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Buried Linguistic Treasure in the Babatha Archive
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The study of the Babatha archive,[1] a cache of documents found in the Cave of Letters near the Dead Sea, raises a number of questions.[2] These include: the linguistic nature of the Greek found in these documents of a Nabatean woman fleeing Rome in the early second century, the extent of linguistic interference in these Greek documents, and the relation of the papyri from Palestine to those of Egypt. This study addresses several important questions raised by examination of the Babatha archive. However, before such large-scale comparisons can be made as the questions above suggest, one must have thoroughly examined the texts involved. By subjecting this small, discrete corpus of twenty-three Greek papyri to analysis, we hope to gain further linguistic insight into this particular set of documents in the Greek language, especially as it was used in the eastern Mediterranean of the first several centuries CE.
The analysis of these Greek texts is part of a larger project, known as the OpenText.org project (http://www.opentext.org), which is attempting to create heavily annotated Greek texts representing the range of literary text-types of the Greco-Roman world.[3] For the first paper on adopting this approach, forty-five papyrus letters, with a total of 3,341 words (average 74 words per papyrus document), were annotated (referred to in this paper as the structured corpus), and constituted the basis for the publication that this one follows.[4] The twenty-three Greek papyri of the Babatha archive add 4,344 words to this expanding corpus (average 189 words per papyrus document), and provide the basis of the data of this study.[5]
Papyrological Studies, Corpus Linguistics, and Register Theory
This paper utilizes principles from corpus linguistics to study the Greek of the Babatha archive.[6] Papyrologists are long familiar with the term "corpus," associating it with groups of documents that come from either a particular place (e.g. Oxyrhynchus) or a particular archive (e.g. the Zenon papyri). Corpus linguistics is related to such corpora in that it is concerned with developing representative databases of naturally occurring language.[7] One of the earliest such corpora was developed by the University of Michigan linguist Charles Fries, who compiled a corpus of around 250,000 words from transcribed telephone conversations, in order to study how native English speakers actually used language in conversations related to day to day activities.[8] Fries made a number of important discoveries that went contrary to expectations on the basis of his analysis of language in use.
Recent work in Papyrology has increasingly recognized the need to move beyond analysis of individual texts to collections of texts gathered for a variety of purposes.[9] However, there are limitations to the study of ancient languages, such as the Greek of the Hellenistic and Roman periods, from the standpoint of the usual linguistic methods, which are dependent upon the intuitions and responses of native informants. This is the place where the use of a robust linguistic method, in conjunction with a corpus-based study, can be of benefit to the linguistics of ancient languages. The lack of native informants, "rather than causing despair should make more pressing the need to reevaluate constantly the interpretative models employed and to rely more heavily upon formal linguistic features of the extant corpus."[10] Furthermore, corpus based principles of data collection can overcome limitations in the available data, so as to create corpora that facilitate maximal comparison and contrast of the available data.
Corpus linguistics, as a field of study, is itself a constantly developing method of analysis, rather than a specific linguistic theory. As a result, corpus linguists distinguish between an archive – an ad hoc assemblage of data, such as the documents discovered at Oxyrhynchus – and a corpus, in which there are governing principles of structure and representativeness. This distinction is crucial for the study of ancient Greek, where we can never hope to have a corpus that includes massive samples that attempt to capture the entire language (a monitor corpus). Instead, the OpenText.org project is attempting to gather a sample corpus based upon a structured selection of texts established through external and internal criteria. The use of a structured and representative corpus of texts allows for better comparative quantification of results that positively move beyond the kinds of concordance-based results typical of archival searching. The inclusion of a papyrus archive to the corpus adds significantly to the sample range of the corpus, but also adds problems of its own, in that the texts are not structured, are not truly a representative sample, and are limited in a variety of other ways (not least in terms of the fragmentary nature of many of the texts, which either limits the data or results in questionable reconstructions).
The OpenText.org project has pioneered the development of heavily annotated computer searchable Greek texts that are annotated according to various levels of linguistic structure. Level-based annotation increases the level of precision of annotation, and hence has the benefit of encouraging a variety of more precisely defined searches and, ideally, more widely usable data and potentially helpful conclusions. The annotation in the OpenText.org project is (to date) made at the levels of morphology, word, word group, clause, and clause type.
For the purpose of this study, I am using a register-based analysis that Matthew Brook O'Donnell and I have been pioneering in the field of ancient-text studies. We have noted before that in early papyrological studies there was optimism that the study of these ancient documents would provide great insights into the broader world in which they were created. George Milligan, who was deeply involved in lexical studies using the (then) recently discovered papyri, compiled a volume of Greek papyri and noted their significance for those interested in the ancient world, especially in the areas of language, the letter form and the wider social and religious environment.[11] This optimism has been squelched, however, due to the overwhelming amounts of material that have been uncovered since, and the sense of urgency to get these documents published before turning to larger and broader questions. Some have raised doubts whether the kinds of insights being sought are even achievable from the kinds of materials available, that is, private documents that reflect set forms of expression.[12] Such a perspective is far too pessimistic, especially in the light of the computer-based resources that are increasingly available for the study of the ancient world. Initial ventures into the study of the papyri indicate that there are substantive and measurable linguistic differences across a corpus of texts that justify their study both as individual texts and, more importantly, as a collection of texts. Further, register analysis has been developed as a rigorous and robust method of linguistic analysis that is able to analyze texts of any size, as it is able to use finite data for maximal results. Finally, register analysis is a multivalent model that is able to differentiate and then re-integrate various linguistic components, so as to be able to analyze a variety of grammatical, literary and social factors by means of a single heuristic framework.
Register analysis, a form of functional linguistics, addresses transient linguistic varieties, that is, varieties of language according to use in a given context of situation.[13] Any communicative act, including producing documentary papyri such as letters or legal documents, performs along two major functional axes: linguistic behavior and sociolinguistic context. Register analysis works from the standpoint that the use of language varies on the basis of the authorial situation and that such language use indicates the compositional situation, with each one informing the other. Register as a functional notion establishes the constraints on language usage, rather than prescribing specific lexico-grammatical instantiations. The three registers of discourse are field, tenor and mode. These three registers have correlate semantic metafunctions in terms of the ideational, interpersonal and textual dimensions of language function. This indicates the means by which actual instances of language usage relate to the semantic component.
Register Analysis of the Babatha Archive
In this section, I will treat each of the three registers separately. As part of the annotation of a structured corpus of papyri, an effort was made to categorize the letters on the basis of a socially based status classification. John White identifies essentially three levels of social interaction between the author and recipient of a given letter.[14] Letters may be addressed between those of equal social status, to a person of higher social status, or to a person of lower social status. On the basis of this grid, the Babatha archive, with its twenty-three letters, contains eleven letters that are addressed to a person of a higher social status, six letters addressed to a person of a lower social status, and six letters addressed between those of equal status. Although it might prove interesting to retain these three social status categories in the analysis of the register of the letters in the Babatha archive, it was thought that there are too few letters in each category to provide a basis for the results, and so such analysis has not been performed.
