text:
Over Dancing Water
Music in the Gallery & Swedish tea on Mother's Day, May 10, 2015
"The Gallipoli Letter" tapestry
'The Gallipoli Letter' tapestry finished after 2,500 hours of weaving
A tapestry, which took 2,500 hours to complete and honours the sacrifice of the Anzacs, has been cut from a loom at a special ceremony in Melbourne ahead of the Anzac centenary.
The tapestry, measuring about three square metres, will be on display in the Australian War Memorial in Canberra.
The artwork Avenue of Remembrance was based on a piece by Australian artist Imants Tillers.
It was inspired by The Gallipoli Letter written by the late Sir Keith Murdoch.
As a young newspaper journalist, Sir Keith visited Gallipoli in 1915, and filed an 8,000 word private report, describing conditions on the battlefront.
"This letter changed the course of the war and is now one of the most significant items in the National Library of Australia collection," Australian Tapestry Workshop director Antonia Syme said.
"It really outlined to the Australian and British prime ministers the extraordinary loss of life that was occurring because of British incompetency, and that really started to change the outcome of the war.
"The tapestry is a very beautiful and salient reminder and the Australian Tapestry Workshop was honoured to create this public art commission of national significance."
The tapestry will be unveiled at the Australian War Memorial during the centenary commemorations of World War I this month.
Professional weavers sat side-by-side at a loom in South Melbourne working on the piece for more than six months to complete it on time.
Chris Cochius was the head weaver.
"We started weaving in October and we finished Friday," she said.
"We were basically having four on the loom at any one time."
It was an emotional experience for Ms Cochius.
"The word bereft is repeated three times in the tapestry", she said.
"I actually wove that word all three times and by the time I wove it for the third time it became incredibly emotive, we were able to be caught up in the text."
AMJcreativity – OCA lerning log – textile
My parents went to a craft fair in Easton, Maryland, USA recently. Knowing I was strugling a bit with weaving, they took a picture of an amazing contemporary tapestry weaved by Ulrika Leander for my inspiration and moral support.
What an inspiration, this picture is magical, especially after struggling with stage 3 of this project I just can't believe the amount of hard work, dedication and artistic enthusiastic that went into making this beautiful piece.
On her webpage she describes her weaving process and shows pictures of her studio and art work through the years. Truly inspirational and the use of colour is breathtaking.
Jean Lurcat
« J'ai vu là-bas des formes gigantesques, presque inhumaines… Aussi bien dans les feuillages, les orchidées, les fleurs que dans les insectes, les papillons… Ce qui m'intéresse, par exemple, dans le papillon, ça n'est pas la réalité de cet insecte, c'est l'invention extraordinaire que constituent l'entrelacs des formes, le pétillement des coloris, ce côté gratuit – si j'ose dire – de la coloration… »
"I have seen gigantic shapes there, almost inhuman… in the foliage as well as in the orchids, flowers insects or butterflies… What I am really interested in a butterfly for instance, is not the insect itself but the amazing creativity in the interlacing of the forms, the sparkling of the colors and the randomness of the coloring if I may say so".
Jean Lurçat dedicated himself to the tapestry's art and developed a very personal style. He let his lyriscism have free play on monumental scales.
Jean Lurçat is one of the main protagonists of the postwar movement "French Tapestry Renaissance". Yet in the 1910-1920, he took an interest in murals and in tapestry by making produce his canvas with needle. Postwar, he introduced the use of numbered cardboards, as in painting, on which the artist draws the artwork. The artwork is then made into tapestries by manufacture weavers as at Aubusson or by self-employed craftsmen. Yet the artist was called a cardboard-artist. Lurçat wished the writing and the outline of the drawing to be simplified. After that the big stitch weaving allowed the weavers in charge of the tapestry to well "transcribe" the cardboard. That technique has revolutionized the art of tapestry as well as the range of the possibilities that the tapestry's specific language offers.
In parallel, he took up medieval weaving techniques as in the tapestry The Apocalypse of Angers.
Yet in 1913, he founded the journal « Les feuilles de mai » (The May leaves) which Bourdelle, Elie Faure, Vildrac, Rilke among others collaborated to.
In 1917, he organized a show at the Tanner Gallery in Zurich; his mother carried out his first tapestries with canvas stitch. In 1922, Jean Lurçat exhibited his gouaches, his oil paintings and his fourth tapestry Le Cirque (The Circus) in Paris for the first time. In 1936, his first tapestry woven at the Gobelins National Factory called Les Illusions d'Icare (Icare's illusions) was commissioned by the French State and offered to the Queen of Holland.
Jean Lurçat is part of the generation after the great cubists as Picasso or Braque, a generation which has suffered from the consequences of the First World War. As a surrealist, he has kept for a long time a taste for the unusual and a sense of the fabulous. In his tapestries, he has placed mirroring texts and poems: his or his poet friends' poems. Paul Eluard's for the tapestry Liberté (Freedom) is probably the most famous example. Jean Lurçat took part to that movement but he has kept and developed a particularly seducing and colorful palette which characteristics and qualities have been praised in the 1920-1930s by art critics.
The discovery of the Angers' Apocalypse in 1937, the biggest tapestry in the world woven in the XVth century by Nicolas Bataille, has turned out to be a major one for Lurçat. Deeply moved by what he considered as one of the best masterpieces of Occidental Art, he then undertook the Chant du Monde (The World's Song), a modern replica of the Apocalypse. The Chant du Monde is a set of ten monumental tapestries (347 m2) that makes up an epic, poetical and humanist view of the XXth century. It is permanently exhibited at the Angers Museum.
Sometimes anxious because of the threat looming over our world, sometimes thrilled by the confidence he bears in the human being, Jean Lurçat has used his own language of forms, rhythms and colors in order to convey his message throughout that set of tapestries. Jean Lurçat regarded the Chant du monde as the "the combination of existential components: gall and honey(fiel et miel)
In 1939, he directed the fabrication of his first monumental artwork Les Quatres saisons (The Four seasons) in Aubusson. In 1945, under the impulse of Denise Majorel, the Association of tapestry's cardboard artists (APCT) was founded and he was elected the president. That was the beginning of great exhibitions: "The French tapestry from Middle Ages to nowadays" was organized in Paris in 1946 at the Modern Art National Museum and then in Amsterdam, Brussels and London in 1947. An exhibition of tapestries including the Chant du monde, of ceramics and jewels took place in the Decorative Arts Museum of Paris in 1964.
On the 13th February of 1964, the election of Jean Lurçat to the Fine Arts Academy inside the painting category as a cardboard-artist consecrated the work of an artist who had been an impassioned defender of the tapestry. This election was the crowning achievement of the revival of an art that had been ignored for a long time before being reinstated by Jean Lurçat. Jean Lurçat has done his best to give back the weaver's art its dignity. He has succeeded in giving the contemporary tapestry renewed meaning and language and he has inspired a whole generation of artists.
His tapestry work is huge, the most important left by a XXth century's artist.
A tapestry made of dreams
Pang weavers make art for the Olympics
Canada's North will be in the spotlight when international athletes compete at speed skating events at the 2010 Vancouver Olympic and Paralympic winter games next February.
At the Richmond Oval speed skating venue, they'll be greeted by a huge rainbow-coloured tapestry, called "Achieving a dream," which features an igloo, a speed skater, a high-kicker, an inuksuk, a ski jumper and Inuit playing string games.
The six-by-10-foot tapestry is the work of weavers from the tapestry studio at the Uqqurmiut centre for arts crafts in Pangnirtung.
To design and weave the tapestry, the studio received a $100,000 commission from the Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games via Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami.
The tapestry's design, showing a fiord surrounded by snow-covered hills and animal tracks, owes much to the creative talent of Pangnirtung graphic and print artist Andrew Qappik.
Qappik also incorporated elements from artists Dinah Anderson of Labrador, Sammy J. Kudluk of Kuujjuaq, and Mabel Nigiyok and Louise Nigiyok of Uluhaktok into the final design.
Producing the large tapestry took more than two months—and before the weavers could even start their work, lengthwise threads of the warp had to be carefully put into place.
Then, tapestry's design was placed behind the loom and transferred to the threads with indelible markers.
Only after this could the weavers start to fill in the design, weaving in threads horizontally through the warp.
To meet their deadline for the tapestry's completion, weavers Olassie Akulukjuk, Kawtysie Kakee, Anna Etoangat and Kathy Battye logged 2,030 hours at the loom, working during the day and into the evening, all summer long.
Deborah Hickman from Mahone Bay, Nova Scotia, a weaver and artistic adviser to Uqqurmiut, and David Cochrane, a master weaver from Scotland, also assisted the weaving team, helping them learn new techniques, said Kyra Fisher, Uqqurmiut's general manager.
These new techniques included ways of weaving figures to make them appear to leap out from the background as well as time-saving finishing techniques.
After the "cutting off ceremony," when the completed "Achieving a dream" came off the loom — and received some last-minute touches, the tapestry was shipped off at the beginning of August to Vancouver by Canadian North.
The tapestry will be featured in a special book about art and the 2010 Vancouver Olympics, Fisher said.
Weaving started in Pangnirtung as a federally-funded, program in 1970. The Uqqurmiut centre for arts and crafts is now an Inuit-registered firm, supported by the Nunavut Development Corporation.
Its weavers, who produce distinctive Pang scarves, blankets, shawls and traditional woven belts, also create annual limited-edition tapestries with Inuit themes. Along with the Dovecot studio in Edinburgh, Scotland where Cochrane works, Pangnirtung's tapestry studio is one of only a few places in the world where weavers interpret the work of contemporary artists.
The studio, which celebrates 40 years of weaving in 2010, is now looking for other tapestry commissions— perhaps one for Ottawa's Parliament Hill, a possibility recently suggested to Prime Minister Stephen Harper when he visited the centre.
Tapestries, the history of European tapestries
The History of European Tapestries
Many historians have researched through the study of – the history of tapestries & artwork.
A tapestry wall-hanging in your home brings not just interior beauty but also a sense of history. European weavers have produced these textiles for centuries, including medieval, renaissance and Arts and Crafts periods.
Tapestries have been woven for hundreds of years in diverse cultures. Both ancient Egyptians and the Incas buried their dead in tapestry woven clothing. Important civic buildings of the Greek Empire, including the Parthenon, had walls covered by them. However it was the French medieval weavers who brought the craft to fruition.
In the 13th and 14th centuries the Church recognized the value of tapestries in illustrating Bible stories to its illiterate congregations. Few of these have survived. The oldest existing set is the Apocalypse of St John, six hangings 18 foot high, totalling 471 foot in length which were woven from 1375 to 1379 in Paris. This was the centre of production until the Hundred Years War (1337 – 1453) caused the weavers to flee north via Arras to Flanders (now Belgium and northern France).
