text:
A display apparatus for producing colored pixelated light includes a backlight unit for providing a pump-beam light. The apparatus also includes a microcavity light-producing array responsive to pump-beam light and having pixels wherein each pixel including a transparent substrate, a bottom dielectric stack reflective to light over a predetermined range of wavelengths, an active region responsive to pump-beam light for producing display light, and a top dielectric stack spaced from the bottom dielectric stack and reflective to light over a predetermined range of wavelengths. The apparatus further includes a light shutter for permitting selected display light from the microcavity light-producing array to pass therethrough, a polarizing layer disposed between the microcavity light-producing array and the light shutter, and a beam expander disposed over the light shutter for increasing the angular cone of view of the display light.
1. A display apparatus for producing colored pixelated light, comprising:
a) a backlight unit for providing a pump-beam light;
b) a microcavity light-producing array responsive to pump-beam light and having pixels wherein each pixel includes:
i) a transparent substrate;
ii) a bottom dielectric stack reflective to light over a predetermined range of wavelengths;
iii) an active region responsive to pump-beam light for producing display light; and
iv) a top dielectric stack spaced from the bottom dielectric stack and reflective to light over a predetermined range of wavelengths;
c) a light shutter for permitting selected display light from the microcavity light-producing array to pass therethrough;
d) a polarizing layer disposed between the microcavity light-producing array and the light shutter; and
e) a beam expander disposed over the light shutter for increasing the angular cone of view of the display light.
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18. A display apparatus for producing colored pixelated light, comprising:
a) a backlight unit for providing a pump-beam light;
b) a microcavity light-producing array responsive to pump-beam light and having pixels wherein each pixel includes:
i) a transparent substrate;
ii) a bottom dielectric stack reflective to light over a predetermined range of wavelengths;
iii) an active region responsive to pump-beam light for producing blue light; and
iv) a top dielectric stack spaced from the bottom dielectric stack and reflective to light over a predetermined range of wavelengths;
c) a light shutter for permitting selected colored light from the microcavity light-producing array to pass therethrough;
d) a polarizing layer disposed between the microcavity light-producing array and the light shutter; and
e) a color conversion layer including different portions where selected different portions in response to blue light produce a different colored light and being adapted to increase the angular cone of view of the selected colored light.
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Reference is made to commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/857,508 filed May 28, 2004 by Keith B. Kahen, et al., entitled "Display Device Using Vertical Cavity Laser Arrays", and commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/857,512 filed May 28, 2004 by Keith B. Kahen, et al., entitled "Vertical Cavity Laser Producing Different Color Light", the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to a display device for producing colored light which uses a microcavity device array.
In order to facilitate reading of the specification, the following terms are defined. Optic axis herein refers to the direction in which propagating light does not see birefringence. Polarizer and analyzer herein refer to elements that polarize electromagnetic waves. However, the one closer to the source of the light will be called a polarizer while the one closer to the viewer will be called an analyzer. Polarizing elements herein refers to both the polarizer and analyzer. Azimuthal angle φ and tilt angle θ are herein used to specify the direction of an optic axis. For the transmission axes of the polarizer and the analyzer, only the azimuthal angle φ is used, as their tilt angle θ is zero.
There are a number of ways of producing pixelated colored light for display applications, such as for example, using a conventional passive or active matrix organic light emitting diode (OLED) device. Another way is to employ a liquid crystal display (LCD). In typical LCD systems, a liquid crystal cell is placed between a pair of polarizers. Light that enters the display is polarized by the initial polarizer. As the light passes through the liquid crystal cell, the molecular orientation of the liquid crystal material affects the polarized light such that it either passes through the analyzer or it is blocked by the analyzer. The orientation of the liquid crystal molecules can be altered by applying a voltage across the cell, thus enabling varying amounts of light intensity to pass through the LCD pixels. By employing this principle, minimal energy is required to switch the LCD. This switching energy is typically much less than that required for cathode ray tubes (CRT) employing cathodoluminescent materials, making a display that utilizes liquid crystal materials very attractive.
The typical liquid crystal cell contains a color filter array (CFA) comprised of red, green, and blue transmitting pixels. To transmit a large portion of the light from the backlight unit (BLU), the transmission spectra of each of the CFA pixels must have a large full-width at half maximum (FWHM). As a result of the large FWHM, the color gamut of the LCD is, at best, approximately 0.7 of the NTSC color gamut standard. Additionally, as light impinges on the CFA, more then two-thirds of that light is absorbed by the CFA, permitting for less than one-third to be transmitted. Correspondingly, this absorption of light outside of each pixel's transmission spectra results in a loss of overall display efficiency.
A transmissive LCD is illuminated by a backlight unit, including a light source, light guide plate (LGP), reflector, diffuser, collimating films, and a reflective polarizer. The reflective polarizer is used to recycle and reflect light of the undesired polarization. However, not all of the light of the undesired polarization is recycled and not all of the recycled light exits the BLU with the correct polarization state. Therefore, only a small portion of light reflected from the reflective polarizer is recycled into the correct polarization state. As a result, an unpolarized BLU light source results in nearly a factor of two efficiency loss upon passing through the bottom polarizer.
LCDs are quickly replacing CRTs and other types of electronic displays for computer monitors, televisions, and other office and household displays. However, LCD's suffer from poor contrast ratios at larger viewing angles. Unless the contrast ratio is improved at large viewing angles, the penetration of LCDs into certain markets will be limited. The poor contrast ratio is typically due to increased brightness of the display's dark state. LCDs are optimized such that the display has the highest contrast ratio within a narrow viewing cone centered on axis (at zero degrees viewing angle). As the display is viewed off-axis at larger viewing angles, the dark state experiences an increase in brightness, thus decreasing the contrast ratio. When viewing full color displays off axis, not only does the dark state increase in brightness, but also there is a shift in color of both the dark and bright states. In the past there has been an attempt to improve this hue shift and loss of contrast ratio by various methods, such as the introduction of compensation films into the display or segmenting the pixel even further using multi-domains. However, these methods improve the hue shift and contrast ratio only slightly and for a limited viewing cone. Also, the manufacturing of compensation films and multi-domain liquid crystal cells is typically expensive, thus increasing the overall cost of the display.
Other flat panel displays try to solve the viewing angle problem by incorporating a photoluminescent (PL) screen on the front of the LCD, which is called a PL-LCD, as described in W. Crossland, SID Digest 837, (1997). This display employs a backlight unit of narrow band frequency, a liquid crystal modulator, and a photoluminescent output screen for producing color. The PL-LCD light source utilizes wavelengths that are in the UV, which would accelerate the breakdown of the liquid crystal materials. Also, the PL-LCD light source is much less efficient than the standard cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) used in typical LCD displays.
In general, it would be beneficial to produce a display that did not suffer from the problems associated with typical LCD displays. As discussed above, these drawbacks are loss of efficiency (due to unpolarized backlights and usage of CFA's), poor color gamut, and loss of contrast and color at larger viewing angles. OLED displays overcome some of these disadvantages, however, they currently suffer from short lifetimes and higher manufacturing costs. Part of the higher manufacturing cost is inherent in the OLED design, such as the need to pixelate the OLED emitter region and the greater complexity of thin film transistors (TFTs) for current driven devices.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a display that overcomes the disadvantages inherent in typical LCD displays, such as loss of efficiency, poorer color gamut, and lower contrast and color at larger viewing angles.
This object is achieved by a display apparatus for producing colored pixelated light, comprising:
It is an advantage of the present invention to use a pixelated two-dimensional microcavity device array as the light source for a liquid crystal display. Microcavity devices have the useful feature that through proper engineering of the device design it is possible to reduce the divergence angle of the outputted light to less than 10-15�. This small divergence angle enables a 1:1 correspondence between the microcavity's color elements and the liquid crystal display's color elements. Correspondingly, it is no longer necessary to include the color filter array as one of the LCD film components.
Since the microcavity light passes through the LC switches nearly on axis, the problems associated with contrast and color shifts for large viewing angles are limited. An additional feature of the near collimation of the light source is that the liquid crystal viewing angle compensation films can be removed from the display structure. It is also common to include collimating films as part of the LCD components; however, these films can be removed since the microcavity device output from the two-dimensional array is naturally collimated (<10-15� divergence angle).
Additional advantages of the present invention come from the light output from each color element being spectrally narrow. This property results in a large enhancement of the color gamut of the liquid crystal display. In applications that prefer a limited viewing angle, such as for privacy viewing, the near collimation of the light source results in a much enhanced on-axis viewing brightness for the display compared to typical ones. This enhancement can either permit greatly increased display brightnesses or can be traded for greatly increased display power efficiency (enabling a large boost in the battery lifetime).
The invention is enabled by a light source that is both nearly collimated and spectrally narrow. In addition, the light source must contain red, green, and blue emitting elements from a common substrate whose size is on the scale of 80�240 μm. A light source that meets these criteria is a two-dimensional microcavity array device 100, as shown schematically in
Referring back to
The active region 130 is deposited over the bottom dielectric stack 120.
The periodic gain region(s) 160 is composed of either small-molecular weight organic material, polymeric organic material, or inorganic-based nanoparticles, which fluoresce with a high quantum efficiency. The small-molecular weight organic material is typically deposited by high-vacuum (10−6 Torr) thermal evaporation, while the conjugated polymers and inorganic nanoparticles are usually formed by spin casting.
