text:
An electroplating solution may be formulated as an aqueous solution of oxalic acid, trisodium phosphate and ammonium sulfate. Such solutions may be used for both brush plating and bath plating, and are suitable for use with a variety of plating metals and substrate metals without the need to add plating metal ions to the solution in the form of metal salts, chelates or complexes.
1. An electroplating solution comprising an acidic aqueous solution of an oxalate, a phosphate and ammonium sulfate.
2. The electroplating solution of
3. The electroplating solution of
4. The electroplating solution of
5. The electroplating solution of
6. The electroplating solution of
7. The electroplating solution of
8. The electroplating solution of
9. The electroplating solution of
10. A method of electroplating an article comprising:
providing an acidic aqueous electroplating solution between a plating metal anode and the article, the electroplating solution comprising an oxalate, a phosphate and ammonium sulfate; and
passing an electric current through the solution between the plating metal anode and the article.
11. The method of
12. The electroplating solution of
13. The electroplating solution of
14. The method of
15. The method of
16. The method of
17. The method of
18. The method of
19. The method of
20. The method of
The present application is a Continuation-in-Part of the copending application entitled Electroplating Solution And Method For Electroplating filed Apr. 2, 2004, Ser. No. 10/817,037.
The present invention relates to electroplating solutions and methods for electroplating metal articles using such solutions.
Due to the toxic materials employed, government regulation of businesses that perform electroplating is presently fairly stringent, and the regulations regarding emissions from electroplating facilities have increased the costs of doing business. As a result, many electroplating businesses have closed, and a significant portion of the electroplating work formerly performed by these businesses has migrated to foreign countries.
Conventional electroplating technology has employed and continues to employ toxic chemicals that are hazardous both to the workers carrying out the electroplating and to the environment. For example, various solutions for silver, gold and zinc electroplating have included sodium cyanide or other cyanide-containing compound. Acidification of such electroplating bath can result in generation of toxic hydrogen cyanide gas. Similarly, solutions having a chloride component can generate chlorine gas at the cathode.
Handling of spent solutions can also be problematic. Solutions containing heavy metals and other toxic chemicals may require special treatment before they can be safely disposed. Toxic chemicals remaining on the plated article may also present problems, as rinse water treatment may also be required.
Electroplating solutions usually include the plating metal ion in solution. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. Re. 35,513, one electroplating solution for electroplating of copper includes cuprous chloride, and a solution for plating of silver includes silver chloride. As a result, the plating solution can only be used for plating the metal for which it has been formulated. For example, a solution used for nickel plating cannot be used for copper plating. In addition, the level of plating metal ion must be monitored and supplemented from time to time in order to maintain the bath. The chemical tests required to maintain the desired balance in the bath are complicated and expensive, and only larger plating businesses are likely to have the necessary supplies, equipment and training to conduct them in house.
Current plating technology also frequently utilizes a plurality of baths for pretreating and plating, which may be specific to a particular plating metal and/or substrate metal. If the plater wishes to plate various different plating metals on various different substrate metals ("substrate metals" refer to metals on which the plating metal is plated, and does not indicate that the metal is common or impure), the number of solutions and baths that have to be maintained can be multiplied to the point that the plating operation becomes very costly and requires a large space. Smaller consumers of plating thus have been increasingly outsourcing their plating needs, with attendant increases in cost and time spent rather than dedicating the necessary resources for environmental compliance, testing, storage of plating solutions, changing of baths, and so forth.
In one aspect, the plating method and plating solution allow single step plating. The plating solution of this aspect may comprise a poly-functional organic acid or acid salt, such as oxalic acid, ammonium sulfate and a phosphate such as trisodium phosphate. In another aspect, the plating solution may be used for bath plating as well as brush plating without including the plating metal salt in the solution. Rather, according to this aspect, the sole source of the plating metal may be the anode.
In an aspect of the invention relating to bath plating, the substrate metal on which the plating is to be applied is submerged in the solution and one or more plating metal anodes are used. In an aspect of the invention relating to brush plating, an insulating absorbent material, such as a natural or synthetic felt is secured to a plating metal anode, and the absorbent material is saturated with the plating solution. The anode, insulated by the felt, is rubbed over the substrate metal cathode to deposit a plating layer.
In another aspect, salts of a plating metal are included in the electroplating solution.
In another aspect, once plating has been completed, residual metal ions are removed from the plating solution using an inert anode, such as a carbon anode, and a cathode such as copper, iron or other substrate metal that can receive the residual plating metal ions.
In another aspect, the plating solution is substantially free of cyanide and chloride compounds, although trace amounts of cyanide or chloride may be present.
Bath and brush electroplating both involve the use of plating solutions. According to one embodiment of the invention, and referring to
The hanger 20 is, in turn, connected to the negative terminal of a direct current power supply (not shown), which may be a simple battery or battery charger, such as a 6V or 12V, 10 amp automotive battery charger. More sophisticated DC power supplies that allow closer control of current and voltage levels are available for electroplating purposes and may be used in practicing the present invention.
One or more soluble plating metal anodes 22 that depend from the arm 16 are immersed in the bath 14, and are connected to the positive terminal of the DC power supply. Multiple anodes 22 may be used where more than one side of the article requires plating or where a more uniform layer of plating is desired. In addition, the bath 12 may be made of the plating metal, with the positive terminal of the DC power supply being connected to the bath 12 itself, making the bath 12 into the plating metal anode 22. Of course, in such case, the life of the bath 12 would be dependent on the amount of plating for which it is used, since the plating process would remove metal from the interior of such a bath.
According to one embodiment, plating is accomplished by submerging the article 18 in an aqueous solution comprising quantities of a water-soluble, polyfunctional organic acid, such as oxalic acid (ethanedionic acid), trisodium phosphate and ammonium sulfate. For example, the solution may comprise 32 g oxalic acid, 10 g trisodium phosphate and 4 g ammonium sulfate in 0.95 L water. Salts of the plating metal may also be dissolved in the solution.
Oxalic acid, trisodium phosphate and ammonium sulfate were chosen for their functionality, and also because they are comparatively less toxic, environmentally friendly, economical and readily available than other chemicals. It appears likely that other chemicals could be used to provide the same levels of oxalate, phosphate, ammonium and sulfate ions, such as by replacing a portion of the oxalic acid with ammonium oxalate and a portion of the ammonium sulfate with sulfuric acid, but the cost of doing so would likely be greater than the cost of using oxalic acid, trisodium phosphate and ammonium sulfate, and the handling of sulfuric acid may not be desired.
Disodium EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid) was also tried in like proportions to, and in the place of, the oxalic acid. This solution was also usable for plating, although it did not work as well as the aforementioned, oxalic-acid-based solution, and the cost of the disodium EDTA was substantially greater than that of the oxalic acid.
Although many electroplating solutions include cyanide and chloride compounds, such compounds are not required in the present electroplating solution and the solution may be free of cyanide and chloride compounds, although trace amounts of chloride may be present as, for example, in various grades of trisodium phosphate useable in formulating plating solutions according to the present invention. The absence of such compounds may be desired as both cyanide gas and chlorine gas are harmful and noxious. In addition, the presence of cyanide compounds, in particular, could complicate environmentally sound disposal of the solution and so forth.
The foregoing components of the solution may be beneficial in respect to health and safety of workers and to protection of the environment. Oxalic acid is present in many vegetables. For example, carrots, cassava and chives have oxalic acid contents of 0.5 g or more per hundred grams, and parsley has an oxalic acid content of 1.7 g per 100 grams. Ammonium sulfate is used in fertilizer and trisodium phosphate is sold for use in various cleaning tasks, such as washing of decks and house exteriors. While skin and eye contact, respiration and ingestion of all of these compounds should be avoided or minimized, they are certainly all more benign than chemicals such as cyanide and other chemicals commonly used in plating.
