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Chapter 17. Learning and Memory
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By NICK BILTON Ebola sounds like the stuff of nightmares. Bird flu and SARS also send shivers down my spine. But I'll tell you what scares me most: artificial intelligence. The first three, with enough resources, humans can stop. The last, which humans are creating, could soon become unstoppable. Before we get into what could possibly go wrong, let me first explain what artificial intelligence is. Actually, skip that. I'll let someone else explain it: Grab an iPhone and ask Siri about the weather or stocks. Or tell her "I'm drunk." Her answers are artificially intelligent. Right now these artificially intelligent machines are pretty cute and innocent, but as they are given more power in society, these machines may not take long to spiral out of control. In the beginning, the glitches will be small but eventful. Maybe a rogue computer momentarily derails the stock market, causing billions in damage. Or a driverless car freezes on the highway because a software update goes awry. But the upheavals can escalate quickly and become scarier and even cataclysmic. Imagine how a medical robot, originally programmed to rid cancer, could conclude that the best way to obliterate cancer is to exterminate humans who are genetically prone to the disease. Nick Bostrom, author of the book "Superintelligence," lays out a number of petrifying doomsday settings. One envisions self-replicating nanobots, which are microscopic robots designed to make copies of themselves. In a positive situation, these bots could fight diseases in the human body or eat radioactive material on the planet. But, Mr. Bostrom says, a "person of malicious intent in possession of this technology might cause the extinction of intelligent life on Earth." © 2014 The New York Times Company
Keyword: Robotics; Intelligence
Link ID: 20283 - Posted: 11.06.2014
By James Gallagher Health editor, BBC News website Working antisocial hours can prematurely age the brain and dull intellectual ability, scientists warn. Their study, in the journal Occupational and Environmental Medicine, suggested a decade of shifts aged the brain by more than six years. There was some recovery after people stopped working antisocial shifts, but it took five years to return to normal. Experts say the findings could be important in dementia, as many patients have disrupted sleep. The body's internal clock is designed for us to be active in the day and asleep at night. The damaging effects on the body of working against the body clock, from breast cancer to obesity, are well known. Now a team at the University of Swansea and the University of Toulouse has shown an impact on the mind as well. Three thousand people in France performed tests of memory, speed of thought and wider cognitive ability. The brain naturally declines as we age, but the researchers said working antisocial shifts accelerated the process. Those with more than 10 years of shift work under their belts had the same results as someone six and a half years older. The good news is that when people in the study quit shift work, their brains did recover. Even if it took five years. Dr Philip Tucker, part of the research team in Swansea, told the BBC: "It was quite a substantial decline in brain function, it is likely that when people trying to undertake complex cognitive tasks then they might make more mistakes and slip-ups, maybe one in 100 makes a mistake with a very large consequence, but it's hard to say how big a difference it would make in day-to-day life." BBC © 2014
Keyword: Biological Rhythms; Sleep
Link ID: 20281 - Posted: 11.05.2014
By RICHARD A. FRIEDMAN ATTENTION deficit hyperactivity disorder is now the most prevalent psychiatric illness of young people in America, affecting 11 percent of them at some point between the ages of 4 and 17. The rates of both diagnosis and treatment have increased so much in the past decade that you may wonder whether something that affects so many people can really be a disease. And for a good reason. Recent neuroscience research shows that people with A.D.H.D. are actually hard-wired for novelty-seeking — a trait that had, until relatively recently, a distinct evolutionary advantage. Compared with the rest of us, they have sluggish and underfed brain reward circuits, so much of everyday life feels routine and understimulating. To compensate, they are drawn to new and exciting experiences and get famously impatient and restless with the regimented structure that characterizes our modern world. In short, people with A.D.H.D. may not have a disease, so much as a set of behavioral traits that don't match the expectations of our contemporary culture. From the standpoint of teachers, parents and the world at large, the problem with people with A.D.H.D. looks like a lack of focus and attention and impulsive behavior. But if you have the "illness," the real problem is that, to your brain, the world that you live in essentially feels not very interesting. One of my patients, a young woman in her early 20s, is prototypical. "I've been on Adderall for years to help me focus," she told me at our first meeting. Before taking Adderall, she found sitting in lectures unendurable and would lose her concentration within minutes. Like many people with A.D.H.D., she hankered for exciting and varied experiences and also resorted to alcohol to relieve boredom. But when something was new and stimulating, she had laserlike focus. I knew that she loved painting and asked her how long she could maintain her interest in her art. "No problem. I can paint for hours at a stretch." Rewards like sex, money, drugs and novel situations all cause the release of dopamine in the reward circuit of the brain, a region buried deep beneath the cortex. Aside from generating a sense of pleasure, this dopamine signal tells your brain something like, "Pay attention, this is an important experience that is worth remembering." © 2014 The New York Times Company
Keyword: ADHD; Learning & Memory
Link ID: 20272 - Posted: 11.03.2014
Maanvi Singh How does a sunset work? We love to look at one, but Jolanda Blackwell wanted her eighth-graders to really think about it, to wonder and question. So Blackwell, who teaches science at Oliver Wendell Holmes Junior High in Davis, Calif., had her students watch a video of a sunset on YouTube as part of a physics lesson on motion. "I asked them: 'So what's moving? And why?' " Blackwell says. The students had a lot of ideas. Some thought the sun was moving; others, of course, knew that a sunset is the result of the Earth spinning around on its axis. Once she got the discussion going, the questions came rapid-fire. "My biggest challenge usually is trying to keep them patient," she says. "They just have so many burning questions." Students asking questions and then exploring the answers. That's something any good teacher lives for. And at the heart of it all is curiosity. Blackwell, like many others teachers, understands that when kids are curious, they're much more likely to stay engaged. But why? What, exactly, is curiosity and how does it work? A study published in the October issue of the journal Neuron suggests that the brain's chemistry changes when we become curious, helping us better learn and retain information. © 2014 NPR
Keyword: Learning & Memory; Attention
Link ID: 20271 - Posted: 11.03.2014
