text:
Available in Charcoal, Yellow
Because summer days call for a touch of sweet and a dash of sultry, this cami crop top is outfitted with a double layer of ruffles atop a concealed scuba knit fabrication. Adjustable spaghetti strapsExposed back zipper, knit & wovenShell1: 100% polyester; Shell 2: 95% polyester, 5% spandex8" bust to hem, 32" chest, 30" waistMeasured from SmallHand wash coldMade in China
Available in Mauve
This boxy-shaped top has a vintage-inspired feel with its mesh lace piece! Featuring an intricate floral pattern, scalloped trim, and 3/4 sleeves, this top radiates with effortless chic. Contrast this piece with a burnished statement necklace along the round neckline and show off the button-down back by topping it with an updo. Woven, cami attachedLightweightShell: 100% polyester; Lining: 95% polyester, 5% spandex19" full length, 36" chest, 36" waist, 18" sleeve lengthMeasured from ...
Available in Black/Cream, Cream/Cream
Two words: bohemian femme. This cami top is tailored with a mesh flounce overlay that's embroidered with flowers and scalloped at the hem. It's incredibly delicate, but you can rock it with all the leather and denim you want. Fully lined, wovenRound neckline, adjustable strapsShell & Embroidery: 100% polyester; Lining: 100% rayon12.5" bust to hem, 38" chest, 50" waistMeasured from SmallHand wash coldMade in China
Available in Cream/Black
You'll look like a bohemian dream in this semi-sheer peasant top. It features an allover floral embroidery, off-the-shoulder short sleeves, and crochet fringe trim. Layer this number over your go-to cami and you'll be ready to dance the day away. Unlined, wovenShell 1: 80% polyester, 20% rayon; Shell 2: 100% cotton18" full length, 32" chest, 30" waist, 9" sleeve lengthMeasured from SmallHand wash coldMade in China
Available in Cream
What makes this top stand out from the rest in your closet? Its intricate open-crochet construction not only creates a stunning floral pattern, but it also features floral embroidery along its mesh-paneled bodice and 3/4 sleeves. Wear this over a cami and you're bound to garner tons of attention. Round necklineKnit, unlinedShell: Embroidery: 100% polyester, Ground: 100% nylon; Lining: 100% polyester27" full length, 41" chest, 44" waist, 16" sleeve lengthMeasured from SmallHand wash coldMade ...
Available in Light Pink
Nothing says feminine like rose-patterned lace, which is why we love this beautiful sleeveless top so much. Its sheer back provides the perfect opportunity to show off a pretty cami or bralette, and contrast detailing along the sides adds an eye-catching touch. Our take: we're highlighting its round neckline with some charm necklaces for a super sweet look. Lightweight, wovenPartially linedShell 1: 91% nylon, 9% spandex; Shell 2: 100% polyester; Lining: 100% polyester20.5" full length, ...
Available in Ivory, Pink
It's hard not to keep this flirty peplum top in your wardrobe rotation for nights out with friends! With a subtle V-neckline and adjustable spaghetti straps, this textured stretch-knit is quite the versatile piece that could be paired with pencil skirts or worn under moto jackets - swap out all your plain old camis for this sweet number. Partially linedLightweightShell: 95% polyester, 5% spandex; Lining: 100% polyester18" full length, 28" chest, 26" waistMeasured from SmallMachine ...
Available in Beige, Navy, White, Yellow
Because a touch of lace can do a whole lot of good, this sleeveless top features a sheer, eyelash lace-paneled front and a silky-soft chiffon back. Slip it on over a complementing cami for a chic look in a snap. Unlined, buttoned keyhole backWoven & knitShell 1: 100% polyester; Shell 2: 100% nylon20.5" full length, 38" chest, 38" waistMeasured from SmallHand wash coldMade in China
Available in Denim
Show off your killer sense of style (and abs) in this bustier. It's crafted from denim with a flattering sweetheart neckline, adjustable cami straps, and a smocked back. Throw it on with cutoffs for a flirty take on the denim-on-denim look. Fully lined , wovenShell: 81% cotton, 18% polyester, 1% spandex; Lining: 100% polyester8" bust to hem, 26" chest, 24" waistMeasured from SmallHand wash coldMade in Vietnam
Available in Oatmeal
Forever 21+ - If you're a girly gal through and through, you'll love this heathered knit top. It features rolled short sleeves and a chiffon paneled tulip back with a bow. Show a little skin with the V-neckline and by leaving the back open, or layer a cami underneath to cover up for daytime. LightweightShell 1: 62% rayon, 38% polyester; Shell 2: 100% polyester23" full length, 42" chest, 40" waist, 8" sleeve lengthMeasured from 1XHand ...
Available in Black/Gold
Vintage-inspired and completely sultry, this mesh kimono is what boudoir dreams are made of. It displays just the right amount of floral metallic embroidery along the front and 3/4 length sleeves, along with a swingy fringed trim that moves ever-so-delicately with you. Whether worn at home over your frilly underthings, or as a sheer layer to denim cutoffs and camis, there's no denying the old-Hollywood glamour of this piece. Lightweight knitOpen frontShell: 100% polyester; Embroidery: ...
Inject a little edge into your professional wardrobe (while still remaining appropriate) with this long-sleeved blouse. It's crafted from an airy chiffon with faux leather trim along the round neckline, cuffs, and back. Our favorite part is the V-cutout back to show a little skin (that can easily be covered up with a cami underneath). UnlinedLightweight, wovenSelf: 100% polyester; Trim: 60% regenerated leather, 40% polyurethane22" full length, 36" chest, 34" waist, 21" sleeve lengthMeasured ...
Available in Ivory
Forever 21 Contemporary - Because your wardrobe is as unique as you are, you shouldn't settle for anything less. That's why we know this short-sleeved blouse will make a great addition to your closet with its embroidered crochet front featuring a windowpane and floral pattern. Wear this over a bright cami to add a subtle pop of color or throw it over your swimsuit for a suddenly chic cover-up. Unlined, exposed back zipperLightweight knitShell 1: ...
Available in Heather Grey/Cream
Forever 21+ - This heathered blouse appears to be simple with its 3/4 sleeves and round neckline. However, the back features a sheer contrast chiffon panel (perfect for wearing cami or lacey bralette underneath). You'll love how easy it is to pair this with skinny jeans and booties, or a pencil skirt and heels - the outfit options are virtually endless. Lightweight knit & wovenShell 1: 72% polyester, 35% rayon, 3% spandex; Shell 2: 100% ...
Available in Taupe/Cream
A cami featuring a beaded and embroidered art deco pattern. Scoop neckline. Adjustable spaghetti straps. Finished trim. Fully lined. Knit. Medium weight. DETAILS:22" approx. length from high point shoulder to hem, 34" chest, 35" waistMeasured from SmallShell: 100% polyester; Embroidery: 100% polyester; Lining: 100% polyesterHand wash cold, dry flatImported
Available in Plum, White
A must-have for festivalgoers and beach babes alike, this cami is crafted from a lightly crinkled, semi-sheer woven fabric adorned with tonal floral embroidery. Its floaty, ethereal look is enhanced even more thanks to a flounce layer that decorates the bodice. Plus, with adjustable, crocheted cami straps and an elasticized neckline for the perfect fit, this piece will keep you comfy no matter how long you wear it (and no matter how high temps rise). ...
Available in Cream/Rose, Mustard/Coral
Style Deals - Add a little romance to your look with this cami. It features an allover rose print, a floral lace paneled V-neckline, and adjustable cami straps. We love it under a blazer for a flirty meets professional look. V-cut backUnlined, wovenShell: 100% polyester; Contrast: 100% nylon17" bust to hem, 36" chest, 34" waistMeasured from SmallHand wash coldMade in China
A delicate design with free-spirited flair, this cami is crafted from semi-sheer crepe with tonal floral and ornate embroidery throughout. It's effortlessly feminine and gets a slightly flirty touch thanks to adjustable straps that crisscross in back, and an open crochet panel below its square neckline. It's a simply pretty piece that looks great with cutoffs, maxi skirts, everything. Partially elasticized back, partially linedLightweight, wovenShell: Backing: 100% polyester, Embroidery: ...
Available in Cream/Peach, Navy/Peach
Style Deals - Add a little romance to your look with this cami. It features an allover floral print, a floral lace paneled V-neckline, and adjustable cami straps. We love it under a blazer for a flirty meets professional look. V-cut backUnlined, wovenShell: 100% polyester; Contrast: 100% nylon17" bust to hem, 36" chest, 34" waistMeasured from SmallHand wash coldMade in China
Available in Black
This cropped cami has a just-right dose of sultry to make it standout no matter how you style it. It features ribbed-stripe trim on the front that lends a flirty peekaboo vibe. Finished with a sweetheart neckline and a low-scoop back, this top is a serious statement-maker. Go for bold and pair it with the matching skirt. Fully lined, knitAdjustable strapsShell 1: 66% rayon, 27% nylon, 7% spandex; Shell 2: 75% polyester, 20% rubber, 5% ...
Available in Black, Cream, Mustard, Rust
Style Deals - This cami is about as flirty as they come. It's crafted from a floral lace in a flowy, cropped silhouette. Plus, it comes with an elasticized bralette layer so you'll be fully covered at all times. Partially lined, knitShell: 60% nylon, 38% polyester, 2% spandex; Lining: 100% rayon10" bust to hem, 38" chest, 36" waistMeasured from SmallHand wash coldMade in Vietnam


text:
Contact Information
Our Manhattan BMW showroom is the ultimate destination for New York BMW clients. Located at 555 W. 57th St, we're convenient to Brooklyn BMW customers as well. Click below for specific driving directions or to view our hours of operation.
Click here for Directions to our Wall Street Showroom
Drag and drop a widget underneath here to make it available on every page of the site and opened up as popup.
Not Found

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Wadsworth A. Jarrell (American, b. 1929). Revolutionary (Angela Davis), 1971. Acrylic and mixed media on canvas, 64 x 51 in. (162.6 x 129.5 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Gift of R.M. Atwater, Anna Wolfrom Dove, Alice Fiebiger, Joseph Fiebiger, Belle Campbell Harriss, and Emma L. Hyde, by exchange; Designated Purchase Fund, Mary Smith Dorward Fund, Dick S. Ramsay Fund, and Carll H. de Silver Fund, 2012.80.18. © Wadsworth Jarrell
Long-Term Installation
During the late sixties and seventies, the Black Arts Movement sprung up in the U.S. as the cultural expression of Black Power politics. Its leadership, which included poets, playwrights, musicians, and fine artists, rejected the dominance of the largely white mainstream art establishments that undervalued their work as black artists and created a radical alternative artistic movement based on social and political ideologies rather than narrow aesthetic dictates.
In 2012, we acquired forty-four works of art from the Black Arts Movement. Revolution! Works from the Black Arts Movement displays seven of these works from seven different artists. The strong and vibrant images on exhibit are a testament to the stylistic scope of the Black Arts Movement.
This installation is organized by Dalila Scruggs, former Assistant Curator of American Art, Brooklyn Museum.