Plating solutions of the aforementioned type have been successfully used to plate layers of brass, copper, nickel, zinc, silver, gold, iron, molybdenum-nickel-based alloys such as that sold under the Monel trademark, lead and stainless steel onto the substrate metal, and the substrate metal may be aluminum, steel, copper, brass, steel, stainless steel, lead, zinc, nickel and other substrate metals. Metal alloys may be made by providing anodes of different metals. For example, zinc and copper anodes were used simultaneously to produce a layer of brass on a cathode. Likewise, tin and copper anodes were used to produce bronze. Nickel and iron anodes were used to make a nickel steel plating. Other alloys can be plated onto a substrate in like manner using two or more anodes. The electroplating solutions have been able to accomplish this without the addition of plating metal salts, chelates, complexes or the like to the plating solution. The plating solution may be usable with other plating metals and substrate metals. Rather, the plating metal was provided solely by the anode. Plating has been performed at moderate temperatures (about 16� C.-60� C.), and was not particularly temperature sensitive. In some cases, with some formulations, a dark oxide coating formed on the plated metal. This condition could be corrected by wiping the deposit off in some cases, or, in the case of some solutions, by increasing the oxalic acid concentration by 10%.
Soluble salts of the plating metal may be added to the electroplating solution if desired. Such salts may include nitrates, sulfates, halides and the like, although use of halides may result in hydrogen chloride gas being evolved from the electroplating solution during the plating process. However, the addition of such salts can be avoided by the use of a plating metal anode of sufficient surface area and mass. Where such electrodes are used, the electroplating solution can be charged with the plating metal by the flow of current between the plating metal anode and the cathode. This avoids the need to add plating metal salts or the like to the electroplating solution.
Current flow between the anode and cathode can be controlled by varying the distance between the anode and cathode and by diluting the electroplating solution or formulating it in a more concentrated form.
As shown in
According to one embodiment, plating is accomplished by dipping the absorbent material 36 of the wand 30 in a plating solution such as those described herein, connecting the wand to the positive terminal of the DC power supply and the substrate metal 38 to the negative terminal, and rubbing the wand 30 over the surface of the substrate metal 38 until a sufficient quantity of the plating metal has been deposited on the desired area of the substrate metal. Additional solution may be applied to the absorbent material 36 of the wand 30 as needed.
The plating solution discussed above represents one formulation and may be used with a variety of plating metal/substrate metal pairs.
A plating solution of 32 g oxalic acid, 10 g trisodium phosphate and 4 g ammonium sulfate in 0.95 L (1 qt.) distilled water was prepared and placed in a non-metallic bath. Strips of copper, lead, aluminum and aluminum foil cathodes were prepared, together with anodes of brass, lead, zinc, stainless steel and steel. The anodes and cathodes were sequentially placed in a bath containing the solution, and power was supplied to the cathode and anode by a battery charger set to 6 v or 1 2V, as noted, at about one ampere per square inch of cathode for a period of about 30 minutes each. At the conclusion of this time period, a decorative plating of the plating metal had been deposited on the cathode in most cases. After one article had been plated as set forth above, the same decorative surface plate could be applied to a second article in about half the time, indicating that the plating solution had been charged with plating metal removed from the anode. The results of this experiment are set forth in Table 1 below. The temperature of the solution throughout its use was approximately 27� C. (80� F.) except as otherwise noted. The results were taken at fifteen minutes unless otherwise noted.
Plating of metals onto aluminum was found to require a slightly greater amount of time than for the other metals.
After plating, the plating metal in solution can thereafter be removed by replacing the anode with an inert material, such as a carbon rod and replacing the cathode with another, such as a copper strip or pipe, and continuing to pass electric current through the solution. Upon so doing, the solution may thereafter be used for the plating of a different plating metal onto another article.
The concentration of the components of the plating solution can be varied while still maintaining the ability of the solution to support the plating of a wide variety of metals onto a wide variety of substrate metals. For this example, copper was chosen as the substrate metal and nickel and zinc were chosen as the plating metals. Solutions were prepared as described above based on the 32:10:4 ratio of oxalic acid, trisodium phosphate and ammonium sulfate, except that the concentrations of each of the components in turn were varied while the concentrations of the remaining components were maintained at the stated ratio. For example, as discussed below, 32 g oxalic acid 15 and 10 g trisodium phosphate sulfate might be used to make solutions together with, respectively, 2 g, 6 g, 8 g, 10 g and 12 g of ammonium sulfate. The plating was successful unless otherwise noted.
The plating solution of the present invention can not only be used for plating a wide range of metals onto a wide range of metals, it can also be used for as well. For example, a design was applied to the surface of a strip of brass using a rubber stamp and a bitumen material. The strip was then immersed in a solution as described in Example I together with a length of copper pipe. The strip was connected to the positive terminal of the 12V power supply and the copper pipe to the negative terminal, and current was allowed to flow through the solution. Ultimately, after etching of the exposed metal had occurred, the strip was removed and rinsed, and the bitumen removed. The areas of the strip covered with bitumen retained their shiny surface. By contrast, the areas not protected by the bitumen had been eroded, were no longer polished, and had an irregular surface.
The solution may likewise be used for anodic electrolytic cleaning by attaching the article to be plated to the positive terminal of the power source as above for the desired length of time. If the electrolytic cleaning proceeds for too long a period of time, of course, the surface can become etched and eroded. Once the electrolytic cleaning has been completed, the metal in solution may be removed using an inert anode as described herein, and the solution may thereafter be used for electroplating by attaching the article to the negative terminal and attaching a plating metal anode to the positive terminal of the power supply.
The foregoing embodiments of the invention have been provided for illustrative purposes, and, as those skilled in the art will be aware, modifications may be made to the foregoing within the scope of the invention.
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Osprey Publishing | Oct 15, 1997
| 48 Pages
| 7-1/4 x 9-3/4
Osprey Publishing
| Oct 15, 1997
| 48 Pages
| 7-1/4 x 9-3/4
By the end of the 18th century – following an era which had seen the world increasingly divided into colonial powers and their victims – the Ch'ing dynasty of the Manchus, who had overthrown the native Ming in the 1640s, ruled over the largest and most populous empire in the world, with territories that had doubled in size in the previous few decades. Chris Peers' engaging study of the late imperial Chinese armies from 1520 to 1840 is supported by a wealth of illustrations and photographs, including eight attractive full page colour plates by Christa Hook.
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Funny Or Die
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Ashley Tisdale, Lauren Lapkus and Ryan Pinkston - Rapid Refresh - @midnight with Chris Hardwick
What Are We Actually Doing?
Email To My Groomsmen Re: Wearing Black Suits And Matching Condoms On Their Flaccid Penises
Check Your Facts: Bernie Sanders Is NOT Boring
Royal Guard Pushes Stupid Man
Other Offensive Images Don Lemon Showed On CNN
Minor League, Majorly Offensive - Liposuction Giveaway Night - @midnight with Chris Hardwick
QUIZ: Which Candidate Do You Side With?
"Gu Cruise!" - Howard Kremer
Old People At Bonnaroo
The 5 Oldest Living Actresses In Hollywood
The Trainwreck Comedy Tour: Updates From The Road
21 Best Pics Of All Time Of The Week
A New Confederate Flag: Robert E. Lee Fucking His Horse
Dad Life - Father's Day Rap
'Taken' with a Real Dad
Your Dad Probably Smoked Mad Weed
Comedians Tell Dad Jokes
The Chris Gethard Show: Chris's Brother Takes Over the show (Bonus Scene)
Teddy Goalsevelt Press Conference
Guilty Dog is Very Guilty
Josh Lucas Asks You To Put Fewer Bullet Holes In America
MAD MAX CoverGirl Commercial
21 Best GIFs Of All Time Of The Week
Rachel Maddow Welcomes Brian Williams To MSNBC
How To Succeed In Comedy Without The Help Of Demons
Blake Griffin And Steve Ballmer Unveil The New Clippers Logo
Local Ad: Fromaggio Family Pizza 2
Backstage with Dave Attell, Judd Apatow, Colin Quinn and Mike Birbiglia
We Brought Our Dads To Work For The Day And Made Them All Fight Each Other
Happy Father's Day To My Stepdad, Richard. (Mom MADE ME Write This)


text:
Rooms with AC/POOL JIMBARAN BEACH1Indonesia, Bali, South Kuta
About This Listing
Comfortable rooms recently renovated in a quiet area.
All open on the 600m² garden with Swimming Pool.
Every room has AC, en-suite bathroom with Hot water.
Shared Kitchen, Living Room with Satellite TV.
Free WIFI.
Located next to the beach (250 meters).
Space where guests can cook their own meals
Space where guests can cook their own meals
Towels, bed sheets, soap, and toilet paper
Central heating or a heater in the listing
In the building, free or for a fee
In the building, free or for a fee
Continuous access in the listing
Breakfast is provided.
The listing can accommodate a gathering of 25 or more attendees
Easy access to the building and listing for guests in wheelchairs
Private or Shared
Free, in the building or nearby
Posted emergency information and resources
Guest Access
Including Breakfast
Direct and fast access to the airport. Less than 10 minutes.
Interaction with Guests
We will be pleased to share our 15 years of Balinese experience with our guests. We can arrange scooter or car rental, diving lessons, ferry tickets, etc...
The Neighborhood
The white sand beach next to the Homestay is well know for the Fresh grilled fish.
Also it is very pleasant place for swim, as the bottom is not covered by coral reef.
If our calendar doesn t show availability on your wished dates, go check our second and third room at :
69 Reviews
Listing was fairly accurate, and as I said we had help with calling taxis and other things we asked for. The main downside for us was that the shower wasn't working, so we weren't able to wash for the time we were there.
Super endroit pour atterrir en douceur à Bali . Attick , la maid s est occuper de la loc du scoot a super prix ...Arnaud est joignable si besoin. La chambre est super avec eau chaude ( rare ) et piscine et jardins très agréables !
An affordable place to stay. We were happy because we didn't need anything fancy for only a couple days.
Very close to the airport, which is good.
Host was accommodating when we requested an extra mattress (three people were staying in one room).
Overall, we were content with the airbnb.
séjour agréable à jimbaran. Arnaud n'était pas là mais la personne qui nous a accueilli était charmante. tout a été fait pour rendre notre séjour agréable . chambre simple et propres. piscine vraiment appréciable.
Nous avons ete accueillis pas Asti qui est merveilleuse et toujours disponible. Le logement correspond toug a fait a la description.c est propre, la miscine est agreable.nous n avons pas rencontre Arnaud mais il est (website hidden) plage est a 10 mn a pied.C est une tres bonne adresse pour decouvrir Jimbaran.
Comfortable, clean with easy access to the airport. As described in add.
This host has 124 reviews for other properties.View Other Reviews
About the Host, Arnaud
Easy going, like share experiences.


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National Board of Trustees
William Thoet
Chair, The ALS Association Board of Trustees
Executive Vice President
Booz Allen Hamilton
Herndon, VA
Doug Butcher
Vice Chair, The ALS Association Board of Trustees
Louisville, KY
Kim Ann Mink
Secretary, The ALS Association Board of Trustees
President, Dow Elastomers, Electrical and Telecommunications
The Dow Chemical Company
Midland, MI
Warren Nelson
Treasurer, The ALS Association Board of Trustees
Southeastern Pizza Group, LLC (JEM Restaurant Group)
Palm Harbor, FL
Millie Arnold
Retired Educator
Jackson, Ohio
Lawrence R. Barnett, Esq
Gipson Hoffman & Pancione
Los Angeles, California
Andrew Brophy
Brophy Properties, Inc.
Washington, D.C.
Phyllis R. Brourman, Esq.
Beverly Hills, CA
Chris W. Brussalis
Chief Executive Officer
The Hill Group, Inc.
Pittsburgh, PA
Mark Calmes
Vice President, Environmental
Archer Daniels Midland
Decatur, IL
Don Casey
High School, College and Professional Basketball Coach
NCAA and NBA
San Diego, CA
A. Denise Cormie-Strader, LCSW
Licensed Clinical Social Worker
Self Employed Professional Consultant
Colorado Springs, Colorado
Nancy Frates
Assistant Team Leader and Director of Training
Keller Williams Realty
Beverly, Massachusetts
Sue Gorman
Professional interior designer and principal
Sue Gorman Interior Designs
Charlotte, NC
Ted Harada
Director, Logistic and Transportation
Formerly with FedEx Ground and DHL Express
McDonough, Georgia
Marty Herbert
Vice President
Herndon, VA
Kathleen Holt, J.D., M.B.A.
Professional Position: Associate Director/Attorney
Center for Medicare Advocacy
Mansfield, Connecticut
Thomas D. Kettler
Retired Vice President
Bank of Montreal
Pewaukee, Wisconsin
Christi Kolarcik, Ph.D.
Research Associate and Program Director (Neuroscientist)
University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine and Brain Institute
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
John P. Krave
Senior Counsel
Kaiser Foundation Hospitals, Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc.
Pasadena, CA
Lou Libby, M.D.
The Providence ALS Center
Portland, OR
Stuart Obermann
Community Foundation of Huntsville/Madison County
Huntsville, AL
Ellyn C. Phillips
The Association Greater Philadelphia Chapter
Ambler, PA
Dr. Judith A. Pratt
Doctor of Dental Medicine and Partner
McManus and Pratt
East Greenwich, RI
William Soffel
ERA Team VP Real Estate
Chautauqua, NY
Cameron Ward
Dannis Woliver Kelley
San Francisco, California
Lifetime Trustees
Lawrence R. Barnett
Trustee Emeritus
Rancho Mirage, CA


text:
When confronted with the fact that a majority of the nation's gun owners support expanded background checks for gun purchases, Fox anchor Bret Baier hid behind the National Rifle Association (NRA) to allege that such support does not exist.
The NRA has lobbied aggressively against a bipartisan proposal in the Senate that would have expanded background checks on gun show and online gun purchases. Among other efforts, they spent $500,00 in one day -- the day the Senate voted on the bill -- on ads calling the proposal "Obama's gun ban," according to the New York Times.
The background check proposal failed to pass the Senate, a result Fox contributor Juan Williams lamented on Special Report, stressing how even "gun owners say, 'Yes, it's a good thing' ":
WILLIAMS: It's like a tragedy ... the U.S. Senate can't take action on simple background checks that overwhelmingly the American people, in poll after poll, say that it's a good idea, it would be a good thing. Gun owners say, 'Yes, it's a good thing.' But again, the power of big money, the NRA, and the gun manufacturers has carried the day. So let's look at the record then--
BAIER: Well, hold on. Gun owners overall don't say that. You mentioned the NRA. They say this. (emphasis added)
Baier then read the NRA's statement opposing the Senate bill, which asserts that "[e]xpanding background checks, at gun shows or elsewhere, will not reduce violent crime or keep our kids safe in schools."
Despite Baier's claim, the NRA's view are contrary to that of the majority of gun owners on this issue. In February 2013, the Pew Research Center determined that gun owners overwhelmingly support expanded background checks. Pew found the number to be:
The vast majority of gun owners have repeatedly expressed their approval of more background checks. At the beginning of the year, a Quinnipiac University poll showed 91 percent of gun owners were in support; in March, they found that number to be little changed, with 85 percent of gun owners in favor of universal background checks.
Fox News has worked in step with the efforts of the NRA to undermine the impact of background checks.
Fox News reported that the Government Accountability Office (GAO) found 679 renewable energy initiatives to be overlapping -- but the GAO only stated that 679 was the number of such initiatives that existed in 2010; further, the GAO explicitly stated that it could not evaluate whether the programs overlapped.
In the GAO's 2013 annual report, which seeks to identify wasteful and overlapping federal government programs, the office determined that "23 agencies and their 130 subagencies implemented 679 renewable energy initiatives in fiscal year 2010."
Fox's Special Report, however, claimed that all 679 of these programs were duplicative and wasteful. Host Bret Baier reported: "Fox has obtained the results of a new GAO report finding 162 areas of duplication or wasteful spending, adding almost $100 billion a year on top of a larger amount from two previous reports. Renewable energy programs topped them all with 679 overlapping programs."
This characterization is actually contradicted by the report itself. While the report found that a handful of wind initiatives may have "provided duplicative support," the GAO specifically stated that the office "could not comprehensively assess the potential for overlap or duplication" among the renewable energy initiatives:
Although GAO examined characteristics, such as energy source and recipient type, for the nearly 700 renewable energy initiatives identified in its February 2012 report, GAO could not comprehensively assess the potential for overlap or duplication among the initiatives because existing agency information was not sufficiently complete to allow for such an assessment.
Fox's falsehood echoes a release from Republican Senator Tom Coburn that also claims 679 renewable energy initiatives were found to be duplicative.
Fox News is blasting Beyoncé and Jay-Z for traveling to Cuba in light of U.S. sanctions against the country -- but the network previously published articles with advice and tips on traveling to Cuba.
Under current sanctions against Cuba, an American citizen can obtain a "people-to-people" license from the Treasury Department -- which requires visitors to take tours that are strictly educational -- in order to travel to the country. Last week, singers Jay-Z and Beyoncé spent their anniversary in Havana, Cuba, after reportedly gaining such authorization, according to Reuters.
This visit drew the ire of Fox & Friends -- co-host Gretchen Carlson said, "[T]he trip appears to be just a vacation going against a 51-year travel embargo. So what is Hollywood's obsession with Havana?" Co-host Steve Doocy wondered, "Why would they spend money in a place where Cubans are being beaten and arrested for disagreeing with the Castros and the government?"
The Five co-hosts also criticized the couple for traveling to Cuba -- co-host Dana Perino asked, "Whose idea was this initially?" while co-host Bob Beckel said the two were traveling to "a racist country" and concluded, "I don't get it."
But a few years ago, Fox's website detailed "a few points to keep in mind if you're considering traveling to Cuba legally." In an article reporting on President Obama's reinstating the "people-to-people" exchange, FoxNews.com laid out helpful hints to readers on how to take advantage of the program, concluding, "there's no better time to book a trip."
Fox News' on-screen text misleadingly identified Rev. Luis Leon as the "Obama pastor" after President Obama attended worship services at Leon's St. John's Church, contradicting Fox's own reporting. The Fox text echoed other right-wing media attempts to attack the president for attending a sermon that referenced political issues, even while Fox News host Megyn Kelly admitted dozens of presidents have attended Leon's services.
Obama and his family attended Easter Sunday services at St. John's Church, known as "The Church of the Presidents." According to church history, every president since James Monroe has attended worship services at the church, which even has a "Presidential Pew" reserved for the president's use when he's attending. The Obamas are not members of the church.
During this year's Easter sermon, St. John's Reverend Luis Leon touched on politics and "the religious right," prompting Fox's Megyn Kelly to host a debate on the appropriateness of Leon's comments. Kelly acknowledged that dozens of presidents have attended St. John's services and noted that Rev. Leon previously delivered the invocations at the second inaugurations of both Presidents George W. Bush and Obama.
But even as Kelly spoke, text aired on screen dismissed her words and deemed Rev. Leon to be the "Obama Pastor":
Fox's text echoes the trumped-up relationship also pushed by Fox Nation and other right-wing media.
There's no shortage of enthusiasm among conservatives to move past the 2012 election and fix the manifold problems facing the conservative movement. However, this eagerness on the part of conservatives for a Republican resurgence isn't matched by a willingness to actually alter the self-destructive behaviors that have marginalized the right. Liz Cheney joined up with this "cry change but do nothing" crowd in a Wall Street Journal op-ed that counsels conservatives to move past 2012 and start fighting President Obama... with the exact same arguments and talking points used by Mitt Romney and Paul Ryan.
Put them side-by-side, and the daylight between Cheney's op-ed and the Romney-Ryan campaign just about disappears.
|Liz Cheney: "[Obama] believes that more government borrowing and spending are the solution to every problem."
|Romney-Ryan: "The president has the same old answers as in the past: he wants another stimulus, he wants more government workers, and he wants to raise taxes." -- Mitt Romney
|Liz Cheney: "[Obama] seems unaware that the free-enterprise system has lifted more people out of poverty than any other economic system devised by man."
|Romney-Ryan: "Redistribution of wealth undermines the true sources of America's prosperity and progress: our entrepreneurial people and our free enterprise system. Mitt Romney understands that. He knows that American free enterprise has lifted more people out of poverty than any government program in history." -- Romney campaign surrogate Sen. Marco Rubio (R-FL)
|Liz Cheney: "Perhaps [Obama's] ignorance of that fact explains his hostility toward the private sector."
|Romney-Ryan: "The fact is every time they attack Mitt Romney for his experience in the private sector, they reinforce the idea that President Obama is hostile to the private sector." -- Romney campaign senior adviser Ed Gillespie
|Liz Cheney: "[Obama] has launched a war on religious freedom."
|Romney-Ryan: "President Obama used his health care plan to declare war on religion, forcing religious institutions to go against their faith." -- Romney campaign ad
|Liz Cheney: "[Obama] has launched a war on fossil fuels."
|Romney-Ryan: "Obama wages war on coal while we lose jobs to China." -- Romney campaign ad
|Liz Cheney: "[Obama] doesn't believe in creating a bigger pie with more opportunity for all. He believes in greater redistribution of a much smaller pie."
|Romney-Ryan: "Our job is not to fight over a shrinking pie in redistributed slices, our job as leaders is to grow the pie so that everybody has a better shot at the American dream, and everybody can pick themselves up." -- Paul Ryan
|Liz Cheney: "If you're unsure of what this America would look like, Google 'Cyprus' or 'Greece.'"
|Romney-Ryan: "We've gone from $10 trillion of national debt to $16 trillion of national debt. If the president were re-elected, we'd go to almost $20 trillion of national debt. This puts us on a road to Greece." -- Mitt Romney
Fox News gave credence to debunked conspiracy theories surrounding the United Nations Arms Trade Treaty, presenting outlandish fears about the treaty's potential effects on domestic gun policy as legitimate reason to oppose it.
Members of the United Nations are meeting this week to negotiate an international arms trade treaty, which would regulate the transnational transfer of weapons in an attempt to keep weapons from human rights abusers and war criminals.
America's Newsroom highlighted arguments for and against the U.S. joining the U.N. treaty, laying out how "critics" in the U.S. "fear that this new treaty will create international gun control, and that it will restrict American gun rights." Fox correspondent Eric Shawn uncritically explained how specific provisions in the treaty have caused some to fear it could create a gun registry and infringe upon the 2nd Amendment.
Fox then aired comments by an unidentified man furthering these conspiracies: "The treaty isn't clearly limited to the international arms trade. There are points in the draft treaty where it seems like it could apply to domestic arms sales and transfers inside the United States." Shawn noted how the National Rifle Association (NRA) also "strongly opposes" the treaty, believing it will restrict Americans' gun rights.
Rather than report on the merits of these conspiracy theories, Shawn explained that supporters of the treaty disagree with the NRA and argue the treaty is needed for various human rights reasons.
The treaty's actual language clearly explains that it does not dictate or impact nations' domestic affairs. The treaty's draft preamble says that a State party to this treaty "reaffirm[s] the sovereign right of any State to regulate and control conventional arms exclusively within its territory, pursuant to its own legal or constitutional systems."
Fox News ignored military testimony in order to claim that the proposed overhaul of Guantanamo Bay facilities is intended to improve conditions for alleged terrorists, when in fact U.S. troops would be the primary beneficiaries.
Earlier this week, General John Kelly, head of U.S. Southern Command, spoke before the House Armed Services Committee on the immediate need for upgrades to U.S. detention facilities in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Kelly testified that the proposed overhaul to the base would cost between $150-170 million and would, among other things, build a new dining facility, hospital, and barracks for U.S. troops stationed there. Gen. Kelly urged Congress to approve the expenditures, stating, "We need to take care of our troops."
Notably, as NPR reported, "Kelly said none of the projects are aimed at improving the 'lifestyle' of the detainees. But the improvements will increase security and improve the ease of movement for the detainees, which will benefit the guards by making their jobs less complicated."
Fox & Friends Saturday omitted any mention of how the proposed renovations would improve facilities for U.S. troops. Instead, guest-host Jesse Watters, a producer for The O'Reilly Factor, suggested that they were intended to better the lives of suspected terrorist detainees: "These are terrorists. They were living in caves in Afghanistan, in mud huts, basically. Now we're saying Guantanamo bay, a federal facility in the Caribbean is not good enough for these guys?"
MSNBC's Morning Joe selectively edited comments Rep. Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) gave in 2002 to assert that she was "beating the drums of war" in the run up to the Iraq war, but the highlighted comments come from a speech in which Pelosi urged Congress to vote against authorizing the use of force in Iraq.
During Morning Joe's coverage of the 10-year anniversary of the Iraq war, co-host Mika Brzezinski introduced a prepared video montage on how "it was a lot easier for some members of Congress to support the conflict before they were against it." Co-host Joe Scarborough provided the voice-over in the video, and claimed it showed how "the very same people who spent years beating up George Bush were the very ones beating the drum for Iraq's regime change and Saddam Hussein's ouster."
The video juxtaposes comments made by members of Congress purportedly "beating the drum for Iraq's regime change," against later comments by the same members of Congress criticizing President Bush over the war. One of the voices Scarborough highlights is Pelosi, shown in the video saying:
I applaud the President on focusing on this issue and on taking the lead to disarm Saddam Hussein.
But contrary to what Morning Joe implied, these comments come from a floor speech Pelosi gave in 2002 opposing the Iraq war, arguing that it would weaken the country by diverting resources from the war on terror (portion MSNBC aired in bold):
I come to this debate, Mr. Speaker, at the end of 10 years of service on the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, where stopping the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction was one of my top priorities. I applaud the President's focusing on this issue, and on taking the lead to disarm Saddam Hussein.
It is from the perspective of 10 years on the Intelligence Committee that I rise in opposition to this resolution on national security grounds. The clear and present danger that our country faces is terrorism. I say flat out that unilateral use of force without first exhausting every diplomatic remedy and other remedies and making a case to the American people will be harmful to our war on terrorism.
Pelosi concluded her speech by urging her House colleagues to vote "No" on the resolution authorizing the use of force in Iraq, as she did.
UPDATE: On the March 20th edition of Morning Joe, the hosts issued a correction and apologized for the mistake, showing the clip of Rep. Pelosi in full context and acknowledging her opposition to authorizing the use of force in Iraq in 2002.
National Review Online (NRO) and The Washington Examiner distorted last month's jobs report, which found the economy added 236,000 jobs in the month of February, to inaccurately claim more people left the labor force than found employment.
NRO and the Examiner contrasted February job creation totals with the change in the labor force -- a meaningless comparison -- in order to downplay the good news from the job creation figures. The Washington Examiner declared in an editorial titled "False hopes in the new employment numbers," "[M]ore Americans gave up looking for work and dropped out of the labor force last month (296,000) than took new jobs (260,000)." Similarly, NRO's blog, The Corner, wrote of the new jobs report:
By most historical measures, the jobs picture remains bleak. Sure, the unemployment rate ticked down. But as I noted Friday, if today's unemployment rate were measured against the same labor participation as when President Obama took office, it would be 10.7 percent.
But wait a minute, say Obama supporters, 260,000 jobs were created in February! Yes, seems encouraging. Until you realize that even more people -- 296,000 -- dropped out of the labor market entirely.
NRO and the Examiner are misleadingly comparing numbers from two different surveys. Indeed, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the economy added 236,000 jobs in the month of February. This figure comes from BLS' Current Employment Survey, a survey of over 400,000 worksites to determine the total number of jobs gained or lost during the month. In addition, BLS conducts a Current Population Survey of approximately 60,000 households to determine the unemployment rate. "There are a number of differences in how employment is counted in the two surveys," BLS clarified, and so often the surveys' findings differ.
So when the NRO and the Examiner compare the number of those who "dropped out of the labor force," a stat from CPS, to the monthly job creation, a stat from CES, the comparison is meaningless, as the surveys use different methodologies. In addition, they imply that the 296,000 not in the labor force is the number of people who were seeking work but have stopped looking for jobs. But retirees and teenagers not seeking work are included in the BLS' definition of those "not in the labor force," so this number includes people who had no intention of seeking work in the month of February:
Not in the labor force (Current Population Survey)
Includes persons aged 16 years and older in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither employed nor unemployed in accordance with the definitions contained in this glossary. Information is collected on their desire for and availability for work, job search activity in the prior year, and reasons for not currently searching.
Fox's Sean Hannity hosted former Florida governor Jeb Bush and Clint Bolick to hype their new book on immigration reform -- but Hannity never acknowledged that the book marked a major reversal of Bush's stance on a pathway to citizenship for undocumented immigrants.
In their new book, Immigration Wars: Forging an American Solution, Bush and Bolick argue for an overhaul of U.S. immigration laws that does not include a pathway to citizenship for current undocumented immigrants. As The Huffington Post noted, Bush and Bolick wrote, "It is absolutely vital to the integrity of our immigration system that actions have consequences -- in this case, that those who violated the law can remain but cannot obtain the cherished fruits of citizenship."
But less than a year ago, Bush did advocate for a pathway to citizenship. As Talking Points Memo explained (emphasis original):
[Bush] told Charlie Rose in a June 2012 interview that he backed a path to citizenship, but would tolerate a lesser legal status for undocumented immigrants if necessary.
"You have to deal with this issue. You can't ignore it," Bush said at the time. "And so, either a path to citizenship, which I would support and that does put me probably out of the mainstream of most conservatives; Or a path to legalization, a path to residency of some kind, which now hopefully will become -- I would accept that in a heartbeat as well if that's the path to get us to where we need to be which is on a positive basis using immigration to create sustained growth."
Bush's co-author, Goldwater Institute director Clint Bolick, is also on the record backing a path to citizenship, writing in 2007 that such a policy was a critical prerequisite to bringing Latino voters to the GOP.
Hannity failed to acknowledge Bush's reversal -- even as he asked the co-authors about their proposal for a pathway to legalization, but not citizenship, for undocumented immigrants.


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The Mesdames of Mayhem are dedicated Crime Writers who share one deadly mission: to thrill readers with our passion for Crime Fiction. Join 3 Canadian authors as they discuss mystery and crime novels.


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We love this book! It's jam packed with great information! It has tips for getting healthy and doesn't seem like a daunting task.Published 17 months ago by Eternaleppert
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Motivating, easy to read,follow, & implement, and inspirational, with good, solid science behind everything....what more can you ask for?Published on June 2, 2008 by K. Jones


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text: Rex Ryan continues to have to justify his decision to keep Tim Tebow as his backup quarterback even while he isn't healthy enough to run the wildcat. Tebow, who fractured two ribs in Week 10 against the Seahawks, again will be active but not available as a personal punt protector or wildcat QB. In making this decision, Ryan opens himself up to the question: Is an injured, pocket passing Tebow preferable to a healthy Greg McElroy? In a word, yes.


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crsan 50
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Understanding the evolution of galaxies and the history of our universe is one of the most challenging questions in modern cosmology. One of the most important aspects of understanding the evolution of galaxies is measuring the rate of formation of stars (i.e., the star formation rate) and attenuation of dust content produced by massive stars in the interstellar medium.
Currently, I am working with Dr. Naveen Reddy, as part of MOSFIRE Deep Evolutionary Field (MOSDEF) survey, studying star formation rate and dust attenuation of galaxies at redshifts of z ~ 2, when the universe was just ~ 3 Gyr old. This redshift range contains the peak of star formation in the universe and marks an important era in the history of the universe.
Major Contributions


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Item #15955
Product Description
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Louis Philippe 24"W Bookcase
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$209.00 - $229.00
Moroccan Tile Burlap Curtain Panel
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Confidential services, including non-medical counseling and specialty consultations, are available through Military OneSource. Eligible individuals may receive confidential services at no cost. Check eligibility. International Calling Options.
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1990 Chevrolet Corvette Q&A
1990 Chevrolet Corvette Question: Replace cam shaft
Car is actually a 1969 350/350 corvette, manual trans, no air, no power steer. Engine was rebuilt prior to me and I dislike the "wild" cam in the rebuild. Want more of a stock cam w/ proper valve springs etc. Looking for idea on parts / labor $ I'm looking at. Thanks, Tom - tommy lee
Answer 1
you can get nice cam kits from different manufactures. they come with cam, lifters, springs and all gaskets. they range from 300-600 depending on brand. labor on the other hand runs about 9 hours for the cam and an additional 4-5 hours for the springs, which can be done without removing the heads. make sure you find a good performance shop to do this if you are not going to do it yourself. Roy - mastertech6371
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In observation of the 4th of July, the board will be closed from 4 PM EDT Thursday 7/2 until 8:30 AM EDT Monday 7/6.
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What Movie Is This Line From?
Discussion in 'Games' started by MadamMack, Nov 3, 2013.
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Event Calendar
Monday, July 6, 2015 - 8:00am to Friday, August 7, 2015 - 3:00pm
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Talk:Trench warfare
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Caption change[edit]
Changed caption of Civil War image; often misidenified as Petersburg, this image has in fact been shown to capture an image of soldiers of VI Corps prior to the 2nd Battle of Fredericksburg, wherein Marye's Heights were finally successfully carried; VI Corps' advance was latter stalled in fighing at the Battle of Salem Church.
World War I focus?[edit]
Why does this article only talk about trench warfare in WWI, and no mention of its history or development? It seems like this will mislead a lot of people into thinking trench warfare only occured in WWI. Only lightly touches on the Korean war. --IronMaidenRocks (talk) 04:21, 10 September 2012 (UTC)
- To answer this, yet again... The page isn't History of entrenchment (which WP appears to need, since this keeps coming up here...), it's Trench Warfare. This is limited to WW1, because no other war has used it so extensively. The U.S. Civil War used entrenchment. So did WW2. So did the Iran-Iraq War. They aren't examples of trench warfare, either. TREKphiler any time you're ready, Uhura 16:39, 10 September 2012 (UTC)
- Yup, it's time for someone to write the article about the history of trenches in warfare. Certainly, the only war which involved the specific concept of "trench warfare" was the Great War. Binksternet (talk) 18:05, 10 September 2012 (UTC)
- Except, trench warfare DID occur beforehand. Most sources I have consulted have considered the Siege of Petersburg to be an early example. If you are not familiar with it, basically, it was a nine month battle/campaign that consisted of two lines of opposing heavy trench complexes that gradually stretched roughly some 20-30 miles long on each side of a no-man's land of varying widths (often more than one mile), with "bombproofs" (heavy bunkers) and forts all along the way; one side even had a purpose-built railroad to shuttle troops and supplies along their trench front (as well as railroad artillery). One of the most infamous actions in the campaign was an attempt to mine and detonate a tunnel under the lines (what became known as "the Crater"). Scholars have even compared the psychological effects between the soldiers at Petersburg and in WWI (see, e.g., this thesis). Yes, it was on a much smaller scale than World War I, but as it also appears to meet the definition given in the article, either sources need to be provided that claim that it wasn't trench warfare to counter the reliable sources that it was, and the definition needs changing/clarifying, or it should rightfully be included as part of the history. (I don't have many history books with me at the moment, but a a quick Google search reveals quite a number of results. Cheers.Morgan Riley (talk) 02:41, 15 February 2014 (UTC)
- Morgan Riley is correct. Capitalismojo (talk) 03:22, 15 February 2014 (UTC)
Further examples of trench warfare would include the Russo-Japanese war of 1905, the Crimean war and the siege of Sevastopol, and as I think has been remarked the Korean war. I'm not sure how any one else thinks of the phrase 'trench warfare' but the better histories of the warfare of the period 1914-1918 take time to explain that trench warfare wasn't new and the best comparison I have read describes it in terms of the use of siege warfare practices that have been around longer than firearms. Most of the terminology - trenches, saps, bunkers etc pre-exists 1914.
Accounts of other conflicts eg in WWII will describe periods of trench warfare where both sides assume static positions either as a result of defensive strategy or the inability of the attacker to make a break through. Therefore I can't really see an issue with expanding this article beyond 1914-1918. Nomisnotlaw (talk) 11:45, 28 June 2014 (UTC)
Maginot Line[edit]
"The stunning victories by the Germans early in World War II showed that fixed fortifications like the Maginot Line were worthless if there was room to circumvent them."
The article presumes that the Maginot Line was designed to absorb a head on German attack and that the Germans strategically pulled the wool over the French eyes by merely going around their multi-million franc line. What the article fails to point out, is that the vast majority of the historiography supports the notion that the Maginot Line was intended to force the Germans to attack through the Low Countries hence the deployment of the best French troops and armoured forces in the north awaiting the German attack. What the Germans did, was not to merely circumvent the line (as the French had expected) but to strike through the Ardennes rather than further north as the French had expected. Even the Maginot Line article supports this basic point. So this sentence is not supported by any evidence, continues what is essentially a myth, and does not support the point it is attempting to make. Hence it has been removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 22.214.171.124 (talk) 03:10, 31 December 2013 (UTC)
- Perhaps more to the point, it has nothing to do with trench warfare. Cyclopaedic (talk) 17:06, 31 December 2013 (UTC)
Even larger scale in the American Civil War[edit]
user:Capitalismojo I can not see the source (the best I can see is a snippet):
- "Trench warfare thus far has produced no really great developments. All that may be said is that now it is being adopted on a much larger scale, and that the explosives used both in ... In the American Civil War, trenches and breastworks were used to a very great extent, and more and more so as the war progressed. Toward ..."
So Can you quote the passage you think proves that "even larger scale in the American Civil War" (than in any and all previous wars). Also what was Henry Joseph Reilly expertise? Is there any reason to think that he is a military historian who is familiar with the use of field fortifications over the previous several centuries? -- PBS (talk) 21:40, 28 August 2014 (UTC)
- @Capitalismojo: I have found a PD version of the book to which you linked and I do not think that the wording supports the claim:
Advancing by saps and parallels, mining under the enemy's position, and the use of grenades all date back to the siege warfare carried on everywhere in Europe in the 18th century. This period of siege warfare was followed by one in which armies fought in the open field and, as a rule, without protection of any kind other than that given by villages or farms which happened to be on their battle line.
As modern firearms became more powerful, the necessity was seen of finding some protection for the soldiers. In the American Civil War, trenches and breastworks were used to a very great extent, and more and more so as the war progressed. Toward the close of the war, almost invariably, the infantry of both sides started building breastworks or trenches as soon as they took up a position. However, very little attention was paid in Europe to the American Civil War. ...
— Reilly p. 176
- Henry Joseph Reilly (1916). Why preparedness; the observations of an American army officer in Europe, 1914-1915. With an introd. by Leonard Wood. Chicago Daughaday.
