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2000 Kia Sephia Q&A
2000 Kia Sephia Question: Will 215/60/14 tires have enough fender clearance?
I had the same tire/rim size on my old Chevy Lumina. I live in Florida. We have lots of rain and I want the extra traction. Thanks. - bpvess
Answer 1
what size of tire do you have on it now? - goodguy
Answer 2
ck with a tire shop,but really won't know for sure until you put them on - globalhelper
Answer 3
that size is about 3plus sizes over-good chance they'll rub strut/spring seat. - 1tiredtech
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Difference between revisions of "November 14, 2011"
From OWASP
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=Optional Topics=
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==Upcoming Events==
==Upcoming Events==
=Other Business=
=Other Business=
Revision as of 10:56, 14 November 2011
OWASP is a non-profit governed according to its mission, ethics, core purpose, and bylaws.
Attendance & Certify Quorum
Welcome, Introductions
Minutes from Previous Meeting
Corrections, comments, approval.
Treasurer's Report
2012 Foundation proposed Budget
Old Business
- OWASP financial status - 2012 proposed budget
- Feedback on proposed 2012 committee goals
New Business
Committee Updates
Connections Committee
Industry Committee
Projects Committee
Chapters Committee
Education Committee
- Inital Training courses targeted for Montreal in February
- Academy Portal slated for release 11/17/2011 at Germany Event
Optional Topics
Board Meeting Schedule - currently 1st monday of each month; to avoid conflicts with day job commitments, does the board want to consider weekend meetings?
Upcoming Events
Other Business
- Travel Agency "rules of engagement" to be defined this week. Hope to begin rollout beginning in December
- Reimbursement request procedure being finalized and should rollout this week or next
- Paulo's requests: 1 - keep the laptop; 2 - final reimbursement: 1245 Euros minus $645 (USD) (Sandra's half of the room at AppSec US) plus expenses (as per email thread, he has asked for reimbursement for meals for time at conference, but there are no receipts)
- Payment Gateway resolution (contract extends until 2014)
- OWASP EU account to be established December 1 by Eoin and Seba in Belgium

subset: commoncrawl


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Ophthalmologists enjoy a hefty income, with average pay passing six figures ($197K) annually in the United States. Experience level is the biggest factor affecting pay for this group, followed by geography. Generally, women make up less than a third of all Ophthalmologists who answered the questionnnaire. Most Ophthalmologists like their work and job satisfaction is high. While some workers in this profession — just under one in four — do not have any health coverage, a strong majority do receive medical benefits and just over two-fifths have dental insurance. The information for this snapshot was generated by responses to the PayScale salary survey.
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While the similar professional names of optometrists can cause confusion for laymen, an ophthalmologist is an actual eye doctor. Ophthalmologists are not only certified to perform medical exams, but they also diagnose diseases, write prescriptions, and perform surgery. Many ophthalmologists are also familiar with laser vision-correction procedures, such as LASIK, and offer these services to patients.Read More...
Ophthalmologists are primarily responsible for performing routine eye examinations. In addition to testing visual acuity, they also check for signs of diseases, such as glaucoma or cataracts, and diagnose a variety of related conditions. For instance, they may take note early signs of jaundice that signify liver problems or lipid rings which indicate serious cholesterol problems.
Ophthalmologists also typically offer surgical care for patients. While the most well-known of these are laser corrections to the lens of the eye, these doctors also help correct corneal problems and even clear developing cataracts in patients. They may also be consulted about eye injuries and either serve as primary care providers for those who require care or refer them to sub-specialists who work specifically in areas such as retinal re-attachment.
As ophthalmologists are licensed medical doctors, they must undertake the same rigorous educational training as many other doctors. Due to their specialty, ophthalmologists typically choose and commit to their discipline early on in the education process. Most in this position work in dedicated eye care clinics, some of which may be attached to larger optical facilities that sell glasses and contact lenses.
Ophthalmologists report a focused set of job skills. Fortunate workers who know Surgery can expect a significant pay bump, scoring salaries 20 percent above average.
Median of all compensation (including tips, bonus, and overtime) by years of experience.
Six-figure salaries are not unusual for those just entering the occupation — survey respondents with less than five years' experience under their belts report receiving an average of $181K per year. On average, Ophthalmologists make $253K following one to two decades on the job. Survey participants with more than two decades under their belts actually report earning less than people with less experience; the former take home only $207K on average.
|Extremely satisfied
Rated 5 out of 5
based on 19 votes.
28 %
72 %
|Medical: 77%
|Dental: 44%
|Vision: 29%
|None: 22%