Unless otherwise specifically stated, use of the term "substituted" or "substituent" means any group or atom other than hydrogen. Additionally, when the term "group" is used, it is meant that when a substituent group contains a substitutable hydrogen, it is also intended to encompass not only the substituent's unsubstituted form, but also its form further substituted with any substituent group or groups as herein mentioned, so long as the substituent does not destroy properties necessary for device utility. Suitably, a substituent group can be halogen or can be bonded to the remainder of the molecule by an atom of carbon, silicon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur, selenium, or boron. The substituent can be, for example, halogen, such as chloro, bromo or fluoro; nitro; hydroxyl; cyano; carboxyl; or groups which can be further substituted, such as alkyl, including straight or branched chain or cyclic alkyl, such as methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl, t-butyl, 3-(2,4-di-t-pentylphenoxy)propyl, and tetradecyl; alkenyl, such as ethylene, 2-butene; alkoxy, such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, 2-methoxyethoxy, sec-butoxy, hexyloxy, 2-ethylhexyloxy, tetradecyloxy, 2-(2,4-di-t-pentylphenoxy)ethoxy, and 2-dodecyloxyethoxy; aryl such as phenyl, 4-t-butylphenyl, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, naphthyl; aryloxy, such as phenoxy, 2-methylphenoxy, alpha- or beta-naphthyloxy, and 4-tolyloxy; carbonamido, such as acetamido, benzamido, butyramido, tetradecanamido, alpha-(2,4-di-t-pentyl-phenoxy)acetamido, alpha-(2,4-di-t-pentylphenoxy)butyramido, alpha-(3-pentadecylphenoxy)-hexanamido, alpha-(4-hydroxy-3-t-butylphenoxy)-tetradecanamido, 2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl, 2-oxo-5-tetradecylpyrrolin-1-yl, N-methyltetradecanamido, N-succinimido, N-phthalimido, 2,5-dioxo-1-oxazolidinyl, 3-dodecyl-2,5-dioxo-1-imidazolyl, and N-acetyl-N-dodecylamino, ethoxycarbonyl amino, phenoxycarbonylamino, benzyloxycarbonylamino, hexadecyloxycarbonylamino, 2,4-di-t-butylphenoxycarbonylamino, phenylcarbonylamino, 2,5-(di-t-pentylphenyl)carbonylamino, p-dodecyl-phenylcarbonylamino, p-tolylcarbonylamino, N-methylureido, N,N-dimethylureido, N-methyl-N-dodecylureido, N-hexadecylureido, N,N-dioctadecylureido, N,N-dioctyl-N′-ethylureido, N-phenylureido, N,N-diphenylureido, N-phenyl-N-p-tolylureido, N-(m-hexadecylphenyl)ureido, N,N-(2,5-di-t-pentylphenyl)-N′-ethylureido, and t-butylcarbonamido; sulfonamido, such as methylsulfonamido, benzenesulfonamido, p-tolylsulfonamido, p-dodecylbenzenesulfonamido, N-methyltetradecylsulfonamido, N,N-dipropyl-sulfamoylamino, and hexadecylsulfonamido; sulfamoyl, such as N-methylsulfamoyl, N-ethylsulfamoyl, N,N-dipropylsulfamoyl, N-hexadecylsulfamoyl, N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl, N-[3-(dodecyloxy)propyl]-sulfamoyl, N-[4-(2,4-di-t-pentylphenoxy)butyl]sulfamoyl, N-methyl-N-tetradecylsulfamoyl, and N-dodecylsulfamoyl; carbamoyl, such as N-methylcarbamoyl, N,N-dibutylcarbamoyl, N-octadecylcarbamoyl, N-[4-(2,4-di-t-pentylphenoxy)butyl]carbamoyl, N-methyl-N-tetradecylcarbamoyl, and N,N-dioctylcarbamoyl; acyl, such as acetyl, (2,4-di-t-amylphenoxy)acetyl, phenoxycarbonyl, p-dodecyloxyphenoxycarbonyl methoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl, tetradecyloxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, 3-pentadecyloxycarbonyl, and dodecyloxycarbonyl; sulfonyl, such as methoxysulfonyl, octyloxysulfonyl, tetradecyloxysulfonyl, 2-ethylhexyloxy-sulfonyl, phenoxysulfonyl, 2,4-di-t-pentylphenoxysulfonyl, methylsulfonyl, octylsulfonyl, 2-ethylhexylsulfonyl, dodecylsulfonyl, hexadecylsulfonyl, phenylsulfonyl, 4-nonylphenylsulfonyl, and p-tolylsulfonyl; sulfonyloxy, such as dodecylsulfonyloxy, and hexadecylsulfonyloxy; sulfinyl, such as methylsulfinyl, octylsulfinyl, 2-ethylhexylsulfinyl, dodecylsulfinyl, hexadecylsulfinyl, phenylsulfinyl, 4-nonylphenylsulfinyl, and p-tolylsulfinyl; thio, such as ethylthio, octylthio, benzylthio, tetradecylthio, 2-(2,4-di-t-pentylphenoxy)ethylthio, phenylthio, 2-butoxy-5-t-octylphenylthio, and p-tolylthio; acyloxy, such as acetyloxy, benzoyloxy, octadecanoyloxy, p-dodecylamidobenzoyloxy, N-phenylcarbamoyloxy, N-ethylcarbamoyloxy, and cyclohexylcarbonyloxy; amine, such as phenylanilino, 2-chloroanilino, diethylamine, dodecylamine; imino, such as 1(N-phenylimido)ethyl, N-succinimido or 3-benzylhydantoinyl; phosphate, such as dimethylphosphate and ethylbutylphosphate; phosphite, such as diethyl and dihexylphosphite; a heterocyclic group, a heterocyclic oxy group or a heterocyclic thio group, each of which can be substituted and which contain a 3 to 7 membered heterocyclic ring composed of carbon atoms and at least one hetero atom selected from the group including oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous, or boron. such as 2-furyl, 2-thienyl, 2-benzimidazolyloxy or 2-benzothiazolyl; quaternary ammonium, such as triethylammonium; quaternary phosphonium, such as triphenylphosphonium; and silyloxy, such as trimethylsilyloxy.
If desired, the substituents can themselves be further substituted one or more times with the described substituent groups. The particular substituents used can be selected by those skilled in the art to attain the desired properties for a specific application and can include, for example, electron-withdrawing groups, electron-donating groups, and steric groups. When a molecule can have two or more substituents, the substituents can be joined together to form a ring such as a fused ring unless otherwise provided. Generally, the above groups and substituents thereof can include those having up to 48 carbon atoms, typically 1 to 36 carbon atoms and usually less than 24 carbon atoms, but greater numbers are possible depending on the particular substituents selected. Substitution can include fused ring derivatives such as but not limited to benzo-, dibenzo-, naphtha-, or dinaphtho-fused derivatives. These fused ring derivatives can be further substituted as well.
The organic-based periodic gain region(s) 160 (or emissive material) can be comprised of a single host material, but more commonly includes a host material doped with a guest compound (dopant) or compounds where light emission comes primarily from the dopant and can be of any color. These host-dopant combinations are advantageous since they result in very small unpumped scattering/absorption losses for organic-based gain media (can be less than 1 cm−1). The dopant is usually chosen from highly fluorescent dyes, but phosphorescent compounds, e.g., transition metal complexes as described for OLED applications in WO 98/55561, WO 00/18851, WO 00/57676, and WO 00/70655 are also useful. Dopants are typically coated as 0.01 to 10% by weight into the host material, wherein they can be selected to provide emitted light having hues of either red, green, or blue. An example of a useful host-dopant combination for red emitting layers is Alq as the host material and 1% L39 [4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-t-butyl-6-(1,1,7,7-tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran] as the dopant.
An important relationship for choosing a dye as a dopant is a comparison of the absorption of the dopant material and emission of the host material. For efficient energy transfer (via Forster energy transfer) from the host to the dopant molecule, a necessary condition is that the absorption of the dopant overlaps the emission of the host material. Those skilled in the art are familiar with the concept of Forster energy transfer, which involves a radiationless transfer of energy between the host and dopant molecules. An important relationship for choosing the host material is that the absorption of the host material significantly overlaps the emission spectrum of the pump-beam 180 light. In addition, it is preferred that the absorption of the host material or a host material plus a dopant is small at the microcavity emission wavelength of the microcavity array device 100. An acceptable level of absorption is that the absorption coefficient of the host plus dopant combination is less than 1000 cm−1 at the wavelength of the microcavity emission.
Useful fluorescent emissive materials includes polycyclic aromatic compounds as described in I. B. Berlman, "Handbook of Fluorescence Spectra of Aromatic Molecules," Academic Press, New York, 1971 and EP 1 009 041. Tertiary aromatic amines with more than two amine groups can be used including oligomeric materials.
Another class of useful emissive materials (for host or dopants) include aromatic tertiary amines, where the latter is understood to be a compound containing at least one trivalent nitrogen atom that is bonded only to carbon atoms, at least one of which is a member of an aromatic ring. In one form the aromatic tertiary amine can be an arylamine, such as a monoarylamine, diarylamine, triarylamine, or an oligomeric arylamine. Exemplary monomeric triarylamines are illustrated by Klupfel, et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,180,730. Other suitable triarylamines substituted with one or more vinyl radicals and/or comprising at least one active hydrogen containing group are disclosed by Brantley, et al. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,567,450 and 3,658,520.
