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Current Career Job Listings
Lubbock Power and LIght
TMC - Teaching & Mentoring Communities
Nutrition CoordinatorROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES: With guidance and assistance from the CCFP Director, will be responsible for planning, developing and coordinating comprehensive nutrition services that meets the needs of i...
Lubbock TX
Communities in Schools/Brownfield ISD
InternshipWe are seeking a local community member to spend a few hours per week with our high school students in order to promote the improvement of attendance, behavior, promotion rates, and career readiness. ...
Brownfield, TX
Medlock Southwest Management Corp.
ACCOUNTANTMulti-Family Property Management Company searching for applicants with knowledge, experience and background in accounting and financial statement preparation. The applicant will also be required to b...
Lubbock, TX
Platinum Bank
Part-Time TellerWe are looking for a motivated, dependable, hard working individual with a friendly,out-going personality to join our family oriented team. Superior customer service is a must! Banking/teller experi...
Starnik Systems
Sales RepresentativeTelephone Sales Rep needed. We're looking for a representative with excellent communication skills, self-motivation, and strong sales skills. Qualified candidates must be able to interact professional...
Lubbock, Texas
KWES-TV News West 9
Production AssistantKWES-TV, in Midland/Odessa, TX, has an immediate opening for FT/PT Production Assistants. Responsibilities include assisting in all aspects of television production to include studio preparation, runn...
Midland, TX
KWES-TV News West 9
News Anchor/ReporterKWES-TV NewsWest 9, in Midland, TX, is looking for a News Anchor/Reporter. Responsibilities include anchor assigned newscast, develop news sources and contacts, develop, enterprise, and report news st...
Midland, TX
Ron Haley and Associates
Afternoon ReceptionistAfternoon Receptionist Monday thru Friday 1-5 pm Dress Code: Business Casual answer phones, filing, desk work, take messages
Lubbock, TX
Brookdale Grand Court Senior Retirement Living
Kitchen ManagerAssist in all aspect of food service with primary focus on Kitchen Duties. Purchasing, Scheduling, Hiring and Firing, Menu Planing.
4601 71st Lubbock, Txs right off of S.Loop 289 and Quaker southwest side of 71st
Brookdale grand Court Senior Retirement Living
Wait StaffWait on resident and pick up and carry out their order. Bus and re-set tables, Roll Silverware, Assist with Special Events and Functions, Side Prep.
4601 71st. Street Lubbock, Txs were off of Quaker and S.Loop 289 on the Southwest Side.
All-State Fence
Inside SalesAll-State Fence & Supply's corporate office is seeking an Office/Inside Sales individual to join their team. This person must be detail oriented and must possess excellent customer service skills. ...
Lubbock, Texas
Brookdale Grand Court Senior Living
DishwasherWash Dishes and Pots & Pans, Mop and Sweep, Special Detail cleaning, help put away grocery stock on some occassions.
4601 71st Lubbock, Txs Right off of Quaker and Loop 289 on the Southwest side of 71st.
Jersey Village Church of Christ
Youth MinisterYouth minister for middle and high school students. For full description see: https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=10153438024688086&id=39930303085
Houston, Texas
News ProducerKSWO-TV, in Lawton, OK, has an immediate opening for a News Producer. Responsibilities include selecting, writing, and showcasing all stories for newscasts; reviewing stories for accuracy and ethical...
Lawton, OK
Production TechnicianKSWO-TV is accepting applications for Production Technicians. Responsibilities include operating audio board for live newscasts, operating character generator, video tape recording and duplication, e...
Lawton, OK
Lubbock Private Defenders' Office
Forensic Mental Health Case ManagerCase Management for individuals with mental illness in the criminal justice system.
1504 Main St.
CRCC Asia LLC
China Internship Program 2015China Internship Program - Get Work Experience Abroad! CRCC Asia is seeking ambitious, talented and hardworking students and graduates for its 2015 China Internship Programs. Chinese language skills ...
Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen or Hong Kong
Home Instead Senior Care
CaregiverHelp support the independence and well-being of a senior by providing one-on-one companionship and conversation, escort to appointments and outings, meal preparation, light housekeeping, medication r...
High Plains Children's Home and Family Services Inc.
HouseparentsHigh Plains Children's Home in Amarillo, Texas is looking for Houseparents for a Children's Cottage. We would like a commitment of 2 years. We are looking for a faithful Church of Christ married cou...
Amarillo, Texas
Muleshoe ISD
Elementary TeacherElementary Teacher
United States
Muleshoe ISD
Jr. High Social Studies TeacherJr. High Social Studies Teacher
United States
Muleshoe ISD
Speech Therapist/PathologistPlan and provide speech-language pathology services to students with speech, voice, or language disorders. Assess students and provide therapeutic intervention to eliminate or reduce problems or impa...
United States
Dalby Correctional Facility
Correctional OfficerCorrectional Officers are tasked with care, custody and safety of the inmate population. The officers also provide a safe environment for the rest of the facility staff.
Post, Texas
Tennessee Children's Home
Residential Counselors, Teachers, Administrators• Residential Counselor. (Pinson & Knoxville) Couples needed for live-in positions as residential counselors, providing frontline treatment and care for up to eight adolescent males, ages 13-18. G...
Pinson & Knoxville Tennessee
Solutions AnalystWhat will you be doing? The Solutions Analyst has a daily responsibility for analyzing and finding great solutions for simple and complex customer requirements. To be successful in this position, y...
Lubbock, TX
Aflac- Laquita Carthel Regional Office
Aflac Benefits ConsultantAflac Benefits Consultant Needed Aflac Benefits Consultant EVER THOUGHT… EVER WONDERED… *Where will I be five years from now if I remain in my current position? *Will I attain the financial se...
United States
Texas Boys Ranch
Direct Childcare WorkerWe are hiring shift staff for our emergency shelter, shifts are available Monday through Sunday. We are also hiring weekend staff for our group home program, shifts begin Friday at 2pm and continue th...
4810 North County Road 2800 Lubbock, TX 79403
Suddenlink Communications
DOCSIS Engineer IIUnder general supervision the DOCSIS Engineer will support the overall direction, implementation, and ensure the Suddenlink Communications DOCSIS networks will adhere to the level of service and featu...
Platinum Bank
TellerTellers receive commercial and individual checking/saving deposits. They also verify cash, checks and payments.
Lubbock, TX
Tyler Technologies
Associate Software Support Analyst, FinancialsLooking for a meaningful way to apply your education in Accounting/Finance? Tyler Technologies is a leading provider of solutions and services that empower the public sector — cities, counties, sch...
Lubbock, Texas
All-State Fence
Assistant ManagerAll-State Fence & Supply is seeking an Assistant Manager for our Amarillo/Canyon location. The Assistant Manager will take part in the day-to-day operations to ensure customer satisfaction. You must c...
Lubbock, Texas
Sylvan Learning Center of Lubbock/Abilene/Fort Worth
Director/Business Manager of Sylvan Learning Center Ft. WorthJOB SNAPSHOT Location: Fort Worth, Texas Employment Type Full-Time Job Type Management, Sales, Education Education Bachelor Degree Minimum Experience Entry Level Manages Others Yes Industry Business ...
Fort Worth, Texas
Sylvan Learning Center of Lubbock/Abilene/Fort Worth
Director/Business Manager of Sylvan Learning Center AbileneJOB SNAPSHOT Location: Abilene, Texas Employment Type Full-Time Job Type Management, Sales, Education Education Bachelor Degree Minimum Experience Entry Level Manages Others Yes Industry Business Man...
Abilene, TX
Sylvan Learning Center of Lubbock/Abilene/Fort Worth
Director/Business Manager of Sylvan Learning Center LubbockJOB SNAPSHOT Location: One of either Abilene, Lubbock, or Fort Worth, Texas Employment Type Full-Time Job Type Management, Sales, Education Education Bachelor Degree Minimum Experience Entry Level Ma...
Lubbock, Texas
Director's Choice LLP
Full-Time Travel ConsultantBASIC FUNCTION: Prospect, interview, sell, register, manage details, supervise, continuously update and follow up with assigned clients regarding current/future tours through phone calls, emails, a...
Lubbock Texas
Director's Choice, LLP
Systems AdministratorBasic Function • Manages the day-to-day software and hardware systems at Director's Choice. Responsibilities / Tasks • Coordinate with the Director of Technology to solve help desk requests. •...
GVH Distribution
Part Time Accounting Generalist (Internship)Welcome: In the United States today, there is a grocery or convenience store in every neighborhood, and GVH Distribution is a key element in what keeps these stores stocked for their customers. GVH D...
Lubbock, TX
GVH Distribution
Accounting GeneralistWelcome: In the United States today, there is a grocery or convenience store in every neighborhood, and GVH Distribution is a key element in what keeps these stores stocked for their customers. GVH D...
Lubbock, TX
GVH Distribution
Accounts Receivable RepresentativeWelcome: In the United States today, there is a grocery or convenience store in every neighborhood and GVH Distribution is a key element in what keeps these stores stocked for their customers. GVH ...
Lubbock, TX
All-State Fence
Sales ManagerSeeking: Sales Manager The Sales Manager is responsible for establishing and maintaining profitable relationships with customers on behalf of the company and for actively prospecting for new customers...
Lubbock, Texas
Perdue Brandon Fielder Collins and Mott LLP
Call Center Contact SpecialistThis is a part time position with a schedule to meet your needs. If you're a student who needs to work around your classes, or a parent who needs to drop off and pick up your kids from school, we can ...
Lubbock, Tx
News DirectorKAUZ-TV in Wichita Falls, Texas has an opening for a News Director.
Wichita Falls, TX
Building Maintenance EngineerKWES-TV, in Midland/Odessa, TX, has an immediate opening for a Building Maintenance Engineer. Responsibilities include keeping the building clean and presentable, maintaining the facility, running er...
Midland/Odessa, TX
NTS Communications
Business Account ExecutiveNTS Communications is building an elite sales team responsible for selling High-Speed Data, Voice and Video solutions to business ranging from small to large. We're looking for dynamic, result-oriente...