Tapestries became status symbols amongst the aristocracy in the Middle Ages. They also had much practical use, providing insulation for castle walls, covering openings and giving privacy around beds. Kings and nobles took them on their travels from castle to castle for reasons of comfort and prestige. Tapestries often changed hands after battle, and since the victor's door and window openings might be a different size the acquired hangings might be cut up or even joined to other tapestries.
Many of the best known works such as the 'Lady with the Unicorn' series were woven at the turn of the 15th century in the Loire valley. It has been estimated that 15,000 people were employed in the craft at this time. Many were itinerant and passed their skills from father to son. Their charming 'mille fleurs' scenes had backgrounds of small local flowers, perhaps inspired by the practice of strewing roadways with flowers on local fete days. At this time it would take a skilled father/son team two months to weave just one square foot of tapestry.
Medieval weavers extracted their dyes from plants and insects in a range of less than twenty colors. For example, red came from madder, poppies or pomegranates and woad produced blue (a process that was so profitable in 16th century France that importing woad from the East was punishable by death).
The most popular medieval images were Biblical stories, myths, allegories (the ever-popular unicorn represented purity), and contemporary scenes of peasants working or nobles hunting. Battles were commissioned by victorious monarchs after the early 1500's. The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V was even accompanied into battle by his court painter who made sketches at the site for later weaving. Hunting scenes led to 'verdure' tapestries of lush landscapes which later became romanticized with increasing Italian influences.
Medieval weavers used working sketches which they freely adapted with imagination and sometimes humour. By the Renaissance these had become full-sized working drawings ('cartoons') which were rigidly copied by the weavers. Thus tapestries became mere copies of paintings rather than independent works of art. In 1515 Raphael was commissioned by the Pope to paint cartoons for the 'Acts of the Apostles' tapestries for the Sistine Chapel. His introduction of perspective and composition together with the use of finer yarns dyed with up to 300 colour shades led to the subservience of tapestry to painting for over 300 years.
In 1663, during the lavish reign of Louis XIV, Les Gobelins factory was founded in Paris employing over 800 artisans in the production of tapestries for the royal court. Other European countries followed, opening factories on behalf of their rulers. They employed Flemish weavers who by now had to complete a twelve year apprenticeship. Louis XIV's estate inventory at his death listed 2,155 Gobelins tapestries. Henry VIII's collection totalled over 2,000 in seventeen royal residences.
Rococco landscapes were popular in the 18th century typified by the designs of Francois Boucher (1703-70), director of the royal workshops at Beauvais for 30 years. His cartoons produced over 400 tapestries.
During the French Revolution the social changes of the times so decimated the tapestry market that the French Directory ordered 190 be burnt in 1797 rather than retain them for their value complete. They considered the gold and silver threads to have greater value. A positive development of this period however was the invention of the Jacquard mechanical loom in Flanders in 1804. It processed perforated cards, like pianolas or like early IBM computers, which fed the coloured yarns to the shuttle. It enabled tapestries to become accessible to a wider market and it still forms the basis of the techniques used today.
By the late 1800's the Gobelins dyeworks produced a colour range of 14,000 tones. Producing tapestries with such detailing had not surprisingly become very expensive. Furthermore little creativity existed with most pieces being based on earlier designs.
Modern tapestry weaving owes much to the vigour and freedom bought by the Arts and Crafts Movement headed by William Morris in England. He revived many old crafts; tapestry weaving being one of the beneficiaries of his fresh vision and creative energy. He visited French weavers in 1878 and described the workshops at Aubusson as 'a decaying commercial industry of ..rubbish'. A year later he had a high-warp loom built in his bedroom where he taught himself to weave from an 18th century French craft manual. With colleagues and friends he designed tapestries, like the Woodpecker, based on medieval styles and techniques. The weavers at Morris and Co. achieved commercial success and , more importantly revived the ailing craft.
Today few tapestries are hand-woven. Most are reproductions of originals in museums. Modern yarns and techniques allow us to enjoy superlative copies of works of art at affordable prices (often cheaper than a framed print). Nonetheless, much work is still required to produce these, especially in the design processes. The selected design and its colouring has to be transposed onto the cartoon with one square representing each single stitch. A series of up to 36,000 Jacquard perforated cards are prepared for each tapestry: these determine the movement of each warp yarn intertwining with the weft yarns. Fortunately some use can be made of computers to reduce the time involved but much skill and experience is still required. The weavers match the yarn colours from a selection of about 1,000 shades. The loom is threaded with about 12,000 horizontal warp threads which are placed in the correct order on the loom and passed through the eye of each of the corresponding 12,000 vertical loom heddles. Smaller tapestries utilize cotton (with rayon) for its fine detailing whilst larger ones introduce wool for greater fullness and richness. Once an acceptable trial result has been achieved the weaving can commence, supervised by a fully apprenticed weaver.
We offer hundreds of such designs, often in several sizes, from many European weavers. Some tapestries have matching cushion covers too. These art heirlooms of the future are a wonderful feature in any home. Catalogs are available and we are always glad to discuss your particular requirements.
Archetecture and textiles
Architecture Share This Page Textile and Architecture
by Rachna
The origin of relation between Textile and Architecture cannot be specified on a time-line. They both go hand in hand. The presence of textiles in architecture can be viewed not only in the interiors of a building e.g. upholstery, drapery, detailing, wall papering etc. but can also be felt in the construction of the architectural structures.
No architecture can be complete without the presence of the textile fabric. The usage starts right from upholstered furniture in drawing rooms, cushions and spreads in bedrooms, runners and covers in the dinning halls, the draperies in the kitchens and bathrooms to the curtains, tapestries and other endearments in the houses. The corporate world, theatres, multiplexes, hospitals, the shopping malls, retails, any Architectural structure you name it; Textiles is bound to be there as a basic cover or just to add color and zing. These days textiles is vitally used to add the oomph factor to the buildings.
But that's not all; importance of textiles and its role can also be seen and felt in the construction techniques and other technical architectural, details, terminology and styles.
First let us take the basic construction of a wall. The various bonds, the units in a wall are nothing but a microscopic structure of a fabric. Avoiding of the vertical joints while construction of a wall, adding to its strength is naturally present in a fabric. Its nothing but interweaving of threads to form a piece of textile structure: the fabric.
The Toothing in a wall can be explained similarly. When a carpet is being woven and also in looms while ending a particular piece, the loose ends (usually wefts) are assimilated in a way mostly knotted, so as another swatch can be attached or the same piece which is complete for now; can be extended in future.
The same trend can be seen in building construction in the form of toothing a very important technique when it comes to further extending the existing wall.
When it comes to the construction of wall another technique followed especially in Kashmir Architecture and has earned quiet a name in construction in earthquake prone areas not only in India but more so internationally, is Dhajji Wall Construction.
This construction technique has been inspired from Dhajji quilt work- the patch quilt work. As different pieces of fabric are stitched together to get an aesthetically beautiful and structurally strong textile piece, the same work pattern when followed with the combination of stone and timber, provides us in architecture with such a wall that can sustain many a shocks in an earthquake prone region. Like the textile inspiration, there are many patterns that can be achieved in this wall construction form.
A fabric goes through many stages right from choosing thread: 1-ply, 2-ply; so is the case in masonry: 1st class, 2nd class, ashlars, rubble. At times the natural color of the soot: thread is retained which is closer to the exposed masonry work in architecture.
Other ornamental techniques followed for fabrics in textiles are dyeing : the most common one , the colors, the chemicals and the dyes are decided keeping in consideration the type of fabric, which is equivalent to white-washing, painting, distempering, considering the surface to be colored.
The walls can be divided into various types: load-bearing walls, partition walls, the curtain walls, so is the case with textiles. One has endless varieties in drapery: heavy, medium, light, shear, the list goes on.
The doors, windows, ventilators: the openings in the walls can be compared to the appliqué work or cut work in textiles. The numerous styles in wall openings are as matchless as varied patterns in appliqué designing. The hemming of a fabric is what beading, nailing in joining is to fixing details in construction.
The tent structures are unthinkable without textiles. The bridges, the roof styles especially the saddle shaped roofs is inspired from the natural flare and fall of a fabric. Everywhere we look in a building and its construction, right to the finished structure, the influence of textiles is undeniable.
– See more at: http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=1034#sthash.CFofe5X8.dpuf
Tapestry Art
Contemporary Tapestry (1960s)
Designed by Hans Jurgen Schobel.
Short Guide to Tapestry Art (c.800-2000)
• Introduction
"Death" from the Apocalypse Tapestry
(1375-81) Musee des Tapisseries,
Angers, France.
Tapestry is an ancient form of textile art which has been practised all over the world for thousands of years. Ancient Egyptians and the Incas used woven tapestries as shrouds in which to bury their dead. The Greeks and Romans used them as wall-coverings for civic buildings and temples like the Parthenon. The Chinese rarely used them as wall-hangings – preferring instead to use them mainly to decorate garments and for wrapping gifts.
One of the most expensive and time-consuming crafts, tapestry-making only truly flourished in Europe from the Middle Ages onwards, at the hands of French and (later) Flemish weavers. This growth of tapestry art coincided with the era of Romanesque and Gothic art – both part of a religious revival, when architecture, sculpture and stained glass were also harnessed by the Church to illustrate Biblical stories to illiterate congregations.
By the mid-15th century as many as 15,000 weavers and other artisans were working in the tapestry centres of the french Loire Valley alone. Using either a vertical loom (high-warp) or a horizontal loom (low-warp), and a range of no more than 20 colours, medieval weavers produced images of religious stories from the Old and New Testaments, and – from 1500 onwards – secular scenes of battle, Kings and noblemen. For instance, The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V was typically joined on his military campaigns by his official painter, who made drawings for later conversion into preliminary designs (cartoons) for tapestries.
The finest European tapestries are considered to have been made by the Gobelins Royal Factory in Paris, while major tapestry-making centres existed at Arras, Tournai, Brussels, Aubusson, Fellitin and in the Beauvais factory in Paris.
The Attainment (1891-94)
One of several Holy Grail tapestries
woven by the arts and crafts firm
Morris & Co, for Stanmore Hall.
Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery.
The traditional visual art of tapestry
has been classified as a textile art,
a handicraft, one of the decorative
arts, and one of the design crafts.
Today it is sometimes called fiber art
and even described as belonging to
the world of fine art, due to the
computerisation of the Jacquard
loom process.
|Chronology of European Tapestry Art
12th Century
13th Century
14th Century
15th Century
For important dates, see:
History of Art Timeline.
