text:
A driving circuit for driving a display panel having pixels arranged in rows and columns, wherein the driving circuit incorporates a resonant circuit that is able to efficiently recover capacitive energy stored on the row of pixels and transfer it to another row of pixels as the rows are addressed by the sequential application of a voltage on each row. The resonant circuit comprises a step down transformer, a capacitor across the primary winding, either the rows or columns of the display panel connected across the secondary winding and an input voltage and FET switches to drive the resonant circuit synchronous with the timing pulses governing the addressing of the display. The value of the capacitor connected across the transformer primary winding is chosen commensurate with the turns ratio on the transformer and the anticipated range of panel capacitance values to effectively limit variations in the resonance frequency with respect to the frequency of the timing pulses. The present invention is an improvement to the resonant driving circuit that employs column drivers that maximize energy recovery in the resonant circuit by employing a means to restrict current flowing through the FETs used to control the column voltage so that substantially all of the current that flows when charge is being removed from the display pixels during the time period between selection of active rows is constrained to flow back through the transformer to charge the primary capacitor.
1. A passive matrix display panel comprising:
a plurality of rows adapted to be scanned at a predetermined scanning frequency of said display;
a row driver for scanning said plurality of rows at said predetermined scanning frequency;
a plurality of columns which intersect said rows to form a plurality of pixels characterized by a varying panel capacitance (Cp);
a column driver having output buffers configured as voltage followers for applying output voltages to respective ones of said columns to provide gray-scale control of said pixels;
a resonant energy recovery circuit incorporating a step down transformer to reduce the effective panel capacitance (Cp) of said display, for receiving electrical energy and in response generating a sinusoidal voltage to power said display at a resonance frequency which is substantially synchronized to the scanning frequency of said display; and
a circuit for switching said output buffers to a high output impedance while said panel capacitance (Cp) is discharging so that substantially all discharge current from said panel capacitance (Cp) flows back through a secondary winding of said step-down transformer of the resonant energy recovery circuit.
2. The passive matrix display panel of
3. The passive matrix display panel of
4. The passive matrix display panel of
5. The passive matrix display panel of
6. The passive matrix display panel of
7. The passive matrix display panel of
8. The passive matrix display panel of
9. The passive matrix display panel of
10. The passive matrix display panel of
11. The passive matrix display panel of
12. The passive matrix display panel of
13. The passive matrix display panel of
14. The passive matrix display panel of
15. The passive matrix display panel of
16. The passive matrix display of
17. The passive matrix display of
18. The passive matrix display of
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/646,326 filed on Jan. 24, 2005 for an invention entitled "Energy Efficient Column Driver for Electroluminescent Displays", the content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to flat panel displays, and more particularly to an improvement in resonant driving circuits employing column drivers that maximize energy recovery in the resonant circuit by restricting current flowing through output buffers of the column drivers used to control the column voltage.
2. Description of the Related Art
Electroluminescent displays are advantageous by virtue of their low operating voltage with respect to cathode ray tubes, their superior image quality, wide viewing angle and fast response time over liquid crystal displays, and their superior gray scale capability and thinner profile than plasma display panels. They do have relatively high power consumption, however, due to the inefficiencies of pixel charging, as discussed in greater detail below. This is the case even though the conversion of electrical energy to light within the pixels is relatively efficient. However, the disadvantage of high power consumption associated with electroluminescent displays can be mitigated if the capacitive energy stored in the electroluminescent pixels is efficiently recovered.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,448,950 teaches the combined use of sinusoidal driving and energy recovery from an electroluminescent display panel that has a widely varying capacitance. The resonant energy recovery circuit comprises a primary capacitor connected to the primary winding of a step-down transformer, with the secondary winding of the transformer connected through row or column drivers to the electroluminescent display panel. Separate resonant circuits are employed for rows and columns. The charge discharged from the display panel through the rows is efficiently captured in the primary capacitor and recycled to address the next row to be selected, but the energy discharged through the columns is not as efficiently captured and recycled. The reason for this lower efficiency of energy recovery through the columns has been found to be due to the partial discharge of the panel capacitance through undesirable shunting paths instead of through the energy recovery path to the resonant drive power supply.
Accordingly, it is an aspect to provide an improvement over U.S. Pat. No. 6,448,950, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. More particularly, a circuit is provided that improves the energy efficiency for the columns in a passively addressed electroluminescent display having a driving circuit using the sinusoidal resonant energy recovery concept set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 6,448,950.
The above aspect can be attained by a passive matrix display comprising a plurality of rows adapted to be scanned at a predetermined scanning frequency, a row driver for scanning the rows at the predetermined scanning frequency, a plurality of columns which intersect the rows to form a plurality of pixels characterized by a varying panel capacitance (Cp), a column driver having output buffers configured as voltage followers for applying output voltages to respective ones of the columns to provide gray-scale control of said pixels, a source of electrical energy, a resonant energy recovery circuit incorporating a step down transformer to reduce the effective panel capacitance (Cp), for receiving the electrical energy and in response generating a sinusoidal voltage to power the display at a resonance frequency which is substantially synchronized to the scanning frequency of the display, and a circuit for switching the output buffers to a high output impedance while the panel capacitance (Cp) is discharging so that substantially all discharge current from the panel capacitance (Cp) flows back through a secondary winding of the step-down transformer.
These together with other aspects and advantages which will be subsequently apparent, reside in the details of construction and operation as more fully hereinafter described and claimed, reference being had to the accompanying drawings forming a part hereof, wherein like numerals refer to like parts throughout.
As shown in
When each row of the electroluminescent display panel is illuminated, a portion of the energy supplied to the illuminated pixels is dissipated as current flows through the pixel phosphor layer to generate light, but a portion remains stored on the pixel once light emission has ceased. This residual energy remains on the pixel for the duration of the applied voltage pulse, and typically represents a significant fraction of the energy supplied to the pixel.
Another factor contributing to energy consumption is the energy dissipated in the resistance of the driving circuit and the rows and columns during charging of the pixels. This dissipated energy may be comparable in magnitude to the energy stored in the pixels if the pixels are charged at a constant voltage. In this case, there is an initial high current surge as the pixels begin to charge. It is during this period of high current that most of the energy is dissipated since the dissipation power is proportional to the square of the current. Making the current that flows during pixel charging closer to a constant current can reduce the dissipated energy.
As discussed above, according to U.S. Pat. No. 6,448,950, an electroluminescent display driving method and circuit are provided that simultaneously recover and re-use the stored capacitive energy in a display panel and minimize resistive losses attributable to high instantaneous currents. These features improve the energy efficiency of the panel and driver circuit, thereby reducing their combined power consumption. Also, by reducing the rate of heat dissipation in the display panel and driver circuit, the panel pixels can be driven at higher voltage and higher refresh rates, thereby increasing brightness. An additional benefit is reduced electromagnetic interference due to the use of a sinusoidal drive voltage rather than a pulse drive voltage. The use of the sinusoidal drive voltage eliminates the high frequency harmonics associated with discrete pulses. The advantages given above are accomplished without the need for expensive high voltage DC/DC converters.
The energy efficiency of the display panel and driving circuit of U.S. Pat. No. 6,448,950 is improved through the use of two resonant circuits to generate two sinusoidal voltages, one to power the display rows and one to power the display columns. The row capacitance, as seen on the row pins of the display panel, forms one element of the resonant circuit for the row driving circuit. The column capacitance, as seen on the column pins of the display panel, forms one element of the resonant circuit for the column driving circuit.
The energy in each resonant circuit is periodically transferred back and forth between capacitive elements and inductive elements. The resonant frequency of each of the resonant circuits is tuned so that the period of the oscillations is matched as closely as possible, i.e. synchronized, to the charging of successive display panel rows at the scanning frequency of the display panel.
When the energy is stored inductively, a switch that connects the row resonant circuit to a particular row is activated so as to direct the energy stored inductively to the appropriate row as the rows are addressed in sequence. The row driving circuit for the rows also includes a polarity reversing circuit that reverses the row voltage on alternate frames in order to extend the service life of the display panel.
In a similar manner, the column driving circuit connects the column resonant circuit to all of the columns simultaneously so as to direct energy stored inductively to the columns. The column switches, as is taught in the conventional art, also serve to control the quantity of energy fed to each column in order to effect gray scale control. Typically, the row switches and column switches are packaged as an integrated circuit in sets of 32 or 64 and are respectively called row drivers and column drivers.
The resonant circuit also comprises two switches (S1 and S2) that alternately open and close when the current is zero in order to invert an incoming sinusoidal signal to a unipolar resonant oscillation. An input DC voltage is chopped by switch (S3) under control of a pulse width modulator (PWM) to control the voltage amplitude of the resonant oscillation. To stabilize the voltage of the oscillations, a signal (FB) is fed back from the primary of the transformer to the PWM to adjust the on-to-off time ratio for the switch (S3) in response to fluctuations in the voltage on the secondary. This feedback compensates for voltage changes due to variations in the display panel impedance resulting, in turn, from changes in the displayed image. The display panel impedance is the impedance as seen on the row and column pins.
