text:
Flame produced vapors for combustion chemical vapor deposition are redirected from the direction of the flame by differential atmospheric pressure, such as positive pressure provided by a blower or negative pressure provided by a vacuum. This allows, for example, lower surface temperatures of substrates being coated with flame-produced vapors and coating of interior surfaces.
1. A method of forming a material, said method comprising:
(a) providing at least one energy source derived from a chemical reaction(s), said at least one energy source being the predominant source of energy for said method;
(b) feeding a precursor material along a first path into a localized environment of the at least one energy source under conditions tat said energy source causes combustion of at least one component of said precursor material to produce combustion products that continue along said first path; and
(c) providing at least one redirecting gas flow source and applying the at least one redirecting gas flow to the first path combustion products, to thereby redirect the combustion products from the first path to a redirected path at an angle relative to said first path, to thereby cause the combustion products to contact a surface and form at least part of the material.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
10. The method of
11. The method of
12. The method of
13. A method of forming a material, said method comprising:
(a) providing at least one energy derived from a chemical reaction(s), said at least one energy source being the predominant source of energy for said method;
(b) providing a liquid precursor material;
(c) feeding a liquid precursor material into a localized environment of the at least one energy source under conditions that said energy source causes combustion of at least one component of said precursor material to produce combustion;
(d) directing the combustion products along a first path; and
(e) providing at least one source of pressure differential and applying the at least one source of pressure differential to the localized environment of the at least one energy source, such that the localized environment is selectively changed to redirect the combustion products from the first path to a redirected path at an angle relative to said first path, to thereby cause the combustion products to contact a surface and form at least part of the material.
14. The method of
15. The method of
16. The method of
17. The method of
18. The method of
19. The method of
20. The method of
21. The method of
22. The method of
23. A method of forming a material, said method comprising:
(a) providing at least one energy source derived from a chemical reaction(s), said at least one energy source being the predominant source of energy for said method;
(b) feeding a precursor material into a localized environment of the at least one energy source under conditions that said energy source causes combustion of at least one component of said precursor material to produce combustion products,;
(c) directing the combustion products along a first path; and
(d) providing at least one source of pressure differential and applying the at least one source of pressure differential to the localized environment of the at least one energy source, such tat the localized environment is selectively changed to redirect the combustion products from the first path to a redirected path at an angle relative to said first path, to thereby cause the gasses combustion products to contact a surface and form at least part of the material in an atmospheric environment.
24. A method of forming a material, said method comprising:
(a) providing at least one energy source derived from a chemical reaction(s), said at least one energy source being the predominant source of energy for said method;
(b) feeding a precursor material within gasses, the gasses including liquid that is at least partially vaporized, into a localized environment of the at least one energy source, to allow the at least one energy source to cause combustion of the precursor material and/or the gasses and thereby produce combustion products;
(c) directing the combustion products along a first path; and
(d) providing at least one source of pressure differential and applying the at least one source of pressure differential to the localized environment of the at least one energy source, such that the localized environment is selectively changed to redirect the combustion products from the first path to a redirected path at an angle relative to said first path, to thereby cause the combustion products to contact a surface and form at least part of the material.
25. The method of
26. A method of forming a material, said method comprising:
(a) providing at least one combustion source derived from a chemical reaction(s), said at least one energy source being the predominant source of energy for said method;
(b) feeding a precursor material into a localized environment of the at least one combustion source, to allow the at least one combustion source to activate the precursor material within gasses and thereby produce combustion products;
(c) directing the combustion products along a first path; and
(d) providing at least one source of pressure differential and applying the at least one source of pressure differential to the localized environment of the at least one combustion source, such that the localized environment is selectively changed to redirect the combustion products from the first path to a redirected path at an angle relative to said first path, to thereby cause the combustion products to contact a surface and form at least part of the material.
27. The method of
28. The method of
29. The method of
30. The method of
31. The method of
32. The method of
(a) the pressurized fluid comprises an additional precursor; and
(b) the combustion source causes the additional precursor to react to create additional combustion products that form at least part of the material.
33. The method of
(a) the pressurized fluid comprises additional material; and
(b) the additional material forms at least part of the formed material.
34. The method of
35. The method of
36. The method of
37. The method of
The United States government has rights in this invention pursuant to Contract No.DASG60-98-C-0084 awarded by the United States Department of Defense, and Contract Nos. DMI-9661724, DMI-9660598 and DMI-9801444 awarded by the National Science Foundation.
This invention relates to systems and methods for employing chemical vapor deposition to form powders and coatings, and more particularly, to systems and methods for controlling the deposition of a material to a substrate surface to form coatings and powders having improved characteristics.
Recently developed chemical vapor deposition processes have been remarkably successful at allowing engineers and scientists to coat delicate substrates and to form coatings and powders having improved performance characteristics for certain applications. The success of methods like CCVD has, in part, increased the interests and desires of engineers to find new techniques and processes that will allow the treating and coating of still other substrates and the development of coatings suitable for new applications.
The chemical vapor deposition processes that have been so successful include the combustion chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) processes described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,652,021; 5,858,465; and 5,863,604, and issued to Hunt et al. These patents, which are hereby incorporated by reference, disclose methods and apparatus for CCVD of films and coatings wherein a reagent and a carrier medium are mixed together to form a reagent mixture. The mixture is then ignited to create a flame or the mixture is fed to a plasma torch. The energy of the flame or torch vaporizes the reagent mixture and heats the substrate as well. These CCVD techniques have enabled a broad range of new applications and provided new types of coatings, with novel compositions and improved properties.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,021,401, which issued on Jun. 4, 1991 to Snyder et al., discloses a process for the fabrication of nickel-oxide insulation on a superconductor. The superconducting wire may be a niobium-tin superconductor. Purified carbonyl is contacted with non-reacted niobium and tin on the surface of the wire, thereby coating the wire with a nickel sub-oxide. Several different superconductors are disclosed as being coated with nickel-oxide to form an insulative outer layer. The thickness of the nickel-oxide coating is between 1.5 to 20 microns, and however, it is noted that this technique may not produce a sufficiently resistive layer for thicknesses below 1.5 microns.
An insulated wire is taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,609, which issued on Feb. 25, 1992 to Sawada et al. The wire has a conductor core, an anodic oxide layer and an oxide insulating layer. The conductor is disclosed as either aluminum-clad copper wire or pure aluminum wire. Dipping the wire into sulfuric acid and then applying a positive voltage to the wire forms the anodic oxide film on the outer surface of the aluminum. The oxide layer is then deposited on the anodic oxide film using the sol-gel method. Typical values for the thickness of the anodic oxide film are given as 10 to 20 microns with the total thickness of the oxide layers being between 20 and 40 microns. While the oxide insulators in this reference provide good electrical insulation and strength, the thicknesses of these oxide coatings are much larger than the thicknesses required for certain applications.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,468,557, which issued on Nov. 21, 1995 to Nishio et al. is drawn to a ceramic insulated electrical conductor wire. The method of making the wire is also discussed. The wire has a conductor core of copper or a copper alloy and a stainless steel layer around the copper core. A chromium oxide film is formed on the stainless steel layer, and a outer ceramic insulator is formed on the chromium oxide layer. To form the stainless steel clad copper wire, the core is inserted lengthwise into a stainless steel pipe, and plastically working the wire to provide the desired size. The stainless steel has sufficient chromium such that when oxidized a chromium oxide film is formed on the outer surface. The outer ceramic insulator is then vapor deposited onto the chromium oxide film. While the chromium oxide film is from 10 nm to about one micron in thickness, the overall thickness of the insulating oxide is about 3-4 microns thick. The chromium film is provided to increase adhesion between the stainless steel and the outer ceramic layer. Thus, the methods described in this reference provide oxide coatings that are several microns thick and the reference fails to describe how such oxide coatings may be employed as an insulator.
In addition to the above described oxide insulators, other materials have been used to produce insulators on electrical conductors. A Japanese lacquer coating for a conductor is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,767,450, which issued on Jun. 16, 1998 to Furuhata. The coated conductor is designed for use in extremely small coils such as those found in electrical watches. While the coatings taught in this reference are indeed thin (as little as 0.1 micron thick), the materials used to deposit these Japanese lacquer coatings tend to break down at raised temperatures. In addition, the production of these coatings is environmental unfriendly.
Another useful application of the deposition methods described in the prior art is to produce various coatings on polymer products. In particular, deposition techniques have been employed to produce barrier layers for polymer-based food and beverage packaging materials. The requirements of these packaging materials (besides delivering the product) include flexibility (or rigidity in some applications) and as a barrier to gas transport (oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, etc.), aroma and flavor. While these polymer containers are somewhat protective, they are not impermeable due to their physical properties and inherent amorphous regions. These regions allow the transport of oxygen and water vapor, resulting in degradation of the food product contained therein. The rate of transport of oxygen and water vapor is dependent on both temperature and the thickness of the polymer packaging. Obviously, the thicker the packaging, the more costly to manufacture. Barrier layers of another material (such as silica) greatly reduce the permeability of the polymers on which they are coated, as well as increasing the scratch resistance or controlling the tribology of the outer surface of the packaging. The prior art methods of producing these barrier layers use vacuums, CVD and other complex or environmentally unsafe practices. Moreover, the adhesion levels between the polymer surface and the barrier layer have been low creating a risk of contamination as material may flake off the package and mix with the food or beverage.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,085,904, which issued on Feb. 4, 1992 to Deak et al. discloses barrier materials useful for packaging. A multi-layer structure is shown including a resin substrate, a layer of SiO vacuum deposited thereon, a layer of SiO2 vacuum deposited on the SiO layer and a protective outer layer of adherent plastic resin. The resin substrate may be a polyester resin or a polyamide resin. The silicon layers are all disclosed as being vacuum deposited and therefore the methods to form these coatings require vacuum equipment and have other disadvantages.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,534, which issued on Nov. 4, 1997 to L�fgren et al. and European Patent Specification EP 0 385 054 B1 published Sep. 5, 1990 both teach a method for the manufacture of laminated packaging material. The laminated material is a good gas and aroma barrier. The barrier layer is applied to the base layer using vacuum deposition, and includes an intermediate layer of bonding material. To aid in the package manufacturing, the barrier layer is omitted from areas that are intended to be folded.
A transparent high barrier multi-layer structure is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,916,685, which issued on Jun. 29, 1999 to Frisk. In one embodiment of the structure, a layer of SiOx is deposited onto a polymer, x being between 1.5 and 2.5. The SiOx may be deposited using a number of different methods, although plasma-enhanced CVD is preferred. The polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyamides, polyethylene terephthalate, copolymers of polyethylene terephthalate and mixtures thereof. A clay mineral is integrated into the polymer. As with other prior art laminates, these products are produced using methods that have inherent disadvantages, including contamination due to poor adhesion and bonding.
None of the above references and patents, taken either singly or in combination, is seen to describe the instant invention as claimed.
The present invention is directed to methods of coating and powder materials processing, including chemical vapor deposition (CVD), wherein the activating energy source and/or the active deposition gasses produced thereby are redirected and redistributed, to control the material properties, decrease the gas temperature or increase the substrate area coated by the deposition material. In addition, by directing the deposition gasses, vapor clusters and particles in a direction different than the heat produced by the energy source, it is possible to control the substrate temperatures to allow deposition to occur without damaging the substrate. In CVD, an energy source (thermal, electromagnetic, flame, plasma, etc.) provides the necessary energy for the coating precursors to react and thereby form the material used to coat a substrate. The energy source is directed toward the substrate, to heat at least a portion of the substrate so that the precursors may become activated such that deposition occurs. By redirecting the activated materials, the method of the present invention goes beyond conventional chemical deposition by allowing a more efficient distribution of the deposition species in the gasses. At the same time, the precursors are allowed to attain the appropriate temperatures for forming the coating compositions, while avoiding overheating and damaging the substrate itself. Furthermore, the redirected gasses are more thoroughly mixed, and therefore provide a more homogeneous coating and heat distribution on the substrate. This is particularly useful in the production of the barrier or electrochemical coatings on polymers, as well as protective or insulating coatings for metal foil and electromechanical windings.
When used to redirect the combustion source in a CCVD process, the present invention provides the same advantages over other thin-film technologies (such as CVD) as does conventional CCVD. One advantage of CCVD is its ability to deposit films in the open atmosphere without any costly furnace, vacuum, or reaction chamber. As a result, the initial system capitalization requirement can be reduced up to 90% compared to a vacuum-based system. Instead of a specialized environment, which is required by other technologies, a combustion flame provides the necessary environment for the deposition of elemental constituents from solution, vapor, or gas sources. The precursors are generally dissolved in a solvent that also acts as the combustible fuel. Depositions can be performed under conditions of atmospheric pressure and temperature, such as within an exhaust hood, outdoors, or within a chamber for control of the surrounding gasses or pressure.
Because CCVD generally uses solutions, a significant advantage of this technology is that it allows rapid and simple changes in dopants and stoichiometries which eases deposition of complex films. The CCVD technique generally uses inexpensive, soluble precursors. The Nanomiser™ as described in co-pending U.S. patent applications Ser. No. 08/691,853, filed Aug. 2, 1996, (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,997,956), and U.S. patent applications Ser. Nos. 09/293,867, 09/293,028 and 09/293,030, all filed Apr. 16, 1999 as divisionals of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/691,853, breaks the liquid into micron or even sub-micron sized droplets. These patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference. In addition, precursor vapor pressures generally do not play a role in CCVD because the dissolution process provides the energy for the creation of the necessary ionic constituents. By adjusting solution concentrations and constituents, a wide range of stoichiometries can be deposited quickly and easily. Additionally, the CCVD process allows both chemical composition and physical structure of the deposited film to be tailored to the requirements of the specific application.
Unlike conventional CVD, the CCVD process is not confined to an expensive, inflexible, low-pressure reaction chamber. Therefore, the deposition flame, or bank of flames, can be moved across the substrate to easily coat large and/or complex surface areas. Because the CCVD process is not limited to specialized environments, the user can continuously feed materials into the coating area without disruption, thereby permitting batch processing. Moreover, the user can limit deposition to specific areas of a substrate by simply controlling the dwell time of the flame(s) on those areas. Finally, the CCVD technology generally uses halogen-free chemical precursors having reduced negative environmental impact.
The present invention has all of the above described advantages of conventional CCVD, and additionally provides for greater and more even distribution of the deposition gasses, while allowing the use of CVD, CCVD or any other chemical deposition process to coat substrates that would be otherwise oxidized, melted, cracked or damaged by the direct heat from the hot gasses or the energy source. In a first embodiment, a secondary stream (jet) of gasses that may contain liquids or solids is directed toward the active deposition gasses emerging from the energy source to cause the coating constituents to be carried to the substrate without actually pointing the precursor gas source directly at the substrate. This secondary stream may be compressed air, oxygen, nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, helium or other gasses, or combination of gasses or may contain droplets of a liquid and/or solids comprised of part or all of a second precursor solution or materials that will also be incorporated into the powders or deposited coating. When the jet includes constituents that form the coating, these constituents are to be directed at the combustion source such that they reach the temperatures for forming the coating. As the combustion source usually creates a material flow of its own, the combination of the jet and the combustion source forms a resulting flow of somewhat cooler deposition gasses that are directed at the portion of the substrate where deposition is desired. This "aiming" is a simple process that once set up, does not need to be re-aimed unless deposition parameters (flow rates, precursor density, etc.) change.
When the material expelled by the redirect jet does not require energy to form part of the powders or coating, or is not used to form the powders or coatings, the jet does not need to be oriented directly toward the energy source, but can be directed slightly above, below or to the side of the energy source. This results in a pressure differential that bends the energized gasses without directly cooling the energy source itself. In most cases it is not desired to limit the temperatures that can be attained within the energy source. By adjusting the flow rates and the velocity of both the redirect jet and the primary flow into the energy source, the temperature within the flame remains high enough to form the coating from the precursor solution, while still reducing the temperature the substrate is heated to by the precursor activation energy zone. In addition, the interaction of the air/gas jet and the energy source, (which often has a vector of its own, such as a flame) results in vigorous mixing of the hot deposition gasses thereby decreasing the temperature and concentration gradients, and directing the deposition materials to the desired portion of the substrate. After reaction of the precursor, the resulting species (deposition materials) will usually have a very low vapor pressure, which results in a supersaturated vapor that will rapidly condense. The secondary gas stream acts to dilute the deposition gasses, which decreases the rate of gas phase cluster growth, and accelerates the active vapor clusters to the substrate surface, which decreases the time for cluster growth. It is important for many types of coatings to maintain the deposition species as vapor (sub-critical nucleus sized clusters) until reaching the substrate so that absorption and some surface diffusion can occur. Exact temperature control provides control of diffusion. In some cases (i.e. catalysts) it may be desired to have very little diffusion to obtain the best material properties. To minimize such interfacial diffusion/reaction, the present invention reduces the diffusion/reaction rate by using a redirect source to thereby maintain a low substrate temperature. An air/gas jet is used to quickly cool down a CCVD flame and direct coating constituents to the substrate surface. The resulting coating is hence deposited at much lower temperatures. The film is maintained at the same quality as those deposited at high temperatures because the high-speed gas jet shortens the travel distance of the coating constituents to the substrate. The shorter travel distance and the diluted deposition vapor stream prevent coating constituents from coarsening or agglomerating. Therefore, the film deposited using the gas jet-assisted CCVD remains dense rather than powdery or grainy, a condition that can occur with low CCVD deposition temperatures. Furthermore, a high velocity jet can help break up the gas boundary layer thereby increasing the deposition rate and providing a more uniform coating thickness on substrates including unusual shapes and rough surfaces.
It is important to note that the activated deposition materials can range in state. These species can be stable gasses, vapors below their saturation point, vapors above their saturation point as molecules or growing clusters and even stable particles (powders). For each material, the process provides for the formation of material through chemical change within an energized environment, and then rapidly changes the environment through secondary gas flows which may contain deposition nuclei and/or additional deposition (or powder forming) materials. This change in the energized (or local) environment can include diluting the powder or deposition material or cooling the powder or deposition material as it leaves the energized zone. The dilution of the material by adding additional material via the redirect jet can be by 10%, 30%, 60%, 100% or even greater. The percentage cooling of the material is measured with respect to the difference between the energy source and the substrate. For example, if the energy source yields gasses and materials at about 700� C. and the substrate temperature is about 100� C., and the redirect cools the material to 400� C., then the percentage of cooling would be 300� C./600� C. or 50%. This cooling can be 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% or greater, but would not under normal conditions be greater than 100% for coating applications. The energized or localized environment is of course dependent upon the actual power delivered by the energy source. For most applications this zone extends out to 2-20 cm from the energy source. The resulting material formed from the process can be collected as powders or may be used to form a coating. The chemically changed material could even be all particles (not vapor) and collected, sintered onto a substrate or co-deposited with an interstitial or matrix material.
Another method of redirecting the energized gasses is through the use of a vacuum source. The energized gasses are directed in a first direction at an angle relative to the substrate. A vacuum source is placed at a point such that the flame, plasma or heat of the energy source bends toward the substrate. As with the previous embodiments, the result is an energy or combustion source that is hot enough to form the active species coating that does not directly overheat the substrate. An additional advantage of using a vacuum source, is the fact that additional oxidizing materials (such as air or oxygen) are not added to the combustion source. This is useful when materials that are sensitive to the presence of oxygen are used. It should further be noted that in addition to multiple vacuum or pressurized jet sources, multiple CCVD nozzles or energy/material sources may be used to increase the rate of deposition. As the CCVD process does not require a vacuum chamber, in CCVD embodiments, the multiple jets, vacuums and CCVD nozzles are easily adjusted to produce the desired resultant deposition gas direction.
As previously stated one particular use of the deposition methods of the present invention is to form thin film, insulative oxide coatings on conductors. These conductors can be used in electromagnetic components in the form of a wire, (such as transformers, coils, motors, solenoids, relays, etc.) wherein a conductor or wire is wrapped or otherwise configured in closely packed stacks or windings. In these components, the thickness of the insulation that isolates each layer or winding from adjacent layers or windings has a substantial impact on the efficiency of the device. This is due to the fact that the cross sectional area occupied by the insulated portion of the windings does not carry electrical current, and therefore does not produce magnetic flux. By reducing the thickness of the insulative coating, the magnetic flux and field strength produced by an actuator of a given size is increased. For relatively large diameter wire, the reduction of the thickness of the insulator has a minor effect. In devices using small diameter conductors, however, the thickness of the insulator has a large impact on the efficiency of the device. As electronic components are being produced smaller and smaller, the need for higher efficiency miniature electromagnetic devices continues to increase. The thin film insulative coatings of the present invention provide extremely thin insulation, while also providing the electrical resistance between adjacent windings and other components.