For details of art movements,
see: History of Art.
|16th Century
Subjects now include heroic exploits of Kings, hunting scenes. Wide range of colours and highly ornate borders used. The Italian High Renaissance stimulates significant improvements in perspective and composition, but also causes tapestry to become subordinate to fine art painting. Tapestry masterpieces emerge. French King Francis I (reigned 1515-47) opens first Royal tapestry workshop at his court in Fontainebleau. For more details of this mini-Renaissance in France, see: Fontainebleau School (c.1530-1610).
17th Century
18th Century
19th & 20th Centuries
|History of Tapestry Art
Carolingian/Ottonian Tapestries
The use of tapestries in Western Europe – mainly for the decoration of churches and monasteries – was a feature of Carolingian art (750-900) and subsequent Ottonian art (900-1050), although no examples of these early wall-hangings remain. One of the oldest surviving specimens is the famous Bayeux Tapestry (c.1080, Bayeux Museum, Normandy), made during the era of Romanesque art (1000-1200). It depicted the Norman Conquest of England, although it is not a woven tapestry but is a crewel-embroidered hanging, probably made in Canterbury. Fragments of an even earlier tapestry featuring human figures and trees, reminiscent of hangings recorded in Norse sagas, were discovered in an early 9th-century burial ship unearthed at Oseborg in Norway.
Gothic Tapestries
It was during the era of Gothic art (c.1150-1375) that Western tapestry art – like stained glass – properly emerged and flourished. One of the oldest preserved wall tapestries woven in medieval Europe is the "Cloth of Saint Gereon", a seven-colour wool tapestry made for the church of St. Gereon at Cologne in Germany, and dating to around 1020. The featured medallions with fighting bulls and griffons derived from Syrian or Byzantine silks. Other early examples of woven Christian art include the set of three narrative tapestries woven in the Rhineland for the Halberstadt Cathedral, during the late 12th and early 13th century. The "Tapestry of the Angels," contains scenes taken from the life of Abraham and St. Michael the Archangel, while the "Tapestry of the Apostles," features Christ with his 12 disciples; both were made to be hung over the cathedral's choir stalls and therefore are narrow and long. The third specimen, known as the "Tapestry of Charlemagne Among the Four Philosophers of Antiquity," is a vertical tapestry related to similar works woven at the convent at Quedlinburg in the German Rhineland during the Romanesque era of the 12th and early 13th century.
14th Century Tapestries
It was in the 14th century that the western European tradition became firmly established. At that time the most highly developed centres of tapestry production were located in Paris and Flanders. Preserved 14th century examples are rare, however, and the most important of these were created by Parisian weavers.
The most famous 14th century tapestry made in Paris is the "Angers Apocalypse" (Musee des Tapisseries, Angers, France), which was made by Nicolas Bataille (active c.1363-1400) for the Duke of Anjou. This work originally comprised seven tapestries, each about 16.5 feet in height and 80 feet in length. It was based on design cartoons drawn up by Jean de Bandol of Bruges (active 1368-81) – court painter to Charles V, king of France – but sadly only about 65 of the original 100 or so scenes still exist. A slightly later set of tapestries (c.1385) woven in the same craft workshop in Paris is the "Nine Heroes" (Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Cloisters, New York). This series does not feature religious imagery but illustrations of the tale Histoire des Neuf Preux ("Story of the Nine Heroes") composed by the early 14th-century minstrel, Jacques de Longuyon.
Flanders, especially the Pas-de-Calais city of Arras, was the other great centre of tapestry production. A long-established medieval centre of textile weaving, Arras' tapestries were so highly regarded abroad that the word for tapestry in Italian (arrazzo), English (arras), and Spanish (drap de raz) came from the name of this city.
15th Century Tapestries
The finest tapestry art of the 15th century was created in the Flemish cities of Arras, Tournai, and Brussels.
During the first half of the century it was Arras that gained the upper hand due to the patronage of the Dukes of Burgundy. Duke Philip the Good (1396-1467) had a building specially made to house and preserve his tapestry collection. During the period 1423-1467 as many as 60 master-weavers were working in Arras, but after the French siege of the city in 1477, the city declined. Surviving examples of Arras tapestry include: "The Annunciation" (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York), probably created from a cartoon drawn by Melchior Broederlam (1350-1411); "Court Scenes" (Musee des Arts Decoratifs, Paris), derived from the Tres Riches Heures du duc de Berry illuminated by the brothers Limburg (active early 15th century); the 14th century fragment from the Geste of Jourdain de Blaye, based on a medieval adaptation of the Greco-Roman romance Apollonius of Tyre (Museo Civico at Padua, Italy); and large fragments featuring scenes from the lives of St. Piat and St. Eleutherius (Cathedral of Tournai).
The craft of tapestry had been practised in Tournai since the 1290s. Famous examples of surviving Tournai tapestry include two sets created by the weaver and tapestry merchant Pasquier Grenier (d.1493) for the Burgundian Duke Philip the Good in the late 15th century. The first, "The Story of Alexander" (Galleria Doria-Pamphili, Rome), was finished and sold in 1459; the second work, "The Knight of the Swan" (St. Katherine's Church, Krakow, Poland, and Osterreichisches Museum, Vienna), was completed in 1462.
Another famous example of 15th-century Tournai tapestry is the series of four works known as "The Hunts of the Dukes of Devonshire" (Victoria and Albert Museum, London). In addition, exemplifying the late Gothic Tournai style, are "The Story of Strong King Clovis" (mid-15th century; Musee de l'Oeuvre Notre-Dame, Reims, France) and "The Story of Caesar" (c.1470; Historisches Museum, Bern, Switzerland). In comparison with the more fanciful style of Arras tapestry, Tournai weavings – with their huge size and dense imagery – tend to be more solemn with a greater monumentality.
A centre of tapestry art since the 14th century, Brussels of the 15th century rivalled Arras and Tournai. By 1450, the city was noted for its outstanding reproductions of religious paintings by late Gothic Flemish masters, as exemplified by the altarpiece tapestry of "The Adoration of the Magi" (1466-88), made for the Cathedral of Sens. Such altarpiece tapestries were designed for churches or private chapels, where they were employed either as an altar cloth or antependium or were placed on the wall behind the altar. Generally speaking, these hangings were made to the same size as the painting they replicated. As a result, they tended to be much smaller than the mural-type tapestries of Arras and Tournai. Altarpiece tapestries often included silk, which was used to obtain the greatest possible naturalistic detail of the painting concerned.
Later in the 15th century, Brussels developed a reputation for its production of "tapis d'or", (golden carpets), named after their use of gold thread, as exemplified by "The Triumph of Christ," (the Mazarin Tapestry) (c.1500; National Gallery of Art, Washington DC).
Probably the best known late Gothic tapestries were the decorative hangings known as millefleurs (thousand flowers). Made by Flemish weavers in Brussels and Bruges, or by travelling weavers in the Loire Valley of France, noted examples include the late 15th-century chivalric tapestry made for Philip the Good (Historisches Museum, Bern, Switzerland), as well as "The Hunt of the Unicorn" (The Cloisters, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York) and "The Lady with the Unicorn" (Cluny Museum, Paris).
Up until the 16th century, most tapestries were bought and sold in Flanders or France, although small numbers of itinerant weavers were employed for brief periods in workshops belonging to Italian nobles in Siena, Mantua, Modena, Brescia, Ferrara, Perugia, Urbino and Genoa.
16th Century Tapestries
Two new trends emerged in the 16th century. The first was engendered by war and persecution in Flanders, which caused many Flemish weavers to flee and led to the scattering of the Flemish tapestry industry. Many Flemish craftsmen moved abroad to practise their craft (eg. Italy, England and elsewhere), and were welcomed with open arms. The second new trend stemmed from Italy and was exemplified by the commission given to Flemish master weaver Pieter van Aelst by Pope Leo X, to create tapestries to complement the Sistine Chapel frescoes based on cartoons painted by Raphael (1483-1520). Raphael's introduction of perspective and composition, along with the growing use of finer yarns – enabling hundreds of new tonal shades – led to the subservience of tapestry to painting for over 400 years. Henceforth, for several centuries, the highest form of tapestry was the replication of paintings.
Military sieges and other activities during this time caused Brussels to become the leading tapestry centre of Flanders – a status that remained unchanged until the 17th century, not least because of papal patronage, the support of the imperial courts of Spain and Austria, and the exemplary skill of its weavers. Run by a coterie of rich merchants, tapestry making in Brussels became so lucrative in the period 1510-1568 that protectionist laws were introduced to guard against forgeries.
Renaissance era Brussels tapestry is perhaps most eminently characterized by the designs of the Flemish painter Bernard van Orley (1492-1541). He endeavoured to combine the traditions of late Gothic realism and the idealism and monumentality of Renaissance art, with the forms and artistic potential of the tapestry medium. Earlier paintings by Van Orley, such as "The Legend of Our Lady of Le Sablon" (Musees Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire, Brussels) and "The Revelation of St. John" (Patrimonio Nacional, Spain), were still grounded in the traditions of medieval Flemish art. Later, under the influence of tapestry-cartoons created by Raphael (as mentioned above) and his follower, the Mannerist painter Giulio Romano (1499-1546), Van Orley introduced Italian monumentality and modelling in sets such as "The Battle of Pavia" (Capodimonte Museum, Naples), and "The Hunts of the Emperor Maximilian I" (Louvre, Paris). Other talented artists who produced designs for Brussels' tapestry industry included Pieter Coecke van Aelst (1502-50), Jan Vermeyen (c. 1500-59), and Michel Coxcie (1499-1592). The most famous Brussels weavers of the day were Pieter van Aelst, Pieter and Willem Pannemaker, and Frans and Jacob Geubels.
Other Tapestry Centres in Flanders and France
Other smaller tapestry producers of 16th-century Flanders included Alost, Antwerp, Bruges, Enghien, Grammont, Lille, Oudenaarde, and Tournai. The most unique type of tapestry made in these cities was the verdures of Enghien and Oudenaarde.
The French tapestry weaving industry owed much of its eventual status and achievements to royal patronage. This arose in the 17th century by way of two state-run manufacturing concerns – the Gobelins and Beauvais factories. However the first royal tapestry works was the factory set up by Francis I in 1538 at Fontainebleau, to create tapestries for his palaces and royal residences. Here, Flemish weavers worked from design-cartoons painted by two Italian Mannerist artists, Francesco Primaticcio (1504-70) and Rosso Fiorentino (1494-1540), who were official artists to the King. The workshop at Fontainebleau was active for some 12 years, until 1550.
