text:
An improved personal noise attenuation system which attenuates both tonal and broadband sound and which includes a spatially adjustable acousto-electric sensor and attenuation means including both feedback and feed forward components so as to provide a heteronomous attenuation and more complete active noise attenuation and the adjustable acousto-electric sensor is moved to exploit the changing physical characteristics of spatial silent zones in different noise fields.
1. An improved active noise reduction system for attenuating both tonal and broadband sound in a noisy environment immediately adjacent to a user, said system comprising,
adjustable sensing means adapted to sense ambient noise from said user environment including certain preselected sounds and being spatially adjustable in said environment,
attenuation means adapted to attenuate said preselected sounds from the environment and thereby create a zone of silence in said immediate environment, said attenuation means adapted to attenuate both tonal and broadband sounds,
control means adapted to cause said attenuation means to automatically adjust to attenuate whatever preselected sounds enter said environment adjacent to said user,
wherein said sensing means is spatially adjustable so as to adapt to the changing physical characteristics of spatial zones in different noise fields which may form the environment immediately adjacent to a user.
2. The improved active noise reduction system as in claim I wherein said system includes a headgear means adapted to be worn by the user, said sensing means being adjustably mounted on said headgear means to provide said spatial adjustability.
3. The improved active noise reduction system as in claim 2 wherein said headgear means is a headset with at least a portion of said control means thereon, said headset adapted to be worn by said user and said sensing means comprising at least one non user-contacting acousto-electric sensor adjustably mounted on said headset and one non user-contacting electro acoustic actuator, both mounted to be continually adjustable by the user.
4. The improved active noise reduction system as in claim 3 wherein said control means has two portions, one portion being mounted on said headset and the remaining portion being situated remote from the users head and said two portions being in electronic communication.
5. The improved active noise reduction system as in claim 4 wherein said electronic communication is by infra-red waves.
6. The improved active noise reduction system as in claim 4 wherein said electronic communication is by wireless radio waves.
7. The improved active noise reduction system as in claim 2 wherein said sensing means is an acousto-electric sensor.
8. The improved active noise reduction system as in claim 1 wherein said attenuation means includes both feedback and feedforward components so as to provide a heteronomous attenuation approach to attenuating said tonal and broadband sound thereby providing more active noise attenuation than either a feedback or feedforward system by itself and improved performance of the feedforward components solely due to the presence of the added feedback components.
9. The improved active noise reduction system as in claim 8 wherein said attenuation means includes a switch means whereby the user can select the feedback/feedforward heteronomous approach or a simple feedforward approach if only tonal sound is to be attenuated, or a simple feedback approach if more broadband noise is to be attenuated.
10. The improved active noise reduction system as in claim 8 wherein said feedback component of said attenuation means contains analog hardware.
11. The improved active noise reduction system as in claim 8 wherein said feedback component of said attenuation means contains digital software.
12. The improved active noise reduction system as in claim 8 wherein said feedforward component of said attenuation means comprises digital software.
13. The improved active noise reduction system as in claim 8 and including an automatic mechanism adapted to calculate the optimal position of the sensor relative to the sound field and automatically maintain said sensor in the proper position.
14. The headset of claim 1 wherein said headset is adjustable to fit various users and the electro-acoustic and acoustic-electro means are adjustable to fit different sized zones to accommodate different user head sizes and ear placements whereby neither the electro-acoustic actuator or acousto-electric sensor come into contact with the user at any time.
15. The headset of claim 14 wherein said attenuation control means includes
a feedforward component adapted to attenuate tonal sounds within said zone, and
a feedback component adapted to attenuate broadband sounds within said zone, whereby said headset can effectively attenuate a wide range of sounds in a heteronomous manner.
16. The headset of claim 15 wherein said attenuation control means include feedback components which include digital software, analog hardware, or a combination thereof, and include feedforward components which consist of analog hardware and digital software.
17. In a personal noise quieting control system with a control bandwidth using a control algorithm with a transfer function requiring a constant update to estimate said function and having an actuator means having a reverberation area and an acoustic-electric transducer means movable within said reverberation area, the improvement comprising constraining the movement of said acoustic-electric means to set the transfer function of said control algorithm to eliminate the need for continual updating of the estimate of said function and providing a storage for the estimate whereby the transfer function is identified for all frequencies within the control bandwidth and is independent of the nature of the disturbance signal.
This invention is related to an improved personal noise attenuation system which can be employed to attenuate noise observed by users in sound fields containing objectionable noise. The invention can be employed on headsets, silent seats and other personal applications such as an automotive radius headliner and trim package.
Most active noise control systems utilize acoustic drivers in conjunction with acoustic sensors, controller(s) and associated signal conditioning electronics to reduce preselected sound pressure levels from impinging upon the ear drum. The instant invention is in the form of a personal system which may take the form of a headset, a "silent seat"(one designed to attenuate sound pressures at the users ears when the user is occupying the chair) or other form of personal quieting system. For example, the instant system can be employed as part of the headliner in an automobile for the purpose of attenuating road, engine or other designated noise. The instant invention overcomes the current limitations of existing devices by the use of spatial adaptation of an acoustic error sensor and implementation of a unique heteronomous control algorithm. Additionally, the user has increased comfort in the headset configuration by use of non-contacting electroacoustic transducers.
The field of active noise cancellation has progressed from the simple attempts in the 1970s by Chaplin in the United Kingdom to attenuate noise to todays more complex systems which are geared to specific types of noises. The field of noise cancellation has been reviewed extensively in "Active Control of Sound" by P. A . Nelson and S. J. Elliot, Academic Press, 1991. Progress in attenuating tonal noise has included the development of digital virtual earth systems which use fewer sensors than heretofore employed (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,105,377 to Ziegler et al entitled "Digital Virtual Earth Active Cancellation System". Cancellation of unwanted broadband noise has seen development of adaptive feedforward systems which measure the noise prior to its arrival at the cancellation point. In some applications these systems have been combined to attenuate a mixture of objectionable noises. By the use of frequency domain algorithms control over the characteristics of the noise cancellation has been achieved and these algorithms have been further modified by harmonic filters in constant rate sampling of sound converting time domain signals into frequency domain signals (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,361,303 to Eatwell entitled "Frequency Domain Adaptive Control System"). Adaptive speech filters have enhanced all of the prior art attempts at noise attenuation and/or cancellation by measuring the spectrum of the data and blocking any frequencies that do not exhibit statistical properties of standard speech thereby allowing speech in noisy environments.
The use of adaptive filtering techniques is widespread today and characterized by the controller characteristics being adjusted according to an algorithm such as that disclosed by Widrow and Stearns, "Adaptive Signal Processing", Prentice Hall, 1985. Both feedback systems (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,494,074 to Bose entitled "Feedback Control") and feedforward systems (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,122,303 and 4,654,871, both to Chaplin and U.S. Pat. No. 4,878,188 to Ziegler) have been used before in personal quieting systems. Adaptive filtering techniques are discussed in the patents to Graupe (has U.S. Pat. No. 5,097,510) and Graupe and et al (U.S. Pat. No. 4,025,721).
Despite the large amount of development in the personal quieting system area, the instant invention has not been conceived of by others in the field. No one heretofore has shown or described the simultaneous use of feedback and adaptive signal processing algorithms (heteronomous control) to target different features of the noise field. Nor are there any prior patents or disclosures describing the use of a spatially adaptable error microphone based on the changing dimensions of the silent zone in different noise fields.
It has been suggested to incorporate both asynchronous feedback and microphone-based feedback compensation cancellation techniques into a single system. The attenuation concept discussed by Casalli (J. G. Casalli and G. S. Robinson, "Narrow-Band Digital Active Noise Reduction include In a Siren-Cancelling Headset: Real-Ear and Acoustical Manikin Insertion Loss", Noise Control Engineering Journal, 42 (3), 1994, May/June., page 101.) but no system has been built or developed. Casalli refers to a siren-canceling headset not unlike the one described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,375,174 to Denenberg entitled "Remote Siren Headset" which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. The architecture that the article suggests is totally different from that of the instant invention and nowhere in the article does it suggest adaptive positioning of the noise microphone. There is no discussion in the article or elsewhere of using a remote microphone for a blended feedforward/feedback architecture.
There have been endless variations on the noise cancelling headset over the years including those disclosed by Wadsworth in U.S. Pat. No. 3,098,121, Chaplin et al, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,654,871, Twiney et al, in U.S. Pat. No. re 4,953,217, Bourk in U.S. Pat. No. 5,182,774 and Nishimoto et al, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,402,497, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. The use of circumaural headsets dominates the ANR headset market due to the lower actuator demand in the quiet enclosure afforded by earmuffs. While there are supraural headsets the instant device differentiates from them by being open-air thus affording no confinement whatsoever of the user's ears. The open air system requires controlling a higher level of sound pressure and wider variance as there is no confinement by the muffs, whether supraural or circumaural.
Various systems to affix earpieces to headgear have been proposed which those shown in U.S. Patents to Altman and Goldfarb et al, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,329,592 and 4,682,363, respectively, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein.
Remote control of headsets has been suggested as evidenced by U.S. Patents to Schwab and Hsiao-Chung Lee, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,845,751 and 4,930,148, respectively.
A review of the current status of active noise control headsets illustrates the advantages of the invention. The vast majority of active noise headsets employ either feedback compensation, as in the Bose et al patent, or adaptive signal processing algorithms, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,375,174 to Denenberg, implemented in time domain or frequency domain format. These two distinctive architectures have unique characteristics especially in relation to one another. Feedback control relies on a compensator to maximize the sensitivity function within the stability bounds specific to the particular noise field under consideration and active noise hardware in use. This arrangement results in a reduction in the closed-loop, low frequency gain between the disturbance input (the surrounding noise field) and the output signal (the error microphone). Noise relief realized by this technique is typically between 15 to 20 dB re 20 microPa and can be achieved from approximately 50 to 700 Hz. These limitations on noise reduction and performance bandwidth cannot be overcome for reasons that are documented by experts in the active acoustic control community. In this regard see also U.S. Pat. No. 5,251,263 to Andrea et al, entitled "Adaptive Noise Cancellation and Speech Enhancement System and Apparatus Therefore". Adaptive feedforward noise reduction for personal ANR systems has also been proposed but to a much lesser extent. Such an architecture relies on the availability of a reference signal which is correlated with the estimate of the noise field and cannot be destabilized by the control signal. Such references have been constructed for the case of periodic inputs (see Chaplin et al) such as a reciprocating pump or propeller which can be used to spawn synchronous reference signals which serve as inputs to the adaptive filter . The other approach is to provide a compensator which cancels the feedback path between a so-called controllable reference signal and the control signal, e.g., the filtered-u algorithm. The degree of noise suppression for adaptive feedforward systems is a direct function of the multiple coherence (between the constructed, or otherwise available, reference signal and the acoustic sensor which will be minimized)
dB reduction=10 log10 (1-γ2)
The performance bandwidth is limited by the sampling frequency for the digital filter and the size of the adaptive filter but can practically achieve noise reductions into the kHz range. Theoretically, this approach can provide up to 50 dB suppression of noise levels and more than triple the feedback control bandwidth of the feedback methods.
The architecture of the essential components in any personal ANR system also has profound influence on the absolute and user-perceived performance of the system. Existing active noise control headsets and systems are designed using fixed spatial separations between the electroacoustic transducers and the acoustic sensor near the listeners ear(s). Recent theoretical and experimental results have proven that the spatial dimension of the noise field reductions is a nonlinear function of the noise frequency, the electroacoustic transducer, and the separation distance between an electroacoustic transducer surface and the acoustic sensor being controlled. The silent zone spatial dimension is relatively small for typical headset components/geometries and varies with the noise frequency (FIG. 1). For a fixed frequency, the silent zone dimension varies with separation distance between the acoustic sensor and the driver (FIG. 2). This variability of the silent zone's spatial and temporal characteristics has not been properly exploited in any existing designs for personal ANR systems.
The prior art in personal ANR technology has reached an impass imposed by the tradeoffs which currently exist for the available architectures. Feedback control headsets can provide robust noise reductions, nominally 15 dB from 50 Hz to 700 Hz, but do not require the identification or generation of an uncontrollable reference signal. Adaptive feedforward headsets can achieve substantially higher noise reductions, particularly at tonal disturbances, but must have a correlated, uncontrollable reference signal available. Both types use fixed relative positioning between the electroacoustic driver, the acoustic error sensors, and the listener's eardrum. More specifically, the prior art fails to combine the features of both architectures in a single personal ANR system and fails to exploit the nonlinear dependencies of the silent zone created around by the suppression of a single error microphone. Headsets produced in the past such as the "Proactive" and "Noisebuster" headsets of Noise Cancellation Technologies, Inc. as well as those of Sennheiser, David Clark and Bose fail to contemplate the features constituting this invention.
While all the prior art discussed above relates to personal ANR systems, they are limited by lack of performance in noise fields dominated by broadband and tonal disturbances. Furthermore, they fail to optimize the perceived effectiveness, as perceived by the user, by providing real-time or psuedo real-time adaptation of the relative positioning of the ANR components. Therefore, the following invention embodies heteronomous control and adaptive spatial positioning of the ANR components, along with an open air arrangement so as to surpass the prior art in performance and comfort for the user.
It is a main purpose of this invention to provide for optimal noise reduction capabilities in a personal ANR system for a variety of noise fields without compromising the wearer's comfort. By linearly combining the advantages of two diverse control algorithms, exploiting the changing physical characteristics of spatial silent zones in different noise fields and considering the user's comfort, a non-contact, fully adaptable heteronomous controlled personal ANR system becomes a major advance over the prior art. It is noteworthy that no portion of this improved system need come into contact with the user's head or ears. Normal communication remains unencumbered and the ergonomics of user comfort is no longer an issue. The system can be adapted to fit any existing headgear including formal hats, helmets, hard-hats, casual hats, sports headgear of both a protective nature as well as decorative and any other device or mechanism designed to be worn on the head or body of a user, i. e., the improved ANR system forming this invention is application independent. Since it is adapted to be selectively positioned by the user it is infinitely adaptable.
The control algorithm used herein is a heteronomous feedback/feedforward approach. The common feedback compensator is not presented as the primary means of control but rather a method for dealing with inadequacies of the adaptive feedforward algorithm thus complementing each other. The feedforward compensator method is robustly stable in the proposed architecture and thus has the capability of very high levels of noise reduction which can reach up to but not limited to 50 dB for tonals in certain cases. The controller can select the individual or combined operation of the two controllers based on the noise field measured by the suppression microphone. It is further understood that the feedback controller may be implemented in analog or digital embodiments while the feedforward filters are implemented in digital embodiments for typical noise fields but may be constructed in analog hardware for noise fields with low dimensionality.
Feedforward noise control mandates a coherent reference signal and a system identification of the transfer function existing between the controller output and the error signal terminus. Typically this is called filtered reference, filtered-u, or filtered-x algorithm, i.e., the error signal is the actual microphone signal. The control output of the algorithm is summed with the control output of the feedback controller (either digitally or with an analog summing amplifier depending on the nature of the feedback controller) and sent through the control speaker. The system identification of the control to error path for the filtered-x algorithm is done ahead of time and stored in the DSP ROM therefore eliminating the requirement for system ID.
The feedback controller is a loop shaped design which maximizes the loop gain of the controller in the frequency range of interest, typically 100 to 1000 Hz. Limitations on plant dynamics do not permit a higher frequency range to be explored. Typical feedback controllers in these devices are effected through analog hardware, which is one preferred embodiment of this controller architecture. However, the feedback controller can be included in the control software to eliminate another hardware expense. Selectivity can be manual or a frequency sensitive switch can be incorporated therein to switch the system to the most efficient mode for the type of noise being attenuated.
In accordance with this invention the arrangement of the control actuator/acoustic-electric sensor combination with respect to the subject's head offers not only comfort but several unique performance advantages. With the acoustic-electric sensor located within the radius of reverberation of the electro-acoustic actuator, the system identification used in the filtered-x version of the feedforward control remains nearly constant for relatively significant changes in the acoustic-electric sensor positions. Such an arrangement allows for an adaptable acousto-electric sensor placement to maximize the silent zone reaching the wearer's ear. A tradeoff in the size of the silent zone exists between the location of the error acoustic-electric sensor with respect to the electric-acoustic actuator (either manual or deterministically automatic) shall be adaptable for frequency dependent disturbances. This is a unique feature allowing optimal performance of this system in a given environment. In addition to adapting the position of the acoustic-electric sensors with respect to the control actuator, the control actuator is also adaptable with respect to the listener's head. This provides an added measure of comfort and performance thus allowing the user to maximize the zone of silence near the eardrum.
A primary advantage of the instant invention is its ability to reduce tonal and narrowband noises by significantly larger margins than the existing headset technologies due to the heteronomous approach. Another primary advantage is the recognition that the error microphone location is critically important to the perceived performance by the user. This phenomena is realized by the changing spatial silent zones which are created when a point pressure sensor is minimized within the radius of reverberation of a secondary speaker thus minimizing spatial spillover potential, reducing power output required of the secondary speaker, minimizing the phase delay and achievement of the highest possible stability margins for a closed loop controller.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an ANR system which allows a wearer to maximize the zone of silence near his eardrum(s), and
Another object of this invention is to provide an ANR system in which all the components are adjustable relative to the user, and
It is another object of this invention to provide an ANR system with an electricacoustic sensor which is adaptable for frequency dependant disturbances, and
It is yet another object of this invention to provide an ANR headset which has positionable sensors adapted to exploit the changing physical characteristics of spatial silent zones in different noise fields, and
Furthermore, it is an object of this invention to provide an ANR headset with open-air sensors which do not confine the users movements or ears, and
Still another object of this invention is to provide optimal noise reduction in a personal ANR headset without sacrificing wearer comfort, and
Yet another object of this invention is to provide an ANR headset which is adapted to fit within a wide range of headgear worn by a user, and
Another object of this invention is to provide an ANR system having an algorithmic control utilizing a feedback/feedforward heteronomous approach, and
A further object of the invention involves providing an ANR system which can operate in purely feedforward mode or a feedforward combined with feedback mode, or feedback mode only, and
These and other objects will become apparent when reference is had to the accompanying drawings in which
FIG. 1 is a graph plotting frequency versus width of zone of silence depicting the dimensions of the silent zone's nonlinear dependence on the frequencies suppressed by the controller for fixed electroacoustic transducer radius and microphone separation distance.
FIG. 2 shows two three dimensional plots depicting the changes with frequency of the spatial areas of silence about error microphones for a given position away from the control speaker.
FIGS. 3 and 3a represent the adaptive personal ANR system depicted in only one of many possible embodiments, in this case a helmet adaptation and specific embodiments of the adaptable positioning system, respectively.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing the general structure for the heteronomous controller and signal paths used in attenuating the objectionable noise arriving at the user's ear canal.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing only the feedforward portion of the heteronomous controller.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing only the feedback portion of the heteronomous controller from FIG. 1.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram schematic showing the existence of cross paths between the left and right side transducers and actuators.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram which shows the individual components of the heteronomous, adaptable positioning ANR system.
FIG. 9 is a plot illustrating the amount of reduction achieved at the left ear using only the feedforward portion of the heteronomous controller for a five tonal noise field.
FIG. 10 illustrates the control exercised by the feedback portion of the heteronomous system for a broadband noise field.
FIG. 11 illustrates the control achieved by the heteronomous controller on a noise field containing both broadband and tonal content, and
FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing the overall ANR system.
A detailed description of all of the preferred system structures and overall intended embodiments of the adaptive personal ANR system are now explained by reference to the figures. The description commences with an explanation of the unique physics which motivate one aspect of the apparatus followed by a discussion of the various embodiments which have been conceived and/or developed for the architecture.
Referring to FIG. 3 the adaptable personal ANR system is shown consisting of two electro-acoustic actuators 1R and 1L, a pair of acoustic-electric transducers 2R, 2L, a mounting apparatus and means for adjusting the relative and absolute positions of the actuators and transducers 4R, 4L, 5R and 5L.
As seen in FIG. 3, each of the right and left electric-acoustic actuators 1R and 1L are adjustably affixed to the mounting apparatus 3 by means GAP (4R and 4L) which permits movement of the actuator with respect to the user's ear and with respect to the mounting apparatus. This feature is included in order to allow various sized users to wear the apparatus comfortably and maximize the reduction of objectionable noise arriving at the user's eardrum. The actuators are mounted to 3 in a manner in which there is no portion of the actuator touching the users head but rather "floating" on the mount away from the user's ear. At no point during the operation will any portion of the actuator or transducer contact the user's head or ear thereby wazzu leaving normal communication and hearing acuity intact apart from any passive noise reduction measures. The headgear 3 has been designed with several degrees of freedom for the wearer in order to optimize performance with respect to the user's perception of sound. To facilitate this there is movement of the control speakers with respect to the wearer's ears (in and out, front and back), movement of the error microphone with respect to the wearer's ear canal and limited relative movement of the microphone with respect to the control speaker. The headgear will accommodate different size heads. The controller hardware and reference signal required by the feedforward controller can located remotely (from the user) while the control speakers and error microphones can be located on the user. Communications between these devices requires two separate two way channels, one each for receiving the control signal and one each for sending the microphone signals. Such an arrangement minimizes the "load" on the user insofar as hardware is concerned. Alternatively, the control hardware can be loaded on the user and requires a single one way line wireless communication to the hardware on the user.
The size of the zone of silence around the microphone created by the control speaker is a function of frequency, decreasing in size with higher frequency. Depending on the characteristics of the noise field the user can adjust the position of the microphone with respect to his or her own hearing to maximize the sound reduction that is actually heard. No existing ANR headgear show this feature.
Several overall system structures or embodiments are realized in varying levels of wireless data communication and remote battery powered operation or also powered via a tethered line supplying power. FIG. 3 illustrates the first (and second) structures wherein the first utilizes a non-tethered wireless data transmission and receiver system one mounted to 3 mounting apparatus 6 and one remote data transmission and receiver system 7 which transmits two transducer signals from 2R and 2L and receives two actuator signals driving 2R and 2L wherein the digital signal processor and control hardware (8 located adjacent to 7 not mounted on 3) are also remote and not mounted to 3. The second embodiment removes 8 from the remote location adjacent to 7 and affixes it to the mounting apparatus 3 in that the only signal which will be transmitted is from the objectionable noise source to 7 in a wireless manner to 6 and received by 8. The digital signal processor in both embodiments 8 requires signals from 2R and 2L and 9 and provides signals for actuators 1R and 1L. The signal from the disturbing acoustic noise 9 is to be coherent with the acoustic disturbance arriving at each of the transducers 2R and 2L as mandated by the feedforward portion of the heteronomous control law now presented.
Each of the right and left side acoustic-electric transducers 2R (L) are adjustable mounted directly onto the electric-acoustic actuators 1R (L). The transfer function 5R (L) GEP represents the adaptable position of the error microphone which when 9 mounted directly to 1R (L) is affected by either a manual positioning system using a gear train which restrains the microphone to an amount of travel in which the electric-acoustic to acoustic-electric transfer function remains nominally unchanged or an automated motor driven system commanded by a manual input dial or a fully automated motor driven system which calculates the optimal position of the transducer 2R (L) with respect to the noise field, the position of the transducer relative to the actuator, and the position of the transducer relative to the eardrum. Referring to FIG. 3a these three embodiments are illustrated at 5 R (A, B and C) in the close-up views of the overall apparatus. The electro-acoustic actuator is adjustably mounted via 10R (L) including front, back, up, down, in, out, and rotationally with respect to the wearer in order to accommodate many sized heads and ear positions. The acoustic-electric transducer stator (mount 11) is adjustably affixed to 1R (L) via 12 (a set screw) which allows movement rotationally about screw 12 in the plane of the wearer's ear to ultimately adjust the position of the sensor 2R (L) given the user's desire for optimal noise reduction and comfort.
The rack and pinion system used for positioning the sensor in the sense that it is closer or farther from the wearer's ear canal consists of the housing 13, the rack 14, and the pinion gear internal to the housing which is driven and controlled in one of three possible manners detailed in 5R (A, B, and C). 5R (A) details the manual dial 15 used to rotate the pinion gear which drives the rack and positions the sensor 2R (L). This embodiment provides the user with direct control over the position of the microphone affording the possibility of maximum user-perceived noise reduction within the constraints of the control algorithm 5R (B) replaces the manual dial 15 with a very small DC motor 16 which instead drives the pinion of 5R (A) but may be more readily adjustable since the dial 18 can be located in a more ergonomically feasible location. Finally, the illustration in 5R (B) can be further modified as in 5R (C) to replace the user selectability with an algorithm which maximizes the field of silence surrounding the sensor depending on the sensor's location from the transducer 1R (L) and the general character of the noise field. For example, a predominantly low frequency noise field sensed by 2R (L) will result in 19 commanding the motor 16 to move the rack (and thus the sensor) to/from the transducer to maximize the silent zone around the microphone. The drawback of this approach is that no user interaction is facilitated and may result in a slightly less than optimal noise reduction perceived at the eardrum.
The user selectable embodiments of this apparatus 5R (A and B) rely on loudness feedback from the user's perception of the noise field to be cancelled and are therefore optimal for reduction of loudness experienced by the user. Affixing 2R and 2L directly to 1R and 1L by aforementioned means GEP, adustment relative to the actuator and the eardrum is affected based on the position of the actuator. Both embodiments require restricted movement of the transducer with respect to the actuator for reasons involving a stable system identification of the actuator to transducer transfer function as well as maintaining the location of the transducer within the radius of reverberation of the actuator thereby permitting a minimal power control force imparted by the actuator.
FIG. 4 represents the system architecture for the heteronomous controller resident on the digital signal processor 8 while FIGS. 5 and 6 extract the individual feedforward and feedback controller portions of the control system. FIG. 5 shows the adaptive feedforward controller portion of the heteronomous control system which utilizes either the conventional LMS algorithm or a modified version termed as the leaky LMS algorithm 31 which uses a tap delay line weight update equation preventing overflow in limited precision hardware platforms conforming to
w(n+1)=(1-μα)w(n)+μVout (n)r(n)
which updates the self designing F1R filter Hff 26 by using a filtered 30 input signal r and the transducer signal Vout to create a controller which minimizes the mean square of the Vout signal. The filtered input signal conforms to the common filtered-x algorithm for noise control where the input must be filtered by an estimate of the transducer function existing from the actuator output to the acoustic-electric transducer because the output of the controller itself does not act directly upon the disturbance d and thus must be taken into account before control commences. Since the acoustic-electric transducer is located and constrained to remain within the radius of reverberation of the control actuator, the transfer function estimate of the filtered-x algorithm does not significantly change with changing relative position and thus can be fixed and saved in the digital signal processor memory prior to control eliminating the need for continual update of the estimate. The transfer function is identified for all frequencies within the control bandwidth and thus is specified independent of the nature of the disturbance signal.
Proceeding through FIG. 5 the input r to the feedforward controller is first low pass filtered 25 for anti-aliasing purposes and used in the update of the weights 31 of the FIR filter as well as filtered by the adaptive feedforward transfer function Hff 26 whose output is smoothed using another low pass filter 27 whose output experiences the electric-acoustic transducer transfer function 28 and the acoustic path 29 traveling to the acoustic-electric transfer function which is also dynamically located via aforementioned means and is exposed to the objectionable noise d from some physical disturbance 20 originating from some source s wherein the input of the feedforward controller r is coherent with s. The output of the acoustic electric transducer 21 is conditioned to remove low and high frequency content beyond the controller bandwidth using both a low pass and high pass filter means 32 and 33.
Feedforward control typically does well when controlling tonal content and can generally eliminate the noise at the error microphone and maintain stability. Conversely, feedback control can effectively eliminate broadband sound up to 25 dB in some frequency ranges.
FIG. 6 shows the portion of the heteronomous controller which is considered to derive strictly from feedback control theory. The undesirable disturbance signal d is the same as which is shown in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 for the feedforward controller and the acoustic-electric transfer function also receives sound pressure from the feedback control actuation force applied through 23 which is the same actuator as in the feedforward controller although labeled 28. The output signal from the acoustic-electric transducer 21 is used as the feedback signal for the compensation Hfb 22 which is designed in order to perform a rejection of the disturbance noise thereby increasing the gain of 22 while maintaining appropriate stability margins which will minimize the sensitivity function of the feedback system. The output of the controller drives the control actuator which is also being driven by the feedforward controller thus 28 and 23 are the same actuator in the heteronomous controller for a single side, right or left.
FIG. 7 illustrates the paths which exist (34 and 35) between the right side actuator 1R, the left side transducer 2L as well as between the left side actuator 1L and the right side transducer 2R. In performing both the feedforward and feedback control actions these paths are taken into account with respect to each other 36 so as to prevent positive feedback and instabilities in the overall system.
To summarize thus far, the heteronomous controller is used to reduce the objectionable sound power reaching the user's ears. The central summing junction represents the overall sound power incident on the acoustic-electric transducer from the heteronomous controller which includes both the feedback and feedforward control algorithms as well as the undesirable sound power d reaching the user's ears and the cross path terms from 34 and 35. It is emphasized that control actuation and acoustic paths shown as 23 and 24 are also represented as the control actuator and acoustic paths used in the feedforward portion of the control scheme therefore in effect the output signal of 22 and the output signal of 27 are linearly combined prior to driving the electric-acoustic actuator but are shown separately in order to clarify the two control schemes. The feedforward controller is capable of achieving tonal control (shown in FIG. 9) with extreme authority (up to 50 dB) due to its robustly stable design but becomes increasingly incapable for broadband noise fields having large frequency ranges of control which in turn requires large filter sizes and computational overhead. Feedback control offers less overall reduction but provides broadband noise control (FIG. 10) for wide frequency ranges. Summing the control forces from each of these methods results in a robustly stable controller capable of suppressing very colorful noise fields including high amplitude tonals as well as moderate broadband noise fields. FIG. 11 shows this arrangement.
FIG. 8 illustrates two embodiments of the controller design. An impinging sound pressure level is transduced by a microphone subject to a control input from the adaptable positioning system. The adaptable positioning system is realized using apriori information about the ANR components and information from the DSP processor in regards to the spectral content of the sound field. The microphone signal goes through the data acquisition components (anti-aliasing filter, sample-hold circuit, and analog-to-digital converter.) and is processed by the DSP. A feedforward and feedback control signal exits the DSP block. The feedforward controller is a digital filter by design can be realized in one of two possible ways. The first is via analog hardware represented by a fixed design operational amplifier circuit or designed in conjunction with the feedforward controller manifested as a fixed design digital IIR filter operating at the same sample rate as the feedforward controller. FIG. 8 illustrates the digital implementation.
Again referring to FIG. 8 the heteronomous control effect is evidenced in the acoustic-electric transducer output VOUT which can be shown to consist of a unique combination of compensation means described by ##EQU1##
Consequently, the heteronomous ANR performance can be considered as an adaptive compensation of the residual signal created by the feedback controller, as identified originally. A corresponding reduction in the spectral norm of the cross-correlation matrix between the reference input signal r and the error signal VOUT results in a significant advantage for the convergence characteristics of the adaptive portion as compared to prior art. Stability of the converged heteronomous ANR system is determined solely by the Hfb design.
The user of the instant invention can determine whether he wished to employ the feedback only, adaptive feedforward only or the combined system for reduction of both tonals and broadbands.
FIG. 10 shows the SPL versus frequency plot using feedback only in the headset system while FIG. 11 shows the SPL versus frequency plot for the heteronomous operation of headset system. FIG. 12 shows an overall block diagram view of the device showing the various inputs, components and interaction therebetween. Note that the heteronomous control processor feeds the DSP and Analog compensators which produce output to the ANR component hardware. Feedback from hardware flows back to the heteronomous control processor which compares it with an ambient acoustic noise input as well as a user perceived loudness input. The user adjusts the adaptable positioning control which optimizes the system to the user.
The above recital of the operation of the system can be enhanced by a review of the following articles, "Active Control of Sound and Vibration", by C. R. Fuller and A. R. vonFlotow, IEEE Control Systems, Dec. 1995, pp 9-19, A Hybrid Structural Control Approach for Narrowband and Impulsive Disturbance Rejection", by W. R. Saunders, H. H. Robertshaw and R. A. Burdisso, Noise Control Engineering Journal, Special Issue on Active Noise Control, Vol. 44, No. 1, Jan-Feb, 1996; "Active Noise Control Systems: Designing for the Auditory System", by W. R. Saunders and M. A. Vaudrey, Proceedings of Noise-Con 96, Bellevue, Wash., Sept. 1996: and "Adaptive Signal Processing", 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall, 1996.
As evidence of the uniqueness of the instant invention it is noted that the paper by Fuller and vonFlowtow (1996 ) do not even mention anything like it.
Having described the invention it is readily apparent that many changes and modifications thereto may be made by those of ordinary skill in the acoustic arts without departing from the scope of the appended claims.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
Original Image


text:
Delphine Lodge
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
Travel Blogs from Invermere
Yoho National Park in the rain!
... seems to enhance the colour of the lake. The rain returns before we are able to complete our circuit but doesn't stop us. The relative peacefulness of our walk is over as we return to bus loads of Japanese tourists running from their bus for the obligatory snapshot. Takakkaw falls is the next stop and the rain has set in as ...
Wildlife Spotting, Lussier Hot Springs, Invermere
... around long and kept there distance. We drove up the road to do a U-turn when we saw 5 big horned sheep sitting on the edge of the cliff in the sun staring at us. They looked wicked with there massive 28kg worth of horns on the heads. We got to the information center and got a really helpful young lady who gave us some helpful advise on what way we should drive and what was good for scenery and wildlife. We went outside and sat ...
Crazy stuff can happen (in Canada)
Yesterday was my Birthday :-)
I really enjoyed it and I was happy to be home again after our trip from Banff over Lake Louise to Invermere.
Lake Louise was as Banff rainy and cold. Other than that we had a nice drive home over Golden with a lot of sunshines and the typical canadian animals - Cows!
Alex, Marco, my Bro and I went out for dinner on my Birthday at Rocky River Gill. We ordered out food and even got a real ...
Travelling through Yoho
... it. The water from here fed into one of the rivers we had passed earlier. We also passed closer to the circular tunnels at a lower level. We had viewed these from the height of the main road earlier, but they were in the distance. On our return we had to descend the switchback and only then appreciated the steepness and vehicles had to have several shunts to get around the acute bends.
We next headed off to our next destination Banff.
... hugest mountain by far! When driving up the road you come to a chairlift which is 10km away from the actual village. Then you catch the gondola up to the chairlifts and theres like a million chair lifts as well, very confusing! even the park had its own chairlift! Did my first box in the park, very scary... probably wont ever happen again, but did it! Taught Amanda how to do 180's n now she's more pro than me... The trees looked crazy as, i think ...
Other places to stay in Invermere
Primrose Manor1512 9th Avenue, Invermere | B&Bfrom $50
Inn at Whistling Swan Manor456 Lakeview Road , Invermere | B&Bfrom $155

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- Studio: Screen Gems
- Release Date: Sep 20, 2013
User Score
Generally unfavorable reviews- based on 23 Ratings
User score distribution:
Positive: 5 out of 23
Mixed: 4 out of 23
Negative: 14 out of 23
Review this movie
- User score
- Most active
- By date
- Most helpful
Aug 22, 2014The acting in Battle of the Year was terrible. Nobody acted like an actor. Nobody did a good job acting, which made the movie quite bad. Interesting story, but if they had high-budget actors who can actually act it would be a way better movie.
Nov 22, 2014Battle of the Year was alright. Terrible acting, everyone was just reading their lines right off the script, there wasn't any emotion whatsoever. The story also lagged in creativity, which is why it's a 5.
Nov 15, 2013The athleticism of the final 'battles' impresses, but even then, the routines are marred by trick-edits and headache-inducing 3D.
At the risk of sounding 100, I think it's regrettable this film had to be shot in digital 3-D. Both those formats actually do a frustrating disservice to the depiction of the action, making them look choppier, more flickery and occasionally blurrier than they would otherwise.


text:
VIEWS: 19 PAGES: 10 CATEGORY: Computers & Internet POSTED ON: 6/13/2010 Public Domain
Linux VPS Getting Started Guide Second Edition October 2008 Linux VPS Getting Started Guide Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Configuring Users ........................................................................................................................................................ 2 Adding Users .............................................................................................................................................................. 2 Managing and Configuring Users ............................................................................................................................... 2 Removing Users.......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Configuring Email ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 Virtual User Tables ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 Catchalls ..................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Aliases ........................................................................................................................................................................ 5 Configuring Subhosts .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Adding a Subhost ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 Configuring a Subhost ................................................................................................................................................ 7 Removing a Subhost ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Using the Vinstall Utility Library .............................................................................................................................. 8 Table of Contents ii Linux VPS Getting Started Guide Introduction This document provides information for basic administration of Linux VPS. It provides important information about creating users, configuring email and subhosts (or virtual hosts), and program management to help you begin using Linux VPS in a short period of time. The Linux VPS product offers the benefits of a managed hosting solution with the flexibility of a dedicated Linux server. The proprietary technology of the Linux VPS provides a solution where the operating system and core services are managed for you. However, you have full root access to your files and programs. This guide discusses server management from a shell command line and assumes you understand shell clients and command-line interaction with Linux servers. If you do not use shell command line or are not familiar with shell interaction, you can install and use the CPX: Control Panel Web interface. For more information about CPX: Control Panel, see the getting started guide for CPX: Control Panel. Linux VPS includes several v-commands. These commands, created specifically for your product, enable easier server administration. Some examples discussed in this guide are vadduser, vrmuser, vaddhost, and vinstall. This document includes the following sections: "Configuring Users" on page 2. "Configuring Email" on page 4. "Configuring Subhosts" on page 6. "Using the Vinstall Utility Library" on page 8. Introduction 1 Linux VPS Getting Started Guide Configuring Users As part of the automatic maintenance provided with Linux VPS, your account contains several necessary root and application users by default, such as root, ftp, pop, and the administrative user (created when you ordered the server). You can create additional users and offer them different services, such as FTP, email, and shell access. This section discusses adding, managing, and removing users. Note: When you add, configure, or remove users, you must be the root user. You can become the root user by typing su at the command line and supplying the root user password. Adding Users To add a server user, follow these steps from the command line: 1. Type vadduser and press Enter. Further instructions and information for vadduser will display during this step and throughout the vadduser process. 2. After you review the instructions and information, press Enter to continue. 3. Type the username for the user you wish to create and press Enter. Usernames consist of alphanumeric characters up to 16 characters. The first character cannot be a number. Note: Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) supports multi-byte characters in usernames, but will not support the following characters because they are reserved for system use: @, $, #, / or \. 4. Type the user's password and press Enter. Use a password that will not easily be guessed. A combination of uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and symbols is an example of a more secure password. If a particularly insecure password is entered, the system will prompt to enter a more secure password. You will need to type the same password twice for confirmation. 5. Type the user's full name and press Enter. This information will display when using system tools such as vlist (used to list all server users). 6. Type the user's home directory path and press Enter. The vadduser command simplifies this step and provides a recommended path for you. You can press Enter without typing a path to select this default. 7. Select the services to offer the user. This prompt is a toggle-style one, with the FTP and email services enabled for the user by default. Available services include ftp, mail, and shell. Type the service name at the prompt and press Enter to toggle the service on or off. Press Enter when done. Caution: Shell access enables control over many aspects of the server. Shell access should only be offered to trusted users. With shell access users can potentially change files or settings affecting your entire server. Use care when offering the shell service to users. 8. Type the user's allotted file system quota in megabytes (MB). The quota must be a whole number. Enter 0 to give the user an unlimited quota (up to the free space available for your plan). Press Enter to complete the addition of the user. Managing and Configuring Users To list all existing server users, type vlist at the command prompt. To change the full name, services offered, or quota for a user, follow these steps from the command line: 1. Type vedituser and press Enter 2. Type the name of the user in question and press Enter. 3. Select the services to offer the user. This prompt is a toggle-style one, with the FTP and email services enabled for the user by default. Available services include ftp, mail, and shell. Type the service name at the prompt and press Enter to toggle the service on or off. Press Enter when done. Configuring Users 2 Linux VPS Getting Started Guide To change a server user's password, follow these steps from the command line: 1. Type passwd name, where name is the username of the user in question. Press Enter. 2. Type the new password and press Enter. Type the new password again for confirmation and press Enter. If the two passwords do not match, you will need to type them again. Note: Use a password that will not easily be guessed. A combination of uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and symbols is an example of a more secure password. If a particularly insecure password is entered, the system will prompt to enter a more secure password. Removing Users To remove a server user, follow these steps from the command line: 1. Type vrmuser and press Enter. 2. Type the username of the user to remove. If the user does not exist, the system will indicate the user does not exist in the password database and exit the removal process. 3. The system will display the password entry for the user to be removed and ask you to confirm the removal of the user. Type yes if the information is correct or no to exit the process. Press Enter. Caution: Use extreme caution when removing the home directory of users (step 4). You will not be warned if Web content or other important information is stored in the user's home directory. 4. The system will display the user's home directory and ask if you wish to remove it. Type yes and press Enter to remove the directory and complete the removal of the user, or type no and press Enter to remove the user, but keep the user's home directory and its contents. Note: If you remove a user, but not the files or home directory they own, the files or directories of the removed user will be owned by a system-generated four digit ID (for example: 1007). Configuring Users 3 Linux VPS Getting Started Guide Configuring Email All user email boxes reside in the /var/spool/mail directory. The system automatically creates email boxes for server users. If no other email routing settings (such as aliases or virtual user tables) are configured, by default the username of each user functions as a valid email for all domains that resolve to the server. For example, if domain1.com and domain2.com resolve to the server, for the user bob, both firstname.lastname@example.com and firstname.lastname@example.com would deliver email to the /var/spool/mail/bob email box. The system checks for matches in email routing and addresses in the following order and delivers to the first match it finds: Virtual user tables ( or virtusertable) aliases users This section discusses virtusertable, catchall, and alias configurations. Note: To edit the virtusertable and aliases files, you must be the root user. You can become the root user by typing su at the command line and supplying the root user password. Virtual User Tables Virtual user tables (or virtusertable) route the full email address (both sides of the "@") to a local user, alias, or remote email address, but cannot direct to files or programs. Only aliases can route email to a file or program. A virtusertable consists of the virtusertable and its destination, or direction. For example, a virtusertable for email@example.com could be directed to the user bob with the following virtusertable entry: firstname.lastname@example.com bob Virtusertable enable you to create email addresses without the need to create a corresponding user. For example, a virtusertable for email@example.com could be directed to firstname.lastname@example.com with the following virtusertable entry: email@example.com firstname.lastname@example.com In this example, remotedomain.com would indicate a remote domain which does not resolve to your Linux VPS account. Specify virtusertable in the /etc/mail/virtusertable file, with one virtusertable entry per line. The virtusertable.sample file provided with each server contains example virtusertable. You can change virtusertable settings by editing the virtusertable file and then executing the vnewvirtmaps command from the command prompt to load the virtusertable into the system. Any time you make a change to the /etc/mail/virtusertable text file, you will need to create a db file that sendmail can read. The following command will create the /etc/mail/virtusertable.db file when run by a root user: # makemap hash /etc/mail/virtusertable < /etc/mail/virtusertable Catchalls Caution: Catchall virtusertable should be used sparingly. Spammers often send many emails to every conceivable address for a domain, often numbering in the thousands. A catchall virtusertable would cause the system to receive all of these emails and direct them to the recipient. A catchall virtusertable directs all email not otherwise configured with a virtusertable for a given domain to a single recipient. For example, the following catchall virtusertable would direct all email not configured with another virtusertable for the domain company.com to the joe user: @company.com joe If no virtusertable exists for an email address, and a catchall virtusertable is configured for the domain, the system would route all email sent to that address to the catchall virtusertable. Configuring Email 4 Linux VPS Getting Started Guide Aliases Email aliases forward email to a user, another alias, an email address, a list of addresses, a file, or a program. Aliases enable you to create email addresses without the need to create a corresponding user. For example, the following alias would forward email sent to email@example.com to the stan user: webmaster: stan Aliases also enable you to send email to a list or to a program. For example, the following alias would forward email sent to email@example.com to the bob, joe, and stan users: sales: bob,joe,stan For long email lists, place the emails in a file, one address per line, and use the include option. For example, the following alias would forward email sent to firstname.lastname@example.com to all addresses in the /lists/promotion file: promotion: :include: /lists/promotion Specify aliases in the /etc/aliases file, with one alias per line. You configure the aliases by editing the aliases file according to your needs. After making changes to the file, execute the newaliases command from the command prompt to load the aliases into the system. Note: The system only considers the first portion of the email address (before @) for aliases. To direct an entire email address to a certain recipient, use a virtusertable. Configuring Email 5 Linux VPS Getting Started Guide Configuring Subhosts Linux VPS enables you to configure multiple Web sites and domains in addition to the main domain of the server. The main domain or site for the server is called the hostname. Place the content for this site in the /var/www/html directory. You may have configured a custom hostname during the order process. To aid with configuring and testing your account, all Linux VPS receive a temporary domain name, or temp domain, which resolves to your Linux VPS account. This domain can be used if the hostname is inaccessible or does not yet point to your account. Other domains or sites hosted by your account are called subhosts. This section explains adding, removing, and configuring subhosts. Note: To execute the vaddhost command or edit the httpd.conf file, you must be the root user. You can become the root user by typing su at the command line and supplying the root user password. Adding a Subhost Subhosts are configured with the Apache Virtual Host directive. The Apache Web server looks for Virtual Host entries in the /www/conf/httpd.conf file. The vaddhost custom installation script assists in the creation of the subhost configuration Virtual Host tags in your Apache configuration file. Subhost configuration includes many variables. While separated here into three sections, the entire process includes all three and you must complete all of them to entirely configure the subhost. To begin the subhost configuration and specify the domain and administrator, follow these steps from the command line: 1. Type vaddhost and press Enter. Instructions and information for vaddhost will display during this step and throughout the vaddhost process. 2. Type the domain for the subhost (domain.com, for example), any other variations of the domain (www.domain.com, store.domain.com, etc), and any other domains used for this subhost, pressing Enter after each. The first domain entered will be the main domain for the subhost. Additional variations will be aliases that point to the main domain. Press Enter without any text after providing all variations to move to the next step. Note: The hostname or subhost usually consists of the top-level domain only (domain.com) instead of a canonical name such as www.domain.com. Canonical names are usually added as secondary domains or aliases. 3. The system displays the list of domains and variations for verification. Type y and press Enter to continue or type n and press Enter to input the domains again. 4. Type the username of the user who will administer the subhost and press Enter. (Press Enter without any text to display a list of existing users.) This user should be the owner of the site files and folders, otherwise the Web server will not be able to load the site. 5. Verify the information and type y and press Enter to continue or type n and press Enter to input the username again. To continue the configuration and specify SSL, administrative email, and document root (Web directory) settings, follow these steps from the command line: 1. To enable SSL for the subhost type y and press Enter or type n and press Enter to not enable SSL for the subhost. 2. Verify the information and type y and press Enter to continue or type n and press Enter to input the SSL information again. 3. Type the email address of the subhost administrator and press Enter. 4. Verify the information and type y and press Enter to continue or type n and press Enter to input the address again. Configuring Subhosts 6 Linux VPS Getting Started Guide 5. Type the path for the subhost Web directory, or document root, on the server. The vaddhost command simplifies this step and provides a recommended path for you. You can press Enter without typing a path to select this default, which will create a subhosted directory in the home directory of the user specified in step 4. 6. Verify the information and type y and press Enter to continue or type n and press Enter to input the path again. To continue the configuration and specify log and cgi-bin settings, follow these steps from the command line: 1. Select an option for the subhost transfer log and press Enter. 2. Verify the information and type y and press Enter to continue or type n and press Enter to choose the transfer log configuration again. 3. Select an option for the subhost error log and press Enter. 4. Verify the information and type y and press Enter to continue or type n and press Enter to choose the error log configuration again. 5. Select an option for the subhost cgi-bin and press Enter. This will enable the subhost to execute scripts and programs. 6. Verify the information and type y and press Enter to continue or type n and press Enter to choose the cgi-bin configuration again. 7. The system will display the Virtual Host entry to be added to the httpd.conf file for confirmation. Type y and press Enter to add the entry to the httpd.conf file, or type n and press Enter to abort the vaddhost process. 8. If you typed y to accept the entry, type y and press Enter to restart the Web server and complete the subhost addition. Note: Press ctrl+c to exit the vaddhost process at any time. This immediately cancels vaddhost and any subhost configuration entered during the vaddhost process is lost. Configuring a Subhost You may configure a subhost further by editing the Virtual Host entries for the subhost in the /www/conf/httpd.conf file. Execute the restart_apache command from the command line after editing the file to restart the Web server and make the changes effective. Removing a Subhost The /www/conf/httpd.conf file contains the configuration for subhosts. To remove the subhost configuration from the Web server, follow these steps: 1. Edit the httpd.conf file and remove the Virtual Host entries for the subhost in question. 2. After modifying the httpd.conf file, execute the restart_apache command from the command line to restart the Web server. 3. Remove any unneeded files or directories for the subhost from the server. Note: Please refer to "Removing Users" on page 3 for further information about subhost files and directories assigned to a user and considerations when removing that user Configuring Subhosts 7 Linux VPS Getting Started Guide Using the Vinstall Utility Library Your server contains another feature unique to Linux VPS which makes configuration of your account easier. The proprietary vinstall custom installation script enables you to install and configure programs for your account. Programs available for installation through vinstall have been configured specifically for Linux VPS and enable you to utilize a variety of programs without complicated manual configuration. The vuninstall utility removes files and configurations created by the vinstall utility. This section discusses using vinstall and vuninstall to list available programs, find information about them, install, and/or remove programs. You can execute the vinstall utility using interactive commands, or supply the needed information as command- line options to avoid the interactive vinstall prompts. Substitute vuninstall for vinstall when removing programs. Note: Some programs prompt you to provide further information as part of their own installation process, even when using the non-interactive vinstall commands. Refer to the following table for a list of the possible vinstall actions you can execute and the interactive and non- interactive commands for each: Actions Interactive Command Non-interactive Command Enter interactive mode vinstall n/a List available programs ? vinstall –l Find additional information about a program n/a program Enter install mode install n/a Install a program program vinstall program (while in install mode) Exit interactive mode quit n/a Note: Press ctrl+c at any time to exit the interactive or non-interactive vinstall process. Use this option with caution as it immediately cancels vinstall and may leave installations and programs incomplete and non- functional. Using the Vinstall Utility Library 8
Pages to are hidden for
"Linux VPS Getting Started Guide"Please download to view full document


text:
Sabres' power play lacks juice in Game 1 loss
Updated: May 11, 2007, 11:55 AM ETBy E.J. Hradek | ESPN The Magazine
BUFFALO, N.Y. -- In the opening minutes of Game 1 of the Eastern Conference finals against the Ottawa Senators, the Buffalo Sabres had everything going their way.
The sellout home crowd of 18,690 was rocking HSBC Arena. Star co-captain Chris Drury had a strong first shift, picking the pocket of Senators pivot Jason Spezza in the neutral zone, then skating over the blue line and launching a shot at the net. On the game's second shift, the Sabres continued to push at the Senators. They were ...
Read full story
You must be signed in to post a comment
You are fully responsible for the content you post. Content that includes profanity, personal attacks or antisocial behavior (such as "spamming" or "trolling"), or other inappropriate content or material will be removed. We reserve the right to block any user who violates our terms of use, including removing all content posted by that user.


text: Every Nirvana Song on Guitar Flag By: kanali (More by author: Most viewed, Newest, Most Thumbs) previous next random - Fav + Fav Comment Not me. Awesome dude playing all of Nirvana's songs on guitar. Tags: Guitar | Nirvana | kurt cobain Recommend tagsx +10 Views: 1954 Favorited: 0 Submitted: 10/04/2012 Share On Facebook Remove from favorites Add to favorites Unsubscribe from kanali Subscribe to kanali


text:
The Global FlyFisher - The Largest and Best Place to go for Online Fly Fishing and Fly Tying
GFF Videos
Sprout Midge
Originator:In The Riffle
Submitter:Martin Joergensen
|More great articles on The Global FlyFisher
|A couple of random articles
Tube flies - Flies tied on metal and plastic tubes - Global FlyFisherFlies tied on metal and plastic tubes fished with loose hooks for salmon, trout, saltwater fish. Tying techniques and patterns.
June 15th 2011


text:
Ask Better Homes & Gardens
Experts and BHG readers answer.
Expertssee all experts
Why will my zonal geranium refuse to bloom
I have a zonal geranium That Iv'e had for two years now. It bloomed the first summer but after that I'm lucky to get any flowers on It at all. The plant It's self Is very healthy and I do keep It In morning sun afternnon shade as I live In Arkansas. I may get some flowers on It around late summer and again a couple In very late spring as I do over winter It but I never can get It to bloom at all over the summer.
It sounds as though the light levels are right for bloom, so it must be some other factor. Have you repotted the plant since the first summer? It may be rootbound. Also, what fertilizer, if any do you give it? If the fertilizer is high in nitrogen, the plant will push out a lot of leafy growth and few flowers. Use a blooming plant fertilizer in which the 2nd and 3rd numbers on the label are as high (or higher) than the first one, which signifies the percentage of nitrogen.


text:
Joseph Anthony Pagliei
Position: FB
Height: 6-0 Weight: 220 lbs.
Born: April 12, 1934 in Clairton, PA
High School: Clairton
College: Clemson (school history)
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 2 (11397th overall since 1950)
Sponsor this page for $5 and help Pro-Football-Reference.com provide this service. Your message will replace this ad.


text:
Registration takes less than 1 minute.
The Port of Los Angeles will begin construction this summer on a two-year project to upgrade and expand berths and backlands at the Yusen Terminals LLC container terminal.
Most businesses report minimal impact, despite claims from driver groups that the strike is causing "massive disruptions."
Grand Alliance chassis pool will be terminated and Direct ChassisLink will contribute those assets to its expanded pool.
Retailer diverted cargo, formed chassis fleet, and used untapped drayage to combat West Coast congestion.
Port disruptions caused by contentious dockworker contract negotiations likely reduced real export growth 1.5 percent in the first quarter, according to a recent study by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
A new whitepaper from CarrierDirect says 3PLs can become strategic partners of LTL carriers in tight capacity environment by reducing a major pain point for carriers.


text:
|Search | About | Preferences | Interact | Help
|Find any book at the best price.
by Hornby, Albert Sidney
Publisher:Oxford Univ Pr (Sd)
This thoroughly revised and updated new edition of the standard dictionary for advanced learners of English contains thousands of new words, increased coverage of phrasal verbs, idioms and American English, greater focus on pronunciation and stress, as well as appendices on irregular verbs, punctuation and weights and measures. The edition also provides notes to clarify points of semantic or grammatical difficulty, and an introduction in simple English for the student plus a higher-level foreword for the teacher or lecturer. The work will be of benefit to advanced students of English, for students reading and studying contemporary textbooks, literature, newspapers and periodicals, for non-native teachers of advanced-level English and for non-native lecturers in English studies.
Search under way...
Search complete.
New books: 1 - 2 of 2
Used books: 1 - 25 of 81


text:
Queens stand up. This track is crazy. Tony Touch gets Action Bronson and Kool G. rap for a song that would make everyone in Queens happy. "It's A Queens Thing" is a cut off Tony's The Piecemaker 3: Return of the 50 MCs, which is in store July 9. The mixtape legend is set to pay homage to his "Power Cypha" series, which was famous for featuring 50 freestyles from New York hip-hop legends and rising stars. You can listen to the record below.
- 24 Rappers Who Don't Have Their Own Artists
- 26 Photos of Bad Boy Over the Years
- Here's a History of Scott Storch's Troubles
- Diddy's Been a Regular at the UCLA Campus the Past Few Months
- 9 Rappers Called Out by Their Exes
- Best Hip-Hop Instagrams of the Day
- 10 of Chris Brown's Emotional Moments Over Karrueche Tran
- 19 Rappers Who Performed in Africa
- Chris Brown's Major Meltdowns Over the Years
- 3 Rappers Who Saved Someone's Life
- 49 of the Most Recent Leaked Songs by Young Thug
- 5 Rap Videos Shot in Africa
- 11 Rappers Giving Lectures at Universities
- 29 Rappers Celebrate Their Mothers On Instagram
- Best Hip-Hop Instagrams of the Day


text:
Kibbey & Deckard law firm added to 'Top 100' list
STUART - Attorneys Richard Kibbey and Joshua Deckard from the Kibbey & Deckard law firm recently made 'The National Trial Lawyers: Top 100' list.
This is an invitation-only organization comprised of the finest trial lawyers in America, with only a handful of premier attorneys selected from each state.
Nominees come from peer recommendations and additional third-party research, and include multitalented attorneys who have a solid foundation built upon skill, experience and success. Only those who exhibit the most superior qualities are chosen, some of which include leadership, reputation and esteemed public profile.
Subscribe to TCPalm
Need Help? Call us at 1-877-710-6180.
Monday-Friday: 6am-3pm / Saturday: 6:30am-10:30am / Sunday: 7am-11am


text:
Feds face challenges in launching health exchange
Coverage in the National Journal, December 19, 2011, featuring HSPH's John McDonough
Four HSPH faculty weigh in on Affordable Care Act
The Harvard Crimson spoke with Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) faculty members for a Year in Review article on implementing the Affordable Care Act. HSPH researchers, including [[John McDonough]], [[Katherine Baicker]], and [[Meredith Rosenthal]], have been at the forefront of the…
Health care system can learn from restaurant chain
The nation's health care system needs to learn to serve millions of Americans with consistent quality, reasonable cost, and decent service — much like popular chains like the Cheesecake Factory have learned to do in the restaurant world, Atul Gawande writes August…
Hsiao helps Vermont overhaul its health care system
Profile in The Harvard Crimson, December 7, 2011, featuring HSPH's William Hsiao
Hsiao helps Vermont overhaul its health care system
The economic climate and demographic shifts around the globe have pushed the work of William Hsiao, the K.T. Li professor of economics at Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH), to the forefront of international health policy, impacting millions of lives around the…
Massachusetts aims to cut growth of its health costs
Coverage in the New York Times, August 1, 2012, featuring HSPH's Nancy Turnbull
Medicaid expansion may lower death rates, study says
Coverage in the New York Times, July 25, 2012, featuring HSPH's Benjamin Sommers
With Obama re-elected, states scramble over health law
Coverage in The New York Times, November 9, 2012, featuring HSPH's John McDonough
Tufts, Vanguard to launch new health insurance program
Coverage on WBUR featuring HSPH's Nancy Turnbull, August 31, 2012
Health care reform news: paying for healthy lifestyles
Visiting scientist Harald Schmidt is quoted in a Reuters article about how local authorities, employers and health insurers in some countries are experimenting with paying people to encourage healthier lifestyles. Payments are made to discourage risky behaviors such as smoking, overeating or…


text:
1998 Nissan 200SX Q&A
1998 Nissan 200SX Question: Wont turn over
My 98 200sx died out on me after I was sitting at a stop light. The light turned green and I started accelerating around the corner going right when I let off the gas a little then when I started t o accelerate again it sputtered out like it ran out of gas. The fuel filter and fuel pump are fine. There is gas coming out of the return line to the gas tank and I am getting spark to the plugs. any ideas of what this could possibly be? There was a car reader attached it but the guy accidently erased the log before I seen the code. I vaguely remember something about vacuum regulator but I m really not sure. - islandtrip
Answer 1
Compression (mechanical integrity), fuel and spark are the three things an engine needs to run. Did your car restart or start after it had cooled down. Often the distributor electronics will fail when the engine is hot and allow the engine to restart once the engine has cooled down. I would first remove the distributor cap and see if oil is present in the distributor, if there is oil present the distributor seal is bad and the distributor should be replaced. - patrick mannion
Related Items:
put a new clutch in and now the car wont turn over at all. we cked the clutch saftey switch and the grounds. this car just wont crank. we have po...
wont start regardless of what I do, it has new purge valve, new iac valve, new battery, still nothing.
We got a 1995 nissan 200sx and it ran fine. Then one day we were at a Wal-Mart and we came out and it wouldnt even try to start. But we pushed started it and it ran fine. We thought it was the star...
we have cecked the starter alt. and battery.on the fuse box under the hood on the passager side clicks .you can feel the clucth fuse when you try to start it
Related Content
1. stevieray1
2. pushrod
3. globalhelper
4. csubak30
5. ziptie12
6. sparrow1
7. 62skate
8. InmonAuto
9. IsraelS
10. BrianLankford


text:
Amsterdam Red Light District Walking Tour
Read what other Viator.com travelers think about the Amsterdam Red Light District Walking Tour. What they loved, what they liked and what they think could be improved, it's all here to help you make the most of your next trip.
Click here for tour details, schedule and pricing
Great guide . Knew her stuff. Great personality
James S
I wish I remembered the name of the woman who gave our tour, she was awesome. She grew up in Amsterdam and was very knowledgable about the history and politics of the area. The tour itself started right on time and took about 2 hours to complete- we had a very large group so smaller groups may do quicker. I highly recommend this tour if you have any interest in knowing about the Red Light District at all.
Perfect way to familiarize the ins and outs of the district. The tour guide was awesome and funny.
Do not miss this tour!!!! For me this was the highlight or our trip to Amsterdam. Our guide Steven made this tour both informative and entertaining. I don't know what I was expecting but I thoroughly enjoyed it, even the rain couldn't spoil it. We could have walked round this area on our own, but Steven took us down 'alleys' we would have never found on our own. This tour was at night, but go back through the day to get a different view on things!!!. An excellent tour by an excellent guide. We went to Amsterdam to celebrate our silver wedding, i'm sure we will be talking about this tour over the next 25 years.
Our tour guide was great, very informative, witty and considerate. Loved this tour, i would recommend it.
Great tour - very informative guide - lots of fun!
Nice way to see and understand this area especially if traveling alone. Very informative.
I think our guide was great!!
Enjoyed this walking tour because our guide was informative, gave a really good insight into how the red light district operates, the measures taken by the council to regulate it, how the girls conduct business and that it is not all about sex and prostitutes and that other people live there and just go about their daily lives. The building were lovely and historical. Our guide was great, and answered all our questions. The only possibly?? down side was that it was Kings day next day and it was so busy and crowded, we would liked to have stayed in the city longer and had a drink but our hotel was in the suburbs and the trams etc. were stopping early so we took a taxi back to the hotel and had a drink there instead. So missed the atmosphere and the buzz unfortunately. Would definitely recommend it. I am sure the King had a lovely birthday anyway
Informative, friendly, great tour guide, good route.
Lois S
Excellent tour guide and very informative.
Don't be afraid to take this tour, it was very safe and the tour guide really was Great! I didn't realize how big an area it is. I would have felt I missed a part of Amsterdam if we didn't take the tour.
Hong Kong
Excellent tour by our guide PETER who was excellent. Very informative and insightful. Highly recommend this tour for anyone visiting Amsterdam. Group was only about 15 pax.
Our tour guide Anika (hope i am spelling it right) was so good. She was hilarious and yet so informative; it was raining but the lady was so professional. Not even for once did she say let's cut this short ........ it was a detailed tour and it was such an awesome experience. !!
It was so interesting, the tour guide was brilliant and I thoroughly enjoyed it!
Absolutely great tour! Might be the best way to learn about the red light district in a safe environment and discover many interesting facts that we would never have known otherwise. Guide was professional and helpful, albeit 25 euros may be slightly steep for a 2hour walking tour. Recommended !
What an amazing tour!! Chantal (our guide) was great. Answered all of our questions, we had lots!! Would 100% suggest this. Only disappointing thing was, groups are not brought into the information centre anymore but brought to a small museum, this was fine though. We even got to sit in a window for a while, to see what its like!!! Great tour!!
We used to live in The Netherlands and returned for a visit as Amsterdam is still one of my favorite cities. This is a fun, interesting tour. It was pouring so we had a smaller group than usual but don't let the rain stop you. The Prostitution Information Center is fairly new and run by a former prostitute. The women there answered all the questions our group had as we shared a drink.....don't miss it!
Very interesting, we also learnt about the history of Amsterdam as well, the guide was very knowledgable with a good sense of humour!
excellent would definitely recommend, best part of the trip
Toller Guide, sehr interessante Tour
This was a great tour! We weren't sure what to expect but were happily surprised. Our guide was friendly, informative and encouraged everyone to ask questions. The stop at the Prostitution Information Centre was also very informative and I liked how frank and direct the lady was. They both give you a different perspective on this profession. This tour is a must if going to Amsterdam!
Christina C
This was an amazing tour. Well worth the time and money. I had been to Amsterdam previously and walked around the Red Light district (as tourist do) and This tour opened up my eyes to a whole new perspective. Our guide was amazing and absolutely made the tour that much more fun. I can not recommend this tour enough. It's for everyone, not offensive or overly sexualized, just informative. The visit to the Prostitution Information Center with the Information Session is so important to understand what the Red Light District meant and means now. 5 stars FOR SURE!!!
Excellent!! We loved this tour and our guide was fantastic! The best way to see the RLD at night. We felt very safe and would definitely recommend this tour
This was a very different walking tour for us. Our guide had a good sense of humour and was very informative. It gave a whole new meaning to window shopping.


text:
FiltersShow / Hide
- All Events
- Music
- Comedy
- Theatre & Shows
- Sport
- Cinema
- Festivals
- Days Out
- Edinburgh Fringe
- Anywhere In The UK
- Location: Anywhere in the UK
Radius: ... miles
Latest Announcement:
Win VIP tickets to Reading or Leeds Festival in the twelfth week of Ents24's Festival Frenzy Competition!, Friday 26th Jun, Read more
We are now on to the twelfth week of Festival Frenzy - our weekly giveaway of tickets to the UK's greatest festivals! This week we are giving away one pair of VIP tickets for Reading Festival and one pair of VIP... [more →]
View competition details and enter →
DJ from Stuff Records, Glasgow.
See more info at rustie.net
Rustie tour dates listed on Ents24.com since Feb 2008.
2 Rustie Tour Dates
Track Rustie
- You are tracking Rustie
Fans of this artist also track:
- Receive email as soon as new tour dates are announced
- 1,146,682 fans now rely on Ents24 alerts
- Alerts are free and always will be!
- We never share details with 3rd parties
Ents24 Widget
PutCustomisable, flexible tour date widget… Super quick set-up, get the code here: tour dates on your web site
Filter By Region
All locations
Want a different location?
News and Announcements RSS feed
Have Your Say
- Have you seen Rustie? Why not write a review?
Fans who like 'Rustie' also like:
Do you represent Rustie, or are you a member of their promotional team? Click here to claim this page


text:
Short Cuts
Death: 250
Martyr and priest. According to tradition, he was a priest in the region of Umbria, Italy who was put to death during the persecutions of Emperor Trajanus Decius. The account may be apocryphal, and it is possible that Porphyrius can be identified with Agapitus of Palestrina and also the martyrs Venantius and Porphyrius.
She is called "the Penitent". St. Mary was given the name 'Magdalen' because, though a Jewish girl, she lived in a Gentile town called Magdale, in northern Galilee, and her ... continue reading | shop
Pictures of St. George usually show him killing a dragon to rescue a beautiful lady. The dragon stands for wickedness. The lady stands for God's holy truth. St. George was a brave martyr ... continue reading | shop
St. Matthew, one of the twelve Apostles, is the author of the first Gospel. This has been the constant tradition of the Church and is confirmed by the Gospel itself. He was the son of ... continue reading | shop
English martyr. He was born at Stocksteads, Hampshire, and was a convert. He was arrested the day he received his first Communion. A husbands man by trade, Ralph was allowed a leave from prison and ... continue readingMore Saint of the Day
Elizabeth Bayley Seton was the first native born American to be canonized by the Catholic Church. Born two years before the American Revolution, Elizabeth grew up in the "cream" of New York society. She was a prolific reader, and read everything from the ... continue readingMore Female Saints
St. Michael the Archangel - Feast day - September 29th The name Michael signifies "Who is like to God?" and was the warcry of the good angels in the battle fought in heaven against satan and his followers. Holy Scripture describes St. Michael as "one of the chief ... continue reading
The name Gabriel means "man of God," or "God has shown himself mighty." It appears first in the prophesies of Daniel in the Old Testament. The angel announced to Daniel the prophecy of the seventy weeks. His name also occurs in the apocryphal book of Henoch. He was the ... continue reading
In St. Matthew's Gospel, we read of St. Simon or Simeon who is described as one of our Lord's brethren or kinsmen. His father was Cleophas, St. Joseph's brother, and his mother, according to some ... continue reading
Bishop of Merida, Spain, trained by his predecessor, St. Paul. He was originally from the East. continue reading
By Justin Soutar
During his visit to the United States this coming September, Pope Francis will canonize Blessed Junipero Serra, the heroic 'Apostle of California.' Once that happens, the Golden State will have its own patron saint and the Church will have another great missionary role ... continue readingMore Christian Saints & Heroes


text:
Water Gala at Fremont Aqua Adventure
- Charity & Causes
- 40500 Paseo Padre Parkway, Fremont, CA
Summer Hip Hop Dance Class (every other Sunday, starting June 29- 4:00-6:00 pm)
Boldly Me
Sunday, June 29, 2014 at 4:00 PM - Sunday, October 19, 2014 at 6:00 PM (PDT)
Come and join us as we for a Summer hip hop dance group! We'll have a lot of fun practicing together and learning new dance moves and building confidence in our dance skills and performing them. At the end of the session we'll present a performance for friends and family. Join us and make friends, build your hip hop dancing moves and your confidence as well.
Teacher: Xavier Brockman and Shamekia Goldsmith
At Boldly Me, we build individual self-esteem and raise public awareness for those who feel different. We do this through counseling programs, training, and recreational classes that help individuals learn to love themselves, their friends, and their families.
In order to purchase these tickets in installments, you'll need an Eventbrite account. Log in or sign up for a free account to continue.


text:
Several factors can speed up the formation of wrinkles, such as sunlight or squinting for 77 straight years. Slow down the aging process with this Groupon.
The Deal
$179 for 20 units of Botox (a $300 value)
Botox may cause serious side effects that can be life threatening, including problems swallowing, speaking, or breathing. Read all safety considerations for Botox here.
Mid Peninsula Healthcare
Dr. Gary Toig became a board-certified obstetrician and gynecologist in 1984, six years after graduating from the University of PIttsburgh's School of Medicine. Today, his passion for fostering women's health remains. At his practice, he works side by side with Dr. Ali Parsa, who unites fellowship training in minimally invasive surgery techniques such as laparascopy with a compassionate attitude towards his clients. Together, the doctors and their staff schedule an array of services, including menopause and fertility treatments. Their obstetric care supports expecting mothers with low- and high-risk pregnancies from start to finish, when the baby is given a regal name like Barth.
"The MD was excellent....although his phone staff screwed up the appmt. place, he drove all the way from RWD to come to HMB, after I phoned and asked where everyone was."
"Great experience! Will definitely return..."
Half Moon Bay
248 Main St.
Suite 110
Half Moon Bay, California 94019
650-365-9997Get Directions
401 Warren St.
Suite 300
Redwood City, CA 94063
+16503659997Get Directions


text:
As a thoracic surgeon in Washington, Dr. Timothy Icenogle is trained to perform complicated surgeries on the lungs, esophagus, heart and other parts of the chest.
Learn More
We invite you to write a review about your experience with Dr. Icenogle.
Find potential causes and treatment options with the MD.com Symptom Checker.
See our Privacy Policy and Terms of Use.


text:
Order online and pick up in-store for free
100 day satisfaction guarantee on all clothing and homeware. Terms and conditions apply
Sorry your search options returned no results
Please try again with new options or back to your previous search options.
Back to previous search options
Clear current options
Tailor & Cutter Slim Fit Shirt
Tailor & Cutter Short Sleeve Patterned Shirt
Tailor & Cutter Regular Fit Shirt and Tie Set
Tailor & Cutter Regular Fit Shirt
Tailor & Cutter Regular Fit Cotton Shirt
Tailor & Cutter Striped Cotton Shirt
Tailor & Cutter Slim Fit Shirt and Tie Set
Tailor & Cutter Long Sleeve Shirt and Tie
Tailor & Cutter Shirt
Tailor & Cutter Long Sleeve Shirt
Regular Fit Long-Sleeve Shirt
Long Sleeve Slim Fit Easy Iron Shirt
2 Pack Long Sleeved Regular Fit Shirts
Long Sleeve Slim Fit Shirt
Short Sleeve Formal Shirt
Long Sleeve Regular Fit Formal Shirt
Black Short Sleeved Formal Shirt
Shirts say more about you than any other single piece of wardrobe kit. Take the stress out of getting it right with our expert edit of classic, casual and cutting-edge designs. Find impeccably styled shirt and tie sets, office-sharp multipacks, unique fashion shirts, and special event separates you'll love (and so will she).
Sign up for our emails
For the latest trends, offers and more