text:
About Alternative Marketing Connections
Company Contact Information
Telephone: (888) 509-6998
Office Address:
Digital Media Northwest, LLC
14 N. Mission St.
Wenatchee, WA 98802
(We are on the 2nd floor of the Wenatchee World Building)
Russ Alman
CEO/Visionary in Chief
Personal Blog: russ.alman.us
Russ Alman has been involved with computers and technology for nearly 30 years. After receiving his BA in communications from Western Michigan University and his masters degree in telecommunications from Michigan State University, Russ pursued a career as a Macintosh computer consultant, providing on-site computer support for small businesses and home users.
As part of his consulting business, Russ built websites and designed marketing and contact databases. He built his first website for his own company in 1996, and soon after began teaching internet courses at a community college in Eugene, Oregon.
Despite his tendency to be on the bleeding edge of technology, Russ was skeptical about the social media. It was not until he joined Facebook in 2008 that he was convinced social media were here to stay.
Russ has spent the last two years learning how to use the social media as a business networking tool. He's also become proficient at developing websites using Web 2.0 technologies, including CMS engines like Joomla! and WordPress, and developing methods to integrate these websites with the social media.
The combination of these tools, plus his years of experience building small businesses through referrals and word of mouth marketing, give us a unique skill set for developing social media campaigns and social media friendly websites
|< Prev
|Next >


text:
You'll want to get dressed for success with our fantastic range of dresses. Get top high street and designer brands for less.
Results 1-3 of 3
Ted Baker Size S Black and Silver Silk Dress
Ted Baker Size 1 Flamingo Pink Peppermint Floral Pattern Halter Summer Dress
PUSSYCAT dress, Size S, Mixed pattern
Page 1 of 1 | Showing 1-3 of 3
What we do
Get involved
Make a donation
© 2015. Oxfam is a registered charity in England and Wales (no 202918) and Scotland (SC039042).
Oxfam GB is a member of Oxfam International.


text:
We're planning to start this from over an year and finally I've found some free time to start the design. Wonders Factory will be our company site / portfolio. Will upload the full page when it's ready :)
More Ivo Ivanov
keyboard shortcuts: ← previous shot → next shot L or F like Z toggle zoom


text:
About limbodog
When I was a kid, before video games were really a thing, we played cops and robbers; it was violent (nobody ever got arrested, just shot). Sometimes we played with fake swords instead, also violent. When my dad was young it was cowboys and indians... violent.
When was this imaginary time when kids games didn't include violence?
Right Smedley Butler?
Would you be so kind as to do a write up for Reddit? I think more people need to understand what's wrong with the idea of intellectual property, and I'd love to have something to direct them to when I meet maximalists.
Is thank the gods they didn't try to under-inflate the balls.
Controversy means more views, no?
> Besides that, I don't think this order is in the form of "if you want to do business in BC" it's just a flat out injunction - you shall block this content worldwide, period.
Right, however that amounts to the same as "if you want to do business here you must..."
Because if Google wasn't doing business in Canada, they wouldn't even need to respond, right?
I'm not sure I'm still upset about this. They are saying "If you want to do business in Canada, then these are rules we expect you to apply everywhere."
What if, say, they said "If you want to do business in Canada, you may not be engaged in slave trading anywhere in the world." Would that be a problem?
To use the China example, sure, China can attempt to censor the internet globally. That's the price of doing business in China. They have zero power over my local newspaper who doesn't have reporters in China.
The real issue, to me, comes when a company like Google or Yahoo says "Ok, we'll comply with that and censor globally".
And forgive me if I'm wrong about this, but couldn't any company just spin off a wholly-owned subsidiary called "GoogleCanada" which *does* follow the Canada rules (or China rules etc.) and have regular Google pull out of the country?
I'm not a pirate, and I don't make it a habit to copy works that I haven't paid for, but shit like this makes me want to pirate copies of the entire Disney library.
ie: "I'll know it when I see it"
Always two there are, no more, no less. A master and an apprentice.
Hatred and anger are powerful, but they lead to the dark side, these are the ways of the Sith.
I know patent is for inventions and copyright is for creative works, but what work doesn't at least involve a little creativity or artistry?
"unsanctioned public events"
Is there a limitation to what this means? Because by itself it means going outside without permission from the government.
Only applies once he actually declares. That is why we always have these dog and pony shows about "will they/won't they" declare that they are running.
So it has nothing to do with going after suspects, it's just going after enough people? That's what matters?
Oh, Candada...
It is neither an extraordinary claim, nor have you come up with a way for me to provide proof of a conversation I had. Don't be deliberately obtuse.
I think the government should at least have to come out and say that carrying over $250 in cash is a crime punishable by confiscation of said money with no avenue for appeal.
Had he refused, that would have been "resisting" and he then could have been mauled by a dog or beaten to death.
Where should I send the flowers?
How do I provide proof of having a conversation?
And I assure you, I am not a Keurig shill, I don't own one, I think they're a complete waste of money. I don't care if you believe me, I just wanted to pass along what I was told by a person who actually works there since everything else we're reading is guesswork by people who may or may not be customers.
If I were going to shill for any coffee maker, it'd be my AeroPress.


text:
air pollution control Companies in Hawaii
Camfil Air Pollution Control (APC)
based in Jonesboro, ARKANSAS (USA)
Camfil Air Pollution Control (APC) manufactures industrial dust collectors and fume collection equipment to clean up manufacturing processes. We make industrial dust collectors, fabricated to customer needs - products that make sense to help factory workers and as a result help business owners be more productive. We will clean dust and fumes from factories, making them ...
APC Technologies, Inc.
based in Pittsburgh, PENNSYLVANIA (USA)
APC offers proven, highly efficient and low-cost air pollution control systems to over 30 industries. Our complete dedication to customer satisfaction and our comprehensive list of air pollution control technologies have made us a leader in air emissions control.
Chemisch Thermische Prozesstechnik GmbH / CTP Air Pollution Control
based in Graz, AUSTRIA
CTP (Chemisch Thermische Prozesstechnik GmbH) is one of the world`s leading companies in air pollution control for industrial applications. CTP was founded in 1985 and since then, its engineers, chemists and researchers have been developing individual technologies to serve customers worldwide, covering all industrial sectors. At CTP, we adhere to high quality standards ...
ERG (Air Pollution Control) Ltd
based in Horsham, UNITED KINGDOM
ERG (Air Pollution Control) Ltd is a leading supplier of air pollution control systems with a successful 30+ year history. We provide turn-key systems to give the best technical solution for the lowest capital and running costs. We have installed over 600 systems globally. To help you comply with emission regulations, we can draw on an unrivalled range of solutions. ...
Teledyne Advanced Pollution Instrumentation, Inc. (TAPI)
based in San Diego, CALIFORNIA (USA)
Teledyne-API, Inc. designs and builds precision gas analyzers in San Diego, California for use worldwide in ambient, CEMS, and process applications. Teledyne Advanced Pollution Instrumentation, Inc. (TAPI) is a world leader in the design and manufacture of analytical instrumentation for precision gas analysis. Known for Environmental Instrumentation. TAPI offers a ...
APC Filtration, Inc.
based in Flamborough, ONTARIO (CANADA)
APC Filtration Inc. provides OEM`s with unique, proprietary and/or patented filter products, product design, engineering, testing & manufacturing of filters for a variety of applications from air purification (HEPA & ULPA), cabin air and floor care filters, H.V.A.C, medical, military, pool & spa and vacuum cleaner filters. Our team of experts work closely with OEM ...
APC Trailers and Equipment
based in Tucson, ARIZONA (USA)
APC Trailers and Equipment in Tucson, Arizona - You won`t find any other company that is more knowledgeable in the industry than APC. APC stocks more than 400 trailers between both its locations to meet your needs. If you still can`t find the right trailer in our inventory, we will design and custom build your very own APC trailer. APC is also one of the most ...
Arabian Pipes Co. (APC)
based in Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA
Arabian Pipes Company (APC), Saudi Joint-Stock Company, has been established by the leading business group in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia to be the Leading Industrial Center in the Region specialized in Supplying complete range (Medium & Large Diameter) of Bare and Coated Steel Pipes suitable for Oil & Gas and high-pressure applications.pipes, general structural pipes ...
Aviation power control Co. Ltd(APC)
based in Wuxi, CHINA
Aviation power control Co.,Ltd(APC) is a high-tech corporation, which is majoring in research, manufacture and service for civil control products, such as gas turbine, photovoltaic inverter and wind power control system. We are on the leading position in the field of gas turbine control and power control in China. APC give full play about its predominance in the field of ...
PPC Air Pollution Control Systems
based in Longview, TEXAS (USA)
PPC specializes in MACT compliant air pollution control using different methods. These methods include using biofilters and biofiltration for VOC control and wet and precipitator and dry electrostatic precipitator devices ( ESP ) for particulate. The biofilter, bioscrubber and biofiltration products are manufactured for the abatement of odors and the destruction of VOC's ...


text:
Original recipe yields 8 servings
Amount per serving ({{servings}} total)
Based on a 2,000 calorie diet
Ready In
Well, I may be a Northerner but I know a good cheese spread when I come across one...and I can see why this is a Southern staple. This definitely is creamy, cheesy with just the right amount of ...
This is without doubt the very best pimento cheese I've ever had. It's always requested of me during football season for tailgating. Great on a sandwich or with crackers and chips.
I had such high hopes for this recipe. I love Pimento Cheese and am on a quest for the perfect recipe. Unfortunately, this is just not it for me. I think it was the Velveeta; seems I just ap...


text:
Newer, Cheaper iPhone(s) To Debut In June
Policy Counsel
Senior Director of Federal Policy and the Washington Office
Sick of outrageous cable and Internet prices? Want better cell phone service? Join our campaign to get you the best deals, and help us fight for real competition in the media marketplace.
June and Apple's WWDC are approaching swiftly. Though we're still three-plus months out, reports of what Apple plans to announce are already taking shape. Morgan Stanley believes that new models are coming, and they'll be cheaper to buy and cheaper to own.


text:
Legal Professional News
Top Legal Headlines
To rename or not? Institutions reconsider honors for racistsMon, 06 Jul 2015 02:27:58 GMT
HARTFORD, Conn. (AP) — The massacre at a predominantly black South Carolina church has institutions from Alaska to Connecticut evaluating whether they should continue enshrining the names of historical figures linked to slavery and the Confederacy.
Flawed bailouts, political missteps brought Greece to brinkSun, 05 Jul 2015 22:32:10 GMT
FRANKFURT, Germany (AP) — After two bailouts totaling 240 billion euros ($266 billion) and six years of depression, spending cuts and lost jobs, Greece teeters on the edge of collapse.
Idaho's gay marriage ban remains in state constitutionSun, 05 Jul 2015 21:33:20 GMT
BOISE, Idaho (AP) — Same-sex marriage is now legal in all 50 states, but nestled in the Idaho Constitution remains the provision that defines marriage as only between a man and a woman.
Trial to examine retaliation charge against Arizona sheriffSun, 05 Jul 2015 21:07:32 GMT
PHOENIX (AP) — The sheriff of metro Phoenix has long been known for jailing inmates in tents and pink underwear and cracking down on illegal immigration. But an upcoming trial will force Sheriff Joe Arpaio to answer for a pattern of behavior that his critics have long found deeply troubling.
State must fix hundreds of fish-blocking culvertsSun, 05 Jul 2015 18:04:57 GMT
SEATTLE (AP) — Washington state is under a federal court order to fix hundreds of barriers built under state roads and highways that block access for migrating salmon and thus interfere with Washington tribes' treaty-backed right to catch fish.
FindLaw.com Legal Blogs
5 Booming Practice Areas for Law Firms Looking to Grow2015-07-02T17:59:05Z
As the legal market begins to pick up, not all practice areas are growing equally. The growth in a few areas is far outpacing the rest. How can you tell which practice areas are booming these days? Look at who's hiring. What's booming according to legal staffing companies? Several......
Is Your Law Firm Blog Mobile-Friendly? If Not, It Should Be2015-07-02T16:57:25Z
If your firm doesn't have a blog, it's well in the minority. More than 80 percent of AmLaw 200 firms publish blogs. Some of them publish multiple ones. Fox Rothschild, for example, takes the Danielle Steele approach to publishing, putting out blog after blog after blog. The total now?......
Should Lawyers Use Airbnb for Business Travel?2015-07-02T15:59:03Z
Last year, Airbnb, the tech company that allows users to rent out their spare rooms or empty apartments to travelers, launched its first business travel venture. The tech company claims that using Airbnb instead of a traditional hotel will help business travelers feel more at home when they're abroad,......
SCOTUS Accepts Challenge to Public Employee Union Dues2015-07-01T21:59:32Z
Right before it left for summer break, the Supreme Court granted cert to a case that will leave many teachers worried about their future. On the last day of its 2015 term, the Court agreed to review a constitutional challenge to state rules requiring some government workers to pay......
Advising a Corporate Client? Think Ethically, Not Just Legally2015-07-01T19:44:58Z
When advising a corporate client, lawyers may be tempted to limit their inquiry into the legality of a particular business practice or matter. Instead, they should also consider the ethical implications of their advice. There are codified ethics guidelines, laws and regulations, all of which attempt to establish minimal......
Disparate Impact Can Show Housing Discrimination, Court Rules2015-07-01T18:30:18Z
With all the attention given to the Supreme Court's recent rulings on Obamacare, same-sex marriage, and the death penalty, it was easy to overlook several other important decisions. For example, last Thursday, the Supreme Court recognized that housing policies which have a disproportionate impact of certain groups can violate......
Criminal Law News
Infant found on the side of the road in MarylandMon, 06 Jul 2015 02:35:06 GMT
PASADENA, Md. (AP) — A baby was left on the side of the road Sunday and her mother has been charged with child neglect, officials said.
Illegal fireworks hurts 5 at party, suspected in some firesMon, 06 Jul 2015 02:33:08 GMT
LOS ANGELES (AP) — Illegal fireworks were believed to have ignited fires that threatened homes and destroyed property in several locations, as well as caused an explosion at a block party that sent at least five people to the hospital, authorities across California said Sunday as they assessed damages and injuries from the July Fourth celebration.
To rename or not? Institutions reconsider honors for racistsMon, 06 Jul 2015 02:27:58 GMT
HARTFORD, Conn. (AP) — The massacre at a predominantly black South Carolina church has institutions from Alaska to Connecticut evaluating whether they should continue enshrining the names of historical figures linked to slavery and the Confederacy.
Police arrest man, 20, in shooting of Kermit Ruffins' nieceMon, 06 Jul 2015 00:34:23 GMT
NEW ORLEANS (AP) — New Orleans police say they have arrested a man in the death of a woman identified as the daughter of a New Orleans policewoman and firefighter, and a niece of jazz trumpeter Kermit Ruffins.
Boy, 7, killed during violent July 4 celebrations in ChicagoSun, 05 Jul 2015 23:04:09 GMT
CHICAGO (AP) — Authorities say a 7-year-old boy who was celebrating the Fourth of July with his family was among three people who were shot and killed overnight in Chicago.
Supreme Court News
3 Supreme Court justices maintain substantial stock holdingsThu, 02 Jul 2015 18:47:15 GMT
WASHINGTON (AP) — New personal financial disclosures from the Supreme Court show that Chief Justice John Roberts and two other justices are maintaining significant investments in individual companies' stock.
In Supreme Court loss, death penalty foes see an openingTue, 30 Jun 2015 21:35:01 GMT
ATLANTA (AP) — A strongly worded dissent in the U.S. Supreme Court's narrow decision this week upholding the use of an execution drug offered a glimmer of hope to death penalty opponents in what they considered otherwise a gloomy ruling. One advocate went so far Tuesday as to call it a blueprint for a fresh attack on the legality of capital punishment itself.
Justices take up dispute over union feesTue, 30 Jun 2015 14:45:35 GMT
WASHINGTON (AP) — The Supreme Court will consider limiting the power of government employee unions to collect fees from non-members in a case that labor officials say could threaten membership and further weaken union clout.
Oklahoma, Florida move quickly to resume lethal injectionsTue, 30 Jun 2015 05:41:07 GMT
OKLAHOMA CITY (AP) — Oklahoma and Florida moved quickly to resume lethal injections after the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the use of midazolam, a sedative that has been used in several problematic executions.
Supreme Court rules Texas abortion clinics can remain openMon, 29 Jun 2015 21:53:28 GMT
WASHINGTON (AP) — The Supreme Court acted Monday to keep Texas' 19 abortion clinics open, amid a legal fight that threatens to close more than half of them.
Political News
Deteriorating nails blamed for North Carolina deck collapseMon, 06 Jul 2015 02:47:46 GMT
EMERALD ISLE, N.C. (AP) — Nails deteriorated by years of exposure to the sand, salt and moisture from the ocean gave way, causing a deck collapse that hurt 24 people as they posed for a picture at a North Carolina beachfront home, authorities said.
Greece enters uncharted territory after referendum 'no' voteMon, 06 Jul 2015 02:46:55 GMT
ATHENS, Greece (AP) — Greece lurched into uncharted territory and an uncertain future in Europe's common currency Sunday after voters overwhelmingly rejected demands by international creditors for more austerity measures in exchange for a bailout of its bankrupt economy.
Most Asian markets fall after Greek results, but China risesMon, 06 Jul 2015 02:32:29 GMT
TOKYO (AP) — Asian markets mostly fell Monday as investors reacted to Greece's sound rejection of terms set by its international creditors, deepening uncertainties over its status as a member of the 19-nation eurozone. But Chinese shares rebounded after heavy losses last week.
Conservative Argentine candidate wins 1st round of electionMon, 06 Jul 2015 02:28:29 GMT
BUENOS AIRES, Argentina (AP) — A Buenos Aires mayoral candidate aligned with Argentina's top opposition presidential contender has won the first round of city elections.
To rename or not? Institutions reconsider honors for racistsMon, 06 Jul 2015 02:27:58 GMT
HARTFORD, Conn. (AP) — The massacre at a predominantly black South Carolina church has institutions from Alaska to Connecticut evaluating whether they should continue enshrining the names of historical figures linked to slavery and the Confederacy.


text:
Free Shipping
Sun Protection Zone™ Adult Unisex Booney Hat-Khaki
Item #826979
- Adjustable
- Lightweight, only 2.5 oz
- 4 ¾" Brim for Maximum Sun Protection
- Melanoma International Foundation Approved
- Made in China
- 100% Polyester
- Adjustable: One size fits most
- Hand wash
- Mild detergent
- No dryer
- No iron
- Do not wring
Brand: Sun Protection Zone
Color: Brown
Express shipping is via UPS. The estimated delivery time will be approximately 1 - 2 business days from the time of order.
Please choose your shipping method at checkout.
An additional Shipping and Handling fee will apply to express shipments. This fee will be quoted at checkout.
*Delivery is available to Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico. An additional Shipping and Handling fee will apply to shipments going to Alaska, Hawaii or Puerto Rico. This fee will be quoted at checkout. Additional transit time may be required.
Costco.com products can be returned to any of our more than 600 Costco warehouses worldwide.
How to Return: For an immediate refund (including shipping and handling), simply return your purchase at any one of our Costco warehouses worldwide. If you are unable to return your order at one of our warehouses, please email customer service or call our customer service center at 1-800-955-2292 for assistance. To expedite the processing of your return, please reference your order number.
If you request an item be picked up for return, the item must be packaged and available for pick up in the same manner as it was delivered. If your order was delivered "curb side", it will need to be available for curb side pick up.
If the item arrived to you in a box, it will need to be in a box at the time of pick up.
View Costco's Return Policy.
For information or a written copy of the manufacturer's warranty, please contact us at: email@example.com.


text:
1994 Infiniti J30 Q&A
1994 Infiniti J30 Question: While driving my car just dies, starts back with no problem. No warning or noise
Happens every day now. What could make this happen? - Mommarocks
Answer 1
i had similar issue with a couple other issues like random stalling and stalling at corners and low idle. i tried everything and ended up being bad mass air flow sensor. changed several other sensors i didnt need to and changed fuel pump fuel filter and regulators. only thing that fixed it was mass air flow sensor like a hundred bucks takes 2 minutes to change. - j30guy
Related Content
1. pushrod
2. stevieray1
3. globalhelper
4. Shivers
5. csubak30
6. ziptie12
7. Hal...
8. IsraelS
9. goodguy
10. BrianLankford


text:
Without a Trace: Season 4, Episode 21
Shattered (27 Apr. 2006)
Ratings: 6.6/10 from 82 users
Reviews: write review
A 15-year-old ice-skating champion goes missing, two months after her elder brother died in a car accident. Suspicion is on her parents, who may be pressuring her to train harder and win, ... See full summary »
Director:Jeannot Szwarc
Writers:Hank Steinberg (created by), Amanda Segel (teleplay) (as Amanda Segel Marks) , 5 more credits »


text:
YIELD: Makes 4 servings
ACTIVE TIME: 40 min
TOTAL TIME: 45 min
Pat steaks dry and cut 3 (1-inch-long) slits 1 inch apart across center cartilage (to keep meat from curling). Put meat between 2 sheets of plastic wrap and pound to 1/4 inch thick with flat side of a meat pounder or with a rolling pin. Discard plastic wrap and sprinkle steaks with 1 teaspoon salt and 1/2 teaspoon pepper (total).
Heat 2 tablespoons oil in a 12-inch heavy skillet over moderately high heat until hot but not smoking, then cook steaks in 2 batches, turning over once, until meat is just medium-rare, 2 minutes per batch. Transfer steaks to a platter as cooked and keep warm, loosely covered with foil. (Do not wipe skillet clean.)
Add remaining 2 tablespoons oil to skillet and sauté onion and bell pepper over moderately high heat, stirring, until onion is golden, about 4 minutes. Add mushrooms and garlic and sauté, stirring, until mushrooms are golden, about 3 minutes. Add vermouth and cook until evaporated, about 1 minute. Add water and tomatoes with their juice, then reduce heat and simmer, covered, stirring occasionally, until tomatoes and onion are tender, about 5 minutes. Remove lid and cook until most of liquid is evaporated, about 5 minutes. Stir in remaining 1/2 teaspoon salt and 1/4 teaspoon pepper. Spoon vegetable sauce on top of steaks.


text:
Below is the poem entitled Death which was written by poet
Lucas. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Mayra Lucas
Oh death, death, death
When will you feast be over?
When will you be gratified?
When will get exhausted?
when will all your energy be used up?
When will you excuse yourself?
When will your own spell come to you?
When will your heart be content?
For all of us are anxious for you retirement
A comment has not been posted for this poem. Encourage a poet by being the first to comment.