To operate efficiently, the resonant frequency of the driving circuit must not vary appreciably so that the resonant frequency remains closely matched to the frequency of row addressing timing pulses. The resonant frequency f is given by equation 1 below:
L is the inductance; and
C is the capacitance of the tank in the resonant circuit.
The resonant circuit must account for the variability in the display panel capacitance that contributes to the total tank capacitance. This is accomplished by use of the step down transformer which reduces the contribution of the display panel capacitance (Cp) to the tank capacitance so that the effective tank capacitance C is given by equation 2.
CP is the panel capacitance;
CI is the value of the capacitance across the primary winding of the transformer; and
n1 and n2 are the number of turns respectively on the primary and secondary windings of the transformer.
Values for the ratio of the number of turns (n2/n1) and capacitance CI are chosen so that the first term in equation 2 is small compared with the second term. Equation 2 is used as a guide in determining appropriate values for the turns-ratio and the primary capacitance for a particular display panel, and mutual optimization of these values is then accomplished by examining the voltage waveforms measured at the output of the resonant circuit. Component values are then selected to minimize the deviation from a sinusoidal signal. If the resonant frequency is too high, a waveform exemplified by that shown in
In order to regulate the maximum value of the sinusoidal voltage waveform provided to the rows and columns in the presence of substantial variations in the capacitance of the display panel as seen through the rows and columns, the voltage is clamped to a substantially fixed value when the voltage to the rows or columns exceeds a predetermined value.
To that end, a secondary winding on the step-down transformer T of
In operation the voltage applied to the display panel is clamped at a value that can be arbitrarily set by adjusting feedback to the pulse width modulator (PWM). For a heavy display panel load where the panel capacitance CP is near its maximum value, approximately 90% of the energy is arranged to flow to the secondary winding connected to the display panel for charging the display panel, and the remaining 10% charges the storage capacitor CS. For an average load where the panel capacitance has an average value, approximately 50% of the energy is directed to charge the display panel and 50% is directed to the storage capacitor CS. For a light load with the panel capacitance CP near a minimum approximately 10% of the energy is directed to the display panel and 90% is directed to the storage capacitor. Typically these conditions can be met if the voltage at the display panel is always positive with a minimum value of about 0.5 volts to ensure proper operation of switching ICs connected to the rows and columns of the display panel. Therefore, to ensure that the driving voltage to the display panel is always positive, the turns ratio of the secondary winding connected to the to full wave rectifier and storage capacitor CS to that of the second secondary winding connected to the display panel should be at least 1.05:1, preferably at least 1.1:1 and more preferably in the range 1.1:1 to 1.2:1. Also, the ratio of the capacitance of the storage capacitor to the maximum panel capacitance should be at least about 10:1 and preferably at least about 20:1, and most preferably at least 30:1.
The internal series resistance of the storage capacitor CS is chosen to be sufficiently low that voltage fluctuations across the capacitor due to resistive losses and the RC time constant do not exceed the specified regulation tolerance. Also, the turns ratio for the two secondary windings should take into account the forward voltage drop across the diodes in the rectifier that drive the storage capacitor and any resistive loss in the secondary circuits. The forward diode voltage drop can be minimized by selecting Schottky diodes for the rectifier.
During operation of the circuit according to
Longer term drift of the voltage across the storage capacitor CS over many pulses due to random changes in the displayed image can be eliminated by sensing the average voltage over many addressing cycles and providing feedback to the primary circuit, as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 6,448,950. Thus, both short-term voltage fluctuations on the time scale of a single pulse and longer-term voltage fluctuations can be minimized to the extent required to maintain gray scale fidelity.
A block diagram of a complete display driver is shown in
Returning momentarily to
With reference to
With further reference to
The resonant circuit is driven using the two MOSFETs Q2 and Q3, the switching of which is controlled by the LC DRV signal that is synchronized using an appropriate delay time with the HSync signal thereby causing the row driver ICs to select the addressed row. The delay is adjusted to ensure that switching of the row driver ICs occurs when the drive current is close to zero. The LC DRV signal is generated by the low voltage logic section of the display driver that is typically a field programmable gate array (FPGA) but may be an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) designed for this purpose. The LC DRV signal is a 50% duty cycle TTL level square wave. The LC DRV signal has two forms: the LC DRV A signal is the complementary of the LC DRV B signal.
Again with respect to
With reference to
The output of the row driver circuit feeds into the polarity reversing circuit shown in
As will be appreciated from the above discussion, a circuit that improves the energy efficiency of the resonant energy recovery circuit for the columns (
When implemented as discussed above in connection with
The capacitor (Cp) connected between the 'H' and 'L' outputs represents the total panel capacitance.
The driver outputs are totem-pole MOSFET buffers in a source-follower configuration (Q14 to Q17).
During a scan cycle to address a row of the display panel, the panel capacitance (Cp) is charged to a voltage V which corresponds to the maximum gray-level. The energy stored in the capacitor is �CpV2. To maximize the efficiency of energy recovery, the panel capacitance must discharge through the body diodes of the MOSFETs Q14 and Q17 back to the resonant drive circuit, as shown in
However, during the discharge of the capacitor, the voltage levels at the terminals of the capacitor are continuously changing. Since the output buffers for the drivers are active voltage followers, the outputs are maintained at a level that corresponds to the required gray-level as controlled by a grayscale digital-to-analog conversion circuit contained within the column driver chips. Whenever there is a voltage difference between the driver output and the programmed gray-level voltage, it is a characteristic of the voltage follower buffer that either one of the totem-pole output MOSFETs will turn on in order to restore or maintain the programmed voltage at the driver output.
As a result, when the MOSFETs are turned on undesirable shunting discharge paths are established (discharge loops 1 & 2) that lead to dissipation of energy from the panel capacitors that cannot be recovered. These discharge shunting paths do not exist in the row driving circuitry (
Accordingly, discharge of the panel capacitors through the driver output MOSFETs is prevented by ensuring that the output MOSFETs are in the 'off' state (or high impedance state) during discharge of the panel capacitor, so that the only discharge path of the panel capacitors is through the body diodes of the output MOSFETs back to the resonant power source of the efficient energy recovery circuit.
As shown in
A control circuit (not shown), internal to the column driver integrated-microcircuit, activates the analog switches (
A person of ordinary skill in the art may conceive of other embodiments or variations. For example, the circuit may be applied to any type of column driver buffer capable of providing a substantially sinusoidal output voltage waveform wherein the output impedance of the buffer as seen by the panel can be made to have high impedance whenever the panel capacitor is discharging, or during a substantial portion of the time when the panel capacitor is discharging.
The many features and advantages of the invention are apparent from the detailed specification and, thus, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such features and advantages of the invention that fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation illustrated and described, and accordingly all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention.
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10 TV Events to Look Out For in July
There's a shocking amount of new and returning shows in July, far too many to keep up with (especially considering all the leftover episodes from June), but if you stick to Netflix and Comedy Central, you'll get everything you need. Still, here are ten TV premieres to keep an eye on, from Hannibal Buress' new comedy to the return of Sundance's flawless drama Rectify.
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SUMMARY: Marketers know shopping cart abandonment emails work. But, what about other types of abandonment? For example, can an email get customers who abandon a product page to return to the site and buy?
This e-commerce site cut checkout abandonment 40% with emails targeted at three types of abandoners. The site sells to businesses and consumers, and this article shows the results of three triggered sends. Read on to discover the most effective send times for Envelopes.com.
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Originally written on Fox Sports | Last updated 9/23/12
ST. LOUIS, MO - OCTOBER 25: Austin Collie #17 of the Indianapolis Colts catches a pass against the St. Louis Rams at the Edward Jones Dome on October 25, 2009 in St. Louis, Missouri. The Colts beat the Rams 42-6. (Photo by Dilip Vishwanat/Getty Images)
Colts receiver Austin Collie has left the Jacksonville game with what a right knee injury early in the third quarter. Collie was injured as he caught Andrew Luck's pass over the middle for a 6-yard again. He appeared to get hit in the head, raising immediate fears of yet another concussion. The crowd gasped when Collie stayed on the ground. The Brigham Young alum has had at least three concussions, and possibly a fourth, over the past two seasons and had not played since sustaining his most recent concussion Aug. 19 at Pittsburgh. But those gasps changed to cheers when team doctors helped the receiver off the field as he put no weight on his right leg. It was Collie's only catch Sunday and he was not expected to return.
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Archive: 02/24/2006
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Biodegradable polyesters derived from hydroxy alkenoic acids may be plasticised with an esterified hydroxycarboxylic acid which has at least three ester groups, at least some of the hydroxy groups being esterified with a carboxylic acid and at least some of the carboxy groups being esterified with an alcohol and/or phenol.