In the early part of the 16th century, indigenous Italian tapestry weaving took place in Milan, Mantua, Genoa, Verona, and Venice. Probably the two most important Italian tapestry works were the Ferrara factory, founded in 1536 by Duke Ercole II of the House of Este, and the Florentine Arrazeria Medicea works, founded in 1546 by Cosimo I Medici (1519-74). The latter continued operating until the early 18th century, and was run initially by Flemish weavers Nicolas Karcher and Jan van der Roost. Cartoons were supplied by Mannerist artists such as Jacopo Pontormo (1494-1556), Bronzino (1503-72), Francesco Salviati (1510-63), and Bachiacca (1494-1557), the designer of the "Grotesques" (c. 1550; Uffizi Gallery, Florence), one of the most celebrated tapestry series made at the Arrazeria Medicea.
|In England, the major textile art was embroidery. If and when tapestries were needed, they were imported from the Continent – usually Flanders. Although textile historians have discovered English references to Arras weavers dating back to the 13th century, it wasn't until the middle of the 16th century that tapestry works were first established in England. The first noteworthy workshops, manned by Flemish craftsmen and producing cushion covers and small tapestries featuring heraldic and ornamental subjects, were set up in Bercheston (Warwickshire) by William Sheldon (d.1570). A later speciality of these weaving workshops, from about 1580 onwards, was a series of topographical tapestries, based on maps of the Midland counties, which depicted views of hills, trees, and towns, bordered by Flemish-styled edges of architectural and figural ornament.
Germany was one of the first regions to benefit from the exodus of weavers from Flanders fleeing religious persecution in the Lowlands. Small workshops sprang up in cities like Cologne, Frankenthal, Hamburg, Kassel, Leipzig, Luneburg, Torgau, and Stuttgart, and produced mostly Flemish-style products. By contrast, the Swiss weaving industry – previously quite strong – had almost disappeared except for certain workshops operating in Basel and Lucerne.
17th and 18th Century Tapestries
It was the French King Henry IV, who took the decisive steps in establishing a French tapestry industry. In 1608, by way of official recognition, he installed the French high-warp workshop of Girard Laurent and Dubout in the Louvre Palace, and also began to encourage the immigration of Flemish weavers practicing the low-warp method to help Paris compete with the dominant tapestry centres in Flanders.
As it was, around 1600, two Flemish weavers – Francois De La Planche (1573-1627) and Marc de Comans (1563-1640) – had been invited to Paris by the French authorities to establish low-warp looms in the city. A workshop was duly established for them in the former Gobelins family dyeworks on the outskirts of Paris, thus beginning the Gobelins tapestry legend. One of its first commissions was an allegorical piece praising the French Queen Catherine de Medicis, based on cartoons by the French Mannerist painter Antoine Caron (c.1515-93). Later, outstanding designs were created for the Gobelins factory by the Flemish painter Rubens (1577-1640) and Simon Vouet (1590-1649).
On the death of De La Planche in 1627, he was succeeded by his son, who broke off the commercial relationship with the Comans family and relocated to Saint-German-des-Pres, leaving the Comans at the Gobelins premises. Bitter rivalry ensued, except that both firms continued to produce excellent work – at least until they were superseded in 1662 by the official royal firm, which purchased the Gobelins factory.
Royal Gobelins Tapestry Factory
It was at the Comans' works in 1667 that the famous Gobelins brand was officially founded in 1667, receiving the title Manufacture Royale des Meubles de la Couronne (Royal Factory of Furnishings to the Crown). To begin with, the factory included almost all the royal craftsmen and artisans (goldsmiths, silversmiths, tapestry weavers, cabinetmakers etc.) who made furnishings for the Palace of Versailles and other royal chateaux. Additional skilled staff were recruited from the de La Planche and Comans workshops and from the old Louvre enterprise, permitting the operation of both high-warp and low-warp looms. The first director of the Gobelins complex was the painter Charles Le Brun (1619-90), the former head of another earlier royal tapestry works set up in 1658 at a chateau at Vaux-le-Vicomte near Paris. Le Brun's major designs included "The Elements," "The Seasons," "The Story of Alexander," the "Life of Louis XIV" and the "Royal Residences" (Mobilier National, Paris).
On his death, Le Brun was succeeded as director of the Gobelins by the French painter Pierre Mignard (1612-95). After he died, a lighter type of design cartoon, signalling the coming Rococo style, was introduced into tapestry design by the decorative creations, notably the grotesques, of Claude Audran III (1658-1734), who designed such pieces as "The Grotesque Months" and "The Portieres of the Gods." A little later, the new French King Louis XV (1710-74), was lauded in a series of "Hunts" by the Rococo painter Jean-Baptiste Oudry (1686-1755). Oudry became director of the Gobelins from 1733 until his death in 1755, when he was succeeded by the great Rococo painter Francois Boucher (1703-70), the most talented artist-director of the 18th century. Boucher along with Charles-Antoine Coypel (1694-1752), a painter, produced the designs for many of the popular alentours tapestries, in which the main subject – depicted as a painting bordered by a frame simulating gilded wood – is overshadowed by the surrounding embellishment. Boucher's "Loves of the Gods" were also alentours and proved to be extremely popular, especially with English customers. Another important tapestry cartoon, "The Story of Don Quixote" (Mobilier National, Paris), was designed by Coypel and woven nine separate times between 1714 and 1794.
To give best to these new designs, thousands of new dyes were produced at the Gobelins for both wool and silk tapestries, until weavers had some 10,000 different hues available to create the most subtle of tonal modulations.
The Gobelins factory managed to survive the French Revolution, after which Emperor Napoleon commissioned a set of tapestries (1809-15; Mobilier National, Paris) to commemorate his reign. Also, during the early years of the 19th century, paintings by notable French Neoclassicist artists like Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825), Carle Vernet (1758-1836), and Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson (1767-1824) were woven into tapestries to express the heroic mood of the time.
Beauvais Tapestry Factory
A second major state-subsidized tapestry factory, established in 1664 at Beauvais, was managed by Flemish directors, Louis Hinart and then Philippe Behagle. Unlike the Gobelins workshops that produced hangings only for the King, the Beauvais factory created tapestries for the King, the aristocracy and the rich bourgeoisie. Two types of decorative panels became Beauvais specialities during the late 17th century: the architectural composition and the grotesque. The former type of tapestry, exemplified by the series of "Marine Triumphs" (1690; Banque de France, Paris), typically features fantasy architecture suggestive of Baroque stage sets. Grotesques were a pastiche of masks, tracery, festoons, vases, musical instruments, putti, and comedy actors, as exemplified by "The Rope Dancer and the Dromedary" (c.1689; Mobilier National, Paris).
Both Jean-Baptiste Oudry and Francois Boucher designed cartoons for the Beauvais factory. The "Fables of La Fontaine," by Oudry, were among the most successful and popular tapestries of the 18th century. In 1736 Boucher painted Italian genre scenes for the set "Village Festivities" and later in the "Second Chinese Set" completed a number of oriental fantasies. He also created various pastoral scenes with his signature sensual overtones. The Beauvais factory was also famous for tapestry designed to upholster furniture, and panels for use as screens. Typically these incorporated floral designs and, in some 19th century designs, finely woven silk.
Meanwhile, traditional French tapestries continued to be woven in the communities of Aubusson and Felletin (north east of Limoges), which were permitted – from 1665 onwards – to use the royal Aubusson mark. This was essentially a small cottage industry, in which weavers independently produced inexpensive tapestries on their own low-warp looms for well-to-do customers. In due course, tapestry led to upholstery fabrics, and later carpets. The most popular type of 18th century tapestry produced at Aubusson was the chinoiserie, or genre fantasy set in China and the Orient, as exemplified in designs by Jean Pillement (1728-1808). Aubusson architectural-style tapestry panels tend to imitate those of the Gobelins and Beauvais factories, sometimes with the addition of more complex elements and animals.
Brussels Tapestries
The dominant 17th century design influence on the Brussels tapestry industry was the great Antwerp painter Peter Paul Rubens, whose most famous cartoon set was the "Triumph of the Eucharist" (1627-28). Imitations of Rubens' style were everywhere. Another much copied painter was the Dutch Realist painter David Teniers the Younger (1610-90) whose genre paintings proved to be highly popular designs.
The first significant German tapestry factory was founded in Munich in 1604 by Duke Maximilian of Bavaria. Its designers and weavers were all Flemish. Although it remained in operation for less than a dozen years, the quality of its workmanship was exceptional. After the loss of religious freedom in France when the Edict of Nantes was revoked in 1685, many French weavers, particularly from the Aubusson factory, sought sanctuary in Germany as had their 16th century predecessors. Another workshop in Berlin, founded in 1686 by the Elector Frederick William of Brandenburg (1620-88) employed a large number of these refugee Aubusson weavers. Its tapestries were produced mainly for the Elector's son, King Frederick I of Prussia (1657-1713), after whose death the factory closed. In the 18th century, tapestry centres were established by French weavers in numerous towns and cities across Germany, including Berlin, Dresden, Munich, Wurzburg, Schwabach, and Erlangen.
Scandinavian tapestries were woven in both Copenhagen and Stockholm for the Danish and Swedish royal families. Nearly all were designed and woven by French or Flemish artisans. In addition, Norway and Sweden produced numerous types of folk tapestries – coarse and highly coloured – usually in small rural communities.
In 1619, James I founded a tapestry factory at Mortlake on the Thames near London. Staffed by Flemish designers and weavers, and run by Philip de Maecht, the former master-weaver of the de La Planche-Comans factory in Paris. The Mortlake factory flourished under the patronage of the Stuart Kings James I and Charles I; many of its early tapestries were based on Flemish models woven in Brussels. Some new cartoons were also submitted by Rubens who also suggested to Charles I, in 1623, that the King purchase seven of the Raphael Sistine Chapel cartoons. Despite surviving the austere Puritan regime of the Commonwealth period, the factory deteriorated under Charles II and finally closed in 1703. Another noteworthy English workshop was run in Soho, from about 1650 onwards, by Francis Poyntz (d.1685) and his brothers. Among other patterns, it specialized in tapestry based on Indian and Chinese lacquerware designs.
In 1633, Cardinal Francesco Barberini, the nephew of Pope Urban VIII, founded a tapestry factory in Rome. Enjoying papal patronage, it operated for nearly 50 years, until 1679. Later, Pope Clement XI attempted to start another tapestry workshop in 1710, but this also failed. During the 18th century other small factories, staffed by weavers made redundant from the Medici factory (Arrazeria Medicea) in Florence, flourished briefly in Turin and Naples.