Before presenting and analyzing the results of the study of these documents, I note three significant problems that affect analysis of the Babatha archive, and potentially any similar collection of documents. (1) There are many texts that are fragmentary at least in part. Many of these documents, while they have survived largely intact, are not without damage. As a result, there are many places where lettering is no longer visible. Rather than working to reconstruct such texts, I have attempted to decipher readings where there is some text visible, but have not attempted where there is none, so the results do not include any calculations based upon reconstructions. (2) There are a number of double documents in the Babatha archive. In fact, fourteen of the twenty-three documents are double documents. These double documents provide an interesting set of analytic circumstances. On the one hand, there is duplication of data, in the sense that the doubled documents often provide two instances of the same linguistic phenomenon, but the two uses do not provide further new information. However, analysis of the double documents also shows a number of instances where the second document differed from the first, often in terms of specific grammatical phenomena. This justifies the inclusion of the double documents as they are. (3) This corpus is one that is rightly called an archive, as we did not choose what to include, but history and the ravages of time spent in a cave made the decision. However, these documents are intended to form part of a growing corpus of papyri in the OpenText.org structured corpus, and so their particularities will be seen within this larger representative corpus of documents.
Mode of Discourse and Textual Semantic Component
The mode of discourse activates the textual metafunction. The structuring factors of a discourse include a variety of elements. In terms of the Babatha archive, I wish to consider conjunctions, and focus in terms of thematized elements and ordering of clausal elements.
Conjunctions, though often treated as if they all function on the same linguistic level, actually function at a variety of linguistic levels.[15] Linguistic annotation of levels of discourse allows for tagging of the papyri so as to distinguish use of conjunctions at the word group, clausal or paragraph levels. A richly annotated database such as this allows for study of conjunctions in terms of frequency of occurrence and level of function. In this instance, as we did for the structured corpus of papyri, I wish to examine the use of clausal level conjunctions. In the Babatha archive, there are 209 instances of clausal level conjunctions. The most frequently used conjunctions appear in the following order of frequency: καί (55x), δέ (40x), εἰ (21x), ἐάν (14x), καθώς (8x), ὅτι (6x), and ὡς (5x). Asyndeton is used at the clausal level 32x. There are a number of other conjunctions that appear 1–4 times each: ἵνα, καθάπερ, διό, ὅθεν, ὥστε, οὕτως, ὁπόταν, ὅπου, ἐπειδή, and ἐπεί. Two widely used conjunctions are not used in the Babatha archive: οὖν and γάρ. The structured corpus of papyri has the following most common clausal level conjunctions: καί (99x), δέ (39x), ἵνα (23x), οὖν (20x), γάρ (17x), ὅπως (13x), ἐάν (12x), ὅτι (11x), εἰ (10x), ἐπεί (7x), and ὡς (6x).
There are some interesting observations to make on the basis of comparison of the Babatha archive with usage of conjunctions in the Greek of the New Testament and the structured corpus.
(1) Relative frequency of conjunctions. In comparison with the Greek of the New Testament, the distribution of clausal conjunctions in the Babatha archive is roughly proportionate. In the Babatha archive, the conjunctions καί and δέ are the most frequent (26% and 19% respectively), with καί more frequent. In the structured corpus, the conjunction καί appears in 38% of the instances, with δέ in 15% of the instances (of the most frequent conjunctions). There are no instances of οὖν and γάρ in the Babatha archive, while οὖν and γάρ are the fourth and fifth most frequent in the structured corpus. In the Babatha archive, the conjunctions εἰ and ἐάν are the third and fourth most frequent, probably because of the legal content of several of the documents, while in the structured papyri corpus they are the seventh and ninth most frequent.
(2) Implications of the use of the conjunctions. There are several implications of the results of these two studies regarding conjunctions. The first is that, in the structured papyri corpus, which reflects the use of Greek in personal letters from Egypt, there is a much higher use of the conjunction καί than there is in the documents written for the Nabataean woman living east of Palestine. As was stated in our earlier paper on this topic, despite the contentions of some scholars, paratactic conjunctions were more frequent in Greek of the Hellenistic and Roman periods, especially in documentary texts, than some scholars want to recognize.[16]
(3) With regard to any supposed Semitic nature of the Babatha archive, this Semitic influence cannot be established on the basis of the use of conjunctions, as the type and distribution of conjunctions appears to be less susceptible to Semitic analysis than in the structured corpus.
Greek discourse focuses select material on the basis of the ordering of elements in their respective linguistic units, with the element in the first slot receiving such focus. Each discourse level has its own structure for marking elements. At the clause level, this focal placement is called thematization, and relates to the ordering of thematic and rhematic material. The clausal elements consist of Subject (S), Predicator (P), Complement (C), and (for optional modifying elements) Adjunct (A). When one of these elements is placed first (discounting conjunctions), this element is thematized.
I wish to analyze two patterns of ordering of clausal elements in the Babatha archive, in relation to the Greek of the New Testament and especially in relation to the structured corpus.
(1) Frequency of thematized elements. The most frequent pattern of thematized order in the Greek New Testament (from greater to lesser frequency) is: P > A > S > C (Predicator is more frequent than Adjunct than Subject than Complement). In the structured papyrus corpus, on the basis of 398 instances, the order is: P > C > A > S. In the Babatha archive, on the basis of 565 instances, the frequency of thematized elements is: P > A > C > S. The instances and percentages are as follows:
|Structured corpus
|P (174x, 43%)
|C (90x, 25%)
|A (83x, 21%)
|S (54x, 13%)
|Babatha archive
|P (565x, 34%)
|A (555x, 33%)
|C (387x, 23%)
|S (164x, 9%)
Several observations are worth making regarding this. The P and A elements are virtually identical in frequency, so it is difficult to know whether PACS or APCS is most frequent in the Babatha archive. If the A is removed (as it is an optional element) the P > C > S ordering is seen to be the fundamental frequency ordering in both the Babatha archive and the structured corpus. In the structured corpus, the A appears more frequently than the C, although the fundamental frequency (without the A) is the same. In the Babatha archive, it appears that the adjunctive elements (A) are more explicitly discussed than things (C) or agents (S). The subject, once grammaticalized or otherwise established, becomes less thematically important than the other elements of the clause. Adjuncts are frequently used in the introduction to the text in the Babatha archive as part of the legal introduction to the document. This certainly helps to account for the high frequency of A elements.
(2) Ordering of clausal elements. When the individual clausal elements are isolated, and their frequency of specific ordering patterns considered, the structured corpus of papyri and the Babatha archive are very similar in results. The only noticeable difference is that the Babatha archive tends to have more extreme results than the structured corpus.
|Structured corpus
|176 (57%)
|100 (43%)
|32 (47%)
|36 (53%)
|68 (16%)
|370 (84%)
|Babatha archive
|192 (77%)
|83 (23%)
|66 (44%)
|80 (56%)
|148 (25%)
|421 (75%)
There are several observations to be made on the basis of these data. In terms of the relation of P and C elements, for both the structured corpus and the Babatha archive P > C ordering occurs more frequently than C > P ordering. The Babatha archive, however, has a greater frequency of the P > C construction than the structured corpus. In terms of the P and S elements, both corpora have a greater frequency of S > P ordering than P > S ordering, with the frequency very similar. The Babatha archive more frequently has both the S and P elements in a clause than does the structured corpus. Thus, as expected, the structured corpus has a larger number and frequency of clauses with the P without an explicit S, although for both corpora the P appears alone in roughly 75–85% of all clauses.