A more preferred class of aromatic tertiary amines are those which include at least two aromatic tertiary amine moieties as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,720,432 and 5,061,569. Such compounds include those represented by structural Formula A
In one embodiment, at least one of Q1 or Q2 contains a polycyclic fused ring structure, e.g., a naphthalene. When G is an aryl group, it is conveniently a phenylene, biphenylene, or naphthalene moiety.
A useful class of triarylamines satisfying structural Formula A and containing two triarylamine moieties is represented by structural Formula B
The host material can comprise a substituted or unsubstituted triarylamine compound. Another class of aromatic tertiary amines are the tetraaryldiamines. Desirable tetraaryldiamines include two diarylamino groups, such as indicated by Formula C, linked through an arylene group. Useful tetraaryldiamines include those represented by Formula D
In a typical embodiment, at least one of Ar, R7, R8, and R9 is a polycyclic fused ring structure, e.g., a naphthalene.
The various alkyl, alkylene, aryl, and arylene moieties of the foregoing structural Formulae A, B, C, D, can each in turn be substituted. Typical substituents include alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, aryl groups, aryloxy groups, and halogens such as fluoride, chloride, and bromide. The various alkyl and alkylene moieties typically contain from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. The cycloalkyl moieties can contain from 3 to about 10 carbon atoms, but typically contain five, six, or seven carbon atoms, e.g. cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl ring structures. The aryl and arylene moieties are usually phenyl and phenylene moieties.
The emissive material can be formed of a single or a mixture of aromatic tertiary amine compounds. Specifically, one can employ a triarylamine, such as a triarylamine satisfying the Formula B, in combination with a tetraaryldiamine, such as indicated by Formula D. The host material can include a substituted or unsubstituted dicarbazole-biphenyl compound. Illustrative of useful aromatic tertiary amines is the following:
The host material can comprise a substituted or unsubstituted aza-aromatic compound. For example, the host material can comprise a substituted or unsubstituted acridine, quinoline, purine, phenazine, phenoxazine, or phenanthroline compound. Carbazole derivatives are useful hosts. Useful examples of phenanthroline materials include 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline and 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline.
Host and dopant molecules include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,768,292; 5,141,671; 5,150,006; 5,151,629; 5,405,709; 5,484,922; 5,593,788; 5,645,948; 5,683,823; 5,755,999; 5,928,802; 5,935,720; 5,935,721; and 6,020,078.
Metal complexes of 8-hydroxyquinoline and similar derivatives (Formula E) constitute one class of useful host materials capable of supporting electroluminescence, and are particularly suitable for light emission of wavelengths longer than 500 nm, e.g., green, yellow, orange, and red.
From the foregoing it is apparent that the metal can be monovalent, divalent, trivalent, or tetravalent metal. The metal can, for example, be an alkali metal, such as lithium, sodium, or potassium; an alkaline earth metal, such as magnesium or calcium; an earth metal, such aluminum or gallium, or a transition metal such as zinc or zirconium. Generally any monovalent, divalent, trivalent, or tetravalent metal known to be a useful chelating metal can be employed.
Z completes a heterocyclic nucleus containing at least two fused aromatic rings, at least one of which is an azole or azine ring. Additional rings, including both aliphatic and aromatic rings, can be fused with the two required rings, if required. To avoid adding molecular bulk without improving on function the number of ring atoms is usually maintained at 18 or less.
The host material can comprise a substituted or unsubstituted chelated oxinoid compound.
Illustrative of useful chelated oxinoid compounds are the following:
The host material can include a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene compound.
Derivatives of 9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)anthracene (Formula F) constitute one class of useful hosts capable of supporting photoluminescence, and are particularly suitable for light emission of wavelengths longer than 400 nm, e.g. blue, green, yellow, orange or red.
Illustrative examples include 9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)anthracene (F1) and 2-t-butyl-9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)anthracene (F2). Other anthracene derivatives can be useful as a host, including derivatives of 9,10-bis-(4-(2,2′-diphenylethenyl)phenyl)anthracene.
Benzazole derivatives (Formula G) constitute another class of useful hosts capable of supporting photoluminescence, and are particularly suitable for light emission of wavelengths longer than 400 nm, e.g., blue, green, yellow, orange or red.
The host material can comprise a substituted or unsubstituted benzoxazole compound, a substituted or unsubstituted benzthiazole compound, or a substituted or unsubstituted benzimidazole compound. The host material can comprise a substituted or unsubstituted oxazole compound, a substituted or unsubstituted triazole compound, or a substituted or unsubstituted oxadiazole compound. Useful examples of oxazole compounds include 1,4-bis(5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)benzene, 1,4-bis(4-methyl-5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)benzene, and 1,4-bis(5-(p-biphenyl)oxazol-2-yl)benzene. Useful examples of oxadiazole compounds include 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole and 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole. Useful examples of triazole compounds include 3-(4-biphenylyl)-4-phenyl-5-tert-butylphenyl-1,2,4-triazole.
Distyrylarylene derivatives are also useful as host materials or dopant materials. Many examples are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,121,029. Useful emissive materials (hosts and dopants) can have the general Formulae (H) or (I):
The organic-based dopant is selected to provide emission between 300-1700 nm. The dopant can be selected from fluorescent or phosphorescent dyes. Useful fluorescent dopants include materials as described as host materials above. Other useful fluorescent dopants include, but are not limited to, derivatives of substituted or unsubstituted anthracene, tetracene, xanthene, perylene, rubrene, coumarin, rhodamine, and quinacridone, dicyanomethylenepyran compounds, thiopyran compounds, polymethine compounds, pyrilium and thiapyrilium compounds, fluorene derivatives, periflanthene derivatives, indenoperylene derivatives, bis(azinyl)amine boron compounds, bis(azinyl)methane compounds, napthyridine, fluoranthene, furan, indole, thiaphene, benzoxanthene, pyrene, peropyrene, terphenyl, quaterphenyl, quinquephenyl, sexiphenyl, anthanthrene, bisanthrene compounds, N,N,N′,N′-tetrasubstituted benzidene derivatives, N,N,N′,N′-tetrarylbenzidene derivatives and carbostyryl compounds or combinations thereof. Derivatives of these classes of materials can also serve as useful host materials or combinations thereof. Host materials will often be compounds containing at least three phenylene moieties.
Illustrative examples of useful dopants include, but are not limited to, the following:
Other emissive materials include various heterocyclic optical brighteners as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,539,507.
The emissive material can also be a polymeric material, a blend of two or more polymeric materials, or a doped polymer or polymer blend. The emissive material can also include more than one nonpolymeric and polymeric materials with or without dopants. Typical dopants are listed previously for nonpolymeric molecules. Nonpolymeric dopants can be molecularly dispersed into the polymeric host, or the dopant could be added by copolymerizing a minor constituent into the host polymer. Typical polymeric materials include, but are not limited to, substituted and unsubstituted poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) derivatives, substituted and unsubstituted poly(p-phenylene) (PPP) derivatives, substituted and unsubstituted polyfluorene (PF) derivatives, substituted and unsubstituted poly(p-pyridine), substituted and unsubstituted poly(p-pyridalvinylene) derivatives, and substituted, unsubstituted poly(p-phenylene) ladder and step-ladder polymers, and copolymers thereof as taught by Diaz-Garcia, et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,881,083 and references therein. The substituents include but are not limited to alkyls, cycloalkyls, alkenyls, aryls, heteroaryls, alkoxy, aryloxys, amino, nitro, thio, halo, hydroxy, and cyano. Typical polymers are poly(p-phenylene vinylene), dialkyl-, diaryl-, diamino-, or dialkoxy-substituted PPV, mono alkyl-mono alkoxy-substituted PPV, mono aryl-substituted PPV, 9,9′-dialkyl or diaryl-substituted PF, 9,9′-mono alky-mono aryl substituted PF, 9-mono alky or aryl substituted PF, PPP, dialkyl-, diamino-, diaryl-, or dialkoxy-substituted PPP, mono alkyl-, aryl-, alkoxy-, or amino-substituted PPP. In addition, polymeric materials can be used such as poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK), polythiophenes, polypyrrole, polyaniline, and copolymers such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) also called PEDOT/PSS.
The organic materials mentioned above are suitably deposited through sublimation, but can be deposited from a solvent with an optional binder to improve film formation. If the material is a polymer, solvent deposition is usually preferred. The material to be deposited by sublimation can be vaporized from a sublimator "boat" often comprised of a tantalum material, e.g. as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,237,529, or can be first coated onto a donor sheet and then sublimed in closer proximity to the substrate. Layers with a mixture of materials can utilize separate sublimator boats or the materials can be pre-mixed and coated from a single boat or donor sheet.
As shown in
Most organic-based microcavity devices are sensitive to moisture or oxygen, or both, so they are commonly sealed in an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon. Desiccant such as alumina, bauxite, calcium sulfate, clays, silica gel, zeolites, alkaline metal oxides, alkaline earth metal oxides, sulfates, or metal halides and perchlorates can be incorporated into the sealed device. Methods for encapsulation and desiccation include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,226,890. In addition, barrier layers such as SiOx, Teflon, and alternating inorganic/polymeric layers are known in the art for encapsulation.