In the 15th and 16th centuries, large numbers of Franco-Flemish tapestries were imported into Spain, and Flemish weavers were later summoned in order to repair and restore them. In the 17th century, a Spanish tapestry factory, opened by King Philip IV (1605-65), operated for a short time at Pastrana outside Madrid. However, it was only in 1720 when King Philip V (1683-1746) founded the Real Fabrica de Tapices y Alfombras de Santa Barbara (Royal Factory of Tapestries and Rugs of St. Barbara) in Madrid, that important tapestry started to be produced in Spain. To begin with, the weavers and director were Flemings, while the first tapestries produced were woven from the cartoons of Flemish Baroque painters such as David Teniers the Younger and Philips Wouwerman (1619-68), or derived from famous paintings by artists like Raphael and Guido Reni (1575-1642). Then the great Neoclassical painter Anton Raphael Mengs (1728-79) became director of the factory, which then entered its most brilliant period of production. The Spanish artist Francisco Bayeu (1734-95) and his painter son-in-law Francisco Goya (1746-1828) were commissioned to make cartoons, and Goya subsequently made 43 cartoons illustrating Spanish daily life. Although the factory was burned down by the French army in 1808, production was resumed about 1812 until 1835.
A Russian tapestry factory was founded at St. Petersburg in 1716 by Tsar Peter the Great (1672-1725). Employing numerous ex-Gobelins weavers it continued in operation until 1859. Its most arresting designs were a set of grotesques (1733-38) and a set of portraits, of which those of Catherine the Great (1729-96) are the most noteworthy.
|19th and 20th Century Tapestries
England: Arts & Crafts Movement
Most 19th-century tapestries were reproductions of paintings or previously woven designs. The influence of the Industrial Revolution was significant of course, not just in tools, materials and dyes but also in the emergence of a new middle-class market and its demands. The arrival of tapestry-making machines and mechanical weaving became an obvious threat to the survival of the original craft, prompting much debate by artists belonging to the Arts and Crafts Movement of late 19th-century England, who recognized the need for a renaissance of decorative art in general, and tapestry art in particular. Highly critical of the loss of individual creativity, these artists revived the traditions of medieval craftsmanship in order to counter the effects of industrialization on the decorative and applied arts. The movement was led by the artist William Morris (1834-96), who set up a tapestry factory at Merton Abbey in Surrey near London. Morris himself, together with the painter-illustrator Walter Crane (1845-1915) contributed cartoons, but most of the tapestries woven at Merton were designed by the Pre-Raphaelite painter Sir Edward Burne-Jones (1833-98). Other, bolder tapestry designs were created in the 1880s by the artist Arthur Heygate Mackmurdo (1851-1942), who in 1882 founded the Century Guild, the first of many groups of craft-designers and artists to follow the teachings of William Morris. The latter also influenced a number of progressive artists in late 19th century France. For instance, Paul Gauguin (1848-1903) and Emile Bernard (1868-1941) were among several painters who took an interest in tapestry weaving, though they did not actually do tapestry cartoons as did Aristide Maillol (1861-1944). Arguably the most adventurous British-designed tapestry of the 20th-century is the enormous "Christ of the Apocalypse" (1962), which was designed for Coventry Cathedral by Graham Sutherland (1903-80), and woven in France on Aubusson looms.
Scandinavia and Central Europe
During the late 19th century there was a resurgence of tapestry in Europe based on folk traditions. This trend, already evident in Norway when great efforts were made to base a modern tapestry art on native medieval weaving traditions, was led by Gerhard Munthe (1849-1929), a well-known painter, and Frida Hansen (1855-1931), a traditional weaver. More recent 20th century developments have occurred in Sweden and Finland, thanks to the work of Marta Maas-Fjetterstrom (1873-1941), one of the best known Swedish tapestry artists, and the freer, more colourful tapestry art of Finland exemplified by Martta Taipale, Laila Karttunen, and Dora Jung. The religious authorities in Scandinavia have been unusually receptive to this art. Traditional folk weaving has also sparked a revival of tapestry making in central European countries like Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and especially Poland where mid-20th-century designer-weavers like Magdalena Abakanowicz and Wojciech Sadley have employed unconventional materials such as sisal, jute, horsehair, and raffia, to emphasize the nature of the material, and its tactile plasticity.
Germany also experienced something of a revival of tapestry weaving around the turn of the century. At Scherrebek, in the state of Schleswig-Holstein, a small tapestry industry was established during the period 1896 to 1904. This was followed by similar ventures at nearby Kiel and Meldorf. However, the most significant development in German textile art (as well as in most other applied art), took place at the Bauhaus design school, where tapestry was produced during the period 1919-1933. Abstract in composition, Bauhaus designs were rooted in the idea that the technology of the craft should be revealed in the work and in the nature of the materials used. Anni Albers (1899-1994), wife of the abstract painter, stained glass artist, and Bauhaus instructor Josef Albers (1888-1976), was the leading Bauhaus tapestry weaver. Following World War Two, tapestry workshops were opened in Munich and Nuremberg, while individual weavers worked throughout Germany and in Vienna. But unlike in France, German artisans turned more towards stained glass, rather than tapestry.
Although there are a small number of individual designers working on their own looms in the United States and Canada, most large-scale American tapestries are European imports. In Latin America the revival of indigenous folk crafts has aroused interest in tapestry making in Mexico and Panama, while other centres of tapestry design have emerged in Brazil, Chile, and Colombia.
20th Century Tapestry Revival
Following World War I, coinciding with the avant-garde ideas emerging from Germany's Bauhaus, France instigated and then led the 20th-century revitalization of tapestry as an art. Many of the great modern artists – Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), Georges Braque (1882-1962), Henri Matisse (1869-1954), Fernand Leger (1881-1955), Georges Rouault (1871-1958), and Joan Miro (1893-1983), to name but a few – gave permission for their works to be reproduced in 1932. These reproductions were executed with exceptional fidelity under the direction of Marie Cuttoli. The Aubusson tapestry factory, which was chosen for this important weaving, once again became a great centre of activity. At about the same time the French painter and tapestry designer Jean Lurcat (1892-1966) – under the influence of Gothic tapestry, especially the 14th-century "Angers Apocalypse," and in conjunction with Francois Tabard, master weaver at Aubusson – formulated the basic principles that were to make tapestry a collaborative art in its own right. Under Lurcat, tapestry rediscovered the coarser texture and bolder if more limited colour palette that characterized original medieval tapestries.
Somewhat later, in 1947, Lurcat established the important Association des Peintures Cartonniers de Tapisserie (Association of Cartoon Painters of Tapestry), in which a number of Lucat's disciples like the French tapestry designers Marc Saint-Saens and Jean Picart Le Doux were also active. Dom Robert, a Benedictine monk whose fantastic tapestries were mainly inspired by Persian and medieval European manuscript illumination, was another follower of Lurcat. Other important French designers included the artists Henri Matisse (1869-1954) and Marcel Gromaire (1892-1971), as well as the architect Le Corbusier (1887-1965).
By the 1950s, tapestry designs were becoming increasingly abstract. Among the most distinguished sets were the monochromatic tonal abstractions designed by the sculptor and engraver Henri-Georges Adam (1904-67). Other abstract textile designers of post-war hangings included the sculptor Jean Arp (1887-1966) and the painter, later Op-artist, Victor Vasarely (1908-97).
Post-war Belgium witnessed its own mini-revival of tapestry art. In 1945 the Forces Murales movement was set up in Tournai by cartoon painters such as Louis Deltour, Edmond Dubrunfaut, and Roger Somville, who became the foremost designers in the Belgian tapestry industry. Then in 1947 a Tournai collective tapestry workshop known as the Centre de Renovation de la Tapisserie, appeared and flourished until 1951. Small workshops continued in operation across Belgium, particularly in the cities of Brussels, Tournai, and Malines.
This renaissance in European tapestry may be associated with the austerity of modern architecture. Not unlike medieval castles, the often vast expanses of bare wall surface in contemporary buildings provides highly suitable settings for large-scale wall hangings. The modernist Swiss-born architect Charles Edouard Jeanneret (1887-1965), known as Le Corbusier, often described tapestries as "nomadic murals", highlighting their importance as movable decorations.
In 1962, the first international tapestry exhibition was staged at Lausanne in Switzerland, which after 1965 became a major biennial event. This showcase of contemporary textile art is clear evidence of the enormous worldwide interest in the medium generated in the middle 20th century as well as the immense variety of associated designs, materials, and techniques.
Computerised Jacquard Looms
Since the 1990s, tapestry has confirmed its status as a form of fine art, following the computerisation of the Jacquard process by artists such as the innovative portraitist Chuck Close.
Tapestry is different from all other forms of patterned weaving in that no weft threads are taken the full width of the fabric web. Each unit of the pattern is woven with a weft, or thread, of the required colour, that is carried back and forth only over the section where that particular colour appears in the design or cartoon. Like in the weaving of ordinary cloth, the weft threads pass over and under the warp threads alternately, and on the return go under where before it was over and vice versa. Each passage is called a pick, and when finished the wefts are pushed tightly together by a variety of methods or devices (all, read, batten, comb, serated finger nails).
The thickness of the warp determines the thickness of the tapestry fabric. In Medieval Europe, the thickness of the wool tapestry fabric in works like the 14th century 'Angers Apocalypse' tapestry was roughly 10 to 12 threads to the inch (5 to the cm). By the 16th century the tapestry grain had become finer as tapestry began to imitate painting. In the 17th century, the Royal Gobelins Tapestry factory in Paris used 15 to 18 threads per inch and 18 to 20 in the 18th century. The other royal tapestry workshop at Beauvais had as many as 25 or even 40 threads per inch in the 19th century. These exceptionally fine grains make the fabric very flat, like the surface of a painting. In comparison, the grain of 20th century tapestry approximates to that used in 14th and 15th century tapestry. The Gobelins factory for instance now uses 12 or 15 threads per inch. The grain of silk, of course, is much finer than those made of wool. Some Chinese silk tapestries have as many as 60 warp threads per inch.
European tapestry is woven on either a vertical loom (high-warp, or haute-lisse) or a horizontal loom (low-warp, or basse-lisse). Of the two methods, low warp is more commonly used. Among the great European tapestry factories, only the Gobelins has traditionally used high warp looms. Several weavers can weave simultaneously on either kind of loom. According to the complexity of the design and the grain or thickness of the tapestry, a weaver at the Gobelins can produce 32 to 75 square feet of woven textile a year.
Tapestry Designs & Cartoons
In European tapestry-making the Medieval cartoon, or prepartory drawing, was usually traced and coloured by a painter on a canvas roughly the size of the tapestry to be woven. By 1500, the weaver usually wove directly from a model, such as a painting, and therefore copied not a diagramatic pattern but the original finished work of the painter. By the start of the 17th century there was a clear distinction between the model and the cartoon: the model was the original reference on which the cartoon was based. Cartoons were freely used and often copied.
