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Brayden 3-piece Top Grain Leather Set
Item #844625
The all new Brayden top-grain leather collection introduces the brilliance of time-honored style merged with modern charm, right into the center of your home. This vintage-inspired design, featuring a sofa, loveseat and chair, is made from a multi-toned brown leather which is individually hand-cut and rubbed by expert craftsman. Brayden goes through a very detailed and intricate hand-rubbing process, in order to provide the lavishly gorgeous look.
Brayden provides several unique traits, such as the hand-stitched details shown in the piping designs, featured around the seat and back cushions. Additionally, Brayden is complimented by antique-brass nail-head trims, all individually placed by hand.
This exclusive collection will enhance the style of your existing décor while providing a new statement to your living space. With a carefully balanced relationship of design, size and comfort, Brayden is sure to add timeless luxury to the most important place in your home.
Please email email@example.com to receive a free sample swatch. Please include your name, address, phone number and the item description that corresponds with your selection.
- 3-piece set includes: Sofa, Loveseat and Chair
- Top-grain leather on all seating areas and armrests, with leather match on front rails, sides and backs
- Color: Hand-Rubbed, Two-Tone Brown
- Kiln-dried engineered wood and solid wood frame
- Frames are corner braced and blocked to help preserve structure
- Frames are fully padded and foam-encased, creating soft shape and touch all around
- Elastic webbing suspension system for even weight distribution in the frames
- 2.2 high-density foam cushions, wrapped in soft Dacron for added comfort and support
- Sinuous spring construction on seat cushions for added support
- Back cushions feature premium quality spun fibers and Dacron fillings which are blown, baffled and bagged
- Back cushions are attached with 2 pieces of fabric that interlock when pressed together
- Seat cushions are sewn-in and non-removable
- Rolled armrests feature hand-woven curvatures
- Hand-stitched details include piping around seat and back cushions
- Round, hand-carved wood legs
- General care: Vacuum on a weekly basis to avoid dust particles from settling into leather grains. Wipe leather with a soft cloth and warm water. Do not use chemicals. Avoid placing your furniture in direct sunlight. All materials fade over time when placed in direct sunlight and/or heating sources.
- Seat cushions are 22" deep
- Seat cushions are 19" high off the ground
- Armrests are 25" high off the ground
- Legs are 3" tall
- 84" W x 38" D x 36" H
- Weight: 140 lbs.
- 62" W x 38" D x 36" H
- Weight: 115 lbs.
- 42" W x 38" D x 36" H
- Weight: 95 lbs.
Brand: Abbyson Living
Collection Name: Brayden
Furniture Function: Stationary
Height: 36 in.
Number of Pieces: 3
Upholstery Material: Leather
Standard shipping via White Glove* furniture carrier is included in the quoted price. Delivery includes in-home setup and removal of packing materials. Carrier will call or email to set up appointment with delivery window. Please include a daytime phone number in the shipping information at the time of checkout.
Extraordinary delivery requirements may necessitate an additional fee to the carrier.
If you have any customer service questions, order status inquiries, concerns regarding defective product, assembly of furniture or product operation, please call 1-888-406-0838 and ask for the Customer Service Department related to Costco. Monday through Friday 9:00 am to 5:00 pm Pacific Standard Time.
*Delivery is available to Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico. An additional shipping and handling fee will be applied at check out and additional transit time will be required. Locations outside of a regular delivery area may be restricted. To inquire about delivery to these areas, please contact customer service.
Costco.com products can be returned to any of our more than 600 Costco warehouses worldwide.
How to Return: For an immediate refund (including shipping and handling), simply return your purchase at any one of our Costco warehouses worldwide. If you are unable to return your order at one of our warehouses, please email customer service or call our customer service center at 1-800-955-2292 for assistance. To expedite the processing of your return, please reference your order number.
If you request an item be picked up for return, the item must be packaged and available for pick up in the same manner as it was delivered. If your order was delivered "curb side", it will need to be available for curb side pick up.
If the item arrived to you in a box, it will need to be in a box at the time of pick up.
View Costco's Return Policy.
For information or a written copy of the manufacturer's warranty, please contact us at: email@example.com.


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Drink between: 2005 - 2008 (Add My Dates)
630 Tasting Notes
red-ish, brown, in color. leather, smoke, cherry, tangerine, on the nose. blackberry, oak, smoke, cough syrup, on the palate. medium acid, huge tannins, on this bitter oaky finish.
2003 Châteauneuf-du-Pape Tasting with GMS ringers from other countries (Rich & Peggy's House, Los Altos, CA): Excellent nose, despite being a little bit hot. Very rich palate with cherries and mature tannins. Fairly long finish that gives you the impression you are drinking a soft Port (!). Tasted blind.
My #5, Group's #5 (74 pts).
Blind Tasting 2009 & 2010 Cotes du Rhone (Rich & Peggy's House, Los Altos, CA): Very sweet, cherry juice nose. Sweet strawberry fruit on the palate, some baking spice. Not my style.
1997 - 2007 Grenache Pairs (Tom's House, Palo Alto, CA): Ruby red, translucent. Sweet red cherry fruit, very Pinot-like nose. Medium bodied with low acidity. Sweet, sweet, syrupy red fruit. A bit of bitter tannin and heat. Not my style. (my 7th, group's 4th)
1999-2007 Grenache Pairs (Palo Alto, California): Tasted Blind - Some signs of aging through the ruby edge color. Nice nose. Strange and somewhat offending palate with hints of alcohol and heat in the finish, but yet very enjoyable.
100% Grenache
Group's #4 (my #4) – 38 pts – 1/1/3/0

subset: commoncrawl


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Shop The Large Selection Of All BSA Laser Sights At Rock Bottom Low Prices...Guaranteed at Sportsman's Guide
Laser Genetics ND1 SubZero Tactical Laser Sight
NcSTAR Tactical Light / Green Laser Combo with
Firefield Mini Red Laser Sight with Rifle Barrel
BSA Optics Tactical Scope with Laser and Light
In Stock
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Expected availability: 7/27/2015
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For on-duty use, this Scope is a top choice! The Stealth Tactical series delivers excellent performance with custom construction. The red-dot sight is configured for precise accuracy to keep your shots on the straight and narrow. And with exclusive twist-cap technology, you'll be able to control the red-dot brightness.
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"Everything about this product was wonderful, quality paper,color,printing and design.The address labels arrived in days. Highly recommend this company."
"I wanted custom address labels for my son's Superman themed birthday party and these were perfect. They look great and are of good quality."
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"I did my son's exactly like the model shown. They were already perfect! He loved putting them on! Definitely worth the extra money!"


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Illegal alien tax rebate loophole closed, but…
Congressional leaders issued a joint statement this morning on the illegal alien tax rebate controversy (my previous coverage here and here):
House Republican Leader John Boehner (R-OH) and Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) today issued the following statement after a number of press reports erroneously suggested the economic growth bill passed by the House this week contains language that would somehow enable illegal immigrants to receive a tax rebate:
"The legislation that we authored, and which passed the House Tuesday with overwhelming bipartisan support, would not allow any taxpayer funds to be distributed to illegal immigrants. In fact, the bill includes language similar to the provisions included in the 2001 and 2003 tax relief bills to prevent illegal immigrants from receiving any benefits. We will take legislative action to clarify and underscore this prohibition so we can expedite the rebates to millions of eligible Americans."
So, one loophole is closed. But the borders are still wide open, of course, and countless immigration laws remain unenforced.
Mark Krikorian has it right:
Two things — first, thousands of illegals, especially visa overstayers who have real Social Security numbers, are going to get checks anyway. Secondly, why are we still barring the IRS from cooperating with the immigration authorities? That's the real problem that needs to be fixed. The assertion that amnesty's needed because we've tried to enforce the law and failed is belied by this sort of thing — we have yet to take even elementary steps to control immigration.
Why America Hates the GOP-Obamatrade Deal
June 12, 2015 12:15 AM by Michelle Malkin
5th Circuit Court agrees with Obama 2008-2013™ that Obama 2014-2015™ executive amnesty is unconstitutional
May 26, 2015 09:05 PM by Doug Powers
SleazeBob Menendez's 36DD visa program
April 21, 2015 09:32 PM by Michelle Malkin
The green card racket for Beltway cronies
April 1, 2015 02:40 AM by Michelle Malkin
The big, fat "American recruitment first" lie of H-1B
March 18, 2015 10:17 PM by Michelle Malkin
Categories: Feature Story, Immigration


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Information and opportunities for young people across Europe.
Information about volunteering opportunities
Information about jobs, entrepreneurship, traineeships and holiday work
Education and training opportunities across Europe
Have your say about politics and society, and participate in Structured Dialogue
Arts and entertainment, science and innovation at your fingertips
Everything about your health, well-being and sports
Your rights and services to feel secure and safe
Discovering the world beyond Europe
Practical information about travelling in Europe
What happens when young people create an art exhibition to give expression to their ideas and opinions on the themes of social inclusion, participation and identity?
An inclusive society is based on mutual respect and solidarity, with equal opportunities and decent living standards for all - where diversity is seen as a source of strength and not as a divider. A European vision or reality?


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Respond to Review of Vegetarian Lifestyle - Zaozi Shu - JiangNing
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Review: I really like this place. There's a massive selection of dishes to choose from and the food is tasty. The staff don't know much English but the menus are in English.