For the spacer layer 170 it is preferred to use a material that is highly transparent to both the microcavity emission 190 and the pump-beam 180. In this embodiment 1,1-Bis-(4-bis(4-methyl-phenyl)-amino-phenyl)-cyclohexane (TAPC) is chosen as the spacer material, since it has very low absorption throughout the visible and near UV spectrum and its index of refraction is slightly lower than that of most organic host materials. This refractive index difference is useful since it helps in maximizing the overlap between the standing e-field antinodes and the periodic gain region(s) 160. Besides organic spacer materials, the spacer layer 170 can also be composed of inorganic materials, such as SiO2, since it has low absorption and its index of refraction is less than that of organic host materials. When using inorganic-based spacer layers, the materials can be deposited either by thermal evaporation, e-beam at low deposition temperatures (around 70� C.), or colloidal methods.
Following the growth of the active region 130 is the deposition of the top dielectric stack 140. The top dielectric stack 140 is spaced from the bottom dielectric stack 120 and reflective to light over a predetermined range of wavelengths. Its composition is analogous to that of the bottom dielectric stack. Since the top dielectric stack 140 is deposited over an active region 130 that contains organics (for the case of organic-based gain media), its deposition temperature must be kept low in order to avoid melting the organics and thermal expansion mismatches (between the organics and the inorganic dielectric stack material) which occur upon cooling the sample back down to room temperature. As a result, a typical deposition temperature for the top dielectric stack 140 is 100� C. or lower. The top dielectric stack can be deposited by conventional ways, such as e-beam, low-energy sputtering, or colloidal deposition. In order to obtain effective microcavity device performance, it is preferred that the peak reflectivity of the bottom dielectric stack 120 be greater than 99% while the peak reflectivity of the top dielectric stack 140 be less than 90%.
The microcavity array device 100 is optically driven by an incident pump-beam source 180 and emits microcavity emission 190. The pump-beam light 180 can be incoherent LED light.
With the invention of a display containing the microcavity array device 100, a simplified liquid crystal display can be made. The more simplified LCD, as shown in
The backlight unit 220, as shown in
The small divergence angle of the microcavity array device 100 enables a 1:1 correspondence between the microcavity array's emitting elements 205 and the light shutter layer's 310 color elements. Correspondingly, it is no longer necessary to include a color filter array as one of the components of the light shutter layer 310. The light shutter layer 310 only needs to modulate the colored light incident from the microcavity array device 100; thus, limiting the efficiency loss associated with color filter arrays. An additional feature of the near collimation of the light output from the microcavity array device 100 is that the viewing angle compensation films can be removed from the display structure. Also due to the natural collimation (<10-15� divergence angle) of the microcavity array device 100 light output, is that the collimating films, which are typically included in the backlight unit 220, can be removed. As a result of eliminating viewing angle compensation films and the collimating films from the display structure, the cost of the liquid crystal display device can be reduced. However, to prevent light leakage from neighboring pixels, the small divergence of the microcavity array device 100 light output must be accounted for. To prevent light of the incorrect color from escaping through a neighboring pixel, the size of the microcavity array's emitting elements 205 must be slightly reduced in order that the microcavity light upon traversing into the light shutter layer 310 will subtend the proper pixel dimension of approximately 80�240 μm. The size of the emitting elements can be adjusted by selectively depositing metal between the bottom dielectric stack 120 and the substrate 110. Preferred metals are Al or Ag, which can be selectively deposited by well known evaporation techniques. These metals are highly reflective of the pump-beam light 180 and will cause the recycling of the pump-beam light 180 until it passes between the metal depositions.
The light shutter layer 310, as shown in
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other light shutters can be used with the present invention. An example is a light shutter produced by electrowetting. In this light switch, as demonstrated by Hayes, et al., Nature, 425, 383 (2003), the application of an electric field changes the degree to which dye-containing oil droplets cover the surface of each pixel. In effect, the electric field modifies the hydrophobicity of the pixel surface. Hayes, et al., Nature, 425, 383 (2003) envisioned their switch used for a reflective display, where the reflection is produced by a white reflector in back of the oil droplets. The electrowetting switch could also be used in transmission if the backplane is clear instead of reflective.
Since the light output of the microcavity array device 100 is nearly collimated, it is necessary to include a beam expander 320 as the final element of the LCD device of
Another embodiment of the liquid crystal display device, as shown in
For the case of blue-only emission from the blue-emitting microcavity array device 105, the light shutter layer 310 can be slightly modified in order to optimize its operation. More specifically, the liquid crystal cell 330 modulates the blue light intensity output from the blue-emitting microcavity array device 105 by orienting the liquid crystal molecules upon selective application of voltages. The liquid crystal cell 330 should be tuned so that the dark state is optimized for the central wavelength of the incident blue microcavity light from the blue-emitting microcavity array device 105. In this way the contrast of the display device can be increased.
The color conversion layer 325 selectively absorbs the modulated blue microcavity light and down converts it to red and green colored light at the positions of the red and green display pixels. In order to down convert the blue light to red and green colored light, the layer can comprise red and green emitting organic fluorescent dyes in a solid matrix, respectively. Organic fluorescent dyes have the advantages of high fluorescent quantum efficiencies and high absorption cross-sections. In addition, they can be deposited by cost effective deposition techniques, such as spin coating. Candidate red and green high quantum efficiency organic dyes are [4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-t-butyl-6-(1,1,7,7-tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran] (DCJTB) and [10-(2-benzothiazolyl)-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1,1,7,7-tetramethyl-1H,5H,11H-[1]Benzopyrano[6,7,8-ij]quinolizin-11-one] (Coumarin 545T), respectively. Both have fluorescent quantum efficiencies near 100% (in solid films) and large absorption cross-sections in the 460-480 nm wavelength range, where the blue-emitting microcavity array device 105 would be emitting. Besides using organic fluorescent dyes as the down converters, recent results point to the viability of using inorganic quantum dots as the fluorescent compounds in the color converter layer 325. For example, colloidal CdSe/CdS heterostructure quantum dots have demonstrated quantum yields above 80%, A. P. Alivisatos, MRS Bulletin 18 (1998). The solid matrix containing the organic or inorganic fluorescent material should be transparent to visible wavelength light and capable of being deposited by inexpensive processes. Preferred solid matrices are transparent plastics, such as poly-vinyl acetate or PMMA. In doping the matrices with the organic dyes, the dye concentration needs to be kept just below where concentration quenching begins to occur. As such, the doping concentration would be in the 0.5-2% range for DCJTB and Coumarin 545T.
Even though the internal quantum efficiencies are nearly 100% for select organic fluorescent dyes, the external quantum efficiencies can be limited as a result of light trapping in the solid matrix. A preferred way for increasing the external quantum efficiencies is to include scattering centers with the dye particles when depositing them along with the solid matrix material. The scattering particles should have diameters on the order of one-half of the emission wavelength (red and green), indices different from that of the solid matrix, and be transparent throughout the visible spectral range. A preferred particle would be TiO2 as a result of its transparency throughout the visible spectrum and its large index of refraction.
Since the display light needs to be directed towards the viewer, the red/green dielectric stack 315 is placed between the color conversion layer 325 and the light shutter layer 310. The red/green dielectric stack 315 should reflect greater than 80% of the red and green emission and pass at least 90% of the blue microcavity light. It is preferred that the red/green dielectric stack 315 be deposited by an inexpensive methodology, such as polymeric extrusion, colloidal deposition, or plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Other methodologies are possible as commonly practiced in the art.
As stated above, the color converter layer 325 contains blue pixels that pass the blue laser light without down conversion. Because of the narrow divergence angle of the blue microcavity light, the blue pixels need to incorporate materials that increase the angular emission cone of the blue light. As is well known in the art, scattering particles can be selected which preferentially scatter the blue microcavity light in the forward direction. As for the green and red pixels, the scattering particles should have indices different from that of the solid matrix and be transparent. Both the size and index of refraction of the scattering particles are chosen according to well-known formulations that enhance forward scattering. Besides increasing the angular emission cone by including scattering particles in the blue pixel matrix, other methodologies are possible as commonly practiced in the art.
The blue, green, and red pixels of the color converter layer 325 need to be sized according to the display application (given the display area and resolution) and be deposited selectively using a cost effective procedure. One methodology is to incorporate the fluorescent particles and the scattering particles in a photoresist formulation. This type of an approach has been used to make dyed photo-imageable photoresist (the CFA is commonly deposited by this technique), where dyed particles are added to the photoresist formulation. Using this approach, the blue, green, and red portions of the color converter layer 325 can be selectively deposited using photolithographic techniques that are well known in the art. Besides selective deposition by photolithographic methodologies of the color converter layer 325, other methodologies can be employed as commonly practiced in the art.
In addition to the efficiency gain obtained by removal of the CFA from the light shutter layer 310, having a large area, blue-emitting microcavity array device as the light source brings other advantages. Since the blue microcavity light emission is nearly collimated, both the viewing angle compensation films and the collimating films (typically found in the backlight unit 220) can be removed from the display structure. As a result of the eliminating the viewing angle compensation films and the collimating films from the display structure, the cost of the liquid crystal display device can be reduced.
