole-heartedly to make a good difference in another's life. I know that I care enough now to start a new life from a much better springboard than my last one, thanks to having tasted life with discernment all the way through it, always knowing that I would be the one I would have to give account to and that would be the most intransigent judge I would ever have to deal with.
"The world cannot be discovered by a journey of miles, no matter how long, but only [by] a spiritual journey, a journey of one inch, very arduous and humbling and joyful, by which we arrive at the ground at our feet, and learn to be home." [Wendell Berry - poet]
Reader Reviews for "Lifes Changing Tastes"
Matter, Energy and Mentality: Exploring Metaphysical Reality (Paperbac
by Richard Rydon
In Search of Truth and Freedom; A Path from Ignorance to Awareness
by Dietmar Rothe
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Carrie Underwood Receives Support From Julie AndrewsBy: Ann Casano - November 27, 2013
Sure, you know and love the 1965 Hollywood movie musical classic, The Sound of Music, starring the legendary Julie Andrews. But now you get a chance to see the musical as it was meant to be, in its stage form, right from the comfort of your own couch.
On December 5th, NBC will air the full-scale, blowout, elaborate Broadway inspired The Sound of Music Live! starring American Idol champion and country music superstar Carrie Underwood as Maria. The Tony winning, Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, implies just as the name suggests. It will come to you live, just like it would be if you were sitting at the Gershwin Theater on Broadway.
Carrie Underwood has very little acting experience. However, after the tremendous pressure of having to perform for her life on American Idol every week and almost ten years of touring and selling out arenas, she seems more than seasoned for the role. However, not everyone agrees with that sentiment. She told Entertainment Weekly that she was getting hate tweets from Julie Andrews fans on Twitter.
But guess who had her back? Julie Andrews herself supported Underwood and spoke about the difficulty of having to perform the musical live. "Fifty years later, it's time somebody had another crack at it. I had the best time of my life doing it, and it did wonderful things for me. I think it's great that it's being done again, but doing it live must be so daunting for Carrie."
If you're a fan of the HBO vampire drama True Blood, you will also want to check out the program. Stephen Moyer, aka Vampire Bill, will play Captain George Von Trapp. And if you're worried that Moyer won't live up to Christopher Plummer's Von Trapp, you shouldn't be. The British actor has seen his fair share of the stage. He performed in over three dozen musicals before falling in love with Sookie Stackhouse in Bon Temps.
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Childhood Music by Apu Mookherjee (11 x 8 inches)
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Metro beat Region, 100-80, in the Jack Blair Memorial Girls All-Star Basketball Classic Monday at University High School.
District 8 4A and 3A Track and Field Championship finals Friday, May 15, 2015 at Spokane Falls Community College.
State B championship games of 1B and 2B boys and girls at the Arena, Saturday, March 7, 2015.
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4:30 p.m., Sept. 23, 2010
Shots -- Post Falls 6, Coeur d'Alene 9. Saves -- Post Falls, Boyd 5. Coeur d'Alene, Schillington 3.
First half --1, PF, Mueller (White), 22:00. Second half --None.