Tenor of Discourse and Interpersonal Semantic Component
The tenor of discourse activates the interpersonal metafunction. The tenor of discourse is concerned with participant structure, that is, who is involved in the discourse and their roles and relations, defined both intra-textually and extra-textually. In this section I identify and discuss participant interaction and reality. This differentiation of person roles and function is determined on the basis of participation in terms of person and number grammaticalization, and attitude in terms of mood forms.
|1st Singular
|1st Plural
|2nd Singular
|2nd Plural
|3rd Singular
|3rd Plural
|Structured corpus (578x)
|153 (26%)
|61 (12%)
|227 (39%)
|34 (6%)
|89 (17%)
|14 (2%)
|Babatha archive (272x)
|62 (23%)
|15 (6%)
|29 (11%)
|2 (1%)
|145 (53%)
|19 (7%)
In the structured corpus of papyri, the second person singular is the most frequent, followed by the first person singular, and then the third person singular and first person plural, with the second person plural and then third person plural used only a relatively few times. By contrast, the Babatha archive uses the third person singular most frequently, followed distantly by the first person singular, second person singular, third person plural and first person plural, with the second person plural only used twice (1%). In both corpora, the singular person is used more frequently than the plural. The first person singular is used with equal frequency in each corpus (26%), but the structured corpus uses the second person (especially singular) more frequently, while the Babatha archive uses the third person (especially singular) more frequently.
|Structured corpus (368x)
|200 (56%)
|99 (26%)
|65 (17%)
|4 (1%)
|Babatha archive (272x)
|208 (76%)
|13 (5%)
|51 (19%)
|0 (0%)
For both the structured corpus and the Babatha archive, the indicative appears most frequently, though the Babatha archive has a greater percentage of instances of the indicative. The optative is used only 4x (1%) in the structured corpus, and not at all in the Babatha archive. The ordering of frequency of the mood forms is:
The structured corpus has a more directive attitudinal semantics than does the Babatha archive (26% Imperatives vs. 5%).[17] Both have a roughly equal frequency of projective attitude (Subjunctive: 17% and 19% respectively).
Some observations can be made regarding participation and attitude.
(1) Singular number. The use of the singular number is significant. In the structured corpus, it appears that the personal letters are geared around a "you (singular) and I" axis of interchange. In the Babatha archive, in the light of the legal and litigious nature of these documents, it is not surprising to find a "he/she (third person singular) and I" axis of interchange, as Babatha defends herself against her disputants.
(2) Participation and attitude. Regarding the correlation of participation and attitude, the second person singular is used most frequently in the structured corpus, along with the imperative of the non-indicative mood forms. By contrast, in the Babatha archive, the indicative mood form is used most frequently by a significant amount (even higher percentage than in the structured corpus), which is at least consistent with the "he/she and I" axis of interchange.
(3) Social status. In our work on the structured corpus, we made several observations regarding correlation of social status to participation and attitude. The Babatha archive introduces a new, significant element in its frequent use of the third person. This may be typical of legal documents, in which the "facts" of the situation are narrated. This would also probably correlate with the very high frequency of indicative mood forms used.
Field of Discourse and Ideational Semantic Component
The field of discourse activates the ideational metafunction. The field of discourse is concerned with the subject matter and purpose of the communication, and may involve either intra-linguistic or extra-linguistic items. Both the transitivity network and the lexicon through semantic domain organization are important for establishing the field of discourse. In this section, two factors of the field of discourse are included for analysis: clausal relations and aspect and causality.
Above it was noted that clauses consist of four major components. Here we examine the clauses and their relationship to each other. Clauses in Greek may be categorized in complexes, in which there are primary, secondary and embedded clauses. Primary clauses carry the main line of argument, while secondary and embedded clauses are developmental off-line clauses. Embedded clauses are formed around infinitives and participles, and are, as the title implies, embedded within either primary or secondary clauses. Secondary clauses are clauses that are conjunctively connected to other clauses.
|Total Claus.
|Avg. # Cl./Text
|Structured corpus
|449 (66%)
|103 (15%)
|125 (18%)
|Babatha archive
|164 (28%)
|154 (27%)
|254 (45%)
There are a number of differences to note between the structured corpus of personal letters and the Babatha archive.
(1) Clauses per text. One is that there is a larger number of clauses per text in the Babatha archive. We already noted above that the average size of a document in the Babatha archive is significantly larger than the letters in the structured corpus.
(2) Distribution of clauses. More significant than the number of clauses per text is the distribution of clauses. The structured corpus is predominantly structured around primary clauses, with smaller numbers of embedded and secondary clauses: Primary (66%) > Embedded (18%) > Secondary (15%). The Babatha archive is structured significantly differently, with embedded clauses being the most numerous, followed by primary and secondary clauses in nearly equal numbers: Embedded (45%) > Primary (28%) > Secondary (27%). In the structured corpus, the social status did not affect the distribution of clause types. This indicates that the structured corpus and the Babatha archive are structured differently on the basis of a need to structure the ideas differently. Many of the legal background statements of the Babatha archive, often placed at the beginning of the text, are placed in embedded clauses (including genitive absolute constructions).
Verbal aspect describes the author's perspective on depiction of the verbal process, and causality indicates the means by which actions are performed. These are important to the transitivity network and indicate the contours of the action. The following patterns are observable.
(1) Aspect (tense-form) is a morphologically based semantic category that structures action as perfective (aorist tense-form), imperfective (present and imperfect tense-forms) or stative (perfect and pluperfect tense-forms).
|Structured corpus (543x)
|220 (40%)
|226 (42%)
|97 (18%)
|Babatha archive (524x)
|166 (32%)
|275 (55%)
|83 (13%)
Both of the corpora of papyri have the imperfective aspect as predominant, although in the structured corpus this is only marginally greater. Both have the following pattern of usage: Imperfective > Perfective > Stative. The pattern in the Babatha archive is closer to what one would expect in the expositional epistolary text type, with the imperfective aspect as predominant. Neither corpus uses the stative aspect frequently, which aspect is reserved for semantic frontgrounding.
(2) Causality (voice form) is a morphologically based semantic category that structures causation in terms of active, middle and passive causal forms. In the previous study of the structured corpus, we did not differentiate middle/passive forms for the present/imperfect and perfect/pluperfect voice forms, as I have done here.
|Structured corpus (575x)
|401 (68%)
|21 (4%)
|134 (24%)
|19 (4%)
|Babatha archive (540x)
|302 (60%)
|76 (13%)
|162 (27%)
There is no way to prejudge the accuracy of such a hypothesis, but it appears that, if the Babatha archive is representative in its distribution of usage, approximately two-thirds of the middle and passive forms are passives. In this study, the active voice is predominant in both corpora, in which the subject of the verb is the causal agent. The Babatha archive uses the voice forms in frequency as one might expect: Active > Passive > Middle.
There is much more that can and should be done with the data gathered from this study. The results are very preliminary and not large, but they provide further papyrological data to be added to that already gathered from the structured corpus of letters. The linguistically-based findings from examination of the Babatha archive, especially when compared with the findings from the structured corpus of papyri, are that the Greek of the Babatha archive, rather than being out of harmony with other Greek of the time, especially as found in other papyri, maintains similar parameters of usage. Register analysis provides a linguistically sensitive tool for the differentiation of various linguistic indicators found within the Greek language, so as to sharpen analysis. The use of register analysis enables the identification of various linguistic features, and quantification of their usage within a corpus. In this instance, the Babatha archive, in relation to the structured corpus of letters already studied, as well as the Greek of the New Testament, forms the basis of this examination. Register analysis provides a tool for the data of usage to be correlated with semantic metafunctions, so as to begin to go beyond the accumulation of raw data and to begin to understand the meaning and significance of these data. Comparison of the Babatha archive with the Greek papyri from Egypt as represented in the structured corpus shows that the major register indicators are relatively constant, although there are some differences that are perhaps explainable on the basis of the content and purpose of the respective corpora. These similarities draw further lines of connection between Egypt and Palestine closer, especially in terms of linguistic evidence.
N. Lewis (ed.), The Documents from the Bar Kokhba Period in the Cave of Letters: Greek Papyri (Jerusalem 1989).
For a study that places this archive in context, see S.E. Porter, "The Greek Papyri of the Judaean Desert and the World of the Roman East," in S.E. Porter and C.A. Evans (eds.), The Scrolls and the Scriptures: Qumran Fifty Years After (Sheffield 1997) 293–316, esp. 311–314.
See M.B. O'Donnell, Corpus Linguistics and the Greek of the New Testament. New Testament Monographs 6 (Sheffield 2005) 103–137, 164–165.
Sel.Pap. I 104 (= BSAA xiv, p. 194) (I BCE), P.Tebt. IV 1099 (= P.Tebt. I 142) (114 BCE), UPZ I 68 (= P.Paris 44) (3 August 152 BCE), P.Oxy. II 300 (late I CE), C.P.Jud. I 6 (258 BCE), P.Hib. I 41 (ca. 261 BCE), P.Cair.Zen. V 59804 (7 September 258 BCE), P.Mich. I 29 (July 256 BCE), P.Ryl. IV 560 (3 October 256 BCE), P.Cair.Zen. III 59426 (260–250 BCE), P.Mich. I 6 (24 March 257 BCE), P.Col. III 10 (30 April 257 BCE), P.Oxy. XII 1480 (32 CE), P.Oxy. XLI 2979 (September/October 3 BCE), P.Oxy. IV 742 (2 BCE), P.Hib. I 40 (261–260 BCE), P.Ryl. II 231 (40 CE), P.Ryl. II 230 (40 CE), P.Ryl. II 229 (38 CE), C.P.Jud. II 152 (= BGU IV 1079) (4 August 41 CE), Sel.Pap. II 417 (= P.Lond. II 465) (28 March 88 BCE), P.Bour. 10 (28 March 88 BCE), P.Bour. 12 (1 November 88 BCE), P.Oxy. II 291 (25–26 CE), P.Col. III 6 (early March 257 BCE), P.Tebt. I 37 (73 BCE), BGU I 37 (12 September 50 CE), P.Tebt. I 59 (99 BCE), P.Hib. I 43 (261–260 BCE), P.Yale 33 (= P.Hib. I 44) (5 April 253 BCE), P.Princ. III 160 (late I BCE), P.Ryl. IV 593 (6 August 35 BCE), BGU IV 1204 (2 October 28 BCE), BGU IV 1206 (2 November 28 BCE), P.Oxy. VII 1061 (22 BCE), BGU IV 1207 (received 5 November 28 BCE), P.Tebt. I 34 (ca. 100 BCE), P.Fay. 123 (110–11 CE), P.Cair.Zen. I 59016 (30 December 259 BCE), P.Mich. III 201 (99 CE), PSI IV 413 (259–257 BCE), P.Tebt. I 19 (114 BCE), P.Tebt. I 17 (114 BCE), P.Tebt. I 56 (late II BCE), P.Mich. VIII 475 (early II CE).
There are more letters in the Babatha archive, but several are too fragmentary for annotation and analysis.
This interdisciplinary approach builds upon linguistic research first presented at the "Buried Linguistic Treasure: The Potential of Papyri for Greek and Latin Language Research Colloquium," held at Christ Church, Oxford in 2006, by applying its corpus based approach to the Babatha archive. The published form of this paper has appeared as: S.E. Porter and M.B. O'Donnell, "Building and Examining Linguistic Phenomena in a Corpus of Representative Papyri," in T.V. Evans and D.D. Obbink (eds.), The Language of the Papyri (Oxford 2010) 287–311. I draw directly upon this paper in the material that follows, including using wording, categories of discussion, and results.
See O'Donnell, op.cit. (above, n. 3) 1. This is the best introduction to the subject of corpus studies for the Greek of the ancient world.
E.g. P.W. Pestman, The New Papyrological Primer (Leiden 1994); K. Vandorpe, "Archives and Dossiers," in R.S. Bagnall (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology (Oxford 2009) 216–255.
S.E. Porter, Verbal Aspect in the Greek of the New Testament, with Reference to Tense and Mood. Studies in Biblical Greek 1 (New York 1989) 4.
G. Milligan, Selections from the Greek Papyri (Cambridge 1910) xxvii–xxxii.
E.G. Turner, Greek Papyri: An Introduction (Oxford 19802) 129–130.
S.E. Porter, "Dialect and Register in the Greek of the New Testament: Theory," in M.D. Carroll R. (ed.), Rethinking Contexts, Rereading Texts: Contributions from the Social Sciences in Biblical Interpretation (Sheffield 2000) 190–208.
J.L. White, Light from Ancient Letters (Philadelphia 1986) 3.
See S.E. Porter and M.B. O'Donnell, "Conjunctions, Clines and Levels of Discourse," Filología Neotestamentaria 20 (2007) 3–14.
See S. Trenkner, Le style KAI dans le récit attique oral (Brussels 1948); A. Aejmelaeus, Parataxis in the Septuagint: A Study of the Renderings of the Hebrew Coordinate Clauses in the Greek Pentateuch. Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae 31 (Helsinki 1982) 157.
I recognize that there are other means by which "directives" or "commands" may be formulated in Greek, but this analysis is formally based, as a means of establishing quantifiable data as the basis of semantics, before moving to pragmatics.


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|Search | About | Preferences | Interact | Help
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by Tim F. Lahaye
Publisher:Tyndale House Publishers
Amid the glitzy fanfare of a new world regime, control is unravelling for self-proclaimed god and Global Community potentate Nicolae Carpathia in Desecration, the ninth instalment in the Left Behind series. It's 25 days into the Great Tribulation and the newly resurrected Carpathia evinces an increasing fondness for gruesome killing. He's thrown into turmoil when the first two "bowls of wrath" from the biblical book Revelation are poured out on the world. Water turns into blood and those who are branded with the mark of loyalty become covered with loathsome sores. When Carpathia commits the ultimate act of desecration against the Judeo-Christian community, chaos ensues. Meanwhile, the Tribulation Force soldiers on, receiving visitations from heavenly messengers that prod the team to greater acts of courage.