The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention.
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Norman Shepherd's views on covenant theology, justification, and Gospel and Law have sparked vitriolic controversy in Reformation Christianity. His definition of saving faith — a... More > submissive, penitent, obedient trust, which has nothing whatever to do with man's merit, virtue or performance to curry God's reward — has been met not only with disagreement and opposition but also with recrimination and anathema. Faith alone justifies, teaches Shepherd, but that faith is active in hanging onto the promises of God in Jesus Christ and in submitting to His will. The present work is an exploration and elucidation of saving faith according to the Old Testament, to Jesus, to James, to Paul and to the rest of the New Testament< Less
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Vidant, two other health systems create joint company
Updated: 09/17/2014 - Vidant Health says it is forming the new company with Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center in Winston-Salem and WakeMed Health & Hospitals in Raleigh.
Updated: 09/17/2014 - Vidant Health says it is forming the new company with Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center in Winston-Salem and WakeMed Health & Hospitals in Raleigh.
Updated: 09/17/2014 - Gov. Pat McCrory is ready to unveil his administration's plan to help ensure North Carolina has the transportation infrastructure it needs for a growing population in the next generation.
Posted: 09/16/2014 - The community came together Tuesday in Greenville for groundbreaking ceremonies on a new homeless shelter.
Updated: 09/17/2014 - Rebuilding after Hurricane Floyd was all about preventing a similar disaster in the future. That's one of the takeaways those who lived through the devastation are remembering on the 15th anniversary of the hurricane.
Updated: 09/17/2014 - Police are investigating a possible ethnic hate crime on ECU's campus. A profane phrase directed toward Jewish people was written on a door at one of the dorms.
Updated: 09/16/2014 - David "Tony" Knox was found dead in his Douglas Avenue home back on May 12, 2012.
Updated: 09/16/2014 - Greenville police say a second hotel has been robbed in less than 24-hours.
Updated: 09/16/2014 - Greenville Fire-Rescue says the workers were some 40 feet up on scaffolding, and were uninjured.
Updated: 09/16/2014 - East Coast Wings and Grill is offering a sweet promotion for teachers in a local city.
Updated: 09/16/2014 - The man's stepdaughter says the 70-year-old victim used a walker to get around.
Updated: 09/17/2014 - Robert Jones of Grifton says water started rising quickly the night of September 16, 1999.
Updated: 09/17/2014 - The midway is packed with 35 rides, food vendors, performances and much more.
Updated: 09/15/2014 - A local board of education will be getting a new member Monday.
Updated: 09/12/2014 - A nearly five-million-dollar addition to Uptown Greenville will re-route traffic for the next month.
Updated: 09/12/2014 - Deputies and crime scene investigators this afternoon converged on a home on Worthington Road, about a half mile west of D.H. Conley High School.
Updated: 03/01/2015 - An 8-year-old girl who saved her family from a kitchen fire was honored today in Greenville.
Posted: 09/12/2014 - North Carolina Attorney General Roy Cooper has launched a campaign designed to help college students become smarter consumers.
Updated: 09/12/2014 - Three men stole a trailer from a Harley shop, then loaded it up with stolen lawn mowers. Now Pitt County deputies are hoping you can spot the stolen goods.
Updated: 09/11/2014 - Students at Farmville Middle were challenged by their principal to create videos demonstrating how they feel and what they understand about 9/11.
Updated: 09/11/2014 - The university enrolled 22,252 undergraduates, which is 744 more than last fall and is the largest number in university history, said Dr. John Fletcher.
Updated: 09/11/2014 - The car fire shut down North Memorial Drive traffic coming from the airport.
Updated: 09/11/2014 - Pitt County School Spokesman Brock Letchworth says a student was found with a pocket knife as he got off the bus this morning.
Updated: 09/11/2014 - Thursday marks the anniversary of the 9/11 terrorist attacks made on the two World Trade Center buildings in New York. In honor of the fallen victims of the tragedy, many places in the east will be holding various remembrance services.
Posted: 09/11/2014 - A man accused of raping a teenager is due in court Thursday.
Posted: 09/10/2014 - The Ray Rice domestic violence case has shed more light on the domestic violence problem in the United States.


text:
Cisco 2008 IACP Super Session - Part 2
Check out more video highlights of Sheriff Lee Baca, Los Angeles County, and Connie Rice, Co-Director, Advancement Project, talking at the Cisco Systems Super Session about changing the paradigm in dealing with gangs. Filmed at the IACP 2008 law enforcement tradeshow.
Join the discussion
PoliceOne top 5
- 1 10 secrets cops know that most people don't
- 2 Video: Ariz. shootout injures two cops, kills suspect
- 3 Video: Texas cops fatally shoot man who pulled replica
- 4 Video: Cops, medic, firefighters brawl at T-ball game
- 5 Former LA cop involved in OIS shares lessons on deadly force


text:
Common Dreams has a blogpost up that is worth a read, if only for all the useful links. It points out that MERS registration may have fatally flawed the 62 million mortgages in its data base.
Remember a year ago when I asked if Mortgage Fractionalizations and MERS registration might invalidate mortgages? That was in response to a Kansas court ruling that said that MERS did not have standing to be the plaintiff in foreclosure.
Now, a recent Calfornia bankruptcy court ruling In Re: Rickie Walker, Case no. 10-21656 – E – 11, declares that
Since no evidence of MERS' ownership of the underlying note has been offered, and other courts have concluded that MERS does not own the underlying notes, this court is convinced that MERS had no interest it could transfer to Citibank. Since MERS did not own the underlying note, it could not transfer the beneficial interest of the Deed of Trust to another. Any attempt to transfer the beneficial interest of a trust deed without ownership of the underlying note is void under California law.
The court then goes on to hold that the assignee, Citibank has failed to establish the right to payments. MERS can't foreclose, Citibank can't collect. They brought this all on themselves.
I half wonder if that judge reads us here at FDL because the decision is based on the same cases we have been telling you guys about as they developed. Anyway, go read the Common Dreams and click through the links which take you to blogs by other lawyers, all seeing the same things we have been seeing.
Pups, our view of the law is gaining traction.
[Earlier posts in this series and related links at FDL's Foreclosure Fraud Resources]


text:
Boom in music video games is helping the original artists
Published: Tuesday, December 23, 2008 at 6:30 a.m.
Last Modified: Tuesday, December 23, 2008 at 6:29 a.m.
LOS ANGELES "This song is dedicated to Debbie Harry," flinty-eyed Lisa Hsuan purrs into a microphone on the red-lit stage of Hyperion Tavern. It's a cozy dive where patrons drink Coke and beer from bottles and a fading chandelier dangles overhead.
Her tribute is intentionally ludicrous: The 30-year-old veterinarian is about to belt out "Call Me," which Harry fronting the group Blondie released 28 years ago. Accompanied on fake guitars and drums by three Web programmers who drove in from the refinery-dotted coastal suburb of El Segundo, Hsuan launches in as a smoke machine puffs nearby.
They're playing the video game "Rock Band 2," which along with "Guitar Hero" is rocking bars and living rooms across the country. Many songs' sales have more than doubled after release in one of the games, and well-known bands have started lining up to provide new music direct to the game makers. Now record labels noticing what they are missing, and struggling as compact disc sales tumble are looking for a bigger piece of the action.
Although labels get some royalties from the play-along games' makers, they are often bypassed on image and likeness licensing deals, which the bands control and which account for a rising proportion of musicians' income. Meanwhile, the Recording Industry Association of America pegged its U.S. members' sales at $10.4 billion in 2007, down 11.8 percent from the year before, with a further drop expected for 2008. By comparison, sales of music video games more than doubled this year, hitting $1.9 billion in the past 12 months, according to NPD Group. And they're expected to keep growing.
Aerosmith made more money off the June release of "Guitar Hero: Aerosmith" than either of its last two albums, according to Kai Huang, co-founder of RedOctane, which first developed "Guitar Hero."
"The kind of exposure that artists can get through the Guitar Hero platform is huge," said Huang, who remains RedOctane's president, after it and the "Guitar Hero" franchise were taken over by Activision Blizzard Inc. in 2006. "Rock Band," meanwhile, is made by Viacom Inc.'s MTV Games and distributed by Electronic Arts Inc.
Artists from Nirvana to the Red Hot Chili Peppers have seen sales of their music more than double after being released on the games. Some bands are featured on special editions like Aerosmith on "Guitar Hero" this year and, soon, The Beatles with MTV Games and last month, The Killers released two new songs on "Guitar Hero" the same time their latest album came out.
"It's a way to save the music industry," said Grant Lau, a 40-year-old bar worker who started the play-along night at the Hyperion three years ago for a friend who owns the bar.
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Does anyone know what the rules for purchasing a second home are for USDA loans?
I have a house i dont want to sell and take a loss on -
I've been working with a broker who is out for a few days , he recommended and pre-approved us for usda loan, but we didnt talk about carrying the old mortgage while purchasing another home. ... now im anxious to find a answer.
we looked at a place we like and its cheap enough that both the new and old mortgage combined with all other bills would still fall at 39% of our income.
so-our income is plenty to cover both loans.
already had credit scores run,
just want to know if anyone knows about if they will approve a loan for a second home, as primary residence while keeping the old loan and renting it out???
ps - we dont need the rental income added to our income to make the ratios work.