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I had an interesting day at UVA a few days ago as part of their Innovation in Pedagogy Summit. I got the chance to talk to UVA's Teaching Resource Center group and listen to some interesting educators talk about their practice. I was the closing keynote and I talked, as I have before, about what… Read More
creative commons licensed ( BY ) flickr photo shared by ellyjonez1 This is a bit of brainstorming for a presentation I'm doing in a few months. It's a bit of a remix of some stuff I've highlighted before but there are a few new examples in the mix (bolded below). I think they're well worth… Read More
I did a presentation the other day on how one might use the Promethean software to do some interesting things with video. I don't think the software is essential to do any of this but it did make it pretty easy and we already have it on all our computers and all our student computers.… Read More
I had a great time at UMW's Faculty Academy. Got to meet a number of people face to face for the first time which is always interesting. I was lucky enough to be able to present as a plenary speaker1 as well. After being repeatedly told to "bring my A game" I had completely psyched… Read More
Google Tips Google Advanced Search Google Book Search, News Search and Article Search PDF Tip Sheet – the shortcuts for advanced search Media Resources Archive.org – old Lucky Strike commercial, WWII British Propaganda Films, cultural and academic films WikiMedia Commons – picture of the day Flickr Commons – Simthsonian, Library of Congress, The White House,… Read More
So Dan threw down a challenge as he tends to do. I did the easy part but also felt I should do some critiquing to maintain some credibility in my own mind. I'm taking a shot at how I might change Ms. Mercer's Powerpoint presentation. The main thing that made this difficult is I don't… Read More
We've been working a lot with 21st century skills and trying to figure out how to make them make sense to ourselves and to teachers in the classroom. It's been interesting in some ways and incredibly frustrating as well. Here's part one 1 my best shot at explaining how both the rate and the way… Read More
Soooo, I had to do another presentation on blogging and "Bob on Blogs" wasn't really the style I wanted for the UR crowd. Time for something new. This is my basic thought process in case it might interest someone. Concept (learning objective): There are two key things I want viewers to come away with A… Read More
I found these beautiful notes from SXSW via Boing Boing where I saw Battledecks which led to this summary. credit Mike Rohde Powerpoint meets Karaoke in this battle of wits. Watch your favorite speakers craft an off-the-cuff presentation using slides they've never seen before. Eight competitors will have five minutes to complete their presentation. Three… Read More
There's a TED Conference pass for sale on EBay. It's now at $32,000 (starting price was $10,000 and it's gone up $9,000 since I looked last night). Bidding ends on February 3rd so you've still got time. If you haven't watched the TED conferences they are up for free on iTunes (video or audio) or… Read More


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Frank Caleffie's Profile
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Maui Condo,Sandy Beach,Oceanfront Vacation Rental
Great condo
Oct 21, 2010 10:37 am
Guest: HAC199694 (Copperas Cove, TX)
Date of Stay: May 1, 2010 Review Submitted: May 25, 2010
We had a great stay at this condo fm 1-19 May 10. Very reasonable rates, great views and a friendly staff! The condo is well equiped and very updated. After looking at a few other condos in the Village by the Sea, we can tell Greg spent some money and time upgrading/remodeling his condo. The grounds & landscaping are well taken care of and the BBQ/pool area are well kept. Central Kihei is a great location to travel/sightsee to either end of the island. We'll definitely contact Greg the next time we travel to Maui.
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TEAM = Together Everyone Achieves More
Team: 47
School: Los Alamos High
Area of Science: Environmental/ Physics
Interim: Team Number: 47
School Name: Los Alamos High School
Area of Science: Environmental/ Physics
Project Title: Controlling an Oil Spill
Problem Definition:
Recent events in the past decade have brought to light the potentially catastrophic effects of oil spills. Repercussions on local human economies and environmental biodiversity necessitate an effective cleanup response. Common cleanup methods involve isolation with booms, chemical alteration to cause the oil to sink, and using bacteria to break up the slick. Our aim in this project is to focus on the placement of booms because of their convenient implementation in a model and current significance among cleanup efforts. In order to optimize oil cleanup with this method we hope to make an algorithm to find the best configurations of booms, taking into account fluid conditions and dynamics.
Problem Solution:
We hope to achieve this optimization by utilizing a genetic algorithm or some other form of machine learning. To find the most effective placements, we will model the spread of the oil and then look at how the different configurations fare in the task. In the genetic algorithm, the placements that do the best will be used to generate the next generation making the placements better fit the spill after every iteration.
Progress to Date:
So far, we have looked into some different methods for modeling fluid dynamics and how to implement them into our problem. We looked at the realistic oil spill methods to decide on which method we would try to implement in our model. We have begun preliminary work on our model, such as a framework for the spill environment within a dynamic fluid.
Expected Results:
With our model, we hope to be able to predict the best boom placement for any given spill, making cleanup efforts more effective in future spills. Our model should be able to adapt to different conditions and consistently find the best arrangement.
Team Members: William Zhao, Jacob Holesinger
Sponsoring Teacher: Adam Drew
Team Members:
Jacob Holesinger william zhao
Sponsoring Teacher: Adam Drew
Mail the entire Team
Tweet #SupercomputingChallenge


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Comment: Now I really want autonomous cars (Score 1) 142 142
My faith in human drivers is low enough that I'm eagerly awaiting autonomous cars.
The most dangerous part of traveling by car these days is the inattentive pile of rage controlling it.
I know I'd rather give up driving than have my medical data go up for sale.