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Publications (28)110.44 Total impact
- Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 06/2015; DOI:10.1093/rheumatology/kev242 · 4.44 Impact Factor
Article: Romiplostim before splenectomy in a patient with aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma and poor response to platelet transfusionsTransfusion Medicine 04/2014; 24(2):125-6. DOI:10.1111/tme.12106 · 1.31 Impact Factor
Article: Calreticulin mutation-specific immunostaining in myeloproliferative neoplasms: pathogenetic insight and diagnostic value[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Mutations in the gene calreticulin (CALR) occur in the majority of JAK2 and MPL unmutated patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF); identifying CALR mutations contributes to the diagnostic pathway of ET and PMF. CALR mutations are heterogeneous spanning over the exon 9, but all result in a novel common protein C-terminus. We developed a polyclonal antibody against a 17-aminoacid peptide derived from mutated calreticulin that was used for immunostaining of bone marrow biopsies. We show that this antibody specifically recognized patients harboring different types of CALR mutation with no staining in healthy controls and JAK2 or MPL mutated ET and PMF. The labelling was mostly localized in megakaryocytes while myeloid and erythroid cells showed faint staining, suggesting a preferential expression of calreticulin in megakaryocytes. Megakaryocytic-restricted expression of calreticulin was also demonstrated using an antibody against wildtype calreticulin and by measuring the levels of calreticulin RNA by gene expression analysis. Immunostaining using antibody specific for mutated calreticulin may become a rapid, simple and cost-effective method for identifying CALR mutated patients complementing molecular analysis; furthermore, labelling pattern supports the preferential expansion of megakaryocytic cell lineage as result of CALR mutation in an immature hematopoietic stem cell.Leukemia accepted article preview online, 12 March 2014; doi:10.1038/leu.2014.100.Leukemia: official journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K 03/2014; 28(9). DOI:10.1038/leu.2014.100 · 9.38 Impact Factor
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We examined the baseline features and clinical outcomes of 140 patients presenting with JAK2V617F positivity and a bone marrow morphology conforming with WHO criteria of polycythemia vera (PV), but a hemoglobin level of <18.5 g/dL in males (range 16.0-18.4) and <16.5 g/dL in females (range 15.0-16.4). This cohort operationally referred to as masked PV (mPV) was compared with 257 patients with overt PV and displayed male predominance, a more frequent history of arterial thrombosis and thrombocytosis. Incidence of thrombosis was similar between the two groups but mPV displayed significantly higher rates of progression to myelofibrosis and acute leukemia and inferior survival. In multivariable analysis mPV diagnosis was an independent predictor of poor survival along with age >65 years and leukocyte count >10x10(9) /L. Our data suggest that mPV is a heterogeneous myeloproliferative neoplasia and not necessarily an early/ pre-polycythemic form of classical PV that at onset in a small fraction of patients clinically may mimick essential thrombocythemia. On the other hand, the majority mPV may have a longer prodrome of undiagnosed PV or a disease biology akin to primary myelofibrosis-post PV myelofibrosis that could explain the worsening of outcome in comparison to overt /classical manifestations.American Journal of Hematology 01/2014; 89(1). DOI:10.1002/ajh.23585 · 3.48 Impact Factor
Article: A systematic analysis of bone marrow cells by flow cytometry defines a specific phenotypic profile beyond GPI deficiency in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND.: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a unique disorder caused by a PIG-A gene mutation in a stem cell clone. Its clinical picture can sometimes make challenging the distinction from other disorders, and especially from myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), since both diseases correlate with cytopenias and morphological abnormalities of bone marrow (BM) cells. Recently, flow cytometry (FC) has been proposed to integrate the morphologic assessment of BM dysplasia, and thus to improve the diagnostics of MDS. METHODS.: In the present study, we have analyzed systematically FC data resulting from the study of BM cells from patients with PNH and MDS. RESULTS.: Our data demonstrated abnormalities in PNH beyond the deficiency of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked proteins and the application of a systematic approach allowed us to separate effectively MDS and PNH in a cluster analysis and to highlight disease-specific abnormalities. Indeed, the parallel evaluation of some key parameters, i.e. patterns of expression of CD45 and CD10, provided information with practical diagnostic usefulness in the distinction between PNH and MDS. Moreover, the hypo-expression of CD36 that we observed on monocytes might be related to the thrombotic tendency in PNH. CONCLUSIONS.: We investigated systematically the phenotypic profile of BM cells from patients with PNH; our data provide useful antigenic patterns to solve between PNH and MDS, sometimes morphologically overlapping. Moreover, some PNH-related phenotypic changes might be involved in the physiopathology of the disease and further studies addressing this issue are warranted. © 2012 International Clinical Cytometry Society.Cytometry Part B Clinical Cytometry 03/2013; 84B(2). DOI:10.1002/cyto.b.21064 · 2.28 Impact Factor
Article: Immunohistochemistry analysis of bone marrow biopsies in multiple sclerosis patients undergoing autologous haematopoietic stem cells transplantation[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE: Recently autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) has been introduced for the treatment of severe forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). As little data are available on bone marrow (BM) of MS patients undergoing AHSCT, we investigated the morphological and phenotypic characteristics of MS BM. METHODS: BM biopsies of 14 MS patients screened for AHSCT and 10 control patients were evaluated to assess cellularity, morphology, immunological profile and bone marrow microenvironment. Immunohistochemistry analysis was performed to evaluate the expression of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD68, CD45, MMP-9. RESULTS: 8 out of 14 MS (57%) patients showed a reduction of age-related bone marrow cellularity, possibly due to previous immunosuppressive therapies. There were no differences in the T CD3+ lymphocyte expression rate amongst MS and the control patients, the CD4/CD8 ratio (2:1) was maintained as was the rate of B lymphocytes. We found an increased, although not significant, MMP-9 expression (9.2%) in the bone marrow of MS patients, when compared to the control patients (6.3%). CONCLUSION: The BM of MS patients showed a reduced cellularity and CD45+ cells content in comparison to the controls. A slightly increased expression of MMP-9 was also shown, possibly confirming an involvement of this compartment in the pathogenesis of the disease.Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 12/2012; 115(7). DOI:10.1016/j.clineuro.2012.10.032 · 1.25 Impact Factor
Article: Romiplostim overcomes refractory secondary immune thrombocytopenia in a patient affected by serous ovarian carcinoma[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder that occasionally arises with neoplasms. Although often sensitive to first-line treatment, a refractory thrombocytopenia may lead to a difficult management of the patient. A patient with primary ITP who successfully underwent surgery and chemotherapy with immunoglobulins and dexamethasone for ovarian cancer has recently been reported. We report on a 71-year-old woman who developed refractory secondary ITP concomitant with an advanced serous ovarian carcinoma. The ITP responded only to the thrombopoietin receptor agonist romiplostim with an uncommon threshold effect, enabling both palliative surgery and histological diagnosis. Although thrombopoietin receptor agonists might be useful in some circumstances, their safety and efficacy for cancer patients must still be determined. Well-designed clinical trials are urgently needed to resolve this issue.10/2012; 1(4):239-242. DOI:10.1007/s13691-012-0049-7
Article: A prognostic model to predict survival in 867 World Health Organization-defined essential thrombocythemia at diagnosis: a study by the International Working Group on Myelofibrosis Research and Treatment[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Diagnosis of essential thrombocythemia (ET) has been updated in the last World Health Organization (WHO) classification. We developed a prognostic model to predict survival at diagnosis, named IPSET (International Prognostic Score for ET), studying patients with WHO-defined ET. Age 60 years or older, leukocyte count ≥ 11 × 10(9)/L, and prior thrombosis significantly affected survival, by multivariable Cox regression. On the basis of the hazard ratio, we assigned 2 points to age and 1 each to leukocyte count and thrombosis. So, the IPSET model allocated 867 patients into 3 risk categories with significantly different survival: low (sum of points = 0; median survival not reached), intermediate (sum = 1-2; median survival 24.5 years), and high (sum = 3-4, median survival 13.8 years). The IPSET model was further validated in 2 independent cohorts including 132 WHO-defined ET and 234 Polycythemia Vera Study Group-defined ET patients. The IPSET model was able to predict the occurrence of thrombosis, and not to predict post-ET myelofibrosis. In conclusion, IPSET, based on age ≥ 60 years, leukocyte count ≥ 11 × 10(9)/L, and history of thrombosis allows prognostic assessment of WHO-defined ET and the validation process makes IPSET applicable in all patients phenotypically appearing as ET.Blood 06/2012; 120(6):1197-201. DOI:10.1182/blood-2012-01-403279 · 10.43 Impact Factor
Article: Long-term follow-up of concomitant treatment with romiplostim and warfarin in a patient with immune thrombocytopenia and severe cardiac comorbiditiesPlatelets 05/2012; 24(3). DOI:10.3109/09537104.2012.686074 · 2.63 Impact Factor
Article: Evidence for reduced angiogenesis in bone marrow in SSc: immunohistochemistry and multiparametric computerized imaging analysis[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Dysfunctional angiogenesis is a pathogenetic marker of SSc. Circulating levels of endothelial progenitor cells are reduced, and mesenchymal stromal cells show a reduced differentiation into endothelial cells and capacity to form capillaries. This suggests that pathophysiologically relevant changes may already exist in SSc bone marrow (BM) stromal cells that may affect downstream angiogenesis. The aim of this study is to evaluate, in SSc BM, angiogenesis, cellular immune system and fibrosis. Eight SSc patients affected by a severe dcSSc and screened for autologous haematopoietic stem cells transplantation (HSCT) underwent a BM biopsy. BM biopsies were compared with six healthy controls. To evaluate angiogenesis and cellular immunity, the following antibodies were used: vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), kinase insert domain-containing receptor/fetal liver kinase-1 (KDR/flk-1), MMP-9 and CD34. To evaluate fibrosis, silver impregnation for reticulum was used. The number of vessels, the mean area of vascularization, the perimeter and microvessel density (MVD) were measured with a multiparametric computerized imaging analysis. A significant reduction in BM vascularity was found, while VEGF expression was much higher in SSc BM samples. Two patients had a Grade 2, whereas another two had a Grade 1 fibrosis. In SSc, BM is characterized by a reduction of microvascular density and number of vessels and a significant increase of VEGF. This indicates that BM may be involved in the process of loss of angiogenesis, despite the presence of high local and systemic levels of VEGF.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 01/2012; 51(6):1042-8. DOI:10.1093/rheumatology/ker447 · 4.44 Impact Factor
Article: Patients with ≥ 20 × 109/L Platelets at Baseline May Have a Prompt Response to Romiplostim During the Early Phase of Treatment: an Italian Single-Institution Experience[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia treated with romiplostim may benefit from a higher starting dose when a rapid increase in count is needed, but it could be avoided in those with a prompt response to the standard dosage. We hypothesized that a platelet count ≥ 20 × 10(9)/l at baseline could distinguish subjects with such response from those with a delayed one during the early phase of treatment. Our work is a retrospective and single-institution analysis comparing the median platelet count, the median weekly dosage of romiplostim and the median number of weekly platelet counts < 50 × 10(9)/l between patients with a baseline ≥ 20 × 10(9)/l platelets (n=10, 2 splenectomized) and those with a lower one (n=8, 3 splenectomized) during the first month of treatment with romiplostim. The results show a higher median platelet count (79,5 vs 40,5 × 10(9)/l, p=0,002) and a lower median dose of romiplostim (1 vs 2 mcg/kg/week, p=0,01) in subjects with a baseline ≥ 20 × 10(9)/l platelets, who also had a trend of less weekly counts < 50 × 10(9)/l platelets (1 vs 2, p=0,054). These data suggest that patients with ≥ 20 × 10(9)/l platelets at baseline may achieve a prompt response with the standard dose of romiplostim, but further and larger data are needed in order to assess whether it can be considered in clinical practice.Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 01/2012; 4(1):e2012044. DOI:10.4084/MJHID.2012.044
