text:
$25 to hire 2ton Drop-Side Truck. Harare
0775 390 560
Truck for Hire 4ton, anytime anywhere and any type of load. We charge $1/km all Inclusive, no hidden or additional costs. (eg: 300 km distance will cost $300). Phone or send sms for your order on 0778589605. Long term contracts can be arranged
42 tonne excavator trucks
We are looking for 30 ton tri-axle local or cross border loads to South Africa or Beira. We offer very reliable service at competitive rates so give us a call and we can start doing business.
We have boxed,rigid,drop side,flat bed trucks from 5 tonne to 30 tonne available for hire in Zimbabwe and through out SADC region at a cheaper and affordable rates.Truck are in excellent condition and drives well.We provide day and overnight delivery 24/7.
Our Mission
Dedicated to exceeding...
Available is a reliable Mazda T35 truck for hire locally in Harare and for highway trips within Zimbabwe. Call us for favourable rates that suit your budget and an excellent service!!! Phone 0712953497 or 0772275836 (for both calls & watsapp)
Available are 1-30 Tonne trucks, Tippers, Tlbs (JCBs) ,Frontend Loaders, Concrete Mixtures
Call 0772552114 or 0712711218
Smart and secure 3,5 tonne sprinter and 10 tonne refrigerated DAF truck for hire. Good rates and service.
Please call
Sizwe 0775710450.
Smart and secure7,5 and 10 tonne box trucks AND 10 tonne refridgerated for hire. Good rates and service.
Please call 0772 704741 OR 0718 704741.
Freightliner 30Tonne For Hire , Flat - deck trailer ,
Available for all local loads at very competitive rates ,
Call 0772 871099
26 ton (10-15 ton pay-loads) curtainsider truck for hire
We have a 26t GVW MAN diesel curtainsider truck, for hire. The truck is in excellent condition and the loading bin is in perfect state.
The truck is available for once off contracts or hire (anywhere in Zimbabwe or across the borders)....
We have boxed,rigid,drop side,flat bed trucks from 5 tonne to 30 tonne available for hire in Zimbabwe and through out SADC region at a cheaper and affordable rates.Truck are in excellent condition and drives well.We provide day and overnight delivery 24/7.
Our Mission
Dedicated to...
We will move your 30ton loads from any point in Zimbabwe or any neighbouring country to your chosen destination.Our fleet of 5 trucks are reliable and well maitained and we will offer you competitive rates.If you have a load call us directly and lets negotiate-avoid that middleman!
we have good trucks available for hire...boxed and open body...1tonne-10 tonne...any type of job including removals..good rates...long term deal possible..we have well vetted and proffessional drivers...available 24hrs..anywhere in the country..call,text,app nyamasvisva on 0775422511
1 tonne - 10tonnne trucks available for hire....all type of jobs..both boxed and open drosides trucks...rates affordable..long term lease possible...available 24hrs....experienced drivers..call,app,text, 0775422511
we have 8 Tonne truck for hiring with favorable rates.
Cell: +263 773 750 344


text:
If selected for publication, it will appear as soon as possible on Haaretz.com.
Dead man voting || Police suspect fraud in Beit Shemesh vote that included the dead
Supporters of secular candidate Eli Cohen say they have collected further evidence of fraud, including defaced voting slips
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The Israel Police is continuing to investigate suspicions of widespread vote fraud in the Beit Shemesh municipal election two weeks ago, where the Haredi mayor beat his secular challenger by some 900 votes.
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Real, honest-to-goodness holograms are a thing now
If you're retiring soon, take these steps now
Join the NASDAQ Community today and get free, instant access to portfolios, stock ratings, real-time alerts, and more!
Kinder Morgan Energy Partners L.P.
's (
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partnership and its 50-50 joint venture partner, Imperial Oil
Limited (IMO) had inked an additional firm take or pay agreement
with strong, credit worthy oil company majors.
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I had the problem to get a
FileFormatException as soon as I started a WPF application under Windows XP. As I figured out, it was caused by having image sizes bigger than 64x64 pixels in my application icon.
If a Vista icon, that contains png-image, is used as Window.Icon the application fails to launch with an FileFormatException.
Make sure the icon has max size 64x64 pixels. It can still be 32 bit (using alpha channel).
Is this really the only workaround to not have image sizes bigger than 64x64 pixels in my icon? Isn't there a way to support Windows 7 icons at its highest resolution (256x256 pixels) and being backward compatible to Windows XP at the same time?
I'm aware of the icon specifications for the different single Windows OSs, but is there also a specification of how to support Windows 7 and being backward compatible?
Thanks in advance!


text:
Narrow your search
The Netflix-for-books service has integrated blue-light filtering technology into its Android and iOS apps.
From Lego-carrying quadcopters to nighttime two-wheeled rovers to a hybrid copter-hydrofoil, Parrot's expanded its smartphone-controlled robot lineup to 13 options.
Two-player splitscreen, 24-player online, nighttime driving, weather effects, and more revealed.
NASA's Cassini spacecraft captures an elegant image of three of Saturn's moons as they glow like delicate slivers in space.
From embracing a leather exterior to adding a flashy new camera, LG hopes to win customers away from its better-known competitors. An inside look at its factory in South Korea shows it's ramping up for a big launch.
Forrester Research says the revenue hit to US cloud and outsourcing providers is less than initially expected because international customers boosted security instead of leaving.
Didn't make plans for the night? Fear not. An app making a play on Kickstarter offers up a list of options so even the worst procrastinators can find social joy.
With Google's mix-and-match Project Ara handsets, the time is ripe for wacky add-ons to truly customize your phone.
Normally $60, these ultra-slim headphones might be just the thing you need for nighttime.
A special edition of zombie-fighting game Dying Light includes a zombie-proof shelter, night vision goggles, survival parkour lessons and adult diapers.


text:
- Leifheit Telefix 70 Stainless Steel Wall-Mount Drying Rack
- Categories: Storage & Cleaning > Laundry > Drying Racks
Crafted of smooth, powder-coated stainless steel, the multi-functional Telefix 70 Wall-Mount Drying Rack by Leifheit features an elegant, space-saving design that suits all of your hang-drying needs.
- Leifheit Telefix 100 Wall Mount Drying Rack
Brand: Leifheit
- Categories: Storage & Cleaning > Laundry > Drying Racks
This large but discreet retractable wall-mount air dryer provides up to 26' of drying space and does double duty as a towel bar. It features 8 retractable, powder coated stainless steel rails that can support up to 44 lbs. when fully extended.
- Enclume® Rack It Up Collection Bi-Level Bookshelf Rack
Brand: Enclume
- Categories: Kitchen > Kitchen Organization > Pot Racks
This Bi-Level Bookshelf Pot Rack from Enclume® keeps kitchen accessories organized and ready to tackle any kitchen cooking task. Wall unit features a convenient grid with 8 hooks to hang cookware and utensils, plus a steel-framed bamboo storage shelf.
- 6-Hook Coat and Hat Rack in Espresso
- Categories: Storage & Cleaning > Closet Storage > Hangers & Hooks
A stylish way to hang all your coats, jackets and hats, the 6-Hook Coat and Hat Rack easily mounts on your wall to provide ample hooks to hang multiple clothing articles. The espresso wood and satin nickel hooks work well in any home decor.
- Donatello Leaning 2-Bike Storage Rack
This innovative bike storage rack leans against the wall and requires no permanent attachment. This storage rack assembles easily in just minutes and can be moved quickly and easily.
- Proslat Tire Storage Rack in Black
Brand: Proslat
Organize off-season tires and rims, easily, with the Proslat Tire Storage Rack. This well-engineered, easy-to-install rack provides convenient and safe storage for up to 4 tires with mags. Mount it directly to a wall or hang it from a Proslat wall panel.