- The Napoleonic Wars, did have less critical entrenchment battles that for example the Wars of Spanish Succession a hundred years earlier. There are several reasons for this one of which was, the development of new command and control systems such as armies consisting of corps which was probably responsible for the reduction in the importance of the classic citadel fortifications -- for example the advance of the two Coalition armies into France after the Battle of Waterloo was not ever temporally checked by the triple line of fortresses in north-eastern France, because a corps could be left behind to invest the fortresses without affecting the other corps advancing on Paris, something that army organisation fifty years earlier did not have the command and control structures to effect easily.
- however there were many battles that involved entrenchments, and entrenchment was a well known force multiplier (did you know that a year before Waterloo, Wellington had suggested building field works at the site which became famous as the site of the Battle of Waterloo? --see Talk:Battle of Waterloo/Archive 10#reconnaissance). There are two examples given in this article of fortified lines (Lines of Weissenburg and Lines of Torres Vedras), but they were so common place that often they are only mentioned in detailed histories; for example the Wikiepdia article on the Peninsular War has one sentence on the lines of entrenchments that Wellington's army had to overcome in 1813–1814 when invading France over the Pyrenees. The Battle of Nivelle ( (10 November 1813) article is nearly terse "Arrayed in front of the course of the River Nivelle whose route was marked by a series of hills on which the French had built strong defensive positions or redoubts." Yet the fortifications were very substantial and are crucial for understanding the battle:
Lord Wellington for that object, immediately on gaining possession of Pamplona, on the 1st November, concentrated his forces to their left; but heavy rains near the coast, and snow in the mountains, attended with exceedingly inclement weather, retarded any forward movement till the 10th November, when the whole* advanced to dislodge the French from a formidable line of works on the Nivelle, which, with great labour and expense, they had been preparing since the failure of their efforts in the Pyrenees.— (Plate 3.)
The position did not follow the windings of the river, but extended in nearly a direct line on either bank from the sea to Ainhoe on the left. The right was particularly strong, being covered by various advanced works, and by an interior line formed round the bridge on the main road to Bayonne, which was further supported by the town of St. Jean de Luz partially retrenched, the Nivelle not being fordable. The left ran in rear of the river along the heights of Ainhoe, which were occupied by five redoubts, and other works, extending on that flank to the lofty mountains in which the Nivelle rises, and terminating favourably at a fortified rock on the same range. This part of their position being Considered by the French as the weakest, and offering the most favourable ground for attack, had been further strengthened by a line of works in front of Ainhoe, also applying its left on the fortified rock before mentioned. In the centre, the Nivelle forms a very considerable interior bend, and their line was formed almost entirely on its left. The bridge at Ascain, and that a little below it, were covered by strong tête-de-pont; and the space included in the bend of the river, from thence to the heights of Ainhoe; was studded with enclosed works and lines of entrenchment's, of which the main defence was on a range of heights behind Sare. That village was barricaded, and the approach covered by two redoubts (a b), and by La Petite Rhune mountain, also retrenched, forming a strong advanced post in its front. The centre being the point where success would be most decisive, as the penetrating columns would separate the wings of the French army, and cause the immediate abandonment of St. Jean de Luz and the right of the line, Lord Wellington ordered it to be attacked simultaneously with the heights of Ainhoe, its immediate support on the left. .... ....These preliminary attacks thus successfully executed, the whole moved forward against the retrenched range of heights in rear of Sare...
... The position on the Nivelle had many great natural advantages: it was taken up with judgment, and neither labour nor expense had been spared for three months to strengthen it to the utmost. Marshal Soult had fully 70,000 men for its defence, and he disputed every inch of the ground till dislodged, and no charge has been brought against him of serious error in his dispositions; ...
— Jones 1818, pp. 346–355
- Jones, John T. (1818). Account of the War in Spain and Portugal, and in the South of France: From 1808, to 1814, Inclus. Egerton Insert non-formatted text here. pp. 346–355.
- According to this source Wellington attacked with about 85,000 men and Marshal Soult had about 70,000. The front stretched from the sea to Ainhoa, Pyrénées-Atlantiques to the Atlantic which is a distance of about 12.5 miles (20.1 km). This is just one of many such engagements involving field fortifications in the French revolutionary and Napoleonic wars, the thing is that not many people today are aware of just how often this sort of defensive line was used and if they know anything about the wars tend to equated it with battles such as Austerlitz, Borodino (which had some key field fortifications), Leipzig and the Waterloo.
- There is a debate in Britain over whether Marlborough or Wellington was the better general, but both of them had very good records both as generals of pitched battles and in the storming fortifications. Marlborough's brilliant breaching of the Lines of Ne Plus Ultra and Wellington's breaching of Nivelle line was separated by a century while Nivelle to Vicksburg was only half as long. The Battle of Nivelle is as I said above is just one not very significant engagement in the 12 months leading up to the downfall of Napoleon, but it involving about 12 miles of works in at least two line of entrenchments and 150,000 combatants and so it equates quite well against the numbers involved in the Siege of Vicksburg about fifty years later. So Capitalismojo I think that you need a very good source to support your contention that field fortification were used in "even larger scale in the American Civil War". --PBS (talk) 15:47, 29 August 2014 (UTC)
Marlborough was eminently successful in his attacks on lines and entrenchments; for instance, Schellenberg, the lines of Brabant, and his admirable manoeuvres when he forced the lines of Villars in 1711, previous to taking Bouchain.—Now, although regular and continuous lines are not the fashion at the present day [1822], yet the French frequently availed themselves of entrenchments during the late war; and Wellington's attacks, always successful, on M. Soult's entrenched positions on the Bidassoa, at the Nive, Nivelle, Bayonne, and Thoulouse, sufficiently evince his skill in attacks of that nature. But, is not Wellington's defence of the lines of Lisbon a full set off against all that Marlborough ever did in the way of attack?...
- Vernon, Lord Simon François Gay de; O'Connor, John Michael; United States Military Academy (1817). "Chapter VIH: The use of Waters for the Defence of Positions, and for Strengthening Intrenchments; Permanent Field Fortification, &c.". A Treatise on the Science of War and Fortification: Composed for the Use of the Imperial Polytechnick School, and Military Schools; and Translated for the War Department, for the Use of the Military Academy of the United States : to which is Added a Summary of the Principles and Maxims of Grand Tactics and Operations 1. Printed by J. Seymour. — has a chapter on military lines.
There are frontiers or parts of frontiers of such a nature, as to allow the use of the kind of permanent fortification of which we have been speaking, and the establishing along their whole extent of defences founded upon a system of artificial inundations, which shut them against the incursions of an enemy, protect and cover the operations of the defending army, render the attack of the frontiers very difficult although defended by a very inferior army, and afford the means of re-assembling and re-organizing the wrecks of a vanquished and retreating army. Such a frontier consists generally of a stream or large river terminating one of the flanks, whilst the other rests upon mountains from which small rivers or large brooks have their sources, and which after traversing the plain nearly parallel to the front of the frontier, empty into the river. These small rivers flow through separate vales 3 to 4 myriametres (18⅔ to 25 miles nearly) in length, and 5 to 600 metres (560 to 670 yards) wide; their declivity is greater or less, and the hillocks or species of counterforts which bound them, are connected with the chain of mountains and lose themselves in the general valley at a little distance from the stream. The course of the Rhine, from Strasbourg to Mayence, offers a remarkable example of a similar topography. The frontier of France in this quarter, is bounded on the right by the river, and on the left by the Vosges; and from this chain descend many small rivers, such as the Loutre, the Queich, the Spirback, and others, that empty into the Rhine. Lines, covered by artificial and permanent inundations, were constructed along these small rivers in the time of Louis XIV; and have since always been re-established at the breaking out of war. The lines on the Loutre, extend from Wessiemburg to Lauterbourg; those of the Queich, rest upon the Vosges, descend to Landau, and extend to Guermesheim. A great error was committed at the beginning of the last war [1815] in not re-establishing the lines on the Loutre, and particular those of the Queich. Exclusive of the opinion entertained of their strength (valuer d'opinion), they would have obtained very great advantages for the French armies, if they had known how to defend them by able and well combined manoeuvres. If during the winter that the French army spent at Mayence (1792), General Custine had intrenched Guermesheim and re-established the lines on the Queich, his retreat out of the Palatinate would have ceased at this grand and imposing position; he would have preserved the power of re-assuming the offensive to succour Mayence, and the enemy would have been kept in much greater uncertainty as to the fate of that famous siege.