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I went without my husband to see Antonio the masseur and got more than I went for.
At the conclusion of the first part of my story, I had just ended a marvelous evening of enjoying my thirtieth birthday with my husband and a fascinating masseur by the name of Antonio. As we were leaving the masseur's residence, he'd stopped me and pulled me back into his trailer, leaving my husband to wait for me outside. I was surprised when Antonio kissed me quite passionately and handed...Read On
Added: 24 Jun 2015 | Category: Wife Lovers |
Avg Score: 4.94 |
Words: 2,972 |
Tags: temptation desire massage intercourse oral
| 14 Comments
Anna remembers that she has my panties...
When I woke the following morning, I laid in bed for a long time, staring at the ceiling and thinking. Without a doubt, Anna's discovery and willingness to use it against me resulted in one of the most powerful sexual experiences of my life. Even now, still wearing the panties, my cock stirred just from the memory. Bending over to lick my cum off of her ass was an especially clear recollection. ...Read On
Added: 24 Jun 2015 | Category: Crossdressing |
Avg Score: 4.57 |
Words: 4,738 |
Tags: sissy crossdressing mfm cum femdom
| 4 Comments
Pascale tells Karen her secret.
I had no idea how to respond to this revelation. I had slapped her playfully and it never entered my head that it could be anything but that. "I shouldn't have said anything." Pascale lowered her eyes to the floor. "Oh, no, Sweetheart, of course you should. I'm sorry, it was just a surprise, that's all." "You are not angry with me?" she asked, looking at me with relief in her eyes. ...Read On
Added: 24 Jun 2015 | Category: Lesbian |
Avg Score: 5 |
Words: 3,544 |
Tags: boy girl first time
| 8 Comments
Part 2 of The Shop Across The Road saga
Chapter One: Phlegmatic! That would be the most appropriate word I could use the describe Travis. There were times that he would be engaging, and other times where he would scarcely acknowledge my existence. He spent a great deal of time in the shop across the road, and I would see him coming and going daily. Travis must have been in his mid-forties, and was a sexy man. Travis...Read On
Added: 24 Jun 2015 | Category: Gay Male |
Avg Score: 4.67 |
Words: 1,238 |
Tags: fetish oral
| 3 Comments
Whatever Lola wants....
Lola woke up this morning extra early with a definite plan. She was getting tired of having to get herself off every morning before work. She needed and wanted the touch of a man. It had been a long time since she was that doting wife living in the house with the white picket fence. Jim made sure of that when he found her sucking their neighbors cock in the bed they shared. She tried to plead...Read On
Added: 24 Jun 2015 | Category: Exhibitionism |
Avg Score: 5 |
Words: 1,211 |
Tags: pussy cum cock public sex subway cheating
| 7 Comments
Alejo finds Bella
Alejo sat in a high backed black arm chair in the darkened club. He spent most of his nights here since Amalia had left him and he sipped the scotch in his hand and watched his Sub. She fucked herself on a large black dildo and her hands toyed with her nipples. Every eye was on her and he knew he could feel the jealousy of the other Doms. She was beautiful with her red hair and dark eyes. He...Read On
Added: 24 Jun 2015 | Category: BDSM |
Avg Score: 5 |
Words: 6,352 |
Tags: bdsm anal dom sub
| 5 Comments
Surprise gift makes for an intense video chat
Xavier always worried whenever Susan was on the road. He used to travel for work quite a bit himself. He remembered what it was like. He remembered what happens to a man's frame of mind when he's away from home, living out of a suitcase, alone in his hotel room. Plus, there's just something about being in a hotel room that always made him so damn….frisky. It was that whole 'What Happens...Read On
Added: 24 Jun 2015 | Category: Wife Lovers |
Avg Score: 4.67 |
Words: 4,247 |
Tags: masturbation panties video chat obedient cum
| 4 Comments
This the story of my first crush and coincidentally it was an interracial.
At the age of seventeen, I often worked as a house or babysitter. My favorite couple to babysit for was the Johnson family. They had recently emigrated from Liverpool, England and were often in need of sitter for a date night. The Johnson's were a beautiful and caring interracial couple. Emily Johnson was thirty-five years old. Her hair was a lustrous fiery red. It flowed in waves to adorn...Read On
Added: 24 Jun 2015 | Category: Interracial |
Avg Score: 4.9 |
Words: 6,744 |
Tags: reluctance blackmail taboo teen bbc masturbation caught
| 14 Comments
A husband and wife explore her husband's fantasy.
My husband has one fantasy that he's always talking about. He dreams that I'll have sex with an African-American man who has a ten-inch cock. I'm a fair-skinned white woman, and my husband fantasizes about seeing my creamy white skin next to a chocolate brown-skinned man. He really gets off on the idea of this. My husband Jack and I have been married for twenty-five years. Our children...Read On
Added: 24 Jun 2015 | Category: Wife Lovers |
Avg Score: 5 |
Words: 3,580 |
Tags: wife lingerie husband black man 10 inch cock threesome anal
| 28 Comments
We Eventually Stopped Pretending
I met up for lunch with my buddy Rob before I had to work a 3-11pm shift. In reality I was having breakfast. He gave me a heads up there would be two girls coming to join us. They all played in some rec dodge ball league. One of them was really hot but something was up with her. I couldn't quite put my finger on it until she spilled a couple of her sexual escapades. After less than a hour...Read On
Added: 24 Jun 2015 | Category: Straight Sex |
Avg Score: 4.5 |
Words: 1,335 |
Tags: sex hookup fucking car sex cum roleplay bar
| 1 Comment
The not so hidden agenda
His words crawled right between my legs and made my clit tingle. "Who said that I needed to be fucked at all?" My face burned as I shifted in my seat. The look on his face said it all. He knew me. Well. By this point, I guess he should. He had been fucking me for three of the last four years that we worked together. Sex was great with him, it always was. Although we worked in...Read On
Added: 24 Jun 2015 | Category: Office Sex |
Avg Score: 5 |
Words: 2,387 |
Tags: consecutive sex blow job deep throat anal play office cheating married woman
| 18 Comments
Speech and drama teacher falls for temptation
Janie Barnes was running late to get out the door for the speech contest her students were participating in that April Saturday morning. Normally, the mild-mannered 5'6, 41-year-old speech and debate teacher at the local intermediate school avoided getting unraveled. However, on this morning, her nine-year-old son Alex was not cooperating in terms of waking up, eating breakfast and...Read On
Added: 24 Jun 2015 | Category: MILF |
Avg Score: 4.85 |
Words: 3,173 |
Tags: straight sex oral milf affair cheating older woman younger man
| 6 Comments
Things catch up with the vicar and his wife.
Suzie was a totally changed woman. At forty she was a prim, proper, helpful wife of a clergyman, and a sort of agony aunt for the community. At forty one however, Suzie had become, if not cock hungry, at least very willing to take the generous amount of cock that came her way. Mostly Thursdays and Fridays, when Jason, her vicar husband, stayed in another of the three parishes he covered. ...Read On
Added: 24 Jun 2015 | Category: MILF |
Avg Score: 5 |
Words: 2,264 |
Tags: contact fan interracial fucked
| 4 Comments
Stepsister guides her stepbrother into the world of pleasure.
"Wake up birthday boy, we're going shopping!" Brooke shouted as I quickly awoke from the deepest sleep of my life. It had been about a week since our little adventure on the couch. "Don't you know how to knock?" I asked in a groggy tone. "I think you of all people know that I don't know how to knock," she laughed. "Hurry up, it's already noon. You've wasted half of your birthday!" ...Read On
Added: 24 Jun 2015 | Category: First Time |
Avg Score: 4.89 |
Words: 2,542 |
Tags: stepsister stepbrother first time straight sex
| 2 Comments
It is Friday evening and I'm out with my usual group of friends chatting and joking in the pub. There are seven of us, four girls and three guys, but only one couple within the group and we have all been friends for many years. We're sitting in a circle and there's me, I'm Angie, a blonde hair, blue eyed, curvy girl while sitting next to me is Neil who is central to this story. He is a...Read On
Added: 24 Jun 2015 | Category: Straight Sex |
Words: 2,893 |
Tags: sex money
| 4 Comments
Peter and my wife have another unplanned meeting for sex and I score with a teenager.
It was Wednesday morning at Club Med and we were taking the all-day excursion tour to the Mayan ruins at Chichen Itza. There was a 2-hour bus drive through the Yucatán Peninsula to the ruins, so we would get to see some of the small towns and the countryside of rural Mexico. Sheila and I arrived at the bus early and got seats up front right behind the driver. Then lo and behold, Peter...Read On
Added: 24 Jun 2015 | Category: Cheating |
Avg Score: 4.8 |
Words: 2,619 |
Tags: seduction oral sex straight sex cheating true story teenager
| 6 Comments
A business deal is never complete unless there is also Bukkake Business.
It was a big day for her, Tachu reflected, as she glided the electric razor over her scalp, removing traces of blue stubble to expose the pale pinkness beneath, After all her efforts in securing the deal with the Taming Force Corporation, today was finally the day in which the client would sign and all her efforts would be rewarded. At last, she would be entitled to the handsome commission...Read On
Added: 24 Jun 2015 | Category: Office Sex |
Avg Score: 4.67 |
Words: 5,068 |
Tags: lesbian bukkake facial group sex submission
| 1 Comment
Cynthia paints a picture for her client to close the sale.
"Isn't this a great bedroom?" Cynthia asked her client as he looked around the furnished room. "It is quite nice," he responded, but she felt no warmth in his voice. "Look at this bathroom," she instructed with a broad smile. "It's quite roomy and has a walk-in shower that will hold you and your girlfriend at the same time. Just imagine how much fun that would be." "My girlfriend?" he...Read On
Added: 24 Jun 2015 | Category: Seduction |
Words: 2,590 |
Tags: client seduction shower oral
| 9 Comments
When a beautiful vixen at the club takes your breath away...
The rush of the air from the A/C greeted him as he opened the door, as did the smell of the alcohol and the sound of the DJ. He slowly made his way to the quieter side of the club, although still loud by normal standards but still enough to carry out normal conversations. He scanned the seats and the couches after nodding at the barman. He spotted an old friend of his waving at him, seated on...Read On
Added: 24 Jun 2015 | Category: Straight Sex |
Avg Score: 4.5 |
Words: 4,051 |
Tags: public sex club sex fingering dance floor
| 2 Comments
Alexander fucks his fiancee's best friend.
It was a weekend, so rather than being at the university I had travelled to London to see my fiancée. I was twenty years old and in my second year the university, as was my fiancée. Last year we had both stayed in the dorms of the residence, but this year we had both moved out to live with friends. My fiancée shared an apartment with her two best friends from the dorm halls, Gemma and Vicky. ...Read On
Added: 24 Jun 2015 | Category: Cheating |
Avg Score: 5 |
Words: 2,502 |
Tags: cheating infidelity affair
| 2 Comments
Husband pimps his wife to pay for a car accident
Sheila was pissed, scared and nervous as she rode up the hotel elevator with her husband and three proctologists, two slightly overweight fifty year olds and one younger doctor. Her husband had gone too far this time and she was steaming inside with rage. What kind of asshole would pimp his wife to pay for a two thousand dollar car repair, she thought. Her husband, Phil was a jerk....Read On
Added: 24 Jun 2015 | Category: Group Sex |
Words: 2,162 |
Tags: reluctance mmf oral bondage gag voyeur
| 5 Comments
Two couples find themselves snowed in at a secluded cabin. Fun ensues, of course.
Elizabeth slowly perused the choice of snack crackers at the small grocery store, which was minimal. She picked out a couple boxes and placed them in her basket next to the apples, bananas and cheese she'd already selected. Her task had been snack food. Her husband, Ben, was an aisle over looking for vegetables. They met at the end of their respective aisles and walked over to where...Read On
Added: 24 Jun 2015 | Category: Straight Sex |
Avg Score: 5 |
Words: 9,415 |
Tags: couples voyeur exhibitionism
| 8 Comments
Marlee takes over
The best way to learn a business is from the inside. The best way to take over a business is also from the inside. "Hi! My name is Marlee. That's all you need to know. For the past two years I have been working on the inside of a big-time bank in New York. I have observed bankers of dubious business practices who manipulate and skillfully maneuver hard working people out of their savings...Read On
Added: 23 Jun 2015 | Category: Interracial |
Avg Score: 5 |
Words: 1,373 |
Tags: humor interracial business fellatio anal cunnilingus office
| 2 Comments
Irene considers making Oscar's cuckold fantasy come true
Irene and Oscar were an ordinary couple, Spanish, and living a good life together in the beautiful city of Barcelona. They had been together since they were both twenty five, roughly fifteen years. Oscar was Irene's only sexual partner, so she had nothing to compare him with in terms of his skills or equipment, but she loved him and had no interest in doing anything with another man. ...Read On
Added: 23 Jun 2015 | Category: Cuckold |
Avg Score: 4.33 |
Words: 2,438 |
Tags: cuckold hot wife
| 2 Comments
Henry's TA continues his sexual education
That first night with Philip was magical—I couldn't have asked for a better first time, with a more amazing guy. After we showered and got back into bed, we fooled around again for awhile, lazily, teasing each other until I finally couldn't take it any more and threw aside the covers. He looked at me, a little surprised, and I kissed him. "Enough playing around," I growled in his ear, "I...Read On
Added: 23 Jun 2015 | Category: Gay Male |
Avg Score: 5 |
Words: 2,594 |
Tags: first time college oral anal
| 3 Comments
Careful maintenance pays dividends
My dad asked me if I would do him big favour. He'd promised a woman living on the other side of town that he would clear out all the rubbish in her cellar. Her husband had recently died, and as they'd been long-time members of the same golf club, he'd met her at tournaments and social functions. My own opinion was that he'd met her a few more times than he'd care to admit, and I could see...Read On
Added: 23 Jun 2015 | Category: Mature |
Avg Score: 4.7 |
Words: 2,263 |
Tags: (mf anal )
| 8 Comments
And you thought it was hot before he arrived....
Work was boring as hell, which was not all that unusual. What was unusual, was that he got cut early. Slow night, the band left early which left him without anything to do. Knowing his car was kaput for the moment, his boss offered to drop him off at home. This was readily agreed to. Now he stood outside waiting for his manager to finish up "one more thing". Translation: take a seat, this...Read On
Added: 23 Jun 2015 | Category: Straight Sex |
Avg Score: 5 |
Words: 1,158 |
Tags: reluctance surprise pregnancy risk
| 5 Comments
Jennifer is partnered with a another alien and experimented on in an extemely cold room.
As we approached Kemon II, I saw the ruins of Kemon One for the first time; the planet was completely destroyed. Orbiting the ruins of Kemon One, was the Earth sized space station, Kemon II. 'Wow Kemon II looks a lot like the space station in Star Trek Deep Space 9,' I thought to myself, as we started our final approach for docking. "Welcome to our home," Nookumick said as our ship...Read On
Added: 23 Jun 2015 | Category: Fantasy & Sci-Fi |
Avg Score: 4.33 |
Words: 2,255 |
Tags: alien experiment sci-fi space sex cold survival
| 2 Comments
Sunday Mornings should always be this much fun
Chapter 1 I stayed a few steps behind Mom as we trudged into Church. The wind had kicked up since we left the house and my ears had begun to burn, my knees had gone a bit numb quite some time ago. Twice she turned to gripe at me for going too slow but I ignored her—I was looking for Brian. Our parents married when I was only 10. Years later, much to my dismay, they divorced. Since...Read On
Added: 23 Jun 2015 | Category: Taboo |
Avg Score: 4.95 |
Words: 4,849 |
Tags: step brother step sister church teens sneaking off making out finger fuck
| 14 Comments
Housekeeping, hello? Oh god, I am SO sorry!
I am so sorry I didn't realise you were...Read On
Added: 23 Jun 2015 | Category: Straight Sex |
Avg Score: 4.88 |
Words: 11 |
| 10 Comments