Oxide insulators are also useful in cable applications as well. Increased conductor cross sections relative to the overall cable cross section allow higher currents in the same conduit space. An oxide coating can be provided to reduce the total insulator thickness, while increasing the overall breakdown voltage. An outer coating of a thinner, polymer-containing coating may be placed on top of the oxide coating to protect the oxide from abrasion as well as adding additional dielectric material.
One type of coated wire of the present invention is amorphous silica on copper. These materials are relatively inexpensive and have been used to produce low cost insulated wiring in the past. The methods described herein, however, produce insulated copper wiring with extremely thin (less than 0.5 micron) insulation having high electrical breakdown voltages (over 400 V). Of course, it should be understood that in low-voltage applications (such as many electromagnetic devices), usable breakdown voltages may be much lower (5-75 V). It is notable, however, that even very thin (less than 50 nm) continuous coatings made using the methods of the present invention will have breakdown voltages of at least 5 V. To form these coatings, the wire is wound on a supply reel (as is common in wire manufacturing). The wire is routed in the vicinity of the energy source of a CVD coating apparatus, and then to a take-up reel. In this manner, the wire can be continuously coated with a relatively simple coating apparatus. As the surface of the copper will oxidize if too high of a temperature is reached, the combustion source is redirected to reduce heat transfer to the copper.
A second type of coated wire disclosed herein involves wires having a core of low temperature superconducting material surrounded by a sleeve of copper or bronze. As with solid copper wires, these composite wires can be provided with thin film, oxide insulation using the redirect CCVD methods described herein.
In addition to coated wires, the redirect CCVD methods disclosed herein are also useful for forming planar passives (resistors and capacitors) on conductive substrates. As with other materials, the redirect methods allow oxide coatings to be formed on pure conductive materials (such as copper), while reducing the oxidation of the conductive substrate that can decrease the interaction between the passive component and the conductive interconnects. A more detailed description of the passive deposition techniques is described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/069,679 filed Apr. 29, 1998, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/198,285 filed Nov. 23, 1998 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/198,954 filed Nov. 24, 1998, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Other material that the redirect methods disclosed herein are useful for depositing include electronic resistive materials as taught in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/069,427 filed Apr. 29, 1998 and entitled RESISTORS FOR ELECTRONIC PACKAGING. In the formation of these resistive materials a wide range of precursors can be used as gas, vapor or solutions.
It is preferred to use the lowest cost precursor, which still yields the desired morphology. Suitable chemical precursors, not meant to be limiting, for depositing various metals or metalloids are as follows:
The deposition methods of the present invention are also suitable for forming barrier layers on polymer-based, food product containers. Polymer containers for food have been used for many years, as they are less expensive and lighter than their glass and/or metal counterparts. In addition, polymer containers can be flexible and are less breakable than glass. Some of the polymers used to form these containers include polyesters, polyamides and polyolefins. One disadvantage of low cost, polymer-based containers, is their inability to provide a sufficient barrier to the transmission of oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor and other gaseous media. To reduce this transmission, the internal and/or external surfaces of the containers are coated with a barrier layer of metallic oxide. These barrier layers can be difficult to form on the polymers' surface, requiring vacuum chambers, adhesives or other costly, slow and environmentally unsafe batch methods. Conventional CVD methods, as previously disclosed in the above-mentioned U.S. Patents, are unsuitable for forming these coatings as the direct heat can damage the polymers being coated. The disclosed redirect CVD methods, however, provide the heat for the activation of the precursors, while avoiding over heating of the polymer surface.
Materials that can be used to form the barrier layers include but are not limited to inorganic metal oxides such as silica, magnesia, zinc oxide, zirconia, titania, chromia, and ceria. Silica (SiO2) is preferred as a low-cost material that exhibits a high degree of impermeability. The silica coatings of the present invention are not only relatively inexpensive to produce, but can have additional surface texturing to provide a highly adhesive surface (particularly relative to polymers) for printed subject matter, as is almost always applied to the outer surface of food containers.
In addition to the methods and materials described above, the use of the CCVD method also provides for easily modifying the surface of the polymers to increase the adhesion between the polymer and the metal oxide barrier layer. One method for modifying the polymer surface is by incorporating oxygen ions (O2 −) into the polymer surface, thereby increasing the strength of the bond between the oxygen and the polymer molecules. This is particularly easy using the CCVD methods of the present invention, as oxygen is already supplied to the combustion source to form the metal oxide coatings. By simply providing some ionized oxygen or oxygen containing radicals, the adhesion between the oxide and the polymer can be greatly enhanced. In this manner, the adhesion is increased at the same time the deposition is made, without the need for an addition process or apparatus.
Another method of modifying the surface of the polymer is by doping the silica with platinum, alkaline earth metals (Group IIA) such as magnesium, calcium, strontium, or barium, or alkali metals (Group IA) such as sodium or potassium. When used to coat polyacids, polyamides or polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or platinum bonds to the carbon-oxygen double bond in the polymer. The atoms of the dopant thereby act as a bridge, adhesion promoter, between the polymer and the silica layers of the laminate. As with the ionized oxygen, the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or platinum are easily co-deposited using the deposition methods disclosed herein. This is accomplished by simply dissolving the metal into the silica precursor solution. Alternatively, a very thin coating, ranging in thickness between a partial layer to tens of angstroms thick, of the adhesion promoter is first applied, followed by a better diffusion inhibitor. These thin layers can also be used to increase or decrease the bonding of inks, glues and other desired additional processing or end use properties.
The gas barrier properties of a barrier coating may be enhanced by providing alternating layers of different composition. For example, layers of an alkaline earth metal oxide or mixture of alkaline earth metal oxide may be alternated with layers entirely of silica. The different crystalline structures of the several layers creates a tortuous pathway for gases to flow through any porosity. The inner layer is typically the alkaline earth metal oxide-containing layer as this adheres better to the polymer than does the pure silica. The relative molar ratio of the alkaline earth metal oxide to silica in these layers ranges from 100% down to 5 to 95. A preferred multi-layer structure comprises alternating layers of MgO/silica, 75:25 molar ratio, with silica layers. In such multi-layer structures, the individual layers range in thickness from about 2 to about 150 nanometers. The number of layers in such a structure may range from 2 upward, 10 layers being a practical upper limit.
There is evidence that when the inner sublayer of a barrier coating comprises silica plus an alkaline earth metal, a mixed silicon/alkaline earth metal oxide forms. For example it is believed that in a silica/MgO layer, some magnesium silicate forms. Such mixed oxides are believed further to bond with carbonyl groups of carbonyl group-containing polymers, such as polyethyleneterephthalate, polycarbonate, or polyamide, thereby enhancing adhesion.
If an inorganic barrier coating is used to coat a polymeric material, such as a polyethyleneterephthalate bottle, increased stability of the barrier coating, e.g., against cracking, may be achieved by providing an outer layer of polymer between about 20 and about 1500 nanometers thick. Polyesters that may be dissolved in a solvent, such as polyethylene terephthalate, may be applied as a lacquer over the coating and dried. Polysiloxane may be produced as an outer layer by depositing a solution of polysiloxane precursors and applying thermal energy to evaporate solvent and cure the precursors.
In the formation of many laminates, including some of the various applications discussed above, the laminate may include an organic substrate upon which a surface layer is deposited for providing wear and/or corrosion resistance. These surface layers may be formed of at least one material chosen from the exemplary group consisting of but not limited to silica, chromia, ZnO, alumina, titania, magnesia, copper, nickel, gold, WC and TiN. In between these layers, a laminate-interface layer may be deposited for increasing the adhesion between these two layers. The laminate-interface layer may comprise at least one material chosen from the group consisting of Pt, Pd, CuO, Cu2O and carbon or silicon based polymers. As with the previous discussed materials, these layers are effectively deposited using the redirect methods of the present invention.
The redirect can also be used to control the cluster or particle size of electrochemical materials and nanopowders where high surface areas are often desired. Without sufficient redirect with its dilution and cooling effects, the deposition species would form larger vapor clusters or form dense coatings. It is less energy intensive to expose less material to the high energy zone, but at a higher precursor concentration undesirable materials may be formed. Thus the secondary stream, can also save manufacturing costs, while better controlling the coating surface morphology, or in forming powders the particle size can be more accurately controlled.
The redirect can even further be used, for example, to form the structures disclosed in the previously discussed, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/316,855 entitled MATERIALS AND PROCESSES FOR PROVIDING FUEL CELLS AND ACTIVE MEMBRANES. The materials disclosed in this application (such as a catalyst, platinum and Nafion�, a polymeric membrane), can be easily co-deposited using the redirect methods of the present invention. While the catalyst material such as platinum, may be in a precursor solution that requires a relatively high energy source temperature to form the deposition material, the polymeric material may degrade at these temperatures. To this end, the platinum precursor may be fed directly into the energy source (such as a CCVD flame, for example), while the Nafion� solution is sprayed into the deposition gasses in the form of a redirect jet. The result is an intimately mixed deposition of these materials without degradation of the more sensitive materials. Moreover, platinum densities can be achieved that are three times that produced by currently used methods at similar platinum particulate size. For example, with 2 nanometer platinum particulate size, 60 wt % platinum loading is achievable as compared to 20% achievable with other current methods.
As previously discussed, the disclosed methods are also useful in the production of powders as well as coatings. In order to form these powders, some type of powder collection mechanism may be employed. Any type of these mechanisms may be used, including but not limited to filters, bubblers, scraped surfaces (such as rotating drums) and trap zones. It is considered well within the skill level of the average worker in the art of powder manufacturing to design a collection mechanism for the production of powders, and follow from principles known in the art, including those set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,277,705 issued on Jan. 11, 1994 to Anderson et al. and hereby incorporated by reference.
Accordingly, it is a first object of the invention to provide a redirected chemical deposition method for producing a coating on a substrate, to more evenly distribute the coating material and the heat from the energy source over a surface of the substrate.
It is a second object of the invention to provide a redirected chemical deposition method for producing a coating on a substrate, to reduce the amount of heat transferred to the substrate to reduce the possibility of the heat from the energy source damaging the substrate.
It is another object of the invention to redirect the energy source or hot gasses produced thereby in a chemical deposition method using a jet of liquid or gaseous material directed at the material resulting from exposure to some of the energy source.
It is a further object of the invention to redirect the energy source in a chemical deposition method using a jet of liquid or gaseous material directed near the energy source, to thereby produce a local differential pressure zone.
It is yet another object of the invention to redirect the energy source in a chemical deposition method using a vacuum source.
It is yet a further object of the invention to uniformly premix gasses in a chemical deposition method and increase the substrate area contacted by these gasses.
It is still another object of the invention to provide insulative, thin film, oxide coatings on electrical conductors.
It is another object of the invention to increase the efficiency of electromagnetic devices by reducing the thickness of the insulators on the windings of these devices, while providing the required insulation between adjacent windings and other components.
It is still yet another object of the invention to provide barrier layers of metal oxide coatings on polymer-based, food product containers.
It is yet an additional object of the invention to provide thin film layers for increased adhesion or to modify surface wetting.
These and other objects of the present invention will become readily apparent upon further review of the following specification and drawings.
The present invention may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of certain illustrated embodiments of the invention and the Figures. The embodiments described herein include systems and methods for performing a chemical deposition method wherein the activated source and/or the hot gasses produced thereby are redirected during the deposition process. For example, in one aspect, the invention provides systems for redirecting or "vectoring" the reactive species and/or the hot deposition gasses generated during a deposition process. This redirect may be accomplished by providing a jet of air, gas or liquid, (or a combination thereof) that is directed toward or near the energy environment, or by a vacuum source placed close to the energy environment. Redirecting the deposition gasses is understood to allow for more uniform distribution of the coating material over the substrate surface, thereby increasing deposition efficiency and improving film thickness uniformity. In addition, by redirecting the activated source, lower substrate temperatures can be used during the deposition process, thereby reducing oxidation or other degradation of the substrate material itself.
One particular application of the present invention is the use of gas flow redirection with combustion chemical vapor deposition (CCVD). As with conventional CCVD processes, the present deposition method provides many advantages over other deposition techniques when used with CCVD. Thus, the method of the present invention makes it possible to use the advantages of CCVD to produce powders or coatings on substrates that might otherwise be damaged by the temperature of the combustion source required for the CCVD process. The coatings and coated substrates, such as oxide insulative coatings on conductive substrates and metal oxide coatings for polymer food and beverage containers may be made using the methods described herein. Of course, it should be understood that this method can be used with any chemical deposition process, and the terms flame, combustion, vapor, and activation, heat or energy source or zone, are used interchangeably in the context of this patent application and should not be construed as limiting.
Turning now to
In the depicted embodiment of
As previously discussed, the redirect methods of the present invention are also useful with CVD or non-vapor chemical deposition processes that do not use a combustion or other concentrated energy source. With this in mind, nozzle 15 can be considered to be the output from a bubbler or other deposition gas source used in a CVD apparatus. The gasses emanating from nozzle 15 can be redirected using any of the above methods to direct, mix, spread out, cool or dilute the CVD deposition gasses or achieve any combination of these without the use of combustion or energy source 10.
As noted above, the apparatus and method of the present invention provide for low-temperature coating of polymers. Certain coatings, particularly oxide coatings, can be used to impart scratch-resistance to polymers. An important specific use of the present invention is the application of a very thin silica layer to polycarbonate to impart scratch-resistance to the polycarbonate such that the coated polycarbonate can be used for window applications, particularly automotive, rail, and aviation side windows. Polycarbonate is a transparent material having 90% light transmission and therefore has been used for non-breakable windows. A recognized problem with polycarbonate, however, is its tendency to scratch. It is desirable to impart sufficient scratch-resistance to polycarbonate so as to meet industry requirements for automotive, rail, and aviation side windows. To this end, the coated material should have a Taber abrasion of <10% Δ haze (ASTM D-1044), preferably <6% Δ haze, and most preferably <2% Δhaze. It is known to coat polycarbonate with silica to impart scratch-resistance to the polycarbonate, but such prior-art coatings have had to be in excess of 2000 nanometers in order to achieve the requisite scratch-resistance.
An important aspect of the present invention is that silica can be deposited on polycarbonate to a thickness of between about 100 nm and about 1800 nm, preferably between about 1000 and about 1500 nm and meet the Taber abrasion standard of <10% Δ haze, preferably <6% Δ haze , and most preferably <2% Δ haze. Polycarbonate is heat-sensitive and must be coated at surface temperatures of about 150� C. or below. The method and apparatus of the present invention facilitate such low temperature deposition of silica onto polycarbonate. While polycarbonate and silica are a particularly preferred combination for providing non-breakable windows, other polymers can be coated with thin layers of silica or other oxides to provide similar abrasion-resistance.
An important advantage of apparatus which redirects the flow of reaction gases is the ability to coat interior surfaces. As noted above, oxides coatings may be desirably applied to polymeric beverage containers, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to provide oxygen and carbon dioxide barrier properties. While such coatings may be applied to the outside of the container, it may be even more advantageous to coat the inside surface of bottles. Interior coatings, such as silica, not only enhance the gas barrier properties of the container but also provide a barrier against chemical migration. For flexibility, a polymeric container may contain plasticizers that over time might diffuse into the beverage and impart a "plastic" taste to the beverage. Furthermore, concerns have been raised about the safety of certain plasticizers, such as phthalate plasticizers.
Illustrated in
A flame can actually be used inside a polymeric bottle 130 as shown in
Another important interior coating application for re-direct apparatus is in coating the interior of tubes, e.g., with silica or another oxide, to provide corrosion resistance. Shown in
Illustrated in
Other types of mechanical deflectors may also be used. Shown in
Illustrated in
Illustrated in
To describe certain examples of the systems, methods and materials of the invention, the following examples are provided, simply shown here as exemplary, as the redirect methods of the present invention are usable with any chemical deposition process. Once having read and understood the examples shown below, one of ordinary skill in the art should be able to apply these principles to other chemical deposition methods, and such applications are deemed to fall within the scope of the invention.
In this example, a Pt coating was formed on a polyimide substrate. A reagent solution was formed by first dissolving 2.7 g Pt-cod in 278 ml toluene. The resulting solution was then mixed with 136 g of propane. This solution was delivered to the CCVD nozzle at a rate of 3.00 ml/min., using oxygen as the carrier gas. The CCVD apparatus was a distance of 12.7 cm from the polyimide substrate, with a deposition gas temperature of 180 degrees C. just at the substrate. The redirect apparatus of
The redirected chemical deposition methods have also been employed for producing membrane electrode assemblies, such as those disclosed in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/316,855 filed May 21, 1999 and entitled "MATERIALS AND PROCESSES FOR PROVIDING FUEL CELLS AND ACTIVE MEMBRANES." These membrane electrode assemblies include a co-deposited layer of Nafion�, graphite and platinum on each of their major surfaces. Although platinum is the most common catalyst, other materials such as iridium, rhodium, osmium and ruthenium may also be used. As these co-deposited materials have different deposition temperature requirements, the redirect methods of the present invention are particularly suited for producing these membranes.
In this example, a Pt coating was formed on a NF 112 NAFION� (a hydrated sulfur containing polymeric membrane produced by the DuPont� Company) substrate. A reagent solution was formed by first dissolving 2.7 g Pt-cod in 278 ml toluene. The resulting solution was then mixed with 136 g of propane. This solution was delivered to the CCVD nozzle at a rate of 3.00 ml/min., using oxygen as the carrier gas. The CCVD apparatus was a distance of 12.7 cm from the NAFION� substrate, with a deposition gas temperature of 180 degrees C., just at the substrate. The redirect apparatus of
In this example, Pt and NAFION� were co-deposited on a Cu substrate. A reagent solution was formed by first dissolving 2.7 g Pt-cod in 278 ml toluene. The resulting solution was then mixed with 136 g of propane. This solution was delivered to the CCVD nozzle at a rate of 3.00 ml/min., using oxygen as the carrier gas. The CCVD apparatus was a distance of 12.7 cm from the copper substrate, with a deposition gas temperature of 180 degrees C., just at the center of the substrate surface. The temperature was also measured toward the edge of the substrate at 150 degrees C. The redirect apparatus of
One particularly useful application of the disclosed methods is for producing insulative coverings for electrical conductors or superconductors. These conductors may be planer or in the form of wires and more specifically for windings of electromagnetic devices. In electromagnetic devices, including motors, solenoids, transducers, transformers, inductors, etc., the efficiency of the device is, in part, a function of the number of windings per cross section. More specifically, the efficiency is based on the copper cross sectional area. By decreasing the thickness of the insulation (while still providing the required electrical breakdown insulation), the number of windings per cross sectional area can be increased, and/or the overall conductive cross sectional area is increased. Oxide insulators that are relatively thin (as thin as 1.5 microns) have been here-before made with sufficient breakdown voltages for use in electromagnetic devices. The present invention goes a step further by providing ultra thin oxide conductors (less than one micron thick) with breakdown voltages comparable with insulators of this type that have greater thicknesses.
In this example, SiO2 was deposited on a 24# Cu wire substrate using a jet-assisted redirect CCVD apparatus having two CCVD nozzles and redirect jets as shown in
In this example, SiO2 was deposited on a biaxially-oriented polypropylene (BOPP/Milkboard) substrate, using a jet-assisted redirect CCVD apparatus having a single CCVD nozzles and two air jets (one predominately for redirect and one predominately for cooling the substrate). A reagent solution was formed by first dissolving 26.4 g of TEOS in 50.5 g of toluene. The resulting solution was then mixed with 200 g of propane. This solution was delivered to the CCVD nozzle at a rate of 3.00 ml/min., using oxygen as the carrier gas. One redirect air jet tube was 8.0 cm from the base of the CCVD flame and one was located 14.5 cm from the base of the CCVD flame. The flame was parallel to the substrate and 11 cm spaced therefrom, with both redirect jets positioned perpendicular to the flame and substrate. The redirect CCVD apparatus was moved in a rastering pattern across the substrate over a 15 minute deposition period. The resulting laminate had an oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of 64 cc/m2xday. For comparison, the non-coated BOPP had an OTR of 2350 cc/m2xday.
In this example, Pt doped SiO2 was deposited on a LDPE coated paper substrate, using a jet-assisted redirect CCVD apparatus having a single CCVD nozzles and a single redirect air jet. A reagent solution was formed by first dissolving 0.86 g Pt-cod, 4.26 g of TEOS in 74 g of toluene. The resulting solution was then mixed with 105 g of propane. This solution was delivered to the CCVD nozzle at a rate of 3.00 ml/min., using oxygen as the carrier gas. The redirect air jet tube was 8.0 cm from the base of the CCVD flame and 7.5 cm from the substrate. The flame was parallel to the substrate and 7.5 cm spaced therefrom, with the redirect jet positioned perpendicular to the flame and substrate. The redirect CCVD apparatus was moved in a rastering pattern across the substrate over a 60 minute deposition period. The resulting laminate had an OTR of 841 cc/m2xday. For comparison, the non-coated LDPE paper had an OTR of 6800 cc/m2xday.
In this example, Mg doped SiO2 was deposited on a PET soda bottle substrate, using a jet-assisted redirect CCVD apparatus having a single CCVD nozzles and a single redirect air jet. A reagent solution was formed by first dissolving 14.08 g of TEOS and 30 g of Mg-naphthenate in 22.12 g of toluene. The resulting solution was then mixed with 110 g of propane. This solution was delivered to the CCVD nozzle at a rate of 8.00 ml/min., using oxygen as the carrier gas. The redirect air jet tube was 8.0 cm from the base of the CCVD flame and 7.0 cm from the substrate. The flame was parallel to the surface of the substrate and 7.0 cm spaced therefrom, with the redirect jet positioned perpendicular to the flame and substrate surface. The redirect CCVD apparatus was moved up and down at 254 cm/min, while the bottle was rotated such that the scan rate across its surface was 25.4 cm/min. The coated bottle had a 1.4/1.0 improvement in its OTR.
In this example, Si was deposited on Borosilicate, float, and Sungate 300 glass using a jet redirect CCVD apparatus having a single linear flame nozzle and a single redirect air jet producing a local low pressure zone affecting the flame, similar to jet 17 in
A precursor solution was prepared containing 158.4 g tetraethoxysilane (1.5 wt % in toluene), 82.4 g. toluene, and 1040 g. propane. CCVD deposition conditions are as per the table below.
An electronmicrograph of the silica coating on polycarbonate is shown in
It is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an" and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
Throughout this application, where publications are referenced, the disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains.
It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications or variations could be made to the present invention without departing from the scope of the invention. Other embodiments of the invention would be apparent to those skilled in the art from review of the specification disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification be considered as exemplary only, with the true scope of the invention being indicated by the following claims.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
Original Image