text:
This adorable little boy will be looking for a new home in a couple of weeks when he turns eight weeks old. His mother is a beautiful small Chihuahua and she is my cherished pet. The dad is a gorgeous very small long coated Chihuahua they are also all Apple heads. The dads parents were both show quality animals and the mother is show quality. He will come with papers detailing the ...
Jun 22 -
Central New York :
Baldwinsville - Dogs & puppies
Braxton is part of a 3rd generation of Chihuahuas owned by me. They are all such loving, sweet and personable Chihuahuas. Very family friendly, cuddly and kissable. Braxton is UPTD on shots, wormed, dew claws removed and vet checked. He comes with a 1 year health guarantee. Currently he is being crate and paper trained. Braxton is a Chocolate spotted on White. Growth charts estimate ...
Jun 21 -
Northeast Ohio :
Malvern - Dogs & puppies
2 Beautiful male Chokies .. They are 4 months old .. have had their first puppy shot and wormed .. very tiny boys .. will be no bigger then 3 or 4 pounds ... there is a re homing fee of $200 mom is full Yorkie and dad is apple head Chihuahua 3 pounds
Jun 10 -
Northeast Ohio :
Canton - Dogs & puppies
13 weeks old, all shots up to date
Female longcoat tiny apple head chihuahua
Please call or text 724-970-0702
ACA registration available
Jun 10 -
Pittsburgh :
Uniontown - Dogs & puppies
They must go in pairs only must have a secure fence and no big dogs and no cats the first pair is mom and son both merles updated on all shots and worming and both are fixted mom is 3 years old 6-7lbs and son is 1 and 6-7 lbs they are more apple head and nexted we have Jr that will be 3 in September and chica that will be 2 in September both are updated on shots and worming and both fixted Jr ...
May 29 -
Dutch Country PA :
York - Dogs & puppies
I am looking for an adult female chihuahua with apple head. Would even consider two must weigh between 3 and 5 pounds. Please contact me with what u have will get loving home and be spoiled I am disabled so I am home all day hope someone has what I am looking for out there please call Jacki at 330 503 4687
May 13 -
Northeast Ohio :
East Palestine - Dogs & puppies
We'll be sending text message alerts for your subscription to


text:
Community looking for science mentors
You would help 3rd and 4th grade students with science fair projects
Sponsored by:
You would help 3rd and 4th grade students with science fair projects
Two people are injured after a crash just north of Mason City Thursday afternoon.
Hopefully the snow doesn't come soon.
Officials did need to overcome some delays.
Will hold job fair to fill hundreds of new positions
Jury trial set for 2015
"Women's Issues" in politics, why they are hot button topics
Twin Cities airport officials say two planes have been damaged after their wings collided while preparing for takeoff.
The governing board for Iowa's three public universities will discuss a plan that would raise tuition and fees by 1.75 percent next year.
More than 100 representatives from several Minnesota agencies are going through a mock exercise to review the state's preparedness in the ev…


text:
Homebuyers in Western Nevada may feel caught between rising prices and low inventory, but that should not keep them out of the market, recommended the president of the Reno-Sparks Association of Realtors in the association's May 2015 report on the sa …Read More »
Genoa, Nev. — With all the rain and a line around 99 percent of the 17,790-acre Washington Fire, the Alpine County blaze that once threatened Markleeville is now barely smoldering.The number of firefighters battling the blaze is down to 335, mostly i …Read More »
Genoa, Nev. — Concertgoers had to settle for the tattoo of rain on rooftops with the occasional thunderclap after the Carson City Symphony canceled its appearance as part of the Genoa Americana Festival.Rain showers hit the town in the morning, shutt …Read More »
A thunderstorm passing over the Pine Nuts is causing flooding along the East Valley this evening.East Fork, Douglas County Sheriff's Office and Douglas County Sheriff's Search and Rescue are working water flow coming out of the Pine Nuts into various …Read More »
Stateline, Nev. — A big noise from the East Coast plans to bring the bang to Lake Tahoe's fireworks show this year.Tahoe-Douglas Visitors Authority selected Fireworks by Grucci, a New York-based pyrotechnics company, to perform the 25-minute firework …Read More »
Nevada is joining in a lawsuit challenging a federal rule the state said would expand federal powers over state and local water beyond those designated navigable.Attorney General Adam Paul Laxalt announced he was filing suit on behalf of the state al …Read More »
Minden, Nev. — A permit to allow a solar generation plant north of Muller Lane was denied by Douglas County commissioners on Thursday.Opponents who spoke at the meeting outnumbered supporters 2-1 as 27 residents testified.Commissioners were a little …Read More »
Minden Town Board Member Matt Bernard enjoyed a post-donation cookie in the bloodmobile at Carson Valley Inn on Wednesday. United Blood Services set up shop collecting 68 units of blood from 58 donors to prepare for a potentially hazardous weekend. " …Read More »
Genoa, Nev. — Wednesday's thunderstorms helped firefighters by dropping 1.7 inches of rain between Monitor Pass and Markleeville.While the rain caused debris flows that temporarily closed highways 4 and 89, it also doused the area, allowing hand crew …Read More »
Carson Valley Days Business couponsLearn more »


text:
The Top 10 In Action Sports
01Brick By Brick: Camping Lego Style
02Booze and Bikes: 14 Tours That Let Combine Two of the Best Things in the World
03Who Needs Hollywood? These Incredible Videos Were All Filmed on the Simplest Cameras
04Sam Pilgrim vs. The World: The Champion Aiming To Reclaim His Crown In A New Era Of Biking
05Eccentric Adventures Episode 2: Britain's Most Brutal Illegal Event is All About Cheese
06A Journey Into Darkness: We Went Mountain Biking in the Abandoned Mines of Slovenia
07After the Apocalypse: Inside The World's Most Breathtaking Ghost Towns
08Debate: Let's Stop Hating On Parents Who Want To Raise Adventurous Kids
09Guns, Roses, And Eating Insects: Adventure Cycling in Vietnam
10From Intense Trails to Intensive Care: Dicing with Death In a Mountain Biking Paradise
Try This At Home by Sugar Shack Productions
A Snowboarding video by snowboardermbm - 2,830 views
Featuring well established and upcoming riders such as Alex Cantin, Louif Paradis, David Melancon, Etienne Tremblay, Max Baillargeon, Charles Gagnon, Ben Bilocq, DCP, Nic Sauvé and many more, Try this at home promises to deliver the latest up to date riding! A movie that you should not miss !
What Do You Think?
Get the best of Mpora straight to your inbox


text:
Nice Guy 1
'Running Man' Song Ji Hyo, "Im Seung Ong has nice body but doesn't run as well as me"
The popular SBS entertainment program "I like Sundays – Running Man" members Song Ji Hyo, Gary, Kim Jong Gook, Ji Suk Jin and Lee Kwang Soo, with the guests Lee Sung Jae, Song Eun Yi, Kim Tae Woo, Ailey, Im Seol Ong and Ji Chang Wook, played missions at amusement parks on this weekend"s episode of Running Man. On the most recent episode of Running Man, which aired today, the Running Man members and guests coupled up and completed missions that included riding speedy rollercoasters. . ... Read more
2NE1's CL And Dara Play Naughty Or Nice On Instagram
2NE1"s CL and Dara went into a fashion face-off, the former as a seductively naughty Bond girl the latter as an adorably quirky girl next door. . ... Read more
'Running Man' Jang Dong Min Is Nice To Song Ji Hyo, Mean To Kim Jong Gook
Why Hyomin's 'Nice Body' Is Offensive To Women [Blog]
For the past few weeks, Core Contents Media hyped up T-ara member Hyomin's solo debut with "Nice Body" like it would be the song of the summer. They said the music video would be rated 15+, while the dance version would be 19+, making fans and the general public's anticipation grow. Articles on different news sites revealed teaser pictures of Hyomin in a fat suit with prosthetics on her face to look the part. With this, and the song's title, the first red flag glared. However, everything was still pretty hush hush, so criticism couldn't surface without knowing the music video's plot and the song's lyrics. . ... Read more
T-ara"s Hyomin and Jiyeon enjoy a nice swim
T-ara"s Hyomin updates her Instagram with some new photos.
She is seen enjoying a nice swim with fellow member Jiyeon.
Fans commented, "nice pool beautiful girls", "enjoy your holiday" and etc.. ... Read more
Roy Kim: "If A Girl is Nice to Me, I Think She Might Like Me Too."
Recently, on the October 21 broadcast of KBS Radio Cool FM "Lee So Ra's Music Square", the famous singer Roy Kim came to the program and shared a part of his private life.. ... Read more
Park Hae Jin shares the secret to his nice skin and compliments Lee Jong Suk for "International bnt"
Park Hae Jin unleashed his charisma for "International bnt"!
During his interview with the magazine, he shared the secret to his good skin. The actor revealed, "I go to the dermatologist… Because I can"t stop aging, I chose the method of slowly aging. But that doesn"t mean that I receive some special skincare. Before I reach the age when there are no results even if I receive skin treatment, I am the type to consistently receive basic skincare." . ... Read more
Park Shin-hye Updates Fans On Her Thailand Trip, "Weather In Thailand Is Pretty Nice"
"Queen of tears" Park Shin Hye shares with her beloved fans the next update from her current trip to Thailand!
She took a selfie while filming an ad, smiling brightly as she poses with a "V". The scenery is green and natural and Park Shin-hye is cute.. ... Read more
T-ara's Hyomin gives out "Nice Body" snapbacks as gifts to fans
T-ara's Hyomin has given out a surprise gift to her fans.
On the 23rd of July, Hyomin updated her personal Twitter with a picture of her posing with her fans, all wearing a snapback with "Nice Body" written on it. . ... Read more


text:
Have you visited Dr. Timothy Gibson? Rate you experience below.
Family Practice Physicians in Athens, GA
Dr. Timothy Gibson specializes in family practice in Athens, Georgia.
Dr. Timothy Gibson has been compared 190 times. Details of Dr. Gibson's 43 years experience as an MD, his 2 hospital affiliations and education at University of Alabama are available on your free doctor report.
Dr. Timothy Gibson has an average rating of 5 stars (out of 5) with a rating of Excellent based on 1 reviews.
Have you visited Dr. Timothy Gibson? Rate you experience below.
Dr. Timothy Gibson has been identified as specializing in Family Practice.
He obtained board certification from The American Board of Family Medicine for Family Practice.
A hospital affiliation covers any doctor who has an affiliation, association or admitting privilege with a hospital. A doctor's particular affiliation to a specific hospital can translate to the overall quality of that provider.
Dr. Gibson is affiliated with 2 hospitals:
Dr. Gibson attended medical school at University of Alabama School of Medicine and graduated in 1972 having 43 years experience.
While there is no proven correlation between the quality of one's educational institution and the quality of one's professional competence, it is often an indicator. Medical schools have various levels of selectivity (some are harder to get into than others), and both the quality of their clinical training and level of research are measured. Additional medical training in both residency and fellowships and the facilities they are conducted at also provide a history of the doctors' level of training and experience.
Patients may also know Dr. Timothy Gibson MD as:
610 Oglethorpe Ave, Suite D Athens, GA 30606
700 Sunset Dr, Building 400 Athens, GA 30606
610 Oglethorpe Ave, Suite C-D Athens, GA 30606
610 Oglethorpe Ave, Suite D Athens, GA 30606
Prince Avenue Primary Care, 892 Prince Ave, Athens, GA 30606
Are you Dr. Timothy Gibson?
Update your information