Article: Survival and Disease Progression in Essential Thrombocythemia Are Significantly Influenced by Accurate Morphologic Diagnosis: An International Study[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The WHO diagnostic criteria underscore the role of bone marrow (BM) morphology in distinguishing essential thrombocythemia (ET) from early/prefibrotic primary myelofibrosis (PMF). This study examined the clinical relevance of such a distinction. Representatives from seven international centers of excellence for myeloproliferative neoplasms convened to create a clinicopathologic database of patients previously diagnosed as having ET (N = 1,104). Study eligibility criteria included availability of treatment-naive BM specimens obtained within 1 year of diagnosis. All bone marrows subsequently underwent a central re-review. Diagnosis was confirmed as ET in 891 patients (81%) and was revised to early/prefibrotic PMF in 180 (16%); 33 patients were not evaluable. In early/prefibrotic PMF compared with ET, the 10-year survival rates (76% and 89%, respectively) and 15-year survival rates (59% and 80%, respectively), leukemic transformation rates at 10 years (5.8% and 0.7%, respectively) and 15 years (11.7% and 2.1%, respectively), and rates of progression to overt myelofibrosis at 10 years (12.3% and 0.8%, respectively) and 15 years (16.9% and 9.3%) were significantly worse. The respective death, leukemia, and overt myelofibrosis incidence rates per 100 patient-years for early/prefibrotic PMF compared with ET were 2.7% and 1.3% (relative risk [RR], 2.1; P < .001), 0.6% and 0.1% (RR, 5.2; P = .001), and 1% and 0.5% (RR, 2.0; P = .04). Multivariable analysis confirmed these findings and also identified age older than 60 years (hazard ratio [HR], 6.7), leukocyte count greater than 11 × 10(9)/L (HR, 2.01), anemia (HR, 2.95), and thrombosis history (HR, 2.81) as additional risk factors for survival. Thrombosis and JAK2V617F incidence rates were similar between the two groups. Survival in ET was similar to the sex- and age-standardized European population. This study validates the clinical relevance of strict adherence to WHO criteria in the diagnosis of ET and provides important information on survival, disease complication rates, and prognostic factors in strictly WHO-defined ET and early/prefibrotic PMF.Journal of Clinical Oncology 08/2011; 29(23):3179-84. DOI:10.1200/JCO.2010.34.5298 · 17.88 Impact Factor
Article: Single dose palonosetron and dexamethasone in preventing nausea and vomiting induced by high emetogenic ABVD regimen in Hodgkin Lymphoma patients[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: To evaluate the efficacy of a new agent, palonosetron, in Hodgkin Lymphoma patients treated with ABVD regimen. Complete response during the overall phase of the first ABVD cycle, was the primary endpoint. Secondary end points were: emesis-free patients and use of rescue medication during the acute and overall phases. From January 2008 to February 2009 36 patients were enrolled. The primary endpoint (CR 0-120 h) was achieved by 55.6% patients. In conclusion our study demonstrated that a single dose of palonosetron plus a single dose of dexamethasone was effective in preventing CINV in patients treated with ABVD regimen.Leukemia research 07/2011; 36(2):182-5. DOI:10.1016/j.leukres.2011.06.025 · 2.69 Impact Factor
Article: 317 Influence of mild bone marrow fibrosis on response of int-2/high risk MDS patients to 5-azacitidineLeukemia Research 05/2011; 35. DOI:10.1016/S0145-2126(11)70319-8 · 2.69 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The ecological factors contributing to the evolution of tropical vertebrate communities are still poorly understood. Primate communities of the tropical Americas have fewer folivorous but more frugivorous genera than tropical regions of the Old World and especially many more frugivorous genera than Madagascar. Reasons for this phenomenon are largely unexplored. We developed the hypothesis that Neotropical fruits have higher protein concentrations than fruits from Madagascar and that the higher representation of frugivorous genera in the Neotropics is linked to high protein concentrations in fruits. Low fruit protein concentrations in Madagascar would restrict the evolution of frugivores in Malagasy communities. We reviewed the literature for nitrogen concentrations in fruits from the Neotropics and from Madagascar, and analyzed fruits from an additional six sites in the Neotropics and six sites in Madagascar. Fruits from the Neotropical sites contain significantly more nitrogen than fruits from the Madagascar sites. Nitrogen concentrations in New World fruits are above the concentrations to satisfy nitrogen requirements of primates, while they are at the lower end or below the concentrations to cover primate protein needs in Madagascar. Fruits at most sites in the Neotropics contain enough protein to satisfy the protein needs of primates. Thus, selection pressure to develop new adaptations for foods that are difficult to digest (such as leaves) may have been lower in the Neotropics than in Madagascar. The low nitrogen concentrations in fruits from Madagascar may contribute to the almost complete absence of frugivorous primate species on this island.PLoS ONE 12/2009; 4(12):e8253. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0008253 · 3.53 Impact Factor
Article: Characteristics and clinical correlates of MPL 515W > L/K mutation in essential thrombocythemia[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Among 994 patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET) who were genotyped for the MPLW515L/K mutation, 30 patients carrying the mutation were identified (3.0%), 8 of whom also displayed the JAK2V671F mutation. MPLW515L/K patients presented lower hemoglobin levels and higher platelet counts than did wild type (wt) MPL; these differences were highly significant compared with MPLwt/JAK2V617F-positive patients. Reduced hemoglobin and increased platelet levels were preferentially associated with the W515L and W515K alleles, respectively. MPL mutation was a significant risk factor for microvessel disturbances, suggesting platelet hyperreactivity associated with constitutively active MPL; arterial thromboses were increased only in comparison to MPLwt/JAK2wt patients. MPLW515L/K patients presented reduced total and erythroid bone marrow cellularity, whereas the numbers of megakaryocytes, megakaryocytic clusters, and small-sized megakaryocytes were all significantly increased. These data indicate that MPLW515L/K mutations do not define a distinct phenotype in ET, although some differences depended on the JAK2V617F mutational status of the counterpart.Blood 08/2008; 112(3):844-7. DOI:10.1182/blood-2008-01-135897 · 10.43 Impact Factor
Article: Liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin in combination with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone and rituximab in patients with lymphoma and concurrent cardiac diseases or pre-treated with anthracyclines[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: To assess the efficacy and safety of the combination of non-pegylated liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin (Myocet(R)) with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone and rituximab (R-COMP) in patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphomas. Twenty-one patients were selected for the presence of negative concurrent clinical features such as cardiac comorbidity and/or previous treatment with anthracycline-based regimens. Liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin at a dose of 50 mg/m(2) was administered in association with cyclophosphamide (750 mg/m(2)), vincristine (1.4 mg/m(2)), prednisone (40 mg/m(2)) and rituximab (375 mg/m(2)) every 21 days for four to six cycles unless progression or unacceptable toxicity occurred. A complete response (CR) was obtained in 16/21 patients (76%), three patients achieved a partial response (14%), with an overall response rate of 90%. Two patients (10%) did not respond to therapy. After a median follow-up of 13 months (range 2-36 months), 2/16 CR patients relapsed, with a disease-free survival (DFS) of 78%. The replacement of doxorubicin with its non-pegylated liposomal pharmaceutical analogue was well tolerated and highly effective in inducing remission in this group of patients at high risk for cardiac toxicity or previously treated with anthracyclines. Its high tolerability and low incidence of cardiac events (only one patient) warrants further studies to confirm the clinical benefits of liposomal doxorubicin in this subset of patients.Hematological Oncology 12/2007; 25(4):198-203. DOI:10.1002/hon.827 · 2.36 Impact Factor
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Ocular adnexal lymphomas (OALs) are typically low-grade lymphomas and are largely represented by marginal-zone lymphomas (EMZL). Radiotherapy is the treatment of choice but is frequently associated to local complications. We investigated the association of chlorambucil and rituximab as first-line treatment for primary OALs. Nine consecutive, newly diagnosed OALs patients (eight with a EMZL, one with a follicular lymphoma) with a median age of 78 years were treated with this combination. Eight patients were in stage I-A, and one was in stage IV-A; all patients had low LDH values. Eight patients (89%) obtained a complete remission and one a partial response. All completed the treatment without significant toxicities. After a median follow up of 25 months, all patients are alive; no progressions or late toxicities were observed. Rituximab in combination with chlorambucil proved to be a feasible option as first-line treatment for OALs because of its feasibility and the absence of toxicity and local sequelae.Annals of Hematology 09/2007; 86(8):565-8. DOI:10.1007/s00277-007-0301-y · 2.40 Impact Factor
Article: Influence of Dry Season and Food Quality and Quantity on Behavior and Feeding Strategy of Propithecus verreauxi in Kirindy, Madagascar[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: According to optimal foraging theory, herbivores can base food choice mainly on the quality or the quantity of food, or both. Among herbivorous primates, folivorous lemurs living in the highly seasonal environment of Madagascar have to cope with the shortage of high-quality food during the dry season, at least in deciduous forests. We studied (Verreaux's sifaka) in Kirindy, western Madagascar, to understand the influence of dry season and food quality and quantity on behavioral patterns and feeding strategy (qualitative vs. quantitative dietary choice) of a folivorous lemur in a deciduous forest. We followed 7 groups (4 groups/period; 3 individuals/group/month) during 4 periods of the year (wet season: February–March; early/middle/late dry season: May–June; July–September; October–November). We collected samples of plants eaten and examined behavioral and feeding patterns, considering food quality (macronutrients, proteins/fibers ratio, and tannins) and abundance. We found 1) a significant reduction of home range, core area, and daily path length from the wet to the dry season, possibly related to dietary change and 2) a daily period of inactivity in the dry season for energy conservation. Regarding the feeding strategy, Kirindy sifakas showed 1) high variation and selection in choosing food items and 2) a dietary choice based mainly on quality: Kirindy sifakas fed on plant species/families independently from their abundance and tannins represented a feeding deterrent during the dry season. Overall, behavioral and dietary adaptations allow Kirindy sifakas to overcome the shortage of high-quality food in the lean period.International Journal of Primatology 07/2006; 27(4):1001-1022. DOI:10.1007/s10764-006-9056-x · 1.99 Impact Factor
Article: Dose-dense CHOP plus rituximab (R-CHOP14) for the treatment of elderly patients with high-risk diffuse large B cell lymphoma: A pilot study[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) require intensive therapies which seemed impracticable in elderly patients. Dose reduction and therapy attenuation reduced treatment-related toxicity, but also decreased therapeutic efficacy. In elderly patients too, the achievement of complete remission is the most important prognostic factor affecting outcome. Therefore, we have treated elderly patients with a dose-intensified protocol. Aim of the study was to verify the feasibility of this scheme in a subset of patients with high-risk aggressive lymphomas. Between June 2002 and June 2004, 26 patients over the age of 60 years with a diagnosis of aggressive NHL and an intermediate-high or high International Prognostic Index were treated with biweekly CHOP plus rituximab with the support of granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF). Seventeen patients (65%) regularly kept the interval between cycles. Haematological and extrahaematological toxicities were moderate in all the patients. Twenty (77%) patients achieved complete remissions, 6 (23%) partial remissions with an overall response rate of 100%. After a median follow-up of 23 months, the overall survival was 79%; after a median follow-up of 17 months, the disease-free survival was 70%. These results confirm that a dose-dense CHOP programme can be administered safely and effectively in a subset of elderly patients with high-risk aggressive NHL. The addition of rituximab could increase the response rate without adding toxicity.Acta Haematologica 02/2006; 115(1-2):22-7. DOI:10.1159/000089461 · 0.99 Impact Factor
Top Journals
- Cancer (2)
- Haematologica (2)
- Oncology Reports (2)
- Blood (2)
- Acta Haematologica (1)
University of Florence
Florens, Tuscany, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia e Medicina Traslazionale (DCMT)
Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi VareseVarese, Lombardy, Italy
University of CologneKöln, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi
Firenzuola, Tuscany, Italy
- Department of Hematology
Università di Pisa
Pisa, Tuscany, Italy
- Department of Biology


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Pontiac G6 Problem Report
Pontiac G6 Oil Leak From Front Crankshaft Seal
(52 reports)
Vehicles with a 3.5L or 3.9L V6 engine may develop an engine oil leak from the front crankshaft seal. Our technicians tell us a revised front crankshaft seal is available to correct this concern.