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Command Line ANSI escape sequencesAug 24, 2007
This month, we'll show you how to decorate your console and give it a fresh new look by adding color to the command line with ANSI escape sequences.more »
Command Line: Screen Managing virtual terminals with ScreenNov 30, 2006
Cast a spell upon your console. Instead of juggling multiple terminals, you can manage all your important command line programs in a single window.more »
Fish Shell The Fish shell simplifies the consoleNov 30, 2006
The Fish shell offers some user-friendly features for command line beginners.more »
Command Line: Vim Working with the VIM text editorOct 31, 2006
Vim feels at home with any Linux distribution. This text mode only editor, which completely does without a mouse, is a useful aid for command line fans.more »
Bashish Polishing the terminal window with BashishOct 31, 2006
Bashish adds a dash of style to the command line.more »
Workspace: Bracket Notation Implementing the bracket notation system in OpenOffice.orgOct 31, 2006
We'll show you a universal system for marking changes in text documents; and along the way, you'll get some practical experience with writing OpenOffice marcos.more »
Command Line: Network Diagnostic Tools Network diagnostic toolsSep 30, 2006
Linux has the right tools to track down network errors and open the way for data packets.more »
Command Line Bash tricksAug 31, 2006
A few basic tricks can liven up the command line and add a dash of color to your console.more »
Issue 177/2015
Buy this issue as a PDF
NoScript Flaw
Mozilla's script blocker add-on could be putting malware sites on the whitelist.
RIP SSLv3
The Internet community officially banishes the notoriously unsafe Secure Sockets Layer protocol.
Mate 1.1 Arrives
Popular desktop environment continues the Gnome 2 legacy – with new support for the Gnome 3 toolkit.
US Government Requires HTTPS
The Obama White House has issued a memorandum telling all US government agencies they must use HTTPS for all websites and web communication.
Mozilla Signs Firefox Add-Ons
New program will dial up security for the Firefox browser.
Fedora 22 Arrives
Red Hat's community distro embraces the cloud.
Code.org and College Board Team Reach Out for Talented High School Coders
New partnership will bring more and better CS training to US schools
A Peek Inside TeslaCrypt Ransomware
Criminals offer online help over Tor network
Mumblehard Still Spams
Sophisticated malware is still present on Joomla and WordPress sites around the world.
Launchpad Gets Git
Future versions of Ubuntu's code service will support the popular Git version control system used with Linux and other open source projects.


text: Shooting: News News : Posted 07-06-2015 The New Ruger SR-556 Takedown This rifle is a serious technical accomplishment for Ruger and one that should appeal to... Read More News : Posted 06-24-2015 Down Range Radio #425: Attacks In Sanctuaries This week, what to do about attacks in sanctuaries. Michael also discusses the Wilson Combat Beretta 92 and his weekend at the carpal tunnel syndrome-fest of John Linebaugh's Big Bore Seminars. Read More News : Posted 06-17-2015 Down Range Radio #424: It's Been A Busy Gunny Week This week, Michael talks about his USPSA match last weekend, his preparation for the stag hunt in New Zealand and his visit and conversation with Bill Wilson at the WC Ranch. Read More News : Posted 06-16-2015 Ruger Redhawk .45 Colt & .45 ACP The idea of pushing a big, heavy bullet out of a handgun at high velocity has been around for a long time. Read More News : Posted 06-10-2015 Down Range Radio #423: The DP-12 Double Barrel Pump Shotgun This week, Michael discusses changes in the government's ITAR regulations that can silence gun owners and what you can do! He also takes a closer look at the Standard Mfg. DP-12 double barreled pump shotgun. Read More News : Posted 06-10-2015 The Scout Rifle Challenge Ed Head wants to challenge you to shoot the Scout Rifle Challenge and report your… Read More News : Posted 06-03-2015 Down Range Radio #422: More Gun Restrictions Coming Up This week, Michael discusses the coming battles with the anti-gun Justice Department. He also summarizes his week at Sig Sauer. Read More News : Posted 05-27-2015 Down Range Radio #421: Long Range Precision Shooting This week, Michael talks about Long Range Precision Shooting and the Sniper's Hide Cup which will be featured in next season of Shooting Gallery. Read More News : Posted 05-14-2015 The Gunny and Miss Kansas Talk Sniper History R. Lee Ermey – a.k.a. The Gunny – is joined by Miss Kansas, Theresa Vail, in an upcoming episode of GunnyTime with R. Lee Ermey, an all-new, captivating half-hour TV series on Outdoor Channel. Read More News : Posted 05-13-2015 Down Range Radio #419: A Kentucky Adventure & America's Rifle This week, Michael tells the rousing sea chanty of Mike and Marshal, trapped in a rental awash in a sea of mud on the range, a veritable modern day POSEIDON ADVENTURE. Read More Page 1 of 12 Prev 1234567... Next Categories < News Stories Tips Gear Videos Photo Galleries Viewer Photo Galleries Features Down Range TV Short Stories by Larry Potterfield AllOutdoor.com Outdoor Blog Explore the United States. Find information about and activities within your state. Get Started


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Mama's Hip, along with Mama to Mama, is hosting this family-friendly event to inform parents about going green in their own parenting style. On the same day, mamas will participate in The Big Latch On. Check it out on Saturday, August 3, 2013.
Upcoming Events
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The Weekender
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- 2013 Louisville Area Child Support Arrears List (Deadbeat Parents)
- Louisville Loves Free Pizza!
- Return of the Waterfront's July Fourth Festivities: A Look at its Sponsors


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Mobile innovation in insurance: Consider this first
KATHY HUTSON firstname.lastname@example.com Tags: consumers employees mobile investments innovation 2,409 Visits
Here's the secret that Christian mentioned in earlier blog. Take a look at the IBM Mobile Point of View that was published online today. Also, join IBM on October 10, 2012 at 12:00 p.m EDT for the live webcast entitled " Speeding Innovation...
from Blog: Insurance


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The Resource Finder has powerful filtering features — check out the tutorial to learn more.
Series: Reading God's Two Books: Early American Perspectives (6 entries)
American thinking about religion and science before the Civil War was substantially informed by the powerful "concordist" metaphor of God as the "author" of two "books," nature and Scripture, which ultimately must agree.
Hominin Evolutionary Patterns in the Early to Middle Pliocene: How Many Forms Are There?
These finds open up a new horizon of research into the earliest hominins and how they lived. They also provide us with even more clues in our ongoing search for the last common ancestor.
The Wax Adam: Historical, Biographical, Archetypal, or Literary?
The history of interpretation of Adam from Genesis to the 1st Century reveals a bold and astonishing diversity in which the authors made of Adam what they needed of Adam.
What is Evolution?
The word evolution can be used in many ways, but in biology, it means descent with modification. In other words, small modifications occur at the genetic level (i.e. in DNA) when a new generation descends from its parents. Over many generations these modifications can result in significant differences from the ancestral population.
"Natural" and "Supernatural" are Modern Categories, Not Biblical Ones
When we make distinctions between natural and supernatural activity in Scripture, not only do we push our modern categories into the Bible, but we also limit God's action.
What is the genetic evidence for human evolution?
The more research that is done on DNA, the more evidence we find that all life is related.
Series: Evolution and Original Sin by Robin Collins (14 entries)
Series: Evolution and Image Bearers (2 entries)
If, according to evolutionary theory, the human species has evolved from non-human ancestors over the course of hundreds of thousands of years, how might we understand humans as uniquely bearing the image of God?
The Dawn of Our Own Genus: The Rise of Early Homo
James Kidder explains how a stunning fossil discovery affects our understanding of human evolution.
All is Dust and DNA
Jim Stump explores the meaning of the Lenten season from the perspective of evolutionary creation.
On the Evolution of the Imago Dei: Insights from St. Thomas Aquinas
St. Thomas Aquinas helps us understand how the image of God in man might have developed through evolution.
The "Cosmogonic" Form of Genesis 1
In both form and content, then, Genesis 1 reveals that its basic purposes are religious and theological, not scientific or historical.
Faith and Science in France and Spain: An Interview with Antoine Bret
When non-believers in France or in Spain read what young-earth creationists are writing about evolution, geology, or astrophysics, they frequently conclude that the Bible is at best an interesting fairy tale.
The Recipe For Creationism
How does social context affect what Americans believe about science and religion, especially in regards to human origins? A new BioLogos-funded survey reveals the factors influencing the beliefs.
Series: "Origins" Book Club (6 entries)
Series: Saturday Science Links (25 entries)
The biggest science stories of the week are reviewed.
The Genesis Rock
The story of the Genesis Rock reminds us of how biblical and scientific accounts, despite their different purviews and purposes, remain inexorably linked in our understanding of origins.
Series: Evolution Basics (50 entries)
Written by BioLogos Fellow of Biology Dennis Venema, this series of posts is intended as a basic introduction to the science of evolution for non-specialists.
BioLogos Basics Video #5: How Old Is the Earth?
At BioLogos, we believe that a serious and faithful reading of Scripture doesn't call for a recent origin to the earth, and we are persuaded that God has shown us through the natural world he created that his creative work began much earlier.