text:
to page content
to site navigation
July 6, 2015
Log in to your F.N.B. Account
The ACH (Automated Clearing House) function of ExecuBanc™ is designed to provide your company with a quick and efficient method of transmitting electronic credit and debit ACH transactions.
Need Help?Call 866-750-5298
View the latest security updates and FAQs.
This web site and all of its contents are ©2015 FNB-Online.com. All Rights Reserved.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
June 25, 2010
Mizzou's Jace Long defeated Patrick Harrell, 7&5, to advance to the quarterfinal round of the 2010 Missouri State Amateur Championship at Twin Oakes Country Club in Springfield, Mo.
Long will face Matt Miller of Eldon in the quarterfinals on Saturday morning with the winner advancing to the semifinal round later on Saturday.
In his match against Harrell, Long won five-straight holes starting at the second hole. He clinched the match with a birdie on the 13th hole to close out Harrell.
Fellow Tiger William Harrold dropped his Friday match to Kevin Dring of Springfield in 19 holes.
More Headlines
Mizzou Golf Leads Hootie at Bulls Bay
Mizzou Golf sits atop the Hootie at Bulls Bay leaderboard after posting an 11-under-par 277...
Tigers Take Third at Middleburg Bank...
Mizzou Men's Golf earned its fifth top-three finish of the season after posting a score of 25-ove...
Mizzou Golf in Fourth at Middleburg Bank...
After one round of play at the Middleburg Bank Intercollegiate, Mizzou Golf sits in fourth after ...
Mizzou Golf Earns Third Season Victory
With the final round of the Bandon Dunes Championship cancelled due to weather, Mizzou Golf...
Mizzou Shares Lead at Bandon Dunes
Despite weather delays hindering play at the Bandon Dunes Championship, Mizzou Golf fought hard...
Mizzou Looks to Defend Title at Bandon Dunes...
Mizzou Golf is tied for third with Duke after the first round of the Bandon Dunes Championship...
Mizzou Golf Takes Sixth in Spring Opener
Mizzou Golf took sixth at the Loyola Golf Invite sponsored by the Neville Kovacs Group with a...
Mizzou Golf Remains in Contention at Loyola...
With a 36-hole total of 6-over-par 582, Mizzou Golf is tied for second with Gonzaga heading into ...
Online Stores
Official StoreOfficial Online
AUCTIONSOfficial Mobile APP
Top Videos
- Schedules