Jenkins's characters seem almost comic book-like in their actions; the author relies on pages of slangy, slapstick dialogue rather than character development or descriptive settings to flesh out his tales. It's the angst of wondering what disaster will occur next and the fascination with end times that keep loyal fans turning the pages. And there's no shortage of angst here. Chang Wong flirts with suicide. Hattie Durham risks her life in a confrontation with Carpathia. Tsion Ben-Judah inadvertently gives away a secret location. Chloe Williams uncovers a remnant of believers. There are touches of the standard Left Behind humour, and even some romance in the last days. As always, readers are left hanging at the edge of disaster, which should keep appetites whetted for the promised next instalment. --Cindy Crosby, Amazon.com
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Pronunciation: Carlos Ruiz Zafón
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iOS iPhone Games
Your task is to hit the bubbles before they disappear from the screen. 123 Kids Fun Bubbles consists of four colorful boards to choose from.
Each of them has great graphic design, amazing sound effects and many other surprises.
√ Forest
√ Playground
√ Meadow
√ Ocean
You need to be careful:
√ try to avoid thieves and hunters,
√ do not touch accelerate and bombs.
There are also features that might be helpful:
√ time stop,
√ slow down,
√ double points,
√ extra life.
All details on how to play can be found in the help screen.
The App is addictively fun. If you start playing you will not be able to get away from it. Earn points and extra life.
Hit the bubbles and have fun!
- Interactive, carefully conceived, captivating games
- Bright, colorful, child-friendly design
- Rewards!
- Hundreds of rich graphics, vibrant sounds and beautiful captivating special effects
- No Advertisments
- No inApp purchases
Become a fan of 123 Kids Fun Apps on Facebook:
Follow us on Twitter:
Visit 123 Kids Fun Apps website:
123 Kids Fun YouTube channel:
123 KIDS FUN™ APPS (Preschool and kindergarten learning games)
123 Kids Fun Apps are a collection of iOS Apps for Kids. Our apps are entertaining, but more importantly, they teach at the same time. We pride ourselves in creating fun, beautiful, well designed and easy to use apps.
We share a passion for children, music, education, design, and play. Our goal is to create the highest quality games for toddlers and preschoolers for smartphones and tablets. We are proud to say that we make fun and smart educational games that are not only effective, but entertaining. We make games that let kids explore and discover, games where there are no wrong moves, but where the right move will reveal, reward, and teach.
We love getting feedback from our users. If you have questions or comments, please send them to email@example.com
What's New
√ Tons of performance upgrades so your app runs better then ever
√ We love getting feedback from our users. If you have questions or comments, please send them to email@example.com
√ Stay updated! Visit us at facebook.com/123KidsFun


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Poll: Which generation of employees is the easiest to manage?
Greatest generation (born before 1946) 16%
Baby boomers (1946-1964) 55%
Generation X (1965-1980) 23%
Millennials (1981-1999) 6%
Votes Cast: 513
This survey is not a scientific sampling, but offers a quick view of what readers are thinking
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Popular in Business Pulse
Archived Business Pulse Polls
- Was the city's investment in the just-finished, $65 million revamp of Bank of America Stadium worth it? (View Comments)
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Multi-day & Extended Tours See all
Only Show: Multi-day Cruises | Multi-day Tours | Overnight Tours
8-Day Best of Mexico Tour: Mexico City to Cancun
Why fly from Mexico City straight to Cancun when you can make your way there on this convenient eight-day tour, stopping at some of Mexico's most important ... Read more
Mexico City, Mexico
Duration: 8 days (approx.)
6-Night Best of Central Mexico Tour: Teotihuacan Pyramids, Taxco, Cuernavaca and Puebla from Mexico City
See the top attractions in Mexico City and its surrounding area on this activity-filled, 5-day, 6-night tour. Spend your first day getting to know Mexico City ... Read more
Mexico City, Mexico
Duration: 7 days (approx.)
7-Night Culinary Tour of Mexico: Mexico City, Puebla and Oaxaca
Embark on a Mexican food odyssey, round-trip from Mexico City, with a seven-night journey through Mexico's richest culinary regions. This gastronomic tour ... Read more
Mexico City, Mexico
Duration: 8 days (approx.)
8-Day Yucatan Peninsula: Small-Group Tour from Cancun Including Chichen Itza, Uxmal, Ek Balam and Tulum
Experience the mystery of the ancient Mayans as you explore seven archeological sites of the Yucatan Peninsula on this 8-day tour from Cancun with a small ... Read more
Cancun, Mexico
Duration: 8 days (approx.)
2-Day Yucatan Overview Tour Including Chichen Itza and Merida
Travel through time and discover the magic of Chichen Itza and Uxmal, two of the most important archaeological pre-Hispanic cities in the Mayan World. You will ... Read more
Cancun, Mexico
Duration: 2 days (approx.)
Journey of the Gray Whale: 5 Day Expedition
Magdalena Bay is world renowned for gray whale interactions with humans. It is one of only three nurseries and breeding grounds in the world of the Pacific ... Read more
La Paz, Mexico
Duration: 5 days (approx.)
Sea of Cortez Liveaboard Diving Expedition
Fall is the best time of year to dive the Sea of Cortez as it offers the best visibility, warmest water and calmest seas of the season. Enjoy a liveaboard ... Read more
La Paz, Mexico
Duration: 6 days (approx.)
Only Show: Multi-day Cruises | Multi-day Tours | Overnight Tours


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Hamilton Beach Cappuccino Plus Espresso Maker
This model disappointed on almost every level. It was one of the highest-priced in our test, but delivered coffee low in our taste and temperature ratings and took a long time to froth milk. Of all the pump machines we tested, it was the only one that lacked a guard to prevent the filter basket from falling into the trash when you empty out the grounds. Consumers weren't impressed by its appearance, either. A few minor pluses: The manual was thorough, the tank removable for filling at the sink, and the buttons easy to use. hamiltonbeach.com
Reviewed: September 2009
Price When Reviewed: $100.00
What do you think?
Krups 4-Slice Belgian Waffle Maker #F654-75
Although the Krups wasn't able to produce crisp waffles from a mix, it made nicely crisp waffles from scratch and was the most consistent...
Hamilton Beach Mess Free Belgian Style Waffle Maker #26041
Hamilton Beach's Mess Free Belgian Style Waffle Maker makes one round waffle that can be split into eight individual waffle sticks.
Proctor Silex Large Belgian Waffle Maker #26016A
This attractive Belgian Waffle Maker bakes four decently sized square waffles, so you can have breakfast for two ready in just one go.
Waring Pro Belgian Waffle Maker #WMK250SQ
The rotating Belgian Waffle Maker from Waring Pro churns out breakfast in as little as two minutes' time, making it one of the fastest...
More From Appliances


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The Ohio state auditor is investigating the practice of "scrubbing," or dropping students from attendance rolls so they don't count against test scores. The former El Paso superintendent is in prison for using truant officers to encourage at-risk students to drop out. Other testing scandals have popped up in Mobile, Dallas, Houston, Detroit, Baltimore, St. Louis, and East St. Louis, Illinois. And everywhere USA Today looked in a 2011 investigation, they discovered statistically improbable aberrations in test scores, identifying 1,610 examples of anomalies that an Arizona State University professor compared to "a weight-loss clinic where you lose 100 ...
HOLLYWOOD – God bless America, and how's everybody?
The nation held its collective breath and turned not just blue but a veritable rainbow of colors as the Supreme Court spent a goodly part of two days hearing oral arguments on gay marriage. Well, at least they were in the same room as arguments about gay marriage were oralled. In a position to eavesdrop on a series of gay marriage arguments, if they were of a mind to.
A colleague of mine quipped the other day that the only religion he believes in is his own. "Sure," I countered. "You piously believe in your own opinion."
You can't win the fight if you don't put on the gloves.
The phone rings in a big warehouse in Oriskiny Falls, N.Y.
The calendar says Monday is April first, but lately it seems that foolishness occurs year-round.
Salon.com recently ran excerpts of Emily Anthes's book "Frankenstein's Cat: Cuddling Up To Biotech's Brave New Beasts," and I may never look at national security the same way again.
According to the Bible, the ancient Israelites strayed from worship of God into idolatry. Today, America has done the same- except rather than placing a golden calf upon an altar, we have erected a mirror.
The devil is in the details.
What's the catch?
HOLLYWOOD – God bless America, and how's everybody?
Ah, St. Patrick's Day is upon us.
A national political star is born. Kentucky's' Republican Senator Rand Paul became the political Justin Beiber of libertarians everywhere and a role model for GOPers who want to grab media attention by staging a dramatic "talking filibuster." And, suddenly, Republicans who had steadfastly resisted the idea of bringing back talking filibusters were falling all over themselves to get involved and praise it.
Page 75 of 124
Fear mongering is quite lucrative in what seems to be a burgeoning "climate change industrial complex," where certain people benefit monetarily or politically in their promotion of global catastrophic risk due to catastrophic global warming.
The American economy has supposedly long since recovered from the Great Recession. The stock market is doing exceptionally well and unemployment isn't what it once was.
Rick Perry's running for president again, which means we have to endure a bunch of talk about what he calls the "Texas Model." The rest of us call this the "Texas Miracle," or the economic special sauce of low taxes, low regulation, low spending, and tort reform that he says created boom times in Texas while the rest of the country struggled. Hire me, goes his logic, and I'll make sure someone hires you. Being president is good work if you can get it.
He gets under their skin like termites in a boathouse. Drives them crazier than Hillary Clinton and Yoko Ono dancing on a gay pride parade float. He's the itch you can't scratch. The thorn in the palm of their paw. The 3-inch scratch on their favorite Ted Nugent album. I'm talking about that hot new Catholic sensation, Pope Frankie.
Few papal encyclicals have been as anticipated as Laudato Si', and Pope Francis has not disappointed. The encyclical articulates a compelling moral vision intended to address the ecological crisis gripping our world.
Masters champion Jordan Spieth won the U.S. Open in a thrilling manner at Chambers Bay Golf Club. Afterwards he wished everyone a Happy Father's Day, which came off as a bit insensitive to people in Los Angeles. Father's Day is the most confusing day of the year for Kendall and Kylie Jenner.
There are some very stupid ideas emanating from powerful people and political wannabes.
Poor Jeb.
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SHU grad Kevin McLaughlin unveils new documentary on the 1967 Newark riots.
M.A. Museum ProfessionsNJ's only museum studies master's program. Intern and work at some of the world's most prestigious museums.
Analyzing Governor Christie's presidential campaign launch
New College of Communication and the ArtsThe College will be dedicated to enabling innovative, genuine, and professional interaction in academic, social, artistic, and technological settings.


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This is the record game screen for statslete. I don't think it needs to be anything crazy. The way you move the score up and down is by swiping left/right on the giant scorecard. Whoever is winning, the winning score will be in their team color (in this case, purple)
More coming soon.
More Joe Norton
keyboard shortcuts: ← previous shot → next shot L or F like Z toggle zoom


text: Gabrielle BluestoneProfileFollowUnfollow Gabrielle BluestoneFiled to: Chris Brown 5/12/13 1:00pmEditDelete Invite manuallyPromoteXDismissXUndismissBlock for gawkerHideShare to KinjaShare to PinterestGo to permalinkNot content to merely terrorize adults, Chris Brown is now frightening Los Angeles children with "grimacing, sharp-toothed, red-eyed goblin" murals around his home. Brown argues that his neighbors are trying to suspend his First Amendment rights. 15Reply 15Discuss


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Dupe TubeStatic
Sunday morning TV is full of infomercials selling pickups and preachers selling hellfire and damnation.
Arting UpIn art, perhaps, is the salvation of Cowtown.
Martha Peters may have one of the most enviable offices in Fort Worth.
Making GoodWith a new gig, ex-Jet Powered owners say they're cleaning up old debts.
The Dallas Business Journal's recent inclusion of Fort Worth-based Starr Tincup on its annual list of best places to work shocked more than a few people.
More Perry?DAVE MCNEELY
Gov. Rick Perry had hinted he might run again in 2010. But now Perry flatly says he will – regardless of what plans U.S. Sen. Kay Bailey Hutchison and Lt. Gov. David Dewhurst may have.
In This Case, Size Doesn't MatterStatic
Notice the change in this week's paper?It's shorter by an inch. Newspapers across the country are getting smaller – The New York Times, USA Today, Fort Worth Star-Telegram, The Dallas Morning News, etc.
The Cowboys' LamentThe ranks of those who work cattle for a living grow thin, but some maestros persevere.
Peter Gorman
Tater Paschal is up at 5 a.m. at his house in south Cleburne, putting the coffee on, then heading out to his barn to feed his horses, getting ready for another day of cowboying.
Eagle-Eye ViewTarrant's newest lakeside park is already a monument.
Jeff Prince
When the gates open to the public on Friday, Eagle Mountain Lake Park will represent many things beyond the obvious beauty of 400 pristine acres covered with wildflowers, cedars, oaks, mesquites, cactus, rocks, walking trails, ...
Win-Loss RatioDAN MCGRAW
Fort Worth's Travis Lutter is getting a rematch – with the scales. To be followed, he expects, by another shot at a national fight title.
Bark Worse Than His Byte?Static
This Saturday all you journalism groupies – all two of you – have a chance to hang out with former Dallas Morning News TV critic Ed Bark and other scribes to watch excerpts and chew the fat about Stop the Presses: T...
Skin DeepA North Texas couple is trying to ink their way into the porn film world.
Jimmy Fowler
Everybody's got a story to tell, a story about how someone changed their lives. Adrenalynn just happens to wear hers on her right arm.


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data at restThe term used to describe all data in storage but excludes any data that frequently traverses the network or that which resides in temporary memory. Data at rest includes but is not limited to archived data, data which is not accessed or changed frequently, files stored on hard drives, USB thumb drives, files stored on backup tape and disks, and also files stored off-site or on a storage area network (SAN).