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Article ID: 906176 - View products that this article applies to.
This article has been archived. It is offered "as is" and will no longer be updated.
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When a Microsoft Office Outlook 2003 user tries to retrieve an attendee's free/busy information, Outlook 2003 stops responding. This problem occurs if all the following conditions are true:
This problem occurs because the CDO program cannot handle a condition in which the start time of an appointment occurs before the end time of another appointment. The CDO program cannot handle this condition in the following situations:
Hotfix informationA supported hotfix is available from Microsoft. However, this hotfix is intended to correct only the problem that is described in this article. Apply this hotfix only to systems that are experiencing this specific problem. This hotfix might receive additional testing. Therefore, if you are not severely affected by this problem, we recommend that you wait for the next software update that contains this hotfix.
If the hotfix is available for download, there is a "Hotfix download available" section at the top of this Knowledge Base article. If this section does not appear, contact Microsoft Customer Service and Support to obtain the hotfix.
Note If additional issues occur or if any troubleshooting is required, you might have to create a separate service request. The usual support costs will apply to additional support questions and issues that do not qualify for this specific hotfix. For a complete list of Microsoft Customer Service and Support telephone numbers or to create a separate service request, visit the following Microsoft Web site:
http://support.microsoft.com/contactus/?ws=supportNote The "Hotfix download available" form displays the languages for which the hotfix is available. If you do not see your language, it is because a hotfix is not available for that language.
PrerequisitesYou must install Microsoft Exchange Server 2003 Service Pack 1 (SP1) before you install the hotfix.
Restart requirementYou do not have to restart the computer after you install the hotfix.
Hotfix replacement informationThis hotfix does not replace any other hotfixes.
File informationThe English version of this hotfix has the file attributes (or later file attributes) that are listed in the following table. The dates and times for these files are listed in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). When you view the file information, it is converted to local time. To find the difference between UTC and local time, use the Time Zone tab in the Date and Time tool in Control Panel.
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To work around this problem, you can use the /CleanFreeBusy switch at a command prompt to start Outlook 2003. To do this, follow these steps:
Microsoft has confirmed that this is a problem in the Microsoft products that are listed in the "Applies to" section.
More information
For more information, click the following article numbers to view the articles in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
(https://support.microsoft.com/kb/824684/ )Description of the standard terminology that is used to describe Microsoft software updates
(https://support.microsoft.com/kb/817903/ )New naming schema for Exchange Server software update packages
Article ID: 906176 - Last Review: January 15, 2015 - Revision: 4.0


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More Jack works for me!!!! ;)
It may even get my son on IASW!!
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More Jack works for me!!!! ;)
It may even get my son on IASW!!
It will be interesting to see how big of a hit Pirates Lair @ Tom Sawyer's Island is. There are going to be major ride capacity issues as everyone under the age of 13 will want to head over there. I am surprised actually that the Pirates theme has not become more pervasive at DLR with all the pirates herded over to Pirates Lair. Specifically, with all the "placemaking" and reconstructive surgery planned for DCA I am surprised that no one thought of recreating a sort of Pirateland totally dedicated to Jack Sparrow and his pirate commrades at DCA, the possibilities truly are limitless.
I waiting to see the live show "Jackie Sparrows High School Musical" Imagine all the movie and ride characters as teenagers singing and dancing through generic pop tunes like "Let's all rape and pillage together." See Long John Silver with a bad case of acne. I can't wait.
Seriously, my only fear would be they would change all of New Orleans Square to pirates. I like how New Orleans Square has a bit more of a adult feel to it.
lol! I luv the idea of Jack singin in the Tiki Room & IASW! we need a video like that on YouTube of what it could be like. has anyone seen I've Got a Jar of Dirt complete w/Jack, Gibbs, Will & Elizabeth? it's hysterical! svhwdwnut, then playlist 4! it's @ the top of the page! Enjoy! :)
Ok so I do admit I totally fell for it til the end!!!!! I love how strong your imagination is!!!!! Im so embarrased I fell for it....Did anyone else??? I was so glad to know tht it was just Photo shop!!!!!!
Funny stuff! Thanks Werner!
I did say it another thread, that we are sad to see some things go at Disney but it's not our park anymore - it's our kid's. Today's kids love Pirates the movie and Jack Sparrow. I think they're going to love all the changes. I just hope they have these great memories twenty plus years later like we do of Disney during "our" time.
I would of added Mr Sparrow's Wild Ride...
Maybe changing the whale from the Pinochio ride into a Kraken would make it work too... LOL!


text: Featured comments + Add comment Comments (27) Featured KrAzEd "No other AAA titles? AC3, Borderlands 2, Dishonored, Halo 4 and the critics will undoubtedly praise Black Ops 2. Its much better then last year when all we had was Skyrim. " 969d ago josephayal "Contender? Whut? Sorry but Halo 4 is Goty 2012 " 969d ago GasTankKiller "I only need one reason, "Master Chief." " 969d ago


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Tags melodic, idm / electronica
Artists Rudi Zygadlo, Gulls, Teargas & Plateglass
July 09, 2012
Rudi Zygadlo, Gulls, Teargas & Plateglass
wonderful mix!
the beach sounds like blue monday
..and then i thought i heard it somewhere. damn! what a recycle, copy/paste times we live in. :D not quite excited about it though
abundance. by highonlov3
// sound vast
drifting, electronic, experimental, dragging
Space Particles by highonlov3
soundtrack to your spacejourney.
electronic, ambient, spaceship, spacedust, experimental
Glowback Thursday by highonlov3
Careful and reckless.
electronica, electropop, dance
END of summer MIX by highonlov3
the haze of summer days.
mellow, relax, electronic, instrumental, summer


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OTWOMD blog has lots of photos of World Youth day.
Ah but like an earlier vote, this is a vote by Ireland to join the secular European Union, where a court could order them to institute abortion and euthanasia and same sex marriage etc. as a "human right".
The Maastricht Treaty is the agreement that founded the European Union. This treaty is described by the messages of Christina Gallagher as if it were evil and the beginning of some future set of evil events. Here is one of several such messages:
"The uniting of the currency through Maastricht would be suppressed. A work of the Devil. Not that they would have a choice. There would be no money to keep the old or the handicapped. Only those who could support themselves would be able to live. The world would become a living hell of sickness, death, hunger, mourning and tears."
This attempt to play on people's fears about current events is characteristic of false private revelation. They take an event from the news, one that certainly has its pros and cons, but then they exaggerate its importance to an extreme, as if it were to be the cause of dire future events. The claim that this treaty, uniting Europe to a limited extent, will cause the world to become "a living hell of sickness, death, hunger, mourning and tears" is absurd and is contrary to the teaching of Scripture. In the Book of Revelation, the severe sufferings of those future events are caused by sin (cf. Rev 9:20-21), not by one particular political treaty.
August 24, 2011
The former vicar general of Ireland's Cloyne diocese has conceded that he should have resigned in 1996, since he was unwilling to enforce the sex-abuse policies adopted by the Irish hierarchy.
Msgr. Denis O'Callaghan said, in a letter to the Irish Catholic, that he objected to the mandatory reporting of sex-abuse charges, which was an important aspect of the bishops' guidelines. That requirement, he said, conflicted with the "Christian duty of pastoral care" for accused priests. He pointed out that in some cases, mandatory reporting would have required taking action against priests who were elderly and/or terminally ill. "The literal guidelines did not allow for any discretion to bishops and their delegates," he said.
Msgr. O'Callaghan—who had handled sex-abuse complaints for Bishop John Magee--reported that the Murphy Commission, which issued a scathing report on the failure of the Cloyne diocese to report sex-abuse charges, was aware of his "commitment to pastoral care." He complained that the commission's report nevertheless concentrated on the failure to follow the mandatory-reporting rule.
And the right wing blogosphere in the US now reports about those who are doing the groundwork to make pedophilia just another lifestyle choice.
Some of those involved seem to be voices in the past who helped get the US Catholics into this mess.
Then I wondered about this:
McGinnity was appointed Junior Dean at St Patrick's College, Maynooth, Ireland's national seminary, when he was 26 years old. He was appointed Senior Dean at the age of 32 in 1978, decades younger than previous holders of the post.
In 1984, he was approached by students who had concerns about the behaviour of the college's Vice President, Dr Michael Ledwith, including concerns of a sexual nature. He was abruptly dismissed from his position by Tomás Ó Fiaich, archbishop of his home diocese, acting on behalf of the Trustees (17 bishops) of the College, after he raised concerns with the bishops on behalf of six seminarians about the extravagant lifestyle of Ledwith.
Then there was Merton's interest in religion in Asia: had he lived to see the vast persecution wrought by communists on Catholics and Buddhists alike in Vietnam, Tibet, and China, the cause of religious freedom might have been for him, as it was for Richard John Neuhaus, a pathway out of "The Movement."
As Southerners, we know that a man with a chain saw is worth 10 with a clipboard, that there is no hurt in this world, even in the storm of the century, that cannot be comforted with a casserole, and that faith, in the hereafter or in neighbors who help you through the here and now, cannot be knocked down.
The administration's proposed exemption defines a religious employer as one whose purpose is to instill religious values, which primarily employs and serves people who share its religious tenets, and which is nonprofit.
Three of those four tests don't work for Catholic hospitals and their 640,000 employees, said Keehan. "Catholic hospitals have never discriminated about employment," she explained. Likewise, the 5.6 million patients they admit annually can be of any religious faith, or none. And while patients might see a crucifix, they're not going to get a sermon.
It's not just Catholic hospitals that would be ineligible for an exemption, said Jeanne Monahan, a policy expert at the conservative Family Research Council. "Any religious group that is not focused on proselytizing will not receive this exemption," she said. "Educational institutions, groups that are focused on serving the homeless, feeding the hungry, they won't receive it."


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Format Maps
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Refined by:Original Format: Maps Remove Subject: New York (State) Remove Contributor: Burleigh, L. R. Remove Location: Greene Remove
Greene, N.Y. /
Perspective map not drawn to scale. Bird's-eye-view. In lower right margin: Burleigh Lithographing Establishment, Troy, N.Y. LC Panoramic maps (2nd ed.), 570.1 Available also through the Library of Congress Web site as a raster image. Indexed for points of interest. AACR2
- Contributor: Burleigh, L. R. (Lucien R.) - Burleigh Litho - Burleigh, L. R.
- Original Format: Maps
- Date: 1890


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The Hundreds Trinity Black Sweat Shorts
Item # 222916
25% Off Last Marked Price
Stash Points: 2,497
What is this?This is the number of points you get in The Zumiez Stash for purchasing this item. Stash points are redeemable for exclusive rewards only available to Zumiez Stash members. To redeem your points check out the rewards catalog on thestash.zumiez.com.
Lounge in cool comfort thanks to the soft cotton-poly construction of The Hundreds Trinity black sweat shorts.
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DRAIN, ORE. -- Investigators are trying to determine the motive behind a murder in Douglas County. T...Full Story
Grants Pass, Ore. -- Hope for a mother and son who lost their home and nearly everything in it to...Full Story
Central Point, Ore. -- One day after the Fourth of July, but people are still flocking to firework s...Full Story
People from all over the valley gathered in Ashland today to celebrate the Fourth of July. Thousan...Full Story
Central Point, Ore. -- Fire officials are investigating the cause of a blaze that forced evacuations...Full Story


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Meet Beauty! She is looking for his forever home... She is affectionate and playful, craves love, and follows you wherever you go. She loves to sit on your shoulder, plays in water, and chases balls. She is already exhibiting the personable traits that the "coon cat" is known for. Her mother is a double registered TICA/CFA queen from a good bloodline......she is pictured too. Beauty is 10 ...
Jul 4 -
Nashville :
Beauitful Maine Coon kittens available, more than one litter to choose from, males and females, variety of colors. We have both parents on site. The kittens are ACA registered and come with a written health guarantee. We are licensed and inspected with the department of agriculture. Located near Hartwell and Lavonia in North East Georgia, easy to find off interstate 85. Please call Sharon for ...
Jun 27 -
Atlanta :
***Courtesy Post*** This cat is not at the clinic. Please contact Sharon at 423-319-6955 for adoption information.*****
Meet Nancy Drew. She will be 4 years old in July. She is a spayed tortoiseshell longhair girl with big green eyes. She is current on shots and her mamma was FeLV/FIV tested negative since she was a feral cat. She is very meticulous when it comes to her litter box. ...
Jun 21 -
Knoxville :
We have babies! Chaos and Carolina have 5 gorgeous babies born April 20th. They will be ready to go to new homes at 12 weeks-July 13th. We have 1 little boy left looking for his forever family!
Cashew- Red Ticked Tabby with White
Son Shine Coons is a small home based hobby breeder. Our MC's are our pets. They live inside with the family as you can see from their photos. All of our kittens ...
Jun 2 -
Atlanta :
PLEASE READ ENTIRE POST ALL info is included. DO NOT EMAIL ME UNLESS YOU DEFINITELY WANT ONE. MUST PICK UP IN THE CLEVELAND TN AREA. PLEASE CHECK TO MAKE SURE THE DRIVE IS Ok
We have 2 beautiful litters that are two days apart. They are 7 weeks old. We have a beautiful silver gray male tabby who has personality plus like a dog..we have a beautiful brown tabby male who loves to be on your lap ...
May 21 -
Chattanooga :
Athena is about 1 and a half maybe 2 years old. . She had been spayed but does need shots updated. . She is beautiful solid blue. .She had a wonderful disposition ands is the ultimate perfect cat! !She is very quiet not mouthy at all. . Completely litter trained. . And great manors. . $125 call or text 615-512-1788 Would make a great addition to any home
May 13 -
Nashville :
Gorgeous Maine Coon kittens.DOB 2/28/15. CFA registered.Papers with proof of neuter/spay.All appropriate vaccinations and health garantee by a licensed veterinarian.$200.00 deposit will hold your kitten.All our cats and kittens are raised in our home as part of the family,constantly loved on,never caged. Please feel free to contact me via phone or text...770-876-4161...I will return all ...
May 13 -
Atlanta :
Registered Maine Coon kittens available for adoption. They will be vaccinated, tested, started on preventative and have a health exam before entering their new homes. Must be spayed/neutered. Please text or e-mail for pictures of available kittens and more information 740-407-1312. Attached are pictures of the parents.
May 12 -
Huntington-Ashland :
Beautiful Registered Maine Coon kittens available for adoption. Blue and Brown Females. They will be vaccinated, tested, started on a preventative, and have a health exam before entering their new homes. You can take her home after 8 weeks of age. Spay is required. Please e-mail or text for more information 740-407-1312
May 11 -
Huntington-Ashland :
May 10 -
Huntington-Ashland :
We'll be sending text message alerts for your subscription to


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
64 year old man | Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA | Seeking women 40-60 within 75 miles of Coral Springs, FL
Active within 24 hours
Complete Us
You got me just finishing up my final revisions on Einstein's Law of Relativity when sure enough Obama phoned (again), and pleaded with me to revamp his Health Care Plan as well as the Social Security System and Medicare Plans. But that conflicted with my photo shoot for the cover of GQ Magazine and consequently caused me to be late for my guest speaker appearance at the UN Homeland Security System, which caused me to be rushed and police escorted to the airport for my flight to Oslo, Norway to accept the Nobel Peace Prize Award, and this prevented me for a final warm up with Phil Mickelson for the Masters as well as Roger Federer for the US Open in NYC. Now I'm off to Iraq to train the Air Force Pilots on their F-16 Bombers, but first have to stop off in Nigeria to inject my new Ebola Drug Vaccine. Aside from my hectic schedule, life has been great. Scooter (not the golden in the photo), but an adorable Chihauhau (long story), and I are missing one great lady to Complete Us. I feel good, always told I look good, work out twice a week, love to travel (weekend getaways are wonderful), love to cook (Julia Childs has nothing to worry about), I eat healthy, play golf, have a successful business, wonderful friends - where are you to share my life. Been in the Ad Business my entire career on the creative side and involved in the music industry for many years. Now have my own business-graphic design and printing company. Lived in LA for 5 years before coming to South Florida as well as lived in Manhattan. Love the Arts, Theatre, NY Broadway and all types of music venues.
Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Playing sports , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Aerobics, Dancing, Football, Golf, Martial arts, Running, Skiing, Tennis / Racquet sports, Weights / Machines
I exercise 1-2 times per week.
I have Dogs
Middle of the Road
Any Spa, although the ones in CA seem to have the best "service people". Love Italy, South of France....... Looking forward to the Greek Islands, Tennirefe and Costa Rica in the not too distant future
Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY
Was a big fan of the Sopranos on HBO and find just about all of their shows entertaining. Now watch King of Thrones. Also VEEP and Boardwalk Empire. Love Homeland, House of Lies and Shameless.
Enjoy browsing art galleries and museums. Love golf - only playing 5 years. Weekend getaways are the best.
Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire - awesome, but long.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|5'9" (175cms)
|5'0" (152cms) to 5'11" (180cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, Athletic and toned
|Black, Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
|Auburn / Red, Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Salt and pepper, Silver, Dark blonde, Grey, Platinum
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|Never, Social Drinker, Regularly, Moderately
|Executive / Management
|Administrative / Secretarial, Artistic / Creative / Performance, Executive / Management, Financial / Accounting / Real Estate, Labor / Construction, Legal, Medical / Dental / Veterinary / Fitness, Political / Govt / Civil Service / Military, Retail / Food services, Retired, Sales / Marketing, Self-Employed / Entrepreneur, Education / Teacher / Professor, Technical / Science / Computers / Engineering, Travel / Hospitality / Transportation, Other profession, Nonprofit / Volunteer / Activist, Law enforcement / Security / Military, Fashion / Model / Beauty, Architecture / Interior design
CEO of Graphic Design/Printing Company specializing in non profit/foundation and artistic type clients.
|I'll tell you later
|$100,001 to $150,000, $150,001+
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Currently Separated, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they live away from home (1)
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home, No, Yes, and they live away from home, Yes, and they live at home
|Wants kids:
|No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|Definitely, Someday, Not sure, Probably not, No, No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|White / Caucasian
|Latino / Hispanic, White / Caucasian
|Agnostic, Christian / Catholic, Christian / Protestant, Jewish, Spiritual but not religious, Other, Christian / Other
|Bachelors degree
|High school, Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


text:
Sgt. Henry Johnson, who was African American, and Sgt. William Shemin, who was Jewish, were American soldiers who fought for their nation during the height of World War I.
A highly contagious strain of dog flu known as H3N2 has arrived in Texas.
Folks in Burkburnett made sure to thank those who secured our nation's independence
Veterans vow to "take back" war memorials closed during government shutdown.
Cultural fault lines clearly run between generations of veterans who saw action in different conflicts or who wore the uniform in different eras, including peacetime.


text:
Top Definition
A competition in which one person challenges another to a contest of kicking each other in the nuts or male genitalia,the winner is determined by the one left standing. The object is to go first.
I want the last beer! Ok asshole...I'll roo shambo ya for it!
by tuckturbo November 08, 2011


text:
The library will be closed on Saturday, July 4th, for Independence Day.
Owen Baker-Flynn
He juggles, does magic, balances stuff, spits jelly beans and does a really weird thing with his head and neck! This show is fun for the whole family.
Eastmont Branch
7200 Bancroft, Ste 211 Eastmont Town CenterOakland, CA 94605
Phone: (510) 615-5726
See map: Google Maps


text:
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Biofuels: Think outside the Barrel Vinod Khosla email@example.com Feb 2006 1 Ver 3.2 Implausible Assertions ? We don't need oil for cars & light trucks We definitely don't need hydrogen! We don't need new car/engine designs/distribution Rapid changeover of automobiles is possible! Little cost to consumers, automakers, government 2 "Proven in Brazil" Answer: Ethanol Cheaper Today in Brazil! 3 Why Ethanol? Today's cars & fuel distribution Today's liquid fuel infrastructure Leverages current trends: FFV's, Hybrids Part of fuel market via "blending" - just add E85 High oil prices accommodate "startup" costs 4 Why Ethanol? Multiple Issues, One Answer – Cheaper fuel for consumers – More energy security & diversified sources – Higher farm incomes & rural employment – Significant carbon emission reduction – Faster GDP growth, Lower Imports & energy 5 Flex Fuel Vehicles (FFV) Little incremental cost to produce & low risk Consumer choice: use EITHER ethanol or gasoline Easy switchover for automobile manufacturers Fully compatible with Hybrid cars 6 Plausible? Brazil "Proof": FFV's 4% to ~70% of car sales in 3 yrs! Petroleum use reduction of 40% for cars & light trucks Ethanol cost @ $0.75/gal vs Petroleum @ $1.60/gal VW planning on a phase out of all gasoline cars in 7 Possible? 5m US FFV vehicles, 4b gals ethanol supply, blending California: Almost as many FFV's as diesel vehicles! US costs: Ethanol $1.00/gal vs Gasoline $1.60+/gal Rapid increase of US ethanol production in process Easy switchover for automobile manufacturers 8 RISK: Oil vs. Hydrogen vs. Ethanol Oil Hydrogen Biofuels Energy Security Risk High Low Low Cost per Mile Med Med-High Low Infrastructure Cost Very Low Very High Low Technology Risk Very Low Very High Low Environmental Cost Very High Med-Low Low Implementation Risk Very Low Very High Low Interest Group Very High High Low Opposition Political Difficulty ? High Low Time to Impact - Very high Low 9 What makes it Probable? Interest Groups Land Use Energy Balance Emissions Kickstart? 10 Interest Groups • US Automakers: less investment than hydrogen; compatible with hybrids • Agricultural Interests: more income, less pressure on subsidies; new opportunity for Cargill, ADM, farmers co-operatives,… • Environmental Groups: faster & lower risk to renewable future; aligned with instead of against other interests • Oil Majors: equipped to build/own ethanol "factories"& distribution; lower geopolitical risk, financial wherewithal to own ethanol infrastruct.; diversification • Distribution (Old & New): no significant infrastructure change; 11 potential new distribution sources (e.g. Walmart) Interest Groups: Action Items • US Automakers: 90% flex-fuel new car requirement in exchange for some regulatory relief • Agricultural Interests: 100% flex-fuel new cars but no tax on imported ethanol; "transfer" subsidies from row crops to energy crops (equivalent $/acre) • Environmental Groups: tax-credit for "cellulosic ethanol" & debt guarantees for new cellulosic ethanol technologies • Oil Majors: new business opportunity? • Distribution (Old & New): assist "ethanol third pump" strategy; promote ethanol distribution at destination sites (e.g. Walmart) & fleets 12 Prioritized Action Items • Require most cars to be Flex Fuel Vehicles (FFV's) • Require E85 ethanol distribution at 10% of gas stations • Loan guarantees of first 5 "new technology" plants 13 Other Easy Action Items • Call for a grand bi-partisan summit of interested parties • Switch CAFÉ mileage to "petroleum mileage" • Require FFV owners be given colored gas caps • Legislate a "cheap oil" tax if it drops below 14 Land Use 15 Land Use: Reality • NRDC: 114m acres for our transportation fuel needs (2050) • Jim Woolsey/ George Shultz estim. 60m acres (incl. effic.) • Khosla: 20 tons/acre x 100gals/ton x 75m acres =150b gals • CRP+ soybean land : co-produce ethanol & animal 16 protein Potential for Billion Tons of Biomass "In the context of the time required to scale up to a large-scale biorefinery industry, an annual biomass supply of more than 1.3 billion dry tons can be accomplished with relatively modest changes in land use and agricultural and forestry practices" Technical Feasibility of a Billion-Ton Annual Supply US Department of Energy Report , April 2005. http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/final_billionton_vision_report2.pdf …. Or a 100billion++ gallons per year! 17 Energy Crops: Miscanthus 1 years growth without replanting! 20 tons/acre? (www.bical.net) 10-30 tons/acre (www.aces.uiuc.edu/DSI/MASGC.pdf) 18 Biomass Will Make a Difference Turning South Dakota into… …a member of OPEC?! Today Tomorrow Thousand barrels/day Farm acres 44 Million 44 Million Saudi 9,101 Tons/acre 5 15 South Dakota 3,429 Gallons/ton 60 80 Nigeria 2,509 Thousand 857 3,429 barrels/day UAE 2,478 Kuwait 2,376 Iraq 2,011 Libya 1,515 Qatar 818 …or ~30% of U.S. transportation fuel supply!! 19 Source: Ceres Company Presentation Energy Balance & Fossil Fuel Use Reductions 20 Energy Balance (Energy OUT vs. IN) • Corn ethanol numbers ~1.2-1.8X • Petroleum energy balance at ~0.8 ….but reality from non-corn ethanol is… • Sugarcane ethanol (Brazil) ~8X • Cellulosic ethanol ~4-8X 21 Fossil Fuel Use: Argonne Study Legend EtoH = Ethanol 22 Allo. = Allocation Disp. = Displacement Environmental Issues 23 24 Emission Levels of Two 2005 FFVs (grams per mile @ 50,000 miles) Vehicle Fuel NOx NMOG CO Model (CA (CA (CA std. std=0.14 std.=0.10 =3.4) ) ) 2005 Ford E85 0.03 0.047 0.6 Taurus Gasoline 0.02 0.049 0.9 2005 E85 0.01 0.043 0.2 Mercedes -Benz C Gasoline 0.04 0.028 0.3 240 source: California Air Resources Board, On-Road New Vehicle and Engine Certification Program, Executive Orders; http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/onroad/cert/cert.php 25 Technology Improvements • Bioengineering – Enzymes – Plant engineering • Energy crops – Switch grass – Poplar – Willow – Miscanthus • Co-production of animal protein & cellulose • Process & Process Yields – Process Cost – Pre-treatment – Co-production of industrial chemicals to reduce net fuel costs – Process Yield gals/dry ton – Consolidated bioprocessing • Other: "out of the box" technologies 26 Technology Progression Synthetic Biorefinery Gasification Direct Synthesis? Corn Algae Cellulosic Bioethanol 27 Ethanol Supply Projections Demand(2%growth) Demand(1%growth) Ethanol Gal. Gasoline Equiv.Ethanol Gal. 28 Strategy & Tactics • Choice: Oil imports or ethanol imports? • GDP – "beyond food to food & energy " rural economy • Add $5-50B to rural GDP • Better use for subsidies through "energy crops" • Rely on entrepreneurs to increase capacity • Biotechnology & process technology to increase 29 What makes it Probable? Interest Groups Land Use Energy Balance Emissions Kickstart? 30 The Clean Alternative Energy Act A voter initiative for the November 2006 ballot 31 CA- Only State with no Oil Assesment 32 A 10-year $4 Billion Program $2.3B GASOLINE & DIESEL USE REDUCTION $1.1B RESEARCH AND INNOVATION $400M COMMERCIALIZATION ACCELERATION $100M VOCATIONAL TRAINING $40M PUBLIC EDUCATION 33 A Diverse 9-Person Independent Board 4 year terms, an elected chairperson • Chair of the CEC 2. Secretary of CAL EPA 3. CA expert in economics and energy 4. CA expert in finance 5. Dean or tenured faculty from a top CA Business School with expertise in new technology ventures 6. CA expert in renewable energy technologies research 7. CA consumer advocate • State Treasurer (acts as treasurer of the board) • CA expert in public health 34 $2.3B for Our Primary Goals • Offset 10 billion gallons of petro-fuels over 10 years. • Achieve 25% reduction by 2017 (4billion gal/year). • Comply with all CA greenhouse gas and tailpipe emissions standards. 35 Technology Neutral Cleaner Air - Cheaper Fuels • Ethanol • Emerging • Bio-Diesel technologies • Electric • New fuel • Hybrids infrastructures Cheaper today in Brazil 36 RESEARCH AND INNOVATION ACCELERATION ($1.1B of fund) CA Public and Private Universities ü Accelerate viable transportation and stationary power solutions via technology research. ü Californians will share in the revenues derived from new patents and royalties. ü Create a CA CleanTech industry like we did with Silicon Valley. "The UC system is incredibly badly positioned when it comes to green energy R&D. It's going to take an effort on the level of this initiative to get us where we need to be." Mary Nichols, UCLA Institute for the Environment, board member California League of Conservation Voters 37 COMMERCIALIZATION ACCELERATION A 50/50 commercialization matching fund ($400M) ü Help defray one-time commercialization costs for best new tech solutions. ü Examples: engine certification, crash testing, or Underwriters' Laboratory approval. ü Both transportation and stationary power technologies. 38 Tens of Thousands of New Jobs Vocational Training ($100M fund) ü Expand vocational training thru California Community Colleges. ü Create tuition grants for: retraining fossil fuel workers, low income tuition support, new cleantech skills training. ü "Non-outsource-able" blue and white collar jobs. 39 Shift Consumer Behavior Public Education ($40M fund) ü Grow consumer markets for newly funded technologies. ü Stimulate awareness for buy-downs, rebates, tuitions, etc. ü Promote conservation. 40 No New Bureaucracy • The initiative will revive and restructure a moribund state agency to administer these programs. • The California Alternative Energy and Advanced Transportation Financing Authority (CAEATFA), was set forth in Public Resources Code Section 26000 since 1980 but now is dormant. 41 Top 15 CA Big Oil Companies 42 Californians for Clean Alternative Energy A Developing Leadership Council Vinod Khosla - Chairperson, Khosla Ventures, Kleiner Perkins, Founding CEO Sun MicroSystems Ralph Cavanagh - Senior Attorney, Natural Resources Defense Council Steven Chu - Nobel Laureate, Director Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Harry Gray - California Scientist of the Year, Caltech Alan J. Heeger - Nobel Laureate, UC Santa Barbara Dan Kammen - Director, Renewable & Appropriate Energy Lab, UC Berkeley Nathan Lewis - George L. Argyros Prof and Prof of Chemistry, CalTech Mario Molina - Nobel Laureate, UC San Diego Mark Paul - Deputy Treasurer, State of California John Podesta - President, Center for American Progress Jerome Ringo - President, The Apollo Alliance David Saltman - President & CEO, Barnabus Energy, Inc. Daniel Weiss - Managing Partner, The Angeleno Group 43 What Voters Tell Us n Voters support the initiative by a two to one margin n More than 3 out of 5 vote YES n Voters are with us on the problem n 76% say gas prices have hurt them economically n 75% say oil companies are engaged in price gouging n 73% of voters say CA still faces an energy crisis n 62% say oil money funds terrorism 44 What Voters Tell Us n Voters are with us on the solution n 89% support developing renewable technologies like solar, wind and hydrogen n 86% say they would buy a hybrid or less polluting alt-fuel vehicle n 79% support incentives to consumers to purchase cleaner alt-fuel vehicles n 75% support raising $4 billion from oil companies to invest in renewable energy n 72% support reducing oil and gas consumption by 10 billion gallons over ten years 45 The Clean Alternative Energy Act A voter initiative for the November 2006 ballot 46 Brazil: A Role Model 47 Can Rapid Adoption of FFV Happen? Brazil: FFV Market Share of Light Vehicle Sales 4% in Mar'03 50% in May'05 70% in Dec'05 48 Ethanol: Learning Curve of Production Cost 100 Market Conditions Ethanol (producers BR) ( Oct. 2002) US$ / GJ 1980 1986 1996 10 2002 1990 1993 1999 Gasoline (Rotterdam) 1 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 49 Accumulated Ethanol Production ( 1000 m3) (J Goldemberg, 2003) Brazil sugar-cane/ethanol learning curve Liters of ethanol produced per hectare since between 1975 to 2004 ?? 50 Consumer Price Ratio * São Paulo (SP) Source: Honorable Roberto Rodrigues, Minister of Agriculture, Brazil 51 SOURCE: MAPA (Assessing Biofuels Conf., June 2005) Status: United States 52 Ethanol Capacity Expansion is Underway 53 Ethanol FFVs Are Here! California's Motor Vehicle Population Vehicle Gasoline Diesel Ethanol Hybrid CNG Electric LPG/ H2 Type FFV gas/ other elec Light-Duty 24,785,578 391,950 257,698 45,263 21,269 14,425 538 13 Heavy- 372,849 471,340 -- -- 5,401 806 1,172 -- Duty source: California Energy Commission joint-agency data project with California Department of Motor Vehicles. Ethanol FFV data as of April 2005; all other data as of October 2004. 54 Costs Wet Mills Dry Mills Overalll Weighted Average Electricity & Fuel $0.112/gallon $0.131/gallon $1.118/gallon Operating Labor, $0.124/gallon $0.109/gallon Repairs and Maintenance Yeast, Enzymes, Chemicals and $0.114/gallon $0.090/gallon Other Administration, Insurance and Taxes $0.038/gallon $0.037/gallon All Other Costs $0.072/gallon $0.051/gallon Total Cash Costs $0.46/gallon $0.42/gallon Combined with Net $0.48/gallon $0.53/gallon $0.94/gallon "NET" cost of corn Depreciation (plant & Equip) $0.10-$0.20 $0.10-$0.20 Note: Capital costs of ethanol production are estimated to be between $1.07/gallon to $2.39/gallon, varying with facility type, size, and technology. 55 Source: Encyclopedia of Energy (Ethanol Fuels , Charlie Wyman) Unfair Expectations? • Level of "domestic supply expectations" : why a 100% domestic supply initially when petroleum is imported? • Level of "cleanliness" too high for biofuels : better than petroleum or "100% Pure" • Agricultural standards too high: far more rigorous debate on new crops than on traditional crops? • Debate on subsidy on ethanol but not on the tax on cheapest worldwide ethanol supply (Brazilian)? 56 References • NRDC Report: "Growing Energy" (Dec 2004) • http://soilcarboncenter.k-state.edu/conference/carbon2/Fiedler1_Baltimore_05.pdf • George Schultz & Jim Woolsey white paper "Oil & Security" • Rocky Mountain Institute: "Winning the Oil Endgame" • http://www.unfoundation.org/features/biofuels.asp • http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/354.pdf • The Future of the Hydrogen Economy ( http://www.oilcrash.com/articles/h2_eco.htm#8.2 ) • Fuel Ethanol: Background & Public Policy Issues (CRS Report for Congress, Dec. 2004) 57 Comments? Vinod Khosla email@example.com 58 ETHANOL: MARKET PERSPECTIVE Luiz Carlos Corrêa Carvalho Sugar and Alcohol Sectorial Chamber, Ministry of Agriculture, Brazil Assessing the Biofuels Option Joint Seminar of the International Energy Agency, the Brazilian Government and the 59 United Nations Foundation Paris, 20 – 21 June 2005 Consumer Prices Ratio* * São Paulo (SP) Source: Honorable Roberto Rodrigues, Minister of Agriculture, Brazil 60 SOURCE: MAPA (Assessing Biofuels Conf., June 2005 Current Situation Acohol-gasoline mixture set to 25% since July, 2003. The automotive industry has launched "flexible-fuel cars" in March, 2003. Advantage to alcohol consumption if oil prices are above US$ 35 / per barrel. Total consumption: ~ 200,000 barrels / day of equivalent gasoline (30,000 gas-stations). ~ 40% of total consumption of spark ignition cars (Otto Cycle Engines). May, 2005: for the first time, flexi-fuel vehicles sales exceeded gasoline-fueled vehicle sales, 49.5% against 43.3%. Source: Honorable Roberto Rodrigues, Minister of Agriculture, Brazil 61 (Assessing Biofuels Conf., June 2005 Comparative Energy Balance Raw Material Total Energy Ratio Corn 1,21 Switchgrass 4,43 Sugarcane 8,32 62 Source: Leal, Regis, CO2 Life Cycle Analysis of Ethanol Production and Use, LAMNET, Rome, may 2004 LIFE CYCLE GHC EMISSIONS IN ETHANOL PRODUCTION AND USE Kg CO2 equiv./ t cane Average Best Values Emissions 34,5 33,0 Avoided Emissions 255,0 282,3 Net Avoided 220,5 249,3 Emissions Anhydrous Ethanol 2,6 to 2,7 t CO2 equiv./m3 ethanol 63 Source: Leal, Regis, CO2 Life Cycle Analysis of Ethanol Production and Use, LAMNET, Rome, may 2004 Ethanol: LEARNING CURVE (J Goldemberg, 2003) 100 Market Conditions Ethanol (producers BR) ( Oct. 2002) US$ / GJ 1980 1986 1996 10 2002 1990 1993 1999 Gasoline (Rotterdam) 1 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 64 Accumulated Ethanol Production ( 1000 m3) ETHANOL AND EMPLOYMENT ( IN THE PRODUCTION OF THE VEHICLE AND OF FUEL) VEHICLES RATIO OF EMPLOYMENTS ETHANOL 21,87 "C" GASOLINE 6,01 "A" GASOLINE 1 Considering that an ethanol driven vehicle consumes, on average, 2.600 litres of ethanol per year ( one million litres of ethanol, per year, generates 38 direct jobs );for gasoline, spends 20% less fuel ( one million litres of gasoline, per year, generates 0,6 direct jobs); "C" gasoline contains 25% ethanol. 65 Source: Copersucar/Unica/ANFAVEA/PETROBRAS 66 The Ethanol application as vehicular fuel in Brazil. Brazilian Automotive Industry Association - ANFAVEA Energy & Environment Commission Henry Joseph Jr. 67 Brazil: FFV Market Share of Light Vehicle Sales ….from 4% in early 2003 to 67% in Sept. 2005 68 69 3. Brazilian Domestic Production of Vehicles Passenger Cars, Light Commercials, Trucks and Buses 2003 Brazil: 10th World Production 1.828.000 vehicles / year Source: AAMA, OICA, ANFIA, IMT, INA, ANFAVEA, SMMT, Vehicle Modifications Carburetor Engine Intake Manifold Fuel Tank The material of the carburetor body or carburetor cover The engine compression With new profile and less If the vehicle fuel tank is metallic, the internal surface cannot be aluminum or exposed Zamak; if it is, must ratio should be higher; internal rugosity, to increase of tank must be protected (coated); be substituted, protect with surface treatment or anodize; the air flow; Camshaft with new cam Any component in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon) that has Any component in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon) that has profile and new phase; Must provide higher intake air contact with the fuel must be substituted by other contact with the fuel must be substituted by other temperature. material or protected. New surface material of material or protected; valves (intake and Higher fuel tank capacity, due to the higher fuel The material of buoy, nozzle, metering jet, floating exhaust) and valve seats. consumption. axle, seals, gaskets and o-rings must be appropriated. Catalytic Converter Electronic Fuel Injection It is possible to change the kind and amount of noble Substitution of fuel injector material by stainless steel; metal present in the loading and wash-coating of catalyst converter; New fuel injector design to improve the "fuel spray"; The catalyst converter must be placed closer to the New calibration of air-fuel ratio control and new Lambda Sensor working range; exhaust manifold, in order to speed up the working temperature achievement (light-off). Any component in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon) that has contact with the fuel must be substituted by other material or protected. Exhaust Pipe The internal surface of pipe must be protected Fuel Pump (coated); The internal surface of pump body and winding must The exhaust design must be compatible with higher be protected and the connectors sealed; amount vapor. Any component in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon) that has contact with the fuel must be substituted by other material or protected. The pump working pressure must be increased. Fuel Pressure Device Motor Oil The internal surface of the fuel pressure device must be protected; New additive package. Any component in polyamide 6.6 (Nylon) that has contact with the fuel must be substituted by other Cold Start System material or protected. The fuel pressure must be increased. Auxiliary gasoline assisted start system, with temperature sensor, gasoline reservoir, extra fuel injector and fuel pump; Fuel Filter Ignition System Evaporative Emission The vehicle battery must have higher capacity. The internal surface of the filter must be protected; New calibration of advance System The adhesive of the filter element must be control; Due to the lower fuel vapor appropriated; The filter element porosity must be adjusted. Colder heat rating spark pressure, it is not necessary evaporative emission control. (Otto Engines) plugs. 71 8. Relative Performance of Ethanol Engines 72 10. Comparative Raw Exhaust Emission 73 15. Comparative Aldehyde Emission 74 16. Comparative Evaporative Emission 75 11. The Fossil Fuels Carbon Dioxide at Atmosphere Photosynthesis Plants Animal Breathing Plants Breathing Photosynthesis of Algas Aquatic Life Breathing Soil and Organisms Breathing Vegetable Garbage Rooths Fossil Fuels: Breathing Coal, Natural Gas, Oil Oceans, lakes 76 12. The Renewable Fuels CO2 77 Comparative Vehicle Prices (Brazil) Ford EcoSport XL – 1.6L 8V gasoline - € 14.859,00 – 1.6L 8V Flex Fuel - € 15.231,00 Volkswagen Gol 2d – 1.0L 8V Special gasoline - € 7.496,00 – 1.0L 8V Special alcohol - € 7.649,00 – 1.0L 8V City Total Flex - € 8.035,00 Renault Scénic Privilège 4d – 2.0L 16V gasoline - € 22.597,00 – 1.6L 16V Hi-Flex - € 21.540,00 (€ 1,00 = R$ 2,933) 78 http://www.transportation.anl.gov 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 Wholesale Prices 96 Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/petroleum_marketing_monthly/current/pdf/pmmall.pdf Projected World Oil Prices (EIA) 97 US Domestic Oil Consumption & Supply 98 Prices of Selected Petroleum Products 99 Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/petroleum_marketing_monthly/current/pdf/pmmall.pdf Characteristics of an Ideal Crop: Miscanthus 100 :http://www.aces.uiuc.edu/DSI/MASGC.pdf Source :http://www.aces.uiuc.edu/DSI/MASGC.pdf Economics of Miscanthus Farming 101 http://www.aces.uiuc.edu/DSI/MASGC.pdf Source: http://www.aces.uiuc.edu/DSI/MASGC.pdf Hydrogen vs. Ethanol Economics • Raw Material Costs: cost per Giga Joule (gj) – Electricity @$0.04/kwh = $11.2/gj (Lower cost than natural gas) – Biomass @$40/ton = $2.3/gj (with 70% conversion efficiency) • Hydrogen from electricity costly vs. Ethanol from Biomass • Hydrogen from Natural Gas no better than Natural Gas • Cost multiplier on hydrogen: distribution, delivery, storage • Higher fuel cell efficiency compared to hybrids not enough! • Hydrogen cars have fewer moving parts but more sensitive, less tested systems and capital cost disadvantage 102 Reference: The Future of the Hydrogen Economy ( http://www.oilcrash.com/articles/h2_eco.htm#8.2 ) Hydrogen vs. Ethanol • Ethanol: US automakers balance sheets ill-equipped for hydrogen switchover • Ethanol: No change in infrastructure in liquid fuels vs. gaseous fuels • Ethanol: Current engine manufacturing/maintenance infrastructure • Ethanol: switchover requires little capital • Ethanol: Agricultural Subsidies are leveraged for social good • Ethanol: Faster switchover- 3-5 years vs 15-25yrs • Ethanol: Low technology risk • Ethanol: Incremental introduction of new fuel 103 • Ethanol: Early carbon emission reductions Why Now? Brazil has "proven" model High oil prices accommodate "startup" costs Carbon credits will further improve "economics" Breakeven at scale likely to be ~$35/barrel 104 Miscanthus vs. Corn/Soy • Lower fertilizer & water needs • Strong photosynthesis, perennial • Stores carbon & nutrients in soil • Great field characteristics, longer canopy season • Economics: +$3000 vs -$300 (10yr profit per U 105 Illinois) Energy Crops: Switch Grass • Natural prairie grass in the US; enriches soil • Less water; less fertilizer; less pesticide • Reduced green house gases • More biodiversity in switchgrass fields (vs. corn) • Dramatically less topsoil loss • High potential for co-production of animal feed 106 Three of Ten Important Sources • Production of corn stover and stalks from other grains (wheats, oats) totals well over 250 million dry tons. A combination of different crop rotations and agricultural practices (e.g. reduced tillage) would appear to have potential for a large fraction of these residues to be removed. For example, although complete removal of corn stover would result in a loss of about 0.26 tons of soil carbon per year, cultivation of perennial crops (e.g. switchgrass, Miscanthus) adds soil carbon at a Stovers: 250m tons substantially higher rate. Thus, a rotation of switchgrass and corn might maintain or even increase soil fertility even with 100% stover removal. This, however, brings up questions about the length of time land might be grown in each crop, since switchgrass would benefit from longer times to distribute the cost of establishment while corn would benefit from short times to maintain productivity and decrease losses due to pests. It is likely that some crop other than switchgrass as it exists today would be best for incorporation into a relatively high frequency rotation with corn. Targets for crop development could be identified and their feasibility evaluated. Winter Crops: 300m tons • Winter cover crops grown on 150 million acres (@2tons/acre) = 300 million tons of cellulosic biomass. • In recent years, U.S. soybean production has averaged about 1.2 tons of dry beans per acre annually. Given an average bean protein mass fraction of about 0.4, the annual protein productivity of soybean production is about 0.5 tons protein per acre. Perennial grass (e.g. switchgrass) could likely achieve comparable protein productivity on land used to grow soybeans while producing lignocellulosic biomass at about a rate of about 7 dry tons per acre annually. The limited data available suggest that the quality of switchgrass protein is comparable to soy protein, Soybeans: 350m tons and technology for protein extraction from leafy plants is rather well-established. The 74 million acres currently planted in soybeans in the U.S. could, in principle, produce the same amount of feed protein we obtain from this land now while also producing over 520 million tons of lignocellulosic biomass. Alternatively, if new soy varieties were developed with increased above- ground biomass (option 4, Table 1), this could provide on the order of 350 million tons of lignocellulosic biomass – although soil carbon implications would have to be addressed. 107 Source: Lee R. Lynd, "Producing Cellulosic Bioenergy Feedstocks from Currnently Managed Lands," Land Is Not Scarce US Acreage U.S. Cropland Unused or Used for Export Crops Total = 2,300M acres In 2015, 78M export acres plus 39M CRP acres could produce 384M gallons of ethanol per day or ~75% of current U.S. gasoline demand 108 Source: Ceres Company Presentation Farmers Are Driven By Economics Per acre economics of dedicated biomass crops vs. traditional row crops Biomass Corn Wheat Grain yield (bushel) N/A 162 46 Grain price ($/bushel) N/A $2 $3 Biomass yield (tons) 15 2 2 Biomass price ($/ton) $20 $20 $20 Total revenue $300 $364 $178 Variable costs $84 $168 $75 Amortized fixed costs $36 $66 $36 Net return $180 $120 $57 109 Source: Ceres Company Presentation Biomass as Reserves: One Exxon every 10 yrs!! 1 acre = 209 barrels of oil* 100M acres = 20.9 billion barrels Proven Reserves (billion barrels) Exxon Mobil 22.20 BP 18.50 Royal Dutch Shell 12.98 Chevron 9.95 Conoco Phillips 7.60 * Assumes 10 yr contract 110 Source: Energy Intelligence (data as of end of 2004);Ceres presentation Tutorial • http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/understanding_biomass.html 111
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