By Eric Niiler Has our reliance on iPhones and other instant-info devices harmed our memories? Michael Kahana, a University of Pennsylvania psychology professor who studies memory, says maybe: "We don't know what the long-lasting impact of this technology will be on our brains and our ability to recall." Kahana, 45, who has spent the past 20 years looking at how the brain creates memories, is leading an ambitious four-year Pentagon project to build a prosthetic memory device that can be implanted into human brains to help veterans with traumatic brain injuries. He spoke by telephone with The Post about what we can do to preserve or improve memory. Practicing the use of your memory is helpful. The other thing which I find helpful is sleep, which I don't get enough of. As a general principle, skills that one continues to practice are skills that one will maintain in the face of age-related changes in cognition. [As for all those brain games available], I am not aware of any convincing data that mental exercises have a more general effect other than maintaining the skills for those exercises. I think the jury is out on that. If you practice doing crossword puzzles, you will preserve your ability to do crossword puzzles. If you practice any other cognitive skill, you will get better at that as well. Michael Kahana once could name every student in a class of 100. Now, says the University of Pennsylvania psychology professor who studies memory, "I find it too difficult even with a class of 20." (From Michael Kahana)
Keyword: Learning & Memory
Link ID: 20249 - Posted: 10.28.2014
By PAM BELLUCK Science edged closer on Sunday to showing that an antioxidant in chocolate appears to improve some memory skills that people lose with age. In a small study in the journal Nature Neuroscience, healthy people, ages 50 to 69, who drank a mixture high in antioxidants called cocoa flavanols for three months performed better on a memory test than people who drank a low-flavanol mixture. On average, the improvement of high-flavanol drinkers meant they performed like people two to three decades younger on the study's memory task, said Dr. Scott A. Small, a neurologist at Columbia University Medical Center and the study's senior author. They performed about 25 percent better than the low-flavanol group. "An exciting result," said Craig Stark, a neurobiologist at the University of California, Irvine, who was not involved in the research. "It's an initial study, and I sort of view this as the opening salvo." He added, "And look, it's chocolate. Who's going to complain about chocolate?" The findings support recent research linking flavanols, especially epicatechin, to improved blood circulation, heart health and memory in mice, snails and humans. But experts said the new study, although involving only 37 participants and partly funded by Mars Inc., the chocolate company, goes further and was a well-controlled, randomized trial led by experienced researchers. Besides improvements on the memory test — a pattern recognition test involving the kind of skill used in remembering where you parked the car or recalling the face of someone you just met — researchers found increased function in an area of the brain's hippocampus called the dentate gyrus, which has been linked to this type of memory. © 2014 The New York Times Company
Keyword: Learning & Memory
Link ID: 20246 - Posted: 10.27.2014
By Gary Stix Scott Small, a professor of neurology at Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgeons, researches Alzheimer's, but he also studies the memory loss that occurs during the normal aging process. Research on the commonplace "senior moments" focuses on the hippocampus, an area of the brain involved with formation of new memories. In particular, one area of the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus, which helps distinguish one object from another, has lured researchers on age-related memory problems. In a study by Small and colleagues published Oct. 26 in Nature Neuroscience, naturally occurring chemicals in cocoa increased dentate gyrus blood flow. Psychological testing showed that the pattern recognition abilities of a typical 60-year-old on a high dose of the cocoa phytochemicals in the 37-person study matched those of a 30-or 40-year old after three months. The study received support from the food company Mars, but Small cautions against going out to gorge on Snickers Bars, as most of the beneficial chemicals, or flavanols, are removed when processing cocoa. An edited transcript of an interview with Small follows: Can you explain what you found in your study? The main motive of the study was to causally establish an anatomical source of age-related memory loss. A number of labs have shown in the last 10 years that there's one area of the brain called the dentate gyrus that is linked to the aging process. But no one has tested that concept. Until now the observations have been correlational. There is decreased function in that region and, to prove causation, we were trying to see if we could reverse that. © 2014 Scientific American
Keyword: Learning & Memory
Link ID: 20245 - Posted: 10.27.2014
by Neurobonkers A paper published in Nature Reviews Neuroscience last week addressed the prevalence of neuromyths among educators. The paper has been widely reported, but the lion's share of the coverage glossed over the impact that neuromyths have had in the real world. Your first thought after reading the neuromyths in the table below — which were widely believed by teachers — may well be, "so what?" It is true that some of the false beliefs are relatively harmless. For example, encouraging children to drink a little more water might perhaps result in the consumption of less sugary drinks. This may do little if anything to reduce hyperactivity but could encourage a more nutritious diet which might have impacts on problems such as Type II diabetes. So, what's the harm? The paper addressed a number of areas where neuromyths have had real world impacts on educators and policymakers, which may have resulted negatively on the provision of education. The graph above, reprinted in the Nature Reviews Neuroscience, paper has been included as empirical data in educational policy documents to provide evidence for an "allegedly scientific argument for withdrawing public funding of university education." The problem? The data is made up. The graph is in fact a model that is based on the false assumption that investment before the age of three will have many times the benefit of investment made in education later in life. The myth of three — the belief that there is a critical window to educate children before the age of three, after which point the trajectory is fixed — is one of the most persistent neuromyths. Viewed on another level, while some might say investment in early education can never be a bad thing, how about the implication that the potential of a child is fixed at such an early point in their life, when in reality their journey has just begun. © Copyright 2014, The Big Think, Inc
Keyword: Development of the Brain; Learning & Memory
Link ID: 20239 - Posted: 10.25.2014