Small leak, no perceptible oil under the car, or out the exhaust. As noted, advised on routine oil change. A local Chevrolet dealer, (no Pontiac, right?)- relplaced the oil sensor-wasted $150 beans. My son has the same engine, and has lost a quart every 1m miles-47m now, and problem has existed since 30m, and multiple trips to the original dealer. I plan to take the info obtained from this site, (thx), and, finally, get this fixed-will advise results.... - Visitor
Diagnosed during a routine oil change at the dealership. - Visitor
I have burned oil since 78k miles. But dealership advised It was not enough to be fixed under my warranty. Not today I noticed oil on my driveway. So I went to get an estimate and I need rear main seal set, crankshaft oil seal, timing cover gasket and oil filter adapter gasket so I am being told. This car is junk ! - Visitor
2 people like this
Oil dripping on ground under car when parked. Loss of oil when oil is checked. Smell of oil burning on engine. - Visitor
1 person likes this
After spending $600 to fix oil pan/gasket leak, now advised crank shaft seal and timing cover leak. Shop wants another $700! - Visitor
1 person likes this
oil leak ,car want start , electric starter ,brake lamp malfunction, electric power steering assist ,transmission shift cable fracture , - Visitor
I was not even aware I had this issue, I brought my car in because the coolant reservoir tank was leaking and they told me I had an oil leak from the crankshaft seal. I had no indicator of this happening. The service warranty I purchased with my vehicle covered this repair in its entirety. - epbowers
On my 2007 gt g6 Pontiac I've been seeing a little oil leak , looked under when chaining my oil and filter , it seems to be leaking between motor and bell housing, I was look how to get my oil chang light off My radio , and I found here on web site about the leak problem other owners have or having, haven't Look any farther to see if there's a recall on it , - Visitor
crankshaft seal leaking - Visitor
bad oil leak from gasket - Visitor
Took Pontiac G6 GT Convertible 3.9 in for recall and mechanic also informed me that I had an oil leak. I was told it is the oil pan gasket. - Visitor
Crankshaft seal leak - Visitor
terrible oil leak - Visitor
The whole bottom of my car is covered in oil. Mechanic diagnosed. His exact words were "The car is not even worth repairing. I would check the oil often and add it as it needs it until it dies then drop a new motor in it." I will never buy a GM again... My 01 Eclipse GT has no leaks at all and is Mechanically perfect! - Visitor
Dealer replaced front seal to stop oil leakage. - Visitor
Not fixed! After i took it to the shop for the recall. Problem still exists. - Visitor
Noticed a small amount of oil on garage. At next oil change, mechanic told me the oil was coming from the crank shaft seal. - Visitor
found engine 2 quarts low, degreased engine and appears oil is leaking from the pulley seal. Not fixed yet. - Visitor
Blew the engine - Visitor
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Carolina Stair Solid Rail
Carolina Stair Solid Rail
Weights & Dimensions
|Product Type: Banisters
|Material: Wood
|Country of Manufacture: United States
About the ManufacturerYears of experience combined with dedicated employees puts Carolina Stair a step above the rest. Their competent staff is eager to help you with all your stair part needs. The employees in their manufacturing facility are equipped with the tools and know-how to produce premium products, while their distribution facility works diligently to make sure your orders are shipped accurately and delivered in a timely manner. However they must not forget their custom stair department which designs and manufactures straight, curved, flared, and spiral stairs. They look forward to making your company part of their family of customers.
Carolina Stair Solid Rail
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OUR SKU # COSR3488Solid Rail is also sometimes listed under the following manufacturer numbers: 6300-C-BC, 6300-C-CH, 6300-C-HIC, 6300-C-HM, 6300-C-MAH, 6300-C-O, 6300-C-P, 6300-C-WAL, 6300-C-WO


text:
Company Overview of Stitch Fix, Inc.
Company Overview
Stitch Fix, Inc. was founded in 2011 and is based in San Francisco, California.
731 Market Street
5th Floor
San Francisco, CA 94103-2011
United States
Founded in 2011
Key Executives for Stitch Fix, Inc.
Stitch Fix, Inc. Key Developments
Stitch Fix announced three key leadership hires, each with extensive retail experience: Lisa Bougie, former general manager of emerging markets for Nike, joins Stitch Fix as chief merchandising officer. Meredith Dunn, former senior director customer and stylist delight at Stella & Dot, joins as vice president of styling. Jennifer Olsen, former chief marketing officer at Crate and Barrel, joins as chief marketing officer. The new board members are: Bill Gurley, general partner at Benchmark, an early investor in eBay, Nordstrom.com, and Twitter; Marka Hansen, former president of North America for Gap Inc. and Banana Republic; John Fleming, former EVP and chief merchandising officer of Walmart and CEO of Walmart.com.
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To contact Stitch Fix, Inc., please visit www.stitchfix.com. Company data is provided by Capital IQ. Please use this form to report any data issues.
Our data partners will research the update request and update the information on this page if necessary. Research and follow-up could take several weeks. If you have questions, you can contact them at email@example.com.


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text:
Select Local Merchants
Alesci's of ShoregateRead MoreAlesci's of Shoregate is a specialty grocer and deli that dispenses imported foods, sliced meats, and prepared meals. Freshly sliced deli meats include turkey, capicola, and salami. A sprawling collection of shelves shows off a huge selection of wines easily matched with pizzas topped with pepperoni, mushrooms, or sausage. Daily specials have included items such as rigatoni, eggplant parmigiano, lasagna, and pasta e fagioli, and a selection of breads is also available.29730 Lakeshore Blvd.Willowick, OH US
HoneyBaked Ham of OhioRead MoreInside HoneyBaked Ham, chefs uphold the same traditions that Harry J. Hoenselaar created more than 40 years ago. Back then, he chose individual hams, cured them in his secret marinade, and smoked them over hardwood chips before offsetting the earthy flavor with a crisp, sweet glaze. To this day, the staff makes the signature bone-in hams one at a time and glazes them in the shop. To go with the meats, the kitchen whips up classic side dishes and desserts, such as the sweet-potato soufflé. For less formal feasting, party trays and packed lunch boxes fuel business meetings, backyard grad parties, and lengthy end-zone celebrations.35101 Euclid Ave.Willoughby, OH US
Alesci'sRead MoreAlesci's embraces family traditions. If it's not already apparent by the third generation of brothers who co-manage the deli and grocer, it shimmers to the surface in the stories of old regulars and those who remember Grandpa Frank Alesci. Starting with Frank, and now for more than 50 years, the Alesci family has curated a collection of imported products, providing immigrants with the sought-after goods from across the pond. Beyond that, it's a place for fresh, crusty bread, pizza, a myriad of cheeses, and deli meats sliced by hand. Inside the 7,000-square-foot location, shelves are lined with everything from polenta to biscotti, olives to olive oil, and peppers who share space with their natural enemy: the tomato.4333 Mayfield Rd.South Euclid, OH US
Phoenix CoffeeRead MoreSteep your brain with flavorful promises of a menu to plot out an early-morning caffeine infusion, mid-day lunch treat, or late night drive-by brainwiring. Phoenix's coffees are brewed fresh from their very own beans, so have a cup of old-school joe to return to the caf?'s roots (up to $1.70), or punch your taste buds with the devil's brew (coffee with a shot of espresso, up to $2.50). Chug their namesake with a cup of Caf? Phoenix, a mocha made with their signature locally produced chocolate syrup and an extra shot of espresso ($3.60), or hammer your endocrine system with the indulgent excesses of their Stuporball?two kinds of custom-blended coffee, two different chocolate syrup infusions, and an extra shot of espresso (up to $4). Tea lovers get some love at Phoenix, too?premium oolong, white, and select black or green tea varieties are available iced or hot (up to $2.40), while the house-made artisan Chai latte arrives steamed and creamy (up to $3.20). You can also upgrade to larger drinks and pay the difference.1854 Coventry RdCleveland Heights, OH US
North Union Farmers' MarketRead MoreThe North Union Farmers Market began in 1995 as a small market—back then, more than 500 hungry customers shopped the stalls of only six local farmers. Today, the market coordinates eight certified-producer farmers' markets around Cleveland, allowing farmers to sell their products—from fresh, seasonal produce to meat, syrup, eggs, and dairy—directly to residents. The planet-friendly concept reduces the energy used for transportation and maximizes the freshness of the food.13212 Shaker SqCleveland, OH US
La Plaza SupermarketRead More13609 Lakewood Heights BlvdCleveland, OH US


text:
Pest Management Science
- Print ISSN
- Electronic ISSN
- 1526-4998
- Impact factor
- 2.313
- Publisher
- wiley
- http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1526-4998
- Usage rank
- 1999
- Article count
- 1947
- Free count
- 53
- Free percentage
- 0.0272214
- PDFs via platforms
- Proquest, Wiley, CSA, Ingenta, and Rcgp
Movement of cyantraniliprole in plants after foliar applications and its impact on the control of sucking and chewing insects.