text:
2000 Chevrolet S10 Q&A
2000 Chevrolet S10 Question: AC kicking in and out
The AC compressor is kicking in and out, even when the heat gauge is set to the highest heat point. What are the common causes? - JOF
Answer 1
The common cause for this is not having the require freon in the system having too much will make this happen having too lil will also trigger this you have to fill your AC system to the manafacturers spec - sinautoscan.com
Related Items:
Blower fan still works,but ac only works at top fan speed. Condition only happens on high heat/humidity days. Ac will work on top fan speed if on the highway or moving fast enough to keep condens...
Related Content
1. pushrod
2. stevieray1
3. globalhelper
4. Shivers
5. rtmstang


text:
Milwaukee Wisconsin
Started Jan 1, 2013
Allen Brunner has not received any gifts yet
Give a Gift
Join Metro Mountain Bikers
Posted on January 7, 2012 at 11:23pm — 1 Comment
Welcome toMetro Mountain Bikers
Sign Upor Sign In
Or sign in with:
Tweets by @Metro_IMBA
Welcome! To view all links, click here.…
Created by Allen Brunner Mar 12, 2009 at 9:24pm. Last updated by Chris Cooper Feb 2.
Started by Christopher Manlick in Sample Title. Last reply by Dan Strozinsky Jun 25.
Started by Matthew McKenney in Uncategorized. Last reply by Matthew McKenney May 11.
Started by Nick Zeidler in Sample Title Apr 17.
Overall results 9-4-2013
Overall results 8-28-2013
Overall results 8-21-2013
Overall results 8-14-2013
Overall results 8-7-2013
Overall results 7-24-2013
Overall results 7-17-2013
Overall results 7-10-2013
Overall results 7-3-2013
Overall results 6-19-2013
© 2015 Created by Allen Brunner.
Powered by
Badges |
Report an Issue |
Terms of Service
Please check your browser settings or contact your system administrator.