1. A plasticised polymer composition which comprises
(a) at least one biodegradable microbiologically produced polyhydroxyalkanoate which consists of units of Formula I ##STR2## in which n is 2 m and m=1 to the extent of 70 to 98 mol percent and m=2 for the balance; is stereospecific with a D(-) configuration; has a molecular weight in excess of 100,000; and is capable of a level of crystallinity of 50 to 90% in the absence of plasticiser; and
(b) 5 to 20 phr by weight of at least one esterified aliphatic hydroxy carboxylic acid having a backbone which contains 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and having 2 to 4 carboxy groups substantially all esterified with aliphatic alcohol containing 1 to 7 carbon atoms and 1 to 3 hydroxy groups substantially all esterified with aliphatic acid containing 2 to 7 carbon atoms including the carboxy carbon atom.
2. A composition according to claim 1 in which the polyhydroxyalkanoate is a blend of
(a) a polymer consisting essentially of Formula I units in which 2-5 mol % of units have M=2, the rest of m=1; and
(b) polymer consisting essentially of Formula I units in which 5-30 mol % or units have m=2, the rest m=1, in proportions such as to give an average m=2 content in the range of 4-18 mol %.
3. A process of making a composition as claimed in claim 1 which comprises mixing its components.
4. A process as claimed in claim 3 in which the plasticiser is mixed with dry polymer powder and the mixture is subjected to shear.
5. A process in which a composition as claimed in claim 1 is formed into a shaped article by subjecting it to a heat forming operation.
6. A granular composition adapted as feed for a melt forming operation comprising
(a) at least one biodegradable microbiologically produced hydroxyalkanoate copolymer which consists of Formula I ##STR3## in which n is 2 m and M=1 to the extent of 70 and 98 mol percent and m=2 for the balance; is stereospecific with a D(-) configuration; has a molecular weight in excess of 100,000; and is capable of a level of crystallinity of 50 to 90% in the absence of a platiciser; and
(b) 5 to 20 phr by weight of at least one esterified aliphatic hydroxy carboxylic acid having a backbone which contains 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and having 2 to 4 carboxy groups substantially all esterified with aliphatic alcohol containing 1 to 7 carbon atoms and 1 to 3 hydroxy groups substantially all esterified with aliphatic acid containing 2 to 7 carbon atoms including the carboxy carbon atom.
7. A composition according to claim 1 in which the esterified aliphatic hydroxycarboxylic acid is acetyl-tri-n-butyl citrate.
8. A composition according to claim 6 in which the esterified aliphatic hydroxycarboxylic acid is acetyl-tri-n-butyl citrate.
THIS INVENTION relates to a polymer composition, in particular comprising a polyhydroxyalkanoic acid which is preferably biodegradable and a plasticiser.
Biodegradable polyesters for example the microbiologically produced polyhydroxyalkanoates can be adapted by the use of plasticiser compounds for applications where improved impact strength and decreased stiffness are important. Since such compounds should preferably also be biodegradable, many of the plasticisers used in synthetic polymer processing are not suitable for biodegradable polymers. Most commonly the glyceryl ester triacetin is used, but it is more volatile than could be desired during melt processing or storage at high ambient temperatures.
The invention provides a composition comprising a polyhydroxyalkanoate and a plasticising quantity of at least one doubly esterified hydroxycarboxylic acid having at least 3 ester groups in its molecule.
"Doubly esterified" means that at least some of the hydroxy groups of the hydroxycarboxylic acid are esterified with a carboxylic acid and at least some of the carboxy groups thereof are esterified with a phenol or preferably an alcohol. Preferably at least 90% molar, more preferably substantially 100% molar of both such groups are so esterified.
In principle it is relatively difficult to plasticise stereospecific polyesters of high crystallinity. Surprisingly we have found that the plasticiser of this invention are remarkably effective in plasticising such polymers. The polyhydroxyalkanoate component is especially capable of a relatively high level of crystallinity, for example over 30% especially 50-90%, in the absence of plasticiser. Suitably it is or includes at least one polyester which is suitably microbiologically produced-having units of formula I: ##STR1## where m is in the range 1-11 and n is 2m or (when m is at least 2)2m-2. In very suitable polyesters m is 1 or 2, n is 2m and especially there are units with m=1 and m=2 copolymerised together. Particular polyesters contain a preponderance of m=1 units, especially with 70 to 98 mol % of such units, the balance being units in which m=2. The molecular weight of the polymer is preferably over 100000, especially over 300000. They suitably have the D (-) configuration.
The polyhydroxyalkanoate is Conveniently a blend of two or more polymers differing in the value of m. A particular example contains
(a) polymer consisting essentially of Formula I units in which 2-5 mol % of units have m=2, the rest m=1; and (b) polymer consisting essentially of Formula I units in which 5-30 mol % of units have m=2, the rest m=1.
The proportions of the polymers in such a blend are preferably such as give an average m=2 content in the range 4-18 mol %.
The polyhydroxyalkanoate is preferably a fermentation product, especially of a microbiological process in which a microorganism lays down polyhydroxyalkanoate during normal growth or is caused to do so by cultivation in the absence of one or more nutrients necessary for cell multiplication. The microorganism may be wild or mutated or may have the necessary genetic material introduced into it.
Examples of suitable microbiological processes are the following:
for Formula I material with m=1 or m=partly 1,
partly 2: EP-A-69497 (Alcaligenes eutrophus)
for Formula I materials with m=1
U.S. Pat. No. 4,101,533 (Hydrogenomonas eutrophus H-16)
EP-A-144017 (Alcaligenes latus)
for Formula I material with m=3-7
EP-A-0392687 (various Pseudomonas).
The polymer can be extracted from the formulation product cells by means of an organic solvent, or the cellular protein material may be decomposed leaving granules of polymer. For specialised end uses the cellular protein may be partly or wholly allowed to remain with the polymer, but preferably subjected to cell breakage.
Alternately the PHA can be a product of synthetic chemistry using processes known in the art. PHB can be prepared according to Bloembergen, S. and Holden, D. A., Macromolecules. 1989, Vol 22, p1656-1663. PHBV can be prepared according to Bloembergen, Holden, Bluhm, Hamer and Marchessault, Macromolecules. 1989, Vol 22, p1663-1669.
The hydroxycarboxylic acid from which the ester is derived is preferably aliphatic or cycloaliphatic. Its backbone structure (that is, apart from carboxy groups) preferably contains 2-6 carbon atoms. It contains preferably 2-4 carboxy groups and 1-3 hydroxy groups; and preferably the number of carboxy groups exceeds the number of hydroxy groups.
The groups with which the carboxy groups are esterified contain preferably 1-7, especially 2-5 carbon atoms. In the ester molecule they can be the same or different. Preferably they are aliphatic. For thermal stability and biodegradability such aliphatic groups preferably have straight chains. If desired, a small portion of these groups are divalent, so as to give an oligomer suitably containing up to 3 hydroxyacid residues.
The groups with which the hyroxy groups are esterified preferably contain 2-7, especially up to 4, carbon atoms, including the carboxy carbon atom. In the ester molecule such groups can be the same or different. Preferably they are aliphatic and, for thermal stability and biodegradability, have straight chains. If desired, a small proportion of these groups are divalent, so as to give an oligomer suitably containing up to 3 hydroxyacid residues.
The ratio of plasticiser to polymer depends on the intended use of the composition. The range 2-40 phr w/w includes most of the likely uses. For making effectively rigid but not brittle articles the range 5-20 especially 6-12, phr w/w is generally suitable; "phr" means parts of plasticise per hundred parts of polymer.
The composition can contain the usual polymer processing additives such as fillers, fibres, nucleants and pigments. It can be in the form of mouldings, extrudates, coatings, films or fibres, including multilayer coatings, films or fibres.
The invention provides methods of making the composition by mixing its components. If desired, this may be effected in a solvent, such as a halogenated hydrocarbon or alkylene carbonate. Such a method is convenient for coating or for centrifugal spinning of fibres. More conveniently the plasticiser is mixed with powdered dry polymer and the mixture is treated in conditions of shear, such as in a plastic mill or extruder. The product is then granulated, used as feed for a shaping operation for example a melt forming operation for example extrusion, injection moulding, injection blow-moulding, compression moulding or thermoforming.
The composition is especially useful for making the following articles:
films, especially for packaging
non woven fabrics
extruded nets
personal hygiene products
bottles and drinking vessels
agricultural and horticultural films and vessels
ostomy bags
(a) A masterbatch of the following composition by weight was made by dry-mixing finely powdered ingredients:
______________________________________PHA of average molar composition 10092% butyrate, 8% valerate*boron nitride nucleant 1titanium dioxide pigment 1______________________________________ *70:30 w/w blend of respectively 4 mol % and 20 mol % valerate polymer;
(b) Plasticiser (10 phr w/w) was added to a sample of the dry powdered masterbatch and mixed in for 20 min in a Hobart mixer.