Pest Management Science 71(3):395 (2015) PMID 24771486Given the physical properties of insecticides, there is often some movement of these compounds within crop plants following foliar application. In this context, movement of two formulations of cyantraniliprole, an anthranilic diamide, was characterized for translocation to new growth, distribution w...
Lack of cross-resistance to a novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor, fluopyram, in highly boscalid-resistant isolates of Corynespora cassi...
Pest Management Science 67(4):474 (2011) PMID 21226015
Status of insecticide resistance in Culex pipiens field populations from north-eastern areas of Italy before the withdrawal of OP compounds.
Pest Management Science 67(1):100 (2011) PMID 20981741
Twelfth IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry, Melbourne, Australia, 2010-Chemistry for a Sustainable World.
Pest Management Science 66(3):229 (2010) PMID 20148432
Lack of adaptation to a new host in a generalist herbivore: implications for host plant resistance to twospotted spider mites in cotton.
Pest Management Science 71(4):531 (2015) PMID 24777962The twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) is an important pest of cotton. This pest has a broad host range, but when changing between hosts an initial decline in fitness often occurs. This is usually followed by an increase in fitness after rapid adaptation to the new host, usually withi...
Temperature-activity relationships in Meligethes aeneus: implications for pest management.
Pest Management Science 71(3):459 (2015) PMID 25052810 PMCID PMC4345434Pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus F.) management in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) has become an urgent issue in the light of insecticide resistance. Risk prediction advice has relied upon flight temperature thresholds, while risk assessment uses simple economic thresholds. However, there is variat...
Impact of fipronil on the mushroom bodies of the stingless bee Scaptotrigona postica.
Pest Management Science 71(1):114 (2015) PMID 24648377Studies on stingless bees are scarce, and little is known about these insects, especially regarding the effects of contamination by neurotoxic insecticides, which can cause damage to important structures of the insect brain. This study evaluated the morphological changes in the intrinsic neurons of...
The occurrence and abundance of two alien eucalypt psyllids in apple orchards.
Pest Management Science 70(11):1676 (2014) PMID 24307287The arrival of alien insects is frequently associated with the introduction of alien plants. Two exotic Psylloidea native to Australia [Ctenarytaina eucalypti (Maskell, 1890) and Ctenarytaina spatulata Taylor, 1997] were recorded during a two-year survey in five apple orchards located in Asturias, o...
Bemisia tabaci females from the Mediterranean (Q) species detect and avoid laying eggs in the presence of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone a...
Pest Management Science 70(10):1468 (2014) PMID 24375924Pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone analogue, disrupts embryogenesis, metamorphosis and adult formation in Bemisia tabaci, but does not directly affect adult females. The effect of pyriproxyfen on egg-laying preference and performance of B. tabaci females and the influence of resistance to pyriproxyfen...
Global herbicide resistance challenge.
Pest Management Science 70(9):1305 (2014) PMID 25044607


text:
A process of melt spinning a fibre-forming thermoplastic polymer, more particularly polyethylene terephthalate, polyhexamethylene adipamide or polypropylene, at a minimum wind up speed of 2 kilometers per minute in which there is added to the fibre-forming polymer, between 0.1% and 10% by weight of another polymer which is immiscible in a melt of the fibre-forming polymer, such other polymer having a particle size of between 0.5 and 3 microns in the melt with the fibre-forming polymer immediately prior to spinning and novel melt spun fibres produced by such a process and in which the other polymer is in the form of microfibrils.
1. A process of melt spinning a fibre-forming polymer selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polyhexamethylene adipamide or polypropylene at a minimum wind up speed of 2 kilometer per minute, the improvement being that, before melt spinning, there is added to the fibre-forming polymer, between 0.1% and 10% by weight of another polymer which is immiscible in a melt of the fibre-forming polymer, such other polymer having an average particle size of between 0.5 and 3 microns in the melt with the fibre-forming polymer immediately prior to spinning and having an extensional viscosity such that molten spheres of the other polymer, in which form it exists immediately prior to melt spinning, deform into microfibrils during melt spinning there being in the process at least a 20% suppression of wind up speed compared with the process carried out with the same throughput in the absence of the added polymer, the term at least 20% suppression of wind up speed meaning that certain properties of the spun fibre are those that would be obtained from a fibre spun at at least a 20% lower wind up speed, such properties in the case of polyethylene terephthalate including birefringence and extension-to-break, in the case of polyhexamethylene adipamide including extension-to-break and in the case of polypropylene including the true stress at 50% strain.
2. A process of melt spinning polyethylene terephthalate as claimed in claim 1 in which the additive polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol and polyhexamethylene adipamide.
3. A process of melt spinning polyhexamethylene adipamide as claimed in claim 1 in which the additive polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene and polypropylene.
4. A process of melt spinning polypropylene as claimed in claim 1 in which the additive polymer is polyhexamethylene adipamide.
5. Melt spun rough-surfaced fibres of polyhexamethylene adipamide produced by a process as claimed in claim 3.
This invention relates to the manufacture of synthetic fibres by melt spinning and drawing a blend of a fibre-forming polymer and an immiscible polymer.
Recently there have been a number of disclosures relating to the production of melt-spun synthetic fibres from a fibre-forming polymer in which another polymer is added to the fibre-forming polymer before it is spun.
Japanese Pat. No. 56-85420 (Teijin KK) is concerned with the production of an undrawn polyamide yarn containing between 0.5% and 10% by weight of a bisphenol-type polycarbonate having a degree of polymerisation of 20 or more. The patentee states that it is not sufficiently clear how the addition of the polycarbonate is able to achieve its characteristic effect of improved productivity but suggests that it is due to peculiarities of the polycarbonate chemical structure, its non-crystallinity and low mobility and its mutual solubility in the polyamide molecules which results in a dispersed polymer blend which has the compromise properties of both constituents and which appear as important features of the fibre.
Japanese Pat. No. 56-91013 is concerned with an undrawn melt-spun polyester yarn containing between 0.5% and 10% by weight of a styrene-type polymer with a degree of polymerisation of 20 or more. The patentee states that the improved productivity achieved by adding the styrene-type polymer to the polyester is due, in part, to the mutual solubility of this polymer in the polyester molecules.
European Patent Application No. 0047464 (published Mar. 17, 1982) is concerned with an undrawn, melt-spun, polyester yarn, the productivity of which is enhanced by adding to the polyester, from 0.2 to 10% by weight of a polymer (excluding a styrene-type polymer) having a recurring unit structure represented by the following formula: ##STR1## wherein R1 and R2 stand for substituents consisting of optional atoms selected from C, H, N, S, P and halogen atoms, with the proviso that the sum of the molecular weights of R1 and R2 is at least 40, and n is a positive integer, and having a molecular weight of at least 1,000. The patentee considers that the effect of improved productivity is achieved for the following reasons. First is a chemical structural feature of the additive polymer created by the presence of bulky chains. Second is the compatibility of the additive polymer with the polyester. Third is the mix characteristic of the additive polymer and the fibre-forming polymer in the blend. He further states that it is necessary to make sure that mixing is performed sufficiently so that the additive polymer is finely and uniformly dispersed in the polyester and furthermore if the diameter of the additive polymer particles exceeds 1 micron the effect is not achieved.
European Patent Application No. 0049412 (published Apr. 14, 1982) is concerned with a polyester multifilament yarn consisting of two different groups of filaments, one group being melt-spun from a polyester containing from 0.4 to 8% by weight of a styrene type polymer, a methacrylate type polymer or an acrylate type polymer. The addition of the styrene type polymer, methacrylate type polymer or acrylate type polymer to the polyester causes a drastic reduction of the orientation of each filament and it is presumed that this is because of the peculiar chemical structure of the additive polymer and because it is dispersed in the polyester matrix in the form of fine particles having a size smaller than 500 Å.
In Example III of British Patent Specification No. 1 406 810, there is described a polyethylene terephthalate yarn containing 5.5% of polyoxyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 20,000 which has been spun at a wind up speed of 2835 meters per minute. Such yarns are also described in British Patent Specification No. 956,833. There is no mention in this Example or elsewhere in the Specification that the specific polymer used forms a two phase melt with the polyethylene terephthalate used and because this is not mentioned a critical particle size cannot be assumed.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,475,898 there is disclosed a blend of polyethylene glycol with a polyamide which is melt spun to form an antistatic filament. From the draw ratios given in the Examples it can be inferred that the wind up speed of the spun filaments was not substantially greater than 1 kilometer/minute. The specification proposes a preferred particle size range in the melt blend of between 2 and 5 microns in order to achieve adequate conductivity in the filament.
According to this invention we provide a process of melt spinning a fibre-forming thermoplastic polymer at a minimum wind up speed of 2 kilometers per minute in which, before melt spinning, there is added to the fibre-forming polymer, between 0.1% and 10% by weight of another polymer which is immiscible in a melt of the fibre-forming polymer, such other polymer having an average particle size of between 0.5 and 3 microns in the melt with the fibre-forming polymer immediately prior to spinning whereby there is at least a 20% suppression of wind up speed compared with the process carried out with the same throughput but in the absence of the added polymer, suppression of wind up speed being defined hereinafter.
By an "immiscible polymer" we mean that at the spinning temperature such a polymer forms a two phase melt with the fibre-forming thermoplastic polymer. Microscopic examination and optical photographs of such a melt show a two phase system in which the immiscible polymer is in the form of circles (indicating spherical particles) dispersed in the continuous, fibre-forming, polymer matrix.
However we wish the term "an immiscible polymer" to exclude a liquid crystal polymer, ie the additive polymers used in the invention do not form an anisotropic melt in the temperature range at which the thermoplastic polymer may be melt spun. This anisotropic condition may form when a liquid crystal polymer is heated or by the application of shear to the polymer, although in the latter case it must persist for a few seconds.
The extensional viscosity of the immiscible polymer must be such that the molten spheres of the additive polymer immediately prior to spinning, deform into microfibrils along the spinning threadline.
We also provide, therefore, melt spun fibres of a fibre-forming thermoplastic polymer containing between 0.1% and 10% by weight of the defined other polymer such other polymer being present in the melt spun fibres as microfibrils. These microfibrils have an aspect ratio ie length/diameter ratio which is very high eg typically greater than 50 and such microfibrils will have diameters of about 0.5 micron.
The process of the invention is suited to the melt spinning of the more common fibre-forming polymers such as polyesters, polyamides, copolyesters, copolyamides, or polyolefines, for example polyethylene terephthalate and its copolyesters, polyepsilon-caproamide, polyhexamethylene adipamide, polypropylene and the like. However, we have found that the process is particularly suited to the melt spinning of polyethylene terephthalate, polyhexamethylene adipamide and polypropylene.
Suitable immiscible polymers are polyolefines, such as polyethylene and polypropylene; condensation polymers such as polyamides, and copolyamides, for example polyepsilon-caproamide, polyhexamethylene adipamide and the like; and polyethylene glycol.
One advantage of the process is that it allows significant productivity gains to be achieved. The effect of blending the immiscible polymer with the fibre-forming polymer is that of wind up speed suppression (WUS) ie the properties of the spun fibre are those that would be obtained from fibre spun at lower wind up speed. As the WUS increases in normal spinning, in the absence of the immiscible polymer, certain properties of polyethylene terephthalate, polyhexamethylene adipamide and polypropylene increase or decrease continuously. These properties can therefore be used to measure the degree of WUS suppression.
We have said above that the extensional viscosity of the immiscible molten spheres of the additive polymer must be such that these spheres deform into microfibrils along the spinning threadline so that they are present in such a form in the melt spun fibres. It is believed that it is the conversion of the spheres of additive polymer into microfibrils and the extent of this deformation that produces the change in rheology responsible for wind up speed suppression. If the additive polymer remains in a spherical form in the spun fibres then wind up speed suppression will not occur.
In the case of polyethylene terephthalate, the two major properties that can be used are birefringence and extension-to-break of the spun fibre determined by an Instron. The birefringence normally increases smoothly with WUS, so that a reduction of birefringence at a given WUS is indicative of WUS suppression. The extension-to-break decreases with WUS, so that in this case an increase of extension is indicative of WUS suppression. For polyethylene terephthalate there is another property of spun fibres which passes through a maximum with WUS, and which is also governed by the WUS, and this is spun yarn boiling water shrinkage (SYS). This cannot be related quite so quantitatively as birefringence and extension-to-break to express the degree of WUS suppression, but the semi-quantitative effects are similar.
For polyhexamethylene adipamide, the extension-to-break can be used in a similar manner to polyethylene terephthalate. On the other hand there are complications in using the birefringence since the birefringence of spun fibres tends to level out at high WUS where the effectiveness of the immiscible polymer is greatest, and also there are post spinning increases in birefringence which complicate the measurement. For these reasons, birefringence is not a suitable parameter for establishing whether WUS suppression has occurred. Instead, another parameter which increases smoothly with WUS, namely the true stress at 50% strain derived from the Instron stress/strain curve of the spun fibre is used.
In the case of polypropylene, the true stress at 50% strain derived from the Instron stress/strain curve of the spun fibre may also conveniently be used as an indication of WUS suppression.
Another advantage is that novel rough surfaced fibres may be produced by the process of the invention.
Fibres of a fibre-forming polymer such as a polyester, a polyamide or polypropylene produce by extrusion through fine orifices by the melt spinning technique normally possess a smooth shiny surface. Although the cross section of the filamentary fibres may be other than circular, fabrics made from such fibres possess a slick hand and are cold to the touch. In addition if the fibres are made into staple fibres, the smooth surface makes for more difficult working of the staple fibres into spun yarn. The desired fibre cohesiveness is not available. Natural fibres such as wool and cotton have a rough surface which tends to interlock in the spun yarn. The rough surface also provides better heat insulation and lends to a warm-to-the touch quality to fabrics made from such yarn.
Attempts have been made to provide synthetic fibres with a rough surface by either incorporating a particulate filler such as talc, metal whiskers, alumina or silica carbide, silica or a blowing agent in the fibre-forming polymer before it is spun or by rapidly cooling the fibres with water or solvent. The process of the invention provides fibres of a polyester, a polyamide or polypropylene having a rough surface without recourse to such techniques.
The invention will now be described with reference to the following Examples. In these Examples the additive polymer is an immiscible polymer and forms a two phase melt with the fibre-forming polymer.
Also in all of the examples the additive polymer has an average particle size of between 0.5 and 3 microns in the melt with the fibre-forming polymer immediately prior to spinning.
Furthermore, the extensional viscosity of the additive polymers used in the following examples was such that under the conditions of the examples, the additive polymer exists prior to spinning as molten spheres and in the melt spun fibres as microfibrils.
A commercial grade of polyethylene--Alkathene Grade 23--was used as the additive polymer. It had a melt flow index of 200 and a melt viscosity of 12 Ns/m2 at 104 N/m2 and 180� C. 3% by weight was compounded with a commercial grade of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with a melt viscosity 320 Ns/m2 at 104 N/m2 and 180� C. in an MPM single screw extruder with a 32:1 L/D ratio operating at 40 rpm with a feed zone at 230� C., barrel temperatures at 280�, 270�, 265� and 175� C. and die temperature 250� C.
The polymer mix was extruded into a 3/8 inch diameter lace which was water quenched and cut.
As a control, PET, without the low viscosity polymer, was extruded in a similar manner.
The polymer mix and PET alone were melt spun on a rod spinner through 15 thou spinneret holes at 40 grams/hr/hole, i.e. at the same throughput, with no deliberate quenching. After cooling, the filaments so formed were wound up at various wind up speeds in the range 2 to 5 kilometers per minute without adjustment of spinning rate so that the higher wind up speeds yielded finer fibres. The extruder temperature was 300� C. The effect of polyethylene on birefringence and SYS is shown in Table 1 and in FIGS. 1 and 2 which are derived from the results shown in Table 1. It will be noted that a wind up speed suppression of at least 20% occurs at a wind up speed of 2 kilometers per minute; more particularly, when 3% alkathene is spun at a wind up speed of 2 kilometers per minute the corresponding lower wind up speed is 1.6 kilometers per minute, i.e. a 20% suppression in wind up speed and increases in extent with increasing wind up speed. At 5 kilometers per minute the wind up speed is almost halved.
Polyethylene glycol--Carbowax 20M--was used as the additive polymer. It had a melt viscosity of 15 Ns/m2 at 104 N/m2 and 100� C. which indicates an extremely low melt viscosity at the spinning temperature.
A blend was formed by adding 3% by weight of Carbowax 20M to the same commercial grade of PET as was used in Example 1 at the start of the polymerisation cycle. The blend was spun on a rod spinner through 15 thou spinneret holes at 40 grams per hour per hole, i.e. at the same throughput, with no deliberate quenching. There was no adjustment for spinning rate, so that the higher wind up speeds yielded finer filaments. The extrusion temperature was 300� C.
The highest wind up speed at which continuous spinning was possible was 2 kilometers per minute. At higher wind up speeds the threadline broke down as soon as a small portion had been wound up. It is assumed that these fibre samples had been travelling at the measured wind up speed. The effect of polyethylene glycol on birefringence is shown in Table 1 and in FIG. 1 which is derived from the results shown in Table 1.
It will be seen that the wind up speed suppression achieved with polyethylene glycol is greater than with polyethylene, at 4 kilometers per minute the wind up speed being halved.
TABLE 1______________________________________ WUS BIRE- EQUIVALENT (K FRINGENCE LOWER WUS SYSPOLYMER mpm)* (� 103) (K mpm)* (%)______________________________________CONTROL 2.0 27.0 -- -- 2.5 33.1 -- 64.5 3.0 36.9 -- 46.7 3.5 51.6 -- -- 4.0 63.3 -- 4.8 4.5 70.1 -- --3% ALKA- 1.0 4.6 -- --THENE 2.0 14.4 1.6 55.7 2.5 19.2 1.9 56.3 3.0 26.2 2.2 52.6 3.5 27.0 2.4 40.5 4.0 31.6 2.6 32.0 4.5 34.3 2.7 21.0 5.0 35.5 2.8 --3% PEG 2.0 8.7 1.2 -- 3.0 16.8 1.6 -- 3.5 18.1 1.8 -- 4.0 23.0 2.0 --______________________________________ *Kilometers per minute.
This Example was carried out to show that the thermal history and temperature of the spinning threadline are vitally important in order to achieve wind up speed suppression. If the threadline is too hot, very little wind up speed suppression may be obtained. However the amount of wind up speed suppression can be increased by factors which produce a colder threadline, such as a lower extrusion temperature and the use of a quench of, for example, air. The colder threadline activates the additive polymer (in this Example, polyethylene), presumably by increasing the net viscosity ratio of the host polymer (polyethylene terephthalate) to the low viscosity polymer.
A blend of polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate was formed as in Example 1. A control of polyethylene terephthalate was also formed in the same manner.
The blend and control were spun on a lab melt spinner using 9 thou spinnerets and an extrusion temperature of 300� C. The wind up speed was kept constant at 4 kilometers per minute with a throughput of 94 grams/hour/hole. As the degree of wind up speed suppression was increased by cooling the threadline, the majority of the fibres examined had a corresponding lower birefringence. However, a diameter variability was introduced with occasional low diameters actually having a higher birefringence than the control. This is a consequence of blend non-uniformity which produced flow fluctuations in the spinning threadline. With this blend, wind-up speed suppression was accompanied by a larger spread of spun diameters than the control. The control fibre dimensions lay between 16 microns and 23 microns. For purpose of comparison therefore the values of birefringence of the blend fibres have been confined to this range.
The results are shown in Table 2. It can be seen that the polyethylene becomes increasingly activated as the threadline is made cooler.
TABLE 2______________________________________ EXTR TEMP BIREFRINGENCEPOLYMER (�C.) QUENCH (� 103)______________________________________CONTROL 300 No 63.3 285 Yes 62.23% ALKATHENE 300 No 52.2 285 No 46.3 300 Yes 45.0 285 Yes 37.1______________________________________
6% by weight of a commercial grade of polyethylene--Alkathene Grade 23 (as used in Example 1) was blended with Imperial Chemical Industries PLC SGS grade nylon 66 on a Plaston single screw extruder with a 1.5 inch diameter nylon screw of 30:1 L/D ratio. The viscosity of the nylon 66 was 80 Ns/m2 at 104 N/m2 and 285� C. The screw feed was 50 rpm with the feed zone at about 290� C. and observed barrel temperatures from feed zone to die end of 296� C., 299� C., 289� C., 294� C., 299� C. A lace of 0.25 inch diameter was extruded into a water bath by a haul off and thence to a lace cutter. The average output rate was 123 grams per minute.
As a comparative example SGS grade nylon 66 was blended with 6% by weight of Santicizer, a solid sulphonamide plasticiser sold by Monsanto. Also, as a control, nylon 66 alone was also passed through the extruder. The nylon was dried overnight in a vacuum oven at 90� C. 1 kg batches were prepared, the first 200 grams of which were dumped to clear out the remains of the previous batch.
The blends and the nylon control were spun on a rod spinner through 15 thou spinneret holes without an air quench or a steam conditioning tube. The throughput was maintained at 34 grams/hour/hole for the blends and the control. By increasing wind up speed, finer fibres were produced as before.
A number of difficulties had to be overcome in order to achieve a good spinning technique for nylon 66. It was found that in spite of pre-drying the nylon overnight, the preparation of a candle at 240� C. (10 minutes) apparently caused a considerable reduction in molecular weight as evidenced by a very watery extrudate. It was decided to spin the chip directly, and this proved to be successful and time-saving. The pack could be used a number of times as long as it was flushed out with polypropylene at the end of a spin (at first residual nylon left in the pack degraded even when the spin was finished, and the pack could only be used once).
Another difficulty arose because a steam conditioner was not used. When the yarn was wound directly on to the capstan at moderate wind up speeds it spontaneously extended during the spin and was thrown outwards from the capstan by centrifugal force, making it impossible to wind up. This did not seem to happen at higher wind up speeds, but since the polyethylene effectively lowers the wind up speed it was imperative to solve this problem. It was found that the difficulty could be avoided if spin finish was omitted and the nylon was wound up dry directly onto the capstan. This means that the yarn could not be rewound on a bobbin but had to be removed as a hank for subsequent testing. There was an unexpected major benefit. For Instron testing it was necessary to dissect portions of the hank and determine the decitex of each portion individually by weighing. The decitex used as 20-100 times the normal rather low yarn decitex, which was limited by throughput/wind up speed considerations. This led to excellent reproducibility on Instron testing by avoiding errors due to decitex variability along the yarn.
There was concern that omitting the application of moisture during spinning might lead to an unstable ageing situation where the birefringence of the nylon gradually changed with time. However, we established that at 3.6 kilometers per minute, the birefringence of a sample chopped from the spinning threadline above the conditioner and immersed in Euparol on a slide rose to 75% of the package value in 3 minutes, and reached the package value within 3 hours. It is well known that dry nylon absorbs moisture from the air very rapidly. Chappel et al (see J Appl Chem, 14, 12 (1964)) have found that freshly spun or dried nylon of 90 microns diameter reached its equilibrium moisture content after 3 hours when exposed to the ambient atmosphere, attaining 80% of this after one hour. Our maximum spun diameter was only about 25 microns. To be completely sure, we used a minimum lapse time of one day after spinning before testing, during which the nylon was kept in a conditioned laboratory at 50% RH and 70� C.
The effect of 6% by weight of polyethylene on the specific stress-strain curves is illustrated in FIG. 3 in which the solid lines are the control and the dashed lines are the blend. The true stress at 50% strain is given in Table 3 and plotted in FIG. 4. It will be seen that the degree of wind up speed suppression obtained is large and increases with wind up speed, almost halving the wind up speed at 5 kilometers per minute. The extension of the polyethylene blends is higher than that of the control, and this would give a productivity increase if it translated into hot draw ratio for nylon POY, as shown in Table 3.
If a spun filament has a percent extension-to-break of E, then the maximum draw ratio to which it can subsequently be subjected is roughly (1+E/100). If a second spun filament has a larger extension-to-break E' then it can be subjected to a larger draw ratio, roughly (1+E'/100). To make drawn filaments of equal decitex at these maximum draw ratios the spun filaments must therefore have decitexes of d(1+E/100) and d(1+E'/100) respectively. If both filaments are spun at the same speed their production rates are proportional to these decitexes and the percentage increase in productivity of the second filament is ##EQU1## This is the function listed in Table 3 (and subsequently in Tables 4, 6 and 8) as the % increase in productivity.
In comparison Santicizer gives a very small degree of wind up speed suppression at high wind up speed but lowers the extension below that of the control. (A different control was used for the Santicizer because this blend was made at a different time). An important factor affecting the degree of wind up speed suppression by polyethylene was the back pressure in the spinning pack. For the results in Table 3 and FIG. 4 this back pressure was low at about 20 psi. When the pack had been used a number of times this pressure was large at 200-340 psi and no wind up speed suppression was obtained.
TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________ TRUE STRESS PRODUC- AT 50% EQUIV TIVITY WUS STRAIN LOWER WUS EXTN INCREASEPOLYMER (K mpm)* (cN/Tex) (K mpm)* (%) (%)__________________________________________________________________________CONTROL 1 5.4 -- 200 --(FOR ALKATHENE) 2 7.1 -- 156 -- 3 13.5 -- 110 -- 4 19.8 -- 78 -- 5 24.6 -- 75 --6% ALKATHENE 3.5 11.1 2.2 119 18 4.0 12.3 2.5 96 10 5.0 14.1 2.9 82 4CONTROL 1 6.9 -- 198 --(FOR SANTICIZER) 2 11.3 -- 140 -- 3 17.7 -- 108 -- 4 27.0 -- 66 --6% SANTICIZER 1 6.5 1 -- -- 2 12.0 2 125 -- 3 15.9 2.7 90 -- 4 20.2 3.5 72 -- 5 28.2 4.2 62 --__________________________________________________________________________ *Kilometers per minute.
Those fibres spun from a 6% polyethylene/nylon 66 blend had a novel, rough, pitted surface as shown in FIG. 5 which shows the surface of a fibre which has been spun at 4K mpm.
The equivalent control fibre at the same magnification is a smooth featureless cylinder. Fabrics made from the blend fibres had a pleasant appearance and handle.
A commercial grade of nylon 66--Imperial Chemical Industries A100 grade nylon 66--was used as the additive polymer in the same PET used in Example 1. The RV of this nylon 66 was 47. (RV is the Relative Viscosity of an 8.4% solution of the nylon in 90% formic acid compared with the viscosity of 90% formic acid itself) 3% by weight was compounded in an extruder with the same PET used in Example 1, using the same extruder conditions. The nylon was dried overnight at 90� C. in a vacuum oven before blending. As a control PET without the nylon was extruded in a similar manner.
The polymer blend and PET alone were dried for 4 hours at 170� C. and then spun on a rod spinner through 9 thou spinneret holes at 96 and 240 grams/hr/hole with no deliberate quenching. The extrusion temperature was 295� C. After cooling, the filaments so formed were wound up at various wind-up speeds without adjustment of spinning rate so that higher wind-up speeds yielded finer fibres. The effect of the nylon additive on the birefringence and extension of the PET is shown in Table 4. Because of different spinning conditions the control values are slightly different from those given in Table 1. The productivity increase is calculated as in Example 4.
It can be seen that spinning conditions are very important for wind-up speed suppression in this nylon/PET system, where the blend has been made on an extruder prior to spinning. Whereas considerable suppression was obtained at a throughput of 96 grams/hr/hole, with the wind-up speed about halved at 5 kilometers per minute, almost no suppression was obtained at 240 grams/hr/hole. The control values were the same at both these throughputs. It is thought that this is due to the thermal history of the threadline and that very little wind-up speed suppression can be obtained if the threadline is too hot, but it can be increased by factors which produce a colder threadline, such as lower throughput and lower extrusion temperature. As in Example 3, the colder threadline presumably activates the nylon.
TABLE 4__________________________________________________________________________ EQUIV- THROUGH- ALENT PRODUCT- PUT BIRE- LOWER IVITY (gm/hr/ WUS FRINGENCE WUS EXTN INCREASEPOLYMER hole) (K mpm) (� 103) (K mpm) (%) (%)__________________________________________________________________________PET 96 1 5.0 -- -- --CONTROL and 2 20.0 -- 226 -- 240 3 40.0 -- 122 -- 4 62.0 -- 80 -- 5 85.0 -- 55 --3% NYLON 96 2 11.5 1.4 240 4(A100) 3 17.2 1.8 190 31 4 22.6 2.2 150 39 5 30.0 2.4 124 45 240 3 38.1 2.9 125 1 4 54.5 3.6 85 3__________________________________________________________________________
This example demonstrates the effect of producing a cooler threadline by using a lower extrusion temperature, as in Example 3, where the nylon/PET blend has been pre-blended on an extruder at a fixed temperature. A 3% blend of nylon 66 in PET was made on an extruder, using the same polymers as in Example 5, but this time different blending conditions were used. The extruder used was a BETOL single screw extruder which had a 19 mm diameter `nylon screw` of 30:1 L/D ratio. The screw feed was 50 rpm, with the feed zone at 265� C., and barrel temperatures thereafter at 280� C. The nylon drying and lace extrusion were as in Examples 1 and 5.
The blend was spun on a rod spinner at 96 grams/hr/hole and 4 kilometers per minute using the same process conditions as in Example 5, but varying the extrusion temperature. The effect on birefringence and extension are given in Table 5. It can be seen that lowering the extrusion temperature increases the degree of WUS suppression.
The results from Table 4 and Example 5 at 4 kilometers per minute, where the extrusion temperature was 295� C., do not precisely agree with the interpolated values in Table 5, but this is because the blending conditions were different from using a different extruder, and illustrates that this is another variable that can affect the degree of wind up speed suppression.
TABLE 5______________________________________ BIRE- WUS THROUGH- EXTR FRIN-POLY- (K PUT TEMP. GENCE EXTNMER mpm) (gm/hr/hole) (�C.) (� 103) (%)______________________________________3% Nylon 4 96 310 56.7 92(A100) 300 49.6 105 290 24.5 140______________________________________
This example is designed to show that chip blends of nylon 66 with PET can be as effective as extruder blends. The nylon 66 used was A100, and was dried overnight at 80� C. The PET was dried for 4 hrs at 170� C. 0.5% and 3% chip blends with the same PET used in Example 1 were spun on a screw extruder fed spinning machine at 290� C. and 96 grams/hr/hole, using 9 thou spinnerets. There was no quenching, and higher wind-up speed yielded finer filaments. The birefringence, extensions and potential spinning productivity increase are given in Table 6 compared with the PET control spun under the same conditions. It can be seen that even as little as 0.5% nylon gives considerable wind up speed suppression. An additional 5% blend was made for evaluation at 4 kilometers per minute, and Table 6 shows that the degree of wind up speed suppression begins to level out with increasing nylon.
TABLE 6______________________________________ EQUIV- PRODUC- BIRE- ALENT TIVITY WUS FRIN- LOWER IN- (K GENCE WUS EXTN CREASEPOLYMER mpm) (� 103) (K mpm) (%) (%)______________________________________PET 1 6.0 -- -- --CONTROL 2 18.0 -- -- -- 3 40.0 -- 125 -- 4 70.9 -- 80 -- 5 100.7 -- 60 --0.5% Nylon 1 2.2 0.8 425 --(A100) 2 8.6 1.3 260 -- 3 20.2 2.1 180 24 4 31.5 2.7 135 31 5 63.0. 3.8 80 13 6 77.8 4.3 -- --3.0% Nylon 1 2.2 -- 460 --(A100) 2 3.3 0.8 380 -- 3 9.1 1.3 260 60 4 17.1 1.9 210 72 5 27.4 2.5 -- --5.0% Nylon 4 15.9 1.8 200 67______________________________________
This example is designed to show that the higher the molecular weight or RV of the nylon additive in nylon/PET blends the greater the degree of wind up speed suppression. Using the same PET as in previous examples, dried similarly, four different nylon/PET chip blends were spun on a screw extruder fed spinning machine at 290� C., 4 kilometers per minute and 96 grams/hr/hole, using 9 thou spinnerets. The four different nylons used were: (a) SGS of initial RV 40, which had not been dried; from the residual moisture content it was estimated that the equilibrium RV after passing through the spinning machine would be about 26. This nylon RV has been called `low`. (b) SGS, of initial RV 40, which had been dried overnight under vacuum at 80� C.; the equilibrium RV was estimated to be about 44. This nylon RV has been called `medium`. (c) A100, of initial RV 47, which had been dried overnight at 80� C.; the equilibrium RV was estimated to be about 50. This nylon RV has been called `high`. (d) A100, of initial RV 47, which had been dried at 170� C. for 4 hrs; the equilibrium RV was estimated to be about 57. This nylon RV has been called `very high`.
The birefringence and extension results are given in Table 7. It can be seen that the higher the RV of the nylon, and hence the higher the molecular weight, the greater the degree of wind up speed suppression.
TABLE 7______________________________________ ESTIMATED BIREFRIN-POLY- NYLON RV IN GENCE EXTNMER RV BLEND FIBRE (� 103) (%)______________________________________Control -- -- 70.9 803% Nylon Low 26 50.9 100 Medium 44 27.2 145 High 50 17.1 210 Very 57 15.3 215 High______________________________________
A chip blend of 6% nylon 66 with polypropylene was made. The polypropylene was ICI grade PXC 31089 of Melt Flow Index (MFI) 20 and Molecular weight 300,000. The MFI was measured at 230� C. under a load of 2.16 Kg. The nylon was ICI grade AFA, having an initial RV of 47 (RV is the Relative Viscosity of an 8.4% solution of the nylon in 90% formic acid compared with the viscosity of 90% formic acid itself). The nylon was dried for 4 hours at 170� C. in a vacuum oven before blending. From the residual moisture content it was estimated that the equilibrium RV after passing through an extruder fed spinning machine would be about 57. The polypropylene was not dried.
This chip blend was then spun on an extruder fed spinning machine at 62 grams/hour/hole at an extrusion temperature of 300� to 305� C. through 9 thou spinnerets.
It was found that stress-strain curves offer a satisfactory basis for comparing fibres made from blends with the control fibre. In general, the stress at a given strain increases fairly uniformly, and so the true stress at a fixed strain of 50% provides a good basis for evaluating the degree of wind-up speed suppression.
The effect of the additive on true stress at 50% strain and the calculated equivalent lower WUS are given in Table 8. The stresses are plotted graphically in FIG. 6. Also given in Table 8 are the extensions and the calculated increase in spinning productivity.
It was also found that whereas the control fibres had a smooth surface, the fibres containing 6% nylon had a very rough surface. FIG. 7 shows the surface of the blend fibre spun at 3 kilometers per minute. The equivalent control fibre at the same magnification is a smooth featureless cylinder. The rough surface of the blend fibre gave it an attractive appearance and handle and fabrics produced from the blend fibres had an improved handle.
TABLE 8______________________________________ TRUE PRODUC- STRESS EQUIV TIVITY AT 50% LOWER IN-POLY- WUS STRAIN WUS EXTN CREASEMER (K mpm)* (cN/tex) (K mpm)* (%) (%)______________________________________CON- 1 3.9 -- 265 --TROL 2 9.9 -- 145 -- 3 12.3 -- 120 -- 4 24.9 -- 80 -- 5 28.2 -- 75 --6% 1 4.8 -- 270 --NY- 3 6.9 1.5 165 20LON 4 12.6 2.4 100 11 5 12.0 2.4 120 26 6 20.4 3.8 70 --______________________________________ *Kilometers per minute.
3% Alkathene 23 (an ICI grade of polyethylene with a Melt Flow Index of 200) was blended with nylon 66 (SGS, an ICI grade with a Relative Viscosity of 40. This is the viscosity of of an 8.4% solution of nylon in 90% formic acid compared to the viscosity of 90% formic acid itself) in an extruder. This was a PLASTON single screw extruder, with a 11/2" `nylon` screw, of L/D 30. The feed zone temperature was 286� C., and temperatures thereafter along the barrel were 296� C., 289� C. and 299� C. The screw speed was 50 rpm. The nylon was dried at 90� C. overnight in a vacuum oven. A nylon control without Alkathene additive was also made on the extruder under the same conditions. Lace from the extruder was run through a water bath and then to a lace cutter.
The Alkathene blend and nylon control were dried for 5 hrs at 90� C. and then spun on a rod spinner at 1 kilometer per minute through 9 thou spinneret holes without quench air at steam conditioner tube. The throughput was 74 grams/hr/hole and the extrusion temperature was 295� C. The spun decitex was 12.
FIG. 8 shows the stress strain curves of the control and the 3% Alkathene blend. The slope of the blend stress-strain curve has been reduced and the extension increased to 330% compared with 260% for the control. This would give an increase in spinning productivity of 20%. (Obtained using the function defined in Example 4). To verify this, the spun fibres of both blend and control were drawn over a hot pin at 80� C. at a draw ratio of 10 mpm to a final extension of 40%. The blend draw ratio obtainable was 3.2 compared with 2.6 for the control, giving an increase in productivity of 23%.
Whereas the control fibre sloughed off the bobbin at this wind up speed (standard behaviour when a steam conditioner is not used), the blend fibre did not. The use of such a blend therefore eliminates the need for a steam conditioner. It is considered a possibility, although not being bound to such a hypothesis, that the threadline rheology is changed by the Alkathene to modify the temperature/time thermal history in such a way that increased crystallisation is induced in the threadline.
An additional and very important feature of the blend fibre was that the surface was rough and pitted, as shown in FIG. 9. The equivalent control fibre at the same magnification is a smooth featureless cylinder. The bobbin of blend fibre had a matt appearance compared with a bobbin of the control fibre. This proved very advantageous, allowing modification of the appearance and handle of articles made from these blend fibres.
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Planes is a sweet little movie about a crop duster plane that harbors ambitions of winning a round the world race against strong racer planes but it afraid of heights.
The story as with all Disney movies, has some lessons about believing in oneself, the power of friendship and the benefits of helping others. All this told in as much a fun manner as possible so that kids learn without knowing it's a learning (though my daughter Keya declared at the end that it had "pretty good morals" that you could learn.
The interesting part of the movie is the large reference to India. There is an Indian plane Ishani who is a racer plane and she takes Dusty our hero, to see the Taj Mahal in the India leg of the race, with A. R RAhman's 'bin tere kya jeena' playing in the background. That they acknowledge the huge Indian market is seen from the fact that the other countries covered in the race such as China, Nepal and Mexico don't get so much footage.
A fun watch for kids. Goview less