text:
Editor: Jan Dijksterhuis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their small diffusible extracellular molecules inhibit Aspergillus fumigatus biofilm formation
Article first published online: 22 OCT 2010
DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02130.x
© 2010 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved
FEMS Microbiology Letters
Volume 313, Issue 2, pages 96–102, December 2010
Additional Information
How to Cite
Mowat, E., Rajendran, R., Williams, C., McCulloch, E., Jones, B., Lang, S. and Ramage, G. (2010), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their small diffusible extracellular molecules inhibit Aspergillus fumigatus biofilm formation. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 313: 96–102. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02130.x
Publication History
- Issue published online: 18 NOV 2010
- Article first published online: 22 OCT 2010
- Accepted manuscript online: 30 SEP 2010 03:10AM EST
- Received 5 July 2010; revised 22 September 2010; accepted 23 September 2010.Final version published online 22 October 2010.
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa;
- Aspergillus fumigatus;
- biofilm;
- LasIR
Aspergillus fumigatus is often isolated from the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, but unlike in severely immunocompromised individuals, the mortality rates are low. This suggests that competition from bacteria within the CF lung may be inhibitory. The purpose of this study was to investigate how Pseudomonas aeruginosa influences A. fumigatus conidial germination and biofilm formation. Aspergillus fumigatus biofilm formation was inhibited by direct contact with P. aeruginosa, but had no effect on preformed biofilm. A secreted heat-stable soluble factor was also shown to exhibit biofilm inhibition. Coculture of P. aeruginosa quorum-sensing mutants (PAO1:ΔLasI, PAO1:ΔLasR) did not significantly inhibit A. fumigatus biofilms (52.6–58.8%) to the same extent as that of the PA01 wild type (22.9–30.1%), both by direct and by indirect interaction (P<0.001). Planktonic and sessile inhibition assays with a series of short carbon chain molecules (decanol, decanoic acid and dodecanol) demonstrated that these molecules could both inhibit and disrupt biofilms in a concentration-dependent manner. Overall, this suggests that small diffusible and heat-stable molecules may be responsible for the competitive inhibition of filamentous fungal growth in polymicrobial environments such as the CF lung.
The ubiquitous mould Aspergillus fumigatus is responsible for the majority of human infections caused by Aspergillus spp. The conidia produced by these saprophytic fungi disseminate by aerosolization and are inhaled, finally dwelling in the alveoli of human lungs (Askew, 2008). Aspergillus fumigatus can cause a range of opportunistic infections, ranging from allergic reactions (allergic bronchopulomary aspergillosis) to invasive disease, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, including cystic fibrosis (CF) patients (Skov et al., 2005). Persistent A. fumigatus infection has been shown to be an independent risk factor for hospital admissions in CF patients with reduced respiratory function (Amin et al., 2010).
The pulmonary cavity of CF patients with its thick mucous deposits predisposes to a wide range of opportunistic infections. A diverse microbial ecosystem has been described within the confined space of the lungs of CF patients, which is influenced by both the clinical status and the current antibiotic treatment regimens of the patient (Gilligan, 1991; Valenza et al., 2008). Indeed, a complex mixture of bacterial and fungal pathogens may coexist within the lungs, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Candida albicans and A. fumigatus (Valenza et al., 2008). Within this environment, both bacteria and fungi possess the ability to form multicellular biofilm consortia, making it inherently difficult to eradicate infection. In addition, direct physical contact between organisms or indirect molecular signalling interactions may influence microbial pathogenicity, which in turn may influence the disease outcome (Duan et al., 2003). Various studies have confirmed the presence of bacterial quorum-sensing molecules in the sputum of CF patients (Singh et al., 2000; Chambers et al., 2005). As these molecules are known to modulate the pathogenicity of key CF-related pathogens, an investigation of the interactions between these microbial pathogens may provide novel treatment strategies. Our study reports on how direct and indirect interactions of the major prokaryotic CF pathogen P. aeruginosa, and associated molecules, with the eukaryotic pathogen A. fumigatus impact on filamentous growth, leading to biofilm formation.
Materials and methods
Organisms and growth conditions
Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 and four clinical isolates (YHCF1-4) obtained from the Royal Hospital for Sick Children (Yorkhill Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Glasgow) were used throughout this study. Pseudomonas aeruginosa reference strains PAO1, PA14, ATCC 27835, six clinical nonclonal isolates [PA103, PA4384, PA14955, PA15861, PA16190 and PA16191 (gifted by Professor Douglas Storey, University of Calgary Foothills Hospital)] and two mutant strains [PAO1:ΔLasI (unable to synthesize N-acyl homoserine lactones (HSL)) and PAO1:ΔLasR (synthesizes HSL, but cannot respond), gifted by Professor Paul Williams, University of Nottingham] were used in this study. PAO1 mutants were maintained on Luria–Bertani (LB) broth agar plates containing 100 μg mL−1 ampicillin (Sigma-Aldrich, Gillingham, UK) and 20 μg mL−1 gentamicin (Sigma-Aldrich). All working stocks of fungal and bacterial strains were maintained at 4 °C on Sabouraud (Oxoid, Cambridge, UK) agar or LB agar slopes (Oxoid), respectively, and stored in Microbank® vials (Pro-Lab Diagnostics, Cheshire, UK) at −80 °C. For each assay, A. fumigatus was grown on Sabouraud agar and conidia standardized to 1 × 105 mL−1 in 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulphonic acid (MOPS)-buffered RPMI 1640 [pH 7.2 (Sigma-Aldrich)], as described previously by our group (Mowat et al., 2007). Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were grown overnight in an orbital shaker at 200 r.p.m., standardized to a density equivalent of approximately 1 × 108 CFU mL−1, and diluted to a working concentration of 1 × 106 CFU mL−1.
Direct interaction between P. aeruginosa and A. fumigatus
To examine the direct effect of live P. aeruginosa on A. fumigatus biofilm formation, standardized suspensions of conidia and bacterial cells were combined in equal volumes in a 96-well microtitre plate (Corning, NY) in MOPS-buffered RPMI (Sigma) and incubated overnight at 37 °C. The effect of killed bacterial cells on A. fumigatus biofilm formation was also investigated. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was centrifuged, washed twice in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and resuspended in 100% methanol for 2 h. The dead cells were then centrifuged and washed three times in PBS to remove any remaining trace of methanol and finally resuspended to 1 × 106 CFU mL−1 in RPMI. To confirm bacterial killing, aliquots of the bacterial cells were spread onto LB agar plates and incubated overnight at 37 °C. Equal volumes of standardized conidia and methanol-killed bacterial cells were combined in a 96-well microtitre plate and incubated overnight at 37 °C.
Aspergillus fumigatus biofilms were also prepared, as described previously (Mowat et al., 2007), and challenged with P. aeruginosa. The resultant A. fumigatus biomass after exposure of mature biofilms and conidia undergoing morphological differentiation, to both live and dead bacterial cells, were quantified as described previously by our group (Mowat et al., 2007). In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of A. fumigatus biofilms grown on Thermanox™ coverslips (Nalge Nunc Inc., Rochester, NY) and challenged with P. aeruginosa (PAO1) for 24 h was examined microscopically, as described previously (Mowat et al., 2007). These were viewed using a Zeiss Evo SEM in high-vacuum mode at 10 kV.
Effect of diffusible endogenous bacterial products on A. fumigatus biofilm formation
A standardized overnight culture of all bacterial strains was centrifuged for 5 min at 3000 g to pellet the cells. The harvested supernatant was then filter sterilized through a 0.22-μM filter (Millipore UK Limited). An aliquot of the supernatant was also heat treated at 80 °C for 10 min. The supernatants were then combined (9 : 1) with 10 × concentrated MOPS-buffered RPMI containing 1 × 105 conidia mL−1, aliquoted into a 96-well microtitre plate and incubated overnight at 37 °C.
To assess the role of an indirect interaction between A. fumigatus and P. aeruginosa, a 12 mm Transwell® (Corning, NY) permeable support system was utilized. The Transwell® system enables the coculturing of the two pathogens in two separate compartments connected via a microporous membrane (0.4 μm). Aspergillus fumigatus conidia were inoculated into the lower compartment and P. aeruginosa were inoculated into the upper chamber of the insert, which was then incubated overnight at 37 °C. The following P. aeruginosa strains were tested using the Transwell® system: PAO1, PAO1:ΔLasI and PAO1:ΔLasR. Wells containing only A. fumigatus or P. aeruginosa were included as controls. Aspergillus fumigatus biofilm growth was assessed using light microscopy and the fungal biomass was quantified as described previously by our group (Mowat et al., 2007).
Effect of small exogenous short-chain carbon molecules on A. fumigatus biofilms
A range of compounds structurally similar to the quorum-sensing molecules produced by P. aeruginosa were tested for their inhibitory properties. These were decanol, decanoic acid, octanoic acid, tetradecanol and dodecanol (Sigma-Aldrich). These were solubilized in ethyl acetate containing 0.01% (v/v) glacial acetic acid (Fisher Scientific, UK) to a 1 M stock concentration. All solutions were stored at −20 °C for a maximum of 1 month. Each compound was diluted to 100 mM in MOPS-buffered RPMI and, using the CLSI broth microdilution M28-A assay (CLSI, 2008), their effect on conidia, biofilm formation and the resultant biomass was evaluated (Mowat et al., 2007). Eight replicates were tested for each compound concentration on three separate occasions with all A. fumigatus strains.
Statistical analysis
For biomass data, an angular transformation was performed and the transformed data were analysed using one-way anova with Bonferroni's multiple comparisons post-test. P<0.05 was considered significant. The analyses were performed using graphpad prism version 4.0 for Windows (GraphPad Software, CA).
Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells and supernatant inhibit A. fumigatus biofilm formation, but have a minimal impact on preformed biofilms
When A. fumigatus conidia were exposed to live P. aeruginosa cells overnight, the resultant fungal biomass was significantly reduced to 14.5% (P<0.001) of the untreated controls. Methanol-treated P. aeruginosa cells also showed this effect (Fig. 1a). Exposure to the P. aeruginosa supernatant resulted in the inhibition of hyphal growth, restricting the biomass to 19.1%. The heat-treated supernatant did not significantly reduce this effect, restricting the biomass to 23.0%. When mature A. fumigatus biofilms were exposed to live P. aeruginosa cells, the fungal biomass was minimally affected (84.8%). SEM analysis revealed individual P. aeruginosa (PA01) cells and microcolonies distributed throughout the intertwined filamentous networks of the mature A. fumigatus biofilms (Fig. 1b). All nine P. aeruginosa isolates examined showed similar effects.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa LasIR quorum-sensing network plays a role in the inhibition of A. fumigatus biofilm formation
Aspergillus fumigatus conidia were exposed to live cells from two P. aeruginosa quorum-sensing knockout strains: PAO1:ΔLasI (unable to synthesize HSL) and PAO1:ΔLasR (synthesizes HSL, but cannot respond) (Fig. 2). Aspergillus fumigatus growth was significantly greater (P<0.001) during direct coculture with PAO1:ΔLasI (58.3%) and PAO1:ΔLasR (52.6%) in comparison with the wild-type PAO1 (22.9%). When the Transwell® system was used to determine an indirect effect on A. fumigatus biofilm development, the biomass was restricted to 30.1% of the unchallenged control by the wild-type PAO1. In comparison, the levels of inhibition were significantly less than the wild type (P<0.001) during an indirect coculture with PAO1:ΔLasI (58.8%) and PAO1:ΔLasR (56.8%).
Aspergillus fumigatus biofilms are inhibited and disrupted by decanol, decanoic acid and dodecanol exposure
All the compounds tested reduced the cellular viability of A. fumigatus conidia in a concentration-dependent manner, with the exception of tetradecanol, which had no notable inhibitory effect after 24 h at any concentration tested compared with untreated controls (Fig. 3a). All four of these inhibitory compounds reduced the biomass by over 80% at the highest concentration (25 mM), with decanol, dodecanol and decanoic acid showing no significant differences between their concentration-dependent inhibitory profiles across the range tested. Biomass inhibition by octanoic acid was not observed until ≥1.6 mM.
The three most effective exogenous inhibitory compounds were tested against preformed mature A. fumigatus biofilms. The biomass of A. fumigatus biofilms was shown to be reduced by all three compounds in a concentration-dependent manner, with decanol showing a reduction across the entire concentration range tested, whereas both decanoic acid and dodecanol did not reduce the biomass significantly until concentrations of 1.6 mM were applied. All three agents reduced the biomass by ≥85% at 25 mM (Fig. 3b).
The pulmonary cavity of CF patients is a unique environment impacted by a complex microbial ecology. However, to date, relatively little is known about bacterial–fungal cross kingdom interactions within the CF lung. Cell-to-cell signalling is thought to play an important role in determining the ability of particular pathogens to compete with each other for space and nutrients and may contribute to the ability of microorganisms to persist within the CF pulmonary cavity. The data presented herein are suggestive that an antagonistic relationship exists between A. fumigatus and P. aeruginosa, which is influenced through the release of small diffusible extracellular molecules.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and A. fumigatus are frequently isolated from CF patients. Typically by the age of 18, up to 80% of CF patients are infected with P. aeruginosa, whereas the incidence of A. fumigatus is somewhat variable in CF patients (Bakare et al., 2003; Valenza et al., 2008). This study demonstrated that P. aeruginosa significantly impedes A. fumigatus growth. This is in agreement with reports from elsewhere describing antagonistic properties for bacteria isolated from clinical pulmonary samples (Kerr et al., 1999; Yadav et al., 2005). However, investigation of the antifungal properties of bacterial CF lung pathogens against a panel of fungi, including A. fumigatus, showed that P. aeruginosa clinical isolates were shown to be unable to completely inhibit A. fumigatus (Kerr, 1994a, b). In agreement, our data showed that once filamentous biofilms had been produced, the inhibitory capacity of P. aeruginosa was significantly restricted, with coaggregation upon hyphae observed throughout A. fumigatus biofilms. Recent studies report a similar phenomenon, where P. aeruginosa and C. albicans were shown to exhibit a degree of mutual inhibition within the biofilm (Bandara et al., 2010b), suggesting that these mixed species consortia play a role in the pathobiology of the CF lung.
We have shown that the antagonistic interaction is both mediated by direct contact and secreted extracellular molecules. This is in accordance with previous investigations that have examined supernatants from bacterial strains found in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, which identified P. aeruginosa supernatant to have inhibitory properties against A. fumigatus (Yadav et al., 2005). The main antimycotic agent was shown to be pyocyanin and 1-hydroxyphenazine, which are controlled by multiple quorum-sensing systems (Kerr et al., 1999). These networks of genes may play an important role in controlling the interactions between P. aeruginosa with A. fumigatus. It was reported that both HSL molecules and lipopolysaccharides influence C. albicans morphology and biofilm formation, and that signalling between these two CF pathogens is bidirectional, with farnesol inhibiting the swarming ability of P. aeruginosa (McAlester et al., 2008; Bandara et al., 2010a). Further work is required to determine whether bidirectional chemical interactions exist between P. aeruginosa and A. fumigatus, as no quorum-sensing molecule has been identified as yet for A. fumigatus. This is indeed likely as autoregulatory molecules have been identified from a range of fungal pathogens, including C. albicans (farnesol and tyrosol), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (tryptophol and phenylethylalcohol), Cryptococcus neoformans (11-mer) and Penicillium paneum (octen-3-ol) (Hornby et al., 2001; Chen et al., 2004; Chitarra et al., 2004; Alem et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2007).
The interaction between P. aeruginosa with fungi has been reported, with C. albicans exposure to P. aeruginosa quorum-sensing molecules inhibiting filamentation (Hogan & Kolter, 2002; Hogan et al., 2004; Shirtliff et al., 2009; Holcombe et al., 2010). Our study reported that the deletion of the principal quorum-sensing networks of P. aeruginosa (LasIR) significantly reduced the capacity for A. fumigatus to form hyphae and undergo biofilm development. Given that a similar inhibitory effect was observed both through direct and through indirect interaction suggested that the release of small heat-stable molecule was responsible for the inhibition, which was confirmed as both filtered and heat-killed supernatants also elicited a biological effect. However, similar inhibition profiles were observed for both LasI and LasR, the former of which is unable to synthesize HSL. These data indicate that molecules, other than or in addition to, HSLs may play a role in modulating A. fumigatus filamentation.
Hogan et al. (2004) demonstrated that 3OC12-HSL inhibited the dimorphic switching of C. albicans at a range of concentrations, whereas the smaller molecule C4-HSL had no effect on C. albicans (Hogan et al., 2004). The authors tested 10 different structurally related compounds to assess their ability to inhibit the filamentation of C. albicans, of which four (3OC12-HSL, C12-HSL, dodecanol and farnesol) inhibited the dimorphic switching of C. albicans. We examined a range of similar-sized short-chain carbon molecules in our biofilm system, demonstrating that the 10-carbon-based molecules had the ability to both inhibit filamentation and disrupt biofilm formation. These short-chain carbon molecules have also been reported to have inhibitory properties against S. cerevisiae and C. albicans (Bergsson et al., 2001; Kubo et al., 2003). The size of the chain length is clearly an important factor, which was confirmed in studies of the activity of 40 isomers of farnesol, which concluded that subtle changes in the structure of farnesol can have dramatic effects on the activity against C. albicans (Shchepin et al., 2003). At the molecular level, it is likely that these molecules act to influence key transcription factors, leading to hyphal repression. Both farnesol and dodecanol were shown to affect the cAMP-controlled Ras1-Cdc35 pathway, which is integral to filamentation (Davis-Hanna et al., 2008). Genome analysis of Aspergillus species indicates that cAMP signalling is conserved, thus indicating that these small 10 carbon molecules may play a pivotal role in fungal population control (Lafon et al., 2006). Moreover, recent transcriptional studies to examine the effects of P. aeruginosa supernatant on C. albicans biofilm formation demonstrated that 236 genes were differentially regulated, and interestingly, genes involved in adhesion and biofilm formation were downregulated, in particular YHP1, which encodes a protein known to inhibit biofilm formation (Holcombe et al., 2010).
The suppression of other microbial pathogens via the secretion of small molecules may play a pivotal role in microbial competition. Within the environment of the CF lung, bacteria and fungi exist within close proximity, and given that bacterial quorum-sensing molecules have been identified directly from sputum samples of CF patients, it is plausible that complex microbial interactions are modulated through small defined chemical messengers to allow different bacteria and cross-kingdom interactions to take place that impact microbial pathogenicity (Singh et al., 2000; Shirtliff et al., 2009). Investigation of P. aeruginosa clinical isolates from CF patients has shown that the genetic diversity of quorum-sensing networks is common, with 19 out of 30 CF patients reported to contain lasR mutants (Smith et al., 2006). This indicates that P. aeruginosa may evolve within the complex microbial environment to allow its coexistence with eukaryotes, which is supported by data from a recent study describing mutual inhibition (Bandara et al., 2010b). Interesting observations from the same group showed that exogenous lipopolysaccharide was able to inhibit and disrupt Candida spp. biofilms in a time- and concentration-dependent manner (Bandara et al., 2010a). Collectively, the data demonstrate that P. aeruginosa has the ability to modulate C. albicans behaviour in a number of ways, and under certain circumstances, it can mutually coexist.
Overall, this study demonstrated that filamentation and subsequent biofilm formation of A. fumigatus is inhibited by P. aeruginosa and its associated secreted heat-stable molecules. The analysis of defined mutant isolates revealed that the ability of P. aeruginosa to interfere with the morphological differentiation is dependent on the quorum-sensing networks that regulate an array of virulence factors. However, given that the LasI mutant cannot synthesize HSL, it is likely that this and other undefined small heat-stable molecules influence A. fumigatus and other filamentous fungi, such as those molecules reported herein. These findings could be harnessed to produce novel therapeutics as a means of managing aspergillosis more effectively.
We would like to thank Helen Kennedy (Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Yorkhill Division, Glasgow) for providing all the clinical A. fumigatus isolates used throughout this study. We thank Dr Douglas Storey (University of Calgary, Canada) for provision of the P. aeruginosa isolates and Professor Paul Williams (University of Nottingham) for kindly donating the P. aeruginosa LasIR mutant strains.
- 2006) Production of tyrosol by Candida albicans biofilms and its role in quorum sensing and biofilm development. Eukaryot Cell 5: 1770–1779. , , & (
- 2010) The effect of chronic infection with Aspergillus fumigatus on lung function and hospitalization in patients with cystic fibrosis. Chest 137: 171–176. , , & (
- 2008) Aspergillus fumigatus: virulence genes in a street-smart mold. Curr Opin Microbiol 11: 331–337. (
- 2003) Prevalence of Aspergillus fumigatus and other fungal species in the sputum of adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Mycoses 46: 19–23. , , & (
- 2010a) Bacterial lipopolysaccharides variably modulate in vitro biofilm formation of Candida species. J Med Microbiol 59: 1225–1234. , , , & (
- 2010b) Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibits in-vitro Candida biofilm development. BMC Microbiol 10: 125. , , , & (
- 2001) In vitro killing of Candida albicans by fatty acids and monoglycerides. Antimicrob Agents Ch 45: 3209–3212. , , & (
- 2005) Identification of N-acylhomoserine lactones in mucopurulent respiratory secretions from cystic fibrosis patients. FEMS Microbiol Lett 244: 297–304. , , & (
- 2004) Tyrosol is a quorum-sensing molecule in Candida albicans. P Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 5048–5052. , , , & (
- 2004) Germination of Penicillium paneum conidia is regulated by 1-octen-3-ol, a volatile self-inhibitor. Appl Environ Microb 70: 2823–2829. , , , & (
- CLSI (2008) M38-A2 Reference Method for Broth Microdilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Filamentous Fungi. CLSI Wayne, PA.
- 2008) Farnesol and dodecanol effects on the Candida albicans Ras1-cAMP signalling pathway and the regulation of morphogenesis. Mol Microbiol 67: 47–62. , , & (
- 2003) Modulation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa gene expression by host microflora through interspecies communication. Mol Microbiol 50: 1477–1491. , , , & (
- 1991) Microbiology of airway disease in patients with cystic fibrosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 4: 35–51. (
- 2002) Pseudomonas–Candida interactions: an ecological role for virulence factors. Science 296: 2229–2232. & (
- 2004) A Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing molecule influences Candida albicans morphology. Mol Microbiol 54: 1212–1223. , & (
- 2010) Pseudomonas aeruginosa secreted factors impair biofilm development in Candida albicans. Microbiology 156: 1476–1486. , , et al. (
- 2001) Quorum sensing in the dimorphic fungus Candida albicans is mediated by farnesol. Appl Environ Microb 67: 2982–2992. , , et al. (
- 1994a) Inhibition of fungal growth by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas cepacia isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis. J Infection 28: 305–310. (
- 1994b) Suppression of fungal growth exhibited by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Clin Microbiol 32: 525–527. (
- 1999) Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyocyanin and 1-hydroxyphenazine inhibit fungal growth. J Clin Pathol 52: 385–387. , , , , & (
- 2003) Modes of antifungal action of alkanols against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bioorg Med Chem 11: 1117–1122. , , & (
- 2006) G-protein and cAMP-mediated signaling in aspergilli: a genomic perspective. Fungal Genet Biol 43: 490–502. , , , & (
- 2007) TUP1 disruption in Cryptococcus neoformans uncovers a peptide-mediated density-dependent growth phenomenon that mimics quorum sensing. Mol Microbiol 64: 591–601. , , & (
- 2008) Signal-mediated interactions between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. J Med Microbiol 57: 563–569. , & (
- 2007) Development of a simple model for studying the effects of antifungal agents on multicellular communities of Aspergillus fumigatus. J Med Microbiol 56: 1205–1212. , , , & (
- 2003) Quorum sensing in Candida albicans: probing farnesol's mode of action with 40 natural and synthetic farnesol analogs. Chem Biol 10: 743–750. , , , , & (
- 2009) Cross-kingdom interactions: Candida albicans and bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 299: 1–8. , & (
- 2000) Quorum-sensing signals indicate that cystic fibrosis lungs are infected with bacterial biofilms. Nature 407: 762–764. , , , , & (
- 2005) Prevalence of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis in an area with a high frequency of atopy. Resp Med 99: 887–893. , , & (
- 2006) Genetic adaptation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the airways of cystic fibrosis patients. P Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 8487–8492. , , et al. (
- 2008) Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of microorganisms isolated from sputa of patients with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 7: 123–127. , , , , , & (
- 2005) Investigations on anti-Aspergillus properties of bacterial products. Lett Appl Microbiol 41: 309–314. , , , , , & (