text:
Maple Crunch Oatmeal
Ward off winter's chill with Maple Crunch Oatmeal with a candied fruit and nut topping.
Total Time:
Level: Moderate
Serves: 4
Advertisement - Continue Reading Below
- 0.25 c. whole almonds
- 0.33 c. walnuts
- 2 tbsp. salted sunflower seeds
- 0.50 tsp. ground cinnamon
- 0.25 tsp. ground nutmeg
- 1 tbsp. unsalted butter
- 0.25 c. maple syrup
- 2 tbsp. maple syrup
- 3 c. cooked oatmeal
- 1 c. milk
- 0.50 c. dried cranberries
- Heat oven to 375°F. Line a baking pan with parchment paper. Combine the nuts, sunflower seeds, cinnamon, nutmeg, butter, and 2 tablespoons maple syrup in a medium bowl, and spread in a single layer on the prepared pan. Stirring every 5 minutes to evenly coat, bake until mixture is fragrant and toasted — about 12 minutes. Remove from oven and cool. Stir the cranberries and the remaining 1/4 cup maple syrup into the oatmeal. To serve, pour 1/4 cup milk over each serving and top with the maple-glazed nuts.
Tips & Techniques
From: Country Living
What do you think?
18 Slider Recipes So Good You'll Want One of Each
Pair these mini burgers with a flight of beers and you are SET.
7 Dixie-Cup Popsicles You Cannot Fail at Making
No fancy molds or kitchen gadgets necessary.
Make It A Star!
11 star-shaped things, from pizza to Pop-Tarts. Because are you American or not?
More From Meals & Cooking


text:
Chicago Theatre Actor Sara Sevigny Lands Leading Role in New FOX Pilot THE GABRIELS
Chicago theater actor Sara Sevigny has been cast as a series regular on FOX's new pilot, The Gabriels. Sevigny plays Bonnie. Tim Meadows (SNL, Mean Girls) will play her husband, Tom Klabunde. Rob Riggle (21 Jump Street, The Hangover) and Angela Kinsey (The Office) will play their next-door neighbors and title characters, The Gabriels.
"It's a dream come true to work with such a wonderful cast on this hilarious show," says Sevigny.
The pilot was written by Andrew Gurland (The Last Exorcism) and Jason Winer (Modern Family). Winer, who directed the pilot episode of Modern Family, is set to direct this pilot as well. The Gabriels is also produced by Justin Hurwitz (The League), David Dobkin (Jack the Giant Slayer), Peter Principato and Paul Young of Principato-Young Entertainment.
Represented by Gray Talent Group in Chicago, Sevigny is currently a cast member of "I Love Lucy: Live On Stage" at the Broadway Play House.
She is a 2007 Equity Jeff Award winner for her role as Sara Jane Moore in Porchlight Music Theatre's production of Stephen Sondheim's "Assassins". Sevigny's previous theatre work includes Chicago Children's Theatre, FOX Valley Rep, Caffeine Theatre, Chicago Opera Vanguard, Griffin, TimeLine, Strawdog, Backstage Theatre, Lifeline, Stage Left, Hypocrites and Defiant.
Born in Evanston, Sara graduated with her BA degree in Theatre/Communications from Curry College. She also is a graduate of Second City's conservatory.
Sevigny is also the Marketing Director and ensemble member of The Factory Theatre, a storefront theater in Chicago.
SOURCE Gray Talent Group, Inc.
|Related Links
|TOTAL DIVAS Returns to E! Tomorrow
July 06, 2015
|ABC's CELEBRITY FAMILY FEUD Remains Sunday's Most-Watched Series
July 06, 2015
|Scoop: BROOKLYN NINE-NINE on FOX - Tonight, December 24, 2014
by TV Scoop - December 24, 2014
About Author
- Casting Roundup: Sarah Chalke, Kim Raver Headline New Pilots
- ADVENTURE TIME Headed to the Big Screen?
- Pilot Season Roundup: Colm Feore, Daniel Stern, Dave Annable to Star in New Shows
- James Franco to Star in New Fox Comedy, WHY HIM?
- Christopher Meloni to Star in WGN America's Slave Drama UNDERGROUND
- Check Out Alex Dunphy's Full College Essay from Latest MODERN FAMILY Episode
- Photo Flash: HBO Reveals Key Art for GAME OF THRONES Season 5
- Syfy to Honor Leonard Nimoy with Special Programming This Sunday
- Grammy Winner Kelly Clarkson Exclusively Premieres New Music from New Album on MTV, VH1 & CMT First
- CONSTELLATIONS' Jake Gyllenhaal and Ruth Wilson Set for THEATER TALK This Weekend


text:
UHS Website
Learn More About
University High School is a co-educational public high school in Ferndale, MI with a rigorous college prep curriculum. UHS is for students committed to success in high school and beyond. Enrollment is open to residents of Oakland, Macomb and Wayne County.
College Success is goal #1 for UHS students. University High School operates a partnership with Wayne State University, and UHS juniors and seniors may earn college credits at WSU through dual enrollment. Admission to WSU is guaranteed to qualified UHS graduates.
UHS Online Learning Portal
UHS Website
UHS Calendar
FPS Calendar
UHS Lab Scheduler


text:
Cozumel Tours
Regional Food/Cooking
Learning Spanish
Cozumel Reef Map
Vacation Planning
Islamar Villas
Car Rentals
Excursions - Moderate Active
Excursions - Easy Relaxed
Cozumel Island History
Cozumel Spanish Learning Educational Classes
For visitors seeking to enrich their experience in Mexico, Spanish Learning Sessions offer customized language classes ranging from just the basics to advanced conversation and grammar. Let our trained staff of teachers help you experience the fun of easy learning and immerse yourself in island culture. Our program includes a relaxed and informal classroom sessions and opportunities for you to begin exercising your conversation skills and get an INSIDER'S look at the real Cozumel.
Our teachers are drawn from two pools of credentialed instructors. Some are Candadian/USA citizens with University degrees in Spanish while others are native speakers, educated to degree level and qualified to teach. Many of the instructors speak and teach 3 to 4 different languages. They draw on their skills and experience to select the most appropriate approach for each student.
Activity Specifics
Cozumel Spanish Learning Educational Classes
Cozumel Insider
Total Time:
Approximately 2 hours
1 Person Private Class US$ 30/hour
2 Persons US$ 25/hour per person
3 - 8 Persons US$ 20/hour per person
Two hour minimum instruction per person is required
Other "Stuff" You Might Find Interesting!
PalMar's SMALL Snorkel Beach Club
Cozumel Butterfly Sanctuary Tour & PalMar Beach Club
Cozumel Spanish Learning & Accommodations Packages
Personal Experiences
Submit Feedback
Sherri...thank you again so very much for your fantastic website and for your excellent stories on life in Cozumel. We fellow Texans that are not fortunate enough to actually live there are able to do it through you and we are all extremely grateful...and incredibly envious! Having been an airline employee until retirement I have been lucky to have been down island over 20 times and it NEVER gets old. I thought I knew all about Cozumel, but was delighted to learn of new things and places through you and your website. Your current posting of how you came to Cozumel was so cool. You really need to work on that book! Congrats on this milestone, and continued luck and success in all you do. See you in September for our annual trip down for my birthday and Mexican Independence Day.
M. Goodwin ~ Dallas, Texas
Less than an hour ago, I booked a dolphin swim package through your website. You have already confirmed my order with exactly what we wanted! I was really in a panic because when I tried to book directly through the Dolphin website, they said there was nothing available. I had read great things about your company on the on one of the popular message boards. I have to agree they are true! Thanks so much for your prompt service! I know this experience will be a great memory for my kids!
L. Walker ~ Crosby, TX
Just wanted to thank COZUMELINSIDER for getting us booked for our activities while we were in Cozumel. The dolphin swim was fantastic! I'd do it again in a minute. We didn't get to do the SNUBA diving ..... we ended up doing the Helmet dive instead for the same price. We plan on visiting Cozumel again possibly next year and will be contacting you to book some excursions prior to our vacation. We saved a significant amount of money booking the excursions through COZUMELINSIDER instead of the cruise line. Thanks again!
S.Forgette and G Wichtowski ~ Not Given
Thank you so much for all your help! We took you tour to Chitchen-Itza in june. We were the couple that missed the tour because we did not get the wake up call. Because you went the extra mile with us (by finding us a tour operator that would honor our voucher the next day) I am extremely greatful. it certainly made our vacation. I will DEFINITELY recommend your website COZUMELINSIDER to anybody who will listen. thanks again!
F. Escobar ~ not given
My husband and I lived in Cozumel for just over 6 months and completly LOVED it! We spent most of our time on the other side of the Island where it is just a completely different world. I highly recommend Cozumel to anyone travelling to the Mayan Riviera. I know so many people who go to Cancun, but have never been to Cozumel even though it is only about 40 minutes away! Take advantage of this beautiful Island!!!
A. McIntosh ~ Toronto, Canada
Copyright © 2000-2014 Sherri Davis, All Rights Reserved. All website content is the property of Cozumel Insider unless otherwise attributed and cannot be used, displayed or reproduced without express written permission from Cozumel Insider. Contributors retain the copyright to their work where applicable; please do not take art or words without permission. Other graphics and reference materials are used and attributed as per the Fair Use Provision of The Copyright Act and individual terms of use.
Contact Sherri Davis
Set a Meeting
Send a Message
Contact Form
Meeting Scheduler


text:
Apffel to vie for county commissioner post
Former Justice of the Peace Darrell Apffel announced his bid Wednesday for Galveston County Commissioner, Precinct 1.
Former Justice of the Peace Darrell Apffel announced his bid Wednesday for Galveston County Commissioner, Precinct 1.
FRIENDSWOOD — Investigators are looking for help in identifying three men police believe burglarized vehicles on Cedar Ridge Trail.
After losing a combined 416 games in the previous four seasons, the Houston Astros have been one of the most surprising MLB teams in some time this season.
League City's Melody Duong grabbed runner-up honors at the Woodlands Junior Clay Court Championships in The Woodlands.
In response to the editorial by TJ Aulds ("Open communication is key to establishing trust," The Daily News, June 20): One of man's greatest assets is the ability to communicate. When communication breaks down we are in trouble.
For the last decade, the Rotary Club of Galveston has published a tabloid in the Galveston County Daily News each year to spotlight the club's community service, projects, programs and to recognize its members and sponsors.
CRYSTAL BEACH — Every tide brings a new adventure for the hundreds of people who roam the shoreline near Crystal Beach every day in search of treasure.
Margaret Jo Curtis and Anthony Wayne Cann, both of Galveston, were united in marriage at 6 p.m. on June 27, 2015 at St. Joseph's Church in Galveston. Music was provided by The Houston Strings during the ceremony and during cocktail hour at the reception.
ANCHORAGE, Alaska (AP) — About a third of the world's polar bears could be in imminent danger from greenhouse gas emissions in as soon as a decade, a U.S. government report shows.
LOS ANGELES (AP) — The son of a co-creator of the "Barney and Friends" TV show has been sentenced to 15 years in prison for shooting his Malibu neighbor.
Or, use your facebook account:
You must be a subscribed user to comment on this story.
This is turning out to be an excellent series. I am not "overwhelmed" by the numbers of police or firefighters in Galveston. As the series is showing, it is quite a complicated matter getting the resources aligned.
I am interested in the ratio of one of the statistics from the story on June 29th, and that is the ratio of "Police Reports take in 2013" (Reports) to "Arrests made in 2013" (Arrests). Logic tells me that you would have a report every time that you have an arrest. The time and effort for those reports where arrests are involved though must be quite a bit higher than a report without an arrest.
What I would like to see clarified though is the apparently high ration of the Arrests in Galveston compared to the Arrests in League City and Friendswood Combined. As indicated the data is as follows:
2013 Reports/Arrests –
Galveston- 8646/7281
League City and Friendswood Combined- 7435/4913
Stated simply, in Galveston 84% of the reports involved arrests while on 66% of the reports in League City and Friendswood combined. This make me wonder what it is about the data which causes the number of arrests in Galveston appear to be so high related to reports. Another thing which makes me question the info is that, according to the data presented, 100% of the reports in Friendswood involved an arrest, which must be some kind of anomaly.
Appreciate the author and the GPD for the overall series – it should help tax payers understand the costs involved in the public safety section of the budget.
It's reasonable to hire officers from somewhere like Waxahachie or Nacogdoches for
It's reasonable to hire officers from somewhere like Waxahachie or Nacogdoches for traffic control or crowd control during events like Mardi Gras. The Galveston police department currently does this.
HOWEVER, out-of-town officers may not be familiar with the street system (as regular as it is), or the local bad actors or trouble spots.
The article rightly points out that the actions of part-time officers may open the city to federal civil-rights lawsuits that can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars to defend, even if the city prevails.
- Jim
Galveston's is unlike most Texas cities. Especially during weekends, the population doubles on the weekends and during events. these extra folks are tourist. They aren't coming to galveston to sing in the church choir. These Houston area citizens come to party.. They bring in the moneybut not without cost. They are filling the restauraunts and bars creating jobs and additional tax revenue.
That business is what we want, but face the fact's, with the tourist boom comes some folks with alcohol and drug problems. Galveston needs to wake up and manage the situation. We need more Police officer's and EMT's. Pinching those tourist pennies at the cost of public safety..is the best way to run the tourist off. No one takes their family into a unsafe vacation spot. Galveston risks becoming a ghost town without adeqate police, fire and ambulance services. Since Porretto has been Chief the Galveston Police dept has been stable. The Chief apparently knows what he is doing. I say, give him the positions he ask for. I prefer the call for service measurement method myself. That is factual and based on Galveston's needs. Waxahachie, Temple or other Texas city comparisons are like comparing apples to oranges. Those cities do not have a Gulf beach and are not cities fed with tourist every weekend from a 4 million population just 45 minutes away.
I don't understand the comment that GPD is "stretched thin" they "don't do traffic enforcement"; they just "run from call to call". There were two motorcycle officers stopped in the middle lane of Seawall this summer on a Saturday no less monitoring inspection stickers and license tags. Wouldn't that be considered traffic enforcement? If indeed officers are only investigating "major crimes" then this information is inconsistent with what is actually occurring and appears inconsistent with the justification for the addition of officers. I am a strong proponent of law enforcement and giving them the resources they need, but I am struggling with these particular comments to reinforce the need for additional officers.
Do League City and Friendswood have large short term influxes of drunk and/or doped up people...weekly?
Trying to run a first responder organization by comparing spreadsheets is not a good thing.
Another consideration, is something that the place where I worked struggled with re-learning, several times, for the nearly 4 decades I know of. Staffing is not, ideally, something you do for best case scenario, or even average case. It's something you do for worst case scenario, and if you don't, you find out the hard way when the worst case happens how much difference the additional hands would have made.
Once the kitchen is on fire, It's too late to go buy the fire extinguisher you saved money by not getting...
First responder protection costs a lot of money.
Not having it when sorely needed costs a lot more.
You see a couple of Policemen not actively engaged in chasing down a criminal.
Isn't that the idea - get to the point where there's less criem, because you have more policing?
When that happens, though, just like when thigns were running well at the plant, first thing somebody wants to do is cut staffing - again.
And, the cycle starts all over...
I think Porretto has done a great job on communicating this issue to the public in approach to justifying hiring. While some industries can go part time help - I would think its hard to manage effectively and probably even harder to manage reserves. If any law enforcement leader has grown and is most visible in this county - it's been Porrretto. You never hear about the Sheriff's office being part of a solution anymore.
And by the way on any given weekend during most of the year, Galveston has about 100 k in population - easily visible. League city does not have that type of volume. They also have more families in the population with same economic conditions of a certain segment.
Seeing two traffic cops on a motorcycle writing non moving violation tickets is unfair assumption to make without knowing all the facts. It's the same assumption that I could make by seeing two - three sheriff's vehicles parked at a restaurant at the same time. Or the TC police setting speed traps on any morning but ignoring the buffoons drunk driving home of the beach on any given afternoon during the week.
Thinking outside the box! Yes sir, that's the key to potentializing our actualizations, changing the paradigm, expanding our synchronicities, and taking it to the next level all right. We can find our passion and live our passion!! We need a new Mission Statement to be on the cutting edge.
Out-of-town temps for police officers, hired part time, are still a bit costly. Let's just deputize pizza delivery drivers and florist drivers. We can really save some money then.
Or, why not even use inmates from the county jail! If they can pick up trash by the side of the road, they should do just fine as temporary policemen, how hard can it be?
And, just like out of town peace officers, they won't belong to the local police union. A special bonus (or maybe driving factor) in GDN approval of the plan.
I especially like the wisdom of planning around seasonal needs. Once we import the denizens of the public housing condos, every day will be Christmas!!!
"Penny wise, pound foolish" is an old saying and one i feel applies here. As for any input Beeton may have, it was clear at a city council meeting when she was on council, she didn't trust, nor did she want Porretto as Chief. Might add that Beeton's views were proven wrong. Under Porretto's leadership - complaints have dropped significantly and we've seen a transition to a professional police force, one that has added a number of innovative and unique programs including: encouraging citizen participation (Citizen's Police Academy), collection outstanding fines from municipal court fines (up) and the "Protect with Respect" program. This budget "increase" is no more that bringing the budget back to pre-Ike levels with and increasing population and growing tourism. If we are to hold our police department accountable, we should listen and value their insight and input, unless we wish to feed other law enforcement agencies with quality officers, have a less effective/professional police department, and experience again - all the bad stuff that comes along with it (diminished quality of service and increased crime).
We're always interested in hearing about news in our community. Let us know what's going on!
8522 Teichman Road, Galveston, Texas 77554
7800 Emmett F. Lowry Expy., Texas City, Texas 77591
Main: 409-683-5200 | News: 409-683-5239
Circulation: 409-683-5260 | Classifieds: 409-683-5301
© Copyright 2015 Galveston Newspapers, Inc. Terms
Or, use your facebook account:


text:
6 Cool Coloring Books For Guys — That's Right, Coloring Books
We don't judge, so if you want to pick yourself up an adult coloring book, go for it. And why not? You deserve to pamper yourself by showing the world you're capable of coloring within the lines. However, we're thinking they make better gifts for specific people. Also: 9 Things For Back To The Future Fans… Read more »


text:
Game 79 l Detroit Red Wings @ Philadelphia Flyers l 12:30 p.m. on NBC
View Single Post
Registered User
Join Date: May 2007
Location: Spokane
Posts: 12,259
vCash: 500
Originally Posted by
Last 2 games looked really bad to me, like playoff games from 06 or 03. Other team clogs up the ice and punches the Wings in the mouth repeatedly, and the Wings can't get anything going. The fact that they almost won anyway speaks to how lousy Philly is, especially Boucher.
That's gonna be the blueprint, no question about it. The Wings are going to be at the mercy of the refs for a lot of this in the playoffs, because if you're getting interfered with, punched and elbowed in the face, and slashed hard on the wrists every shift, and the refs are swallowing the whistles, well, just about any team in that spot is going to lose and that includes this one.
Posted my thoughts on Ozzie in the Ozzie Sucks thread, so there's no need to cross-post here.
Team looked like a bunch of Florence Nightengales out there for way too much of this one. Might want to think about covering the slot - even Arron Asham can score if you give him a tap-in from 5 feet out with nobody within 20 feet of him.
Datsyuk, Helm, and Cleary were the only guys that should feel even remotely good about their performances after this one. It's going to take a lot more than that to get out of the 1st round. Better get it in gear.
If Ozzie makes that first save, the game looks different.
That's the problem with the Wings, they'll play tight hockey for 19 minutes a period and then blow coverage or let a guy sneak in back door or not clear the puck and they give goals away. I'm not saying people shouldn't be allowed mistakes or that the goalie shouldn't be asked to bail out his teammates, but we need to tighten up in our own zone.
I don't think this was a horrible loss for the Wings. I liked their effort considering the physical play and the lack of whistles. I didn't like a few moments when our D lapsed, though.
View Public Profile
SoupGuru's albums
Find More Posts by SoupGuru


text:
WASHINGTON— Arizona Sheriff Joe Arpaio's lawsuit against Obama administration immigration policies met a chilly reception Monday at a federal appeals court, which appeared unlikely to revive the case. Read More »
May 4, 2015
WASHINGTON— Arizona Sheriff Joe Arpaio's lawsuit against Obama administration immigration policies met a chilly reception Monday at a federal appeals court, which appeared unlikely to revive the case. Read More »
Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker on Friday elaborated on his comment that American workers need protection from legal as well as illegal immigration, saying that he wants to ensure that rules for legal immigration make sense for the economy. Read More »
Scott Walker won plaudits from David Koch at a New York fundraiser this week, but the Wisconsin governor now finds himself at odds with the leader of Mr. Koch's Hispanic outreach organization. Read More »
South Carolina Sen. Lindsey Graham sat down with The Wall Street Journal after addressing Republican activists Saturday in Nashua, N.H., and assessed his 2016 prospects and the debates over immigration policy and national security. Mr. Graham is currently "testing the waters," which, in the parlance of the Federal Election Commission, means he is accepting donations of as much as $2,700-per-person to be used if he decides to run for president. Unlike many rivals who tend to stick to their talking points, the senator is becoming known for his unscripted and candid remarks on the campaign trail. Read More »
Immigration has disappeared from the agenda in Washington, but on the presidential campaign trail, it is very much alive, with candidates in both parties mindful of the growing importance of the Hispanic voting bloc. Read More »
This is the Friday afternoon newsletter from The Wall Street Journal's Washington bureau, providing a rundown of the biggest news stories of the day and exclusive features from the week on politics, policy, financial regulation, defense and more.
SIGN UP: Capital Journal Daybreak, straight to your inbox http://on.wsj.com/CapitalJournalSignup Read More »
The Republican Party must nearly double its share of the non-white vote to win the White House in 2016, an adviser to likely candidate Marco Rubio said Tuesday.
At a breakfast hosted by the Christian Science Monitor, longtime GOP pollster Whit Ayres said victory in the general election would require the party's nominee to win 30% of the non-white vote compared to the 17% Mitt Romney won in 2012. Read More »
The author of new biography of former President George H.W. Bush isn't very keen on Jeb running to continue the family's White House dynasty. Read More »
Republicans have controlled Congress for a little more than two months now, but a top White House official says GOP lawmakers so far have failed to put any "points on the board" and that the president is driving the debate in Washington.
As House and Senate Republicans prepare to lay out their budget priorities this week, senior White House adviser Brian Deese offered a blunt assessment of the political landscape, saying that the majority party in Congress has simply been reacting to President Barack Obama's proposals rather than advancing its own. Read More »
Jeb Bush said he would be open to allowing illegal immigrants a path to citizenship and said his position on immigration is "the grown-up plan."
The former Florida governor, a vocal supporter of granting legal status to some undocumented immigrants as part of a broader immigration overhaul, offered a robust defense of his immigration policy during a discussion with local business leaders here. Read More »
Washington Wire is one of the oldest standing features in American journalism. Since the Wire launched on Sept. 20, 1940, the Journal has offered readers an informal look at the capital. Now online, the Wire provides a succession of glimpses at what's happening behind hot stories and warnings of what to watch for in the days ahead. The Wire is led by Reid J. Epstein, with contributions from the rest of the bureau. Washington Wire now also includes Think Tank, our home for outside analysis from policy and political thinkers.
Sign up for Capital Journal Daybreak
Content engaging our readers now, with additional prominence accorded if the story is rapidly gaining attention. Our WSJ algorithm comprises 30% page views, 20% Facebook, 20% Twitter, 20% email shares and 10% comments.


text:
The Top 10 In Action Sports
01Brick By Brick: Camping Lego Style
02Booze and Bikes: 14 Tours That Let Combine Two of the Best Things in the World
03Who Needs Hollywood? These Incredible Videos Were All Filmed on the Simplest Cameras
04Sam Pilgrim vs. The World: The Champion Aiming To Reclaim His Crown In A New Era Of Biking
05Eccentric Adventures Episode 2: Britain's Most Brutal Illegal Event is All About Cheese
06A Journey Into Darkness: We Went Mountain Biking in the Abandoned Mines of Slovenia
07After the Apocalypse: Inside The World's Most Breathtaking Ghost Towns
08Debate: Let's Stop Hating On Parents Who Want To Raise Adventurous Kids
09Guns, Roses, And Eating Insects: Adventure Cycling in Vietnam
10From Intense Trails to Intensive Care: Dicing with Death In a Mountain Biking Paradise
Boujmaa – King of Pain!
A Windsurfing video by boards - 10,951 views
Check out this tribute to Boujmaa Guilloul, injured after a triple-forward loop attempt at Ho'okipa, by Reflex Films Australia: "If you want to get on the dancefloor you've got to pay the entry fee. Living the dream as a pro wavesailor - travel the world - go windsurfing lots - sound easy? Well it is - if you got the cahones to pay your dues: Get well soon mate!"
What Do You Think?
Get the best of Mpora straight to your inbox


text:
VIEWS: 6 PAGES: 1 CATEGORY: Other POSTED ON: 6/18/2010 Public Domain
Wyoming Secretary of State State Capitol Building, Room 110 200 West 24th Street Cheyenne, WY 82002-0020 For Office Use Only Ph. 307.777.7311 Fax 307.777.5339 Email: email@example.com Statement of Resignation of Registered Agent 1. This change affects every entity that I represent. OR This change affects only the entities on the attached list. 2. I, , hereby resign my agency appointment as the registered agent for the entities listed on the attached list. 3. I hereby certify that notice of my resignation was sent on to an officer or controlling (Date – mm/dd/yyyy) member of the business entities to its last known address thirty (30) days prior to the filing of this statement with the Wyoming Secretary of State. 4. The resignation is effective immediately upon filing of this statement with the Wyoming Secretary of State. 5. If the registered office address is currently on file as the mailing and/or principal office address, a separate notice must be provided to change the mailing and/or principal office address to the last known address. Date: Signature: __________________________________________ (mm/dd/yyyy) (Shall be executed by the registered agent.) Print Name: Title: Contact Person: Daytime Phone Number: Email: Checklist No Filing Fee Please submit one originally signed document and one exact photocopy of the filing. Please review form prior to submitting to the Secretary of State to ensure all areas have been completed to avoid a delay in the processing of your documents. RAResignation – 3/10/2009
Pages to are hidden for
"Statement of Resignation of Registered Agent"Please download to view full document


text:
What is Music Together®?
Experience Matters
We are the premier early childhood music program with over 16 years of singing
Call 720-440-2775 today to set up a free demo and find out why Music Together is the best option for nurturing your child's musical growth.
Find us on Facebook!
Summer Semester Registration
3 weeks:
8 weeks:


text:
Farmers Markets Grow in the Triangle
The Triangle offers a large selection of locally grown fresh foods in its farmers markets.
Triangle Offers Low-Cost or Free Outdoor Summer Concert Series
Keep the kids entertained this summer with free or low-cost live outdoor concerts throughout the Triangle area.
Triangle Summer Movie Deals for Families
Enjoy free or discounted films this summer that both you and your kids can have fun watching.
- Farmers Markets Grow in the Triangle
- Triangle Offers Low-Cost or Free Outdoor Summer Concert Series
- Triangle Summer Movie Deals for Families
- The Best Budget-Friendly Baby Gear Buys
- Tips for Creating a Family Will
- Flexible, Lucrative Jobs, Allowance Apps & More
- Think You Could be a Mompreneur?
- Consignment Sales and Stores in the Triangle
- 2014 Family Favorites: Shopping and Services
- Harris Teeter Launches Education Giveaway
- Raising Financially Savvy Kids
- Getting the Most From Gift Cards
- Mom-Founded Consignment Venture Celebrates With Sale in Cary
- Tax-Free Weekend Offers Back-to-School Savings
- Pump It Up Deal to Support Autism Speaks
- This Week Features Superheroes, Baseball Ticket Deals, Fireworks!
- Cool Fun: Summer Deals for Movies, Bowling and Ice Skating
- Polar Ice House Offers Summer BOGO Deal!
- Stroller Strides Offers Moms Free Week of Workouts
- Polar Ice House to Offer Free Skating, Food and Games
- Attractions, Deals to Keep Kids Summer Boredom At Bay
- Weekend Family Fun: Free Concerts, Second Saturdays Events, Nature & Craft Activities
- 2012 Best Places to Shop
- Ready to Pay More to Sit Next to Your Kids on a Plane?
- Survey: Parents Struggling to Find Trusted Babysitters


text:
Articles tagged reagan gomez-preston
22 Sep 2005 // 1:00 AM
Like Sex and the City, Love, Inc. features a quartet of single women in the Big Apple, each with her own issue.READ more
//Mixed media
Colette Carr "Static" (video) (Premiere) // Music
House of Blondes "First of July" (audio) (premiere) // Music
Digisaurus 'No More Room For Love' (EP stream) // Music
Eszter Balint 'Airless Midnight' (album stream) (premiere) // Music
//Pm Picks
PopMatters is on a short summer publishing break. We resume Monday, July 6th.
// Announcements
"PopMatters is on a short summer publishing break. We resume Monday, July 6th.READ the article


text:
Thanks for redeeming.{{else}}
Success! Thanks for repurchasing.{{/if}} {{else}} {{#if Expired}}
Increase my visibility!{{else}} {{#if IsMultiPack}}
{{#if HasMultiPack}} You have {{MultiPackCount}} top spot(s) left. Now loading you into the search listings... {{else}} You have used all top spots. Now loading you into the search listings... {{/if}}{{else}}
We are loading you into the search listing pages...{{/if}} {{/if}} {{/if}} {{/if}}
{{Current}} just saw you!{{/if}} {{#if LastTopSpotPurchaseIsMulti }} {{#if HasAnyTopSpot}}
{{#if HasFreeTopSpot }} {{ UnclaimedTopSpotFree }} Free {{/if}} {{#if HasPaidTopSpot }} {{#if HasFreeTopSpot }} & {{/if}} {{ MultiPackCount }} {{/if}} Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{else}}
0 Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{/if}} {{else}} {{#if HasFreeTopSpot }}
{{ UnclaimedTopSpotFree }} Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{/if}} {{/if}} {{else}} {{#if HasResults}}
{{Current}} see you now!{{else}} {{/if}} {{/if}}
You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
39 year old man | Clinton, MD, USA | Seeking women 27-40 within 50 miles
Have fun
I am a outgoing person who enjoys going to a game or two. I am very honest and respectful and drama free. I am looking for a real woman someone who is not scared to be their true self. I like to laugh, travel, and just plain hang out. I am looking for a female that enjoys the same things. I am a very hardworking man and don't mind taking time out to enjoy life. If you want to know any more about me don't hesitate asking.
Cooking , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Playing cards , Playing sports , Political interests
Baseball, Basketball, Bowling, Football, Golf, Swimming
I exercise 1-2 times per week.
I go to sport venues, lounges and go out to eat.
I like to go to the movies. I like to go to basketball and football games. I like going out to eat.
I like to travel, go to the movies, dinner, go to a lounge, hang with family and friends, I love spending time with my kids. I enjoy sports both watching and attending.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|5'9" (175cms)
|3'0" (91cms) to 8'11" (271cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|About average
|No preference
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|I'll tell you later
|Administrative / Secretarial, Artistic / Creative / Performance, Executive / Management, Financial / Accounting / Real Estate, Labor / Construction, Legal, Medical / Dental / Veterinary / Fitness, Political / Govt / Civil Service / Military, Retail / Food services, Sales / Marketing, Self-Employed / Entrepreneur, Student, Education / Teacher / Professor, Technical / Science / Computers / Engineering, Travel / Hospitality / Transportation, Other profession, Nonprofit / Volunteer / Activist, Law enforcement / Security / Military, Fashion / Model / Beauty, Architecture / Interior design
|I'll tell you later
|Less Than $25,000, $25,001 to $35,000, $35,001 to $50,000, $50,001 to $75,000, $75,001 to $100,000, $100,001 to $150,000, $150,001+
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Currently Separated, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home (2)
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home
|Wants kids:
|Not sure
|Not sure
|Black / African descent
|Asian, Black / African descent, East Indian, Latino / Hispanic, Middle Eastern, Native American, Pacific Islander, White / Caucasian, Other
|Christian / Catholic
|Agnostic, Atheist, Buddhist / Taoist, Christian / Catholic, Christian / LDS, Christian / Protestant, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim / Islam, Spiritual but not religious, Christian / Other
|Some college
|Some college


text:
From inside the book
1 page matching "golden typewriter" in this book
Where's the rest of this book?
Results 1-1 of 1
What people are saying - Write a review
We haven't found any reviews in the usual places.
Common terms and phrases
actor anecdote asked became Ben Jonson Boswell British Byron called Charles Churchill Coleridge critic death Dickens died Disraeli Dryden Eliot Elizabeth England English epitaph Ezra Pound famous father George Bernard Shaw George Gordon Byron Henry Irish Jerrold John Aubrey John Dryden Johnson Joyce King Lady Lamb later letter literary lived London Lord manuscript married Milton never night novel novelist once Oscar Wilde Oxford play playwright poem poet laureate poet's poetry Pope published Queen remarked replied Richard Brinsley Sheridan Rossetti Samuel Samuel Johnson Samuel Taylor Coleridge Shakespeare Shelley Sheridan Sir Walter story Swift T.S. Eliot tell Tennyson Thomas Sheridan thought told V V James V V John V V Sir V V Thomas V V V V V William verse vvvvvvvvv wife Wilde woman words writing written wrote young
References to this book
The Years Work in English Studies, Volume 71
Gordon Campbell,Deborah L. Madsen
No preview available - 1993


text:
High Commission of the Republic of Maldives to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Minister Dunya briefs State Minister Hugo Swire
25 June 2015, Malé; In a telephone conversation this afternoon, Foreign Minister Dunya Maumoon has briefed The Rt. Hon. Hugo Swire, Minister of State at the Foreign & Commonwealth Office…Read more
The Maldives reiterates its strong commitment to the UPR Process
The Maldives reiterated its commitment to the Universal Periodic Review…Read more
Joint Press Conference: Minister of Foreign Affairs and Omnia Strategy LLP
Ms. Dunya Maumoon, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Maldives and…Read more
Press Release: Response to Recent Comments on Developments in the Maldives
In response to a number of statements that have emerged…Read more
Foreign Minister meets with the Amnesty International Delegation
Male', 24 June 2015 Minister of Foreign Affairs H E…Read more