Lubbock, TX
TMC- Teaching & Mentoring Communities
TeachersROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES: Abides by TMC's Standards of Conduct, federal, state, and local regulations and TMC's Policies and Procedures. Adheres to TMC's Confidentiality Policy and Managemen...
Lubbock, Plainview, Floydada, Hereford, Muleshoe, TX, Clovis NM
TMC- Teaching & Mentoring Communities
Bus Driver/CustodianROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES: Responsible for the operation, maintenance and upkeep of assigned vehicles and facilities and for the health and safety of all passengers transported in the bus. Also per...
Floydada, TX -Hereford, TX- CLovis NM
Labatt Food Service
Entry Level Sales- LubbockLabatt Food Service is currently looking for an Entry Level Sales Mentee for their Lubbock office. As a Sales Mentee, the employee will go through an 18-month sales training program which allows the s...
Silverton ISD
Social Studies Teacher/Boys Football-Basketball Coach HSThe school plays 6 man football.
Silverton, TX
Territory Sales ManagerOPPORTUNITY: We are experts at taking young outgoing engineers and industrial/chemical sales professionals with a few years of experience to the highest level of sales professionals. Our compensation...
Carpet Tech
Marketing RepresentativeReporting to the Marketing Director, the Marketing Representative is responsible for establishing and maintaining profitable relationships with customers on behalf of the company and for actively pros...
Lubbock, TX
Carpet Tech
Inside Sales RepresentativeReporting to the Insides Sales Director, the Inside Sales Representative is responsible for selling and scheduling corporate services along with providing reception and secretarial services for the co...
United States
News DirectorKWES-TV, in Midland/Odessa, TX, has an immediate opening for a News Director to manage the day to day operations of the newsroom. Responsibilities include recruit good talent, organize resources, deve...
Midland/Odessa, TX
Creative Services DIrectorKWES-TV, in Midland/Odessa, TX is looking for a Creative Services Director to oversee and manage all marketing, commercial production, and promotion efforts for KWES-TV, KTLE-LP, and KTXC-FM. Responsi...
Midland, TX
Morning News ProducerResponsibilities include, but are not limited to the following: •Lead, write and organize stories for selected newscasts •Supervise overall look of newscast •Select video & assign graphics for n...
Wichita Falls, TX
Bragg & Davison, CPA's
Staff AccountantSeeking a full-time staff accountant with a BBA in Accounting. Experience a plus. Applicants must have excellent verbal and written communication skills as well as Microsoft Application and QuickBoo...
Dalhart, Texas
Vanderveer Street Church of Christ
Youth/Family MinisterThe Vanderveer Street Church of Christ, a congregation of about 250, is seeking a Youth/Family Life minister. We are looking for a man who has the creativity and vision to inspire and equip our teen...
Burnet, Texas
Shamburger Agency
Administrative Assistant and Producer SupportThis employee will: Answer inbound calls to the Agency • Needs to know how to operate phone system •Handle all processing and data for Individual Policies written by the Agency • Includes makin...
12215 Quaker Ave, Lubbock, TX
Children's Connections, Inc.
InternAn intern at our organization would have the opportunity to learn about resources across the state as we frequently have to locate housing, household items, drug rehabs, etc. for the women we work wit...
Lubbock, Texas
University of Central Missouri: Department of Biology and Agriculture
Assistant Professor of AgronomyThe University of Central Missouri Department of Biology and Agriculture is seeking an individual for a tenure-track position of Assistant Professor of Agronomy. Teaching responsibilities include, bu...
News ReporterKSWO-TV, a local television station located in Lawton, Oklahoma, has an immediate opening for a News Reporter to perform general assignment reporting. Responsibilities: develop news sources and con...
Lawton, OK
KWES-TV News West 9
MeteorologistKWES-TV in Midland/Odessa is seeking a Meteorologist to prepare and deliver weather forecasts for broadcast. The successful candidate will be responsible for implementing the station's weather philoso...
Midland, TX
KWES-TV News West 9
Assistant Chief EngineerKWES-TV News West 9 has an immediate opening for and Assistant Chief Engineer. Responsibilities include overseeing digital and analog tv/radio transmitter operations, oversee satellite downlinks, rece...
Midland, TX
Sylvester Turner for Mayor Campaign
Sylvester Turner for Mayor Campaign Field Intern or FellowCome and intern with the Sylvester Turner for Mayor campaign! The campaign is looking for bright, energetic individuals who want to learn the nuts and bolts of how a campaign works, and help elect the...
United States
Hillcrest Golf and Country Club
ServersBase pay and tips typically average $12-$15/hour with the potential for more! Many different shifts available. No experience needed .
Chromatin Inc. Sorghum Breeding Program
Chromatin Agriculture Research Technicians (Summer 2015)-Involves planting, maintenance, cross-pollinating, self-pollinating of sorghum plants in breeding nurseries -Preparation of seed samples -Note taking for plant traits -Harvesting and threshing of ba...
Lubbock, TX
FedEx: Lubbock Station
Package HandlersFedEx Ground is now hiring part-time package handlers for multiple shifts at the Lubbock Station. Early (4-5 hour) shifts starting at 4:30 am and evening (4-5 hour) shifts starting at 5:30 pm. Pay inc...
Lubbock, TX
Elocus Technical Services, Inc
Hadoop DeveloperJob Opening Students with F1 Visa also accepted Direct Hire Qualification: Graduates/Post Graduates Job Title: Hadoop Developer Company Details: We, ELOCUS Technical Services, INC. based in New Je...
Morristown, NJ
Wells Fargo Phone Bank
Phone Banker 1Start your future now Whether you're just beginning your career or taking it to the next level, Wells Fargo has the right job for you. A Phone Banker spends nearly 100% of his/her time on the p...
Wells Fargo Phone Banke
Phone Banker 1 Bilingual Spanish RequiredStart your future now Whether you're just beginning your career or taking it to the next level, Wells Fargo has the right job for you. A Bilingual Phone Banker spends nearly 100% of his/her tim...
Wells Fargo Phone Bank
Inbound Sales Spec (SAFE) 1 - Bilingual Spanish RequiredTraining hours are 8:00am – 5:00pm Monday-Friday for 6 weeks (Must be available to attend entire paid training class). Current schedules being offered after training are to be determined. ...
Wells Fargo Phone Bank
Inbound Sales Spec (SAFE) 1Training hours are 8:00am – 5:00pm Monday-Friday for 6 weeks (Must be available to attend entire paid training class). Current schedules being offered after training are to be determined. ...
Alliance Insurance Agency
insurance customer service repThis position would include, servicing insurance policies, completing new quotes, cross sales, processing payments, etc.
3307 82nd St Lubbock TX 79423
News ProducerKFDA-TV, in Amarillo, TX, has an immediate opening for a News Producer to write, stack and produce stories in assigned newscast. Responsibilities include writing and editing stories, editing videos...
Amarillo, TX
National Christian School Association
TeachersWant to love your job every day? Consider teaching at a Christian school! A career in Christian education combines vocation with mission. If you're ready to: • love your work, • love your stu...
KXXV-TV: Killeen, TX
Account ExecutiveKXXV-TV, in Waco, TX, has an immediate opening for an Account Executive. This employee will be working from our Killeen Bureau. Responsibilities include, but are not limited to the following: Main...
Killeen, TX
Matador Furniture Rental
Delivery/WarehouseAt Matador Furniture Rental, we strive on making sure our customers are taken care of. The duties for Delivery/Warehouse include delivering furniture when instructed to do so, as well as picking furni...
Lubbock, TX
On Air Talent/Board OperatorKEYU-FM is accepting resumes for On Air Talent/Board Operator to play music as specified by Program Director. Duties and responsibilities include but are not limited to operating technical equipment ...
Amarillo, Texas
Sports Reporter/Weekend Sports AnchorKSWO-TV is located in the heart of Big 12 Football in Lawton, Oklahoma. It seeks a Weekend Sports Anchor/Reporter to anchor sportscasts and cover local sporting events. Responsibilities include writi...
Lawton, Oklahoma
News ReporterKFDA-TV, in Amarillo, TX, has an immediate job opening for a News Reporter. Responsibilities include develop news sources and contacts; enterprise, report, and write news stories for the assigned new...
Amarillo, Texas
Bilingual Customer Support SpecialistKnow your way around the technical landscape? Ready to help customers get the most out of the technology they love and deliver best-in-class service? Our award winning Bilingual (Spanish/English) Cus...
Lubbock, TX
Montgomery Church of Christ
Summer Intern (female)We are looking for a female summer intern to assist with summer camps, a mission trip and more. A more detailed job description can be found by emailing email@example.com Beginning a...
Lakeview Methodist Conference Center
Lead Challenge Course FacilitatorLakeview Methodist Conference Center is seeking high-energy staff members to facilitate The David Barber Challenge Course during the summer program. The Lead Challenge Course Facilitator must have a ...
Palestine, TX
Lakeview Methodist Conference Center
Program StaffLakeview Methodist Conference Center is seeking high-energy staff members to facilitate its summer program activities that include aquatics, challenge course, archery, and all aspects of camp life. P...
Palestine, TX
Lakeview Methodist Conference Center
Senior Program StaffLakeview Methodist Conference Center is seeking high-energy staff members to facilitate its summer program activities that include aquatics, challenge course, archery, and all aspects of camp life. S...
Palestine, TX


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PRLog - March 19, 2013 - CHANNEL ISLANDS, Calif. -- Super-company Google knows how to motivate employees while helping them to be more productive, says Dr. Gary S. Goodman, President of The Negotiation School, and Instructor at U.C. Berkeley and UCLA Extension.
gary- goodman- cnbc
"They offer free meals, gyms, flex-time, and advanced negotiation training," Goodman emphasizes, citing a recent article in The New York Times.
Why negotiation training?
Goodman says, "It is a skill that can be used 24/7. Plus it makes paychecks go a lot farther!"
Google isn't the only forward thinking company that supports negotiation training. Goodman's clients and attendees include Netflix, Adobe Systems, Live Aid, and a number of new media and technology organizations.