text:
Summer Servings Program Available from June 10-July 24
Wayne Township will take part in the Summer Servings program again. No registration is required, and summer meals at no cost are open to all kids 18 years old and under. Meals are served at various locations throughout the school district. View details of this program.
Ben Davis Men's Track & Field Team Takes State Runner-up
Congratulations to our Ben Davis Men's Track & Field team and coaching staff! The Giants took home the State Runner-up trophy on Friday night by placing in the following events: long jump, high jump, shot put, discus, 200M, 4x100M and 4x400M. The Giants won the 4x100M relay which is the 8th state championship in this event. They also earned their second state championship in the long jump.
New MSD Wayne Documentary
Take a look at our school system through the eyes of students at BDTV, the student-run television station at Ben Davis High School. This 20-minute video looks at various aspects of the district, including how Wayne Township Preschool educates our youngest students, how we serve all learners, and how our support staff makes the district run smoothly.
View the documentary here.
What's New in Wayne Township
MSD Wayne Budget for 2015:
Here's how we will spend our general fund dollars from our state grant:
2014-15 Annual Report
If you'd like to be notified by email when our future annual reports go online, please contact us at email@example.com
Thank the Ranks Online Submission Now Available
You are invited to participate in thanking volunteers or employees who have performed above and beyond, who have made outstanding contributions, or who YOU believe have gone the "Extra Mile". Nominate an Employee or Volunteer


text:
Harris Steinberg of the School of Design and PennPraxis praises the efforts to expand city development.
School of Design
Changing Skyline: Master Plan for Riverfront Nearly Ready
11-Day DesignPhiladelphia Festival Spotlights City's Creativity
Andrew Dahlgren and Alexandra Schmidt-Ullrich of the School of Design are cited for being curators of "Philly Works."
Penn Institute for Urban Research Signs Partnership Agreement With UN-Habitat's World Urban Campaign
Today, Dr. Eugénie Birch, co-director of the Penn Institute for Urban Research (IUR), signed a partnership agreement with UN-HABITAT, the UN agency that focuses on urban affairs. The agreement certified the role that the University of Pennsylvania and Penn IUR will play in the World Urban Campaign, which aims to unite the public and private sectors together with civil society, to elevate sustainable urbanization to the top of the agenda for governments around the world.
Amtrak Rolls Out Ambitious, High-Speed Service Plan
Robert Yaro of the School of Design comments on a proposed Philadelphia high-speed rail system.
Former Managing Director Lands Gig At Penn
Eugenie Birch of the School of Design and Susan Wachter of the Wharton School announce former Philadelphia Managing Director Camille Cates Barnett's appointment to the Penn Institute for Urban Research.
Former Philadelphia Managing Director Camille Cates Barnett To Become Penn IUR Scholar
Today, Eugenie Birch and Susan Wachter, co-directors of the Penn Institute for Urban Research (Penn IUR) announced that Dr. Camille Cates Barnett, formerly Managing Director of the City of Philadelphia, will become a Penn IUR Scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. With support of a William Penn Foundation grant to Penn IUR, Dr. Barnett will research best practices and innovations in urban governance, as well as pen articles on those topics and guest lecture in Penn IUR's undergraduate urban research colloquium.
Penn Researchers Tap Into Cell Power to Create Building "Skins" That Adapt to Heat/Light of Environment
PHILADELPHIA –- Engineers, design architects and cell biologists from the University of Pennsylvania will use a National Science Foundation grant to utilize the flexibility and sensitivity of human cells as the models for next-generation building "skins" that will adapt to changes in the environment and increase building energy efficiency.
Changing Skyline: Despite His Bad Behavior, Greene Made Philadelphia Better
John Landis of the School of Design comments on public housing as a portion of new housing in Philadelphia.
Landscape Architects Mix Art, Engineering, Geology to Create Enjoyable Spaces
Laurie Olin of the School of Design is cited for his landscape architecture work at the Washington Monument site.
A Museum Show as a TV Contest Prize
School of Design alum Abdi Farah wins Bravo's 'The Next Great Artist,' securing an exhibit at the Brooklyn Museum.