By CLIVE THOMPSON "You just crashed a little bit," Adam Gazzaley said. It was true: I'd slammed my rocket-powered surfboard into an icy riverbank. This was at Gazzaley's San Francisco lab, in a nook cluttered with multicolored skullcaps and wires that hooked up to an E.E.G. machine. The video game I was playing wasn't the sort typically pitched at kids or even middle-aged, Gen X gamers. Indeed, its intended users include people over 60 — because the game might just help fend off the mental decline that accompanies aging. It was awfully hard to play, even for my Call of Duty-toughened brain. Project: Evo, as the game is called, was designed to tax several mental abilities at once. As I maneuvered the surfboard down winding river pathways, I was supposed to avoid hitting the sides, which required what Gazzaley said was "visual-motor tracking." But I also had to watch out for targets: I was tasked with tapping the screen whenever a red fish jumped out of the water. The game increased in difficulty as I improved, making the river twistier and obliging me to remember turns I'd taken. (These were "working-memory challenges.") Soon the targets became more confusing — I was trying to tap blue birds and green fish, but the game faked me out by mixing in green birds and blue fish. This was testing my "selective attention," or how quickly I could assess a situation and react to it. The company behind Project: Evo is now seeking approval from the Food and Drug Administration for the game. If it gets that government stamp, it might become a sort of cognitive Lipitor or Viagra, a game that your doctor can prescribe for your aging mind. After only two minutes of play, I was making all manner of mistakes, stabbing frantically at the wrong fish as the game sped up. "It's hard," Gazzaley said, smiling broadly as he took back the iPad I was playing on. "It's meant to really push it." "Brain training" games like Project: Evo have become big business, with Americans spending an estimated $1.3 billion a year on them. They are also a source of controversy. © 2014 The New York Times Company
Keyword: Alzheimers; Learning & Memory
Link ID: 20238 - Posted: 10.23.2014
By Emily Underwood Aging baby boomers and seniors would be better off going for a hike than sitting down in front of one of the many video games designed to aid the brain, a group of nearly 70 researchers asserted this week in a critique of some of the claims made by the brain-training industry. With yearly subscriptions running as much as $120, an expanding panoply of commercial brain games promises to improve memory, processing speed, and problem-solving, and even, in some cases, to stave off Alzheimer's disease. Many companies, such as Lumosity and Cogmed, describe their games as backed by solid scientific evidence and prominently note that neuroscientists at top universities and research centers helped design the programs. But the cited research is often "only tangentially related to the scientific claims of the company, and to the games they sell," according to the statement released Monday by the Stanford Center on Longevity in Palo Alto, California, and the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin. Although the letter, whose signatories include many researchers outside those two organizations, doesn't point to specific bad actors, it concludes that there is "little evidence that playing brain games improves underlying broad cognitive abilities, or that it enables one to better navigate a complex realm of everyday life." A similar statement of concern was published in 2008 with a smaller number of signatories, says Ulman Lindenberger of the Max Planck Institute for Human Development, who helped organize both letters. Although Lindenberger says there was no particular trigger for the current statement, he calls it the "expression of a growing collective concern among a large number of cognitive psychologists and neuroscientists who study human cognitive aging." © 2014 American Association for the Advancement of Science
Keyword: Alzheimers; Learning & Memory
Link ID: 20237 - Posted: 10.23.2014
By PAUL VITELLO Most adults do not remember anything before the age of 3 or 4, a gap that researchers had chalked up to the vagaries of the still-developing infant brain. By some accounts, the infant brain was just not equipped to remember much. Textbooks referred to the deficiency as infant amnesia. Carolyn Rovee-Collier, a developmental psychologist at Rutgers University who died on Oct. 2 at 72, challenged the theory, showing in a series of papers in the early 1980s that babies remember plenty. A 3-month-old can recall what he or she learned yesterday, she found, and a 9-month-old can remember a game for as long as a month and a half. She cited experiments suggesting that memory processes in adults and infants are virtually the same, and argued that infant memories were never lost. They just become increasingly harder to retrieve as the child grows, learns language and loses touch with the visual triggers that had kept those memories sharp — a view from between the bars of a crib, say, or the view of the floor as a crawler, not a toddler, sees it. Not all of Dr. Rovee-Collier's theories won over the psychology establishment, which still uses the infant amnesia concept to explain why people do not remember life as a baby. But her insights about an infant's short-term memory and ability to learn have been widely accepted, and have helped recast scientific thinking about the infant mind over the past 30 years. Since the first of her 200 papers was published, infant cognitive studies has undergone a boom in university programs around the country. It was a field that had been largely unexplored in any systematic way by the giants of psychological theory. Freud and Jean Piaget never directly addressed the subject of infant memory. William James, considered the father of American psychology, once hazarded a guess that the human baby's mind was a place of "blooming, buzzing confusion." © 2014 The New York Times Company
Keyword: Learning & Memory; Development of the Brain
Link ID: 20233 - Posted: 10.23.2014
By Benedict Carey Sleep. Parents crave it, but children and especially teenagers, need it. When educators and policymakers debate the relationship between sleep schedules and school performance and — given the constraints of buses, sports and everything else that seem so much more important — what they should do about it, they miss an intimate biological fact: Sleep is learning, of a very specific kind. Scientists now argue that a primary purpose of sleep is learning consolidation, separating the signal from the noise and flagging what is most valuable. School schedules change slowly, if at all, and the burden of helping teenagers get the sleep they need is squarely on parents. Can we help our children learn to exploit sleep as a learning tool (while getting enough of it)? Absolutely. There is research suggesting that different kinds of sleep can aid different kinds of learning, and by teaching "sleep study skills," we can let our teenagers enjoy the sense that they're gaming the system. Start with the basics. Sleep isn't merely rest or downtime; the brain comes out to play when head meets pillow. A full night's sleep includes a large dose of several distinct brain states, including REM sleep – when the brain flares with activity and dreams – and the netherworld of deep sleep, when it whispers to itself in a language that is barely audible. Each of these states developed to handle one kind of job, so getting sleep isn't just something you "should do" or need. It's far more: It's your best friend when you want to get really good at something you've been working on. So you want to remember your Spanish vocabulary (or "How I Met Your Mother" trivia or Red Sox batting averages)? © 2014 The New York Times Company
Keyword: Sleep; Learning & Memory
Link ID: 20216 - Posted: 10.18.2014
By Josie Gurney-Read, Online Education Editor Myths about the brain and how it functions are being used to justify and promote teaching methods that are essentially "ineffective", according to new research. The study, published today in Nature Reviews Neuroscience, began by presenting teachers in the UK, Turkey, Greece, China and the Netherlands, with seven myths about the brain and asked them whether they believed the myths to be true. According to the figures, over half of teachers in the UK, the Netherlands and China believe that children are less attentive after sugary drinks and snacks and over a quarter of teachers in the UK and Turkey believe that a pupil's brain will shrink if they drink fewer than six to eight glasses of water a day. Furthermore, over 90 per cent of teachers in all countries believe that a student will learn better if they receive information in their preferred learning style – auditory, visual, kinaesthetic. This is despite the fact that there is "no convincing evidence to support this theory". Dr Paul Howard-Jones, author of the article from Bristol University's Graduate School of Education, said that many teaching practices are "sold to teachers as based on neuroscience". However, he added that, in many cases, these ideas have "no educational value and are often associated with poor practice in the classroom." The prevalence of many of these "neuromyths" in different countries, could reflect the absence of any teacher training in neuroscience, the research concludes. Dr Howard-Jones warned that this could mean that many teachers are "ill-prepared to be critical of ideas and educational programmes that claim a neuroscientific basis." © Copyright of Telegraph Media Group Limited 2014
Keyword: Learning & Memory
Link ID: 20207 - Posted: 10.16.2014
Ann Robinson Neuroscience research got a huge boost last week with news of Professor John O'Keefe's Nobel prize for work on the "brain's internal GPS system". It is an exciting new part of the giant jigsaw puzzle of our brain and how it functions. But how does cutting-edge neuroscience research translate into practical advice about how to pass exams, remember names, tot up household bills and find where the hell you left the car in a crowded car park? O'Keefe's prize was awarded jointly with Swedish husband and wife team Edvard and May-Britt Moser for their discovery of "place and grid cells" that allow rats to chart where they are. When rats run through a new environment, these cells show increased activity. The same activity happens much faster while the rats are asleep, as they replay the new route. We already knew that the part of the brain known as the hippocampus was involved in spatial awareness in birds and mammals, and this latest work on place cells sheds more light on how we know where we are and where we're going. In 2000, researchers at University College London led by Dr Eleanor Maguire showed that London taxi drivers develop a pumped-up hippocampus after years of doing the knowledge and navigating the backstreets of the city. MRI scans showed that cabbies start off with bigger hippocampuses than average, and that the area gets bigger the longer they do the job. As driver David Cohen said at the time to BBC News: "I never noticed part of my brain growing – it makes you wonder what happened to the rest of it!" © 2014 Guardian News and Media Limited
Keyword: Learning & Memory; Alzheimers
Link ID: 20199 - Posted: 10.13.2014
by Laura Starecheski From the self-affirmations of Stuart Smalley on Saturday Night Live to countless videos on YouTube, saying nice things to your reflection in the mirror is a self-help trope that's been around for decades, and seems most often aimed at women. The practice, we're told, can help us like ourselves and our bodies more, and even make us more successful — allow us to chase our dreams! Impressed, but skeptical, I took this self-talk idea to one of the country's leading researchers on body image to see if it's actually part of clinical practice. David Sarwer is a psychologist and clinical director at the Center for Weight and Eating Disorders at the University of Pennsylvania. He says that, in fact, a mirror is one of the first tools he uses with some new patients. He stands them in front of a mirror and coaches them to use gentler, more neutral language as they evaluate their bodies. "Instead of saying, 'My abdomen is disgusting and grotesque,' " Sarwer explains, he'll prompt a patient to say, " 'My abdomen is round, my abdomen is big; it's bigger than I'd like it to be.' " The goal, he says, is to remove "negative and pejorative terms" from the patient's self-talk. The underlying notion is that it's not enough for a patient to lose physical weight — or gain it, as some women need to — if she doesn't also change the way her body looks in her mind's eye. This may sound weird. You're either a size 4 or a size 8, right? Not mentally, apparently. In a 2013 study from the Netherlands, scientists watched women with anorexia walk through doorways in a lab. The women, they noticed, turned their shoulders and squeezed sideways, even when they had plenty of room. © 2014 NPR
Keyword: Attention; Anorexia & Bulimia
Link ID: 20178 - Posted: 10.08.2014
|By Tori Rodriguez Imagining your tennis serve or mentally running through an upcoming speech might help you perform better, studies have shown, but the reasons why have been unclear. A common theory is that mental imagery activates some of the same neural pathways involved in the actual experience, and a recent study in Psychological Science lends support to that idea. Scientists at the University of Oslo conducted five experiments investigating whether eye pupils adjust to imagined light as they do to real light, in an attempt to see whether mental imagery can trigger automatic neural processes such as pupil dilation. Using infrared eye-tracking technology, they measured the diameter of participants' pupils as they viewed shapes of varying brightness and as they imagined the shapes they viewed or visualized a sunny sky or a dark room. In response to imagined light, pupils constricted 87 percent as much as they did during actual viewing, on average; in response to imagined darkness, pupils dilated to 56 percent of their size during real perception. Two other experiments ruled out the possibility that participants were able to adjust their pupil size at will or that pupils were changing in response to mental effort, which can cause dilation. The finding helps to explain why imagined rehearsals can improve your game. The mental picture activates and strengthens the very neural circuits—even subconscious ones that control automated processes like pupil dilation—that you will need to recruit when it is time to perform. © 2014 Scientific American
Keyword: Learning & Memory
Link ID: 20176 - Posted: 10.08.2014
By LAWRENCE K. ALTMAN A British-American scientist and a pair of Norwegian researchers were awarded this year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine on Monday for discovering "an inner GPS in the brain" that enables virtually all creatures to navigate their surroundings. John O'Keefe, 75, a British-American scientist, will share the prize of $1.1 million with May-Britt Moser, 51, and Edvard I. Moser, 52, only the second married couple to win a Nobel in medicine, who will receive the other half. The three scientists' discoveries "have solved a problem that has occupied philosophers and scientists for centuries — how does the brain create a map of the space surrounding us and how can we navigate our way through a complex environment?" said the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, which chooses the laureates. The positioning system they discovered helps us know where we are, find our way from place to place and store the information for the next time, said Goran K. Hansson, secretary of the Karolinska's Nobel Committee. The researchers documented that certain cells are responsible for the higher cognitive function that steers the navigational system. Dr. O'Keefe began using neurophysiological methods in the late 1960s to study how the brain controls behavior and sense of direction. In 1971, he discovered the first component of the inner navigational system in rats. He identified nerve cells in the hippocampus region of the brain that were always activated when a rat was at a certain location. © 2014 The New York Times Company
Keyword: Learning & Memory
Link ID: 20169 - Posted: 10.07.2014
By Gretchen Vogel Research on how the brain knows where it is has bagged the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, the Nobel Committee has announced from Stockholm. One half of the prize goes to John O'Keefe, director of the Sainsbury Wellcome Centre in Neural Circuits and Behaviour at University College London. The other is for a husband-wife couple: May-Britt Moser, who is director of the Centre for Neural Computation in Trondheim, and Edvard Moser, director of the Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience in Trondheim. "In 1971, John O´Keefe discovered the first component of this positioning system," the Nobel Committee says in a statement that was just released. "He found that a type of nerve cell in an area of the brain called the hippocampus that was always activated when a rat was at a certain place in a room. Other nerve cells were activated when the rat was at other places. O´Keefe concluded that these "place cells" formed a map of the room." "More than three decades later, in 2005, May‐Britt and Edvard Moser discovered another key component of the brain's positioning system," the statement goes on to explain. "They identified another type of nerve cell, which they called "grid cells", that generate a coordinate system and allow for precise positioning and pathfinding. Their subsequent research showed how place and grid cells make it possible to determine position and to navigate." © 2014 American Association for the Advancement of Science
Keyword: Learning & Memory
Link ID: 20163 - Posted: 10.06.2014
Alison Abbott The fact that Edvard and May-Britt Moser have collaborated for 30 years — and been married for 28 — has done nothing to dull their passion for the brain. They talk about it at breakfast. They discuss its finer points at their morning lab meeting. And at a local restaurant on a recent summer evening, they are still deep into a back-and-forth about how their own brains know where they are and will guide them home. "Just to walk there, we have to understand where we are now, where we want to go, when to turn and when to stop," says May-Britt. "It's incredible that we are not permanently lost." If anyone knows how we navigate home, it is the Mosers. They shot to fame in 2005 with their discovery of grid cells deep in the brains of rats. These intriguing cells, which are also present in humans, work much like the Global Positioning System, allowing animals to understand their location. The Mosers have since carved out a niche studying how grid cells interact with other specialized neurons to form what may be a complete navigation system that tells animals where they are going and where they have been. Studies of grid cells could help to explain how memories are formed, and why recalling events so often involves re-envisioning a place, such as a room, street or landscape. While pursuing their studies, the two scientists have become a phenomenon. Tall and good-looking, they operate like a single brain in two athletic bodies in their generously funded lab in Trondheim, Norway — a remote corner of northern Europe just 350 kilometres south of the Arctic Circle. They publish together and receive prizes as a single unit — most recently, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, which they won this week with their former supervisor, neuroscientist John O'Keefe at University College London. In 2007, while still only in their mid-40s, they won a competition by the Kavli Foundation of Oxnard, California, to build and direct one of only 17 Kavli Institutes around the world. The Mosers are now minor celebrities in their home country, and their institute has become a magnet for other big thinkers in neuroscience. "It is definitely intellectually stimulating to be around them," says neurobiologist Nachum Ulanovsky from the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, who visited the Trondheim institute for the first time in September. © 2014 Nature Publishing Grou
Keyword: Learning & Memory
Link ID: 20162 - Posted: 10.06.2014
By ALINA TUGEND MANY workers now feel as if they're doing the job of three people. They are on call 24 hours a day. They rush their children from tests to tournaments to tutoring. The stress is draining, both mentally and physically. At least that is the standard story about stress. It turns out, though, that many of the common beliefs about stress don't necessarily give the complete picture. MISCONCEPTION NO. 1 Stress is usually caused by having too much work. While being overworked can be overwhelming, research increasingly shows that being underworked can be just as challenging. In essence, boredom is stressful. "We tend to think of stress in the original engineering way, that too much pressure or too much weight on a bridge causes it to collapse," said Paul E. Spector, a professor of psychology at the University of South Florida. "It's more complicated than that." Professor Spector and others say too little to do — or underload, as he calls it — can cause many of the physical discomforts we associate with being overloaded, like muscle tension, stomachaches and headaches. A study published this year in the journal Experimental Brain Research found that measurements of people's heart rates, hormonal levels and other factors while watching a boring movie — men hanging laundry — showed greater signs of stress than those watching a sad movie. "We tend to think of boredom as someone lazy, as a couch potato," said James Danckert, a professor of neuroscience at the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada, and a co-author of the paper. "It's actually when someone is motivated to engage with their environment and all attempts to do so fail. It's aggressively dissatisfying." © 2014 The New York Times Company
Keyword: Stress; Learning & Memory
Link ID: 20161 - Posted: 10.04.2014


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Ford Crown Victoria Problem Report
Ford Crown Victoria Wear on rear axle shafts may cause excessive play and gear oil leaks
(7 reports)
Wear on the rear axle shafts near the bearings can create excessive play and lead to gear oil leaking past the seals. Gear oil will leak onto the brake backing plate, brakes, and wheels.
Failed wheel bearing. Gear oil leaking from axle seal. Axle shaft worn at bearing seat area because of spinning of seized bearing. Installed new bearing with extra wide inner race to bridge over the worn axle shaft. Order same bearing number but add letter R (for Repair) after number to get the repair bearing for salvage procedure. - Visitor
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About a month ago I noticed a lot of grease/oil on my passenger side rear wheel and brakes. I don't think it had been leaking very long since I wash the car/wheels every 2 weeks and hadn't seen it then. I'm a member of an internet Crown Victoria/Grand Marquis group and searched their threads, coming to the conclusion that at the least my rear seal is leaking, maybe bearing needs replacing. Apparently this is not something you want to put off since it can ruin the axle and become quite costly. Went to a shop I trust this morning for an estimate but unfortunately they won't know how much needs replacing until they take it apart. He said maybe $500 incl. labor as a very rough estimate. - Visitor
1 person likes this
rear axle failed badly with leaking oil bad bearings with too much play we replaced it but it the bearings were worn out again in only 3 weeks its a worst nightmare - Visitor
right axle shaft came off while driving - Visitor
right rear axle bearing seal bust, spewed rear axle oil in wheel well, fixed by replacing rear axle bearings and seals, - CrownVic02
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Jamie Wior Rumors
The NBPA has not announced Wior's hiring, as it is not customary for the union to publicly divulge who it retains in non-staff positions. And while Wior no longer works for Fisher, the union's decision to retain her nonetheless shines a new light on one of the key areas of concern about Hunter's tenure: hiring practices. Meanwhile, the union continues to work with the Chicago-based executive search firm, Reilly Partners, in its search for a new executive director. Candidates are still being vetted, and the process has not yet reached the finalist stage, sources said.
Less than a year after Hunter filed his lawsuit, Wior has been retained on a temporary basis to assist with the NBPA's winter meeting during All-Star weekend in New Orleans next month. While her involvement in union business is nothing new, the NBPA's decision to retain her again is a sign that Fisher's influence in union matters has outlasted his term as NBPA president and executive committee member. Fisher was replaced as president by Chris Paul in August 2013.
Wior played a behind-the-scenes role in the 2011 lockout while serving as Fisher's Los Angeles-based publicist and business manager. A chasm developed between Fisher and Hunter, resulting in Fisher drawing attention to what he believed were improper business practices during Hunter's tenure. Hunter was unanimously voted out as the union's executive director in February 2013 on the heels of a damning report by a New York law firm. The report highlighted Hunter's acts of nepotism and accused him of improper business dealings and putting his own interests ahead of the union's. In May, Hunter sued the NBPA, Fisher and Wior for breach of contract and defamation. He is seeking at least $10.5 million in salary and benefits he was owed at the time of his ouster. Among other things, Hunter, 71, alleged that Wior conspired with Fisher to oust him as director and "vest control of the union."
With a key hearing approaching in Billy Hunter's lawsuit against the National Basketball Players Association, the union has hired one of the defendants in the civil case: Derek Fisher's former business manager, Jamie Wior, three people familiar with the situation told CBSSports.com. Wior and Fisher, the former union president, are co-defendants in a lawsuit that Hunter filed against the NBPA for wrongful termination. The lawsuit, which has been moved from Oakland, Calif., to Los Angeles, crosses the next legal hurdle this week with a hearing in LA Superior Court on the defendants' motion to dismiss.
About 40 NBA player reps are expected to attend the meeting. The union's Exec Committee met yesterday for about 10 hours to discuss union business and prepare for the meeting, Klempner said. It is expected that the union will name a search firm today. The player reps are also expected to be given an update on the lawsuit former Exec Dir Billy Hunter filed against the union, outgoing President Derek Fisher and his publicist, Jamie Wior.
The National Basketball Players Association, Derek Fisher and Jamie Wior on Tuesday filed motions to dismiss former NBPA executive director Billy Hunter's lawsuit against them in Superior Court of California, County of Alameda. Citing a California statute known as anti-SLAPP (strategic lawsuits against public participation), attorneys for the NBPA, Fisher and Wior, who is Fisher's business manager, said Hunter's suit has no merit and should be dismissed.
Marc J. Spears: NBPA, Derek Fisher & Jamie Wior jointly filed motions today to dismiss ex-exec director Billy Hunter's lawsuit, sources tell Yahoo! Sports.
"Once the lockout ended with an agreement in line with the owners' demands, Fisher and Wior waged a campaign to terminate his employment without cause and in violation of his contract," the lawsuit alleges, according to a press release from Hunter's attorneys. Hunter is seeking unspecified compensatory and punitive damages based on his termination, at the time of which he was owed $10.5 million in salary through 2015.
Billy Hunter sued the National Basketball Players Association and president Derek Fisher on Thursday for defamation and breach of contract stemming from his dismissal as the union's executive director. The lawsuit, filed in California Superior Court in Oakland, alleges that Fisher and his publicist, Jamie Wior, conspired to negotiate a secret deal to end the 2011 lockout and that their actions amounted to a breach of Hunter's employment contract with the NBPA.


text:
Original recipe yields 48 servings
Amount per serving ({{servings}} total)
Based on a 2,000 calorie diet
Ready In
This is a wonderful salad dressing! Easy to prepare and great tasting too. Thanks for sharing your recipe.
It was okay I like the bottled dressing better
This is delicious and soooo easy! I toss all ingredients in a screw top jar, just shake to mix. None of that bowl and mixer business. My hubbie requests this by saying 'I'd like to eat more sa...


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"slip ons and Crocs Kids Boys Gray Clogs & Mules" we found 2 items!
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City Express Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juarez
- Free hot/cold buffet breakfast, free WiFi, and free parking
Main amenities
- 128 smoke-free guestrooms
- Free airport drop-off
- Fitness center
- 24-hour business center
- 24-hour front desk
- Coffee/tea in the lobby
- Air conditioning
- Daily housekeeping
- Front desk safe
- Laundry service
- Meeting room
- Luggage storage
What's around
- Paso del Norte Cultural Center (2.5 mi / 4 km)
- Monument Mexicanidad (2.8 mi / 4.4 km)
- American Consulate (3.7 mi / 6 km)
- El Paso Zoo (4.6 mi / 7.5 km)
- Chamizal National Memorial (5.6 mi / 9 km)
Great stay! Super clean rooms!
To get place pretty clean nice service was good
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: 020 3027 9803from £29
- Standard Room
- Standard Double Room
Recommended hotels
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 128 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 6 floors
- Check-in time starts at 3 PM
- Check-out time is 1 PM
- Express check-out
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Up to 2 children (12 years old and younger) stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding
- No cribs (infant beds)
- No pets or service animals allowed
- Free WiFi and wired Internet access in public areas
- Free WiFi and wired Internet access in rooms
- Free airport drop off (available on request) *
- Free self parking
- Accessible parking
- Free area shuttle within 10 km
Other information
- Smoke-free property
Nearby Two Star Ciudad Juarez hotels
In the hotel
- Free hot/cold buffet breakfast daily
- Coffee/tea in the lobby
- Fitness facilities
- 24-hour business center
- Conference space size (feet) - 409
- Conference space size (meters) - 38
- One meeting room
- 24-hour front desk
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Luggage storage
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Year Built 2004
- Elevator/lift
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Disabled parking
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
In the room
- Air conditioning
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Private bathroom
- Shower only
- Hair dryer (on request)
- 32-inch LED TV
- Cable TV channels
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Daily housekeeping
Top Ciudad Juarez hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Ciudad Juarez
- DoubleTree by Hilton El Paso DowntownFrom
"We stayed here on the final night of our US road trip before flying the next morning home to the UK and after a long drive from Big Bend. We arrived at 3 to find room not ready.…"Jul 22, 2014
- Candlewood Suites El Paso NorthFrom
"Very clean & tidy. Helpful polite staff. Shame we couldn't get US Military discount having booked & prepaid directly through Expedia."Jun 7, 2014
- Camino Real Hotel El PasoFrom
"The hotel is lovely and part of the history of the area. We had a room on a high floor so we had a great view over mexico.the room itself was spacious and the beds were…"Apr 23, 2014
- Motel 6 El Paso - SoutheastFrom
"only downside are the road works nearby which make it a nightmare to get in and out at the moment, otherwise all very good."Apr 17, 2014
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Special features
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Green / Sustainable Property
This property participates in Biosphere, a program that measures the property's impact on one or more of the following: environment, community, cultural-heritage, the local economy.
City Express Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juarez's small print
Noise-free guestrooms cannot be guaranteed.
Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.
Children under 12 years old are not allowed in the fitness facility without adult supervision.
For transfers, guests must contact the property before arrival at the number on the booking confirmation.
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


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The hotel room is spacious, simple and clean. If you need a place to stay without any frills then this hotel is ok. The location is at the downtown center of Kalibo. It is near the public Market and mall. It is across Ramboy's restaurant, which is known for their liempo and lechon manok. What made my stay memorable are... More
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Holy Shxx! Ordered the hitch at 5:30pm and it was rec'd the very next day. Packed very well with no damage. Awesome job! Hitch install easily with the instructions that were included. Thanks!
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text: Chris Paul was born and raised in North Carolina. Despite only playing two varsity basketball seasons in high school, he led his team to a 27-3 record and the Class 4A Eastern Regional finals his senior year. He played in the McDonald's All-American game, Jordan Brand Classics game, and was named North Carolina's Mr. Basketball in 2003. Chris attended nearby Wake Forest and led the school to two NCAA Tournaments, including a Sweet Sixteen appearance. He was drafted 4th overall in 2005, and has since been an 8-time NBA All-Star. He has led the NBA in assists four times, steals six times, and earned himself five NBA All-Defensive team bids. Not only is Chris one of the most talented players on the floor, he's also a tremendous leader and highly revered around the league, which is why he is acting president of the NBA Players Association. Chris' signature shoe, the CP3.VIII, is the highest caliber of performance basketball shoes. Superior ventilation, top-notch lockdown, dual-density cushioning, and responsive traction all highlight his shoe, helping those who wear it take the game-saving steal, or pass that game-winning assist.


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Hidden fencing costs less than traditional fencing, but some dog owners question the level of pain it inflicts.
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Hidden fences work in most cases, but they can be overcome by even a trained animal whose desire to cross the border is stronger than its fear of the small electric charge that will alert it to stop.
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Dog Fencing reviews in Miami
Pat, the owner, handled most everything and was top notch in all respects. The company was even able to install the system in cold weather with some snow on the ground a couple of days ago and it's working just fine. We needed it as we have a new dog in the family that loves the outdoors. Soon he will able to run freely and enjoy the large yard. I highly recommend Pat and Dogwatch for your dog's electric fence.
I wish I could say we started. I was called to schedule an appointment for a quote and all was set to go for the following day. We agreed for an 11 am meeting and by 11:30 no call and no show. So I called to to verify if he would show up and was told that he was going to have to cancel the appointment due to being surprised by out of town guest. I am understanding to unexpected circumstances but to not call a customer to cancel the appointment as I had to cancel plans of my own to schedule for this meeting is what worries me. I won't be using this company or its services for the lack of communication at the initial stages. If no proper communication is given at the very beginning, I can only imagine that it will be just as bad throughout the process. "
us. He had us on their schedule within a week and his guys came out and built it in one day after removal of my old fence the previous day. They even worked in the pouring down rain & wind and had it completed before dark.
We called and left a message to please call back. At one time, we thought the fence had been broken or interrupted but
Later on in the month we had an issue that we knew the dog was going beyond the barriers of the fence and we again called and us trouble shoot an we found out that the collar was the issue.
He immediately sent us a collar replacement since ours was still under warranty and all is well and functioning properly again. We an now confidently trouble shoot on our own and would recommend them to anyone, plus it saved us and him on having to come down and do this as a service call in the dead of winter.
Later on in the month we had an issue that we knew the dog was going beyond the barriers of the fence and we again called and us trouble shoot an we found out that the collar was the issue.
He immediately sent us a collar replacement since ours was still under warranty and all is well and functioning properly again. We an now confidently trouble shoot on our own and would recommend them to anyone, plus it saved us and him on having to come down and do this as a service call in the dead of winter.
The initial consulation was good. They did a good job explaining how the system works and what was involved in the follow-up training for me to do on my own to help train. The owner actually came back and followed up with us in person, to make sure that we were comfortble with it. The installer was great. He was punctual. He did good work and worked with us to answer of our last minute questions and what the best way was to do the initial training of the dog. It was successful. The dog is now trained to stay in the yard. We had an issue with the battery, but they came out promptly and exchanged it for us. There were no issues. Overall, we're pretty satisfied with them."
It went great. I have had to call the company with questions several times since the installation. They are always very responsive and give me various options for the questions I am asking. Recently the collar our dog wears wasn't working and they did some trouble shooting that day to fix a problem with a collar that was still under warranty. This product has saved my sanity. I no longer have to worry about my dog getting out of a fenced yard. I need to mention that our back yard is totally fenced, but our persistent and very smart beagle learned many ways to escape within the first hour of being in this home. I looked at several options and this was the best choice for us.
All Pet Fence Installers in Miami
Companies below are listed in alphabetical order. To view top rated service providers along with reviews and ratings, Join Angie's List Now!
Abba Fences
1680 West 38th Place Ste A6
Allday Fence
Aluminum Fences Direct
9660 Falls of Neuse Rd
Aqua Natural Landscaping LLC
601 NW 42 Ave
B.D. Fencing LLC
771 South Dixie Hwy E
Pompano Beach
Pompano Beach
Blue Chip Handyman
1975 E. Sunrise Blvd., Ste. 826
Ft. Lauderdale
Ft. Lauderdale
Broward Fence Company
169 NW 44th St
Fort Lauderdale
Fort Lauderdale
CBR Steel Fabricators & Erectors Inc.
1450 SW 11th Terrace
Classic Fence Co Inc
1246 Hammondville Rd
Pompano Beach
Pompano Beach
PO Box 22253
Fort Lauderdale
Fort Lauderdale
Construction Solutions Concepts
934 N. University Drive
Pompano Beach
Pompano Beach
Contain A Pet of South Florida
9745 Herons Nest Ct Apt 205
Lake Worth
Lake Worth
Cornerstone Construction & Company Inc
1746 E Silver Star Rd.
DogWatch Hidden Fences
8840 SW 151 St.
Faith Construction Corporation
423 NE 3rd St
Pompano Beach
Pompano Beach
Fencing South Florida
South F Street
Lake Worth
Lake Worth
First Class Fence & Rail
10275 NW 53rd St
Griffiths Metal Products Inc.
10461 SW 184th Terr
Home Dog Training
3260 SW 139th Ter
Fort Lauderdale
Fort Lauderdale
Home Dog Training of South Florida
1112 Weston Road
Fort Lauderdale
Fort Lauderdale
Innovative Carpentry Experts, Inc.
1125 NE 136 St
North Miami
North Miami
Invisible Fence Of Gold Coast
Fort Lauderdale
Invisible Fence of the East Coast
1718 SE Flintlock Rd.
Port St Lucie
Port St Lucie
JN All-In-One Services L.L.C
4771 nw 10th ct
Fort Lauderdale
Fort Lauderdale
little things handyman service
531 sw 62nd way
Litzs Fixes
333 N Ocean Dr
Mhendaz General Contractors
2061 renaissance blvd
Modern Fenceworks Inc
3011 SW 97th Ct
Fort Lauderdale
Fort Lauderdale
Our Dog Inn
14802 SW 256 Street
phf co
1499 nw 100 driv3
Coral Springs
Coral Springs
Pro Handy People
27sw 11 St
Pro Handyman fort Lauderdale, LLC
101 NW 6th St, Suite B
Fort Lauderdale
Fort Lauderdale
Regal Fence Inc
237 nw 94 way
Pompano Beach
Pompano Beach
Scoopervisor Pet Waste Removal
1328 Wiley Street
snappy Structures inc.
7958 Pines Blvd #132
The Fix Handyman Services, Inc.
1835 NE Miami Gardens Dr Ste 293
North Miami Beach
North Miami Beach
The Masterpiece
Toledo Iron Works
4710 NW 37th Ave
Unlimited Fences LLC.
2451 SW 113th Ct
Zepco Fence Inc
5645 coral ridge drive
Coral Springs
Coral Springs
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Vegan Vanilla Meringue Frosting Made with Aquafaba was last modified: 1:14 pm by Stef
Laddu – A Gluten-Free Indian Cookie that Doesn't Require an Oven was last modified: 7:18 am by Stef
Gluten-Free Chocolate Cupcakes Made With Garbanzo Bean Flour – My Best Gluten-Free Cupcakes To Date was last modified: 11:37 am by Stef
Sweet and Salty Roasted Chickpeas – Cheap, Easy, and Addictive was last modified: 3:00 am by Stef
Chocolate Hummus – So Decadent That You Can Use It In Place of Chocolate Frosting was last modified: 7:36 pm by Stef
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485 Susquehanna BlvdHazle Township, PA 18202
Whether you are searching for the classics, or fashion forward home furnishings, you'll find your style at Nathan's. With prices that look out for your bottom line Nathan's carries furniture styles from architectural to antique, classic to contemporary, and we are eager to help you create your own signature style.
All of:
Luzerne County
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As well as parts of:
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Phone : 570.455.9288
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© Copyright Nathan's Furniture and Mattress Superstore
Development: MicroD Inc.
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text:
Original recipe yields 8 servings
Amount per serving ({{servings}} total)
Based on a 2,000 calorie diet
Ready In
This pie is DELICIOUS! The 1st time I made it, it did not set very well, so I made some adjustments for the 2nd time when I made 2 for a retirement party at work: be sure and let your ingredien...
My husband thinks I'm evil. He can't get enough of this pie. I've already make it twice, once for Thanksgiving and once for a Christmas party. Everyone LOVED it and I got so many compliments! ...
I love pecan pie. I love chocolate. I love bourbon. But I guess I really don't love it when these three tasty things are mixed together. I only had one slice (and I made two pies). It was O...


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Discover a selection of top forums revolt moment! on the internet. Come to share your passion on forums revolt moment! and meet other fans of revolt moment!. Then, why don't you create your own forum of revolt moment! ?
A Sim XBOX One Madden League dedicated to creating a community of sim Madden players who display competitiveness and sportsmanship.
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Free forum : Einnjoro is a Redwall based Role Playing Forum. Based loosely on Brian Jacques Redwall series, come discover a whole new world waiting for you! We are still under construction at the moment, but are open for registering.
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