Generally you can't own another home when purchasing a home with USDA, there are a few exceptions. Where is the new home located compared to where you live now? Why are you buying the new home?
Information that is needed to determine if you qualify for a mortgage
Best Way to Remove "Account In Dispute" for Mortgages
FHA guidelines on collection accounts, judgments & disputed tradelines
Just a update incase anyone else has the same question.
I found out yes you can keep a previous home, as long as your income is enough to cover the expenses , and as long as you plan on living in the new home purchased with the USDA loan. .. Which is understandable because they are not funding someone who is just purchasing as a investment.
Of course be careful that you didnt sign anything agreeing to live in the first home for a set amount of time. I did not since it was a conventional loan.
05-04-2011 09:02 AM - edited 05-04-2011 09:04 AM
Where did you get that information - as long as your income is enough to cover the expenses? Sounds like a loan officer talk, one who isn't very familiar with USDA's guidelines. The only time you can own another home is if the other home is not in the commuting area, or if it's not structurally sound or functionally adequate. Being able to qualify for both payments is a given.
See: http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/regs/regs/pdf/1980d.pdf
§1980.346 Other eligibility criteria.
The applicant must: (a) Be a person who does not own a dwelling in the local commuting area or owns a dwelling which is not structurally sound, functionally adequate.
See: http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/va/programs/SFH/Agnes/G
Applicant must:
• BE a U.S. CITIZEN, a U.S. NON-CITIZEN NATIONAL, OR HAVE QUALIFIED ALIEN STATUS
• PURCHASE a RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY THAT IS LOCATED in a RURAL DEVELOPMENT ELIGIBLE AREA
Information that is needed to determine if you qualify for a mortgage
Best Way to Remove "Account In Dispute" for Mortgages
FHA guidelines on collection accounts, judgments & disputed tradelines
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text: Simon Cowell, Lauren Silverman on Vacation by Free Britney at August 28, 2013 6:06 am. Comments Share Tweet Email Simon Cowell is snapped smooching his baby mama, Lauren Silverman, in St. Tropez. Edit Delete Follow Simon Cowell? Stars: Simon Cowell, Lauren Silverman Related Videos: Simon Cowell Videos, Lauren Silverman Videos Related Post: Simon Cowell and Lauren Silverman: "100 Percent" Together! Uploaded by: Free Britney Uploaded: August 28, 2013 Duration: 70 seconds


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Got some comments, feedback, and questions?Send them over to firstname.lastname@example.com. We'd love to hear from you!
There's also one in Bohol. Kind of exclusive and may membership. But it better.
I'll pm you the details.
Ever tried going to a nude beach here in the Philippines. My hubby and I went to Sogod Cebu and it was nice. There weren't many people there, because there's only a place by the beach where you can go nude. When we got there were shocked at first, you had to go by boat to get there, and later on we went nude na din. Nakakailang but as time passed, it was fun. Well, for my hubby he saw a lot of big boob foreigners and even a pinay which I am okay with. Men were glancing at me but it was fine also because hey, it's a nude beach.
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How to use scathe in a sentence. Example sentences using scathe.
Scathe used in a sentence
Related Sentences for Scathe
Im scatheme now think god im still alive buy have a total truck that im really going to miss my face is pretty scath
Atos ngntok yeunggg... mni t tyz d bntaknd scath. mmmmp wljng bo2 ALL .?
Well what i mint start to 2013!! Tax rebate boom now who's around for some drinks down scath for my Birthday tonight?
I got 10 likes so my crush is ~lane young ~dennis scath Omg i cant believe i told my biggest serect!


text:
1 killed in Medford home invasion
One man was killed and another wounded when two men barged into a Meford home late Wednesday. Suffolk police are seeking two suspects. Videojournalist: James Carbone (Aug. 8, 2013)
Suffolk cops demonstrate dangers of illegal fireworks Fire Island resort fire Forecast: Partly sunny for July Fourth Puppy of the Day: Bruno Drag show at Cherry's On The Bay Forecast: Rain today, sunny for July Fourth Meet 'The Matz' sandwich Police investigate homicide in Central Islip Forecast: 80s temperatures for July Fourth weekend Willy Wonka-themed prom at Vandermeulen High School Police: Man stole cash from pizzeria tip jar Forecast: Clear skies for Eisenhower Park fireworks


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Airport Mania 2: Wild Trips
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Game DescriptionVisit destinations all over the world and sometimes out of it in this amazing sequel to Airport Mania!
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text:
Sweet is the simple sugar that you gift yourself.
This Ridiculous Girl
Random flighty thoughts that should appeal to no one.
Saturday, April 25, 2015
Sunday, April 19, 2015
There you go, then.
Present for The Kid. Every morning brings breakfast together at the dining table. We each have a placemat. I enjoy a cup of black coffee, and she gets whatever creation I muster. I make sure she has a neatly folded napkin and a little jelly jar of juice. God, I love this.
The recipes I've studied for years, and some new ventures, have found their way to reality in my kitchen. I cook, clean, plant veggies, and exercise.
I'm living the best life I could ever ask for.
I know deep down it's not forever sustainable. My finances are not unlimited. My daughter will seek her own best life. I may always have an adventurous craving deep in my bones for independence. Forever is not the point.
Right now, right here, I'm the happiest I've ever been. Love.
My friend Laura planted some of my Gramma's cannas. Now they live in Austin. My Gramma would think this is super cool.
Another love. This is my sole nutrition during my runs. One every 45 minutes, but if I run over 3 hours, I start taking them every 30 mins.
By then, I can barely do the math in my head.
I'm the slowest member of our group. I'm ok with that because I know how much I'm giving it.
The first bluebonnet of the year. Hello, honey.
Yes, it's a loaf of bread. Yes, it's weeping.
No need to laugh, thank you.
Ugh, selfies.
The Kid. :)
Saturday morning's run. Since we traveled to Grapevine (near Ft. Worth) for the formal, I thought I'd get in an interesting long run. The forecast had promised a chilly start, so I added a couple hours sleep to my plan and headed out well rested.
At least I'm experienced enough to apply sunscreen in spite of predictions. As soon as I saw the bright, sunny skies, I knew this would be no brisk trot. I immediately ventured off my prepared intricately detailed, hand-written map within the first quarter mile. My new plan suddenly became, follow the sidewalk for half my water supply and then turn back.
Along the way, I found a trailhead off the road with a water fountain, so I took a break to hydrate and rest. The trail was paved and an elderly couple passed by. Perfect. New plan, follow trail for half my water supply and then turn back.
Finally, the trail came out of the woods and I had to decide whether to continue along the sunny pavement, or go ahead and turn. I let my ego push me forward. Two ladies wearing too much perfume pushed on ahead of me with terrible running form; I sure as hell wasn't going to quit. Hot sun. Eyes sting with sweat.
I looked up, and this beautiful lake arose in my view. To my left, a couple of men were getting out of their car and into wheelchairs. I felt embarrassed that I could run. I wished I was doing worse, or better, or whatever would help them somehow. An empty dock beckoned, and I ran hard.
Posted by Jenny E at 8:18 PM Links to this post
Wednesday, March 18, 2015
In Good Time
I gave notice at my job.
I've climbed as high as I can go here, complete with the suite and a view of the UT tower and stadium. How lovely.
These come at a price. Though I can see the weather, I don't have time to step outside for a breath. My commute is dreadful. I won't go on.
I'm choosing to rely on the other man for financial security for awhile, as opposed to The Man. I have some projects up my sleeve that can provide additional compensation, but my primary duties for the next few years will be home-based.
I love my girl, and I'll never regret being present for her high school years. She is happy with the upcoming changes.
It's all for her, and it always has been.
March 27 sounds like a mighty fine day.
Posted by Jenny E at 12:04 PM Links to this post
Saturday, March 7, 2015
Ridiculously Long Running Report
I've been dreading this race. Terribly. I'm not so typically affected.
Since I got my coach I've been working harder on the sport that brings out my deepest fears/abandonment issues. Let's do it and not discuss further.
Let me back up. I got a coach for a reason. Goal setting. Accountability.
I think I need these things because I start strong in races, then at some point I realize it's so freaking hard and there's still some distance to go.
My coach fixed this. My ass is whipped into shape. Today's half marathon taught me that.
I still have a lot of work to do so that I can be "fast". For example, my friend won the half marathon. And I'm the slowest one in my training group. Nobody makes me feel bad about myself, and I just pretend to keep up. This must be working, because I am stronger.
So what happened today? Do you remember the post from a few years ago where I was sitting in my car post race and being all hysterical? Yeah, today was the same course. My fourth time here.
I warm up hard so the pack start would feel easy. We take off at sputtering paces, sometimes too fast, and sometimes halting to a walk. We jockey for positions on the single track trail. Mile 1 passes and I score my first twisted ankle. Ladies start taking Gu and it slows them down. I wait on mine and take the pass. Mile 2 twisting that ankle and wondering what the rules are for dropping to the 10k. I get a side stitch. Breathe. Run in a way that my legs move but my upper body doesn't. Squash the stitch. Awesome. Go. Run. My coach appears out of nowhere, calls my name and tells me to pace myself.