If, after the reduction of Mayence, the lines on the Loutre had been found by our Generals in a complete state of defence, the enemy would not probably have been able to have forced them, and would not have pursued the French army to beneath the walls of Strasburg.
— Vernon 1817, pp. 328–329
What French General Jean Rapp said in his memoirs (Rapp, comte Jean (1823). Memoirs of General Count Rapp: First Aide-de-camp to Napoleon. H. Colburn and Company. pp. 359–.) of his campaign in 1815 was:
I went to occupy the lines of Lauter—Twenty-three years before we had defended them; but then they were in a good condition, the left bank of the river was protected; we had 80,000 fighting men, a corps of reserve, and the army of the Upper Rhine assisted us—Nothing of that sort existed now. The lines were merely a heap of ruins: the banks and the sluices, which formed their principal strength, were nearly destroyed, and the places which supported them were neither armed nor even secure against a coup de main.
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Cloud Nineby Luanne Rice
Another autumn had come to Fort Cromwell, New York, and Sarah Talbot was there to see it. She sat on the front porch of her small white house, drinking apple cinnamon tea, wondering what to do next. The college kids next door were washing their car. Spray from the hose misted her face. Wrapped in a red plaid blanket, she tilted her face to the sun, and imagined the drops were saltwater and she was home on Elk Island.
A blue sedan drove slowly down the street. It looked municipal, as if it might belong to an undercover police officer or street inspector. FORT CROMWELL VNA was stenciled on the side, and when it parked in Sarah's driveway, a small, trim woman in a white coat climbed out.
Sarah smiled to see her.
"What are you doing here?" Sarah asked.
"That's a fine greeting," the visiting nurse said.
"I thought you were done with me," Sarah said. Holding her blanket with one hand, she used the other to unconsciously ruffle her closely shorn white hair.
"Done with you? My daughter would kill me. Besides, do you think that's how I treat my friends?"
"I'm your patient, Meg," Sarah said, smiling.
"Were, Sarah. Were. We're here to take you for a ride."
"A ride? Where--" Sarah began. Glancing at the car, she noticed Mimi in the backseat.
"Happy birthday, Sarah," Meg said, bending down to hug her.
Sarah reached up. She put her arms around the visiting nurse and smelled her citrus-scented shampoo. Meg's pockets jangled with keys, pens, and a stethoscope. A colorful plastic teddy bear was pinned to her lapel, just above her name tag. Sarah could feel by the new padding between her bones and Meg's skin that she was putting on weight. The hug felt good, and she bit her lip.
"How did you know?" Sarah asked when they pulled apart. Today was her thirty-seventh birthday. She was having a quiet day: no party, no cards or calls from home. In the car's back window Mimi was waving with one hand, trying to paste up a bright pink sign with the other. In silver glitter she had written MANY HAPPY RETURNS OF THE DAY!
"I read your chart," Meg said, grinning. "Come on."
Will Burke stood in the hangar, his head under the hood of the Piper Aztec. Fall was his biggest season. He needed all three of the planes he owned serviced and ready to fly. The lake region was a tourist destination, with all the cider mills and foliage trails. He operated fifteen-minute aerial tours, especially popular during the Fort Cromwell Fair. The end of October brought parents' weekends at two area colleges, with scheduled flights back and forth to New York, shuttling parents to see the big games and visit their kids.
At the sound of tires crunching over the gravel outside, he wiped his socket wrench on a blue rag and placed it on his tall red toolbox. He checked his watch: four o'clock. A friend of his daughter's had booked a quick birthday tour, up and down, a fifteen-minute scenic loop of the lake and mountain. An easy thirty dollars, and he'd be back to the tune-up in no time.
Tucking his work shirt into his jeans, Will walked outside to greet his customers. He didn't really feel like taking a break, but the afternoon was sunny, and the fresh air felt good, so he found himself smiling at the car anyway. He waved as they pulled up.
Meg and Mimi Ferguson got out. Meg was the town visiting nurse, and she yelled hello with cheerful efficiency, making Will smile a little wider. He hung back, wondering which one had the birthday. His daughter sometimes baby-sat for Mimi, and judging from what he remembered, Mimi must be about ten.
But then someone new got out of the car, a woman Will had never seen. She was small and thin, the size of an underfed teenager. Her skin was pale and translucent, like high cloud cover on a fall day, and her head was covered with blond peach fuzz. It was the way she looked at the sky that caught Will's attention: with total rapture, as if she hadn't ever seen it so blue before, or as if she couldn't believe she was about to go up in it.
"Ready to fly?" he asked.
"Which plane, Mr. Burke?" Mimi asked, excited.
"That one," he said, pointing at the two-seater Piper Cub.
"We can't all fit?" Mimi asked, disappointed.
"Now, Mimi--" Meg began.
"Sorry, Mimi," Will said. "The big plane's getting an oil change. If I'd known . . ."
"You know what, Mimi?" the woman said eagerly. "Why don't you go up for me?"
"It's your birthday flight," Mimi said. "It was my idea, and we want you to go."
"Happy birthday," Will said to the woman.
"Thank you." Again, that expression of amazement, as if she had never been so happy. She stared at him directly, and he had that shock he felt when coming upon a person he knew from somewhere, hardly at all, but who has undergone a drastic change of appearance. A weight gain or loss, a different hairstyle, a drop in health. He had seen this woman around town looking quite different. Then, for some strange reason, he pointed at the sky.
"Ready?" he asked.
"I am," she said.
"Let's go," he said. Then, speaking to Mimi in a voice he tried to keep from sounding overly hopeful, he said, "Hey, Susan's in the office. She'd be glad to see you."
Secret's dad had brought her to the airport. Her allergies were out of control, and the school nurse had tried to call her mother, but of course she wasn't home. So Secret had told her to call Burke Aviation and ask for Will: Her father would definitely pick her up. And he had. She'd felt better almost immediately upon reaching the airport, but there was no point in going back to school: the day was almost over. She slouched at his desk, painting her nails. Craning her neck, she could just see the action outside, through the big window. Mimi and her mom and their friend were standing by the landing strip, talking to him.
Of all the kids Secret baby-sat for, Mimi was the best. She was a nice little kid. She listened to her parents, never tried to get Secret to pierce her ears in weird places, and wanted to be a veterinarian when she grew up. She had Dreams and Goals, she knew there was more to life than Emma Turnley, the only school in this one-horse town, just as Secret herself did.
"Hi, Susan," Mimi said, bursting through the door.
"'Susan'?" Secret said, barely looking up. "There's no one named Susan here."
"That's right, I forgot," Mimi said, grinning. "Secret. You changed your name. What're you doing?"
"October is the month for witchy doings, and since you know I'm a witch, I'm painting my nails accordingly," Secret said patiently, as if she were explaining something terribly obvious to a dim but cherished friend. She wiggled her fingers at Mimi, casting a spell.
"Wow," Mimi said, admiring the artwork. Secret had used India ink and a crow-quill pen to paint delicate spiderwebs on her iridescent pale blue nails. Being right-handed, her left hand was more intricately done, with microscopic spiders clinging to the silken strands.
"You brought that lady here for her plane ride, I see," Secret said, looking out the window again. The airport was tiny, and there wasn't much activity. "Was she surprised?"
"Very surprised," Mimi said. "I'm glad you suggested it."
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