From secure messaging to document editing, our top free must-have apps have been rated, reviewed and named the best free Android apps of 2015. Read More »The Five Generations of Computers
Learn about each of the five generations of computers and major technology developments that have led to the current devices that we use today. Read More »Cloud Computing Market Leaders, 2015
If not for AWS, Microsoft would dominate the cloud. The race to capture market share will grow ever more fierce in the years ahead. Here's a look... Read More »
From wacky alarm clocks to lecture hall tools and after class entertainment, these Android apps are a good fit for a student's life and budget. Read More »Network Fundamentals Study Guide
A network is a group of two or more computer systems or devices, linked together to share resources, exchange files and electronic communications.... Read More »Computer Architecture Study Guide
This Webopedia study guide describes the different parts of a computer system and their relations. Read More »
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Datamation Hangouts with Tech ExpertsWatch Datamation's editor James Maguire moderate roundtable discussions with tech experts from companies such as Accenture, Dell, Blue Jeans Network, Microsoft and more »


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Using the Arts
Using creative practices is a core element of the Partnership's approach.
The Arts can help people to really engage with issues and explore things from a different perspective. It provides a relaxed, non-confrontational (and fun!) platform from which to work and is therefore an ideal way to engage with disadvantaged and vulnerable people who may not otherwise open up.
The Arts is transformative and can turn the most difficult consultation into a truly empowering experiencing, often giving a voice to those who may otherwise go unnoticed. Above all it puts positive experiences into the most difficult, impoverished and often traumatised lives.
We know that creativity and the use of the Arts is one of our most successful methods of intervention, particularly when working with young people, as demonstrated by the depth and variety of our projects over the past few years.
Our current pieces of work are outlined below.
Art-i-tec was a West Berkshire Council's Arts and Leisure Services project, working in partnership with the Youth Offending Team and Youth Support Team and supported by investment from Artswork. Thames Valley Partnership co-ordinated the girls group who worked with 4 artists during a series of sessions in autumn 2014 and the early part of 2015. The project culminated in a sharing event on February 20th at 101 Outdoor Arts Creation Space, Greenham Business Park – the girls displayed their artwork and a boys group performed a dance piece.
Artists: Andy Fleming, Cath Baldwin, Katy Pike, Beth Flintoff
Click here to see a short video about the project made by film maker Linda Mason.
For more information contact firstname.lastname@example.com or click here to learn more about our other Arts projects.
Modelling Change Update
Modelling Change uses the creative arts to engage and empower girls aged 16 to 19 in the Oxfordshire area, through the agencies and organisations that support them. Skilled artist facilitators lead a mix of arts based activities and workshops on a weekly basis. Engaging with creative activity has shown to have a positive impact on self-esteem and self-image, steering them towards more positive life decisions.
Click here to view a short film about the project.
The project has been running since October 2014 on a weekly basis during term time and participants experience a wide range of creative activities including printing bags and banners; using wood, wire and nails; mosaic and mask making; collage and paper work; painting and graphics; writing and drama games. The group has made visits to local cultural venues: a performance at Pegasus Theatre and an exhibition at Modern Art Oxford, and worked towards gaining Bronze Level Arts Award. During International Women's Day in March 2015, the group exhibited some of their artwork at an event at Modern Art Oxford.
The project is led by a group of experienced artists: Emmy Tulane Cassia, Camille Robineau, Clare Goodall and Linda Mason.
Sessions continue until early July 2015 and participants can join at any time – please contact Judy Munday for more information and a referral form email@example.com
Read the latest Criminal Justice Joint Inspection report on Girls in the Criminal Justice System here
Modelling Change is supported by investment from Arts Council England, Artswork, Amey plc and Oxfordshire Youth Offending Service.
Event Update: the use of the Arts with vulnerable women
On Tuesday 21st October about 50 people gathered in a Committee Room at the House of Lords to listen to speakers and debate issues around women in the criminal justice system and how the arts can have an impact on bringing about change in their lives.
Gilly Sharpe presented her research findings – Doing Justice to Offending Girls (Gilly Sharpe) – followed by a powerful performance by Clean Break theatre company of their production 'Sounds Like an Insult'. A panel of support workers and artists discussed the impact of using the arts within their settings and how a creative approach can help organisations meet their targets and reach women who are most vulnerable.
Amey plc, sponsors of the current arts project Modelling Change, presented their reasons for supporting our work…
" Improving pipeline for Women is one of four Inclusion strands……we are on a journey.. " (Amey plc)
" Well done for the event at the House of Lords, it was really great to see women completely as the focus. I really enjoyed hearing about the research and the project. " (delegate comment)
The event was chaired by Thames Valley Partnership Chair of Trustees Lord Blair.
Women at the HeArt
The dissemination event for Women at the HeArt was held during February at Meadowbrook College in Oxford and attended by a range of partners who were involved in the project and those who were interested to find out more about using creativity with vulnerable women. The Women at the HeArt exhibition remains open until March 18th at Meadowbrook College.
Alison Leverett-Morris presented the Evaluation Report and concluded that
"Through creative arts processes, Women at the HeArt enabled vulnerable women, support staff and artists to develop new skills, gain confidence and experience a deep sense of personal growth and achievement in both personal and/or professional lives."
Read more about the project from the evaluation report for Women at the HeArt which is now available to download from the following links:
Further information here or contact Judy Munday, Arts Officer, Thames Valley Partnership for a booking email@example.com
Women at the HeArt ran from 2012 until March 2014 aiming to give vulnerable, disadvantaged women more control over their lives, identifying ways of empowering them through the use of creative activities and reconnecting them with their families and communities. The project focussed on women with complex and unmet needs and offered innovative, cost-effective methods of intervention, opening doors and giving women greater access to support services.
Integral to Women at the HeArt was a mentee training scheme as part of our ongoing commitment towards continuing professional development for creative practitioners in the criminal justice field.
Women at the HeArt was funded by Arts Council England, The Monument Trust and Thames Valley Probation.
"It's been good to express yourself to how you're
really feeling but can't put it into words."
"I felt completed engrossed and distracted from my life"
"I liked that we could ask for what we did in sessions – it made me feel respected"
"I really enjoyed being active and creative rather than things going round and round in my head "
"Women at the HeArt has made us think more about why we do what we do and how we can support these women. Using visual creative expression techniques allows the veil to come down and to discover many different things behind ourselves and behind the women we work with. We are amazed at the beautiful pieces we have all produced!" Support Staff Member
We are happy to continue to support Meadowbrook College and 'Visionz', the Arts Centre at their Harlow site. We have been working with Meadowbrook College for a number of years – firstly through our popular Schools in Action strand of work and subsequently helping to deliver the national Creative Partnerships programme which lasted for 3 years.
Creativity continues to play a key role in the provision offered by Meadowbrook through the wide range on offer from 'Visionz', not just for pupils attending the College but also for the wider community. Its artistic approach and expertise provides others within the community with opportunities; offering varied arts packages and projects to others, delivered by professional arts practitioners.
The exhibition space offered by Visionz showcases new and exciting work produced through Meadowbrook partnerships; with an inspiring exhibition programme displaying varied and interesting work. Further information: Dionne Freeman: firstname.lastname@example.com or visit Visionz
Meadowbrook College is Oxfordshire's Pupil Referral Unit and Integration Service and provides education and support to about one hundred secondary age students from across Oxfordshire. Meadowbrook offers all its students 'a second chance for learning' and works hard to ensure that they achieve successful outcomes despite the difficulties and setbacks they have experienced during their time at mainstream school. It's about looking forward, not back.