I wrench my ankle hard. I cry out and my glorious pain echos through the Smithville, TX spicy pine tree forest. The potato shaped rocks bounce the sharp sound back at me as fiercely as my nerves shatter. I hang onto a sapling as I force air into my lungs. Jog. More. Go. Run. Nobody's here to carry me out and I'm no quitter. On this terrain, every 3 miles equals 43 minutes if I try really hard.
I trip over a root or a group or rocks, or both. Land like a frog fingers down, palms high, booty in the air. Cool, no damage. Jog. More. Go. Run. Shake out the neck and shoulders. Whiplash.
Dance on the rocks. Think of people I love. Only positive thoughts.
Please God, help me feel your presence. I don't doubt you're there. I just need help feeling you. I can't do this alone.
Last fall, face plant into a clump of dried grasses. A soft landing!! That prayer worked.
I think I may be the dragonfly.
It's me.
The rest comes in time.
At the finish, a bunch of people are there cheering me on. I try to step aside and gather my thoughts, but I guess friends don't let you do that. Now I realize I wasn't running alone.
It's so easy to give love, but I have to learn to receive it.
In time.
Posted by Jenny E at 2:07 PM Links to this post
Monday, February 16, 2015
Professional Help
I finally got it. Advice from a pro. No, I'm not mental enough to get a head shrink. ;) I signed up with a running coach, and I'm getting whipped into shape.
I didn't hit my time target for Houston, and I have plenty of reasons with even more excuses. Now that I'm on this training plan, I can see that I really wasn't putting in the time or effort that it takes to reach those goals. But man, it's hard.
I don't write here much, with the availability of Facebook and the lack of desire for anonymity. There aren't any secrets left.
Life has settled into the routine I'd hoped for, and now I watch time float by and my daughter earn her own life experiences. At 14, she is still so sweet that her openness stuns me at times.
I can't hope to capture these days, but only to love them.
Don't take it too seriously ;)
Posted by Jenny E at 9:07 PM Links to this post
Monday, November 10, 2014
Monday, October 27, 2014
Wednesday, October 22, 2014
It Was That Simple
There you go, then.
I have a goal. I reach them once I set them. Commitment doesn't come easy.
I love my financial security, but it was never my dream to sit behind a desk. I love my big fat office with a view of the downtown museums, but I can't be chained to the window blinds.
J is with me for a minimum of four more years. I have an opportunity of a lifetime, and it had nothing to do with money.
I thought I wanted to play with the big digs, but they howl a song I've heard before.
I'm going after this dream with as much passion as I went after my career.
She's worth it.
So am I.
Posted by Jenny E at 8:21 PM Links to this post
Friday, October 17, 2014
Hills and More Hills
Damn this had been a tough few weeks.
My attitude sucks. I'm dressed for a run sitting in the lobby at the gym, ready to hit the downtown streets.
Frowny face girl, you were happy once upon a time.
I feel like the traffic-stuffed streets do. Overwhelmed, indifferent, an aging network of patched repairs.
I'm sorry to disappoint you.
Posted by Jenny E at 4:59 PM Links to this post
Wednesday, October 15, 2014
Mara and Me
I miss triathlon season.
Now that I'm running more, the loneliness has crept back in. Really, Mara? Must we sip again? Isn't your thirst ever quenched?
Sit and have tea once more. At least you are company, even if you ask the hard questions. Twist my words and accuse me of being legalistic. Tell me I'm not a good friend.
Maybe if you challenge me enough, I'll find my resilience.
Until then, I run for no reason.
Posted by Jenny E at 6:46 PM Links to this post
Tuesday, October 7, 2014
Just one post in September?
So much is going on. There's that word again- "busy".
I finished my third triathlon in Kerrville, and I can't believe tri season is over. I can't believe I made it through one event, never mind and entire season to complete my goal of three. I wasn't sure I could finish since I sprained my ankle in August, but physical therapy does work. I'm sorry to see it end, but I'll be back next year. I'd like to do at least one Olympic distance race. (Isn't there always more to reach for??)
Marathon season has begun again, and I'm happy to focus on the run. No more sharing days with bike and/or swim. Just you and me, baby. PT also addressed my hip issues from last year, and I'll be released from that treatment next week. It's amazing to run without pain, and to not need extra recovery days that should have been running days. I can fly.
Happiness feels easy lately.
Posted by Jenny E at 12:22 PM Links to this post
Monday, September 22, 2014
Once Upon a Time
My hands and feet were covered in kisses, as if they belonged to someone beautiful.
Posted by Jenny E at 6:37 PM Links to this post
Friday, August 29, 2014
Mostly This
Of all intimate things, I miss kissing the most.
It's the little things. Looking into someone's eyes with no holding back...
Maybe that's not so little.
It certainly seems like I'm not meant to have it.
Posted by Jenny E at 6:27 PM Links to this post
All or Nothing
If the money is good, then why do I want something else? Is it just human nature to be dissatisfied?
I think they pay me a whole lot of money to use my brain and keep myself behind my desk. My eyes get tired of the pixels and my back hates the confinement.
Beach dreaming, yoga missing selfishness. I do play my flute. The notes sound so fat, and for once I don't want to be tied to the music. I let my fingers caress the keys and my breath linger wherever it pleases. I turn my back to the stand and stare out the window as the notes sing for me.
What have I given up in my ruthless quest for security and independence? Nobody hears the music because I only play when I feel free.
Posted by Jenny E at 9:32 AM Links to this post
Thursday, August 28, 2014
Pieces of Me
Posted by Jenny E at 7:06 PM Links to this post
Saturday, August 23, 2014
Staycation 39 End
Not quite the end yet; I have two days to go. I fully realized this as I passed my director on the trail this morning.
Add a couple weeks, and hello to the big four-oh.
Moms visit came and went, as did the family reunion. I especially appreciated my time with the oldest members of my family. I am loved for the best possible reasons, and I am overwhelmed with the deepest gratitude in return.
On turning forty, I'm pretty excited about my new decade. The last year was unbelievably wonderful. It felt like dreams that I'd been working towards finally came true. I made it out of my last job and into the one that I set my sights on years ago. I finished my yoga certification and my first two triathlons. My credit and finances are actually "good". I quit talking down to myself in the mirror. I healed and laughed and loved.
I have a couple small goals this coming year. I'll ride my first bike race and try to qualify for the 2016 Boston marathon. I'd like to give more time to my friends. It would also be nice to be a gentler, softer version of me, whatever that might mean. We'll find out ;)
I want to be the best mom for my kid. If that's the only goal I achieve this next year, I'll consider it a success.
Posted by Jenny E at 1:02 PM Links to this post
Wednesday, August 6, 2014
This is Why
Posted by Jenny E at 9:16 AM Links to this post
Thursday, July 31, 2014
The Balance Wheel
Just when you feel strong, you get shoved from behind. Maybe it's your own fault, maybe it's external, maybe all of the above.
Doubts, questions, fears.
I think I have moments of everything.
Peace, calm, acceptance.
I'm all over the place. I don't know whether I want to be left alone in a cocoon or if I need to be around my friends more. Something needs. Maybe something is too much.
I think I'm trying too hard, in any case.
Pre-race jitters? Definitely some of that.
Missing my kid? A lot of that.
Get yourself together, girl, cuz this is a mighty fine life. 39 is beautiful.
Posted by Jenny E at 8:17 AM Links to this post
Wednesday, July 30, 2014
Cutting Through
One morning this week, as I sat in my car at a traffic light, a man with a shopping cart full of trash bags loaded with cans pushed his way across the crosswalk in front of me. A lady who appeared to be in similar life circumstances followed him. As I noted her shabby top and wondered about her situation, she looked up, right into my eyes. I felt surprised, and a shock right to my heart. I felt sameness, difference, accusation, shame, compassion, and understanding. My outward reaction was a flash of a smile through my bright red lipstick. Then she was gone.
Another tri this weekend, this one a little longer than the last. It feels more real. I've been practicing my swim and run, and less on my bike. Balance does not come easily among the three sports.
I do feel balanced. I'm happy at work and I'm preparing for J's return home next weekend. We FaceTime a lot and I pretend to tickle her cheeks through the screen. She misses home and cuddling with her parents.
My love loves me.
I am content.
Posted by Jenny E at 10:29 AM Links to this post
Friday, July 18, 2014
Friday Night Recap
I came home from work today, ate, and went right to bed. Sometimes tired catches up and runs me right over!
Last Saturday I went for a long run, then took a rest day Sunday. Monday, I took a vacation day and went for my longest distance yet on bike. Hello, hip! Ouch! I was out for the next two days for recovery. I ran short yesterday and took today as another recovery day, to play safe. Ten road miles tomorrow, still playing it safe. I actually missed swimming this week, and this was not a good example of a good training week.
Also this week, I escaped to see a writer/poet/singer/friend perform some kickin live music at House Wine. On a weeknight!! Check out Jim's blog at http://jimtrainer.wordpress.com
I had to treadmill at the downtown Y to make this work for my schedule, and now I know why I love my home gym so much. The treadmills were so close to each other that I could reach out and touch the guy next to me, and he kept looking at my pace. Ugh! What do you care? My ego turned up the dial and chicked his ass. Damn I'm competitive. I noticed my ego, and I let it push me ahead. I used it.