"Companies that offer negotiation training help themselves by bolstering employee loyalty and cutting turnover," Goodman says. "This is on top of the 10-to-1 return on investment they realize from negotiating more effectively,"
"Attendees report major improvements in resolving and avoiding interpersonal conflicts. They negotiate better for big-ticket items such as housing, cars, and education," Goodman explains.
Goodman can be contacted directly about bringing The Negotiation School's top-rated Best Practices In Negotiation and Innovations In Negotiation programs to interested firms.
Call: (818) 970-GARY (4279) or email: email@example.com. Also inquire about regularly scheduled seminars at U.C. Berkeley Extension and UCLA Extension.

subset: commoncrawl


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by MahoneyRed - November 19, 2013, 09:43:31 AM
Friday Night, Game Night! This Friday we are returning to the war zones of Auraxis with Planetside 2 (Free to Play). I know when most of us first started playing PS2 it was a huge pain with frame rates and render distances.
Recently the devs released a patch titled, "OMFG 1", which stands for Operation Make Faster Game. It's a major optimization patch that has lots of players talking about how some major hang ups have been fixed. It is, of course, still not perfect, but it has come a long way. Also, if you haven't played in a while, you are in for a treat with new vehicles, weapons, and base layouts.
So, this Friday; Teamspeak at 9-ish. I'll see you at the Vanu Warpgate, Waterson server.
Read More...
Views: 432 Replies: 1
by MahoneyRed - November 15, 2013, 11:05:02 AM
Crucial, a company known for being in the RAM business, has announced the release of DDR4 RAM. They even went so far as to make a nice little infographic describing the benefits of the whole thing. I don't want to think of how many hipsters they hired for that one, but it may not have actually been too many since the graphic doesn't seem to be tainted with "retro distortion and texture" effects.
The claims being made so far are lower power consumption, more speed, and twice the density. So for less power draw you can get twice the power on a single stick of DDR4, compared to DDR3. But of course, the architecture is entirely different so this means a complete upgrade of your system just to change to a new RAM standard.
New motherboard, possibly processor too depending on the socket, and a new mobo could possibly mean the need for a new power supply. If you haven't gotten a mobo that has USB 3.0, your upgrade here could mean you want a new case that has USB 3.0 capability with it. Either way, if you were looking to do a rig upgrade it appears that patience could be a virtue in this case.
Although Crucial has announced a late 2013 release date, there hasn't been any announcements from mobo manufacturers about conforming to this new standard. So you won't see any parts for it until 2014, and then give it about 6 months or so for bugs and drivers to be worked out; we're looking at a late 2014 time frame to go in on the new memory. And that is really an "at best" scenario. Unless, of course, you are knee deep into that early adopter thing.
This may also force an upgrade on people in the next couple years. As more manufacturers adopt the new standard the price of DDR3 will rise, as evidenced by what happened to the old DDR2 standard. Start your banking now, and know that despite all of this you will still have major game crashes at key times.
Read More...
Views: 681 Replies: 3
by MahoneyRed - November 12, 2013, 09:55:55 AM
I don't care if Zombies are getting old for some people. I don't care if you are tired of the debate on slow zombie versus fast zombie, or the eternal paradox of how zombies could even spread an infection (Think about it; a blow to the brain kills zombies, but zombies eat brains. My mind is full of idk,wtf?!). So for game night we're back to Zombie Killing, but in a new way.
NO MORE ROOM IN HELL! Free right now on Steam. Check out this link to the developer site: http://www.nomoreroominhell.com/
And then hop on over here to get your download started for free via Steam: http://store.steampowered.com/app/224260/
I have no idea how to play this. But I want to. So saddle up ladies! And come get yer guns!
Read More...
Views: 430 Replies: 0
Minecraft: offline
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Log Home Decor
Buying furniture for your log home should be fun and exciting, not a task you consider one step above a visit to the dentist. But for too many homeowners, that's exactly what happens as they face the prospect of buying sofas, chairs, tables and accent pieces. Not to fear! This section is here to provide you tips and advice on what to look for during the decor and furniture buying process.
Windows For Your Budget
Choosing windows is one of the most important decisions you'll make as a homeowner. Windows affect not only the look and feel of your home, but also its energy efficiency. Some log producers include a […]
Entry Points
Create a lasting first impression with distinctive doors designed to complement your logs and greet guests in style. Add coordinating hinges and handles or knobs to complete the look.
1. Mahogany door with hand-carved panels by […]
Classic Design
Learn how to create a classic design for your log home based on the unique regional architecture of your land location.
Make A Fireplace Pay Off
Even though fireplaces don't often serve their original purpose, towering stone chimneys and massive hearths are staples of log-home design. But they can also burn up a lot of cash. Consider their placement and how […]
Energy Efficiency 101
Watch this video to learn the basics of how to create a home with energy efficient designs that will save you money and decrease your footprint.
Video: Making a Small Home Feel Large
If you're thinking of building your own cabin or cottage, you'll need to be smart about your home's final design.
A Sense of Inner Space
Good design provides physical and emotional satisfaction.
Favorite Spaces: Comfy Cabins
Log cabins are as much about mood as they are structure or size.
Old is Gold
Buying a used log home doesn't mean furnishing it from scratch.
Upward Mobility
Stairs in a log home are reason enough to have an upper level. Besides being easier to climb than ladders, staircases add an up-and-down look that plays against horizontal wall logs. And in homes whose loft […]


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Here's the design we ended up going with for our Holiday Card. Repeated on the card are different slogans pertaining to Rio Tinto Stadium, Real Salt Lake, and the team-owned radio station, ESPN700.
More Ben Barnes
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1955 Chevrolet Bel Air Two Door Hardtop MotoeXotica is pleased to offer our latest addition, a classic 1955 Chevrolet Bel Air Two Door Hardtop. General... More
Stunning 1955 Chevrolet 3200 pickup For Sale. New Mexico truck with NO RUST! Original rebuilt straight 6 engine! Rare big back window! Freshly redone... More
Tremendous old school 1955 1/2 Chevy "Big Window" Stepside pickup... More
We sell a whole lot of Tri-Five Chevys like this pretty 1955 Chevrolet Bel Air hardtop. Why? Because their classic looks never go out... More
If you've been following our email blasts you know all about the killer '''55 Bel Air'':http://www.rkmotorscharlotte.com/sales/inventory/sold#!/1955-Chevrolet-Bel-Air/133001 we just sold for $125K. And you've probably... More
Additional information coming soon!... More
Tri-Five fans, don't despair, there are still some very nice, drivable Chevys out there looking for new homes. Case in point? This gorgeous 1955... More
Up for sale in our Tampa Showroom is this stunning example of the combination between Classic American Street Rod and Resto-mod known only as... More
For sale in our St. Louis showroom is a stunning 1955 Chevrolet 210 resto-mod. The 1 year old body off restoration has an estimated... More
1955 CHEVROLET 210 TWO DOOR SEDAN VIN B55K098669 BRIGHT RED RED & WHITE TWO TONE INTERIOR 454 CID CHEVROLET BIG BLOCK V-8 700R4 AUTOMATIC... More
Just in! Call or visit our website for more information!... More
Chevrolet 3100 Pick-up 1955 with patina Running 1955 Chevrolet Pick-up with the original 6cyl engine. Good base for making ready for general car inspection with... More
For sale in our Orlando showroom is a 1955 Chevrolet Belair that is truly a show piece ready for its new owner. This stunning... More
1955 Chevrolet 210 Bel Air Tribute for sale in our Indianapolis Showroom. This 55 Chevy is powered by a GM LS V8 engine backed... More
Two Tone paint, Upgraded power, Blend of Stock, Old School, and Restomod, 2 sets of Wheels and Tires.. Gorgeous Two Tone, first year of the... More
NEW tubular A-frames,disc brakes,poly bushings,trans mount,605 PS sector,all new wiring,ready for your engine and the complete muncie 4 speed KIT that comes in the... More
This 1955 BelAir 2 door Hardtop had a rotisserie restoration in 2003 and is as nice as when she drove off the line. Restored to... More
1955 Chevrolet Bel AirRam Jet 350 Fuel Injected motor. 700R4 Automatic transmission. Ford 9" rear end. Painted Sunset Red Pearl and White. Custom leather... More
The Bel Air was a full-size automobile that was produced from 1950-1981 by the Chevrolet division of General Motors and molded well to each... More
Complete Frame off RestorationOnly 300 Miles Since RestorationPower Top/Steering/Brakes/Dual ExhaustFender Skirts/Spare Tire/Jack and ToolsOwned by a longtime customer, the 55 Chevy has been part... More
1955 Chevrolet 210 2-Door Sedan - 350 V8, 4-speed manual, AM radio, clock, front bumper guards, park brake warning light, door handle guards, gravel... More
This 1955 Chevrolet Cameo Pickup has a 350 C.I. V8 Crate Engine w/ 4BBL Carburetor, Turbo Hydramatic Transmission, Ford 9'' Rear w/ 3.00:1... More
This 1955 Chevrolet Bel Air Convertible has a 265 C.I. V8 (Date Code Correct), Cast Iron Power Glide Transmission, P55 Rear End w/ 3.55:1... More
For sale at Gateway Classic Cars is a 1955 Chevrolet Bel Air 2 door hardtop. This is 55 is painted in a classic... More
For sale at Gateway Classic Cars in our St. Louis showroom is a 1955 Chevrolet Bel Air Nomad. This Nomad was built to... More
ONE OF THE FINEST RESTORED 55 CHEVYS IN THE COUNTRY! MY FAMILY HAS BEEN IN THIS BUSINESS SINCE 1960. WE ALL AGREE THIS IS... More
1955 Chevrolet Corvette C1 Top Zustand1953 till 1955 were the first years of the Corvette C1. In those years not many Corvettes... More