More than one tapestry can be woven from a cartoon. At the Parisian Gobelins factory, for example, the famous 17th century 'Indies Tapestry' set was woven 8 times, re-made, and slightly changed by the baroque painter Francois Desportes (1661-1743).
The border of a cartoon was frequently redesigned each time it was commissioned, as each customer would have a different personal preference for ornamental motifs. Often, borders were designed by a different artist from the one who designed the cartoon. As an element of design, however, borders or frames were important only from the 16th to the 19th century. Tapestries from the Middle Ages and the 20th century rarely used a border, as the latter merely serves to make the tapestry resemble a painting.
Because a fully painted cartoon is very time-consuming, 20th century designers have adopted a range of alternative methods. The cartoon is sometimes a photographic enlargement of a fully painted model, or merely a numbered drawing. The latter type, conceived by the famous French tapestry designer Jean Lurcat (1892-1966) during the Second World War, is a numbered system where each number corresponds to a precise colour and each cartoonist has his own range of colours. The weaver refers to a small colour model provided by the painter, and then makes a selection of wool samples.
Where a high warp is used, the weaver has the full size cartoon hanging beside or behind him. While the low warp weaver places the cartoon under the warps, so he can follow it from above. In both cases, the main outlines of the design are laid out with ink on the warps after they have been attached, to the loom.
Wool is the most widely used material for making the warp, or the parallel series of threads that run length-wise in the fabric of the tapestry. The width-running weft, or filling threads, are also most commonly made of wool. The advantages of wool are wide-ranging. It is more available, more workable and more durable than other materials, and in addition can be easily dyed. Wool has often been used in combination with linen, silk or cotton threads for the weft. This mixture of material is ideal for detail weaving and for the creation of delicate effects. Light coloured silks were often employed to create pictorial effects of tonal gradation and spacial recession. The glow of silk thread was often useful for highlights or to create a luminous effect when contrasted to the duller woollen threads. Silk was increasingly used during the 18th century, especially at the Beavais factory in France, in order to achieve subtle tonal effects. The majority of Chinese and Japanese tapestries have both warp and weft threads of silk. Pure silk tapestries were also made during medieval times at Byzantium (Constantinople) and in parts of the Middle East. Pure linen tapestries were woven in ancient Egypt, while Egyptian Christians and Medieval Europeans sometimes used linen for the warp. Both cotton and wool were used in Pre-Columbian art to make Peruvian tapestries as well as some Islamic tapestries during the Middle Ages. Since the 14th century, along with wool and silk, European weavers have also used gold and silver weft threads to produce a sumptuous effect.
Tapestry Dyes
Dyes commonly used in Europe included: (1) Woad, a plant similar to indigo, which yields a good range of blues. (2) Madder, a root from which reds, oranges and pinks could be obtained. (3) Weld, an English plant whose leaves produce yellow. (4) A mixture of weld (yellow) and indigo (blue) was used to concoct green. For more about colour, see: Colour Pigments.


text:
Thanks for redeeming.{{else}}
Success! Thanks for repurchasing.{{/if}} {{else}} {{#if Expired}}
Increase my visibility!{{else}} {{#if IsMultiPack}}
{{#if HasMultiPack}} You have {{MultiPackCount}} top spot(s) left. Now loading you into the search listings... {{else}} You have used all top spots. Now loading you into the search listings... {{/if}}{{else}}
We are loading you into the search listing pages...{{/if}} {{/if}} {{/if}} {{/if}}
{{Current}} just saw you!{{/if}} {{#if LastTopSpotPurchaseIsMulti }} {{#if HasAnyTopSpot}}
{{#if HasFreeTopSpot }} {{ UnclaimedTopSpotFree }} Free {{/if}} {{#if HasPaidTopSpot }} {{#if HasFreeTopSpot }} & {{/if}} {{ MultiPackCount }} {{/if}} Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{else}}
0 Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{/if}} {{else}} {{#if HasFreeTopSpot }}
{{ UnclaimedTopSpotFree }} Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{/if}} {{/if}} {{else}} {{#if HasResults}}
{{Current}} see you now!{{else}} {{/if}} {{/if}}
You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
31 year old man | Lawrenceville, GA, USA | Seeking women 21-35 within 35 miles
God first, family,and friends.No I'm not a...
God first, family,and friends.No I'm not a thug nor gangster. I'm very far from it. My parents raised me better than that. I believe in having moral and values. I'm not perfect by far but I always try to do the right thing and respect the people around me. I can't be the bad boy but I can be the gentleman you desire. I can be the man to have your back and be a positive influence. In my opinion the key to a happy relationship is God, Trust, Communication, Faithfulness, Honesty, Love, Patients, Understanding, Sacrifice, Forgiveness, and Commitment. I'm the kind of guy who will open your door, will give you a massage after a long day, cater to you, your thoughts and feelings. Im real down to earth. I just enjoy life and having fun with friends. I grew up a military brat so I been all over. I still love to travel when I get a chance. I know most females prefer someone taller but once you get to know me it wont matter. If its that big of a deal then sorry because I believe my growing days are over lol. Im open to dating anyone that i can get along with and vibe with.I believe its very important to become friends first. I know how to respect a woman because my parents taught me well. Unfortunately I seem to end up with the girl who doesn't want to settle down and build a family. Eventually God will send me that special woman who doesn't mind settling down. Dont prejudge me before getting to know me because I've always been told that i'm so different from who people think I am. Dont be shy hit me up and ask whatever, I'm a open book.
Coffee and conversation , Business networking , Dining out , Fishing/Hunting , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Playing cards , Playing sports , Religion/Spiritual , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Video games , Volunteering , Watching sports
Basketball, Bowling, Dancing, Golf, Other types of exercise, Weights / Machines
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Cats, Dogs, Fish
Middle of the Road
Some of my favorite places to vacation is Miami, Vegas, Dallas, etc anywhere fun. I love to travel and explore.
University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK
Going to Theme Parks, traveling, sporting events, being around friends, and family.
anything that allows me to be myself and make people laugh. its all about enjoying life to the fullest.
The best thing to read is the BIBLE.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|5'3" (160cms)
|5'0" (152cms) to 5'6" (167cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, About average, Curvy, Athletic and toned
|Black, Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way, Occasionally, Yes, but trying to quit
|Never, Social Drinker, Moderately
|Travel / Hospitality / Transportation
|No preference
logistics for an airlines
|I'll tell you later
|Less Than $25,000, $25,001 to $35,000, $35,001 to $50,000, $50,001 to $75,000, $75,001 to $100,000, $100,001 to $150,000, $150,001+
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Currently Separated, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home, No, Yes, and they live away from home, Yes, and they live at home
|Wants kids:
|Definitely, Someday, Not sure
|Black / African descent
|Asian, Black / African descent, East Indian, Latino / Hispanic, Middle Eastern, Native American, Pacific Islander, White / Caucasian, Other
|Christian / Other
|Christian / Catholic, Christian / LDS, Christian / Protestant, Spiritual but not religious, Christian / Other
|Some college
|High school, Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Search our site
latest news
- RT @profkrg: 7 Books #Millennials Can Read to Rise Above Our Peers http://t.co/s7pXJUk3f7 via @ThinDifference
- RT @GenYMoneyMan: Just a predicition, but the student loan bubble will be bigger than the housing bubble...and will last longer. #millennia…
- RT @Ash_Stahl: 3 WAYS ENTREPRENEURSHIP EMPOWERS FEMALE MILLENNIALS: http://t.co/Es7ujuUHVb via @ChelseaKrost via @LolitaTaub #Entrepreneurs…
Category Archives: aging parents
Virtual Book Tour: 30 Lessons for Loving
Today we are pleased to host family sociologist, researcher on aging and author Karl Pillemer, Ph.D. on our blogsite. We will be discussing his insightful book, 30 LESSONS FOR LOVING: Advice from the Wisest Americans on Love, Relationships, and Marriage. Dr. Pillemer led an in-depth study of long-married elders ever conducted, comprised of 700 people averaging 43 years of marriage. They opened their hearts and the findings are fascinating, so let's get started. Her Mentor Center: What is the Legacy Project and what inspired you to launch it? Karl Pillemer: … Continue reading
Gratitude List
This time of year, we are all busy making lists – grocery shopping lists, gift lists, to-do lists, invitation lists, holiday card lists, New Year's Resolution lists. I would like to propose that we take some time to make another kind of list – a Gratitude List. Particularly because we are celebrating Thanksgiving this week, we have the opportunity to consider what we are individually thankful for. Kindergarteners are asked to think about thankfulness, why not grownups? I've begun making my own Gratitude List and I'd like to share it … Continue reading
Posted in aging parents, extended family, intimate partner, parenting kids, well-being, your self Tagged colleagues, country, family, friends, gratitude, parents, spouse, support, thankfulness, thanksgiving Leave a comment
Baby Boomer Recognition Day
Would you believe it? Yesterday was the official Baby Boomer Recognition Day. As if Boomers need one particular day to be feted. At over 75 million strong, this generation has been in the forefront of the news ever since their beginning in 1946. With the last of the Boomers turning 50 this year, they have now, in fact, all become the AARP generation. As the largest cohort of Americans, Boomers have set the tone for so many of our cultural trends and historical mores. But these days Boomers are facing … Continue reading


text:
Advancing Professionals Community
[Return to main Communities page]
Welcome to the Advancing Professionals Community (APC) page of the NCMA website! This is the central location for individuals who are interested in building relationships with and learning from other professionals in the contract management field. We welcome professionals who are new to the field and those who are looking to advance their careers. There are a few ways to get involved and sharing information learned is encouraged.
Prior to spring 2012, the APC was called the "New Professionals Community." The APC was established in spring 2012 to promote the development of individuals in the contract management field and bring together diverse professionals so that all in the community can learn from each other and build relationships. We welcome professionals who are new to the field and those who are looking to advance their careers.
The APC leadership council is led by Luisa A. Martinez-Medina (Rio Grande Chapter), Khadra Abdulkareem (Tyson's Chapter), Allie Stanzione (Boston Chapter),and Marcus Soriano (Tyson's Chapter) . The council is working together on ways to build on the APC's growth and contribute to the NCMA community.
Participate in the community
- Participate in a national APC event!
- Join us at the next national conference and get to know fellow APC members. Check this page often for event updates!
- Host a fun and informative local event!
- Not only can members get involved with the APC, but chapters can as well! The APC is interested in teaming up with local chapters to host events so that the local community can establish relationships with and learn from each other. Click here to learn more about APC outreach initiatives.
- Contribute to the online discussion!
- Connect with the APC on LinkedIn, a great outlet to share and receive information. We encourage you to post articles, questions and thoughts so we can stay connected!
- Submit an article!
- Are you interested in submitting an article to CM Magazine? The APC is currently looking to sponsor related articles and the author will be recognized on our website and LinkedIn pages!
- Be an advocate!
- Help us spread the word about the APC! Invite chapter members and leaders to become a part of the community!
- Join the leadership council!
- We are always looking for emerging leaders to help us grow and expand the community!
Want to Learn More?
Advancing professionals are not limited to a zip code and neither is the APC! Email email@example.com to learn more about how to participate in APC as there are plenty of opportunities for growth and we look forward to working with you!
|Upcoming Events
|Past Events
|July 27-30, 2014 - World Congress - Community Night reception
|March 27-28, 2014 - Subcontract Management Training Forum. Details coming soon. Check out general event information.
|July 27-30, 2014 - World Congress 2014 -Community Night reception


text:
The Top 10 In Action Sports
01Sam Pilgrim vs. The World: The Champion Aiming To Reclaim His Crown In A New Era Of Biking
02Eccentric Adventures Episode 2: Britain's Most Brutal Illegal Event is All About Cheese
03A Journey Into Darkness: We Went Mountain Biking in the Abandoned Mines of Slovenia
04Watch The Battle at the Berrics 2015 Finals Live Stream
05Debate: Let's Stop Hating On Parents Who Want To Raise Adventurous Kids
06Guns, Roses, And Eating Insects: Adventure Cycling in Vietnam
07Big Air Will Be In The 2018 Olympics Which Is Good News For Team GB
08From Intense Trails to Intensive Care: Dicing with Death In a Mountain Biking Paradise
09Lifting The Veil: The Truth About Women's Snowboarding In Iran
10Cool Runnings: Is Jamaica Mountain Biking's Best Kept Secret?
40 sec.s Helsinki Warm up#2
A Snowboarding video by snowboardermbm - 3,900 views
Again - check out Teo Konttinen, Hans Ahlund and Kalle Ohlson warming up before hitting the big spots in Helsinki, Finland. These are B shots that won't make the cut, cause the boys have been killing it! >> pirate-movie-production.com/tv.
What Do You Think?
Get the best of Mpora straight to your inbox


text:
Originally written on GCobb.com | Last updated 12/20/12
KANSAS CITY, MO - AUGUST 27: Dexter McCluster of the Kansas City Chiefs is stopped by Nate Allen and Ernie Sims of the Philadelphia Eagles during a preseason game at Arrowhead Stadium on August 27, 2010 in Kansas City, Missouri. (Photo by G. Newman Lowrance/Getty Images)
Categories: BREAKING NEWS Eagles News SecondaryTags: Howie RosemanNate AllenPhiladelphia EaglesFor years Eagles head coach Andy Reid has gone out of way to protect his players. He's still doing that but not nearly as much. It could because he's on his way out or there could be another reason. It could be a way to shine light on the poor job done by talent evaluator [...](Read more...)
Comments are closed.
What do you think?To leave a comment, you can:
NFL News
Delivered to your inbox
You'll also receive Yardbarker's daily Top 10, featuring the best sports stories from around the web. Customize your newsletter to get articles on your favorite sports and teams. And the best part? It's free!
Follow us on Twitter
|Best of Yardbarker
|NFL News
|MLB News
Today's Best Stuff
For Bloggers
Join the Yardbarker Network for more promotion, traffic, and money.
Company Info
What is Yardbarker?
Yardbarker is the largest network of sports blogs and pro athlete blogs on the web. This site is the hub of the Yardbarker Network, where our editors and algorithms curate the best sports content from our network and beyond.
|© 2015 Yardbarker, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of this website (including any and all parts and components) constitutes your acceptance of these Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. (What's New?)


text:
- SaleGet up to 60% Off Sitewide
expires: 07/07/2015Get deal & save
- SaleFree Shipping on orders over $50
expires: ongoingGet deal & saveUsed 1029 times
- SaleSubscribe to GoJane newsletter and get free shipping
expires: ongoingGet deal & saveUsed 1525 times
- SaleBoot Camp at GoJane! Huge selection of winter's hottest boots!
expires: ongoingGet deal & saveUsed 192 times
Never miss coupons from GoJane!
Enter your email below and we will send you the latest and greatest GoJane deals.
Expired Coupons
We wish these coupon codes and deals lasted longer! Here are a few coupons that may still work. It never hurts to try!
- SaleGet 60% Off Sitewide
expired: 07/04/2015Get deal & save
- SaleFree Shipping on All US orders
expired: 07/03/2015Get deal & save
- SaleUp to 60% Off All Shoe Sale
expired: 06/30/2015Get deal & save
- Promo CodeFree Standard shipping on on HI, AK, US territories and APO/FPO orders over $100
expired: 06/29/2015FREESHIP100Show coupon code
- SaleGet 20% Off Regular Priced Items
expired: 06/27/2015Get deal & save
- SaleGet up to 50% Off All Dresses
expired: 06/21/2015Get deal & save
- SaleGet up to 50% Off Dress Sale
expired: 06/16/2015Get deal & save
- SaleSave 20% on Sitewide
expired: 06/15/2015Get deal & save
- SaleGet 20% Off Sitewide
expired: 06/09/2015Get deal & save
- SaleGet up to 50% Off Matching Set Sale
expired: 06/07/2015Get deal & save
- SaleGet up to 50% Off Heel Sale
expired: 06/07/2015Get deal & save
About GoJane
Liven up your wardrobe with highly-covetable fashion finds from GoJane, an online boutique offering women affordable yet super stylish and fashionable shoes, apparel, and accessories. Whether you're looking for formal wear or casual wear, GoJane has everything you need to look good and feel great. Check out their wide selection of versatile finds and you're sure to find something perfect for you. Be sure to take advantage of GoJane coupon codes and special promotions to get extra savings and discounts on your next order.
About GoJane Deals
GoJane is an Internet retailer of fashion forward apparel for progressive young women. The GoJane team is committed to connecting customers with affordable, trendy clothing that's straight from the runways. For over 14 years, GoJane has been devoted to elevating style and self-perception while keeping it fun and inclusive of all trends. GoJaner buyers are constantly on the lookout locally and worldwide for the next stylish must-haves in women's tops, bottoms, dresses, intimates and of course, footwear! GoJane is your online boutique adding tons of new styles every day to keep you at the forefront of fashion. Check out their collection of women's shoes, tops, cute summer dresses, and accessories that will liven up your wardrobe and make you the envy of fashionistas everywhere. GoJane's line of affordable formal dresses will make you the belle of the ball at prom or homecoming while sexy club dresses will get you ready for a big night out. Not only are many of their styles on the edge of modern trends, they are priced affordably so you don't have to spend your savings to get the look you want. With GoJane's versatile selection of clothing, women's shoes and accessories, there's something for everyone hipster to office professional. GoJane is the place for teen and juniors clothing at great prices. Check out their Sale section where you will find a great way to add women's shoes, trendy clothing and jewelry to your wardrobe and still have money for that big night out. GoJane adds new items all the time and they have a weekly newsletter you can sign up for that contains up and coming trends, and announcements on great deals. At GoJane, your satisfaction is important and that is why they offer fast shipping. If you are not pleased with your order, you may return it within 30 days. If you need a different size, you can exchange it and GoJane will pay the new product's shipping cost.


text:
OT: E-filing your taxes.
We efiled on jan 30, was accepted on feb 3rd, getting our refund tomorrow.
Well, I e-filed ours on February 4th and they've not been accepted yet, but it is barely 48 hours later right now. The IRS website says 21 days if there are no errors in the refund prep. I used HR Block's free thing.
P.T.B. 10/24/2012 // Platinum Boobies !! <3
*Butterflies. Cake. Jason Stackhouse. Dolphins. -MRudz*
I did it last thursday and my refund will be put in tomorrow.
Ronda mommy DD13,DD 10, DS 7 and Wife to the love of my life on 05/13/11 Michael Thomas Polca II 10/13/2012 Bonus DSD 21
Raleigh 2-14-06 7 lbs 4 oz Sawyer 10-20-12 10 lbs 1.5 oz
Proud CD, BW, EBF, co-sleeping, happy momma!
Baby #3 due 10-2-14!
Ugh! I wish they would accept mine! Oddly, we don't really need the money, but at the same time, it is the down payment for my new minivan, so I wish it would come so I could relax about it.
We have 4 kids between us, so it is impossible for all of us to leave the house right now when my step sons are here!
Mommy to my boys
Nathaniel 11-18-2010
Jacob 11-1-2012


text:
Barkley: Shut Up and Jam 2
Release History
|Barkley: Shut Up and Jam 2
|North America
|01st January 1995
Game Overview
Barkley: Shut Up and Jam 2 is a sports game developed by Accolade and released on Sega Genesis.
Similar Games
- NBA Jam (2.05m)
- NBA Jam Tournament Edition (1.11m)
- J-League Pro Striker 2 (0.04m)
- David Robinson's Supreme Court (0.00m)
- WWF Super Wrestlemania (0.00m)
- J-League Pro Striker Kanzenban (0.00m)
- NBA Live 97 (0.00m)
- ATP Tour Championship Tennis (0.00m)
- Sega Sports 1: Super Monaco / Wimbledon / Ultimate Soccer (0.00m)
- Davis Cup Tennis (0.00m)
- Zany Golf (0.00m)
- Jack Nicklaus' Power Challenge Golf (0.00m)
- NBA Live 98 (0.00m)
- Australian Rugby League (0.00m)
- Sensible Soccer: European Champions (0.00m)
- Devil's Course (0.00m)
- James 'Buster' Douglas Knockout Boxing (0.00m)
- NBA Showdown '94 (0.00m)
- Barkley: Shut Up and Jam! (0.00m)
- Skitchin' (0.00m)
External Links
- Barkley: Shut Up and Jam 2 on CoolROM


text:
High-risk febrile neutropenia in Auckland 2003–2004: the influence of the microbiology laboratory on patient treatment and the use of pathogen-specific therapy
Abstract:Abstract Background:
International guidelines recommend routine microbiological assessment of patients with febrile neutropenia, but do not recommend a change from broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy to pathogen-specific therapy when a clinically relevant organism has been isolated. The aim of the study was to determine the aetiology of febrile neutropenia in adult haematology patients at Auckland City Hospital, to document the changes in treatment made following isolation of a clinically relevant organism and to assess adverse outcomes in any patient who received pathogen-specific therapy after a positive culture result. Methods:
The results of all microbiological tests together with antibiotic therapy were recorded from consecutive patients with fever and a neutrophil count <0.5 × 109/L over 1 year beginning in May 2003. Results:
One thousand one hundred and ninety-six specimens were collected from 81 patients during 116 episodes of febrile neutropenia. A pathogen was isolated from blood cultures in 40 episodes: Gram-positive cocci accounted for 46% of isolates and Gram-negative bacilli for 35%. Isolation of a pathogen from blood cultures resulted in a change of treatment in 25 of 40 (62.5%, 95%CI 46–77%) episodes. In 12 of these episodes, antibiotic therapy was optimized to a single pathogen-specific agent. No adverse events or subsequent changes in antibiotic therapy occurred in any of these 12 patients. Isolation of a pathogen from specimens other than blood seldom led to a change in therapy. Conclusion:
Isolation of a pathogen from blood cultures often allows antibiotic therapy to be simplified to a pathogen-specific regimen. Further study of this approach is warranted.