(c) The mixed sample was extruded using a Betol 2520 extruder in the following conditions:
______________________________________Barrel zone1 140� C. (inlet)2 150� C.3 165� C.Die 165� C.______________________________________
The extrudate was crystallised in a water bath at 60� C. and granulated.
(d) The granules were injection moulded using a Boy 15S machine in the following conditions:
______________________________________Barrel zone1 140� C. (inlet)2 145� C.Nozzle 150� C.Mould temp. 60� C.Injection time 15 secCooling time 20 secCycle time 38 secInjection pressure 45 barScrew speed 260 rpm______________________________________
(e) Mouldings were stored at ambient temperature.
Test procedures
Me;t Flow Index (MFI)
A sample of granules was tested at 170� C. under a loading of 2.16 kg. The weight of polymer which flowed through a 2.09 mm orifice per minute at 5 min and 10 min was recorded. The time at which the flow rate doubled from its rate at 5 minutes was recorded as an inverse measure of the stability of the formulation.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
A 6 to 8 mg sample of granules was sealed in the pan of a Perkin-Elmer DSC 4 differential scanning calorimeter. It was then heated at 20� C. per min from 20�to 200� C., held isothermally for 2 min and cooled back to 20� C. at 20� C. per min. The melting point, Tm, and crystallisation temperatures on cooling, Tc, were determined from the scan trace.
Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA)
For each measurement a Polymer Laboratories DMTA instrument in single cantilever bending mode was used. A tensile bar was cut from a moulding from step (d) above, possibly after ageing. Samples were run from minus 100 to 100� C. at 2� per min. The strain was set at �4 and frequencies at 3, 10 and 30 Hz.
Flexural Modulus
Three replicates from each sample were tested using an Instron 1122 instrument with a span of 100 mm used on the 3-point bending jig with a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. This test was repeated after six months at ambient temperature.
Impact Strength
Five replicates from each sample were tested using a Zwick Pendulum Tester. An impact bar was notched on the same side but at opposite ends-to the sprue with the 1 mm radius cutter. The appropriate hammer was selected and the sample tested. This test was repeated after storing the samples for three and six months at ambient temperature.
Tensile Properties
This was performed using the Instron 1122 fitted with a Nene data analysis system. A jaw separation of 50 mm and a crosshead speed of 10 mm/min were used. The tensile bar was inserted into the grips so that the injection point was always in the lower jaws. A gauge length of 40mm was used for the calculations and again 5 replicates were tested at 0, 3 and 6 months at ambient temperature.
Weight Loss
Five impact bars from each sample were stored at 40� C. for six months and weighed at monthly intervals.
The results shown in the Table compare the properties of samples according to the invention using acetyl tributyl citrate ATBC as plasticiser with those of samples in which the plasticiser was triacetin.
TABLE 1______________________________________ PlasticiserProperty ATBC Triacetin______________________________________MFI, 5 min 0.96 0.9410 min 1.60 1.70doubling time, min 6.8 6.0DSCTm �C. 155.9 151.8Tc �C. 94.5 91.1DMTAβ Relaxation �C. 5.0 -1.0tan δ 0.098 0.111Flex Mod, MPa1 month 778 7306 months 1228 1159Impact strength J/m1 month 261 1986 months 177 140Young's modulus MPa1 month 542 5056 months 663 581Stress at Peak MPa1 month 22.3 21.46 months 26.0 25.2Elongation at break %1 month 19 136 months 17 13Weight lose %1 month 0.24 0.803 months 0.28 1.666 months 0.31 2.63______________________________________
In comparison with the triacetin formulation, the following properties of the acetyl tributyl citrate (ABTC) plasticised material are evident:
Melt flow, melting point and stability to thermal degradation are similar.
relaxation and tan β: these properties are little changed;
Flexural Modulus : the new formulation is slightly stiffer and undergoes about the same proportional increase on storage;
Impact strength : the new formulation is initially one-third stronger and maintains much of this advantage on storage;
Young's modulus : the new formulation is significantly stiffer initially and after storage;
Stress at peak : the new formulation is substantially equal;
Elongation at break : the new formulation is more elastic;
Weight loss : the new formulation retains plasticiser much more completely. Consistent with this, the new formulation had a much less noticeable odour.
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text: Nottz & D.M.P. f. Phonte "Dead End Street" by clockworkmusic published on 2012/07/20 04:49:49 +0000 Nottz and his Durte Muzik crew D.M.P. are at it again with a new single produced by Nottz and featuring Phonte, titled "Dead End Street". This track will appear on the "Live From Early Street" /The Official MixTape, Which will be dropin' as a free download next week.


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The PokéCommunity Forums
Off-Topic Discussions
The Treehouse
> Which describes you?
View Full Version :
Which describes you?
November 5th, 2007, 08:09 PM
Out of the options which are you?
November 5th, 2007, 09:28 PM
well, I chose 'smart'
not trying to sound cocky though ;)
I would've preferred 'perceptive' or 'logical' though
November 5th, 2007, 09:30 PM
I knew I forgot something, sorry
November 5th, 2007, 09:34 PM
haha, it's okay
can't quite cover every adjective in a poll ya know
November 6th, 2007, 12:06 AM
Kind and careless.
No contradiction. I am indifferently kind. o_O;
November 6th, 2007, 12:17 AM
Im a 'Imaginative' person, I head straight to my own little world when I'm bored (I really sometimes feel it's really)
November 6th, 2007, 12:41 AM
I'm a smart, loud, careless person. :[
I will show care to people I like/love or girlfriend.
I'll find care rarely. I'll search for some care.
No care found.
November 6th, 2007, 12:50 AM
Iam a kind person,
Yup I take care of everyone in my house
November 6th, 2007, 02:23 AM
Some people in class think I'm a mute because I've never spoken a word in front of them. I don't care for empty chat with them anyway.
November 6th, 2007, 03:47 AM
Carefull, Kind and Quiet, >.> a bit weird, but yeah, some times I can be Imaginative, but not most of the time.
November 6th, 2007, 04:16 AM
I guess quiet describes me best. I never talk [in class] unless a teacher specifically directs the question to me, or if it takes forever for anyone else in class to answer the question >.>
November 6th, 2007, 04:21 AM
I guess I'm kind and careful and probably mature but that kinda depends on the situation really XD.
November 6th, 2007, 06:16 AM
Mmm, it's tough to say these things about yourself, so I asked somebody else-- XD
[woo] (6:14:37 AM): kind, smart...maybe bubbly...
[woo](6:14:54 AM): mature, definitely
[woo] (6:15:07 AM): imaginative, maybe? http://pokecommunity.com/aolbart:/1024/id/2B000001B7/3A2D44
[me] (6:14:59 AM): :>
[me] (6:15:01 AM): Thanks~ <3
[woo] (6:15:21 AM): welcome :>
November 6th, 2007, 06:22 AM
Imaginative! You'll see me in my backyard pretending I'm a pokemon trainer or something xD
November 6th, 2007, 08:36 AM
When I put careless, i don't mean clumsy, I mean the antomyn to stressed.
November 6th, 2007, 08:54 AM
I put bubbly...cuz griff4815 said so.
Reminds me of the book "Pretties" since they use the word bubbly a million times in the first three chapters alone. x_o
November 6th, 2007, 09:09 AM
Well I would pick Kind and quite but mostly I am very quite at times..
November 6th, 2007, 11:59 AM
Uh... I guess Id be kind, quiet, and emotional. I get emotional real easily XD And Ive been told that Im kind so thats why I went with the option. And I really am quiet XD If you ever met me in real life, then youd realize how quiet I really am ^_^;
November 6th, 2007, 05:02 PM
Kind, smart, and quiet in real life nowadays... But I'm kind the most since I have more dumb/loud moments than mean ones.
November 6th, 2007, 05:04 PM
I find my self mor mature than my classmates... ugh u don't wan to kno whow imature they cna get...
Midnight Beat
November 6th, 2007, 07:44 PM
I'm kind of a modest guy so I would only vote my self as careful but all the people I know say I'm also kind, smart and mature.
November 6th, 2007, 09:33 PM
I said, kind, Imaginative and careless. I mean careless as clumsy because I'm ussually to busy laughing to pay attention (or I run into stuf fon purpose). Kind because I think i'm fairly nice or at least I hope and imaginative because well anyone that knows me, knows that I can think up some pretty wild stuff.
I think It's a nice combo :P
November 7th, 2007, 04:06 AM
Do I HAVE to vote? D:
Anyways, I'm emotional. At least I think I am.
November 7th, 2007, 06:54 AM
From what I saw on the poll, I think I`m a little bit of everything. x___x I mean, I guess I`m sort of careless, my school grades do matter to me & I get emotional at certain times. D: Uh, I`m careful too & usually I`m quiet, especially at school during class. Though I`m really loud when I`m at home. Uh, I don`t know about bubbly but if that`s another way of saying happy go lucky, I`m that too. xD; Oh & I would consider myself imaginative as well & kind. Oh & I do act mature... sometimes. =D;
No, I`m not trying to be braggy. .-.