1955 Chevrolet Handyman Wagon1955 Chevrolet Handyman 2-Door Wagon in mint condition350 motor Holley Carburetor700R4 Transmission with B&M ShifterIdidit Chrome Steering ColumnColorado Custom 18-inch Wheels... More
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IX'th INFORUM World Conference Gerzensee, Schwitzerland September 9-16, 2001 A Dynamic GLO Factor Demand Model For DANDY Peter Rørmose Jensen Statistics Denmark ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Peter Rørmose Jensen, Statistics Denmark. E-mail: email@example.com, telephone (+45)39173862 - 2- 1. Introduction The background for building the Danish DANDY model is that analysis of the economic effects of environmental policies in the direction of a more sustainable economy requires a large scale macroeconometric model preferably based on input output. Some of the environmental goals that an economy such as the Danish have or should have can only be achieved after quite substantial structural changes. We need a substitution away from the most polluting processes towards more environmentally friendly use of the resources. To achieve this it will be necessary to invoke considerable changes in certain consumption and production processes. Some of such changes could be introduced in the model by heavy taxation or the creation of markets for pollution permits. For the model to handle such economic incentives to e.g. substitute away from the use of energy and energy intensive productions and products towards labour, which is less polluting but probably, more costly, it must be able to describe the substitution and the change in substitution effects over time. For private consumption there is a system such as PADS that will ensure that if the relative price of some of the consumption goods increases there will be a substitution away from these goods towards less expensive ones. This is done in a consistent manner that will secure that the total budget is not exceeded. Something similar is needed for the production side of the model. The best way to do it here is probably a full system of factor demands. Therefore the following paper is devoted to a description of the first parts of such a factor demand system. 2. Theoretical starting point In order to describe the theoretical background for working with production, it is common to say that companies maximise their profits. Here we will start by assuming that companies minimise their costs, which is a necessary first, but not necessarily sufficient, step on the road to profit maximisation. We will look at the factor demands as contingent on the production Y. Thus we will focus on how firms will seek to minimise their costs of production factors given a certain level of production. We start out with the following production function Y = F ( K , L, E , M ) (1) Thus capital, labour, energy and materials are used to produce Y The total costs of this production is C = PK K + PL L + PE E + PM M (2) Now we want to find the levels of the input factors K,L,E,M that minimizes the costs of production. This will in general give us the following equations K * = K (Y , PK , PL , PE , PM ) : (3) M = M (Y , PK , PL , PE , PM ) * 2 - 3- Now if we take (2) and define the minimum costs as the costs the industry has, given that the factors of production has adapted to their optimal (cost minimizing) levels we get C * = PK K * + PL L* + PE E * + PM M * = C * (Y , PK , PL , PE , PM ) (4) Now we see that the minimum costs only depend on the production level and the factor prices. This is so, because K *, L*, E*, M* disappears when (3) is substituted into (4). For a number of functional forms (1) and (4) is called dual, since they contain exactly the same information and describe the production technology (the isoquants) to the same extent. The reason that we are interested in the optimal cost function is that by using Shepards lemma that says, that the cost-minimising input vector is just given by the derivatives of the of the cost function with respect to the prices, we can get the factor demand equations dC * (Y , PK , PL , PE , PM ) K * = K * (Y , PK , PL , PE , PM ) = dPK : (5) * dC (Y , PK , PL , PE , PM ) M * = M * (Y , PK , PL , PE , PM ) = dPM Thus the cost function should be differentiated with respect to the price of the factor in question. So we see that by using Shepards lemma on the costfunctions we can get the same functions as can be derived from the production function (3). This is due to the duality. The good thing about starting with the cost function is that it is often a lot eaiser to derive the factor demand equation from, compared to the production function, where you would often have so solve some nasty first order conditions. Choice of functional form In order to estimate the equations (5) we must first choose a functional form that can contain these equations. There are a lot of such functional forms available on the market, some of which are CES, Translog and Generalized Leontief. There are also a lot of aspects embedded in the discussion of which functional form to choose. For instance to my knowledge only the CES function is globally consistent, meaning that the isoquants will not cross the axes and one will not get negative demand for any factor no matter how much the relative prices changes. Investigations by (Thomsen, 1999) show that both Translog and GLO can be shown to behave badly for some combinations of the elasticity of substitution and change in relative prices. Translog behaves badly for low values of substitution (0.5 and below) and both GLO and translog for values of the elasticity of substitution of about 2 and above. I have tried to work some with the Translog system based on papers by among others Urga (1999), but never really succeded. Probably because a Translog system – especially if some dynamics is attached to it – requires a LOT of parameters to be estimated. It probably would be the best to use quarterly data for such an exercise. So based on that experience and the relatively bad curvature behavior of the 3 - 4- isoquants of the Translog system around the substitution elasticities of 0.5 or lower (Thomsen, 1999), I ended up choosing the GLO system. The GLO system The cost function of a GLO system with 4 factors has 16 terms [ C * = Y β KK PK .5 PK0 .5 + β KL PK0 .5 PL0 .5 + β LK PL0 .5 PK0. 5 + ..... + β MM PM .5 PM .5 0 0 0 ] (6) All the 12 off-diagonal parameters (β LK and β KL etc.) are pairwise equal – or they have the same regressors so they should not be identified as different. In an unrestricted estimation they will show up quite different, but there is nothing that can justify such behavior, as they have the same regressors). So that brings us down to 10 parameters to be estimated. According to Shepards Lemma the factor demand equation can be obtained by differentiating this cost function with respect to the factor prices to get [ K * = Y β KK + ( β KL PL0 .5 + β KE PE .5 + β KM PM. 5 ) PK−0 .5 0 0 ] : (7) [ M = Y β MM + ( β KM P * 0 .5 K + β LM P L 0 .5 + β EM P ) P E 0. 5 − 0. 5 M ] The parameter on the diagonal βii can be thought of as the "minimum io-coefficient" which the consumption cannot go under. So they should not be negative. If one or more of the β ij's gets to be negative, we have a problem, because a large change in the relative prices could drive the consumption negative. Therefore if all β's are positive we are sure to have a globally consistent system. This system has some easy-to-calculate price elasticities. They come as the result of differentiating each of the factor demand equations with respect to the 4 prices and then multiplying by the price over the level of the factor in question. That is a collection of 16 elasticities of which some examples are K* eKK = 0.5 β KK − 0.5 (8) Y −1 0 .5 K* PL eKL = 0.5 β KL P (9) Y K The eij 's tell us about possible complementarity (eij <0) between the factors. It is very often seen that capital and energy are complements, meaning that if the capital input must be increased then energy must also be increased in order to keep the machines running, at least in the short run. The system will be consistent, however, even with some negative eij 's as long as the relative prices do not change too much. Now it would be nice to see what we can get out of this framework. But first we need some data to estimate on. 4 - 5- 3. The Data For the final estimations of a set of Danish factor demand equations we need 10 different time series, namely the four factors in fixed 1995 prices and their corresponding prices. Also we need the total production value in 1995 prices and the corresponding price of production. Such data can be found more or less entirely in the Danish national accounts, which is already a part of the VAM database for the DANDY model. The model has 52 sectors and it has been the intention to try to model the factor demands in all of these sectors. For the purpose of this paper, however, it has been chosen to use an aggregation of the 13 manufacturing sectors for the estimations1. These 13 sectors account for about 25% of the total output. An overview of the estimation database is given I table 1. Table 1. Overview of data for the XX aggregate of the 13 manufacturing sectors. Name Description Unit of measurement QY Total output in fixed prices, obtained as an aggregate of the 13 manufacturing Mill. DKK sectors in the output vector in the VAM file PY Price of Y, obtained as the implicit price index from dividing the current price Index. 1995=1. output in the XX aggregate by the aggregate in fixed prices. Both found in the vam file. QK The capital is the gross capital stock, since in contrast to the net capital stock it Mill. DKK represents the actual productive capacity of the stock. Multiplied by the 1995 value of usercost (before indexing it) gives the current years use of capital in fixed prices. PK This is by far the most complicated of the data needs. See section x.x for an in Index 1995=1. depth description of how to derive it. Usercost series lies between 0 and about 0.12, so it has been indexed to match the other prices. QL The labour variable consists of the total amount of hours used by the XX sector to Mill. DKK produce its output. All the years are multiplied by the 1995 hourly wage to give the fixed price value of labour costs in every year. PL The hourly wages are indexed by the 1995 value, so PL is equal to one in 1995 Index 1995 = 1 QE Extracting the energy producing and energy converting sectors from the columns Mill. DKK of the IO table obtain the energy variable. PE The implicit price index obtained by dividing the current and fixed price values for Index 1995=1. QE. QM Materials, which is the amount of input into production. Obtained by summing the Mill. DKK columns of the IO tables, subtracting the energy QE, and then aggregating into the XX sector. PM The implicit price index obtained by dividing the current and fixed price values for Index 1995 = 1 QM. The derivation of the price on the use of capital PK or the user cost is described in appendix 1. It is derived as the opportunity cost of holding a unit of capital for one year. It is a rather complex variable that embodies the price on new investment, the depreciation rate, the interest rate, the tax rate and other variables. But lets take a little look at how these variables have developed in the past 30 years or so. We see the amounts of the factors and the prices, both in levels and compared to the production QY. 1 Actually, none of the 13 sectors performed better alone than do the aggregate. 