Also, I had to shower and change there, which I'm starting to get used to but I'm a little high maintenance. It's not that I expect people to think highly of my appearance; I feel I'm doing the world a favor by putting on all this makeup. I keep working on this self esteem issue.
This week in pics:
Rainbow over downtown as I drove to work Wednesday.
House Wine
Posted by Jenny E at 10:32 PM Links to this post
Thursday, July 10, 2014
Too Beethoven
Posted by Jenny E at 11:26 AM Links to this post
Swim, Bike, Run
Repost- something didn't allow this to publish June 1.
I cycled the course for my triathlon, minus the swim and run component this morning. Turns out the cycling component is the same as what I've run as a half marathon for the last two Decembers at Decker. It looks so different on a bike!
Man, my hand hurts. Holding the handle and shifting gears is almost too much after a few miles. I don't let it slow me down. We'll get this fixed in a couple weeks, and worse than pain is taking time away from my sports. Grrr. I hate rest.
I have the last trail run of a series of three tomorrow at Reveille, the only DNF I have on my resumé. It's been a couple years since I've tried the course, but I feel ready and happy. This one is mine. The Houston Marathon lottery is June 4, so I've got distance on my mind this next season. Hopefully we can mix that with my new triathlon skills and start training for a big boy tri.
I have some other ideas for next year that aren't -shock- athletics related. I'm still gathering my thoughts, but these goals feel good and come from the depths of what makes me happy.
Posted by Jenny E at 11:25 AM Links to this post
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BadgeFights Promo - LA Battle of the Shields Cage MMA Classic
The Los Angeles Battle of the Shields MMA Classic will feature 4-great Warrior Cage Grappling Teams. The Main event will pit two seasoned big city rivals, Los Angeles City PD vs Los Angeles City FD, in a showdown that will finally answer who's LA's BEST! The Battle is being held on behalf of area fallen firefighter events!
Join the discussion
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Michael Jackson's Never-Before-Seen 1984 Pepsi Commercial Accident
Usmagazine.com has exclusive, never-before-seen footage of Michael Jackson's Pepsi commercial accident, filmed in L.A.'s Shrine Auditorium on Jan. 27, 1984.
The clip shows one take where the pyrotechnics exploded as planned -- after Jackson descended the stairs and began performing with his brothers.
On the sixth take, though, things went horribly wrong: The fireworks erupted too early, igniting Jackson's head in flames. Jackson is at first unaware he's on fire, and continues dancing.
He was never the same after the accident, reports the new issue of Us Weekly, on stands today.
To relieve the second and third-degree burns on his scalp and body (and later to help him tolerate multiple surgeries on the scorched spot on his head), Jackson was prescribed several medications -- which kicked off his addiction to painkillers and obsession with plastic surgery, multiple sources tell Us.
More details about how the accident led to Jackson's drug use are in the new issue of Us Weekly, on newsstands now.
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Some of Michael Jackson's final photos
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See Michael Jackson's life in photos.
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Collection Railroad Maps, 1828-1900
Results 1 - 1 of 1
Refined by:Sites and Collection: Railroad Maps, 1828 to 1900 Remove Contributor: American Bank Note Company Remove Subject: Richmond and Danville Railroad Company Remove
Birds-eye-view of the Richmond & Danville Railroad and the Florida Central & Peninsular Systems and their connections.
Perspective map looking north from Florida covering the southern United States. Relief is shown by shading. Drainage, cities and towns, and the railroad network are indicated. Main lines appear in heavy red.
- Contributor: American Bank Note Company - Richmond and Danville Railroad Company
- Original Format: Maps
- Date: 1893


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Sid Rosenberg Grades the Draft with Tyler Hissey
by opensports (06/12/09) 167 views
With the 2009 MLB Draft now in the books, Sid Rosenberg grades out ...
2014 was a great year -- so thanks for being a part of it!
Ownage Pranks called a guy who was selling his Acura TSX. He absolutely hates getting low offers for his car.
This is how you smash a plugged-in TV... in super-slow motion.
Here at Epic Meal Time, we take pizza seriously. So seriously, in fact, that we're looking to provide pizza with the beautiful life it deserves.
Furious Pete gives you some step-by-step instructions on how to enjoy In-N-Out.


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No job function is untouched by this reality: In this economy, we all have to do more with less. This is particularly true for nonprofit communicators. In this latest installment in PR News ' series of roundtable conversations with our three PR Councils (agency, corporate and nonprofit), our nonprofit PR Council members discuss the challenges of the weak global economy, the effects (if any) of the election year on their organizations, managing board expectations and social media, among other hot topics. Four Nonprofit PR Council members participated in this discussion: R.J.
PR Council Roundtable: Smarter PR Best Route for Nonprofit Success in 'Crippled' Economy
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STAGE TUBE: GAME OF THRONES Author Discusses Status of Upcoming Book
Fans of 'Game of Thrones' author, R.R. Martin, will still have to wait to find out when his latest installment in the 'a Song of Ice and Fire' book series will be released. Martin told CBS News, "I'm still writing the books.... 'The Winds of Winter' will be released "when it's ready," he says.
Check out the video from CBS News below:
George R.R. Martin is an American novelist and short story writer in the fantasy, horror, and science fiction genres, and a screenwriter and television producer. He is best known for A Song of Ice and Fire, his international bestselling series of epic fantasy novels that HBO adapted for its dramatic series Game of Thrones. Martin serves as the series' co-executive producer, while also scripting one of each season's 10 episodes. In 2005 Lev Grossman of Time called Martin "the American Tolkien", and the magazine later named him one of the "2011 Time 100", a list of the "most influential people in the world."
About Author
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Illinois Public Media News
In-depth reporting from WILL, NPR, the Associated Press, and other sources
Contact WILL News at email@example.com
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March 22, 2013
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Meet the 83-Year-Old Taking on the U.S. Over Same-Sex Marriage
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Floor Plans & Pricing
Does your furniture fit? Pick a floor plan below and design your new place!
General Directions
From I-5 North, take the Del Paso Road exit and go left on Del Paso Rd. Turn Left on El Centro and make an immediate left on Duckhorn Blvd. Turn right on Tynebourne St were on the left hand side.
Apartment Features
- Air Conditioning
- Alarm
- Balcony
- Cable Ready
- Ceiling Fan(s)
- Dishwasher
- Gas Range
- Oversized Closets
- Smoke Free
- Some Paid Utilities
- Vaulted Ceilings
- View
- Washer & Dryer Connections
- Garbage Disposal
- Refrigerator
Community Features
- Business Center
- Clubhouse
- Covered Parking
- Emergency Maintenance
- Extra Storage
- Fitness Center
- Garage
- High Speed Internet Access
- Laundry Facility
- Playground
- Public Transportation
- Swimming Pool
- Carport
- On Site Management
- Income Restricted
- Pet Friendly
Special Features
- Disability Access
- Pets
- Weight RestrictionWeight restriction: 25Deposit: 882 pets max
- Cats Allowed
- Dogs Allowed
Additional Features
- Elegant Clubhouse with Kitchen, Fireplace,
- After School Program
- Secured Bicycle Storage
- Elementary, Middle,
- Contemporary Design
- Vertical Blinds
- Energy Efficient Heating and Cooling
- Pantries
- Double Stainless Steel Sinks with Disposals
- Full Size Refrigerator/Freezer
- Recycling Program
- Exterior Storage Closets*
- Mirrored Wardrobe Doors*
- Convenient Built-in Desks*
- Lush Landscaping
- Energy Efficient Double Paned Windows
Terracina Meadows
Spacious living and contemporary design await you at Terracina Meadows Apartments in the North Natomas area of Sacramento, California. You can choose from our one, two and three bedroom floorplans. For your convenience, each floorplan offers washer/dryer hookups, vertical blinds, and ample closet space. Covered parking and bike lockers are available throughout the property. Call or stop by today for a personal tour!
Check Availability or call: (916) 764-3187 (888) 814-2087 (916) 550-9033
Community Information
Community Characteristics
Community Profile
- Population
- 26,579
- Growth Since 2000
- 212.77%
- Population Density
- 2660
- Male
- 48%
- Female
- 52%
Household Income
- Median
- $56,983
- Average
- $69,592
Office Hours
|08:00 AM to 05:00 PM
|08:00 AM to 05:00 PM
|08:00 AM to 05:00 PM
|08:00 AM to 05:00 PM
|08:00 AM to 05:00 PM
Lease Terms
6-Month, 9-Month, 12-Month
PROFESSIONALISM & INTEGRITY OUR MISSION The mission of USA Properties Fund it to create outstanding housing for value conscious seniors and families. This mission is accomplished through the development, rehabilitation, and acquisition of residential communities, which meet the highest quality standards. Our goal is to be the first housing choice for both the residents and the communities in which we are located. USA strives to pursue this mission with utmost professionalism and integrity. Our belief is that an absolute commitment to excellence is the foundation enabling us to produce the greatest benefits for our customers, residents, employees and owners.
See other USA Multifamily Management, Inc. Properties in your area.
Check Availability or call:(916) 764-3187 (888) 814-2087 (916) 550-9033
Fax: 9164190958
Visit the property's management website