November 7th, 2007, 07:10 AM
Smart, Careless, Imaginative..SI what I am..That was cost me to have Insomnia...xD
November 8th, 2007, 03:25 AM
I knew I forgot something, sorry
Darn right you forgot something. Where's the "sexy" option?
Well anyway of the options there, I would say smart and quiet.
November 8th, 2007, 01:16 PM
Out of those, mature, emotional, quiet, loud, (yes, I'm both at the same time. deal with it. ~_~) imaginative, and careless. Just in my own opinion, and perhaps a bit of the opinions of others.
~*!*~Tatsujin Gosuto~*!*~
November 15th, 2007, 09:17 AM
I'm smart because well I am and Loud because when there is a problem I will Yell a lot until its over
November 15th, 2007, 09:40 AM
Kind, Smart, Mature, and Imaginative fits the most in my case.
Cosmic Tyrant
November 15th, 2007, 09:48 AM
I put Kind, Smart, Emotional, Quiet, Careless, and Imaginative. Yep, that's me...
November 15th, 2007, 06:51 PM
I'm Quiet, Imaginative, Careless, and Emotional.
November 16th, 2007, 10:12 AM
To be honest, I am Quiet & Imaginative.
November 16th, 2007, 01:18 PM
I guess I'm kind, emotional, quiet, mature and careful Oo I think..
And imaginativ, haha xD
Midori Chi
November 16th, 2007, 02:21 PM
Smart, Bubbly, and Quiet. ^.^
Virtual Headache
November 19th, 2007, 02:15 PM
I think emotional and quiet describe me best.
I can also be a bit careless at times :/


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Chicago Investment Group ReviewsChicago Investment Group 3
Recommend to a friend
Approve of CEO
Thomas J. Parkins
0 Ratings
I worked at Chicago Investment Group
If great at sales than great company to broker for.
Takes time to move your way up.
Advice to Management
The compensation in beginnning was pretty poor.
Chicago Investment Group Awards & Accolades
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Premier Resort Yuga Ise Shima3
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Premier Resort Yuga Ise Shima is located on the beautiful coast of Ise Shima. All room has beautiful panoramic view of Pacific ocean and this is perfect place to enjoy Hot spring, Beach and Japanese authentic food with fresh local ingredients. There are also natural hot spring baths which help you relax in the traditional Japanese bath style.
Especially the "Mitabi no yu" is chosen as one of the "Top 100 Sunset bath in Japan" in which you can enjoy sunset and stars while taking a bath. Hotel has also other facilities such as private beach, pool, spa, foot massage service, table tennis room and cafe/restaurants to make your stay even more comfortable.
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We offer discount to nonprofits, government agencies, and federal contractors
In just the last two weeks, congressional calls to #EndFamilyDetention have turned the tide of momentum significantly.
AILA Doc No. 07030976 | Dated March 7, 2007 | File Size: 48 KDownload the Document
Text of the Citizenship Promotion Act of 2007 (S. 795/H.R. 1379), introduced on 3/7/07 by Senator Barak Obama (D-IL) and Rep. Luis Gutierrez (D-IL). The bill would authorize USCIS to request and receive appropriations, thereby alleviating the need for proposed increases in immigration fees.
[[To print the PDF on this page please use the print function in the PDF reader.]]
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Washington, DC 20005
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News articles on oceans
Mongabay.com news articles on oceans in blog format. Updated regularly.
Fast-growing coral may help reefs survive global warming
(03/13/2008) Two fast-growing coral species may hold the key to Caribbean reefs surviving global warming, report researchers writing in the journal Science.
Dams mask sea level rise - oceans swell faster than previously thought
(03/13/2008) Water held in man-made reservoirs is masking the true extent of sea level rise from melting ice and thermal expansion, report scientists writing in the journal Science. The researchers, from the National Central University in Taiwan, calculate that sea levels would be 30 mm (1.2 inches) higher without water stored behind dams.
Humans are appropriating 20% more resources than Earth can provide
(03/10/2008) Mankind is appropriating 20 percent more resources each year than Earth can produce, according to a report from environmental group WWF.
Corn ethanol is worsening the Gulf dead zone
(03/10/2008) Proposed legislation that will expand corn-ethanol production in the United States will worsen the growing "dead zone" in the Gulf of Mexico and hurt marine fisheries, report researchers writing in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
Cretaceous sea levels were 550 feet higher than today
(03/06/2008) Sea levels were 550 feet (170 m) higher in the late Cretaceous period, about 80 million years ago, than today, shows a new reconstruction of historic ocean basins published in the journal Science. The authors say the work may help model current global warming-driven sea level change.
New 'red list' seeks to stave off global seafood collapse
(03/03/2008) Over-fishing and destructive fishing practices have had a considerable effect on oceanic ecosystems. In 2006 a highly-reported study found that without drastic measures all wild seafood will disappear from the oceans in 50 years. Greenpeace, working against such a crash, has started a campaign that highlights 'red fish'. The twenty-two 'red' species are seafood that consumers and suppliers (including supermarkets) should avoid due to their plummeting populations and/or the damage caused by harvesting them.
Expedition finds inverted pyramid where sharks dominate marine ecology
(02/25/2008) A survey of a remote Pacific archipelago turned up pristine coral reefs that could offer a "baseline" for measuring the human impact on reefs worldwide, report researchers from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) at the University of California at San Diego.
Deep-sea krill discovered in Antarctica
(02/25/2008) Antarctic krill have been found living at depths up to 3000 meters near the Antarctic Peninsula, a finding that changes scientists' understanding of a fundamental part of the ocean food chain. Previously researchers believed that krill lived only in the upper ocean.
Rainforest logging threatens endangered sea turtles
(02/25/2008) Logging is having an unexpected impact on endangered sea turtles in Central Africa, reports a new study published in Oryx. Aerial surveys in Gabon reveal that logs lost during transport are clogging beaches, preventing critically endangered leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) from nesting.
Amazon rainfall linked to Atlantic Ocean temperature
(02/25/2008) Climate models increasingly forecast a dire future for the Amazon rainforest. These projections are partly based on recent research that has linked drought in the Amazon to sea surface temperatures in the tropical Atlantic. As the tropical Atlantic warms, the southern Amazon -- the agricultural heartland of Brazil -- may see higher temperatures and less rainfall.
Widespread butterflyfish may go extinct due to global warming, pollution
(02/24/2008) The Chevroned Butterflyfish, a colorful fish found in tropical oceans around the world, faces extinction due to overexploitation, pollution and climate change, report researchers writing in the journal Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology. Despite its widespread distribution, the species could be doomed by its specialized feeding habitats: the Chevroned Butterflyfish (Chaetodon trifascialis) feeds on only one type of coral.
Large-scale Amazon deforestation or drying would have dire global consequences
(02/21/2008) A new study shows that large-scale degradation of the Amazon, either through drying or continued deforestation, would have global consequence, including worsening climate change, causing regional vegetation shifts, and increasing dust in the atmosphere.
Global warming - not el Nino - drove severe Amazon drought in 2005
(02/20/2008) One of the worst droughts on record in the Amazon was caused by high temperatures in the Atlantic rather than el Nino. The research, published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, suggests that human-driven warming is already affecting the climate of Earth's largest rainforest.
Planktos kills iron fertilization project due to environmental opposition
(02/19/2008) Planktos, a California-based firm that planned a controversial iron-fertilization scheme in an attempt to qualify carbon offsets, announced that it failed to find sufficient funding for its efforts and would postpone its project indefinitely.
Photos of bizarre creatures discovered in Antarctica
(02/19/2008) Researchers aboard the Aurora Australis, an Australian vessel, have discovered a trove of strange creatures on the sea floor near East Antarctica.
Tuna may go the way of cod: a collapsed fishery
(02/18/2008) The collapse of the cod fishery could provide important lessons to prevent a similar fate for some tuna populations, say researchers presenting at the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Annual Meeting in Boston on February 18.
How will global warming affect marine food chains?
(02/17/2008) Rising temperatures and acidity of the world's oceans due to human emissions of carbon dioxide is putting marine food webs at risk warned a researcher speaking at a press briefing at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Boston.
Why are oceans at risk from global warming?
(02/17/2008) Climate change is putting the world's oceans at risk by increasing the temperature and acidity of seawater, and altering atmospheric and oceanic circulation, warned a panel of scientists this week at the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) annual meeting in Boston.
Mysteries of the Great White Shark unveiled
(02/17/2008) The Great White Shark has always been a creature of mystery. The world's largest shark has long fascinated humanity from the novel and film Jaws to recent sumptuous footage of the sharks catching sea lions in Planet Earth. The behemoth, who at times can reach seven meters in length, has also become famous for occasionally attacking swimmers and surfers, though scientists believe the sharks do not intentionally hunt humans. However, the great predator's behvaior and lifecycle remains mostly mysterious to science. Some of these mysteries are just now being unraveled thanks to the Tagging of Pacific Predators (TOPP) program.
Ocean trawling impacts can be seen from space
(02/16/2008) Bottom trawling, an industrial fishing method that drags large, heavy nets across the seafloor stirs up huge, billowing plumes of sediment on shallow seafloors that can be seen from space.
Digital maps and mathematical analysis could reduce fishing bycatch
(02/16/2008) Images of dolphins and turtles ensnared in tuna nets are a heart-wrenching reminder of the impact of fisheries on ocean bio-diversity. Known in fisheries science as 'by-catch,' this killing of non-target species is a complex problem that has resisted easy answers.
Warming could bring sharks to Antarctica with devastating ecological consequences
(02/15/2008) Global warming could make the waters around Antarctica hospitable to sharks for the first time in 40 million years. Their return could have devastating ecological consequences report researchers from the University of Rhode Island.
Only 4% of the ocean is pristine according to first oceanic map of human-impact
(02/14/2008) There is a much used adage regarding the ocean that goes something like this: we know more about our solar system than our ocean. Whether or not one believes this to be true (less than 5% of the ocean has been explored), a group of over twenty researchers, by agglomerating the available information on the oceans, have created a large-scale image of the ocean's health.
World's largest marine protected area established in the South Pacific
(02/14/2008) Kiribati, a small island nation in the South Pacific, has established the world's largest marine protected area.
Global warming puts penguins at risk of extinction
(02/11/2008) Climate change could put the long-term survival of sub-Antarctic King Penguins at risk by reducing the availability of prey, reports a new study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Natural ocean thermostat may protect some coral reefs
(02/07/2008) Natural processes may prevent oceans from warming beyond a certain point, helping protect some coral reefs from the impacts of climate change, new research finds. The study provides evidence that an ocean "thermostat" may be helping regulate sea-surface temperatures in a biologically diverse region of the western Pacific.
Sea turtle makes record migration - 12,774 miles
(02/07/2008) Satellite-tagging has revealed that a leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) swam a total distance of 20,558 kilometers (12,774 miles) over 647 days from Jamursba-Medi, Indonesia to the coast of Oregon. The results are published in The State of the World's Sea Turtles magazine, a publication launched by conservation International and the IUCN Marine Turtle Specialist Group.
Is California fish catch linked to wind patterns?
(02/06/2008) Are fluctuations in fish catch off the coast of California linked to wind patterns? A new study by scientists at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego suggests yes
Sunscreen damages coral reefs
(01/31/2008) Sunscreen can damage reefs by worsening viral infections in symbiotic algae that provide corals with sustenance, reports Nature News
Groups call for doubling of reef protection for International Year of the Reef
(01/25/2008) Thursday 17 countries and 30 organization launched the International Year of the Reef, a campaign to protect coral reefs increasingly threatened by climate change, pollution, and unsustainable activities.
Global warming will diminish fish catch in the Bering sea
(01/16/2008) One half of the fish caught in the U.S. annually--and almost a third worldwide--come from the Bering Sea. Yet, this vast resource is increasingly threatened by climate change. A recent study, published in Marine Ecology Progress Series, showed that global warming will greatly affect the Bering Sea's phytoplankton, the cornerstone of the sea's rich ecosystem.
Starfish invasion threatens world's richest coral reefs
(01/14/2008) Outbreaks of the notorious crown of thorns starfish now threaten the "coral triangle," the richest center of coral reef biodiversity on Earth, according to recent surveys by the Bronx Zoo-based Wildlife conservation Society and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies.
Despite Arctic crocodiles, glaciers existed during extreme global warming 90M years ago
(01/10/2008) Massive glaciers extended across 50-60 percent of Antarctica some 91.2 million years even as crocodiles roamed the Arctic and surface temperatures of the western tropical Atlantic Ocean climbed to 37 degrees Celsius (98 degrees Fahrenheit), reports a study published in the journal Science.
Too early to say if iron seeding will slow global warming - scientists
(01/10/2008) Schemes to use feed the ocean with iron as a way to enhance carbon sequestration from the atmosphere are premature and could be damaging to sea life and marine ecosystems, warns a letter published in the journal Science by an international group of scientists.
Stanford University, Monterey Bay Aquarium launch center to save oceans
(01/09/2008) Stanford University, the Monterey Bay Aquarium and the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) have teamed up to establish the Center for Ocean Solutions, a new collaboration that will bring together international experts in marine science and policy to find innovative ways to protect and restore the world's oceans.
Rising CO2 levels tied to increasing human mortality
(01/03/2008) Rising carbon dioxide levels have been tied to increases in human mortality, reports a study to be published in Geophysical Research Letters.
North Atlantic warming is natural, not due to climate change
(01/03/2008) While overall temperature in the North Atlantic Ocean has risen over the past fifty years, it has not been consistent across all areas with subpolar regions cooling as subtropical and tropical waters warmed, reports a new study published in the journal Science.
Demise of deep-sea species could lead to collapse of ocean ecosystems
(12/27/2007) Declining populations of deep-sea species pose a significant threat to the health of world oceans, warns a study published in the January 8th issue of Current Biology.
Study shows that sea turtles can recover
(12/18/2007) conservation of sea turtle nesting sites is paying off for the endangered reptiles, reports a new study published this week in the journal Global Ecology and Biogeography. A team of researchers led researchers from IUCN and conservation International found that green turtle (Chelonia mydas) nesting on four beaches in the Pacific and two beaches in the Atlantic have increased by an four to fourteen percent annually over the past two to three decades as a result of beach protection efforts.
Fish farms are killing wild salmon in British Columbia
(12/13/2007) Parasitic sea lice infestations caused by salmon farms are driving nearby populations of wild salmon toward extinction, reports a study published in the December 14 issue of the journal Science.
Global warming will degrade 98% of coral reefs by 2050
(12/13/2007) Ocean acidification caused by human-induced carbon dioxide emissions could dramatically alter the planet's coral reefs and marine food chains, warns research published in the December 14 issue of Science and presented at the fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU) in San Francisco.
Natural climate variations have larger effect on hurricanes than global warming
(12/12/2007) Natural climate variations, which tend to involve localized changes in sea surface temperature, may have a larger effect on hurricane activity than the more uniform patterns of global warming, a report in this week's Nature suggests.
Traffic cones used to protect seabirds
(12/11/2007) Bright orange traffic cones that warn drivers of danger on the road are now being used to steer seabirds away from deadly entanglement in fishing nets, the Wildlife conservation Society (WCS) reports. Argentinean marine biologist and inventor Diego Gonzalez Zevallos has conducted research funded by WCS and Fundacion Patagonia National on the issue for over five years.
conservation promotes larger fish stocks and higher profits for fishermen
(12/06/2007) Using conservation techniques can promote larger fish stocks and higher profits for fishermen, reports a study published in the journal Science. The research suggests that industry opposition to lower catches in the short term, may be misguided.
Coral reefs with seasonal temperatures may survive climate change
(11/29/2007) Scientists have revealed an important discovery that raises doubts concerning the viability of plans to fertilize the ocean to solve global warming, a projected $100 billion venture.
New research discredits a $100 billion geoengineering fix to global warming
(11/29/2007) Scientists have revealed an important discovery that raises doubts concerning the viability of plans to fertilize the ocean to solve global warming, a projected $100 billion venture.
Shipping industry struggles with pollution
(11/28/2007) Pollution is a rising concern for the cargo shipping industry which carries more than 90% of the world's merchandise by volume, reports The Wall Street Journal.
Ocean CO2 collector could fight global warming and ocean acidification
(11/19/2007) Researchers have proposed a geoengineering solution to global warming that involves building a series of water treatment plants that enhance the ability of the ocean to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by removing hydrochloric acid from seawater by electrolysis.
86% of sea turtle species threatened with extinction
(11/14/2007) Marine turtles have thrived for more than 100 million years. But only the last few hundred years have given the huge, spectacular, prehistoric amphibians serious trouble.
NASA: Arctic Ocean circulation reversal not due to global warming
(11/13/2007) A study published in Geophysical Research Letters shows that weakening of the Arctic Oscillation results from a cyclical process rather than climate change. The results suggest not all the large changes seen in Arctic climate in recent years are a result of long-term trends associated with global warming.
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Turkey breast is a good choice of poultry for a healthy diet. It is an excellent low fat, high protein food. You can use it in various recipes such as salads, sandwiches, casseroles and stews. It also works well for grilled or roast menus. Chicken breast is a good alternative to turkey and is just as versatile as turkey meat. You can grill, bake or stew chicken breast. It can also be eaten cold in salads and sandwiches. Below is a comparison of the nutritional value of these two popular poultry meats.
Turkey Breast Nutritional Content
A 3 ounce serving of boneless, skinless turkey breast contains 90 calories with 10 calories from fat. Some of the key nutrients you get from this serving are given below.
- Protein - 14 grams
- Total fat - 1 gram
- Saturated fat - 0 grams
- Omega-6 fatty acids - 260 micrograms
- Omega-3 fatty acids - 20 micrograms
- Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) - 7 percent of recommended daily value
- Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) - 17 percent
- Vitamin B6 - 4 percent
- Vitamin C - 7 percent
- Sodium - 38 percent
- Selenium - 30 percent
- Phosphorous - 14 percent
- Potassium - 7 percent
- Zinc - 7 percent
- Iron - 6 percent
- Magnesium - 4 percent
- Copper - 2 percent
A 3 ounce serving contains 165 calories with 35 calories from fat. Basic nutrients in this portion are given below.
- Protein - 26 grams
- Total fat - 5 grams
- Saturated fat - 1 gram
- Omega-6 fatty acids - 500 micrograms
- Omega-3 fatty acids - 65 micrograms
- Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) - 4 percent of recommended daily value
- Vitamin B3 (Niacin) - 57 percent
- Vitamin B6 - 24 percent
- Vitamin B12 - 4 percent
- Phosphorous - 17 percent
- Selenium - 33 percent
- Magnesium - 5 percent
- Zinc - 4 percent
- Iron - 3 percent
- Sodium - 2 percent
If you're concerned about the caloric value, turkey is a better choice. It contains about 2/3 of the calories contained in chicken breast. You can keep the calorie count of both turkey and chicken breast low if you cook with minimal or no oil.Fat
When it comes to fat, turkey rates better than chicken. A 3 ounce serving of turkey breast contains about 1/5 of the total fat contained in an equivalent portion of chicken breast. Turkey also contains less saturated fat which makes it a healthier choice. A high amount of saturated fat in the diet leads to high levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. This is a primary cause of clogged arteries which increases the risk of stroke and heart disease. Whether you opt for turkey or chicken breast, it is best to remove the skin from the meat before you cook. This is because the skin contains a significant portion of saturated fat, which increases caloric value.Protein
Both meats are an excellent source of high quality protein. However, chicken breast contains almost double the amount of protein per 3 ounce serving than an equivalent portion of turkey.Sodium
If you're on a sodium restricted diet, chicken breast makes a healthy choice. It contains about 1/10 the amount of sodium that turkey has. This makes it a suitable choice of meat as it can help you stabilize your blood pressure.


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If you're a walker, runner or biker -- or if you just have an opinion on how to improve roads, sidewalks and trails in St. Clair County -- a Thursday night meeting may be of interest to you.
The Walk, Run, Bike St. Clair County event invites the public to a group discussion at 7:30 p.m. Thursday at O'Fallon Public Safety Building, 285 N. Seven Hills Road.
Rita Boyd is a co-chairwoman of the Complete Streets Leadership Team, a spin-off of the We Choose Health grant. The St. Clair County Health Department created the team, which has been meeting regularly for two years.
"We've worked extensively with mayors and city planners and citizen groups to talk about what they can do to encourage complete streets," she said. "It occurred to us that we hadn't talked to people that are very high users of biking and running trails."
She said people who use their bikes to commute to work or school and those who bike or run heavily for recreation may have a unique views of how to improve trails, sidewalks and roads.
"We know that they have a different perspective because they've got their eyes out there," Boyd said. "If we're missing something, we want to hear from them."
Members of the St. Clair County Health Department, Get Up & Go! and the Heartland Conservancy will facilitate Thursday's discussion.
Cheryl Singsank, president of Get Up and Go!, said at the meeting there also will be an update about the progress that has been made through the county grant.
Doors will open at 6:30 p.m.; light refreshments will be served. In addition, there will be open exhibits from metro-east walking, running and bicycling groups.
To register, visit www.getupgo.info; walk-ins are welcomed but pre-registration is preferred.
Contact reporter Maria Hasenstab at firstname.lastname@example.com or 618-239-2460.


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UNESCO Leads East Africa's First Animation Project
Young creators from Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania successfully completed a series of animation productions; a first in the East Africa Region, under the patronage of the UNESCO led initiative Africa Animated! The trainees followed an introduction to animation, drawing techniques, scriptwriting for animation and storyboarding.
The training started in Zanzibar International Film Festival's (ZIFF) in June 2004, followed by a four-week workshop in Nairobi at the Kenya College of Communication Technology (KCCT), where the films were produced.


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Hang tight!
Recipe by Simply Potatoes®
"A crescent dinner-roll 'crust' is topped with cooked, crumbled sausage, shredded hash browns, bright bell peppers, beaten eggs and cheese for a festive breakfast treat."
Watch video tips and tricks
2 (16 ounce) packages
Regular Flavor Jimmy Dean Pork Sausage, cooked, crumbled and drained
2 cups
Simply Potatoes® Shredded Hash Browns*
2 (8.5 ounce) cans
refrigerated crescent rolls
2 cups
shredded sharp Cheddar cheese
eggs, lightly beaten
1/3 cup
1 teaspoon
2 teaspoons
black pepper
1/4 cup
grated Parmesan cheese
1/3 cup
diced green bell pepper
1/3 cup
diced red bell pepper
1/3 cup
diced yellow bell pepper
1/2 cup
thinly sliced green onions
Made this for a Breakfast party. Everyone loved it. Forgot to add the milk with the eggs, so I just poured it over the top and it was still delicious! Just used one dish and made it a deep dish pizza. Baked at 350 for about 45mins.
I made this and took it to work for a breakfast potluck ... it was a big hit. I omitted the onions and peppers. I used disposable metal cake pans so I could throw them away at work. I used extra crescent rolls to make the edges. This was more of a deep dish breakfast pizza! I used more cheese, more hash browns, and more eggs than it called for ... it could have been my oven, but by the time the crust was turning golden brown, my eggs weren't set up. I think i might nook them or cook them a little before pouring them over the pizza! Great recipe and easy to make the night before and cook while you're getting ready for work! Will definitely be asked to bring this one again!
10 Ratings
This was really awesome!!! The only thing I had trouble with was actually making the croissant rolls into the pizza shape, I gave up on the 2nd one and just did it squared, it still tasted awesome!!
I came across this recipe a few years ago though another source, but since I saw it on here - I wanted to review it. WE LOVE THIS! I use my 2 8" pie pans to make this - and I use an 8 oz tube of crescent rolls and split them between the pans then I top with one small onion diced, one small green pepper diced, and frozen cubed potatoes (thawed). Then I add the meat (sausage or ham) and use 1 cup of sharp cheddar cheese on each and then 3-4 large eggs poured on top sprinkled with Parm. It takes longer to bake (30-40 mins) depending on if the potatoes were all the way thawed or not. But it bakes up more like a quiche and it's delicious! The toppings can be changed to suit your tastes - we have added mushrooms in the past too. This is a very versitile recipe that has always given us fantastic results for breakfast or dinner!
This was a very good receipe. I think next time I will make my own crust with a corn meal bottom. The only thing I added to this was a can of sausage gravy on top of the crust before I added the rest of the ingredients. Very filling! Thanks
Outstanding recipe! We've made it a few times and each time we've done a variation on the vegetables. It is very well received by my teenage sons and is now a monthly weekend treat in our house!
I only review the best of the best, I figure the ones I don't like I must have done something wrong....anyway, my family lovesss this breakfast. I omit the bell peppers and onions (I have 5 kids under age 10) I to have issues with shaping it into a pizza crust, but I just use an extra can of crescents. Yummy!
After reading the difficulty that some had in making the crescent rolls into a pizza shape, I rolled them into a rectangular 9x13 pan. Easy! Also, I'm wondering what happened to the other half of the egg mixture? I read the instructions several times and couldn't figure out where the other half goes, so I just poured it all on the top. Otherwise, a great recipe.
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Jimmy Dean Sausage Breakfast Pizza
Serving Size: 1/12 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 12
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 538
Calories from Fat: 349
French toast is such a perfect breakfast, light lunch, or even supper on these warm days.
Try one of our 100-plus cool cucumber salads.
Delicious recipes, party ideas, and cooking tips! Get a year of Allrecipes magazine for $7.99!


text:
The best (and worst) times to be on the road in Ramadan
Put on your seatbelts, here we goJune 23, 2015 9:00
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Abu Dhabi's TAQA drops 5.4 pct after saying no merger talks
Qatar's Doha Bank raises 2 bln riyal Tier 1 capital-boosting bond
Dubai's Drake & Scull increases GCC ownership limit to 100 pct
Abu Dhabi's TAQA says not holding merger talks
Gold languishes below $1,170 ahead of U.S. jobs data
Kuwait parliament approves budget with $27 billion deficit
Saudi's Mobily to reissue 2014, Q1 2015 results after regulator probe
Dubai Holding appoints new managing director, CEO
HSBC Bank Oman agrees to sell Pakistan business to Meezan Bank
European tour operators evacuate thousands from Tunisia after attack
The results are in.
July 19, 2009 8:55 by Dana El Baltaji
The media industry in this region has been criticized for failing to cover important, though sensitive stories. Journalists abroad and readers worldwide have accused the English-language media in the GCC of being government mouthpieces for their host countries.
Readers and journalists in the region, however, are acutely aware of imposed media blackouts, when journalists are warned against reporting on specific stories that hit the region, in spite of widespread coverage of the same stories aboard.
Journalists throughout the GCC are threatened with fines, prison terms and deportation if they report on sensitive issues. Unfortunately, those threats have garnered a culture of self-censorship; journalists would rather toe-the-line than risk having their lives ruined.
Given the limitations, how does one rate the quality of journalism in the region? Should readers factor in government control over content and coverage when rating the industry, or is it irrelevant?
Furthermore, are journalists in the GCC failing to find innovative ways to report on sensitive subjects without getting into trouble? In short, are English-language reporters making excuses for their lack of journalistic skills by blaming the government for their scanty stories?
We don't know the answers to those questions. What we do know, however, is that a majority of our readers are unhappy with journalism in the region.
According to our poll, 39 percent of Kipp's readers believe the quality of English-language journalism in the GCC is "terrible." They claim that "you can't believe anything you read." Meanwhile, another 39 percent of our voters said the quality of journalism is "not bad, but it needs a lot of work."
But not everyone feels let down by the media; 17 percent of Kipp's readers say they're doing a "good job."
And finally, 5 percent of our voters claim they're illiterate. We can recommend a private tutor if you need one; provided you read this article.
1 Comment
Oopsie! How ironic is it that this article has a typo!
"coverage of the same stories >aboard<."
Darn that spell-check!
I enjoy reading your articles on GCC journalism, Dana. You're only human
Dr. Abdel Malik Al Jaber appointed CEO of Zain Levant Region
July 18 2009
Setting up shop...online
July 19 2009


text:
I need to provide the disposition to the DOJ, but this case does not exist according to the courts, but it is on my CA DOJ criminal history transcripts. All it shows is an arrest, nothing else. Not sure what to do. Advice please.
Administrative Law Lawyer
Best answer
That doesn't sound right. Did you ever go to court on it?
Seth Weinstein, Esq.
Southern California Criminal Defense Attorney
(310) 707-7131
This reply should NOT be considered a legal opinion of your case / inquiry. At this time I do not have sufficient factual/legal documentation to give a complete answer to your question and there may be more to the issues you raised then I have set out in my brief reply.
Criminal Defense Attorney
How is it listed on the DOJ transcript? It may be possible that you were arrested, but the matter was rejected. Do you have any recollection of the matter? Have you been down to the dungeon at the Hall of Records? Many cases were misplaced from the paper to fiche conversion. It may take awhile. Many attorneys can assist if you desire.
The response above is not intended as legal advice since it's impracticable to provide thorough, accurate advice based upon the query without additional details. It is highly recommended that one should seek advice from a criminal defense attorney licensed in your jurisdiction by setting up a confidential meeting. Moreover, this response does not constitute the creation of an attorney-client relationship since this message is not a confidential communication because it was posted on a public website, thereby publicly disclosing the information, which is another reason to setup a confidential meeting with an attorney.
Post a free question on our public forum.Ask a Question
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text:
DNA Samples
Posted: 12/11/2008 - Mich. Senate OKs DNA samples from suspects
Posted: 12/11/2008 - Mich. Senate OKs DNA samples from suspects
Updated: 12/11/2008 - Senate passage will be much tougher.
Posted: 12/10/2008 - Workers will get severance and health insurance.
Updated: 12/12/2008 - Mayor Bernero, back from his second trip to Washington, is hopefully an auto bailout will pass.
Updated: 12/10/2008 - Three Ingham County Schools are honored by US News and World Report for academic excellence.
Updated: 12/10/2008 - The governor issues her executive order
Updated: 12/10/2008 - Closing an Ionia prison and Coldwater camp has one lawmaker worried
Posted: 12/10/2008 - She escaped Michigan prison in 1976.
Updated: 12/10/2008 - A Livingston County boy has been charged with sexually assaulting an 11-year-old girl and killing her cat.
Updated: 12/10/2008 - He gets an "A" for surprise and an "F" for leaving a mess.
Updated: 12/10/2008 - A pre-school student at Dimondale Elementary has contracted MRSA.
Updated: 12/10/2008 - A dozen dogs remain from a suspected dogfighting case as Animal Control Officers try to rehabilitate them.
Updated: 12/10/2008 - Man armed with a handgun.
Posted: 12/10/2008 - Special loan deals being offered.
Updated: 12/10/2008 - Vote could come before the end of the week.
Posted: 12/10/2008 - A Democratic official says President-Elect Obama has selected an Environmental Quality leader.
Updated: 12/10/2008 - Inaction on Big Three would cost taxpayers billions.
Posted: 12/10/2008 - Automaker says they have the credit to get through the recession.
Updated: 12/10/2008 - Welfare payments would also be reduced.
Updated: 12/10/2008 - Semi-truck collides with SUV, killing one person.
Posted: 12/10/2008 - Still opposition in Senate.
Posted: 12/10/2008 - Passes $200 million.
Posted: 12/10/2008 - Governor will issue executive order.
Posted: 12/10/2008 - Plant cuts in December and January.
Posted: 12/09/2008 - Sarah Palin's office says letter also came from Texas.


text:
The Xbox One's wireless controller is getting an "Elite" update from Microsoft this fall.
A must-have novelty item for all 'Fallout' fans.
Hong Kong welcomed Justin Bieber, Kendall Jenner, Jay Park, and Yoon and Verbal from AMBUSH for Calvin Klein Live.
It's a bout time "Larry the Looter" gets his shine.
What's it take to run the most fantastical theme park ever dreamt of on this planet?
'Jurassic World' makes over half a billion dollars worldwide, making it the biggest opening weekend ever.
Watch this first tidbit of footage from the upcoming 'Dragon Ball Super' series.
No one really knows the limits of VR, but don't tell that to Lucasfilm.
The future for game streaming is closer than you think.
The force is truly awake.
Will Ferrell and Kristen Wiig are starring in a drama for Lifetime. Yes, Lifetime.


text:
Lightweight, rugged mount lets you add the heads-up convenience and accuracy of a micro red dot sight to your Saiga shotgun. Accepts the Burris FastFire Red Dot Reflex Sight and other micro red dots with the same attachment hole spacing. Drop-on replacement for factory rear sight requires no permanent modifications to your gun. Extra-strong base ensures a zero-movement installation, with oversize wings to protect the sight.
SPECS: Aluminum, anodized, gloss black finish. 1¾" (4.4cm) long, 1½" (3.8cm) wide. Includes installation screws. Requires removal of factory rear sight.
Mfr Part: S07
$59.00 $79.00
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text:
A Robocop remake was released last week – and reviews indicate it fails to live up to Paul Verhoven's original. Photograph: StudioCanal/Sportsphoto Ltd/Allstar
Quiz: Which film is better – the original, or the remake?
When films are remade there's usually more money involved second time around – but does more cash make for a better movie?
Below are 10 films and their corresponding remakes. Can you guess which of them received a higher rating on Rotten Tomatoes?


text:
Archive for Thursday, October 16, 2008
Food choices always plentiful
October 16, 2008
If you're hungry for a weekend of munchies, Baldwin City should be your destination this weekend.
Your choices could include turkey legs, polish sausages, pork burgers, pizza, barbecue sandwiches, buffalo burgers or funnel cakes. Of course, there will also be the usual assortment of hamburgers, hot dogs and carnival goodies. There's even something new this year with crepes being served.
All of those and others are a part of the Maple Leaf Festival. The 51st annual festival will be taking over Baldwin Saturday and Sunday. Although the arts and crafts will be the main visitor draw, the food booths will be busy during the entire weekend.
"It's all part of the ambiance," said Diane Wagner, food booths committee chair. "Those who traditionally come down will get a funnel cake or a turkey leg as they always do. Some of the other places, like the Catholic church or the pork tent have been here forever. There's quite a variety of food to choose from each year."
The numerous food booths will be located throughout downtown, but primarily on High or Eighth streets. Each one will be run by a non-profit organization from Baldwin City or the area.
Only non-profit groups are allowed to open food stands during the festival. That's been a rule of the committee's for many years.
"We don't allow anyone, besides downtown businesses, other than non-profit groups to have food stands," Wagner said. "That was decided way before I joined the committee."
The groups that will have food stands at the festival are Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity, Boy Scout Troop 65, Baker soccer, Vinland Valley 4-H, Baker Christian youth group, Kappa Sigma fraternity, Baldwin High School France trip students (crepes), Natural Baseball Academy, Lion's Club, Annunciation Catholic Church, Baker women's basketball, Heart of America Teen Challenge, Church of the Nazarene, Black Jack Duck's Unlimited and First United Methodist Church.
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