5 - 6- Figure 1. The four Production factors The four Production Factors in Levels The four Factor Intensities Index 1995 = 1 Index 1995 = 1 1.68 3.15 1.02 1.91 0.35 0.66 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 k l e m y k_y l_y e_y m_y Thus, the data are scaled so that units of measurement in all four factors sum to something less than QY in the base year 1995 both in fixed and current prices. A little margin between Y and the sum of the factors is left for the capital costs of buildings and for profits. This is also true for current prices outside the base year, but NOT for fixed prices. This is due to the fact that all factor prices evolve differently over time reflecting e.g. growth in real wages. It is very clear that there have been a tremendous decrease in the labour input into this sector. Labour input measured in hours has decreased by 40% over the period, while at the same time output has increased by 88%. That is of course also reflected in the intensity of the labour, which has dropped by a factor 3. The capital intensity have been smoothly increasing during this 30 year period. The energy intensity is the most time varying component with a slight decreasing tendency. It can be seen that the energy intensity dropped under the oil crises in 1973/74 and also 1979/80. Since 1980 this intensity has been quite stable. The intensity of materials is very stable over time. Figure 2. The Factor prices in levels and deflated with PY The four Factor Prices in Levels The four Factor Prices, deflated Index 1995 = 1 Index 1995 = 1 2.17 2.98 1.12 1.65 0.07 0.32 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 ucindxxx wagindxxx penrgxx pinputxx pk_py pl_py pe_py pm_py 6 - 7- In figure 2 we can see that the real usercost PK/PY has maintained approximately the same level over time with some volatility due to, among other things, the development of the interest rate and the expected inflation in the investment price. The right hand side of the diagram also shows that real wages has increased significantly by more than a factor 3. When we look at the factor prices it is no wonder that the use of energy is the most volatile of the four factors. Around the oil crises we saw huge increases in the prices of energy. The real price on materials is very stable. So with these data we will go for a first round of estimates of the system. 4. Estimates, first round The program TSP is used for the estimation of this system. At this stage G7 could have been used, but at later stages I found that it was easier to use TSP. The program code can be seen in appendix 2, but it is not very pleasant reading. By using the LSQ order in TSP the set of equations (7) above are estimated. Notice that both sides of the equations are divided by Y to model the factor intensities. The LSQ order is the "general non-linear least squares multiequation estimator". It uses the maximum likelihood. But since these equations are perfectly linear, similar results could have been obtained by "Seemingly Unrelated Regression" (SUR) or 2 stage least squares. Since it can be rather difficult in some situations to make the estimation converge, it helps quite a lot to set the parameters to some reasonable values rather than just zeros. In this case one would have a good idea about the size of the parameters (bii's) since they express the share of the factor in question relative to Y. But if in other cases one does not have any ideas the parameters one might have a better idea about the size of of the resulting elasticities. Such knowledge is imposed on the procedure by equations like the following set bkk=qk(1996:1)/qy(1996:1)*(1+2* (-0.2) ); where the right hand side is just a reformulation of of the own price elasticity formula (8). In this case the number –0.2 is expected to be a reasonable guess of the own price elasticity of capital. Here are the first results. Table 2a. Results from static estimation of GLO model Standard Parameter Estimate Error t-statistic P-value BKL .055833 .362697E-02 15.3938 [.000] BKM -.047580 .349667E-02 -13.6072 [.000] BKK .048505 .540027E-02 8.98196 [.000] BKE .429648E-02 .120811E-02 3.55637 [.000] BLM .326830 .601780E-02 54.3106 [.000] BLL -.069276 .011555 -5.99546 [.000] BLE -.010596 .225837E-02 -4.69195 [.000] BEE .027723 .204280E-02 13.5708 [.000] BEM .012012 .267548E-02 4.48968 [.000] BMM .353630 .866207E-02 40.8251 [.000] 7 - 8- Table 2b. Static estimation of GLO model Equation Variable Mean R-squared DW Eqiok Iok 0.0514 0.95 0.33 Eqiol Iol 0.3859 0.99 0.06 Eqioe Ioe 0.0341 0.76 0.33 Eqiom Iom 0.5930 0.63 0.11 Table 2c. Static estimation of GLO model. Long run elasticities. PK PL PE PM K -0.11 0.46 0.04 -0.39 L 0.09 -0.62 -0.02 0.55 E 0.06 -0.15 -0.08 0.17 M -0.04 0.25 0.01 -0.23 We can see that the means in table 2b does not sum to one. Only in the base year 1995 will the four variables iok-m sum to one. This is due to the different development in prices between the series as mentioned earlier. It should be obvious that there are some problems in this estimation. Three of the ten parameters have a negative sign, meaning that the model is not consistent. That is to say, that we are in for negative demands for one or more of the factors when certain conditions are present. The elasticities that sum to one across the row, are generally not as one would expect them to be. The eKK is quite small and some off-diagonal elements other than the expected eKE and eEK are negative. Furthermore, when we look at the graphs, we see that this is clearly not desirable Figure 3. Static estimates of capital and labour share of input in production Static estimate of Capital share. Observed and estimated Static estimate of Labour share. Observed and estimated 0.06 0.68 0.05 0.46 0.04 0.25 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 IOK IOK_EST IOL IOL_EST The figures tell the story again; this is not good. The capital estimation seems fairly good compared to the labour which completely misses the point. The estimate is not able to explain the steep fall in the labour share of input into production. The graphs of energy and materials are a similar sight 8 - 9- Figure 3. Static estimates of capital and labour share of input in production Static estimate of Energy share. Observed and estimated Static estimate of Materials share. Observed and estimated 0.05 0.65 0.04 0.58 0.03 0.51 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 IOE IOE_EST IOM IOM_EST For energy the model has severe difficulties dealing with the fast substitution away from energy around 1980, and in the fourth graph it can be seen, that the model wants to have a considerable increase in the share of materials in relation to total input because it the price of it relative to labour is constantly decreasing. So what can we do to improve on these estimates? 5. Time trends It is very obvious that the equations above is screaming for some time trends to explain e.g. the development in labour productivity. So we must introduce that in the equations. One could start by putting in time in (1) to get Y = G ( K , L, E , M , t ) (11) There are various ways to get t into the equations, but here we will stick to a rather simple solution. We simply replace the βii 's by the expression β ii + zi*t + zzi*t2 where t off course is a time variable. This means that we can no longer interpret the βii 's directly as the shares. Also the price elasticities need to be changed now. If we slip zi*t + zzi*t2 into the factor demand equations (7) and differentiate them again, multiply by the price over the level of the factor, and then rearrange the terms, we find that the cross price elasticities (9) are left unaltered, but the own price elasticities (8) now have turned into i* eii = 0.5( β ii + zi * t + zz i * t 2 ) − 0.5 , i = K , L, E, M (12) Y 6. Separability Another thing that is often discussed in relation to factor demand systems is whether the estimation should be nested such that the division between a fraction of the factors is determined before the complete system is estimated. As an example one could imagine that the the factors were nested ((KLE)M). That means that at first the division between K, L and E is decided upon. Then the division between this KLE aggregate and M is determined. With such a structure one would say that the 9 - 10- function is weakly separable in M. In practice this means that the price PM not affects the relative distribution between K, L and E, but it could very well affect the levels of them. Apart from the symmetry restrictions we could consider to lower the number of parameters to be estimated even further since it is often difficult to estimate this system even with 10 parameters. Therefore we could impose some separability restrictions on the parameters, meaning that if M is weakly separable, changes in the price on materials will affect the other factors with equal strength (equal to the elasticity), so an increase in the price of materials will not affect the COMPOSITION of the other factors. Such a separability assumption that will save some parameters, can be imposed by making sure that the cross price elasticities in (9) eKM = eLM = eEM (10) are equal when the prices PK to PM .have the 1996 value. Since the elasticities depend on the relative factor prices, this restriction cannot be maintained for all values of the explanatory variables over time. So the restriction can only be imposed for one year. By using (10) one can figure out functions for β KM and β LM where they are functions of other prices and betas in order to make them equal to β EM.If β EM is put equal to zero β KM and β LM will also be zero. In that case we say that M is strongly separable. In the same way one can figure out the conditions to make other nesting schemes like for instance ((KL)E)M)) or (((KE)L)M). As we shall see later some degree of separability can help a lot on the easiness of estimation. 