text:
Character Examination: Dawn
by, 27th August 2012 at 08:13 PM (7128 Views)
To start things off, I will examine a character who is, by far, my least favorite main character. However, I will try to be as unbiased as I can with this, but I will drop a few opinionated remarks from time to time. I'll also have be focusing on my own take on the character, suggesting some fanon to fill in some blanks, and see where that gets us. I'll consult Bulba's pages on the characters, but I'll try to put my own spin on things.Please tell me of any errors or concerns you may have.
Feel free to bring up any questions, concerns, or corrections. Also, I wrote this twice because it deleted itself. As such, a few details I had in the original daft probably aren't included, and some things might be repeated. But I'll try to remember everything. ^^'
Dawn, spotlight!
Dawn's look emphasizes her most obvious traits: it features a lot of pink and has a scarf, which shows off her girliness. Her skirt especially sets her apart from the other girls, since it shows that she's more feminine than the others (Misty and May had shorts, Iris had pants.) Perhaps her skirt is a little too risque for her.
Credit: @Human;
Honestly, I think lengthening her skirt would have been a good choice. Sure, it would have cost some money if it was a dub edit. And rarely do we ever see anything. But I think a Tori-esque lengthening would make it more appropriate. On a mostly unrelated note, Pokemon Learning League changed her look quite a bit.Her design isn't a big deal for me, really. I actually prefer her design to Iris, one of my favorite main females. Also her hat is a condom, which is pretty awesome.
As for why I have a whole section dedicated to her looks...
[4:37:46 PM] Ruben Galea: Talk about her skirt.
...Well why not? And I'm glad I did, too. Examining her design helped me focus on her character.
Character Overview
First off, let me say that I won't be using phrases like "Mary Sue "or "Deus ex Machina." These are things I'll specifically try to stay away from. Whether or not I view Dawn as a Mary Sue is irrelevant, since I'm trying to be unbiased when I examine her. And these terms have really been abused. But I'll probably get into that if and when I examine Iris and her story, since I feel these terms will come up.As for her growth, I'm going to have to reference the other girls here. Whereas Misty and May had notable changes in their behavior (Misty mellowing out over time after getting Togepi, and May learning to enjoy Pokemon, among other things), Dawn starts off as a bubble, happy-go-lucky person and stays like that through most of the show. Sure, she had her bumps, but for the most part her outlook stayed the same. Don't mistake this for her being a mostly static character. This really isn't helped by the fact that she doesn't really grow too much after DP124.
To contrast May, Dawn is a natural Coordinator: she grew up with Contests, her mother was a superstar Coordinator, and she started off her journey with the goal of being a Top Coordinator in mind. Whether that makes Dawn a better Coordinator is up for debate. She did beat May once, but that was just a battle. It didn't say who was a better Coordinator, just that she and Piplup were stronger in battle than Glaceon. But Dawn does use many complex routines in her Contest. (Which, imo, got tedious after a while.)
Character Interaction
One thing many people have noted, and I feel this is very common in all of DP, but Dawn wasn't really known for her interactions with others. Indeed, a lot of her strengths comes from her battling, skills as a Coordinator, and personality. If her interactions with people are actually remembered, it's mostly for how she got along with everyone. Or because of shipping fodder.
Ash and Dawn were pretty much the co-stars of the DP saga, that much is true. And while they did have a rocky start: Pikachu ruined Dawn's bike, and Ash's attempts at teacher her the ways of a trainer weren't going well. But as the two grew closer and Dawn more experienced, the relationship shined. In contrasts to Misty and Ash as bickering friends, or May and Ash having a longer student-teacher relationship, they worked better as equals. Dawn would often dress up as a cheerleader and cheer for Ash in Gym Battles. While many attribute this as a ship hint, I disagree. Dawn has always been a cheerful, bubbly character with a girly streak. And she has a solid relationship with Ash. So naturally, she would dress up and cheer generically for her close friend.
They were in the same group!
Easily one of the biggest driving forces for Dawn. While they have been and always will be on friendlier terms than Ash and Paul, Dawn does work hard to try and surpass her. Zoey is more experienced and is sort of like Dawn's mother. (They both have a Glameow, but we get backstory on how Zoey obtained hers.) I think the last point is why Dawn has such a strong rivalry with her: Zoey is a lot like her mom, although Zoey is probably more affectionate with Dawn. She still pushes Dawn to be her best, and yet she crushes Dawn in every battle. No matter what, Dawn will always be behind Zoey. So if Dawn can beat Zoey, she's beating her mother, in a way.
Zoey isn't a popular character as a rival, especially since she always beats Dawn. But as a love interest, that's where she shines. Which sort of puts a weird spin on the "Zoey = Dawn's mom" idea.
Dawn has one thing over Zoey: She's much prettier than her.
He exists. And yes, he did have a few minor bits in helping shape Dawn as a Coordinator, he wasn't really anything big. His role could have easily been taken up by, say, Kenny and Ursula. Ursula could have shined more if she debuted earlier, and Kenny is strong enough to do the Gym Challenge. Mostly, Nando wasn't a big figure in her life. He was a friend (I guess? They hung out), but he wasn't really a rival.
Kenny is one of Dawn's childhood friends, the other being Leona (who won't get any focus here because's she's largely ugly and irrelevant in the long run.) He, for the most part, exists to show that Dawn has a history. He's the one who gives Dawn her childish nickname, Dee Dee, something he teases her for to this very day. But other than that, he isn't much of a rival. He battles her all of twice, both in Contests. After he defeats her in the second battle, he is largely finished as a rival. Zoey, Ursula and Jessie are her rivals for the most part. Kenny as a character loses in the appeals round of the Grand Festival, and his character is wrapped up not long after. He has a crush on Dawn, but it doesn't really affect Dawn herself much, although it drives Kenny's actions in his final stand. Besides, Zoey already has Dawn's heart.
Despite appearing late in the game, Ursula remains one of Dawn's most popular rivals. The reason why is the same reason why Paul and Gary are loved and Kenny and Zoey aren't. She was mean, bitter and critical of Dawn. She was a real antagonistic character. And while this was something fresh for Dawn (learning that not every rival will crush on her and worship the ground she walks on), Ursula was really wasted potential. Their rivalry suffered the same problem as Zoey and Dawn's did, but in reverse: in all three battles they had, Dawn would always win. Their rivalry was too one-sided, and it marred Ursula's threat.
One thing she did do, though, was help Dawn get over her fear of Plusle and Minun. Ursula exploited Dawn's fear for her own gain, something the other rivals wouldn't do. While this plot point is rather small and unimportant in the long run, it provided an obstacle Dawn had to struggle with and eventually overcome.
Dawn's role model and only seen parent. (Either Dawn was the product of her mother's affair with Salvia's father, or Dawn is a test tube baby.) For much of her life, Dawn has lived under her mother's guidance. And what does Johanna love the most, possibly more than her own daughter? Contests! It appears as though Dawn was pre-disposed to do Contests, and she had to live up to her mother's (and the Coordinating world's) expectations of her. While Johanna is a caring and helpful mom, she is rather critical of Dawn. She doesn't insult or berate her, but she does take Contests seriously. As you can tell from the headcanon thread in the anime forum, a lot of people see her as a stage-mom, living vicariously through Dawn, hence why she pushes her daughter so. Had Johanna not had such an influence on Dawn, what would have happened? Would Dawn discover the love of Contests on her own, like May? Would she go after Gym Badges? Maybe she'd have an entirely new, unique goal?
Conway is what helped me get over my hatred of Dawn. He was her stalker. He studied her, creeped about, and appeared in bizarre places. If it turned out that Conway followed Dawn to Unova, it would be entirely believable, because that's his character. He creeped Dawn out, and probably made her even more disinterested in men. He didn't have a huge impact on her character, but he did make her more interesting to me.
Despite the two having but one notable episode of interaction together, I want to include Iris here. Mostly for more headcaon, to help explain why I think Dawn is a people pleaser.
Iris and Dawn are different as night and day: Dawn loves make-up and primping, Iris loves swinging from vines and having Pokemon nest in her hair. One's a tomboy, one's a girly-girl. Surely there'd be a whole episode dedicated to their differences? Nope: they get along quickly, and Dawn even adopts Iris's catchphrase. She turns on Ash (an old friend) and clings to Iris. This makes me think that Dawn is a people pleaser: she wants to get close to Iris, so she'll pick on someone she's already close enough with to gain her approval. If she picks on Ash, he'll still be her friend. If she goes against Iris, who knows if the girl will want to be her frien? She doesn't care too much for Cilan (probably jealous of his sparkles), which is why doesn't try to get close or be his friend. It might tie in to why she's so amicable with many of her rivals, because she's in desperate need for their friendship and attention.
And for those who are sore about Dragonite being Mamoswine, this could theoretically be tied to Dawn's willingness to please Iris. Dawn went easy on Iris, letting her win because she has a pathological need to be her friend. And she'll do anything to achieve that, even if it means throwing the match (of an admittedly dull tournament nobody really cares about anymore.)
Character Development
Part of her backstory is how she got her nickname, Dee Dee (Short for 'Diamond Dandruff.' Her nickname is Pikari in the original Japanese, a combination of Pikapika (an onomatopoeia for sparkling) and her Japanese name, Hikari.) It comes from her being electrocuted by Plusle and Minun when she was a kid, causing her hair to sparkle. Her friends taunt her, and Dawn feels bad. To add some fanon into this, I think this is what made Dawn so obsessive over her appearance. In the episode she got Pachirisu, she spends quite a bit of time redoing her hair after Pachirisu electrocutes her. Many, many times. When you consider her past history when people laughed at her, coupled with her occupation as a Coordinator, it makes me think that she tries to clean herself up to keep people from making fun of her. As I'll get into later, Dawn seems to be a bit of a people pleaser.
I'm going to assume that most people reading this are anime fans, thus familiar with Dawn's character mini-arc, where she suffers a string of Contest losses and loses all confidence in her abilities. She gets over when she defeats May in the final round of the Wallace Cup. She went from being at her peak, to her hitting rock bottom, to her struggling and getting back to her old self, if not better. But was this arc really necessary? I'll cover that in the next section.
Have Their Character Changes Been Good?
Had Dawn's growth as a trainer been good? Of course. It's easy to write a trainer who's just starting off: you start with a clean slate, have them learn the basics, and take off from there. It's a formula already done with Ash and May before; now they have more room to work with because Dawn's backstory, personality and goals were quickly established. And yes, she grew believably as a trainer.
Was the aforementioned spirit-breaking arc necessary? Yes and no. Yes, because not only was it nice padding that entertained the audience (especially me, since I hated Dawn and wanted to see her suffer), it also showed that Dawn wasn't just some bland, happy person all the time. We learned that she had deep insecurities and fears. I know many people who were sick of Dawn just being so confident all the time, as it came off as shallow. No, because it didn't really affect her in the long run. Sure, she never moped about her losses after it, but she never really did before. If you took the arc out of her story, you wouldn't miss anything. In the end, she remained mostly the same, so it wasn't anything too important. This is my main problem with Dawn: she changes, but she also stays the same.
Dawn's team: Piplup, Mamoswine, and the rest
Dawn's team has been somewhat controversial, arguably only being less of a hot topic than Ash's and Iris's teams. She had a Pokemon with an interesting personality (Pachirisu), a Pokemon who liked Contests but preferred to destroy the competition (Mamoswine), a whored out, bratty mascot who was in love with her (Piplup), and Quilava. I'll examine three of her Pokemon.
Buneary is probably the most like Dawn: she set herself apart from the others (with her crush on Pikachu) and had skills that would be great for Contests (Ice Beam and the fact that she wore this ugly vest all the time.) And like Dawn, she mostly remained the same throughout her journey. She never learned nor forgeot any moves since her debut, much like Dawn didn't really change in the end. She remained the same Pokemon throughout.
Togekiss, as we all know, was obtained when Princess
SalivaSalvia gave the Pokemon to her. Dawn spent the episode pretending to be a princess while Salvia pretended to be Dawn and participated in a Contest. The fact that Dawn was given a strong Pokemon just before the Grand Festival rubbed people the wrong way. And indeed, Togekiss didn't really seem to belong at some points. Whereas Iris worked to help and interacted with her Dragonite before catching it, Dawn just got Togekiss. Now I'll draw comparisons between Dragonite and Togekiss in the Iris examination, so I'll stop there.
I was just starting to get over my hate of Dawn when something happened: Ash traded Aipom to her. I was livid: I really liked Aipom, and to see Ash give it to HER?! And on top of that, she evolved it! I really wanted Ash to evolve it for some reason. But don't worry, Ambipom was written out! She suddenly gained a new life passion: ping pong. Despite only playing it a couple of times, and only having it alluded to in a last-minute Contest battle, Ambipom eventually leaves to become a ping pong star. In a way, this completely goes against Dawn. Whereas Dawn remained the same, Ambipom went through wild, fast changes.
Is This Character Memorable?
This is a tough one for me, because I mostly found her bland. But looking at the anime forum, it's pretty clear she made a big impact: she was a skilled Coordinator and battler. May set the trail for Coordinators, but Dawn nearly perfected it. Her matches were memorable (well, not to me) and she was very, very close to reaching her goal, moreso than any of the past girls. And I will always remember her as that boring girl I hated. I can honestly say that Dawn is a memorable character.
How They Rank
Now, how does she rank next to the other characters I've reviewed? Considering she's the first I've reviewed, she's at the top of the list. I can assure you that this won't last long, assuming I do another character examination.
Are They a Good Character?
Dawn may not exactly be incredibly deep, but she is a subtle character. As I mentioned, she remained mostly static. But she is memorable, we did see growth in her, she had an interesting team, and she has a lot of facets to be explored in fanon. So I very, very, very, very, very, very, very, very, very begrudgingly admit that she is a good character. But I still dislike her.
vBulletin Message
Total Trackbacks 0
Trackback URL: