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An interactive design system includes a design application that creates and models a geometry of an object. A programming language application defines engineering rules that may be associated with the object. The programming language application associates the geometry of the object with the engineering rules such that any change made to the geometry is automatically reflected in the engineering rules and any change made to the engineering rules is reflected in the geometry. The programming language application may also generate one or more knowledge features that can be used to verify that associated parameter constraints have not been violated as a result of a geometry or engineering rule change before applying the desired changes.
1. A method for designing and modeling a product in a knowledge based engineering environment, comprising:
creating a geometry of an object associated with a product;
capturing engineering rules related to the object;
associating the geometry of the object to the engineering rules such that changes made in the geometry are automatically reflected in the engineering rules and changes to the engineering rules are automatically reflected in the geometry.
2. The method of
selecting the object, the object having an object description;
automatically generating a language description of the object.
3. The method of
4. The method of
adjusting the one or more attributes to change the object without using the object description.
5. The method of
maintaining the attributes of the object and the object description in synchrony.
6. The method of
creating a knowledge feature associated with the object, the knowledge feature defining parameter limits placed on the object.
7. The method of
making changes to the object either through the geometry or the engineering rules;
verifying a validity of the changes through the knowledge feature.
8. The method of
applying the changes to the object in response to verification by the knowledge feature.
9. The method of
capturing geometric and/or non-geometric rules in the knowledge feature.
10. The method of
adjusting attributes of the knowledge feature in order to alter the scope of changes that can be made to the object.
11. A system for designing and modeling a product in a knowledge based engineering environment, comprising:
a design application module operable to create a geometry for an object associated with a product;
a knowledge based programming language module operable to define engineering rules that may be associated with the object;
an interface operable to associate the geometry of the object with the engineering rules such that changes to the geometry are automatically reflected in the engineering rules and changes to the engineering rules are automatically reflected in the geometry.
12. The system of
13. The system of
14. The system of
15. The system of
16. A computer readable medium having code for designing and modeling a product in a knowledge based engineering environment, wherein the code is operable to:
receive a geometry of an object associated with a product;
capture engineering rules related to the object;
associate the geometry of the object to the engineering rules such that changes made in the geometry are automatically reflected in the engineering rules and changes to the engineering rules are automatically reflected in the geometry.
17. The computer readable medium of
automatically generate a language description of the object, the language description being a lesser description of the object as compared to a complete description of the object;
adjust one or more attributes of the language description to change the object without using the complete description of the object;
maintaining the one or more attributes of the language description in synchrony with the complete description of the object.
18. The computer readable medium of
create a knowledge feature associated with the object, the knowledge feature defining parameter limits placed on the object,
make changes to the object either through the geometry or the engineering rules,
verify a validity of the changes through the knowledge feature.
19. The computer readable medium of
apply the changes to the object in response to verification by the knowledge feature.
20. The computer readable medium of
[0001] The present invention claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/310,960, filed Aug. 7, 2002 which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
[0002] The present invention relates in general to computer aided design techniques and more particularly to a method and system for designing and modeling a product in a knowledge based engineering environment.
[0003] Computer systems (such as computer aided design (CAD), computer aided manufacture (CAM), and computer aided engineering systems (CAE)) have been developed to interactively generate design, analysis, and manufacturing information for end user products. The capabilities of these systems may be enhanced by permitting the system to utilize various engineering knowledge bases and engineering rules. Engineering knowledge is accessed from and expressed as rules in a programming language. These rules specify parameters that are inputs to digital objects used to generate process specific information. The challenge is to incorporate the engineering rules into a CAD/CAM/CAE system while maintaining a relationship with the existing design model. To date, some programming languages have been developed that can express engineering rules and subsequently generate design models. The execution of such a program results in the creation of the objects that constitute the design and thus these objects must be completely specified by the program. The task of fully describing these objects has two major drawbacks. First, fully describing an object can be very complex and burdensome due to the difficulty in deciphering textual representations of the object. Second, the programming languages are not capable of revising or editing existing information as there is no relationship with an existing design model. Therefore, it is desirable to provide an interactive relationship between the engineering rules and the design object.
[0004] From the foregoing, it may be appreciated by those skilled in the art that a need has arisen for a technique to integrate object geometry and engineering rules in the product design and manufacturing process. In accordance with the present invention, a method and system for designing and modeling a product in a knowledge based engineering environment are provided that substantially eliminate or greatly reduce disadvantages and problems associated with conventional computer aided design techniques.
[0005] According to an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for designing and modeling a product in a knowledge based engineering environment that includes receiving or creating a geometry of an object associated with a product. Engineering rules are retrieved that may be associated with the object. The geometry and the engineering rules are associatively connected to one another such that changes to the geometry are automatically reflected in the engineering rules and changes to the engineering rules are automatically reflected in the geometry. A knowledge feature may be defined for the object with parameters that may place certain constraints on the design of the object. The knowledge feature ensures that attempted changes to the geometry or the engineering rules do not violate the constraints placed on the object by the knowledge feature.
[0006] The present invention provides various technical advantages over conventional computer aided design techniques. For example, one technical advantage is to provided associative connectivity between the geometry of an object and its associated engineering rules. Another technical advantage is to provide an ability to create and define constraints to be placed on the design of the object. Yet another technical advantage is to generate a description of an object created from an external application. Other technical advantages may be readily ascertainable by those skilled in the art from the following figures, description, and claims.
[0007] For a more complete understanding of the present invention and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals represent like parts, in which:
[0008]FIG. 1 illustrates an interactive design system;
[0009]FIG. 2 illustrates an object tree dialog box of the interactive design system;
[0010] FIGS. 3A-D illustrate pop-up menus for items in the object tree;
[0011]FIG. 4 illustrates a dialog box for adding an attribute rule to the object tree;
[0012]FIG. 5 illustrates a dialog box for adding or editing a child rule to the object tree;
[0013]FIG. 6 illustrates a dialog box for inspecting an instance of the object tree;
[0014]FIG. 7 illustrates an applications dialog box for accessing dialog files;
[0015] FIGS. 8A-C illustrate pre-defined translation sets from user interface objects to engineering rules;
[0016] FIGS. 9A-C illustrate the interfacing between a class and a dialog file;
[0017]FIG. 10 illustrates a syntax dialog box;
[0018]FIG. 11 illustrates a preferences dialog box;
[0019] FIGS. 12A-B illustrate an example process for using a specific knowledge feature.
[0020]FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of an interactive design system 10. One aspect of the present invention is to permit object creation to take place by simple, non-programmatic, and interactive techniques and to allow utilization of engineering rules and knowledge bases by making selected parameters of the object of interest known to the programming language. This removes the burden of programmatic object creation and enables the leveraging of the knowledge bases and the engineering rules in the language. The programming language provides a graphical user interface that allows for the application of engineering knowledge driven rules and design intent to geometric models and assemblies.
[0021] To achieve this aspect, a programming language application module 12 implements an adoption process where a subset of the defining parameters of an existing object 14 in a design application module 16 is exposed to the programming language through the attributes of the engineering rule that is automatically created in the programming language. Implementation of the adoption process is interactive. The user graphically picks from the interactive design system 10 the object 14 to be adopted and the system generates the appropriate language description defining the engineering rule and the attributes for the selected object 14. Through the engineering rule and its attributes, the programming language is able to change the characteristics of the object 14 even though the programming language does not have a complete description of the object 14. The attributes of the engineering rule for the object 14 and the complete definition of the object 14 in the interactive design system are maintained in synchrony. Changes to either the attributes or the description of the object 14 are reflected in each through an interface between design application module 16 and programming language application module 12 that is preferably incorporated within programming language application module 12. This approach achieves an associativity between the programming language and the design system.
[0022] Adoption is the process of exposing certain attributes of an existing object to the programming language wherein the existing object was not created by the programming language. When an object is adopted, a language view of the object is generated. An adopted class for the object is created and then instantiated via a textual representation of its attributes. Another approach is to allow the user to define a new feature type (rule object) through the programming language. The definition of the user proprietary feature is completely specified through the programming language. The user defined feature type is referred to as a knowledge feature and it can capture both geometric and non-geometric rules. The knowledge feature behaves like any other parametric feature object in an existing design system and the associativity between the programming language and the design system is preserved. The adoption technique allows for rapid integration of a computer aided design system with a programming language oriented knowledge based engineering system. The knowledge feature technique offers a quick and effective way to extend user defined knowledge objects and to extend the underlying computer aided design system for the user's proprietary use.