7. Estimates, second round In the next set of estimates, our two new enhancements of the model, namely the time trends and the weak separability of the materials ( a ((KLE)M) nesting) will be implementet. Furthermore two minor things are changed. One is that we now only have the i* as the dependent variable and Y is multiplied on the right hand side. That opens for the possibility to take logarithms of the dependent variable and on the entire right hand side at the same time. Now the results look like this Table 3. Static estimation of GLO model with time trends and M weakly separable ((KLE)M) Standard Parameter Estimate Error t-statistic P-value BKL .010540 .010180 1.03542 [.300] BLE .840646E-02 .515945E-02 1.62933 [.103] BKE .114567E-02 .147060E-02 .779046 [.436] BEM -.484169E-03 .382894E-02 -.126450 [.899] BKK .049074 .680491E-02 7.21152 [.000] BEE .022117 .336049E-02 6.58149 [.000] ZK .658407E-03 .222879E-03 2.95410 [.003] ZZK .767653E-06 .846997E-05 .090632 [.928] BLL .243346 .022650 10.7436 [.000] ZL -.106034E-02 .132672E-02 -.799224 [.424] ZZL .493845E-03 .600501E-04 8.22388 [.000] ZE .822433E-04 .220272E-03 .373372 [.709] ZZE .290715E-04 .778995E-05 3.73193 [.000] BMM .625263 .041083 15.2197 [.000] ZM .365100E-02 .637512E-03 5.72696 [.000] ZZM .806507E-04 .230937E-04 3.49233 [.000] 10 - 11- In the results from the second round of estimates we see that there are only 8 bii 's left to be estimated, but now we have in addition four sets of two time trend variables that must also be estimated. Now only one of the b's is negative, so that is an improvement. Table 2b. Static estimation of GLO model with time trends and M weakly separable ((KLE)M) Equation Variable Mean R-squared DW leqk lak 9.758 0.99 0.70 leql lal 11.737 0.91 0.30 leqe lae 9.342 0.75 1.53 leqm lam 12.210 0.99 1.39 Table 2c. Static estimation of GLO model with time trends and M weakly separable ((KLE)M). Long run elasticities. PK PL PE PM K -0.09 0.09 0.01 -0.01 L 0.02 -0.03 0.02 -0.01 E 0.02 0.13 -0.14 -0.01 M 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.00 We can see that the misspecifikation of the model as indicated by the very low DW statistics in the first simulation has improved for all four factors, but especially much for energy and materials. Notice now that that the separability constraint has made the three elasticities eKM , eLM and eEM equal. In general the elasticities are quite low here, but at least the have the right signs. The graphical display of the results also show considerable improvements Figure 3. Static estimates of the demand for capital and labour in production. With time trends and M weakly separable ((KLE)M). Demand for Capital Demand for Labour 10.18 12.07 9.70 11.80 9.23 11.54 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 Estimated Observed Estimated Observed Now we see that we have got some more reasonable fits. The graphs are not systematically wrong as was the case in the previous estimate. Apparently the capital estimate fits quite well, but that should not fool one. When the results are used for calculating investment on the basis of the changes in stock that can be derived from these estimates we may still see some substantial misses on the observed investment. 11 - 12- Figure 4. Static estimates of the demand for energy and materials in production. With time trends and M weakly separable ((KLE)M). Demand for Energy Demand for Materials 9.57 12.50 9.32 12.21 9.06 11.92 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 Estimated Observed Estimated Observed In the case of energy we are doing pretty much better now. The estimation did not catch all of the steep decline in energy demand in 1979 / 1980 but we are doing better than before. Materials are pretty close to the observed values. Now we must remember that the are static estimates and by that we assume that the demand for the factors will adapt to their long run level in the very same year. There is so much evidence that says that this is not true, especially for the capital stock. If e..g an increase in the general demand increases production Y by 5% the demand for input will increase by 5% since we do assume here that there are constant returns to scale. So the demand for capital will increase by 5% in the first year, but investment takes time. So the most likely case is that it will take a number of years before the capital stock has adapted to this demand shock. Even labour might need some time to adapt do to labour hoarding effects. In the next section we will specify the model in a dynamic way so as to allow for an adaptation over time. 8. Dynamic specification There are various more or less sophisticated ways to introduce dynamics into theses equations. In figure 5 below there is an illustration of different ways in general to think of the adaptation process. If we use only the static estimation as above we will go from A to C in one single step. The so-called "second generation model" will adapt over time along the path between A and C. But it can be seen that we are on the wrong isoquants for a period of some years. The "third generation model" on the contrary, will go directly to the correct isoquant, but with a wrong combination of factors. Because capital is slow to adapt, other factors like materials or maybe labour must compensate for this in the short run. So they will overreact. That is why we talk about quasi-fixed contrary to flexible factors. Thomsen(2000) present a short cut to reach a third-generation model quite easily. He is using the long run function to derive the short run cost function. This is not possible, however, to do analytically with the Translog and the CES forms. But with the long run GLO it is possible. The trick is first to solve the quasi fixed factor equations for their own prices. Now this price is called a virtual shadow price, and when it is substituted into the equations for the flexible factors, they will react according to those prices and make the sufficient compensation for the slowness in the capital adaptation. This system, however, can be difficult to estimate and to get to converge, so in this paper we will look at the second generation model. 12 - 13- Figure 4a. Difference between second and third generation models This kind of dynamic behaviour can be introduced by through a standard error-correction model, here for the capital equation [ D log( K ) = λ1 D log( K * ) + λ2 log( K −1 ) − log( K −1 ) * ] (11) K the observed capital stock K* the estimated long run value of the capital stock D first differences log logarithms λ1, λ2 parameters The parameter λ1 gives us the first year effect, while λ2 tell us about the speed of adjustment towards the new equilibrium. They most both lie in the interval from zero to one. Thus if λ1 is equal to one, the entire adaptation towards the long run level will take place in the first year. If λ1 = λ2 we have a pure partial model and so (11) can be seen as a generalized partial adaptation model. For the modelling purpose it is convenient not to have to work with these first differences, so we can reparametrisize (11) to get an equation in levels (see e.q. Johnston and Dinardo, 1997) log( K ) = λ1 log( K * ) + (λ2 − λ1 ) log( K −1 ) + (1 − λ2 ) log( K −1 ) * (13) 13 - 14- which will give us the exactly the same results as by using 11, just in a more convenient way. As we shall see shortly, such a formulation works particularly fine with energy and materials and to some extent also Labour. But for Capital we do not get all the autocorrelation out. It is well know that capital is normally not an I(1) variable meaning that it is stationary, when first differences are taken, but an I(2) variable. That means that we have to take the second differences to get rid of the trend as well as it can be seen in this figure Figure 5 Demand for capital, first and second differences 887 304 -280 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 First_Differences Second_Differences To take care of that in the model specification we have a number of possibilities. We could put K and K* lagged two times in or we could put in the dependent variable lagged once. That means the dependent variable in (11). This can be done in an equation such as (13) but with other parameter restrictions and introducing K-2. This construction really help on the estimation in terms of fit and test statistics. But it turns out that such a construction gives an overshooting in in the estimated kapital demand meaning that if K* is raised permanently by 1% then the model will start to adapt K gradually to this new level, but in a number of years in the period between year 1 and the the where K is fully adapted, K will lie above one. What turns out to work best, is a rho-construction, which also could be called an AR(1) term. In principle one introduces the lagged residuals into the model with a parameter rhoK in front. This can also be included in the model (13). In that case we need to introduce also K-2 and K-2* in the equation and apply the right parameterization to the equation log( K ) = λ1 log( K * ) + ( λ2 − λ1 − ρλ1 ) log( K −1 ) − ρ ( λ2 − λ1 ) log( K * 2 ) + * − (14) (1 − λ2 + ρ ) log( K −1 ) − ρ (1 − λ2 ) log( K− 2 ) This in implemented in TSP in the following way frml dynk log(K) = l1k * log(Kstar) +(l2k-l1k-(rhok*l1k)) * log(Kstar(-1)) -rhok*(l2k-l1k)) * log(Kstar(-2)) +(1-l2k+rhok) * log(K(-1)) -rhok*(1-l2k)) * log(K(-2)); 14 - 15- The variable and parameter names here are made up to be close to (14), but the ones that are necessary for the model can be seen in Appendix 2. 