Something Brilliant at the barn
Visit our dedicated arts section which captures all the findings from our creative Barnstorming day in March 2011. It is packed with great ieas which will be of real benefit to anyone interested in working creatively with vulnerable groups.
"One of the things I really like about the Partnership is that
it does that really difficult work but with an interesting edge"
Ian Blair (Lord Blair of Boughton), Chair of Thames Valley Partnership
Moving Forward
Moving Forward was a project supported by The LankellyChase Foundation, around young people who have experience in some way of domestic abuse and may subsequently have resulting issues themselves with […]
Publications for Using the Arts
- Art & Community Safety - An Evaluation of the Community Arts Programme (Feb 2005)
- Art of the Possible – Achieving Change Through Creative Practice (2006) – A pictorial Conference reminder
- SROI Urban Beatz Evaluation – An Evaluation of the Urban Beatz project 2007
- Tales from the Riverbank - A write-up up of the 2007 Lifecrafts Conference by Richard Ings
- Phat Kanz Street Art Support Pack for Young Artists
- Phat Kanz Street Art Support Pack for Support Workers
(Note – these files are very large- you will require Acrobat Reader version 6 or later to read them; if you wish to print you will need to select the "fit to paper" option in Acrobat Reader).
- Runners Support Pack - Designed to accommpany the Runners dvd which looks at the sensitive and difficult issue of young people becoming involved in drug dealing. Dvd copies can be obtained from firstname.lastname@example.com
- Unlocking Value (2011) – A report by New Philanthropy Capital exploring the economic benefit of the arts in criminal justice.
- Moving Forward : Project Report and Evaluation (2012)
- Women at the HeArt: Executive Summary 2014
- Women at the HeArt: Evaluation Report (2014)


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Angry Birds Fight! released by Rovio with two strange trailers
Rovio is still banking on Angry Birds? Yep, the Finnish game developer who made billions of dollars from the franchise has just released another game: Angry Birds Fight! This title follows the Angry Birds Go! party mode update and the Angry Birds Stella POP. The game has arrived with a couple of videos featuring strange children and Sumo Wrestlers.


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Respond to Review of CLOSED: Soy and Sake Village
by Krsnamayi
Review: I ate at Soy and Sake at the suggestion of two non-vegetarian friends who are addicted to the place. I had the Crusted "Shrimp" (yummers!) Tom Yam soup, which was excellent (and I lived in Thailand for two years, so I feel I am qualified to judge it), and the main dish I ordered chili chicken and basil, and for my extra spicy pallet it was a little plain for me. Another friend got the Bento box, which was a pretty decent amount of food, and someone else got the some type of mock chicken and broccoli. We all shared a bit of everything, and all the food was good. It looked pretty upscale, and especially for it being in the village...I was surprised at the reasonable prices! The other positive aspect is that the menu has a little of everything from many Asian countries...so there is something for everyone.
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Top Definition
Not something pertaining to fags or gays like most people think, but something so extremely awesome and cool it is fagtasticalicious!
Holy shit, that car wreck was fagtasticalicious!
by Ziggy3535535 April 16, 2006
Type your email address below to get our free Urban Word of the Day every morning!
Emails are sent from firstname.lastname@example.com. We'll never spam you.×


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Aaron Thompson RP MIN 1 month ago
Thompson retired the only batter he faced in Friday's loss to Toronto to lower his ERA to 3.42.
Thompson has become Minnesota's top lefty setup man and has only allowed a run in six of 25 appearances. However, he has just a 14:7 K:BB ratio in 23.2 innings. He's unlikely to sustain his early success with just a 5.3 K/9.
Aaron Thompson RP MIN 2 months ago
Thompson threw two scoreless innings in Sunday's win over Cleveland to lower his ERA to 0.87.
Thompson has become the top lefty in the bullpen with Brian Duensing on the DL. He's given up just two walks and four hits in 10.1 innings this season.
Aaron Thompson RP MIN 3 months ago
Thompson was recalled from Triple-A Rochester and added to Minnesota's 25-man roster, MLB.com reports.
Thompson may only be in the majors for a few weeks as Minnesota's bullpen may be in flux in April. Thompson will be the third lefty in the bullpen, so he may not be used in a lot of high-leverage situations.
Aaron Thompson RP MIN 3 months ago
Thompson did not make the Opening Day roster, LaVelle E. Neal of the Minneapolis Star Tribune reports.
With Thompson headed to Triple-A Rochester, Caleb Thielbar appears to have won the final spot in Minnesota's bullpen. Should the Twins have need of a lefty reliever, Thompson will likely be the first man called up.
Aaron Thompson RP MIN 3 months ago
Thompson is in the running for one of Minnesota's final two bullpen spots, the Minneapolis Star Tribune reports. He has a 2.84 ERA with a 6:2 K:BB ratio in 6.1 innings this spring.
He's probably a long shot since he'd have to win a job over Caleb Thielbar as a second left in the bullpen. Still, his 8.8 K/9 in Triple-A last year suggests he could be an effective lefty specialist in the majors.
Aaron Thompson RP MIN 10 months ago
Thompson's contract was selected from Triple-A Rochester on Saturday, Mike Berardino of the St. Paul Pioneer Press reports.
In 15 second half outings at Rochester, Thompson has struggled, to say the least, posting a 9.22 ERA, 2.12 WHIP, and 12:11 K:BB in 13.2 innings. Considering he hasn't fared much better in four major league appearances -- 7.04 ERA in 7.2 innings -- he'll likely only be utilized by the Twins in low-leverage situations.
Aaron Thompson RP MIN 2 years ago
Twins re-signed LHP Aaron Thompson to a minor league contract.
Thompson was suspended for the first 50 games this past season for violating baseball's drug policy, but he returned to post a 2.76 ERA over 58-plus frames on the farm. The southpaw will compete for a bullpen spot in spring training.
Aaron Thompson RP MIN 3 years ago
Twins' minor league left-hander Aaron Thompson will be suspended 50 games for violating baseball's drug policy.
The commissioner's office has yet to make an official announcement on the suspension, but Twins' general manager Terry Ryan said Saturday that he tested positive for recreational drug use, not performance-enhancing drugs. Thompson, 25, signed a minor league deal with the Twins this winter after spending last season in the Pirates' organization.
Aaron Thompson RP MIN 4 years ago
Twins signed LHP Aaron Thompson to a minor league contract.
He also receives an invite to spring training. Thompson, who was claimed off waivers by the Bucs from the Nationals last December, made four appearances with the big club in August and September. While his command improved in the minors this season, the 24-year-old southpaw is missing less bats than ever before. He likely won't make an impact with the Twins, but Minnesota is making sure it improves a putrid Triple-A Rochester team from this past year.
Aaron Thompson RP MIN 4 years ago
Pirates sent LHP Aaron Thompson outright to Triple-A Indianapolis.
Thompson, who was claimed off waivers from the Nationals last December, made four appearances with the big club in August and September. While his command improved in the minors this season, the 24-year-old southpaw is missing less bats than ever before.