- Enclume® Rack It Up Collection Long Bookshelf Rack
Brand: Enclume
This Long Bookshelf Pot Rack from Enclume® keeps kitchen accessories organized and ready to for any kitchentask. Wall unit comes complete with 12 hooks to hang cookware and utensils, and features a large grid that functions as a storage shelf.


text:
LAS VEGAS — With more than 50 years of innovative design and manufacturing expertise, Burford Corp. has rolled out two new systems at I.B.I.E. to help small- to mid-level wholesale bakeries automate their operations.
The Burford Entry Level (EL) Topper includes the company's patented rotary dispense system, which applies a wide variety of toppings and provides labor savings. The stainless steel and aluminum system features a quick change template and a hopper agitator to prevent bridging of toppings.
Additionally, the company introduced its Entry Level Twist Tyer system that may be used with manual or semi-automated bag loaders to improve the efficiency of the bakery packaging process.
The new series of equipment allows Burford to enter new markets, said Clay Miller, sales engineer.
1Metropoulos moves Hostess into bread, bun market
2Grupo Bimbo to acquire Panrico S.A.U.
3Starbucks shuttering La Boulange operations
4General Mills to eliminate 675 to 725 jobs
5Rich Seban retiring at Hostess Brands
( more )
4General Mills to remove artificial flavors, colors from all cereals
5ConAgra to exit Private Brands business
2Domino's, Ardent Mills pizza partnership still strong
3New company buys former AnaCon Foods assets
5From Lenexa plant, Flowers eyes Omaha and Iowa markets
to the PRINT edition, or click below for free INSTANT ACCESS to valuable news and insights in the Digital Edition.


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2 Years Ago
Artworks For Children - New Group!
Dear All,
I created just now a new group for artworks for CHILDREN.
You are welcome to my group but I ask you with the greatest honor, please take the BIGGEST CARE AND ATTENTION at uploading to this of my group.
Link to the CHILDREN SECTOR group: http://fineartamerica.com/groups/children-sector.html?tab=overview
Before uploading you are kindly requested to think on your childhood. What images, creations were you interested for.
Thank you for your attention.
Zsuzsa Balla
Admin of the group site: http://fineartamerica.com/groups/children-sector.html?tab=overview
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Posted by: Heather Applegate on 2 Years Ago
2 Years Ago
There's already this one as well and is quite active: http://fineartamerica.com/groups/for-children.html?tab=overview
Posted by: Zsuzsa Balla on 2 Years Ago
2 Years Ago
Thank you Heather.
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Associated Press
Among major events in civil rights history was the Little Rock Crisis. Nine African American students were kept out of racially segregated Central High School in Little Rock by Arkansas National Guard troops. Mobs threatened to lynch the children. It wasn't until President Eisenhower intervened and federal troops were called in that the so-called Little Rock Nine were able to attend the school.
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Rank #17100 on CommentsLevel 164 Comments: Soldier Of Funnyjunk
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|#190 - As i am not an American, I cant really tell is he good or bad … [+] (19 new replies)
|03/10/2015 on In Another World, He Would...
#210 - binomancha (03/10/2015) [-]
i use to hate him because i wanted mccain to win back in 08
a lot of first timer voters
voted for him simply because he was black
that pissed me off more
but as time went by
he has proved to me and others that he has done a decent job as a president
so in conclusion i like him as a president
#205 - Deeticky (03/10/2015) [-]
He led our country out of the worst economic crisis since the great depression, he helped us get closer to having universal healthcare, he gave the order to proceed with the mission that killed Osama Bin laden, etc.
Obama has not been the best president we've ever had, but he's definitely not the worst. There are some things he maybe could have done better (like closing Guantanamo Bay, pressing for criminal charges against the bankers who put our country into a recession, etc.) but I alsoI think America is in a much better place now than it was before he took office. Does he deserve all the credit for that? No, but it definitely adds to his credibility as a leader.
Here's the thing: People who are upset and angry are much louder than people who are content and happy. This makes it seem like the country's population hates Obama, but in reality it's just the fact that the people who hate him are easier to hear.
#208 - anon (03/10/2015) [-]
1. He led one of the absolute slowest recoveries from a recession in our history
2. Obamacare is nothing close to universal healthcare
3. Giving an order for someone else to do work isn't an accomplishment.
#214 - Deeticky (03/10/2015) [-]
1: It was the second worst economic meltdown we've ever had, of course it took some time to recover. The meltdown did not happen overnight, so the recovery didn't happen overnight either. Even FDR's New Deal didn't fix everything instantly.
2: You're sort of right, it's not especially close to Universal healthcare, but it's closer than the previous policy, and it's getting more people insured (myself included).
3: Are you sure about that? If that's true, then the U.S. has never had an accomplished president, because giving orders is pretty much all the president does. Are we supposed to expect that Obama go abroad and kill every last terrorist with his bare hands?
#224 - Karibookiller (03/10/2015) [-]
It's a little ironic that you're defending Obama with that Ron Swanson avi. I do whole-heartedly agree with you.
#220 - anon (03/10/2015) [-]
1. The US economy has grown at a rate of 2.4% since 2009, as opposed to 9-13% for the great depression. The recovery is absolute shit when you compare it to other recessions including double dip recessions and even the great depression.
2. No, it's really not, making a law requiring people to purchase health insurance is on the other side of the spectrum, it worked for you, and that's great, but that doesn't make it anywhere near Universal healthcare.
3. A president making a policy and a president going "yeah ok seals go get em" are two different things entirely. Other than the green light he had absolutely no involvement in the gathering of information, the preparation, or the execution of the mission, and as such attributing any sort of credit to him is downright ridiculous.
#262 - Deeticky (03/11/2015) [-]
Here's the link the the World Bank growth stats, I forgot to include it in my last comment.
#261 - Deeticky (03/11/2015) [-]
1: You do know that post-industrial countries experience growth at a much slower rate than industrializing countries, right? During the New Deal and Second World War, the U.S. built tons of new industry. Here, take a look at the World Bank's statistics on growth over the last several years. You will notice that post-industrial countries (such as the U.S., U.K., Norway, Sweden, France, Japan, etc.) all have relatively low economic growth compared to industrializing countries (such as China, Brazil, India etc.). Our economy has recovered, and the administration deserves some credit for that.
2: Again, I never said that the ACA was the same or even close to being the same as universal healthcare. I only said that the ACA has brought us closer to it than we were under Bush. Medicaid, for instance, was expanded under the ACA. I am personally greatly in favor of Universal Healthcare and would gladly accept a tax increase to achieve that goal. Although the ACA doesn't give us Universal Healthcare, it does expand the government's role in healthcare.
3: As commander-in-chief, the president makes the final decision on missions like the one that killed Bin-Laden. That means that he has to accept responsibility should things go wrong, but also means he gets some credit (as the highest military commander) for successful missions. The Executive branch of our government also tends to handle foreign policy matters, which means that the people Obama appointed had a lot of influence over the events. Also, how do you know how much involvement Obama had in the mission? A lot of that information is highly classified.
#204 - tombombadil (03/10/2015) [-]
I think that he's a good president. Probably better than Bush. I can see the things he's doing now having a big impact in the future. If he was here at a time when congress was more cooperative (or you know, just doing their jobs at all), he would be able to do a lot more.
#192 - zomaru (03/10/2015) [-]
America needs a tough president who can scare congress into fixing the country, Obama, is a great guy, but hes much ore iconic then he is powerful. Were we not having trouble with the Middle Earth Hobbits or trying to stop Big Bad russia from Eating Ukraine then he would most likely be remembered as a good president. Also Congress basically make his Obamacare look like the worst legislation ever, when in reality it only affected a small minority who besides for maybe the business owners should be glad it exists.
#191 - lip (03/10/2015) [-]
He's a liberal and republicans don't like him.
As for his personality, it's hard to say, I don't think Obama is deciding that he wants to film videos on his own. I think PR people are telling him "Hey Obama you should film this video here is the script it'll be good for you image."
#196 - anon (03/10/2015) [-]
On what, the EPA and maybe foreign policy? He's given Conservatives most things what they ask as long as they don't threaten him like the Homeland Security fiasco.
#200 - anon (03/10/2015) [-]
It's because he's a black, previously ambiguous background, apparent leader of the opposing party, and the Republicans want to use dirty dirty tactics to get what they want and journalism is dead, Fox News is a straight up mouthpiece, and nobody gives Obama credit because the media doesn't do their homework.
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Clairol Beautiful Collection Advanced Gray Solution Semi-permanent Color 4R Mahogany Red Brown
Beautiful Collection By Clairol Professional
Sally Item # SBS-320248
In Stock Online, Available In Sally Stores
Size: 3 oz.
Quantity: One
Color: 4R Mahogany Red Brown
- 1A Midnight Black http://demandware.edgesuite.net/sits_pod21/dw/image/v2/AABJ_PRD/on/demandware.static/Sites-SA-Site/Sites-SBS-SallyBeautySupply/default/dw63bedc72/images/swatch/SBS_320245.png?sw=100&sh=100&sm=fit
- 2A Rich Dark Brown http://demandware.edgesuite.net/sits_pod21/dw/image/v2/AABJ_PRD/on/demandware.static/Sites-SA-Site/Sites-SBS-SallyBeautySupply/default/dw4977ec04/images/swatch/SBS_320246.png?sw=100&sh=100&sm=fit
- 6G Light Golden Chestnut http://demandware.edgesuite.net/sits_pod21/dw/image/v2/AABJ_PRD/on/demandware.static/Sites-SA-Site/Sites-SBS-SallyBeautySupply/default/dw86d34964/images/swatch/SBS_320247.png?sw=100&sh=100&sm=fit
- 4R Mahogany Red Brown http://demandware.edgesuite.net/sits_pod21/dw/image/v2/AABJ_PRD/on/demandware.static/Sites-SA-Site/Sites-SBS-SallyBeautySupply/default/dw22f3f49e/images/swatch/SBS_320248.png?sw=100&sh=100&sm=fit
- 2RV Burgundy Brown http://demandware.edgesuite.net/sits_pod21/dw/image/v2/AABJ_PRD/on/demandware.static/Sites-SA-Site/Sites-SBS-SallyBeautySupply/default/dw7c6eca7c/images/swatch/SBS_320249.png?sw=100&sh=100&sm=fit
- 2N Espresso Brown http://demandware.edgesuite.net/sits_pod21/dw/image/v2/AABJ_PRD/on/demandware.static/Sites-SA-Site/Sites-SBS-SallyBeautySupply/default/dwe572830e/images/swatch/SBS_320241.png?sw=100&sh=100&sm=fit
- 6N Toasted Hazelnut http://demandware.edgesuite.net/sits_pod21/dw/image/v2/AABJ_PRD/on/demandware.static/Sites-SA-Site/Sites-SBS-SallyBeautySupply/default/dw94a2d007/images/swatch/SBS_320244.png?sw=100&sh=100&sm=fit
- 3W Rich Walnut http://demandware.edgesuite.net/sits_pod21/dw/image/v2/AABJ_PRD/on/demandware.static/Sites-SA-Site/Sites-SBS-SallyBeautySupply/default/dwf3612d2a/images/swatch/SBS_320242.png?sw=100&sh=100&sm=fit
- 4A Chai Brown http://demandware.edgesuite.net/sits_pod21/dw/image/v2/AABJ_PRD/on/demandware.static/Sites-SA-Site/Sites-SBS-SallyBeautySupply/default/dw8cbbc83c/images/swatch/SBS_320243.png?sw=100&sh=100&sm=fit
Product Actions
Additional Information
- Tones are excellent for refreshing color treated hair
- Leaves hair feeling moisturized and full of shine
- Covers more gray for up to twice as long
- Gentle no ammonia no peroxide formula
- Use immediately after relaxers
Cover more gray, longer with Clairol Beautiful Collection Advance Gray Solution Semi-Permanent color. A semi-permanent penetrating, saturating color that gives relaxed hair intense gray coverage, while adding back moisture and shine. The gentle formula leaves hair feeling silky soft and looking beautiful. Lasts 10 to 12 shampoos.
Apply Clairol Beautiful Collection Advanced Gray Solution Semi-Permanent Color directly from the bottle generously and thoroughly to shampooed, towel-dried hair. Process up to 25 minutes at room temperature. Can be used immediately after relaxing.
Water, Undeceth-3, Propylene Glycol, Ethanolamine, Oleic Acid, Glycol Distearate, Cetearyl Alcohol, Toluene-2,5-Diamine Sulfate, Cocamidopropyl Betaine, Resorcinol, Fragrance, 4- Amino-m-Cresol, 4-Amino-2-Hydroxytoluene, HC Red No. 3, 2-Chloro-6-Ethylamino-4- Nitrophenol, 2-Amino-6-Chloro-4-Nitrophenol, Ascorbic Acid, Disodium EDTA, m- Aminophenol.
Share your look or technique and get featured
Share your look or technique and get featured
Clairol Beautiful Collection Advanced Gray Solution Semi-permanent Color 29 29
Was Truly Disappointed! I've been using the regular formula of Clairol Beautiful Collection on my relaxed hair for years with wonderful results. When they came out with the Advanced Formula that claims to cover a higher percentage of gray and washes out slow, I wanted to give it a try. I'm sorry I did. The formula is very liquid and messy. You need to base your skin or you'll end up with a color ring! You need a lot of towels and a shirt that you don't care for! I used Midnight Black because the store was out of Natural Black. The one thing I will say is that the color did cling well to my hair and my gray was completely covered. However, this particular color left a horrible blue tint that was very vivid in bright light. This color did not stay around long. I'm at 4 weeks now and it's completely gone. Time to color again! :( In my opinion, the extra $2 a bottle isn't worth it. The regular formula actually works better. I won't be purchasing this ever again. June 22, 2015
Great for color depositing to refresh highlights! Last year, I had had my natural black hair professionally ombre highlighted and toned. After awhile, the highlights color starts to fade to a yellow blonde color, not pretty against my black hair! Years ago, I used to buy the Artec color depositing shampoos and conditioners to refresh the color in my highlighted hair, but they discountinued selling the product at Ulta a few years back. I bought this product last year for color depositing purposes because it didn't contain any peroxide nor ammonia and you can use it straight out of the bottle without developer. I would just mix about a quarter sized amount with my conditioner (or sometimes I'd mix it with my shampoo) and let it sit on my hair for a few minutes and rinse out and it works great and for a long time as my own custom color depositing shampoo/conditioner! The bottle lasted for a few months! I used it in the shower (no gloves) and when you mix it with shampoo/conditioner, I haven't had any problems with staining my hands or shower. After my salon highlights grew out, I decided to go to Sally's and attempt to ombre highlight my hair on my own (paying $20 instead of $130!) and used the Blond Brilliance ombre kit. My highlights turned out a hideous orange!!! Good thing I still had this bottle and I used it to successfully cover up the orange and it gave me beautiful reddish copper highlights! To tone down my highlights, I used an old toothbrush and applied this product to it and brushed it on the orange/too light highlighted areas and spread the rest with my hands, let it sit for about 30 minutes or longer, then rinse out. Last weekend I tried to ombre highlight my hair again with the Blond Brilliance highlighting kit (which has a stronger developer, 35 than the Blond Brilliance ombre kit) and my highlights were a light yellow color and some pale orange (Eeek! I can't go out in public like this) , even after toning with the Ion Demi-permanent in lightest ash blonde with 10 Developer; think this color was too light for me to use to tone highlights on my dark hair . I didn't have the the bottle anymore, but I did have a bottle of the Ion Semi-Permanent hair color (no peroxide/no ammonia) in warm light brown. The thing I like better about this product than the Ion Semi-Permanent hair color is that it has a good consistency and I've found the Ion product to be too runny to use to mix with my conditioner, I was able to do it, but mixed it in a bowl (a plastic bottle would also work), instead of my hands, which is way easier. So I'm planning to go back to Sally's and buy another bottle of Beautiful Collection in Golden Chestnut (to tone down my highlights) and also a bottle in a dark brown (to add some lowlights as I went a little crazy with the hightlighting brush this time!) May 4, 2015
Good Purchase I have used the product in the past and I like how it colors my hair. I ordered it online recently for the 20% discount. That worked out well but I did have to purchase more than I normally would. August 11, 2014
On my hair...it is red, or dark brown... Started using this product last year, purchased several bottles of Champaign Blond color...which Clairol discontinued. :-( It was a bit purple-y, if left on briefly (before shampooing), and could get quite dark, if left on 20 minutes, under hot dryer. Still it was usable because it would fade a bit the first two shampoos... then it wasn't SO dk.ash. Treating hair with a "filler," (porosity control) also helped improve color. Since i couldn't get the Champaign color ... tried the "chestnut," and suffered the frankly red (iodine color ) until I could put the champaign over it, or tone it with a blue shampoo. So... wish Champaign was still available. Have only partial bottle left. This product is easy to use, doesn't run, it does color... just not the color i want. May 5, 2014
4 Questions
4 Answers
Product Q&A
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Will there soon be a "buy 2 get one free" in-store special on Clairol's "Beautiful" hair color?
2 months, 4 weeks ago
Beaverton, Oregon
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Does Clairol Beautiful Collection Advanced Gray Solution Semi-permanent Color need Developer
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College Baseball Daily continues our countdown to the start of the 2013 college baseball season by checking in on the Top 100 Players in the country. We will be counting down the players day-by-day until we reach number 1.
We continue the countdown today at number 59 with Kentucky junior RHP Trevor Gott. The Lexington, Kentucky native attended Tates Creek High School where he was a five year letter winner under coach Dom Fucci. As a senior, he posted a 6-0 record and a 1.12 ERA with 76 strikeouts in 47.1 innings. He was named all-state as a junior and senior, earning regional player of the year accolades while being named first-team all-city for three seasons. Continue reading Top 100 Countdown: 59. Trevor Gott (Kentucky)


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Miguel Angel Jiménez is just 4-for-12 in his U.S. Open career but will have another crack at Chambers Bay this week.
Boosted by a hole-in-one at the second, Miguel Angel Jiménez carded a 4-under-par 32-36=68 to move into solo fifth at the BMW PGA Championship.
Miguel Angel Jiménez will head into the final two rounds of the BMW PGA Championship at Wentworth just four shots off the lead.
Miguel Angel Jiménez is part of the conversation again at the BMW PGA Championship after authoring a 4-under-par 34-34=68 on day one.
Fuelled by an eagle-2, last year's winner Miguel Angel Jiménez produced a Sunday charge at the Open de España.
Defending champion Miguel Angel Jiménez aced the eighth hole to provide the highlight moment of Friday's play at his home Open de España.
After making history last year, Miguel Angel Jiménez will attempt to win his home Open de España again this week.
Miguel Angel Jiménez defeated Keegan Bradley 2-up in today's third round of the World Golf Championships-Cadillac Match Play Championship.
Miguel Angel Jiménez heads to TPC Harding Park for a 14th appearance in the WGC-Cadillac Match Play Championship.
Miguel Angel Jiménez will be attempting to make his 10th straight Masters cut when he returns to Augusta National Golf Club this year.
Miguel Angel Jiménez's bid to extend his own record as The European Tour's oldest winner failed after a closing 1-over 37-36=73 at the True Thailand Classic.
A flu-hit Miguel Angel Jiménez returned a 6-under-par 33-33=66 on Friday to take the halfway lead at the True Thailand Classic on 11-under 133.
Miguel Angel Jiménez was reportedly under the weather but dug deep to shoot an opening 5-under-par 33-34=67 at the True Thailand Classic.
After winning the Champions Tour's season-opening Mitsubishi Electric Championship in Hawaii, Miguel Angel Jiménez is back in more familiar company this week.


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Kitchen Appliances
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The disclosure describes a high-temperature optical transducer capable of acquiring input variables for closed-loop control of combustion systems. The key components of the innovation are a high-temperature, embedded photodiode, the use of low-cost, integral absorption filters; and the use of an embedded high-temperature preamplifier circuit. These components are combined in an optical-to-electrical signal transducer deployed in the high-temperature combustion environment, thus avoiding the high costs of optical signal transmission. The optical signals to the transducer are employed to recognize events in real-time such as the ignition spark, the start of combustion, end of combustion, misfires, and knocking. The outputs from the transducer may be used in a statistical fashion to control engine roughness and cyclic stability. By resolving specific colors in the flame, the optical sensors may also be used to determine the temperature and the emission production in the combustion chamber.
1. A high-temperature optical combustion chamber sensor capable of operation up to 300� C. comprising a housing, optical elements within said housing to direct light from a combustion flame to a signal processing module, said signal processing module including at least one high-temperature embedded photodiode made of a semiconductor material having a bandgap which is substantially optimal for the high-temperature conversion of optical signals to electrical signals, said signal processing module further including at least one absorption filter for having a spectral response to attain high selectivity of said photodiode for wavelength ranges corresponding to combustion control variables and having the characteristics of a high transmission and low drift due to temperature variations, and said signal processing module further including an embedded high temperature preamplifier circuit for transmitting the electrical signal produced by said photodiode through the wiring harness in an engine between the point of data acquisition and data processing.
2. The sensor of claim 1 wherein said at least one photodiode comprises a plurality of photodiodes.
3. The sensor of claim 2 wherein said at least one absorption filter comprises a plurality of absorption filters.
4. The sensor of claim 3 wherein said photodiodes are made of gallium phosphide.
5. The sensor of claim 4 wherein said housing is a pressure housing mounted within a spark plug wall, and said optical elements are optical fibers.
6. The sensor of claim 5 wherein said photodiodes and said filters and said circuit are attached to a ceramic header.
7. The sensor of claim 6 wherein said optical absorption filters selectively attenuate and transmit particular wavelengths of light such that a plurality of said filters in combination with said photodiodes with a bandgap near 2.26 eV permit the separation of the optical signal due to the combustion process into a plurality of electrical signals which are significant measures of engine performance.
8. The sensor of claim 7 where the electrical signals are indicative of the stoichiometry of the combustion mixture.
9. The sensor of claim 7 where the electrical signals are indicative of misfires.
10. The sensor of claim 3 wherein said optical absorption filters selectively attenuate and transmit particular wavelengths of light such that a plurality of said filters in combination with said photodiodes with a bandgap in the range of 2.1 to 2.5 eV permit the separation of the optical signal due to the combustion process into a plurality of electrical signals which are significant measures of engine performance.
11. The sensor of claim 10 where the electrical signals are indicative of the stoichiometry of the combustion mixture.
12. The sensor of claim 10 where the electrical signals are indicative of misfires.
13. The sensor of claim 3 wherein said photodiodes are made of 3C-SiC or CdS, or specific compositions of InGaN or AlInGaN.
14. The sensor of claim 3 wherein said housing is a pressure mounted housing within the cylinder wall and said optical elements are optical waveguides.
15. The sensor of claim 14 wherein said optical elements are optical fibers.
16. The sensor of claim 3 wherein said housing is a pressure mounted housing within a gas turbine engine wall and said optical elements are optical waveguides.
17. The sensors of claim 16 wherein said optical elements are optical fibers.
1. Field of Invention
The invention relates to a method and an article of manufacture that employs a high temperature optical transducer to transform light signals arising from illumination during the combustion cycle into discrete electronic signals, and thus accomplish the acquisition of control variables for closed-loop control of combustion power systems.
2. Description of Related Art
The invention relates to a high-temperature optical transducer to accomplish the acquisition of input variables for closed-loop control of combustion systems. Signals from an optical transducer element can be used in a feedback loop to improve engine performance in terms of cyclic stability, knock, combustion timing, and in-cylinder temperature/NOx control. Optical signals may be used to recognize events such as the ignition spark, the start of combustion, and the end of combustion. Engine roughness, misfires, and knocking can be detected by high-speed, real-time optical methods. Signals from optical transducers may be used in a statistical fashion to control engine roughness and cyclic stability. By resolving specific colors in the flame, optical sensors may be used to determine the temperature and the emission production in the combustion chamber.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,978,720 discloses a device for detecting combustion within a cylinder of an internal combustion engine by sensing the visible and/or infra-red radiation emitted during combustion by means of a quartz window in the cylinder wall or head, a fiber-optic light guide and a phototransistor.
Optical combustion sensors can be used to acquire time-resolved combustion process parameters in a cyclical sequence such as the internal combustion engine. Crank angle and time delay between the initiation of spark and the start of combustion, maximum pressure in combustion and end of combustion can be determined from the optical signal. In a similar fashion, the time-domain parameters can be extracted in a compression ignition process by optical measurement. U.S. Pat. No. 4,381,748 discloses a method for regulating the combustion of operating mixtures in the combustion chambers of internal combustion engines. The intensity of the light resulting from combustion is detected and evaluated over the course of combustion; time-domain reference control variables such as turning points of the light intensity curve, the maximum of the light intensity curve, and the point where the light intensity curve increases are derived. The control signals obtained are an expression of the combustion chamber status in terms of pressure and temperature. U.S. Pat. No. 4,919,099 discloses a method of monitoring combustion within a cylinder of a reciprocating piston internal combustion engine by deriving first and second electrical signals representative of light intensity within the cylinder by means of optical transducers of spaced spectral response at common or closely adjacent locations and establishing a signal representing the ratio of the first and second electrical signals used as a control parameter for an engine control system.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,930,478 discloses an internal combustion engine having a luminosity probe and an arrangement for adjusting the running parameters of the engine to obtain the desired luminosity. Also disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,930,478 is an arrangement for maintaining uniformity from cycle to cycle in a given combustion chamber and uniformity of combustion in the combustion chambers of a multi-chamber engine. U.S. Pat. No. 5,113,828 discloses an extension of the forgoing based on particular gain-independent parameters of the luminosity signal. Gain-independent (i.e. time-domain rather than intensity) luminosity parameters can be used to obtain uniform combustion conditions from cycle to cycle in a given combustion chamber and uniform combustion in the combustion chambers of multi-chamber engine. U.S. Pat. No. 5,103,789 also extends on the forgoing and discloses an arrangement for measuring and controlling combustion phasing based on the location of particular gain-independent parameters of the luminosity signal.
Time resolved optical signals may be used to determine the occurrence of a misfire event in an internal combustion engine. U.S. Pat. No. 5,125,381 discloses such an engine misfire detector comprised of an optoelectric sensor for monitoring light produced by combustion inside a cylinder. The sensor is connected to a variable gain amplifier; and the output of the gain control circuit is compared to a threshold using a comparator to provide a misfire detection signal.
Lean burn operation of an internal combustion engine reduces the combustion temperature, and thus the production of NOx, but results in an increase in the instability of the combustion and an increase in knocking. Optical signals from the combustion event can be used to determine the occurrence of predetonation and the engine operating parameters. Knocking can be detected by a differential analysis of the optical signal before the onset of knock, whereas pressure transducers can only detect knock after it occurs. U.S. Pat. No. 4,358,952 discloses a sensor system to detect detonations in an internal combustion engine constructed as a unit that may be threadedly (sic) engaged with the combustion chamber wall. U.S. Pat. No. 4,381,748 discloses that detection of light emission is well suited to early recognition of knocking combustion and its consequent prevention by means of a suitable regulatory intervention. U.S. Pat. No. 4,919,099 discloses the use of detectable and recognizable differences in the light intensity signal to determine the occurrence of knock in the combustion process.
An optical transducer can be utilized for the real time determination of the excess air ratio (λ) or the fuel/air equivalence ratio (φ) by the acquisition of spectrally resolved intensity information that is correlated to the chemiluminescence of combustion product radicals. Use of this information can be used to form a closed-loop control algorithm where the internal combustion engine can be operated in a lean condition near the knock limit, reducing the actual level of pollutants emitted, or the air-fuel ratio can be maintained in a narrow range near the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio where so-called "three-way" catalytic converters operate most efficiently. The present oxygen sensor used in automobiles is comprised of an electrochemical cell in the exhaust stream. There is no proportional response in this device (it operates in "on-off" mode) and the control system is typically open-loop in nature.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,358,952 discloses an embodiment of this nature with the fundamental features of at least one filter disc disposed in front of the detector so that selective processing of the received optical signals is possible; if several individual filters having different selectivity are used, differentiation of various radiation bands for example HC, CO, OH is achieved.
Ohyama, et al. [1990] report on an internal combustion control system that utilizes a 1 mm diameter fiber optic probe which extends through the center of a spark plug. The CH and C2 radicals are associated with the 431 nm and 517 nm wavelengths of light and can be correlated to the excess air ratio (λ). In this work, predetonation (knocking) was detectable by the analysis of pressure and optical data. Sohma, et al. [1991] report that the ratio between 431 nm and 517 nm wavelength flame emission can be used to calculate the excess air ratio and that two color pyrometry can be used to estimate the flame temperature in a combustion chamber at a data collection rate of 50 kHz. These results indicate that the air/fuel mixture can be determined accurately for λ=0.8 to 1.5. Sohma et al. [1991] found that the flame temperature is well correlated to engine knocking. The optical sensor utilized in these two reports was a photomultiplier tube. This type of detector is not practical for a production engine control system due to the high voltages required and the relatively high cost of this kind of instrumentation. These forgoing results are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,444,169, 5,186,146, and Re. 34,211.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,067,463 and 5,099,683 disclose that an internal combustion engine having a luminosity detector and an arrangement for measuring certain operating and running parameters such as peak heat release rate in the combustion chamber, NOx emissions and air/fuel ratio is provided. An arrangement is also disclosed wherein the engine's adjustable parameters can be varied in response to the luminosity signal or in response to other measured operating parameters so as to provide better running of the engine and or reduce cycle to cycle variations.
The optical signal due to a combustion process may be used to determine flame temperature. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,444,169 and 5,186,146 disclose that flame temperature is calculated using the ratio of electrical signal outputs from photoelectric conversion elements based on an optical signal obtained from thermal radiation having wavelengths including none of the wavelengths of an optical signal obtained from radical emission. U.S. Pat. No. 5,467,185 discloses that respective SiC (silicon carbide) photodiode sensors are used to measure flame temperature at each cylinder of an internal combustion engine, and information generated by the SiC photodiode sensors is used to control the fuel injection in a feedback loop to adjust individual cylinder flame temperature and combustion parameters.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,468,949 discloses an apparatus for detecting operating characteristics of an internal combustion engine. It has an optical sensor whose output signal is delivered to an amplifier with a variable transmission behavior. As a result, it is possible to have either a stepped or a continuous adaptation of the sensor sensitivity to various operational points of the engine. It is particularly proposed that the amplification for the measurement signal be selected to be high in the case of an optoelectronic combustion chamber observation in a low load range, while it is selected to be low in a high load range, so that relatively equalized measurement results are available.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,033 discloses an internal combustion engine having a luminosity probe and an arrangement for measuring certain parameters such as combustion chamber pressure, heat release and the like by measuring luminosity in the chamber and adjusting the running parameters of the engine to obtain the desired luminosity. Also disclosed is an arrangement for maintaining uniformity from cycle to cycle in a given combustion chamber and uniformity combustion in the combustion chambers of a multi-cylinder engine.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,891,970 discloses a luminosity and temperature detector for an internal combustion engine and method for measuring luminosity including a light probe and photodiode that receives the light transmitted from the light probe. The photodiode is designed, constructed, and biased to operate within the zero temperature coefficient portion of its range for the wavelengths being measured. In addition, the dark current is measured when there is no luminosity due to combustion and this is subtracted from the other readings to obtain temperature compensation. Furthermore, the dark current measurement will indicate the temperature of the photodiode. The responsivity and dark current of a photodiode change with temperature. These disclosures do not appear to be correct in all details to one skilled in the art. In particular, while variations in dark current are a well-known measure of junction temperature, the "zero temperature coefficient portion" of a silicon photodiode's response curve has existance only over a limited temperature range and the subtraction of the dark current from the light-generated current in a photodiode will not result in an output signal that is independent of the temperature variations in operation.
The foregoing disclosures indicate that the characterization and active control of the combustion process using optical signals is technically feasible through many different forms and implementations, but the optical control systems with the hardware and apparatus used to date are prohibitively expensive. A device that has the following three attributes is required to implement the control methods disclosed above: 1) the device must be able to convert the optical signals due to the combustion event to electrical signals which can be transmitted to a control module, 2) the device must have a configuration and manufacture such that the employment of said device is practical for a production engine, and 3) the device must have a reasonably long operational lifetime in such a production engine.
The key innovation of this invention is the disclosure of an embodiment of an optical transducer that has these three attributes such that deployment of the device in a mass market is feasible. The key components of the invention are the use of high-temperature, embedded photodiodes; the use of low-cost, integral absorption filters; and the use of an embedded high-temperature preamplifier circuit.
The critical component of the invention is the selection of a material for the fabrication of a high-temperature photodiode. One of the major contributors to system cost is the utilization of fiber-optic elements to transmit the light signals acquired from the combustion process to a central module that converts the optical information to electrical signals. To avoid this cost, it is necessary to mount the optical conversion element in close proximity to the combustion chamber where the flame signal is acquired so that electrical signals can be further transmitted to the engine control module. Some of the disclosures cited above have mentioned the possibility of using a high-temperature optoelectronic element which is mounted in close proximity to the combustion event but the technologies cited, with the exception of U.S. Pat. No. 5,467,185, require that the optoelectronic element be cooled to below 100� C. for operational feasibility. Table 1, complied from the works of Heywood [1988], Erskine, et al. [1994], Charles and Clatterbaugh [1994] and He, et al. [1993], displays typical maximum operating temperatures that an optoelectronic device will be subjected to during operation for different positions in an automobile engine compartment.
TABLE 1______________________________________Automobile Environments -operating temperaturesLocation High Temperature (�C.)______________________________________Choke 205Intake Manifold 115Catalytic Converter 650In Spark Plug <200Valves >700Firewall 145______________________________________
The detectivity (D*) of a photodiode may be calculated as a function of the semiconductor material bandgap and the device operating temperature by one skilled in the art. A simplistic analysis yields two descriptive relationships; first, ##EQU1## where D*.sub.λ is the detectivity at wavelength λ, q is the electronic charge, η is the quantum efficiency of the device at wavelength λ, k is Boltzmann's constant, T is the absolute temperature, A is the area of the device, Isat is the reverse saturation current of the device, h is Planck's constant, and c is the speed of light in a vacuum [Long, 1977]. Secondly, the value of Isat has a strong dependence on temperature and bandgap, and the quantity ##EQU2## through Ohm's law is recognized as an estimate of the device shunt resistance, Rsh, which can be measured directly, and replaced in the first equation.
For photodiodes which are intended to measure the intensity of low-light levels, a direct measurement of the shunt resistance is preferred since there are non-analytical processes contributing to the actual value of the shunt resistance in a real device. There is a strong empirical relationship between the difficulty of forming photodiodes with high shunt resistance and the corresponding (high) bandgap of the semiconductor material from which the photodiode is fabricated.
FIG. 1 displays measured values of shunt resistance for typical silicon and gallium phosphide photodiodes as a function of temperature. FIG. 2 displays measured and calculated values of the reverse saturation current density (Isat /A) as a function of temperature for silicon, gallium arsenide, and gallium phosphide semiconductor materials. For a signal due to an optical process to be acquired and converted to a useful electric signal the amount of light-generated current in the photodiode at a given temperature must be larger than the magnitude of the lessor of the leakage current in the photodiode or the shunt resistance of the photodiode at the same temperature.
The proper bandgap of the material for the photodiode requires consideration of the wavelength at which the onset of optical absorption occurs, and the dark or leakage current through a diode fabricated from the material of that bandgap, which determines the maximum operating temperature of the photodiode device. The invention requires a material with bandgap in the range of 2.1 to 2.5 eV that is optimal for a photodiode positioned close to the combustion flame in an internal combustion engine and where the photodiode is in a thermal environment that, with the exception of the engine warm-up and light-off process, is between 100� C. and 300� C. A semiconductor material with a lower bandgap will require exponentially more optically-induced current to acquire a usable signal due to the temperature dependence of reverse saturation current and shunt resistance; and a semiconductor material with a higher bandgap will have no response to light emission from the C2 radicals in the flame spectra with a wavelength of 517 nm and the main CH radical with a wavelength of 431.4 nm due to the correspondence between semiconductor material bandgap, the onset of light absorption, and the subsequent generation of light induced electron-hole pairs. Based on these and related considerations, gallium phosphide is a preferred material. It has a bandgap of 2.26 eV corresponding to the onset of long wavelength response at about 550 nm, a maximum response near 450 nm and a short wave cutoff of about 300 nm. Other materials satisfying the criteria include, but are not limited to, 3-C SiC, CdS, and specific compositions of InCaN and AlInGaN.
Although the silicon carbide device will clearly function in the temperature range of 100� C. to 300� C. a hexagonal silicon carbide photodiode device comprised of the 6-H or 4-H polytype will not respond to optical signals at wavelengths longer than 414 nm for the 6-H polytype and 381 nm for the 4-H polytype. It is clear to one skilled in the art from the disclosure in U.S. Pat. No. 5,186,146 that the 3-C polytype of silicon carbide and the over 200 hexagonal polytypes other than the 6-H and 4-H polytypes of silicon carbide are not specifically included in the claims in U.S. Pat. No. 5,186,146 (c.f. Claim No. 17 and Claim No. 26). It is noted that the 3-C polytype of silicon carbide and a particular composition of AllnGaN can be produced in a practical manner with a bandgap at or near the optimal bandgap of 2.26 eV that is characteristic of gallium phosphide.
The semiconductor device requirements detailed above, leading to the identification of, among other materials, gallium phosphide, enable a low-cost manufacture and implementation of an optical combustion sensor which is capable of determining luminosity and time-domain parameters of the combustion process while operating at a temperature typical of those expected in the engine compartment of a production automobile.
The electronic signals produced by a high-temperature photodiode in response to the filtered light spectra of a combustion flame are not in general of sufficient magnitude to be connected to the input stage of a signal processing device that is operating at a lower temperature without considerable distortion to the electrical information during transmission. A preamplifier element that is located in close proximity to the photodiode elements (and so is at a high temperature) is required to boost the electronic signal to a value sufficient for distortion free transmission to the receiving signal processing module. One embodiment of this apparatus would be the use of a silicon-on-insulator integrated circuit technology to construct the required preamplifier circuit.
An optical system for engine control will provide significant improvements in engine performance characteristics. An embedded gallium phosphide (GAP) based optical sensor in the combustion chamber enables a high-speed, real-time basis for central control of excess air ratio, internal combustion temperatures, and other fuel injection parameters since the light spectra from free radical combustion components are correlated with combustion efficiency. This sensor enables the implementation of a superior exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) control system that reduces emissions and increases fuel economy. The key features of invention for the transducer assembly are identified as using a low-cost technology, having high-temperature operational compatibility, and achieving long-term reliability. A low-cost system is proposed which combines a high-temperature GAP photodiode with a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) amplifier for in-cylinder measurements of the combustion signal.
The present invention will be more fully understood from the accompanying drawings that include the preferred embodiment of the invention, which should not be taken to limit the invention to the specific embodiment, but are for explanation and understanding only.
The following drawings are presented to describe the salient features that provide the basis for the invention and one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between sensor diode specific shunt resistance and temperature for materials with differing bandgaps.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the relationship between sensor diode dark current density and temperature for several materials.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the measurement of the external efficiency of a gallium phosphide photodiode as a function of excitation wavelength at several different temperatures.
FIG. 4 are graphs showing the relationship between the intensity and wavelength the of light generated from (a) the spark process, and (b) a well-developed flame.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between the intensity and wavelength of the light from a gasoline flame, and in superposition, the spectral response of two gallium phosphide photodiodes, one operating at 25� C. and one operating operating at 300� C.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between the intensity and wavelength of the light from a gasoline flame, and in superposition, the spectral sensitivity of two light filters (#51290 and #51670) that isolate two peaks in the flame spectrum.
FIG. 7 illustrates, schematically, a cross-section of one possible configuration of the subject invention in the combustion chamber.
A preferred embodiment of the invention is illustrated as an article of manufacture, designed for long-term operation up to 300� C., in FIG. 7. The cylinder or spark plug wall 200 is fitted with a pressure housing 300 that encapsulates the optical fibers 400 that are utilized to direct the light from the combustion flame 100 to the signal processing module 500. The signal processing module is comprised of four components: two spectral absorption filters 510 and 511, two gallium phosphide detectors 520 and 521, and a SOl integrated circuit 540, all of which are attached to a ceramic header 530. The electrical termination of the signal processing module 500 consists of wires 600 contained within a wiring harness, and that are compatible with standard interconnection to electronics operating at lower temperatures.
The key components of the invention, schematically illustrated in FIG. 7 are: 1) high-temperature, embedded photodiodes 520 and 521 comprised of the correct semiconductor material such that the bandgap of the semiconductor device is optimal for the high-temperature conversion of optical signals from the combustion process 100 to electrical signals. 2) the use of absorption filters 510 and 511 combined with device tailored spectral response to attain high selectivity of the photodiode device 520, 521 to particular wavelength ranges corresponding to combustion control variables and also having the characteristics of a high transmission and low drift due to temperature variations, and 3) the use of an embedded high-temperature preamplifier circuit 540 to transmit the electrical signal produced by the photodiode elements 520 and 521 across the required connector gaps in the engine between the point of data acquisition and data processing.
FIG. 3 displays the measured quantum efficiency of a gallium phosphide photodiode device, 520 and 521, operating at 25, 100, 200, 300, and 400� C. FIGS. 4(a) and 4(b) display the spectral signature of a gasoline engine (a) during the spark process, and (b) from a well-developed flame. FIG. 5 shows the superposition of the spectral signature of a gasoline flame 100 in an internal combustion engine and the spectral response of a gallium phosphide photodiode 520, 521 operated at 25� C. and also for a gallium phosphide photodiode operated at 300� C.
A further embodiment of this invention is the incorporation of optical absorption filter elements, 510 and 511, which selectively attenuate and transmit particular wavelengths of light such that with a plurality of absorption filter elements in combination with a plurality of photodiodes with bandgap near 2.26 eV, it is possible to separate the optical signal due to the combustion process into a plurality of electrical signals which are indicative of the stoichiometry of the combustion mixture, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,444,169, 5,186,146, and Re. 034211.
FIG. 6 discloses such an embodiment where the combination of the spectral response disclosed in FIGS. 3 and 5 with the transmission characteristics with commercially available glass filters part numbers 51290 and 51670 from the Oriel Corporation, that can be employed as the optical absorption filter elements 510 and 511, to separate the optical signals due to chemiluminescence of the CH and C2 radical disassociation. This method of spectral differentiation is superior to the use of either interference filters or diffractive grating elements. The low transmission, temperature drift and physical instability of interference filters makes the practical implementation of interference filters difficult in a engine compartment. Diffractive gratings are also not feasible due to spatial considerations. The method disclosed above is the one with the best thermal drift and transmission characteristics.
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Telephone & Addresses
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Cynthia Womack, Attalla, US, Piedmont Ave
View Cynthia Womack Sister Cynthia's social profiles and photos on Facebook, MySpace, and +40 Networks.
Cynthia Womack, 34, Bedford, US, Jerry Ln
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Cynthia Womack, 56, Cleveland, US, Nelson Ave
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female, 31, JUSTIN, Texas
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classmates: Cynthia Womack
Wilson High School, Tacoma, WA, 1976-1980
classmates: Cynthia Womack
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Connie Britton Biography - TV Guide
Connie Britton Relationships: Yoby - Son; Cynthia Womack - Sister; Allen Womack - Father; John Britton - Ex-husband; Linda Womack - Mother; Connie Britton ...
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legacy.com: CYNTHIA WOMACK
WOMACK, CYNTHIA age 58, of Midfield, AL, passed away on September 3, 2011. She was preceded in death by her Parents, Keothus Calisle Sr & Ruby Cutts Carlisle; Daughter, Tarnisha
legacy.com: CYNTHIA H. WOMACK
CYNTHIA HILLIARD WOMACK On Wednesday, January 15, 2014 of Rocky Mount, NC, Cynthia entered into eternal rest. She was employed in DC for Verizon
findagrave: Womack, Cynthia Kaye "Cindy" Bess
01/8/1954 - 09/20/2001, McMinnville (Warren County, Tennessee)
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Death record and obituary for Cynthia D. Womack from Rocky Mount, North Carolina.
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John Womack Womack (deceased) - Genealogy - Geni
Genealogy for John Womack Womack (deceased) on Geni with over 140 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. Page updated July 18 ...
Cynthia Jane Womack (1870 - 1941) - Genealogy - Geni
Marriage of Cynthia Womack to William Kilgore. Falls, Texas, USA. 1891. November 2, 1891. Age 21. Birth of Robert Kilgore. Chilton, Texas ...
TERRY CATE CYNTHIA WOMACK | Texas, Marriage ...
Texas, Marriage Record Index, 1966–2008 for TERRY CATE CYNTHIA WOMACK is available for free on Mocavo. Start searching for your ...
WOMACK Genealogy - WikiTree
... Privacy Level: Open (White). Lucy Womack Womack, June 16, 1761 Caswell Co., North Carolina, Donald Clayton, 31 Jul 2014, Privacy Level: Open (White).
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A Field Guide to Birds of the Big Bend - Page 275 - Google Books Result
... Doyle Wise, David and Mimi Wolf, Gerry and Vicki Wolfe, Libby and Ron Wolfe, R. A. Wolinski, Cynthia Womack, Fred Wong, Barbara Woods, Bryant Woods, ...
The Ruby-throated Hummingbird - Google Books Result
... from these endeavors. Why is the "Hummer/Bird Celebration!" so successful? The organizers, headed byBetty Baker through 1995 and Cynthia Womack since ...
2004 Chacahoula - University of Louisiana at Monroe - Google Books
... LaShonda Wilso-272n Foslesshia Winston-272 Leslie Winston-272 Tameka Winston-272 Darrell Winters-272 Chanqanesha Wright-272 Cynthia Womack-272 ...
A Field Guide to Birds of the Big Bend - Roland Wauer - Google Books
This field guide offers information on the 450 bird species of the Big Bend, including behavior notes, status reports, statistics, records, and much more.
Womack & Womack - Teardrops Lyrics - Songs | Most Popular
Womack & Womack lyrics - Teardrops: whenever i hear goodbyes remind me baby of you, i break down and cry next time i'll be true yeah, fever ...
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► 3:43► 3:43Womack Womack ft Tribal Jam : Teardrops live. Par David Tarten. 1 511 vues. 05:55. Womack & Womack + ...
(1 - 4 from 9
Ham Ave. gets new principal - GreenwichTime
Cynthia Womack, head of the media arts-themed Washington Elementary School, has been named as Hamilton Avenue's permanent principal, ...
Pta Revives, Asserts Itself - Hartford Courant
Conroy called a meeting in February with newly hired principal Cynthia Womack and new interim administrative intern Diane Kearney.
Schools Adjust Seesaw of Racial Balance - New York Times
''I have high student mobility,'' said Washington's principal, Cynthia Womack, who taught for 15 years in New York City schools.
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Love Wars, Express Myself, Baby I'm Scared of You, T.K.O., A.P.B., Catch and Don't Look Back...
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Archive: July 2001 - Womack Genealogy Network
I have information to add. children of Jesse and cynthia womack are ; Everett elmore womack, born july 24, 1859 died jan. 1 -1927 @ cherokee ...
Hamilton Avenue and Riverside students receive iPads ...
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What shall we do to cheer you up, veterans? « Veterans Life
09.12.2011 Mattocks, Kristin M.; Skanderson, Melissa; Goulet, Joseph L.; Brandt, Cynthia; Womack, Julie; Krebs, Erin; Desai, Rani; Justice, Amy; Yano, Elizabeth; Haskell, Sally. Journal of Women's Health (15409996), Dec2010, Vol.
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Cynthia Womack & Kristopher Tucker - Wedding Registry
Cynthia Womack + Kristopher Tucker. Wedding Date: August 9, 2014Location: TX. Our Wedding Registry on. Find the perfect wedding gift from Cynthia and ...
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Friday, July 03, 2015
9 comments
In one of my group challenges I am supposed to weigh myself on Friday and I did. I lost a pound. At first I was disappointed, but then remembered it has only been a couple of days.
We took a trip to West Virginia to Oglebay Park. Great time wi... Read more
Wednesday, July 01, 2015
5 comments
I actually started my official weight loss yesterday, but will continue until I drop at least 10 lbs.
It so far is another cloudy day here in Pittsburgh, PA. It's supposed to get sunny later on, so we shall see.
My 3 DD's are still not gett... Read more
Tuesday, June 30, 2015
6 comments
I woke up late today as I accidentally shut my phone off which shut my alarm off. All I want to do right now is go back to bed. If it were not June 30th, I would have, but any type of sick days/vacation days doesn't start until tomorrow. I ended... Read more
Sunday, June 28, 2015
12 comments
Tomorrow is my birthday and I really don't feel much like celebrating. I am trying not to let this weight and job thing get me too down, but it is hard. I weighed myself yesterday and even though I have been watching and trying to eat healthy, I... Read more
Thursday, June 25, 2015
5 comments
I felt really sleepy this morning, but now at 2:15 pm. I feel better. I am still working even though it is summer. Our bidding and bumping will be on July 10th and then, I will probably get a few weeks off before having to come back to work beca... Read more
Thursday, June 18, 2015
5 comments
I have been extremely stressed out lately. Last week was DD's 21st birthday party on Saturday. It went well. My 16 year old DD has decided that she doesn't want to live with us anymore. She left about a week ago to go "visit" her sister and she ... Read more
Sunday, June 07, 2015
2 comments
Our last day was on Friday!!!! Things didn't die down until about 2:00. One person called and wanted to know when the first day for 2015-2016 was. I know people want to know, but I felt like we didn't even get through the last day? The teachers ... Read more
Saturday, May 30, 2015
6 comments
Today in Pittsburgh, it's sunny and some rain of which makes things more humid. We went to the thrift store for some summer clothes for me. I have a lot of which I cannot find. I found two pairs of capri's. One is big and one fits good.
I fou... Read more
Friday, May 29, 2015
4 comments
Well. I went from bad big toe to bruised foot. I knew something wasn't right because every day my foot would get more swollen as the day went on. I finally went today and had it checked out. Nothing broken,but badly bruised. So, no walking for a... Read more
Thursday, May 28, 2015
2 comments
Today I am thankful that we are winding the school year down. It has become more hectic than usual with all the last minute things that need to be done. Yesterday we gave out letters to the 8th graders that will not be participating in the "prom... Read more
Monday, May 25, 2015
6 comments
Thankfully. I felt good today. Yeah! Had a good time at my sister's. Actually got a wee bit of exercise in. We played this game with friends where you had a pole and you had to knock a water bottle off the pole with a grinder. It was fun. I didn... Read more
Sunday, May 24, 2015
7 comments
Regretfully, ever since I got my gallbladder out, I have been getting sick, cramping really bad. I went to the dr.'s and she said it was because I was eating a lot of high fiber weight watchers food. Now I am no so much and this weekend, especia... Read more
Saturday, May 23, 2015
6 comments
Today I a calling it Super Saturday. It is a beautiful day in the neighborhood. Sunny and nice temperature. DH is draining the pool because our winter cover wasn't a very good cover and the pool is now a lovely shade of green with a ton of algae... Read more
Thursday, May 21, 2015
5 comments
I am trying to be positive. Today was really busy, but calmed down a little and let me actually get something done. It wasn't calm all day of which at this time of the year, it probably won't be.
Looking forward to having an extra day off. W... Read more
Wednesday, May 20, 2015
7 comments
It is only 8:30 am and already it is a wacky Wednesday. Another crazy day here at the Junior High. A lot of phone calls and a lot of teachers needing things.
My toe is hurting right now, but usually feels better by the end of the day.
I hope... Read more


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Preface. Introduction. I. THE PERENNIAL QUESTS FOR EXTENDED AND ETERNAL LIFE. One: The Search for Prolongevity: A Contentious Pursuit, Robert H. Binstock. Two: The Quest for Immortality: Visions and Presentiments in Science and Literature, Mark B. Adams. Three: Decelerated Aging: Should I Drink From a Fountain of Youth?, Stephen G. Post. Four: A Jewish... more...
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Periodically run patent committee meeting. We are seeking a talented Patent Agent with strong communications skills to join the Intellectual Property (IP) team...
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Morrow surprised by Ott's suspension
Updated: October 28, 2009, 9:32 AM ETBy Richard Durrett
Stars captain Brenden Morrow was on NHL Live on Tuesday and talked about Ott's suspension. Mark Stepneski at Andrew's Stars Pagewas kind enough to provide the transcript:
"I actually haven't seen the hit. I am going to defend my teammate just because I am loyal to him. From what I saw, in my opinion, this last week that didn't get suspensions, I was surprised that Steve was the one. I know there are issues with repeat offenders and I haven't seen what their reasoning for it was, if was ...
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14 Reasons Why You Shouldn't Date John Mayer, According to John Mayer
By Kat Giantis
What is it about John Mayer that makes lovely, successful ladies like Jessica Simpson, Jennifer Aniston and Taylor Swift weak in the knees? Has he been studying "Hypnotism for Dummies"? Created some sort of pheromone that masks eau de d-bagginess? Whatever dark magic the crooner may be working, and despite his recent insistence that he's "pretty good at taking accountability now," we're still concerned over swirling talk that Katy Perry could become his next victim. Please, Katy, proceed with caution (and possibly a Haz-Mat suit). Why? Because Mayer himself has explained why he's romantic Kryptonite. Read on for the many reasons not to date John Mayer, as told over the years by John Mayer …
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