9. Estimates, final round The model can be solved in two ways now. We have already estimated the equations determining the long run variables or the "desired" level of the variables. Now we could take those estimates and put them into the dynamic equations (13) and (14) to get the short run or estimated value of the capital stock. This would be called the Engle and Granger two step method to solving error correction models (Engle and Granger, 1987). However, one could also estimate the system of long run equations simultaneously with the short run estimates to get the overall performance of this system as good as possible. Such a procedure produces estimates as are shown in table 3 Table 3. Dynamic estimation of GLO model with time trends and M weakly separable ((KLE)M) Standard Parameter Estimate Error t-statistic P-value BKL .046586 .035033 1.32975 [.184] BLE .013625 .748643E-02 1.82001 [.069] BKE -.034873 .765302E-02 -4.55673 [.000] BEM .033338 .555029E-02 6.00655 [.000] BKK -.365442E-02 .034327 -.106459 [.915] BEE .020747 .411828E-02 5.03783 [.000] ZK .315081E-03 .116415E-02 .270654 [.787] ZZK .128385E-04 .493305E-04 .260254 [.795] G0K .070313 .015363 4.57694 [.000] RHOK .113297 .202777 .558727 [.576] G1K .029433 .016363 1.79870 [.072] BLL -.042779 .047888 -.893311 [.372] ZL .108516E-02 .189929E-02 .571352 [.568] ZZL .275333E-03 .891144E-04 3.08966 [.002] G0L .274671 .084288 3.25872 [.001] G1L .584858 .077477 7.54879 [.000] ZE .538706E-03 .328110E-03 1.64185 [.101] ZZE .367714E-04 .122612E-04 2.99901 [.003] G0E .736305 .132355 5.56309 [.000] G1E .484779 .133961 3.61879 [.000] BMM .269322 .058469 4.60626 [.000] ZM .755155E-03 .843709E-03 .895042 [.371] ZZM .143449E-03 .305853E-04 4.69013 [.000] G0M .724659 .155522 4.65954 [.000] G1M 1.02665 .067015 15.3198 [.000] Table 3b. Dynamic estimation of GLO model with time trends and M weakly separable ((KLE)M) Equation Variable Mean R-squared DW prek qqk 9.758 0.99 1.88 prel qql 11.737 0.98 1.34 pree qqe 9.342 0.77 1.65 prem qqm 12.210 0.99 1.69 15 - 16- Table 3c. Dynamic estimation of GLO model with time trends and M weakly separable ((KLE)M). Long run elasticities. PK PL PE PM K -0.52 0.28 -0.22 0.46 L 0.09 -0.58 0.03 0.46 E -0.47 0.19 -0.18 0.46 M 0.06 0.19 0.03 -0.28 This is seemingly very good. We have some fairly reasonable elasticities and both DW and R-squared are very good. However, there is one problem, which will show up, when we take a look at the corresponding graphs. Figure 5. Static estimates of the demand for capital and labour in production. With time trends and M weakly separable ((KLE)M). Capital, observed, wished and fitted Labour, observed, wished and fitted 37982 175185 24013 137369 10044 99553 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 K_fit K_obs K_wish L_fit L_obs L_wish Figure 6. Static estimates of the demand for energy and materials in production. With time trends and M weakly separable ((KLE)M). Energy, observed, wished and fitted Materials, observed, wished and fitted 14400 268238 11518 208903 8636 149569 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 E_fit E_obs E_wish M_fit M_obs M_wish We can see from the graphs, that the fits are quite nice now. However, the long run level of capital demand is 100%-150% above the actual level. The fit is good, but the reason is that the parameter g1k, 16 - 17- is only 0.029. This parameter gives the first year adaptation of the capital stock to the desired long run level. So only a 3% closing in on the gap in the first year is probably not something that one would want in the model. Contrary to the second round of estimates, the parameter bkk is now negative and very insignificant. The standard deviation on the g1k parameter is too high to allow one to tie it to something reasonable. So something is wrong and something has to be done about it. 17 - 18- Appendix A This paper is about the user-cost expression in the model. It needs to be rewritten somewhat to make it more readable. It needs some lists of variables in connection with the equations specified. Although well hidden, it does actually contain a desription uf the method used. At the end of the paper I have attached the little G add-file that calculates the expression. A user-cost expression for Dandy3m Peter Rørmose, Maryland April 2001 _______________________________________________________________________________ For modelling the demand for capital in a factor demand system, we need a price on capital that reflects the service comming from one unit of capital in one year. This is most often measured as the opportunity cost of holdning this unit of capital for one year. In its most simple form the user cost can be expressed as qt ct = (1) Φ0 where qt is the investment price, and Φ 0 is the present value of all the future services from one new unit of capital. Thus usercost is dependent of the survival curve for the underlying investments. The survival curve can be assumed to have one out of a vide variety of different forms. It depends on among other things on the estimated expected lifetime for the investment good in question. Figure 1. Scrapping and survival curves b(s) og B(s), Winfrey L2, expected lifetime 10 years 0,12 1,2 0,1 1 0,08 0,8 b(s), venstre 0,06 0,6 B(s), højre 0,04 0,4 0,02 0,2 0 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 This figure shows the expected scrapping curve (< left scale) for an investment good with an expected lifetime of 10 years. This curve is used to create the survival curve (♦right scale). This is based on 18 - 19- empirical research done by Winfrey some 60 years ago, but the general shape of the curves probably still applies today. Thinking about e.g. a car, it makes a lot of sense to see that in the first years of the life of the car only a couple of percent will be scrapped, this number increasing to approximately when the expected lifetime is reached, and declining with a very long tail to the right, meaning that some cars will be as much as 30 years old. If we wanted a geometric survival function, one example of a scrapping curve could be a constant at e.g. 10 pct. to give us a smoothly decling survival curve (1, 0.9, 0.81, 0.72 etc.) which, however, in an empirical light is a bit hard to believe in. This is important, because it can be shown that only under a geometrically decling survival curve (1) will resemble the general neocalssical usercost expression ct = qt (δ + ρ ) (2) where ρ is a discount rate. It is a fact that the capital stock data, at least from Statistics Denmark, have not been made with a geometrically declining survival curve, so instead it can be shown, that if we define the economic depreciation rate δt as Dnt / Knt-1 we can get the following general formula for usercost qt (δ t + ρ ) Knt ct = (3) 1+ ρ Kt Thus now the relationship between the net and the gross capital stock is multiplied on the general neoclassical expression. The ratio of the net capital stock over the gross capital stock is an indicator of the average age of the capital stock. The newer the stock is in general, the closer the net value is to the gross value. So the older the stock is the lower the usercost will be. The advantage of this expression is that we do not have to know anything about the survival curve of the investments made (in principle they are reflected in the value of Knt and we do not have to make the assumption that it declines geometrically. In the following the division by (1+ρ) is skipped2, so now it is only a question of discounting the service from the capital in period t. The discount rate ρ consists of two terms: an after tax nominal interest rate and a measure of inflation. As a measure of inflation it is suggested to use the growth rate of the investment price qt , so now we have ∆q Kn ct = qt r + δ − t t (4) qt −1 K t So now we have the costs of using one unit of capital equipment is – apart from the price – the forgone rent and the physical depreciation, but on the positive list we now have a possible increase in the price of the investment good. This probably should be the price on the capital good obtainable on the market for used capital goods, but for most goods it is rather difficult to get these prices. If we had the geometric curve it would not matter if we used the price of used or new capital. They would be equal. 2 In accordance with working papers from Statistics Denmark 19 - 20- It can be argued that the relevant measure of inflation is more likely to be an expected rate of inflation, because if the price of capital is expected to rise in the future, so will the capital gains and the usercost will go down. If the price increases, it is expected that there will also be price increases in the future. Such an expectation will last for a number of years. To model this we introduce a geometric lag in the investment price ∆qt π te = απ te−1 + (1 − α )π t , πt = (5) qt −1 According to this equation, the expected rate of inflation is a weighed average of last year's expectation and the realised inflation in the current year. Thus it is an adaptiv formation of expectations. The speed of adjustment depends on α. The bigger α is, the longer the adjustment to a new equilibrium will take. The problem about the implementation of this is the lagged expected rate of inflation on the right hand side. So we need to generate some data for this variable. Using a moving average form we can write the model as π te = (1 − α )π t* + α tπ 0 , e (6) π t* = π t + απ t −1 + ... + α t −1π 1 So if we had data for π e and π we could estimate the parameters α and π e0 . But we do not know π e . What can be done is to determine α a priori, and then to look for the value of π e0 that gives the most consistency between the realised and the expected inflation. Letting π e0 be a parameter in the following regerssion can do it π t = (1 − α )π t* + α t π 0e + ε t (7) The predicted value of π from this regression can now be used as a measure for π e . But we also need to adjust the user cost expression for payment of taxes and for tax credits on in payments. We need the user cost to be a pre-tax expression, which is the most relevant in an cost minimization problem where other prices are pre-tax variables too. When the factor demand system is estimated the relative prices will work as after tax variables anyway. With what we have now and taxes included we get the following formula qt (1 − sz ) ∆qt ct = (1 − s) ((1 − s )i + δ − βπ te ) Knt Kt , π te = απ te−1 + (1 − α )π t , πt = qt −1 (8) Here we have some new variables. First of all we see that the alternative rent r has turned into the interest rate term (1-s)i . This is due to the fact that the other factor prices comes as pre-tax, the minimum cost function is homogenous of degree 1 in all factor prices and thus the factor demand functions are homogenous of degree 0 in those prices. The variable z is the present value of future depreciation of one capital unit. Finally the β is a weight given to the expected inflation term. Experiments can be made with that to see what gives the best fits. 20 - 21- G7 add-file to calculate user cost of capital (The contents behind the variable names are explained in text above) f alpha = 0.25 f t = (time-1995) f pistar = (0.25/(1-alpha))*rpim+(0.25/(1-alpha)) *rpim[1]+(0.20/(1-alpha)) *rpim[2]+(0.15/(1-alpha)) *rpim[3]+(0.10/(1-alpha)) *rpim[4]+(0.05/(1-alpha)) *rpim[5] f apowt = @exp(t*@log(alpha)) con 100 0.75 = a1 lim 1967 1997 r rpim = !pistar, apowt f pie = predic f beta = 0.75 f uc = (1/(1-tsdsu))*pim*(1-(tsdsu*bivm))* (((1-tsdsu)*interest)+deprat-(beta*pie))*(fkn/fkg) 21 - 22- Appendix B. TSP program. options crt; in klem; ? Reads in databank .tlb freq a; ? Frequency of data smpl 1967,1996; ? Sample period ?