[0023] The entry points into the knowledge fusion programming language of interactive design system 10 is through the programming language application module 12. The main menu of the programming language application module 12 provides View, Tools, and Preferences options. The View option provides an entry for a Knowledge Fusion Navigator dialog box that shows an object tree for a single instance of a part or assembly. The Tools option provides for the opening of an Applications, Adoption, Rule Removal, Syntax, and Delayed Update dialog boxes. The Applications dialog box is the interface to dialogs created by the user. This dialog box allows access to any user created interface dialogs that have been made and stored. The Adoption dialog box allows for objects to be brought into the knowledge fusion programming language that were externally created in the interactive design system. Adoption exposes some or all of the attributes of these externally created objects for use in the knowledge fusion programming language. The Rule Removal dialog box allows for the removal of all rules from a current part or assembly without affecting its geometry. The Syntax dialog box provides for checking the syntax of one or more classes. The Delayed Update dialog box allows for the creation and editing of rules without updating the part or assembly until so desired. The Preferences option includes a Knowledge Fusion dialog box to allow for the specification of preferences for the display of attributes in the object tree of the Knowledge Fusion Navigator dialog box.
[0024]FIG. 2 shows an example of a Knowledge Fusion Navigator dialog box 20 displaying an object tree for the engineering rules of the knowledge fusion programming language for a single instance of an object. Each node in the object tree represents either an instance of a class or an attribute of a single instance of a class for the object. There are three types of nodes within the object tree that represent the engineering rules. A root node is at the base of the tree and has no parent. An instance node is an object in the object tree that represents an instance of a class. A child node is a subset of the instance node. Each root, instance, and child node may have attribute nodes associated therewith as part of the object tree. A corresponding graphics area is associated with the navigator dialog box. An engineering rule chosen in the object tree will highlight the corresponding object displayed in the graphics area. An object selected in the graphics area will have its node name displayed in an information window.
[0025] Table I shows the various attribute rules and their descriptions for the configuration of attributes associated with root, instance, and child nodes. The attribute rules are available in the attribute nodes of the object tree. The demandOrder rule allows for control of the order of dependency in how attributes update so that certain instance nodes update before others. For example, if the object tree has nodes A, B, and C, node C's demandOrder may list nodes A and B indicating that nodes A and B update before node C updates its attributes. The demandValue rule provides for the viewing of the value of an attribute. The index rule shows the position of the instance node in a child list. The inTree rule controls the showing attributes in the object tree. The localFrame rule provides the reference frame for the attribute. The NextHigherAncestor rule shows the what created the attribute. The onDelete rule determines whether the attribute can be deleted from outside of the knowledge fusion programming language. The onModify rule allows for the editing of the attribute outside of the knowledge fusion programming language. The onUndoAllocate rule allows for the releasing of system resources. The refChain rule provides the instance node associated with the attribute. The referenceFrame rule provides the orientation of the attribute defined by the NextHigherAncestor rule. The saveClass rule saves the class definition for the current node and those nodes beneath it. The saveClassList rule provides for the storage of a class definition as opposed to a null design. The saveValue rule provides for the storage of a value of the attribute on demand.
[0026] FIGS. 3A-D show various pop-up menus for the different areas of the Knowledge Fusion Navigator dialog box. Nodes in the object tree are divided into two categories, nodes that represent instances of classes including root and instance nodes and nodes that represent non-instance rules including attribute nodes. The type of node under the cursor determines which pop-up menu is displayed. FIG. 3A shows the pop-up menu that is displayed when a root node is selected. FIG. 3B shows the pop-up menu displayed when an instance node is selected. FIG. 3C shows the pop-up menu displayed when an attribute node is selected. FIG. 3D shows a pop-up menu when the background of the Knowledge Fusion Navigator dialog box is selected. Pop-up menus may be designed to appear, for example, through a right click mouse operation while the mouse cursor is over the desired area. Each pop-up menu provides various options related to the underlying node or background.
[0027] In FIG. 3A, the pop-up menu options that may be available at the root node include Edit, Add Attribute, Add Child Rule, List Dependencies, Inspect, Class Documentation, List Rules, Reload Selected Classes, Reload All, Rebuild Tree, Delete Rule and Object, and Remove Rule Only. The Edit option displays an Edit Child Rule dialog box to permit editing of attributes. The Add Attribute option allows for a user defined attribute to be added at the root level. The Add Child Rule option allows for a child rule to be added at the root level. The List Dependencies option opens an Information dialog box displaying what classes objects or attribute rules previously chosen from the object tree are dependent on and what classes that are dependent on them. The Inspect option opens an Instance Inspector dialog box displaying attribute rules from the object tree. The Class Documentation option displays documentation for the node. The List Rules option provides for viewing of existing dynamic rules. The Reload Selected Classes option provides for the reloading of multiple classes previously selected from the object tree. The Reload All option causes the user class definition file to recompile. The Rebuild Tree option provides for updating the object tree after a class has been edited. The Delete Rule and Object option removes the currently selected child rule from the node and deletes any associated geometry. The Remove Rule Only option allows for the removal of an established rule without affecting the associated geometry.
[0028] In FIG. 3B, the pop-up menu options that may be available at the instance node include Edit, Add Attribute, Reference, List Dependencies, Inspect, Class Documentation, List Rules, Reload This Class, Reload All, Rebuild Tree, Delete Rule and Object, and Remove Rule Only. The Edit, Add Attribute, List Dependencies, Inspect, Class Documentation, Reload All, Rebuild Tree, Delete Rule and Object, and Remove Rule Only options provide similar functions as found at the root node. The Reference option creates a reference chain for the underlying instance node and inserts the reference chain at the current text position for the rule being edited. The Reload This Class option reloads the class for the underlying instance node.
[0029] In FIG. 3C, the pop-up menu options available at the attribute node include Edit/View, Show Value, Show Dependents/Dependencies, Delete, and Reference. The Edit/View option provides a capability to edit the attribute rule if available. The Edit/View option opens a View Attribute dialog box. Attribute rules may be viewed and, if the attribute rule is editable, edited as desired. The Show Value option provides for the value of the underlying attribute rule to be shown in the object tree. The Show Dependents/Dependencies option opens an Information dialog box displaying what classes that objects and attribute rules previously chosen from the object tree are dependent on and what classes are dependent on them. The Delete option allows for the removal of the underlying attribute rule. The Reference option causes the correct reference chain for a selected attribute rule to be inserted at the current text position for the underlying attribute rule being edited.
[0030] In FIG. 3D, the pop-up menu options available in the background area include Add Attribute to Root, Add Child Rule to Root, Reload All, Rebuild Tree, and Reference by Select. The Add Attribute to Root option allows for the adding of a user defined attribute rule at the root node. The Add Child Rule to Root allows for the adding of a child rule at the root node. The Reload All option is used if one or more DFA files are edited. The user class definition file will be recompiled open opening a session. The recompile will occur within the current session if the Reload All option is performed at the root node pop-up menu. The Rebuild Tree option provides for the updating of the object tree after a class has been edited. The Reference by Select option provides for the object identifier for objects to be obtained directly from the graphics window using a Class Selection dialog box.
[0031]FIG. 4 shows an Add Attribute dialog box for adding an attribute rule. The Add Attribute dialog box is accessed through the Add Attribute option of the root node, instance node, or background pop-up menus. The different inputs for the Add Attribute dialog box include Name, Type, Formula, Extended Text Entry, Input Parameter, Modifiable, Uncached, and Action. The Name input provides for the entering a name for the attribute rule. The Type input allows for the specification of the data type for the attribute rule. The Formula inout provides for the entering of a value for the attribute rule. The Extended Text Entry input opens a dialog box to provide more room to compose the attribute rule. Once entered, the text for attribute rule is moved to a Rule for Parameter box. The Input Parameter input specifies that the attribute rule is a parameter to the class and might receive a value when the class is instantiated. The Modifiable input specifies that the value of the attribute rule may be externally set. The Uncached input specifies whether the value of the attribute rule is saved in memory. The value of the attribute rule is recalculated each time it is referenced by another attribute rule. The Action input provides an OK, Apply, and Cancel selection. The OK selection applies any changes made to the attribute rule and closes the ADD Attribute dialog box. The Apply selection performs the changes and keeps the Add Attribute dialog box open. The Cancel selection does not make any changes to the attribute rule and closes the Add Attribute dialog box.
[0032] A value for an attribute rule has a range specified by its type. A data type for an attribute rule includes Boolean, Frame, Integer, List, Name, Number, Point, String, Vector, Instance, User, Any, and Group. The Boolean type indicates either true or false. The Frame type defines a local coordinate system. The Integer type can be a positive or negative whole number or zero. The List type is an ordered set of other types. The Name type is a symbolic constant, an unquoted sequence of alphanumeric characters, which may be used to refer to the name of the attribute rule. The Number type is a number that can have a decimal value such as a double precision floating point number and is preferably the default data type. The Point type is a point object. The String type is a double quoted sequence of characters. The Vector type is a vector object. The Instance type is an instance of a class. The User type is a 32 bit value not interpreted by the language system. The Any type specifies that the value can hold any data type. The Group type specifies a group rule that provides a transformation to compute canonical parameters, as in required parameters for instantiation, from alternate parameters. For example, the canonical parameters for an arc are its localFrame, defining its center and orientation, and its radius. A group rule for the arc computes the radius if the diameter is supplied.