Keywords: disease management; febrile neutropenia; hospital laboratory; pathogen-specific therapy
Document Type: Research Article
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.2006.01239.x
Affiliations: 1: Haematology Departments, Auckland City Hospital, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand 2: Infectious Diseases
Publication date: January 1, 2007


text:
Today we were having a little card game and competition. It was Renato and James with these two lovely euro babes Gitta and Misty. So there was a card game going on and the stakes were is the girls were to loose then they would have to give Renato a nice blowjob. Long story short the girls ended up loosing and from there its nothing but fun! This movie has it all 2 girl bjs double penetration the whole nine. Enjoy!
"Roll The Dice"
"Magic Waters"
Rhiana Brown
"Sweet Cupcake"
Julia Taylor
"Double Sexpectations"
Melanie Memphis
"Shake Town"
Taissia Shanti
"Licking Party"
Lucy Heart
"Lips Wide Open"
Tina Blade
"Booty Fondle"
Melissa Ria
"Sexy Tigerr"
Tigerr Benson
"Those Lips"
Diana Sweet


text:
Handwrite Notes
35 reviews
By installing you agree to the Terms of Use and other terms
PublisherTomas Slavicek
More from Tomas Slavicek
Download size< 1 MB
Last updated7/28/2014
Works with
- Windows Phone 8.1
- Windows Phone 8
- Windows Phone 7.5
App requires
- photo, music, and video libraries
- data services
- web browser component
- HD720P (720x1280)
- WVGA (480x800)
- WXGA (768x1280)
Supported languages (2)
čeština English (United States)
WARNING!!! This app works only on older phones with Windows Phone 7. It may not work on newer WP 8 and 8.1 devices (Lumia 520, 820, 920, 1520...) !!! Very fast app for taking handwitten notes. Each note can be pinned to Start as a Live Tile. - automatic saving - sync and backup to SkyDrive - export as image - color themes, landscape and portrait view - change height of lines, width of spaces - write left-to-right or right-to-left Powerfull app engine provides the unbeliavable experience. From the author of the game HexaLines. Update 1.2: - fixed auto saving of the note Update 1.1: - new Settings screen - right-to-left support - small bug fixes
2/27/2015Best handwriting app available
2/11/2015Only 4 stars because while its an awesome app on Lumia it works sort of, its glitchy but manageable just have to double tap at bottom right to get display size correct, and as long as you leave part if a note written (not blank) it will always stay that size but can be cumbersome for first use
5/19/2014Very smooth. Cheers
3/1/2014Not user friendly & slow interaction
12/23/2013Very easy to use
11/13/2013Ok for quick notes but does not automatically advance the insertion point
10/5/2013It's the best handwriting app available but still extremely low par with expectations. The writing area only gives you so much room to write a word. A similar app on the iPhone allows to to write a contiguous word by continuing on the cleared writing area after first portion of the word is sent to the note portion. Then you add spaces by either a left-to-right gesture or press the space button. This app handles all the spaces for you automatically with each input and that's no desired when writing long words. Also, the app will fail to load sometimes on my Nokia Lumia 520 and I noticed other users with different handsets are reporting the same problem. Do a cold restart on your phone and in my case it has fixed the problem every time but is still a burdensome work around. Otherwise, the app shows a lot of promise and the live tile support is a nice bonus and would be grand if they allowed the large, wider tiles available on Windows Phone 7.8 and Windows Phone 8 and higher.
7/7/2013Piece of ****. Took my money and now won't open. Don't trust Eastern European developers, for all I know I just bought me a lovely virus!
6/2/2013Very useful


text:
Vanishing Valley, House of Aloe Vera, Peace Road, Yotvata Chocolate Trail and other treasures beckon from this long strip of desert filled with B&B lodges.
180 things to do in Israel to entertain the kids this summer
Want to keep your child entertained this summer? ISRAEL21c's ultimate guide includes 25 categories, and over 180 activities to keep your kids happy.
Independence Day Quiz: How well do you really know Israel?
Think you can tell your nafnaf from your kif kef? Take our fiendish Independence Day quiz of 25 questions and find out just how much you really know.
The tastiest tourist attraction in Israel
The Salad Trail in the Negev encourages visitors to get a feel for the land and its produce.
Is that a gazelle in the middle of Jerusalem?
Actually, it's a whole herd. And now you can visit them at Gazelle Valley, a new urban nature park built around the resident flora and fauna.
Camper tourism rolls out in Israel
Relaxing of regulations opens a whole new way to explore Israel by towing your 'motel room' on the back of your rental car.
'There will always be chocolate'
Israel's gourmet chocolatiers aren't worried about reports of an impending chocolate shortage, they're enjoying their sweetest time ever.
Cocktail culture in Tel Aviv (video)
Raise a glass to Tel Aviv's thriving cocktail and wine-bar scene.
Bet you don't know about this southern tourist oasis
Arad lies west of the Dead Sea, south of the Judean Desert and north of the Eastern Negev with its moon-like craters and breathtaking ridges.
The hostel that could turn a village around
In January 2014, a Jewish Israeli woman and an Arab Israeli man opened a backpackers hostel as a social business in the village of Jisr az-Zarqa.
Postcard from Israel: Mishkenot Sha'ananim
This beautiful 19th century neighborhood offers green parks, history and culture, with a view of Old Jerusalem that can't be beat.


text:
Thanks for visiting!
We hope you can find everything you need. Kultures United is focused on providing high-quality service and customer satisfaction - we will do everything we can to meet your expectation.
With a variety of offerings to choose from, we're sure you'll be happy working with us. Look around our website and if you have any comments or questions, please feel free to contact us.
We hope to see you again! Check back later for new updates to our website. There's much more to come!
Classic Amir Product Line
Skin & Hair Care
2oz. Leave-In Hair Treatment, Moisturizing Conditioner, Shampoo, & Body Moisturizer
"Great for your traveling needs"
Shower with Amir
Amir Sulfate-Free Bodywash


text:
I have a code something like
if($('#nodeNo').val() == null){
$('#nodeNo option[value=<%=request.getAttribute("nodeval")%>]').attr('selected','selected');
There is an Ajax call in cityChange(1) to populate the nodeNo select list and then the next statement sets the selected value. However due to parallel execution the above code doesn't work. The ajax call and setting the value executes together. The other Ajax call takes a bit time and by that time the next statement finishes execution. Hence the list is populated correctly but the selected value can't be set.
Pls Help!!


text:
Preview of Barbarians clash with Fiji at Twickenham
Last Updated: 29/11/13 12:58pm
The Barbarians and Fiji go head-to-head in what promises to be an entertaining encounter at Twickenham on Saturday.
Springbok skipper Jean de Villiers leads a Baa-baas team with several experienced internationals in their ranks against a Fijian side who will be determined to secure victory in an encounter that celebrates the centenary of the Fiji Rugby Union.
The match - being screened live on Sky Sports 2 HD from 2.25pm - is a re-match of the Fijians' shock 29-9 win over the Barbarians at Newcastle Gosforth in 1970.
The Baa-baas are coached by All Blacks boss Steve Hansen and De Villiers admitted that he's relishing the challenge of captaining the famous touring team and looking forward to working with Hansen who led his team to 14 victories out of 14 in Tests this year.
"It's a great honour to be captaining the Barbarians," said De Villiers.
"The special thing is that it's only by invite, so some players never even get the chance to play. I'm just happy to be playing my second game for the Baa-Baas.
"Steve's only lost one Test match in a two-year period, which is remarkable. He seems to get the best out of his players and hopefully he can do that for us this weekend.
"It is a fantastic occasion for all the guys to come together. The Barbarians have a proud tradition so we will want to put on a good show."
Familiar faces
De Villiers will be surrounded by plenty of familiar faces, with eight Springboks in Hansen's matchday 23.
Hansen will also have a chance to field some of his lesser-used All Blacks at Twickenham, the venue for the 2015 World Cup final, with the likes of wing Frank Halai, scrum-half TJ Perenara, flanker Steven Luatua and lock Dominic Bird all in the run-on side.
Fiji have spent the build-up to the game working out how to field their strongest team as the match falls outside the international window.
Fiji team manager Joe Browne said his side were battling to field a competitive side as several of their players returned to their clubs following last weekend's 26-7 victory against Romania.
"The game against Romania was, as we expected, really tough up front and they battled us all the way to the wire," said Browne, who has lost Napolioni Nalaga, Timoci Nagusa, Wame Lewaravu, Dominiko Waqaniburotu, Sisa Koyamaibole, Malakai Bakaniceva and Nemani Nadolo.
"The nightmare is making sure that we have replacement players for the match against the Barbarians.
"We hope to rope in Netani Talei, Nikola Matawalu, Leone Nakarawa and Henry Speight to fill the gap and have our fingers crossed."
Barbarians: 15 Cordero, 14 Halai, 13 Williams, 12 de Villiers (capt), 11 Piutau, 10 Lambie, 9 Perenara, 8 Vermeulen, 7 Burger, 6 Luatua, 5 Bird, 4 O'Driscoll, 3 Diaz, 2 du Plessis, 1 Mtawarira
Replacements: 16 Mealamu, 17 Roan, 18 Oosthuizen, 19 Carizza, 20 Whitelock, 21 Landajo, 22 Taylor, 23 le Roux
Fiji: tbc
International Match
Sat 11th Jul
South Africa0 - 0World XV
Sat 8th Aug
Wales0 - 0Ireland
Sat 15th Aug
Argentina0 - 0South Africa
New Zealand0 - 0Australia
Ireland0 - 0Scotland
England0 - 0France
Sat 22nd Aug
Italy0 - 0Scotland
France0 - 0England
Sat 29th Aug
Ireland0 - 0Wales
Scotland0 - 0Italy