*********************************************************************** set separ= 0; ? 0=KLEM 1=KLE,M 2=KE,L,M 3=KL,E,M (Weak separability) set separ1= 0; ? if M is strongly separable set separ2= 0; ? if E is strongly separable set separ3= 0; ? if L is strongly separable set tidk =0; ? time in qk equation set tidtidk =0; ? time squared in qk equation set tidl =0; ? time in ql equation set tidtidl =0; ? time squared in ql equation set tide =0; ? time in qe equation set tidtide =0; ? time squared in qe equation set tidm =0; ? time in qm equation set tidtidm =0; ? time squared in qm equation ?************************************************************************ genr QY = QY / 1000; genr QE = QE / 1000; genr QM = QM / 1000; genr tid = year - 1995; ? Generate time variable set tid_96=tid(1996:1); dot k l e m; ? Create parameters. Initial value = 0 param bk. bl. be. bm.; set p._96=p.(1996:1); ? Create variables for later use in calculation enddot; ? of elasticities ? Give starting values for own-price elasticities set bkk=qk(1996:1)/qy(1996:1)*(1+2* (-0.2) ); set bll=ql(1996:1)/qy(1996:1)*(1+2* (-0.4) ); set bee=qe(1996:1)/qy(1996:1)*(1+2* (-0.1) ); set bmm=qm(1996:1)/qy(1996:1)*(1+2* (-0.2) ); dot k l e m; ? Divide the variable io. = q. / qy; ? lq. = log(q.); enddot; dot k l e m; if(tid.=1); then; param z. 0; else; const z. 0; if(tidtid.=1); then; param zz. 0; else; const zz. 0; enddot; dot k l e m; param g0. g1.; enddot; param rhok rhol; ?const g1k 0.25; frml eqiok iok=bkk+zk*tid+zzk*tid**2+ (bkl*pl**0.5+bke*pe**0.5+bkm*pm**0.5)*pk**(-0.5); frml eqiol iol=bll+zl*tid+zzl*tid**2+ (bkl*pk**0.5+ble*pe**0.5+blm*pm**0.5)*pl**(-0.5); frml eqioe ioe=bee+ze*tid+zze*tid**2+ (bke*pk**0.5+ble*pl**0.5+bem*pm**0.5)*pe**(-0.5); frml eqiom iom=bmm+zm*tid+zzm*tid**2+ (bkm*pk**0.5+blm*pl**0.5+bem*pe**0.5)*pm**(-0.5); 22 - 23- frml eqk ak = qy*(bkk+zk*tid+zzk*tid**2+ (bkl*pl**0.5+bke*pe**0.5+bkm*pm**0.5)*pk**(-0.5)); frml eql al = qy*(bll+zl*tid+zzl*tid**2+ (bkl*pk**0.5+ble*pe**0.5+blm*pm**0.5)*pl**(-0.5)); frml eqe ae = qy*(bee+ze*tid+zze*tid**2+ (bke*pk**0.5+ble*pl**0.5+bem*pm**0.5)*pe**(-0.5)); frml eqm am = qy*(bmm+zm*tid+zzm*tid**2+ (bkm*pk**0.5+blm*pl**0.5+bem*pe**0.5)*pm**(-0.5)); frml prek qqk = (1-g0k+rhok)*lqk(-1)+ (-rhok*(1-g0k))*lqk(-2)+ g1k*lak+ (g0k-g1k-(rhok*g1k))*lak(-1)+ (-rhok*(g0k-g1k))*lak(-2); ?frml prel qql = (1-g0l+rhol)*lql(-1)+ ? (-rhol*(1-g0l))*lql(-2)+ ? g1l*lal+ ? (g0l-g1l-(rhol*g1l))*lal(-1)+ ? (-rhol*(g0l-g1l))*lal(-2); frml prel qql = (1-g0l)*lql(-1)+g1l*lal+(g0l-g1l)*lal(-1); frml pree qqe = (1-g0e)*lqe(-1)+g1e*lae+(g0e-g1e)*lae(-1); frml prem qqm = (1-g0m)*lqm(-1)+g1m*lam+(g0m-g1m)*lam(-1); ? SEPARABILITY IS APPLIED TO TE RELEVANT PARAMETERS separab sepkmem seplmem sepklel; dot k l e m; eqsub eqio. sepkmem seplmem sepklel; eqsub eq. sepkmem seplmem sepklel; eqsub pre. sepkmem seplmem sepklel; enddot; ? If M is to be seperated out if(separ1=1);then;do; if(separ=1);then;const bem 0; if(separ=2);then;const bem 0; if(separ=3);then;const blm 0; enddo; ? Estimation with ble=0 <=> (K,E) eller (K,L) given M separated out if(separ2=1);then;const ble 0; if(separ3=1);then;const ble 0; dot k l e m; frml leq. la. = log(a.); eqsub leq. eq.; enddot; dot k l e m; eqsub(noprint)pre. leq.; enddot; dot k l e m; la. = lq.; qq. = lq.; enddot; smpl 1969,1996; lsq(noprint maxit=5000 tol=0.000001 hiter=g wname=own step=golden maxsqz=50 sqztol=0.01)eqiok eqiol eqioe eqiom; siml(static,tag=io,endog=(iok,iol,ioe,iom))eqiok eqiol eqioe eqiom; write iok iol ioe iom; lsq(noprint maxit=5000 tol=0.000001 hiter=g wname=own step=golden maxsqz=50 sqztol=0.01)leqk leql leqe leqm; lsq(noprint maxit=10000 tol=0.0001 hiter=g wname=own step=golden maxsqz=50 sqztol=0.01)prek prel pree prem; siml(dynam,tag=_lr,endog=(lak lal lae lam))leqk leql leqe leqm; kstar=exp(lak_lr); lstar=exp(lal_lr); estar=exp(lae_lr); mstar=exp(lam_lr); 23 - 24- set sepkmem; set seplmem; set sepklel; ela e96 ekk ell eee emm ekl eke ekm elk ele elm eek eel eem emk eml eme; dot k l e m; dot k l e m; write(file='glo.doc'format=labels)e..; enddot; enddot; write(file='glo.doc',format='(35h Elasticities in 1996 )'); write(file='glo.doc',format='(4f7.2)')e96; siml(dynam,tag=p,endog=(lak lal lae lam qqk qql qqe qqm)) leqk leql leqe leqm prek prel pree prem; write lqk,lql,lqe,lqm; ?*********************************************************************************** ? PROCEDURES ?*********************************************************************************** proc separab sepkmem seplmem sepklel; ? Three possible nests if(separ=0);then;do; ? (1) (K,L,E,M) frml sepkmem bkm=bkm; frml seplmem blm=blm; frml sepklel bkl=bkl; enddo; if(separ=1);then;do; ? (1) ((K,L,E),M) frml sepkmem bkm=1/pkm * pem*bem * (bkk*pkk+bkl*pkl+bke*pke) /(bek*pek+bel*pel+bee*pee); frml seplmem blm=1/plm * pem*bem * (blk*plk+bll*pll+ble*ple) /(bek*pek+bel*pel+bee*pee); frml sepklel bkl=bkl; enddo; if(separ=2);then;do; ? (2) (((K,E),L),M) frml sepkmem bkm=1/pkm * bem*pem * (bkk*pkk+bke*pke) /(bke*pek+bee*pee); frml sepklel bkl=1/pkl * ble*pel * (bkk*pkk+bke*pke) /(bke*pek+bee*pee); frml seplmem blm=1/plm * bem*pem * (bkl*plk+bll*pll+ble*ple) /(bke*pek+ble*pel+bee*pee); eqsub seplmem sepklel; enddo; if(separ=3);then;do; ? (3) (((K,L),E),M) frml sepkmem bkm=1/pkm * blm*plm * (bkk*pkk+bkl*pkl) /(bkl*plk+bll*pll); frml sepklel bke=1/pke * bel*ple * (bkk*pkk+bkl*pkl) /(bkl*plk+bll*pll); frml seplmem bem=1/pem * blm*plm * (bke*pek+bee*pee+bel*pel) /(bkl*plk+bel*ple+bll*pll); eqsub seplmem sepklel; enddo; frml s1 blk=bkl; frml s2 bek=bke; frml s3 bel=ble; frml s4 bmk=bkm; frml s5 bml=blm; frml s6 bme=bem; frml ss1 pkk=1; frml ss2 pkl=sqrt(pl/pk); frml ss3 pke=sqrt(pe/pk); 24 - 25- frml ss4 pkm=sqrt(pm/pk); frml ss5 plk=sqrt(pk/pl); frml ss6 pll=1; frml ss7 ple=sqrt(pe/pl); frml ss8 plm=sqrt(pm/pl); frml ss9 pek=sqrt(pk/pe); frml ss10 pel=sqrt(pl/pe); frml ss11 pee=1; frml ss12 pem=sqrt(pm/pe); frml ss13 pmk=sqrt(pk/pm); frml ss14 pml=sqrt(pl/pm); frml ss15 pme=sqrt(pe/pm); frml ss16 pmm=1; frml sss1 pk=pk_96; frml sss2 pl=pl_96; frml sss3 pe=pe_96; frml sss4 pm=pm_96; eqsub(print) sepklel s1-s6 ss1-ss16 sss1-sss4; eqsub(print) sepkmem s1-s6 ss1-ss16 sss1-sss4; eqsub(print) seplmem s1-s6 ss1-ss16 sss1-sss4; endproc; ? ----------------L0NG RUN ELASTICITIES------------------------ proc ela e96 ekk ell eee emm ekl eke ekm elk ele elm eek eel eem emk eml eme; frml elakk ekk=-0.5*(1-(bkk+zk*tid_96+zzk*tid_96*tid_96)*qy/kstar); frml elall ell=-0.5*(1-(bll+zl*tid_96+zzl*tid_96*tid_96)*qy/lstar); frml elaee eee=-0.5*(1-(bee+ze*tid_96+zze*tid_96*tid_96)*qy/estar); frml elamm emm=-0.5*(1-(bmm+zm*tid_96+zzm*tid_96*tid_96)*qy/mstar); frml elakl ekl=0.5*(qy/kstar)*bkl*sqrt(pl/pk); frml elake eke=0.5*(qy/kstar)*bke*sqrt(pe/pk); frml elakm ekm=0.5*(qy/kstar)*bkm*sqrt(pm/pk); frml elalk elk=0.5*(qy/lstar)*bkl*sqrt(pk/pl); frml elale ele=0.5*(qy/lstar)*ble*sqrt(pe/pl); frml elalm elm=0.5*(qy/lstar)*blm*sqrt(pm/pl); frml elaek eek=0.5*(qy/estar)*bke*sqrt(pk/pe); frml elael eel=0.5*(qy/estar)*ble*sqrt(pl/pe); frml elaem eem=0.5*(qy/estar)*bem*sqrt(pm/pe); frml elamk emk=0.5*(qy/mstar)*bkm*sqrt(pk/pm); frml elaml eml=0.5*(qy/mstar)*blm*sqrt(pl/pm); frml elame eme=0.5*(qy/mstar)*bem*sqrt(pe/pm); dot k l e m; dot k l e m; genr ela..; enddot; enddot; load(nrow=4,ncol=4,type=general)e96;0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; set e96(1,1)=ekk(1996:1); set e96(1,2)=ekl(1996:1); set e96(1,3)=eke(1996:1); set e96(1,4)=ekm(1996:1); set e96(2,1)=elk(1996:1); set e96(2,2)=ell(1996:1); set e96(2,3)=ele(1996:1); set e96(2,4)=elm(1996:1); set e96(3,1)=eek(1996:1); set e96(3,2)=eel(1996:1); set e96(3,3)=eee(1996:1); set e96(3,4)=eem(1996:1); set e96(4,1)=emk(1996:1); set e96(4,2)=eml(1996:1); set e96(4,3)=eme(1996:1); set e96(4,4)=emm(1996:1); endproc; 25
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- Kyle Busch grabs 1st win of season as comeback rolls on Updated: Jun-28-15 8:11 pm
SONOMA, California - After two practice sessions at Sonoma Raceway, Kyle Busch spent an evening icing his surgically repaired left foot.
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DARLINGTON, South Carolina - Billy Scott sounds prepared to step into the role of Clint Bowyer's new crew chief and perk up the sluggish Michael Waltrip Racing team.
- MWR swaps crew chiefs for Bowyer and Ragan as teams slump Updated: Jun-09-15 4:18 pm
CHARLOTTE, North Carolina - Michael Waltrip Racing , seeking a solution for its season-long slump, swapped crew chiefs for Clint Bowyer and David Ragan on Tuesday.
- Truex breaks through at Pocono for 1st win since 2013 Updated: Jun-07-15 6:06 pm
LONG POND, Pennsylvania - Martin Truex Jr. slapped the top of his No. 78 Chevrolet, thrust his right fist toward the sky and bounded straight into his girlfriend's arms.
- Larson looking for answers during puzzling sophomore slump Updated: Jun-03-15 4:10 pm
DOVER, Delaware - Kyle Larson sounded like so many defeated drivers who could only watch as Jimmie Johnson hoisted his 10th winner's trophy at Dover.


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I'm attempting to send a message to websocket instantly after the connection is estabilished. But I don't know, where to put the code with the message send.
def ws = WebSocket.async[String] {
val (out, channel) = {
channel push "message"
request =>
(in, out)
I can see, that when I send the message to the channel before the
ws method returns, the web client doesn't get the message. If I manage to run the code
channel push "message" after the method
ws returns, it works fine and I receive the message at the browser client. I can delay it by wrapping the
channel push "message" in
Future{}, starting with some
But I hope, there some reliable, non-blocking solution...


text:
Morningside Organic Bakery Cafe2 reviews
Funky organic bakery cafe and bookstore. Serves handcrafted sandwiches, salads, soups, noodles, smoothies, shakes, bread, pastries, raw food, chai, premium coffees and teas. Supports local organic farmers. Offer a unique collections of books to browse and buy. See website for upcoming films & events. Moderate.