[0033] The following is an example procedure of adding attribute rules to get a sine calculation. The procedure adds an attribute rule named NUM_DEGREE to hold the value for the number of degrees used for the sine calculation. An attribute rule named SINE is added that uses a built in sine function to obtain a sine value for the value provided by NUM_DEGREE. After obtaining the sine value, the value for NUM_DEGREE can be edited to obtain a new value.
[0034] At the root node pop-up menu, the Add Attribute option is selected and the Add Attribute dialog box is displayed. In the Name input, NUM_DEGREE is entered. The Number data type is chosen for the Type input. In the Formula input, the value of 30 is entered. The Input Parameter input and the Modifiable input are toggled ON and the Apply selection is chosen. The Add Attribute dialog box remains after the Apply selection is chosen and SINE is entered in the Name input. The Number data type is chosen for the Type input and NUM_DEGREE is entered in the Formula input, where the : references the value for the attribute rule as opposed to its name. The Input Parameter and Modifiable inputs are toggled ON and the Apply selection is chosen. In the object tree, the SINE attribute rule is selected and the showValue option in the pop-up menu is chosen. A value of 0.5 will be displayed for the SINE attribute rule. To obtain a new value, the NUM_DEGREE attribute rule is selected and the Edit option in the pop-up menu is chosen. In the Formula input of an Edit Attribute window, the value of 30 is changed to 45 and the OK selection is chosen. In the object tree, the SINE attribute rule is selected and the showValue option in the pop-up menu is chosen. A value of 0.70710678119 will be displayed for the SINE attribute rule.
[0035]FIG. 5 shows the dialog box for editing or adding a child rule. A child rule can be edited by selecting the child node from the object tree. A child rule can be added by selecting the Add Child Rule option from the root node pop up menu. The options available in the Edit/Add Child Rule dialog box include Method, Name,, Class, Filter, Class List Box, Display Class Rules, Display All Class Rules, Class Information, Rule for Parameter, Input Parameter, Missing Parameters, Extended Text Entry, Apply Typing, Cancel Typing, and Action. The Method option provides for the selection of class rules for the class displayed in the Class List Box. The Method option also provides for the display of only rules for the instance node and allows for specification of a rule by typing in a formula. The Name option provides an input area of an appropriate name when adding a child rule. The Class option determines what classes are displayed in the Class List Box. The User button provides for the display of user defined classes only. The System button provides for the display of system defined classes. The Both button provides for the display of user and system defined classes. The Filter option provides for the display of the class names in the Class List Box determined by the entered filter mask. The Class List Box displays the child rule classes for selection. The Display Class Rules option allows for the display of rules of the class highlighted in the Class List Box. The Display All Class Rules option provides for the display of all class rules for the chosen class including ancestors of the class. The Class Information option provides for the display of documentation for the class under the cursor. The Rule for Parameter option displays parameter rules from selections made in the Input Parameter option for the selected class. The Input Parameter option displays the input parameters for the class selected in the Class List Box. The Missing Parameters option displays what parameters are still needed before the Child Rule is fully defined. The Extended Text Entry option increases the size of the dialog box to allow for more room to compose a rule. When finished composing, the composed rule can then be moved to the Rule for Parameter box. The Apply Typing option applies the designated value to the parameter shown in the Rule for Parameter box. The Input Parameters box updates with the value and the Rule for Parameter box is cleared. The, Cancel Typing option discards typing on the current parameter and clears the Rule for Parameter box. The Action option includes the OK selection to apply changes and dismiss the dialog box, the Apply selection to apply the changes and retain the dialog box open, and the Cancel selection to dismiss the dialog box and not apply any changes.
[0036] To edit a child rule, a child rule to edit is selected from the Input Parameter option. A specific input parameter of the child rule is selected for editing. The child rule is edited in the Rule for Parameter option. The editing takes effect by selecting the Apply Typing option and the Apply Action button.
[0037] An example follows for adding a child rule to the class ug_arc in order to add an arc to the graphics display. At the Knowledge Fusion Navigator dialog box, a root node is chosen and its pop up menu is displayed. The Add Child Rule option is selected and the Add Child Rule dialog box appears. In the Name option, arc1 is entered. The Class List Box is scrolled until the ug_arc class appears at which point is then selected. The Input Parameters box fills with default parameters to define the arc. One of the default parameters is *End_Angle:<360:> which is chosen for this example. The value of 360 is displayed in the Rule for Parameter box. The value of 360 is then edited to a value of 135. The Apply Typing option updates the new value in the Input Parameters box and clears the Rule for Parameter box. The Apply or OK selection from the Action option is chosen. The arc displays in the graphics window and the instance displays in the object tree of the Knowledge Fusion Navigator dialog box.
[0038] The Reference by Select option provides an ability to interactively obtain the identifier for an object by selecting it from the graphics window. For example, to input an edge into an edge blending class, such as ug_edge_blend, the edge can be referenced by selecting it. From the Knowledge Fusion Navigator dialog box, instance a class that requires a name or object, identifier such as ug_edge_blend, as in using Add Child Rule for ug_edge_blend. Next, choose an appropriate input parameter, as in selecting Edge_Blend_References from ug_edge_blend. The cursor can be hovered over any blank background area of the Knowledge Fusion Navigator dialog box and clicked to choose the Reference by Select option. A Class Selection dialog box displays and the desired edge to reference can be selected. The rule for the edge will appear in the input parameter list either as an instance name or a host pointer function.
[0039]FIG. 6 shows an example of an Inspect Instance dialog box. The Inspect Instance dialog box displays when an instance is selected from the object tree. The Inspect Instance dialog box allows for the inspection of any of the instance attributes rules. Any number of Inspect Instance dialog boxes may be opened. Text from the Default Rule for Attribute panel may be copied and pasted into an input text box of another dialog box.
[0040]FIG. 7 shows an example of an Applications dialog box. The Applications dialog box is the interface to dialogs created by the user. From the Applications dialog box, any user created interface dialogs that exist and are stored as <filename>.dlg files may, be accessed. The Applications dialog box features Create and Update buttons in order to create a new instance of a class (child rule) or edit an existing child rule. In Create mode, a Name field is used to create a new instance of a class under the root level of the tree. The Update mode requires the selection of an instance of a class using a selection in the graphics area. The panel within the Applications dialog box will include the available classes having matching dialog files. In Create mode, the panel will include all possible classes for which a dialog file is found. In Update mode, the panel includes entries that could match at some level of the reference chain. A Name field is provided to enter a name of an entity to create. A custom dialog box may be launched upon entering a new name. Graphical selection is supported from this dialog box in order to choose an entity for update. In most cases, the geometry selected may not be the actual class that will be modified so any matching dialogs for the reference chain to the selected entity will be presented. For example, if a line that is part of a piston that is part of an engine is selected, the reference chain may be root:myengine:mypiston:a_line:. Any dialog files for the class root:myengine:mypiston: would be searched for and presented. If the dialog file engine.dlg was found, then it would appear in the selection list as a possible class to modify.
[0041] The preferred approach used to connect a dialog file to a class is through naming conventions. A dialog file is associated with a class via the matching of the name of the class and the name of the dialog file. If the class is called piston, the associated dialog file would be piston.dlg. In a similar manner, a parameter or rule inside a class is associated by name matching. In order to immediately update a class and dialog file, a callback function may be implemented. Callbacks may be automatically attached to OK and Apply buttons as well as to each action button and button in button layout. The OK option performs the expected operations of updating the values from the dialog file to the class and collapses the dialog box. The Apply callback is bi-directional in that it will read back the current values of the class in order to update the dialog file after the parameters of the class have been updated. This is performed so that any values calculated in the class can be used as feedback to the user. For example, the parameters might be Height and Width and the feedback to the user might be Area (Height*Width). After updating the Height and Width parameters, the value for Area will be updated in the dialog file.
[0042] The default action for the Apply option is to create an instance of a class and then go into an edit mode. By changing the Apply callback to a Create callback, it changes the behavior of the Apply option so that it continues to be in create mode. After the creation of an object, a new object name will be generated by incrementing and appending a number to the original object name. Using this feature, the dialog file can be used to create multiple objects without exiting the dialog box.
[0043] Action buttons in the dialog box may have a special callback function that can invoke point, vector, and csys subfunctions. In order to perform this operation, the action button (or button in a layout) is associated with a point, vector, or frame. When an action button is selected, the type of the attribute is analyzed in order to determine which of the point, vector, or csys subfunctions is appropriate. A button can be associated with a particular member of a class either by directly matching the name or by matching the name plus an extension such as _FUNC or _FILE. The second method allows for the attaching of both a text entry field and an action button to the same variable. The extension _FUNC may be used for the point, vector, csys, and selection functions. The extension _FILE may be used for strings to display the file selection box. For example, a point variable called BasePt may have a string entry field called BasePt in the dialog file and an action button named BasePt_FUNC. Both user interface objects would be available for setting the value of the variable. The string field is kept in synchronization with any change made to the point function from the action button.
[0044] Other special callback functions for user interface objects or post construct callback on the dialog file include Refresh and Update. These callbacks allow for more immediate of the dialog file with changes to the user interface. The Refresh callback takes the current contents of the dialog file and uses that data to create or update a rule. A full update is generally not performed and thus geometry is not created or updated. After the rule is updated, any changes to values or presentation are read back and displayed. The Update callback performs a full update to include the geometry. As an example, a bitmap in a dialog file may changed when a user changes a selection in an option menu. To implement this change, the Refresh callback is entered for the name of the activate callback on the option menu. At run time, the Refresh callback is executed when the user changes the selected option. This will immediately create or update the rule and then read back changes to the dialog file. In another example, a Refresh callback may be implemented on a single select list to have those selections make immediate changes and then implement an Update callback. The Refresh or Update callback may also be used with the post constructor callback for the dialog file. When Refresh is used as a post constructor callback, the initial instance of the class is immediately created when the dialog file first appears and the rules are evaluated in order to determine the state of the dialog file. The Update callback works in a similar fashion except that a full update is performed which will fully create the rule and the associated geometry. Unlike the Update callback, the Refresh callback does not fully create a rule as the rule will be removed upon selecting Cancel after only a Refresh operation.
[0045] FIGS. 8A-C shows pre-defined sets of translations from the user interface objects to the rules. FIG. 8A shows basic translations describing which user interface objects have translations applied to various data types. FIG. 8B shows extended translations used to control specific attributes of the user interface objects from a class. FIG. 8C shows which extended translations are supported by the various user interface objects. For example, an extended translation would allow the class to control the text label of an integer text entry field or the minimum and maximum limits of a scale. Extended translations allow for a limited programmability in the dialog file that is controlled by the class. Extended translations are implemented using a naming convention. Each extended translation uses a string suffix in order to reference a particular attribute of a user interface object. The data type corresponds to Number, Integer, String, Point, and Vector and indicates which data type can be used as a control for the user interface object. For example, to control the sensitivity of an option menu named Block_Size, an integer attribute called Block_Size_Visi is created. When Block_Size_Visi has a value of zero, then the option menu would be insensitive. When the attribute has a value of one, the option menu would become sensitive.
[0046] FIGS. 9A-C show example of how a class and a dialog file interface with each other. The examples include fragments of code and a description of user interface objects and interactions. In FIG. 9A, an item from a list is to be selected and display the selected item in a dialog box using a label. The class definition may be (Integer Parameter) day_index: 1; (List) day_list: {: Sunday: ; : Monday: ; : Tuesday: ; : Wednesday: }; (String) day_value: nth( day_index:; day_list:);. The object identifier for the integer entry field in the dialog box would be given the name day_index and the object identifier for the label would have the name day_value. The integer field follows the convention that the first item in the list is 1. During initial creation, the list item would be blank. Once Apply is invoked in the dialog box, the label will update with the appropriate string term from the list in the class. The only actual parameter into the class is day_index. This same task may also be performed using an option menu where the items in the menu were the days of the week and the option menu was given day_index as the object identifier.
[0047] In FIG. 9B, a point parameter is to be driven using either a text entry field or through the point creation function. A fragment of the class definition is (Point Parameter) start_point: Point{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};. The text entry area would be given the object identifier start_point and the action button would have an object identifier of start_point_func. The text entry area shows the initial default value for the point. The point value can be either edited in the text entry area and press Apply or by pressing the ". . . " option. This option button invokes the point constructor dialog box to allow for the definition of the point. The coordinates for the point will then be inserted into the text entry area. The point may also be entered by naming the action button start_point. There will not be any feedback in the dialog box for this operation but the operation will work accordingly.
[0048] In FIG. 9C, the limits on a Scale Real object using rules in the class are controlled. The class definition is (Integer Parameter) scale_select: 1; (Number Parameter) scale_factor: 1.0; (Number) scale_factor_min: 0.02; (Number) scale_factor_max: if (scale_select:=1) then 2.0 else 4.0;. The radio box would have an object identifier of scale_select in order to control range of the scale. The scale object would have an object identifier of scale_factor. According to extended translations, the rules for scale_factor_min and scale_factor_max will be automatically associated with the scale object. Changing the radio button in the dialog box and selecting Apply would update the maximum limit for the scale to either 2.0 or 4.0. At create time, the minimum and maximum limits for the scale will come from dialog file defaults. This is because the maximum value is an equation that cannot be evaluated until after the class instance has been created.
[0049] As previously stated, adoption is the process of capturing some or all of the parameters of an existing externally created object for use in the knowledge fusion programming language environment. In this manner, the adopted object falls under the control of the rules of the knowledge fusion programming language. This includes the ability to adopt a created user defined feature. The Adopt Existing Object option from the main menu (Tools→Knowledge Fusion→Adopt Existing Object) opens the standard Class Selection dialog box which allows for the selection of externally created objects for adoption. Adoption is particularly useful in cases where there is a desire to interactively create a feature and then adopt it for further interaction under the knowledge fusion programming language. Features, bodies, curves, and other object types can be adopted. Features included in class definitions are directly adoptable in that their defining parameters appear in the Input Parameters list box and are available for edit. The presentation of adopted externally created features are represented as expressions added as children to that feature in the object tree and do not appear in the Input Parameters list box. As an example, the creation parameters for a boss, an externally created object, are Diameter, Height, and Taper Angle. Once a boss is adopted, these three parameters appear in the object tree as children expressions under the adopted boss. In this fashion, these parameters can then be selected and edited. An object can be fully adopted when it has its own DFA file defined for it. For example, a block feature can be fully adopted since a DFA file ug_block.dfa exists. If there is no DFA filed defined for the object, then the object can only be partially adopted. For example, a boss feature is only partially adopted since there is no ug_boss.dfa file associated therewith. A boss feature is adopted via a ug_feature.dfa file. Objects that are fully adopted can be generated solely by their rules. Objects that are partially adopted cannot be created from scratch but provide an interface to some of the object's defining data. To adopt an object, the Adopt Existing Object option is selected and the Class Selection dialog box is opened. Objects for adoption are selected from the graphics area or from a model navigation tool. The Knowledge Fusion Navigator dialog box can be opened to show the adopted object within the object tree.
[0050]FIG. 10 shows the Check DFA File Syntax dialog box. All the DFA files in the current search path for user classes are displayed therein with an ability to choose one or more for selection. Selecting the OK or Apply options causes the system to check the syntax of the selected DFA files. A result is then displayed in a listing window. The Syntax dialog box has a toggle button labeled Reload on Successful Check. When this toggle button is set, the DFA file reloads if the syntax check produces no errors.
[0051]FIG. 11 shows a Preferences dialog box. The Preferences dialog box provides for the modification of the display of the object tree and can set various preferences associated with the knowledge fusion programming language. The Preferences dialog box includes a Show Attributes in Tree option that, when toggled on, allows for the display of root attributes and those of any child rules in the object tree. A Sort Attributes in Tree option sorts attributes alphabetically when toggled on and sorts attributes in the order defined in the DFA file when toggled off. A Sort Child Rules in Tree option sorts child rules alphabetically when toggled on and sorts the child rules according to the order defined by the DFA file when toggled off. The Ignore in Tree option allows for objects that were previously made invisible visible again in the object tree. The Preselection Highlight option allows for an object in the graphics window to be highlighted when the cursor is passed over its corresponding instance attribute. The Search Directories List Box displays a set of search paths for use in finding DFA files. The search order precedence is from top to bottom in the list box and can be changed using the Up/Down arrows. To change the search order precedence, the search path desired to be changed is selected and its precedence is lowered using the Down arrow or raised using the Up arrow. the new search order precedence can be set by selecting the OK or Apply buttons. A New Directory field provides for the ability to enter a name of a search path or displays a search path selected from the Search Directories list box. A +(Add) option allows for the addition of a search path to the Search Directories list box while a X(Remove) option allows for the removal of a search path from the Search Directories list box. As an example of the use of the Preferences dialog box, there is an option of making selected objects in the object tree invisible. The object of interest is selected from the object tree. A pop up menu is opened to display the Edit Child Rule dialog box where the input parameter in Tree? in the Input Parameter list box is changed from True to False. When completed, the object will no longer appear in the object tree. To recover the object in the object tree, the Preferences dialog box is opened and the Ignore in Tree option is toggled on. This action causes all invisible objects in the object tree to reappear.
[0052] The knowledge fusion programming language provides for various customer defaults and environmental variables for proper configuration. Customer defaults include directories, objects, and attributes. The directories default allows for the specification of where user defined DFA search directories are defined. Setting this option to yes indicates that the search directories are to be read from a registry. The user is able to modify the search directories and that modification is stored in the registry between sessions. Setting this option to no indicates that the search directories are to be read from the user class directory environmental variable and no modification is permitted. The objects default allows users to define their own prefix for a name used in creating an object. The prefix supplied here will have an ascending number appended for the object name. If this option is not set, then no default name is supplied when the user creates an object. One format may be ug_kf_default_object_name: prefix with an example of ug_kf_default_object_name: object where the first object is object—1 and the second object is object—2. The attributes default allows users to define their own prefix for a name when new attributes are created. The prefix supplied here will also have an ascending number appended for the attribute name. If this option is not set, then no default name is supplied when the user creates an attribute. One format may be ug_kf_default_attribute_name: prefix with an example of ug_kf_default_attribute_name: object where the first attribute is attribute—1 and the second attribute is attribute—2.
[0053] Environmental variables include Class Directory, User Class Directory, Document Directory, and Document URL. The Class Directory variable points to a directory having all the predefined system class files (.dfa files). The User Class Directory variable is a search path that points to one or more directories where user defined class files (.dfa files) reside. The Document Directory variable points to the directory where documentation files for a selected user class are stored. The Document URL variable specifies a URL address where the documentation files can be found.
[0054] The knowledge feature technique provides a powerful tool to enable users to define their own features. Knowledge features have a similar behavior as any other externally created feature. a knowledge feature has a time stamp and will reevaluate itself in response to an update. To create a knowledge feature, a user creates a DFA file to define a specific knowledge feature. Depending on the application, the user can invoke an Open C function from the DFA file and develop the C user function for creating geometry and/or engineering calculations.
[0055] The first step in creating a knowledge feature is to define the knowledge feature in a DFA file. The specific knowledge feature is an instance of a mixin class. The DFA file for the knowledge feature includes various attributes. These attributes set whether the knowledge feature can be edited, deleted, suppressed, reordered, inquired, moved and creates any solid geometry. Other attributes may also be specified in the DFA file. Attributes that control an error handling mechanism include error number, error code, and error string. Appendix A shows an example of a generic DFA file for a knowledge feature showing various types of attributes.
[0056] An example of a specific knowledge feature is a weight checker for a car door design. Weight can be a constant threat to a door. If the door is too heavy, it takes too much force to open and close. The weight will determine the size of door hinges. The weight checker knowledge feature will be associative to the door body in the graphics window. When the door design is changed, the update mechanism will trigger the weight checker to validate the door weight which is equal to the body volume times the material density. If the weight checker returns an error, then the door body will not be updated according to the design changes. Thus, the designer can concurrently realize the impact of a design change and revise accordingly. The designer can specify a weight range in the weight checker DFA file. In addition to attributes of a generic knowledge feature, a weight checker DFA file defines attributes specifically for the weight checker knowledge feature. Appendix B shows the specifics for the weight checker knowledge feature.
[0057] FIGS. 12A-B show an example process for using the weight checker knowledge feature. First the part file corresponding to the car door, door_basic.prt, is opened. The solid body to adopt is selected through the Adopt existing Object option. The attributes of the adopted rule are then checked, for example the Volume (Number) is checked to see its Value (0.001398). A child rule is added for the door material using the name door_material and a selected class dw_material. and a material type (302) is assigned to the child rule. A material density value (7.916) is available for the selected material type. Under the root, an attribute door_mass is added with a formula associated therewith solid_body:Volume:*door_material:MaterialDensity:*1000. The new attribute door_mass now shows a value (11.069kg). A new child rule is then added with the name door_weight_check with a selected class dw_weight_check. The values for weight (door_mass), LowEnd (5), and HighEnd (15) are set for this child rule. A new feature, Weight Checker, is now established. The weight checker knowledge feature can now be tested. If the door material is changed from 302 to 6061-T6, an error report will be displayed indicating "Weight Too Small!!! Body weight 3,792 is smaller than limit 5." If the door material is changed to H-99, an error report is displayed indicating "Weight Too Big!!! Body weight 16.8226 is bigger than limit 15. If door dimensions are changed, the weight checker knowledge feature will validate it before the dimensions can be updated. In addition, other parameter checkers maybe easily defined, such as length checker and width checker, to protect against out of range modifications.
[0058] The knowledge fusion programming language is deeply embedded in the product development design system to allow engineers and designers to focus on producing products and not translating between a knowledge based engineering system and a product development system. For example, a computer aided design system with the imbedded knowledge fusion programming language allows designers to not only specify the requirements and rules to drive creation of the product, but also allows the designers to freely make geometric model changes from within the product development design system and still have a model that is completely consistent with and associatively linked to the engineering rules. Changes can be made directly to the engineering rules and/or the geometry without any loss of information due to the associativeness provided by the programming language. The programming language is able to capture and associatively apply the engineering expertise of each product development discipline and model the entire product design process at the abstract level. Critical non-geometric logic, such as product structures, development processes, standard engineering methods, and manufacturing rules, can be incorporated with the geometry.
[0059] An interactive user interface provides a visual rule editing environment with facilities to create, edit, and browse rules that control the parameters of graphics objects, a visual editor for adding or editing rules for a graphics part, inspectors for evaluating rules and examining results, links to external textual sources, and integration to design custom dialog boxes. The programming language provides facilities for the definition of user defined classes with support for multiple inheritance, access to external databases, and the ability to create geometry that is directly controlled by rules. The rules specify how various parameters and attributes of objects in a model are related to each other. The relationships may be expressed as formulas and captured in different ways through such techniques as database relations and programmed procedures. A program in the programming language defines a model of a physical or abstract system. An application developed in the programming language allows a user to enter or vary a variety of parameters. The system then uses the rules to calculate the effect of the parameter values and produces results derived therefrom. The ordering of operations need not be specified as the system can determine the order from the relationships defined by the formulas. The programming language allows a broad spectrum of users to utilize knowledge enabled computer aided design objects from within a familiar user interface environment while enabling knowledge application development teams to effectively leverage the talents of computer aided design application experts.
[0060] Thus, it is apparent that there has been provided, in accordance with the present invention, a method and system for designing a product that satisfies the advantages set forth above. Although the present invention has been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions, and alterations may be readily ascertainable by those skilled in the art and may be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the following claims. Moreover, the present invention is not intended to be limited in any way by any statements made above that are not otherwise reflected in the appended claims.
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The owner is really good! he served us a special schiacciati
with ham, cheese, realy mozzarela, red pepper and
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Sales: Monday - Friday, 7:30am - 5:00pm Central Time
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Engines: Horizontal 4-Cycle Engine
OHH60-71217F - Tecumseh 4-Cycle Horizontal Engine
Put your snow blower up on blocks to get the weight off the tires. If they sit on the ground in the same position for 9 months of the year, your tires will likely no longer be round.


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Jimi Hendrix - 'Somewhere' [Listen]
A new posthumous album featuring previously unreleased solo work of Jimi Hendrix is set for release on the 5th March. Recorded in the last years of the legendary guitarists tragically short life, People, Hell and Angels will feature twelve new tracks including this lead single (premiered by Rolling Stone) 'Somewhere' which features Stephen Stills on bass and Buddy Miles on drums.
Reportedly, some of the tracks set to feature on People, Hell and Angels (available for pre-order here) were under consideration for 1997's album First Rays of the New Rising Sun which also featured previously unreleased tracks from the American rocker.
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Jimi Hendrix - 'Earth Blues' [Listen]
Other than making a crack about "checking out this new artist..." there isn't really a great deal we can say about Jimi Hendrix that hasn't already been said a million times before. [read more]
The 405 News Roundup (23/03/08)
Hey everyone! I hope you had an excellent week end. The 405 News Team are back to bestow upon you, our beautiful audience, the latest in music, art and entertainment news for today. In today's roundup, we have Jimi Hendrix, news about a 'Watchmen' spin-off, 'Doves' commenting on the performance of 'Elbow' and what exactly has MIA decided to call her new baby? Keep reading to find out.... JIMI HENDRIX 'REALITY STYLE' DVD TO BE RELEASED A new DVD that shows Hendrix relaxing of... (continued) [read more]
Visualize what Kurt Cobain, Jimi Hendrix, and other late musicians would look like now
The Michigan based group Phojoe used state of the art technology to sketch up what some of the most influential musicians of our time that were taken far too soon would look like today. The portraits include Jimi Hendrix, Kurt Cobain, Bob Marley, and 9 others. [read more]
Why Do You Like So Much Old Music?
Whether you find yourself befuddled as you often ask people this question, or you stammer with embarrassment and a bit of rage as you are often asked this question, You might want to carry on reading. Music that stretches past the mark of ten years, usually even less than that, tends to get looked down on as dated, a novelty, something that just isn't worth the time and devotion given to today's music. It's understandable for some minds to think that; come on, what's a song writte... (continued) [read more]


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Why quizzes are increasingly being perceived as spam on Facebook newsfeed
Why quizzes seem to increase
- Platform: Facebook redesigned its newsfeed that allows more contents to be published
- Technical ease: Quiz creation platform is available so it's easy to create new quizzes
- Workflow: The applications publish the quiz's result and users might not really know which step publishes the news onto feeds
- Savviness: Some users might not know how newsfeed works
Why quizzes are seen as spam
- There're just too many of them
- The change of the newsfeed has moved relationship-centric updates such as relationship status, friend connecting to other friends to the Highlights, allowing content-centric applications to rise to a high percentage on the newsfeed. In sum, the number has increased linearly, but the percentage has increased polynomially.
If you don't like seeing quizzes flood your newsfeed
Simply use the Hide function by hovering your mouse over a feed item. Please note that you can either hide the application or hide the person.
You can unhide anytime by clicking "Edit Options" on the bottom right corner of your newsfeed.
I personally hide applications, not people. I leave, however, Enneagram and those backed by certain scientific theories.
Is it a wrong move by Facebook?
- Facebook earns commissions from applications' income
- Some don't like the new design, others do
- Facebook architecture is flexible, they can change course anytime
How about you? How do you feel about the newsfeed, especially the quizzes and games?
The image from Qantas' epic Commercial
The relationship between viral media and RSS and content
A response to Techcrunch Steve Gillmor's controversial article Rest in Peace, RSS
Observations from Facebook's business
The previous article of mine sketched the architecture of Facebook's business.
Bloomberg recently detailed how advertising, the main source of income, is done on Facebook.
Generally, some points from a business perspective can be drawn from this:
- Facebook turns market research from "push" to "pull". Facebook users, who respectively are businesses' consumers, are given the platform and are tempted to share their preferences in lifestyle without being directly asked by market research people.
- Lesson: while Sandberg affirmed "You want to target everyone? We can give you that", more luxury products/services have higher chance to win than convenient goods. The reason is that people (consumers) usually associate themselves with things they believe make them perceived by their connections as connoisseur. Coca cola is a nice exception to this, partly because it is one of the most expensive brands in the world.
- Effects of relationship-centric of Facebook
- Segment the market for businesses. People with similar demographic characteristics can be grouped together. It is more difficult to do so on ego-centric networks like MySpace
- People are influenced by their friends and families. Marketing techniques using social and psychological influence can be used
Toward industry structure of Social Media: erecting the trend of adoption of service
I could not find the industry structure of social media, so I decide to graph it, piece by piece.
We've been talking about early adopters and near-future critical mass. What links them?
Here is what I propose:
|General trend adoption is polynomial, social media's is exponential
|The number of innovators and early adopters is very small compared to the critical mass
|High cost of learning for majority
|Absolute value of critical mass is high
|Abandon rate is high
|Social media adoption is not symmetric
|Influencing factors are not symmetric
|Till this point of this entry, late majority and laggards never existed
|Social media is very young
Any example?
See this measure of unique visitors, which services do you think it represents?
Click here to see the answer.
- This is a personal attempt to model one aspect of an industry
- The decline is purely imaginary as few successful products have reached their decline.
- I'll figure out to whom and how I will want to present this type of modeling.
Evaluate the "Like" button on Friendfeed, Facebook, Twitter and Tumblr
Friendfeed was the first major social media player to introduce "Like" option of a feed item. Soon this is available on Facebook. Twitter and Tumblr also provide similar feature. Looks like services with streams favor this concept.
The advantages is obvious to many users; they are now simply clicking on "Like" instead of writing comments. However, there are certain drawbacks of this feature.
Let's consider the advantages and disadvantages on each aspect:
|To product owner
|Increase frequencies of interactions between users and feed items.
|Decrease lifetime of a feed item.
|To users
|Quicker to comment. Move on to next item.
Historical data if "liked" items can be traced back.
|The "Like" action is usually forgotten more quickly than actual comments with contents (Facebook case).
|To community
|It is tempting to think that if the "Like" action spreads in the feed it would bring values to community.
However, frequency also needs to be considered as people tend to like more than re-share.
|Psychologically, when someone hits "Like", there is a feeling of "accomplishing a responsibility" for the item and no further action is taken. As a consequence, less re-share is made and the life cycle of the item ends sooner.
As the "Like" feature kills off re-share actions, it is appropriate for immediate status that has very short life. i.e. Personal status
It may devalue items which have values increased when shared such as a link or a thought.
At the core, it comes down to value of the feed item. If the item is worth and appropriate for sharing, it should be forwarded, not ended with a simple "Like".
What do you think of my proposal?
Google Book Search makes way to horizontal expansion
A quick review of this article on Boingboing.
As search result becomes relevant to users need and free preview is provided, Google Book Search will soon become the destination of many book readers.
Soon, Google can take advantage of this and allow searchers to actually purchase the books online directly from Google search results.
In terms of business, this makes way for Google to enter e-commerce and even distribution.
If they do, Google has not and will not compete with portal sites like Amazon, but will go from their core competency: search.
Respectively, competition against Google will not be by search, but on other territories that Google has yet dominated, such as virality and social recommendations.
Geert Hofstede Framework of Five Dimensions of Culture's Possible Pitfalls, Limitations and Proposed Solutions
- Power Distance
- Individualism / Collectivism
- Masculinity / Femininity
- Uncertainty Avoidance
- Long-term / Short-term Orientation
Possible Pitfalls
- Femininity is associated with interpersonal care of other members in the group / society. It's not the feminine characteristics.
- Long-term Orientation is about building long-term relationships, building trust before establishing business partnership. The orientation is not strategic planning.
- Use it to strengthen stereotypes.
- The survey was conducted in IBM's global offices. Possible confusion: was it perceived by IBM employees as a measurement of global culture or a measurement of respective IBM offices' culture?
- The initial survey results was released in 1970s. Things have changed dramatically.
- Example: Singapore scored lowest (8) in Uncertainty Avoidance. In 1970s, they were going through reformations in order to grow their economy and defend against potentials threats so risks were being taken. 30 years later, Singapore has been known for its strict legal system and the tendency to avoid taking unnecessary risks. Therefore, its result needs to be reassessed.
- The same case happens for many cultures.
Proposed Solutions
- Use it as a framework, avoid categorizing
- Re-evaluate at least once per decade


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Friday, October 11, 2013
25 Comments | 3674 Views | Copyright: IANS
Neil Bhatt, who was last seen in 'Sabke Jeevan Ka Adhar - Ramayan', will be seen as a middle class guy in 'Savdhaan India @ 11'.
The actor played a similar character in '12/24 Karol Bagh'.
"It was nostalgic for me to hear about a character who loves his wife so much that he can do anything for her. My character in 'Karol Bagh' had been along the same lines," Neil said in a statement.
"However, the difference is that in 'Karol Bagh', I was playing an out and out positive character but in this show you don't know whether my character crosses the fine line of going overboard in love. Hence, you are not sure if he is the victim or the culprit," he added.
Bhatt has been a part of shows like 'Gumrah', 'Arslaan' and 'Gulaal'.
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The actor will soon be seen in a different character on Life Ok's ...
Ridheema Tiwari, who impressed everyone with her presence in shows ...
This month, BollyCurry focuses its floodlight onto none other than ...
You will find 10 scrambled-up words from the deeper nooks and corners ...
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Found on Pinterest
Shonda + Trey = James Alexander (Born Sleeping on 8-17-12) & Natalie Claire 8-10-13
Go home MOOSE, you're drunk.
LOL! This is great!
Stavon (23) & Shawn (27)
Aviana Lynn-Joy (9/1/11)
Maddox LaVey (9/20/13)
Proud mommy of our tiny diva Miss Avery Michelle and hoping she will be a big sister to a rainbow!
Wife to Brady... Mom to 4 rescue dogs!
LOL! The picture that goes along with that is great. Thanks for sharing!


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Lyn Fairchild Hawks and David Frauenfelder of True North Writers & Publishers Co-operative read from their latest books in tribute to their mentor, late UNC creative writing professor and Pittsboro resident Doris Betts. Fans of Doris are encouraged to bring their own Doris Betts memories, stories and quotations as we read from the fiction that she inspired, and celebrate her life and work.
How Wendy Redbird Dancing Survived the Dark Ages of Nought by Lyn Fairchild Hawks
At sixteen, Wendy Redbird Dancing is a scary-smart white girl with a hippie mom, a missing father, and a rarefied Michael Jackson obsession. It doesn't help that her mother just uprooted them yet again, this time from California to North Carolina. Now Wendy has to survive a new school and fight bullies who rule this Southern roost.
But one black girl reaches out––Tanay––and she and Wendy forge a friendship to help her fight back. Even her mother's new boyfriend, Shaye, looks to be a decent guy.
When Shaye starts flirting, Wendy is flattered, but confused. When things take a terrible turn, she must go underground, waiting for the day she can escape to London for Jackson's final tour. All seems lost when the King of Pop dies. But Wendy suddenly hears his ethereal voice, offering guidance and sending her west. Is St. Michael now the only one she can trust?
Skater in a Strange Land by D.W. Frauenfelder
Sherm Reinhardt is an ice hockey player, first and last. So when he gets the chance to play the game professionally, he doesn't care how far he has to skate to fulfill his dream.
Skater in a Strange Land takes Sherm to Borschland, a mythical country that's half in this world, and half out. It's a place lost in time where the locals drive horse-drawn carriages, fly in helium-filled airships, and are mad about their hockey. When Sherm arrives, he's happy just to make the team. Then his game takes off and his team seems poised to breeze to a championship. But almost as quickly, Sherm is hip-deep in off-ice trouble: talking bears mixed up in political intrigue, the attractions of Rachael, a talented Borschic poetess, and a rumor that Sherm's success has been fixed by higher-ups.
Is Sherm a pawn in a grander game? Finding the truth– even if it means losing Rachael– becomes Sherm's ultimate goal.
Lyn Fairchild Hawks is a multi-published author, teacher and editor who has garnered many grants and awards for her fiction, including a James Jones First Novel Fellowship prize and an Elizabeth George Foundation grant; she has recently collected her short fiction in The Flat and Weightless Tang-Filled Future. As Lyn is married to local musician and frequent Fearrington player Greg Hawks, their Chapel Hill home hums with the soundtrack of clawhammer banjo and chattering computer keys.
D.W. Frauenfelder prefers to spend as much time as possible in fantasy worlds, but when here he teaches Latin and Greek and is a freelance writer. He is the author of the online course Growing up Heroic: Adventures in Greek Mythology as well as essays, book reviews, feature articles, columns, opinion pieces, and blogs. He resides in Durham with his wife, children, and a pet pygmy hippopotamus about which his seventh-grade paparazzi constantly ask, "Is he real?"


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The Woman's Club of Harrison County met Friday, June 12, at Hospice of the Bluegrass for its monthly luncheon. Anna Ruth McLoney welcomed members and led everyone in the Pledge of Allegiance.
Peggy Whitson offered the blessing of the meal. Layne Tussey catered the luncheon. She served quiche with asparagus, chicken salad, frozen fruit salad, croissants and lemon pound cake with berries.
For spiritual values, Whitson read a poem by Jill Briscoe called Morning by Morning which highlights the importance of beginning each day with prayer.
Cynthiana High School Alumni Banquet will be held Saturday, June 27 at the Harrison County Extension Office. Social hour begins at 5:30 p.m., meal to follow.
The Class of 1950 will celebrate their 65th year reunion. Everyone is welcome.
The Ruddles Mills Consolidated School reunion will be held at the Ruddles Mills Christian Church, Ruddles Mills, Ky., on Saturday, June 27. Fellowship begins at 5 p.m. A potluck meal (bring a covered dish) will be served at 5:30 p.m.
* Cynthiana Democrat, June 30, 1938 -- "The Whaley Funeral Home will soon be among those places in Cynthiana to have air conditioning. Workmen started the installation of the equipment Tuesday and the machinery will be working very shortly. A factory expert from the Frigidaire Corporation, Dayton, Ohio, is on the job assisted by workmen from Adams & Moore, local distributors of Frigidaire products in Cynthiana."
There is nothing like a tropical plant for bold, bright blooms in your summer outdoor living space.
It is the perfect environment because most tropicals like the bright light and heat and humidity that summer brings.
We baby them through the winter months, waiting for the threat of frost to past so we can bring them outdoors for a breath of fresh, warm air.
The Harrison County Middle School Honor Roll for the fourth nine-weeks includes:
Sixth Grade - All A's
Kendall Box, Makayla Brewer, Emma Courtney, Emily Crowther, Alec Davisson, Liza Jane Gossett, Hailey Herrington, Madelyn Jones, Amber Kern, Adyson Lakes, Morgynne Lunsford, Caden Maners, Patrick Marshall, Laurel McDaniel, Sara McLoney, Kaylee Brooke Northcutt, Austin Pack, Molly Perkins, Aaron Pickett, Emma Ratliff, J.D. Soard, Jensen Sullivan, Raven Sullivan, Jaelyn Terhune, Bailey Thompson.
Sixth Grade - A/B
University of Pikeville Chancellor and Interim President Paul E. Patton has released the names of the top students for the spring 2015 semester. To qualify for the President's List, students must be full-time and receive a grade point average of 4.0.
Harrison County's Wesley G. Barnett is included on the spring President's List.
Jordan Kellione, son of Mark and Tiffany Kellione of Cynthiana, has completed a five-month boot camp and Advanced Individual Training (AIT) at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri.
Kellione left Kentucky on Jan. 26 and will graduate on Thursday, June 18. He is a military police in the National Guard.
He graduated from Harrison County High School in 2012 and attends Georgetown College where he plays football for the Tigers and is studying to be an athletic trainer.
The A's took their season record to 11-0 Friday night as they eased past the error-prone Cardinals, 8-3, in Cal Ripken action.
The A's scored two unearned runs in the bottom of the first on a Jacob Craycraft single, a walk to Logan Cummins and an error by the Cardinal third baseman to take a lead they would never surrender.
Cummins pitched the complete game for the A's allowing only one hit while walking eight Cardinals.
Copyright © 2015
The Cynthiana Democrat is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Cynthiana, KY and the surrounding area.


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M-Audio has announced Pro Tools M-Powered 7.4 software (Mac/Win), which includes new features such as the Elastic Time composition and production tool.
Elastic Time lets you change audio tempo and timing in real-time without cutting up your audio tracks. You can also audition or import loops and audio files, and sync them with session tempo; quantize audio to the session grid or extracted grooves; and adjust regions over individual beats.
The updated software also includes Digidesign''s Structure Free sample player, which has more than 885 MB of instrument samples. ReWire applications users will find that Pro Tools M-Powered 7.4 accepts MIDI directly from ReWire applications for recording controller data to a Pro Tools MIDI or Instrument track. It also supports Unicode characters, which lets you label and edit text within Pro Tools in any language supported by Unicode.
Pro Tools M-Powered 7.4 is available for Windows XP-, Vista- and Mac OS X (Tiger)-based Pro Tools M-Powered systems. A standard upgrade is $75, while an upgrade from Pro Tools M-Powered 7.3 is $49.
If you purchased an M-Powered system or upgrade on or after October 1, 2007, you are eligible for a free software upgrade. More upgrade information is available at the DigiStore.
These are my comments.
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eOne Nabs 'Teen Lust' Rights in English-Speaking Territories
The film stars Cary Elwes, Kristin Bauer van Straten, Jesse Carere, Daryl Sabara and Annie Clark.
eOne has acquired rights in English-speaking territories to the upcoming feature comedy Teen Lust, which is set to begin production in mid-August in Canada.
eOne will handle distribution of the film in the U.S., Canada, UK, Australia/New Zealand and South Africa. Jeff Sackman's TAJJ Media will handle international sales.
The story centers on an awkward high school student who must lose his virginity before being sacrificed by a local religious cult. The film will star Cary Elwes (Saw), Kristin Bauer van Straten (True Blood), Jesse Carere (Skins), Daryl Sabara (The Philosopher) and Annie Clark (Degrassi: The Next Generation).
Blaine Thurier (A Gun to the Head) is directing Teen Lust, which he co-wrote with Jason Stone (This Is The End). Kyle Mann (Capote) is producing the film via his Independent Edge banner. Sackman is executive producing alongside Farpoint Films' Kyle Bornais and Scott Leary.
"Blaine, Jason, Kyle and Jeff have created a fresh concept for a comedy that we believe will connect with multiple audiences," said eOne Films North America president David Reckziegel, who negotiated the deal on behalf of the company. "Acquiring all rights to a project in its early stages allows us to have guaranteed product to release through our pipeline and is a nice complement to our efforts of acquiring finished films as well."
Carere, Sabara and Elwes are repped by APA. Clark is handled by Norbert Abrams. Bauer and Elwes are managed by Kritzer Levine Wilkins Griffin Nilon Entertainment. Carere is managed by Artists Representation. Sabara is managed by Untitled.
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Massage On The Beach
Come find us on Camps Bay Beach or Clifton Beach. We are proudly situated on the most beautiful beach fronts in Cape Town.
- Contact person: Dr Mark Vella
- Phone: +27 (0) 82 940 7465
- Email: email@example.com
- Website: www.massageonthebeach.co.za
- Physical Address: Clifton and Camps Bay Beach
Cape Town
South Africa
Abseiling in Cape Town
For centuries, mankind has looked upon climbing, hiking and scaling Table Mountain, our wonder of nature as the ultimate challenges – until the discovery of the exhilarating activity, Abseiling, that is!
Diamonds and Jewellery
Diamonds and the associated jewellery are very much engrained in the history of South Africa, with many global diamond and metal mining giants originating here.
Adderley Street Flower Sellers
Freshly cut flowers – including fynbos species such as king and pincushion proteas, depending on the season – are available from the friendly flower sellers in Adderley Street, where this trade has operated for the past 100 years. These flowers are generally a lot cheaper than anywhere else.
Cape Town Comedy Club
Jou Ma Se Comedy Club changes name to Cape Town Comedy Club
Bugz Family Playpark
Bugz Family Playpark is one of the best family attractions in Cape Town. It is the largest playpark in Western Cape and has a huge outdoor playground and a magnificent indoor play area.
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Key things you need to know aboutDr. Au Hargraves:
Dr. Au Hargraves' Experience
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- Emergency Medicine
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Hospital Quality
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- Garfield Medical Center
- 525 North Garfield Avenue
- Monterey Park, CA 91754
- San Gabriel Valley Medical Center
- 438 West Las Tunas Drive
- San Gabriel, CA 91776
9 Facts About Hospital Quality
Patients' risk of dying during a hospital stay for heart bypass surgery could be 85.2% lower, on average, at a hospital rated 5 stars compared to a hospital rated 1 star for that procedure. Choosing the right hospital is critical to your health. View Slideshow
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Patients' feedback on their experience with Dr. Au Hargraves
Likelihood of recommending Dr. Au Hargraves to family and friends is 1 out of 5 5 1 1
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Patient satisfaction surveys provide a standardized way of reporting about healthcare experiences. But there can be more than meets the eye when reviewing scores. Here's what you should know
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Accepting new patients?
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- Emergency Physicians Group
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- 1701 Santa Anita Ave
- South El Monte, CA 91733
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geosynthetic materials Companies in Mongolia
TMP Geosynthetics.
based in CHINA
TMP is the worlding leading manufacturer & distributor of geosynthetics. especially professional on manufacturing the TMP Uniaxial Geogrid,TMP Biaxial Geogrid,TMP Quxial Geogrid,TMP Comosite Geogrid,TMP Mining Grid,TMP Geocell etc series products. TMP has established a national-standard labratory for in-house quality control. We built a strict raw material testing, ...
Earthmate Geosynthetics
based in Hong Kong, CHINA
We are leading manufacturer and specialized in PP BX Geogrid, HDPE UX Geogrid, Polyester UX/BX Geogrid, Fiberglass Geogrid, Geomembrane,Geocomposite, WOVEN GEOTEXTILE which comply with ASTM Standard and CE APPROVAL
ABG Geosynthetics
based in Meltham, UNITED KINGDOM
ABG Geosynthetics offers an extensive range of geocomposite drainage & gas venting layers, geotextiles, geomembranes, geogrids, retaining walls, erosion control products and asphalt reinforcement grids. ABG specialises in providing environmental protection systems involving landfill lining and containment, surface water drainage, gas dispersal, membrane protection, ...
ACE Geosynthetics
based in Houston, TEXAS (USA)
ACE Geosynthetics built the first automatic production line in Taiwan for Geogrid and Geotextile manufacturing. Its corporate growth and professional working team leads to the first manufacturer and exporter in Geogrid and Geotextiles in Taiwan. Quality control process during manufacturing of all our products is maintained through our ISO 9001 and CE certifications. Top ...
Mattex Geosynthetics
based in Dubai, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Mattex Geosynthetics started its production of geotextiles with high tenacity polypropylene woven and non-woven geotextiles. These woven geotextiles are used for separation and stabilization of pavements and unpaved roads, erosion control, reinforcement of earthen structures, and for separation and support in other civil engineering applications. This woven range is now ...
Layfield Geosynthetics & Industrial Fabrics
based in Richmond, BRITISH COLUMBIA (CANADA)
Layfield Geosynthetics and Industrial Fabrics is a leading manufacturer of geomembrane liners and floating cover systems. The company also produces a full range of floating turbidity curtains and baffle curtains. Layfield provides in-house design services as well as project management and installation support. Layfield is pleased to announce the recent acquisition of ...
TenCate Geosynthetics Netherlands B.V.
based in NIJVERDAL, NETHERLANDS
TenCate Geosynthetics commercial division serves the geosynthetics industry with three brands in Europe: TenCate Polyfelt, TenCate Bidim, TenCate Miragrid. We deliver turnkey system solutions for the road and railway constructions, retaining structures, hydraulic constructions, embankments, tunnel construction, pipeline construction, landfills and shoreline ...
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Gayatri polymers & geosynthetics is dedicated team of civil engineers, polymers engineers and geotechnical experts committed to provide world class services for civil engineering and environmental solution using spatiality geosynthtics products. Gayatri polymers & geosynthetics is dedicated team of civil engineers, polymers engineers and geotechnical experts committed to ...
BOSTD Geosynthetics Ltd.
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They are a modern enterprise based in China with state-of-the-art production facilities and test equipment. This ensures that the geosynthetic product ranges that they provide are of consistently high quality and meet the International Standards that their Clients demand.Their product ranges cover integral punched and stretched plastic geogrids, drainage nets and ...
Geosynthetic Technology Limited
based in Colchester, UNITED KINGDOM
Geosynthetic Technology Limited (GT) is a specialist contractor in the provision and installation of high-performance membranes for the containment of liquids, solids and gases. GT`s knowledge and experience has been built over many years and affords it an unrivalled reputation as a market leader. We have undertaken lining contracts in more than thirty countries on five ...


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HN-HOOK1502 Hooker Furniture
Hooker Furniture Indigo Creek Round Dining TableItem # HN-HOOK1502
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- Constructed from hardwood solids and veneers
- Black rub-through finish
- Comes with one 20 in. extension leaf
- Round table top with pedestal base
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With the kind of sturdy looks to anchor your dining space, the Indigo Creek Round Dining Table provides the perfect backdrop to your delicious dinners. The black rub-through finish base provides a stable feeling and the round solid wood and wood veneer top is the icing on the proverbial cake. Bring traditional design to a new level with this gorgeous and unique design.Not available for sale in, or delivery to, the state of California. About Hooker Furniture CorporationFor 83 years, Ho


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Walking With Dinosaurs: The Arena Spectacular Delivers Shock and Awe
* Additional fees apply. No coupon or promo codes necessary to enjoy the displayed discount price.
The last date listed for Walking With Dinosaurs: The Arena Spectacular was Sunday September 14, 2014 / 11:00am.
Currently at STAPLES Center
Los Angeles Sparks: WNBA Basketball at the STAPLES Center
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- $23.00 - $72.00
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Come out and see the WNBA's Los Angeles Sparks play their home games at the STAPLES Center. One of… More
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Featured review from Cybil SolynRed Velvet
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What a wonderful time! I probably should have sprung for the closer seats since the detail on the dinos was amazing. But even from up hight it was spectacular. Parking was $15 right across the street.
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Hello, I'm Tom McLoughlin and have been a Red Velvet member for years. And a regular member for many years years before that. This is the first time I've ever complained about the seats I was assigned. But this TOTALLY ruined the experience for...continued
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The kids as well as the adults enjoyed it a lot, great production.
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Loved it!
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- Check out the great Goldstar member reviews of this event's last visit to L.A.


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Meanwhile, in the hut, Odysseus
And the noble swineherd had kindled a fire
And were making breakfast in the early light.
They had already sent the herdsmen out
With the droves of swine.
|The dogs fawned
As he approached. Odysseus noticed
The dogs fawning and heard footsteps.
His words flew fast to Eumaeus:
|"Eumaeus, one of your men must be coming,
And are fawning around him. I can hear his footsteps."
His words weren't out when his own son
Stood in the doorway. Up jumped the swineherd
|In amazement, and from his hands fell the vessels
To greet his master, kissing his head
And his shining eyes and both his hands.
And as a loving father embraces his own son
|Come back from a distant land after ten long years,
So did the noble swineherd clasp Telemachus
And kiss him all over—he had escaped from death—
And sobbing he spoke to him these winged words: