text:
A modular x-ray lens system for use in directing x-rays comprising a radiation source which generates x-rays and a lens system which directs the x-rays, wherein the x-ray lens system may be configured to focus x-rays to a focal point and vary the intensity of said focal point.
1. An x-ray system for directing x-rays comprising:
a lens system which directs said x-rays, wherein said lens system comprises at least one lens element comprising a housing with a generally enclosed interior, said interior of said housing lined with a Bragg x-ray diffraction and reflection layer and said housing does not reflect said x-rays, wherein said Bragg x-ray diffraction and reflection layer comprises a mosaic crystal comprising a curved cross section lengthwise and said mosaic crystal comprises a curved crystal plane with a differing radius from that of said curved cross section.
2. The x-ray system of
3. The x-ray system of
4. The x-ray system of
5. The x-ray system of
6. The x-ray system of
7. The x-ray system of
8. The x-ray system of
9. The x-ray system of
10. An x-ray system for direting x-rays comprising:
a lens system which direct said x-rays, wherein said lens system comprises at least one lens element comprising a housing with a generally enclosed interior, said interior of said housing lined with a Bragg x-ray diffraction and reflection layer;
wherein said lens system comprises a plurality of lens elements coupled along their symmetric axis and said coupled lens elements do not overlap one another in a direction perpendicular to their symmetric axis.
11. The x-ray system of
12. An x-ray system for directing x-rays comprising:
a lens system which directs said x-rays, wherein said lens system comprises at least one lens element comprising a housing with a generally enclosed interior, said interior of said housing lined with a Bragg x-ray diffraction and reflection layer and said housing does not reflect said x-rays; and
a ring-like apparatus comprising a filter medium coupled to a center of said ring-like apparatus, wherein said ring-like apparatus occludes a portion of said x-rays which are not incident upon said lens system and do not fall into a focusing region of said lens system, said filter medium filtering a portion of said x-rays which is directed to said focusing region.
13. An x-ray system for focusing x-rays comprising:
a modular lens system comprising a plurality of lenses which collect said x-rays and focus said x-rays to a focal point, wherein x-ray focusing properties of said modular lens system can be varied by removing and adding said plurality of lenses or changing the properties of said plurality of lenses.
14. The x-ray system of
x-ray spectrum bandpass;
working distance;
flux strength
focal spot size, and
focal length.
15. The x-ray system of
16. The x-ray system of
17. The x-ray system of
18. The x-ray system of
19. The x-ray system of
20. The x-ray system of
21. The x-ray system of
22. The x-ray system of
23. The x-ray system of
24. The x-ray system of
25. An x-ray lens system comprising:
a plurality of lenses, each of said plurality of lenses comprising a housing comprising an inner surface lined with graphite,
an x-ray filter proximate said plurality of lenses, and
wherein said inner surfaces of said plurality of lenses in combination are formed to give said x-ray lens system an interior generally spherical surface.
26. An x-ray system for directing x-rays:
a lens system which directs said x-rays, wherein said lens system comprises at least one lens element comprising a cylindrical housing comprising an interior, said interior of said cylindrical housing lined with a mosaic crystal, whereby said mosaic crystal acts as a Bragg or Laue lens to direct said x-rays, and
a mask for occluding x-rays off axis to said lens system; and
a filter for filtering x-rays substantially coaxial to said lens system and which are directed to a focusing region.
27. The x-ray system of
28. An x-ray system for directing x-rays comprising
a lens comprising a Bragg x-ray diffractive layer, wherein said directed x-rays are transmitted and diffracted through said lens;
wherein said lens is constructed from a plurality of concentric rings of mosaic crystal forming a plurality of diffractive layers.
29. The x-ray system of
30. The x-ray lens system of
The present invention relates to an x-ray focusing system. More specifically the present invention relates to a modular system of lenses designed to focus high energy x-rays.
There are various applications which may benefit from the use of focused x-rays. The following background and description illustrate applications of the present invention which are merely exemplary in nature and are in no way intended to limit the invention or its uses. Moreover, the following description, while depicting an x-ray lens system designed to be used in medical applications and crystal diffraction applications, is intended to adequately teach one skilled in the art to make and use the present invention in a variety of x-ray applications, including, but not limited to x-ray structural analysis and x-ray spectroscopy.
Presently, medical applications such as radiotherapy use collimated x-rays for the destruction of malignant tissue. Radiotherapy is one of the major methods, sometimes the only method, in treating some types of cancers such as brain tumors. Linear accelerator systems generating x-rays have been widely used in radiotherapy in the destruction of such malignancies. Linear accelerator systems employed in radiotherapy generally use a multi-leaf collimator to create a shaped beam of x-rays. The shaped x-ray beam intensity has a flux density consistent throughout its extent. The energy range of x-rays generated by such a system usually reach into the MeV range to be effective. To destroy a tumor the linear accelerator system must be continually directed at and rotated about the targeted malignant tissue. The high energy (MeV) of linear accelerator systems and their collimated rays expose a large amount of healthy tissue surrounding a tumor to a potentially damaging concentration of x-rays in the MeV range. The focused x-ray beam of the present invention provides a high brightness focal spot of lower energy x-rays which is used to treat a target in an accurate controlled fashion, as well as treat the target at an early stage. Lower energy x-rays have quicker fall-off behind the target and therefore reduce tissue damage to some sensitive organs which may be exposed to x-rays.
A system utilizing the x-ray focusing properties of the present invention can achieve the same results with reduced damage to collateral tissue and an energy use in the 40 KeV-100 KeV range. The advantages of using this focusing system include: reduced exposure and damage of healthy body tissue to x-rays, the x-rays in the KeV range can be focused directly at a malignancy with decreasing radiation intensity surrounding the x-ray focal point/treatment area, eliminating damage to sensitive organs proximate the target, the energy of the x-rays can be set above the absorption edge of certain materials such as drugs that are delivered to the tumor; the treatment of very small tumors can be done in a more precise manner; and there is an overall lower cost of the present invention as compared with previous linear accelerator systems.
The x-ray focusing properties of the present invention may also be used in the study of crystal structures. A common method used to study crystal structures is x-ray diffraction. The method is based on illuminating a sample crystal with a beam of x-rays. A portion of the x-ray beam is not able to travel directly through the sample crystal, rather some rays are deflected or diffracted and emerge from the sample at varying angles. The incident x-rays make their way along the spaces between the atoms of the crystal or are deflected by the atoms. A sensor is used which detects the x-ray diffraction pattern generated by the x-rays as they emerge from the sample crystal. This diffraction pattern corresponds to the atomic structural arrangement of the crystal. Such a system is known in the art as an x-ray diffractometer. The focusing properties of the present invention can improve the flux concentration on a sample crystal leading to improved diffraction patterns.
Many devices can be used to focus, and/or reflect x-rays such as total reflection mirrors, bent single crystals, graded multi-layer devices, and mosaic crystals. The main purpose of these devices is to gather Y-ray flux produced by an x-ray generator and direct it to a desired area. There are three main factors which determine the flux strength of a reflecting and focusing device: reflection angle, reflectivity, and rocking curve width. Reflection angle is the angle at which x-rays are reflected from the surface of the reflection surface, reflectivity is the amount of energy returned from a surface after x-rays are incident upon that surface, and rocking curve width is the ability to collect and reflect energy over a particular incident range.
The total reflection mirror has the smallest reflection angle of all the previously mentioned devices, which results in the smallest capture angle and in turn, small throughput, although its reflectivity approaches 100%. The total reflection mirror will also reflect the desired and undesired x-ray wavelengths. In medical applications, these undesired x-ray wavelengths could potentially cause skin damage to a person undergoing treatment.
Bent single crystals have a large reflection angle and high peak reflectivity but a very narrow bandpass limiting the gathered flux to a small amount.
Multi-layered x-ray reflectors have a fairly wide rocking curve width and high peak reflectivity. The reflection angle is also larger than a total reflection mirror. The reflectivity and rocking curve width will drop when smaller d-layer spacing is used to achieve larger reflection angles. For high energy x-rays, such as in the multiple 10 KeV range, the x-ray focusing efficiency of the multi-layer reflector is not satisfactory.
Mosaic crystals consist of numerous tiny independent crystal regions which are nearly parallel but not quite parallel to one another. Mosaic crystals such as a graphite crystal have high reflectivity, a large reflection angle, and therefore a large capture angle. Mosaic crystals also have a large rocking curve width due to their mosaic structure. All of these factors make the mosaic crystal an attractive choice for reflecting and directing high energy x-rays. The focusing lenses of the present invention are composed of mosaic crystals such as a graphite crystal.
The present invention is a modular system of lenses used for focusing x-rays. The lenses are operated using the principles of Bragg reflection and Laue diffraction. The ideal crystal surfaces and crystal planes of these lenses follow the Johansson scheme. In practice, cylindrical, conical, even polygonal surfaces can be used for approaching the focusing scheme. The lenses using Bragg diffraction deliver a beam of narrow frequency band (substantially monochromatic) x-rays, while the lenses using Laue diffraction deliver a controlled wide frequency band of x-rays. Many lenses can be designed to have the same source-focal point distance. Each of the lenses has different source-lens and lens-focus distances, depending on the requirements of focal spot size, working distance (front end of the lens to focal point), and flux, different lenses or combinations of several lenses can be used. This modularity creates a simple yet flexible scheme for varying intensity, focal spot size, and working distance.
The lenses utilizing Bragg reflection use mosaic graphite crystal on their inner surfaces arranged in a cylindrical configuration. The lenses are formed by the bending of graphite layers or alternatively the direct growth of graphite on a lens housing. Graphite was chosen as preferred mosaic crystal in the Bragg lenses because of its superior reflective properties. The Laue lenses utilizing a Laue transmission scheme are similarly comprised of mosaic graphite crystal, but the x-rays are transmitted and diffracted through the crystal volume rather than being reflected only from the incident surface of the mosaic graphite crystal.
For many applications, different focal spot sizes and different intensities are needed for varying flux density requirements. These requirements can be met by the use of supplementary Bragg reflective x-ray lenses with internal spherical, cylindrical, conical, parabolic, ellipsoid or other conic type configuration, but are not limited to such configurations. These supplementary x-ray lenses can be used to collect x-rays and focus them at varying focal lengths and create varying focal point areas and intensities. This modularity creates a simple yet flexible scheme of varying the intensity, focal length, and focal point area of an x-ray beam.
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of an x-ray system utilizing the lens system of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagram of a simple Bragg reflector;
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view of the crystal regions in mosaic carbon reflecting x-rays:
FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic view of Laue x-ray diffraction in an x-ray lens;
FIG. 5 is a diagram of the bent Johansson crystal working principle;
FIG. 6 is a lengthwise cross sectional view of the main lens of the present invention focusing x-rays and having a curved reflective surface with respect to incident x-rays;
FIG. 7 is a lengthwise cross sectional view of the main lens of the present invention focusing x-rays and having a flat reflective surface with respect to incident x-rays;
FIG. 8 is a lengthwise cross sectional view of a multiple x-ray lens system of the present invention having curved surfaces with respect to incident x-rays;
FIG. 9 is a lengthwise cross sectional view of a multiple x-ray lens system of the present invention having flat and angled surfaces with respect to incident x-rays;
FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic view of an x-ray lens of the present invention utilizing the principle of Laue x-ray diffraction;
FIG. 11 is a perspective view of an x-ray lens of the present invention comprised of multiple concentric layers of mosaic graphite crystal;
FIG. 12 is a cross sectional view taken along line 12—12 in FIG. 11;
FIG. 13 is a cross sectional view of an x-ray lens of the present invention utilizing the principle of Laue x-ray diffraction and equipped with beam stoppers and filters;
FIG. 14 is a cross section view of a combination x-ray lens utilizing the principles of Laue x-ray diffraction and Bragg x-ray reflection;
FIGS. 15-17 illustrate the methods of bending graphite used to fabricate the x-ray lenses of the present invention;
FIG. 18 illustrates the calibration of an x-ray lens and lens holder; and
FIG. 19 illustrates the method of forming a conical surface for the lenses of the present invention.
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic an x-ray system utilizing the lenses of the present invention. The x-ray lens system is generally shown as 20 in this present embodiment and includes an x-ray filter 22, lens 24, a main lens 26, and an extension lens 28. The present invention may be used with only one of these lenses or any combination of these lenses or other lenses defined in this description. An x-ray generator 30 produces x-rays 32 which include direct or coaxial x-rays that are filtered by x-ray filter 22. The x-ray filter 22, which may be a bandpass, highpass or lowpass filter, is comprised of a ring 21 which blocks or absorbs off-axis x-rays that are not reflected by the interior of the lenses and/or do not converge to the focal point 34 of the lens system 20. A filtering medium 23 is placed within the ring 21 of the x-ray filter 22 to filter x-rays entering the lens system 20, bypassing the reflective surfaces of the lens system 20, and traveling directly to focal point 34. Alternatively, the filter 22 may be placed at the exit aperture of a lens system 20 or two filters 22 may be used simultaneously at both the entrance and exit apertures of a lens system 20.
The x-rays 32 are collected by the x-ray lens system 20 and focused by the lens system 20 as x-rays 36 which converge to focal point 34. In radiotherapy, a system utilizing the x-ray focusing properties of the present invention can destroy a malignancy with reduced damage to collateral tissue and an energy use in the KeV range rather than the MeV range. This use of lower energy x-rays allows quicker fall-off behind the target tissue and reduced damage to tissue located behind the target tissue. A malignancy or target volume 38 is subjected to the greatest intensity of the focused x-rays 36 when the focal point 34 of the lens system is placed directly upon the malignancy 38. This focusing action also minimizes the radiation exposure of the healthy tissue surrounding the malignancy, decreasing collateral damage to the healthy tissue. The modular nature of the lens system 20 is evidenced by the ease at which the focal length and focal point area is adjusted. The focal length X and focal point 34 area of the x-ray lens system is easily changed by substituting different individual lens components with lenses of the desired aspect combinations. The focusing properties of the present invention also lead to the advantages of having improved flux and resolution in x-ray diffraction or other x-ray applications.
The x-ray lenses of the present invention utilize the principles of Bragg reflection and Laue diffraction. FIG. 2 provides a graphical illustration of a simple Bragg reflector. X-ray radiation 40 of wavelength λ is incident on a crystal or multilayer 42 having lattice or multilayer spacing d. Narrow band or generally monochromatic radiation 44 is than reflected according to Bragg's Law. Mosaic graphite is the preferred crystal structure which may be utilized as a Bragg reflector to provide a narrow band or generally monochromatized x-ray beam. In other embodiments other crystals or Bragg structures such as multilayers can be substituted within the lens system to reflect radiation using Bragg's law. Mosaic graphite and other Bragg structures only reflect radiation when Bragg's equation is satisfied:
n=the order of reflection
λ=wavelength of the incident radiation
d=layer-set spacing of a Bragg structure or the lattice spacing of a crystal
θ=angle of incidence
Mosaic graphite was chosen as the preferred x-ray reflecting or diffracting material in the embodiments of the present invention because of its superior performance properties, such as a large reflection angle, large rocking curve width due to the mosaic structure, and high reflectivity. In both Bragg and Laue diffraction, Bragg's law dictates the reflection and/or diffraction of the incident x-rays. The only difference is in Bragg diffraction the incident and diffracted beam share the same crystal surface, while in the Laue case the incident and diffracted beam use two different surfaces. The former is usually called a "reflection scheme" and the latter is referred to as a "transmission scheme".
The structure of the mosaic graphite consists of a regular three dimensional array of atoms which forms a natural diffraction grating for x-rays. The quantity d in Bragg's equation is the perpendicular distance between the planes of atoms in the mosaic graphite forming the diffraction grating. Mosaic crystal consists of numerous tiny independent crystal regions which are nearly parallel but not quite parallel with one another. When x-rays from an x-ray source strike a reflective surface the incidence angle varies since the point of reflection of various x-rays are at differing distances from an x-ray source. As the incidence angle of x-rays falling upon the mosaic graphite is varied so will the crystal regions reflecting the x-rays. This is caused by the differing orientations of the individual crystal regions within the mosaic graphite. There is not only an incidence angle upon the general surface of the mosaic graphite but individual local incidence angles upon the independent crystal regions. An x-ray beam falling on the mosaic graphite will reflect at a wider incident angle than a perfect crystal because x-rays entering into the graphite at wider incident angles will reach mosaic elements oriented correctly for reflection at that angle. The mosaic graphite reflects over an angular range which depends on the scatter of the mosaic orientations but the range is greater than that of a perfect crystal or multi-layered thin film Bragg reflector.
The arrangement of the lattice structure and crystal regions may be varied from slightly ordered to highly ordered depending on the application. For x-rays of differing energy, the Bragg angle is different and mosaicity provides the capability to accept more energy over a wider angular range. In the preferred embodiment, the main parameters of the graphite used in the Bragg reflective lenses of the present invention are:
d-spacing d: 3.33 Å
FWHM w: 0.5�
Reflectivity R.: 50%
Density p: 2.25 g/cm3
Attenuation μ: 0.175 g−1�cm2
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view of the crystal regions 46 in mosaic carbon reflecting x-rays. The reflecting surface 48 of the Bragg lens is curved in a circular manner. This curvature will improve the focusing properties of the lens by keeping the incident angle constant for x-rays that are incident throughout the extent of reflecting surface 48. This ideal reflective surface will allow x-rays 50 generated at point A and incident upon individual crystal regions 46 to be focused at point B. The individual crystal regions 46 are shown slightly out of parallel with respect to each other resulting in the focal point B. The Bragg condition is guaranteed by the following two conditions, the angle made by an incident x-ray and reflected x-ray is constant along the circle and the tiny crystal regions will make correct Bragg angle exits. For crystal with different d-spacings, and different source-focus point a different size circle will be chosen to meet the Bragg angle requirements. In a real application, x-rays might meet proper crystal regions not exactly on the circle due to using flat crystals. This will give a widened beam spot on focal point B. The parallelism and performance of a mosaic crystal reflector is characterized and described completely by its rocking curve width, its inherent reflectivity, and attenuation coefficient.
In further embodiments of the present invention, the principle of Laue diffraction/transmission is utilized to direct and focus x-rays. As seen in FIG. 4, incident x-rays 52 penetrate a crystal 54 and a portion of the incident x-rays 52 is diffracted and travels through the crystal 54 along the diffracted direction and exits the crystal 54 as focused x-rays 56. In a Laue lens configured as a ring, x-rays are diffracted at different focusing circles within the crystal. The Bragg angles are different at different point in the crystal volume, which results in an overall wider spectrum than Bragg reflectors.
The ideal inner mosaic graphite crystal surfaces and crystal planes of the lenses of the present invention follow the Johansson scheme. As seen in FIG. 5, a bent Johansson crystal 58 is used to reflect and focus x-rays. The bent Johansson crystal 58 will reflect x-rays according to Bragg's law. The Johansson crystal 58 is made by bending a crystal into a cylindrical surface with a normal radius 2R, and then polishing the reflection surface 60 to a cylindrical surface with radius R. The angle made by each pair of incident rays 62 generated by x-ray source 64 and reflected rays 66 is the same. The lines 68 that connect reflection points 70 to the point 72 on the other side of the circle 74, which is the symmetric point to the source and the focal point, are always equal and bi-partition the angle. Therefore, the curve that is perpendicular to these lines will constitute a Bragg plane, which are the bent 2R crystal planes in this Figure.
FIG. 6 is a perspective of the main x-ray lens 26 used in the present invention. The main x-ray lens 26 is cylindrical in form with a hollow interior lined with a graphite layer 76. Preformed or "bent" graphite blocks can be bonded together to form the graphite layer 76 on the interior of a lens housing 78. In one embodiment of the present invention four graphite blocks, each covering a quarter of the interior of the x-ray lens 26, are mounted on the interior of the x-ray long 26 to form a curved interior surface. In an alternate configuration graphite can be grown by deposition process inside the lens housing 78 to form a reflection layer.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, as seen in FIG. 6, the mosaic graphite layer 76 will approximate the reflecting surface of the Johansson Crystal illustrated in FIG. 5. The surface of the interior of the main x-ray lens 26 will be curved in a circular manner relative to the housing and incident x-rays 75. The term circular is used when referring to a Gross section or two-dimensional picture of the lens system, but a person of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that in three dimensions the lenses would be curved relative to the housing. This curving results in a smaller focal point area, as the mosaic graphite crystal will be aligned in the ideal form of the Johansson crystal to improve the focusing properties of the main x-ray lens 26
FIG. 7 is a lengthwise cross sectional view of an alternate embodiment of the main Bragg reflective lens 26′ of the present invention focusing x-rays. The main Bragg reflective lens 26′, as shown by the drawing, has a graphite layer 76′ that is not inclined or angled, rather it is substantially concentrically flat relative to the cylindrical housing of the main lens 78′ relative to incident x-rays 75′. The barrel or interior surface of the main lens 26′ therefore has generally a constant inner diameter throughout its full length. The flat reflecting surface of the graphite layer 76′ is easier to fabricate than the curved graphite surface 76 shown in FIG. 6 and will roughly approximate the surface of a the Johansson crystal shown in FIG. 5. The focusing properties of flat reflecting surface of the graphite layer 76′ will have more aberration than the curved graphite surface 76, shown in FIG. 6 of the leading to a larger focal point 79′.
FIG. 8 is a cross sectional view of a modular x-ray lens system of the present invention. The lens system 20 can be constructed from a plurality of lens components. In the present embodiment, the lens 24 is coupled to the main lens 26 which further couples to an extension lens 28 to focus x-rays. The lenses may be coaxially physically coupled by threaded members, flanges or other connection devices known in the art. The lenses are preferably in a cylindrical configuration. The inner mosaic graphite crystal surfaces 80, 76 and 82 of these lenses follow the Johansson scheme shown in FIG. 5 when adjacent to each other. The mosaic graphite surfaces have been configured to approximate the ideal Johansson crystal reflecting shape. As discussed previously, the term circular is used when referring to a cross section or two dimensional picture of the lens system, but a person of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that in three dimensions the lenses would be curved. The modularity of the system is also beneficial. The focal point and x-ray intensity of the present invention can be varied by simply arranging, removing, or adding lenses with various reflecting characteristics. Multiple combinations of individual lenses can be configured to meet almost any application.
Referring to FIG. 9, the mosaic graphite layer 80′ of lens 24′ is sloped in linear fashion (conical in three dimensions), the mosaic graphite layer 76′ of main lens 26′ is flat (cylindrical in three dimensions), and the mosaic graphite layer 82′ of extension lens 28′ is also sloped in linear fashion (conical in three dimensions) opposite to that of mosaic graphite layer 80′. These lenses alone do not possess a curved shape but when placed together approximate the curved circular shape of the ideal reflective surface of the Johansson crystal with their angular and flat surfaces. This conical system is also modular and lenses may be added or removed to improve performance.
The main performance of an x-ray lens is its collecting and transmitting capability for x-rays. It can be described by throughput which is defined as the solid angle from the source, which contains the same amount of photons the lens delivers to the focal point. If we define a solid angle which extends 1� in both directions, as a unit for the throughput, this unit will be equal to:
All Bragg reflective lenses in this section will be estimated in this unit.
The parameters of the main lens 26′ are:
Inner diameter: 25 mm
Length: 115 mm
Source-lens center distance: 400 mm
Lens center-focus distance: 400 mm
Capture angle: 1.70�10−3 strad
Focal spot size: 2-4 mm
Throughput 2.78
The wavelength of an x-ray at 60 KeV is calculated from the following formula:
The Bragg angle is:
The capture angle will be determined by:
In the case of the main lens 26′, the throughput is equal to the capture angle multiplied by the average reflectivity. Therefore the throughput is 8.5�10−4 strad. In the unit defined above, the throughput of our lens 26′ will be 2.78.
The parameters of the lens 24′ are:
Inner diameter of the exit: 25 mm
Inner diameter of the entrance; 23.5 mm
Length: 86.5mm
Source-lens center distance: 299 mm
Lens center-focus distance: 501 mm
Capture angle: 2.18�10−3 strad
Focal spot size: 4-10 mm, depending on source size
Throughput 3.57
The capture angle will be determined by:
As discussed above, the throughput is equal to the capture angle multiplied by the average reflectivity. Therefore the throughput is 1.09�10−3 strad and in the unit defined above, the throughput of the lens 24′ will be 3.57. The lens 24′ will give a large throughput, but will generate a larger focal spot.
The parameters of the extension lens 28′ are:
Inner diameter of the exit: 23.5 mm
Inner diameter of the entrance: 25 mm
Length: 86.5 mm
Source-lens center distance: 501 mm
Lens center-focus distance: 299 mm
Capture angle: 1.22�10−3 strad
Focal spot size: depends on source size
Throughput 1.97
The capture angle will be determined by:
The throughput is 0.61�10−4 strad and in the unit defined above, the throughput of lens 28′ will be 1.97. The extension lens 28′ has finer focus and larger convergent angle.
The intensity distribution and throughput of a particular combination of lenses can be calculated based on source information, source projection size, intensity distribution, etc.
In further embodiments of the present invention, Laue diffraction/transmission lenses are utilized to direct and focus x-rays. Referring to FIG. 10, a Laue lens 86 of the present invention is illustrated. Incident x-rays 84 penetrate the Laue lens or crystal 86 (in a ring configuration) and a portion of the x-rays 84 is diffracted and travels through the lens 86 along the diffracted direction and exits the lens 86 as focused x-rays 88. In Laue diffraction, x-rays are diffracted at different focusing circles within the crystal. The Bragg angles are different at different points in the crystal volume, which results in an overall wider spectrum than Bragg reflectors. The x-rays 84 are reflected from each lattice layer and directed towards a focal point 90. The distance between the source 92 and the lens 86 is f1 and the distance between the lens 86 and the focal point 90 is f2. The length of the lens is L. The inner diameter of the Laue lens 86 is R1 and the outer diameter is R2.
In the case where f1 is not equal to f2, the direction of the atomic planes of the Laue lens 86 will need to change along the diameter direction. Otherwise, the x-rays will not be reflected to the desired focal point. With f1=f2, the lens will be a flat ring instead of a tilted ring with varying atomic planes. Following are two designs; one has symmetric design, and the other has asymmetric design. They have the same working distance and different focal spot size. The main reason for the asymmetric design is to conserve materials and reduce the overall dimension of the system.
In the symmetric design, the performance parameters of the graphite for Laue reflection are the same as for Bragg reflection, except for the reflectivity. As measured recently by Applicants, it is about 18% around 60 KeV.
d-spacing d: 3.33 ◯
FWHM w: 0.4 (24 arc minutes)
Laue reflectivity R: <18%
Density ρ: 2.25 g/cm3
Attenuation μ: 0.175 g−1�cm2
The following is a particular design of a Laue lens 86 for the performance estimation. The main parameters of the lens 86 are listed below:
Inner diameter: 16.3 mm
Outer diameter: 32.6 mm
Length: variable
Source-lens center distance: 350 mm
Lens center-focus distance: 350 mm
The inner edge of the Laue lens 86 is tuned to work at 80 KeV; and the outer edge is tuned to work at 40 KeV. The band pass at each point is given by
At the position where the incident angle θ, the energy of the x-rays which satisfy the Bragg law is
Therefore the band pass as a function of q can be written as
where Δθ is the rocking curve width.
The capture angle will be determined by,
where θ2 is the incident angle at the outer edge and θ1 is the incident angle at inner edge.
The efficiency of the lens 86 can be written as
where R is 0.18 and Δθ=0.4�=0.00698 Rad.
In the unit "Effective solid angle" unit, the throughput should be
assuming the voltage setting is 120 kV.
The performance summary is:
Capture angle: 5.13�10−3 strad
Focal spot size: ˜3 mm (depends on fabrication accuracy)
Throughput: 0.82
Effective solid angle: 8.2�10−5
The asymmetric lens design shown in FIG. 12 can save material and shorten assembly time. However, as discussed above, theoretically the tilting angle of each layer 94 is different. In practice, it can be approximated by limited number of crystal layers. Each layer 94 is made of whole piece of crystal. Therefore the tilting angle of the crystal plane is the same within each layer 94.
This particular lens 100 design includes three concentric layers 94 (rings) having a thickness of 2 mm in the preferred embodiment. The inner radius of the lens is 5.4 mm, while the outer radius of the lens is 11.4 mm. Each lens layer 94 has a conical configuration. The main parameters of this design are given in Table 1.
Referring to FIG. 13, a further embodiment of the present invention is shown utilizing Laue reflection to focus x-rays. An x-ray source 92′ directs x-rays 84′ to the lens or crystal 86′ where some of the x-rays 88′ are diffracted and focused and transmitted x-rays 96 exit the crystal without being diffracted. Beam stopper 98 blocks these transmitted x-rays 96. Coaxial x-rays 102 will be filtered by x-ray filter 22′ similar to the previously described x-ray filter 22.
A cross section of a combination Laue and Bragg lens system is illustrated by FIG. 14. The x-ray source 92″ directs a portion of the x-rays 84″ to a Bragg reflective surface 104, preferably comprised of mosaic graphite crystal, which reflects generally monochromatic x-rays to the focal point 90″. A portion of the x-rays 84″ also are directed to the graphite crystal 86″ where some of the x-rays 88″ are diffracted and focused to a focal point 90″. Transmitted x-rays 96′ which travel through the crystal 86″ are incident upon a second Bragg reflective surface or lens 106 configured to focus the transmitted x-rays 96′ to focal point 90″. This configuration of multiple Bragg and Laue lenses increases the flux concentrating power of the combination lens system. X-rays which were previously occluded or blocked ore now conditioned and directed towards focal point 90″.
The graphite reflecting and diffraction layers of the x-ray lenses of the present invention may be formed by a variety methods including but not limited to direct growth on a lens housing and the bending of a generally flat graphite sheet. The bending process will allow the creation of a conical graphite lens at room temperature.
Referring to FIGS. 15-17, in one embodiment of the present invention a generally conical lens is formed by the bending of four identical plates 110 of graphite, each bent plate 110 representing a quarter of the lens, i.e. ninety degrees. The bent plates 110 are assembled in a housing to create the complete conical lens. The quality of bending will directly affect the performance of a graphite lens since the positive stress (compressing force) along the layer direction during bending will damage the mosaicity of the graphite. For example, as shown in FIG. 15, there are three different layers 112 of stress if a graphite lens is bent without a supporting structure. The central layer 114 undergoes no stress during bending. Below and above this central layer the graphite layers 116 will experience negative and positive stresses. The magnitude of the stress is linearly proportional to the distance from the central layer 114 and the length of the graphite plate 110. Damage to the mosaicity of the graphite is directly related to positive stress.
In order to minimize the damage to the graphite plate 110 during the bending procedure, three methods of bending may be used. In the first method, since a shorter graphite plate will experience lesser stress during the bending process, several bent graphite plates 110 can be used to form a complete circle as seen in the previous embodiments of the invention. The number of graphite plates 110 to be segmented depends on the radius of the graphite plate 110, thickness of the graphite plate 110 and the mechanical properties of the graphite plate 110. In the second bending method, as shown in FIG. 16, a reinforcement plate 118 is introduced to shift the zero-stress layer to the front surface of the graphite plate 110. In the preferred embodiment, the reinforcement plate 118 is comprised of a piece of transparent mylar sheet glued or affixed onto the front surface of the graphite sheet 110 before bending. The reinforcement plate 118 is removed after bending in order to expose the front surface of the graphite plate 110 to the environment. In the third method, as seen in FIG. 17, two guiding plates 120 and 122 are used to guide the graphite plate 110 for uniform bending.
In the third method shown in FIG. 17, a conical rod 109 is placed on the inner guiding plate 120 and the graphite plate 110 is sandwiched by inner guiding plate 120 and outer guiding plate 122. The bending forces are applied to the graphite plate 110 through the guiding plates 120 and 122 so that the graphite plate 110 will form along the conical rod 109 and assume the shape of the conical rod 109.
There are two methods for lens assembly to be used in the present invention. FIG. 18 shows a first method of lens mounting where individual bent graphite lens segments are assembled into a complete lens. The axis 128 of a lens holder 126 defines the axis of the lens system. The x-ray camera 130 is positioned at the focal point 132. The position and the angles of an individual bent graphite plate 134 are adjusted such that the reflected beam is focused on the focal point 132. The bent graphite plate 134 is fixed to the holder 126 after the alignment. All remaining graphite plate segments are mounted onto the holder 126 with this procedure.
Referring to FIG. 19, another method of lens assembly using a conical ring 152 and a conical rod 150 formed with the desired conical angles is illustrated. All bent graphite plates 154 are assembled simultaneously in this single ring lens method. One or more spacers are needed to fill the gap caused by different conical angles between layers for a multi-layer lens system. The inner rod 150 and the spacers are made from a material with less x-ray absorption than the bent graphite plates 154 and enough mechanical strength and chemical stability to withstand the bending forces generated by the conical rod 150.
It is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the exact construction illustrated and described above, but that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.
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Liked the show, but Richard Dawson was too familiar with female guests: the forced kissing was an issue for me.
I had forgotten about that annoying habit of his.
This is just what we were looking for. We had been looking for a Family Feud tape with multiple shows and this met our needs.Published 13 months ago by Susan Pesta
Richard Dawson was one of the most likable and funny game show hosts ever, it's also interesting to see all the stars from that era.Published 18 months ago by R. Dee

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Recent Stories
- Student's solar panel project shines at industry awards
- Lancaster's work to support business and the economy recognised by prestigious award
- Lancaster University launches unique postgraduate agricultural course with support from Waitrose
- Moving to the next generation in wireless technology
- Partnership with EDF Energy to boost student job prospects
- MSc International Innovation gives students chance to work with UK and Chinese businesses
- New Engineering Building wins prestigious architectural awards
- Strong representation in Complete University Guide 2016
- Lancaster University challenges aspiring engineers
- Sixth form students have the opportunity to experience engineering research
Three Peaks in Three Days
Story supplied by LU Press Office
Two technicians from Lancaster University's Physics Department have set themselves an extreme challenge for charity - to climb the three highest mountains in Britain within three days.
Ian Mercer and John Statter also aim to cycle the 460 miles between Ben Nevis in Scotland (1344 metres), Scafell Pike in the Lake District (977m) and Snowdon in Wales (1085m).
The pair are appealing for sponsorship for the challenge this summer, which is to raise funds for the Coronary Care Appeal at the Royal Lancaster Infirmary. They also need the loan of a camper van for five days to carry their support team as they cycle from one peak to the next.
Ian said: "Some of my family have been cared for in the hospital a few times so it's payback time."
Mon 29 January 2007
Associated Links
- The Extreme Challenge - Information about the challenge and how to sponsor Ian and John
Latest News
Student's solar panel project shines at industry awards
An engineering student has received an award in the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Mechatronic Student of the Year contest.
Wed 10 June 2015
Lancaster's work to support business and the economy recognised by prestigious award
Lancaster University's work to support businesses and the economy has been recognised by the inaugural Educate North Awards.
Fri 05 June 2015
Lancaster University launches unique postgraduate agricultural course with support from Waitrose
Lancaster University, with support from leading retailer Waitrose, is launching a new on-line postgraduate course designed to enable food-chain professionals to meet the challenges of future food production.
Tue 02 June 2015
Moving to the next generation in wireless technology
A Lancaster University professor is at the forefront of promising technology techniques to speed up the development of fifth generation (5G) wireless communications.
Thu 14 May 2015


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Category:Seven Stories Press books
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The main article for this category is Seven Stories Press.
Books published by Seven Stories Press.
Pages in category "Seven Stories Press books"
The following 9 pages are in this category, out of 9 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).


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Urban Farmhouse Kitchen
Evoke a sense of warmth and comfort combined with decorative elements in this jesGORDON farmhouse kitchen.
Love these dishes. Excellent quality. Would definitely recommend them. So many compliments on them....
Add comfortable elegance to dinner with dishwasher safe pasta serving bowls. These are perfect for larger family dinners with a regal design featuring a floral center pattern. These serving bowls are made of sturdy earthenware for long-term durability.
ITEM#: 14338418This earthenware serving bowl from Certified International presents pastas, salads and more in beautiful fashion. The Marche De Fleurs pattern is detailed and ornate, and the bowl is dishwasher safe for easy care.
|Serving Bowl
|See description
|See description
|Model Number
Love these dishes. Excellent quality. Would definitely recommend them. So many compliments on them.Read More
Evoke a sense of warmth and comfort combined with decorative elements in this jesGORDON farmhouse kitchen.
How to Season a Wooden Salad Bowl from Overstock.com. Proper maintenance will result in a well-seasoned wooden salad bowl, which will become more aromatic with age.
Best Dinnerware and Serveware for Your Home from Overstock.com. Our guides provide customers with information about the best dinnerware and serveware and advice about our many brand-name products.
Peggy Karr Glass Buying Guide from Overstock.com. Our guides provide customers with information about Peggy Karr glass and advice about our many brand-name products.
Serveware Buying Guide from Overstock.com. Start with the serveware essentials, and then add some specialty pieces. Here's what you need.
There's nothing quite like Mom's cooking. Your favorite chef may have some seriously outdated supplies, though. Brighten her kitchen with a fresh batch of cookware. Your taste buds will thank you.
Fresh air, sunny skies, and the scent of fresh waffles drifting through the air. Nothing beats a springtime Sunday brunch. Invite guests to a brunch feast in your home with lively table settings, coffee and tea from our Farmers Market, and these delicious recipes.
The rolling hills are dotted with row after row of grapes, the sun shining down through a beautiful sky of blue. This is Napa Valley, where cabernet sauvignon and chardonnay flow freely. You'll be reminded of this stunning landscape with our Wine Country-inspired decor.
Party Planning 101 from Overstock.com. From pretty little party favors to perfectly planned entertainment, there's a lot that goes into planning a party.
Items must be returned in new or unused condition and contain all original materials included with the shipment. More Details
FINAL SALE EXCLUSION: Items marked as FINAL SALE are not returnable unless the problem you experience is the result of our error.
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Marginally off topic,...
I've been to Disneyland countless times since I was six years old. I have probably taken over a thousand photos (a drop in the bucket compare to Darkbeer I'm sure).
I have often wondered if anyone famous is in the background of any of my vacation photos and I just don't know it. Perhaps they weren't even famous at the time. And perhaps they are just a fuzzy little dot way in the distance.
Sorry if that's too deep or bizarre a thought, but everytime I pull out old photos to look at I wonder about that. I always thought it would be fascinating to find someone recognizable "hidden" in your vacation snapshots.
(Clearly it is far too late at night as I type this and I need to go to sleep.)


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Cyan Design Alberta Folding Tables
Special Offer:
12 Issues of Food & Wine
Included with purchase ($20 value).
Cyan Design Alberta Folding Tables
Weights & Dimensions
|Product Type: Tray tables
|Style: Traditional
|Finish: Black
|Base Material: Wood
|Solid Wood Construction: Yes
|Folding: Yes
|Country of Manufacture: China
About the ManufacturerBeautiful Objects for Beautiful Lives. Cyan Design is the source for unique decorative objects. Decorative accessories for the most vibrant interior design. Cyan Design continuously updates their product line of ornamental objects, stunning glass vases, garden and patio objects, embellished frames, mirrors, wall decor and a vast collection of the finest lighting fixtures. Home remodelers, interior designers, decorators, and independent retail customers all rely on Cyan Design's vast inventory and award-winning customer service.
Cyan Design Alberta Folding Tables
Questions & Answers (1)
"Hi, what are the colors on all four tables?" asked by Bell
OUR SKU # VYQ1581Alberta Folding Tables is also sometimes listed under the following manufacturer numbers: 02433


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Narrow your search
A Danish fighter jet shows off top-gun skills for the modern age by taking out a flying drone with spectacular accuracy.
Forget the battling T-800s of "Terminator: Genisys" -- the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots warns that the lethal machines of the future are more frighteningly close to home.
Typing 140 characters has come at a heavy price for an Australian newspaper after it was ordered to pay AU$80,000 for defaming one of the country's highest ranking politicians in two short tweets.
We give our first impressions of Apple Music and a trackside report on the future of Formula E, the all-electric racing league. Plus, we discuss real-life killer robots and a campaign to stop them.
The man behind the heartbeat-reading startup has warned of the potential abuses of the new technology.
The rain-soaked alleys and intense punch-ups of this new Netflix show are a million miles from the colourful adventures of the Avengers.
Police have arrested an Australian man for alleged possession of a number of 3D-printed weapons and enough parts to make four separate handguns, in addition to other charges.
The "Phantom Menace" trailer wasn't only a treat for fans: it was a coup for Apple and, in 1998, one of the biggest tests the Internet had faced.
The MoD will auction precious slices of its spectrum later next year, with 4G-hungry network operators possible bidders.
Major international companies such as Apple and Google could soon have their accounts put under the microscope in Australia as part of a crackdown on corporate tax avoidance.


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Brunner and Lucena finish fourth at Beach World Champs
USA has seven teams finish in the Top 25, four in the Top 5
Vansant Sparks U.S. Women to Sweep of Belgium
Team USA improves to 3-0 in FIVB World Grand Prix
Pacific Rim Takes 18 Open Title
Northern California team tops Southern California rival The HBC
USAV Releases Men's Pan Am Games Roster
AJ Nally to serve as team captain; Charlie Sullivan as head coach
Tickets and Events
2015 FIVB World Grand Prix Finals
Purchase tickets for the World Grand Prix Final Round July 22-26 in Omaha, Neb.
Where you can watch USAV this summer
June 1-14: MNT at World League, WNT at USAV Cup. TO COME: beach grand slams on TV, indoor men's and women's national teams and junior events in the U.S.


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Product has nice smell, pleasant consistency and it's absorbed quickly; what's more important you can see results as quickly as few days( well it works for me ;-)
Always happy with these products. Use them every day. Love the cream/serum in Ultra lift, great under make up and only need a tiny amount. My skin feels and looks and feels softer and more defined.
Keeps my skin beautifully soft
I ordered on the Thursday and received my parcel on the Saturday very impressed.
brilliant as always. Loved getting the samples this time!!
Only used once.
Leaves my skin soft and smooth
Ratings Guide Read about our product rating system


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Meet with Your Local Representative Monday
Submitted: 05/17/2013
Story By Lyndsey Stemm
- The capitol may be far away but one of our local legislators wants to bring it closer. Assemblyman Rob Swearingen is meeting with constituents around the 34th district.
He visited Woodruff and Eagle River today.
Swearingen is five months into his freshman term. He wants to make sure people can put a face to his name.
He also wants reach those who might be skeptical of him because of his political party.
"You get that, just because I have the "R" in the back of my name that you're automatically not going to be friendly to those issues. And we encourage you to reach out. I may respond and it may not be the response you want to hear, but if you're going to ask me an honest question I'm going to give you an honest answer," says Rep. Swearingen.
Swearingen says everyone's working hard on the budget in Madison. He's hearing a lot of concerns about school funding locally.
"I just really feel that people should be engaged with their own local legislators so the legislator knows them, and knows how they feel. And I showed him my tax bill and he got a real perspective for someone who's on a fixed income and how all the costs for education impact one of his constituents," says Shirley Kufeldt, from Conover.
"We're looking for more funding for the K-12 funding program. I think there's been a lot of heightened awareness in the capital on both sides of the isle and in the Governor's office. So I'm looking for hopefully some good results to help rural schools as the budget moves forward before the Governor signs it in the first part of July," says Rep. Swearingen.
Swearingen's first budget motion was to allow Nicolet College to be eligible for state aid based on enrollment. That motion passed unanimously.
He says his weekly drive to his office in Madison is a reality check.
"There's the state capitol and you realize that your office is inside that building. It's a really surreal feeling to walk into that building each morning. Every time I press that button, whether it's green or red, I am voting on behalf of over 50,000 people in the 34th Assembly District. And that is something you don't take lightly," says Rep. Swearingen.
Swearingen will continue district dialogues on Monday. He'll be in Florence, Rhinelander and Crandon.
Florence, May 20th 9:00 AM - 10:30 AM Maxsells Restaurant Inn & Pub, 209 Central Ave, (US Highway 2)
Crandon, May 20th 12:30 PM - 2:00 PM Forest County Courthouse, Board Room
Rhinelander, May20th 3:00 PM - 5:00 PM Oneida County Courthouse, Committee Room 1
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Railroads fight budget proposal to allow track crossings on foot
Submitted: 07/03/2015
Play Video
- It may come as a surprise, but fishermen, hunters, or hikers can't legally cross most railroad tracks in Wisconsin.
That's even if the rail line splits their own property. Walking across tracks is only allowed on the thousands of crossings specifically approved by the state.
Some legislative Republicans think that doesn't make sense. They added a proposal to the state budget on Thursday to allow people to cross tracks on foot. Making a crossing would no longer be considered trespassing, and railroad companies would have no power to prevent it.
+ Read More
Cooler temperatures lengthen strawberry ripening process
Submitted: 07/03/2015
- Low temperatures this time of year can cause problems for some farmers. One Northwoods strawberry farm had to close down for a few hours earlier this week because the berries aren't ripening as fast as normal.
"The cold days this week made the berries ripen much slower than normal," says Andy Merry, owner of Merry's Berries.
+ Read More
Police prepare for 4th of July
Submitted: 07/03/2015
- You can find tourists all over the Northwoods already for the holiday weekend.
That means area police departments are busy making sure everyone stays safe.
The Minocqua Police Department has all of their officers working extended hours on July 4th, but the police chief says they worry more about safety than law enforcement.
"[The] 4th of July is more family-oriented," says Minocqua Chief of Police Dave Jaeger. "You have a lot of families down there with their children, so we're down there to make sure that it's a safe environment."
Places like Minocqua will be packed with people this weekend, so police just want to make sure holiday events go on safely.
"We mainly focus on, during the parade, we do the re-route, and we have officers on the parade route in case there's any type of issues or accidents that may occur, that we have to respond to," says Jaeger.
The Minocqua Police Department also works with the chamber of commerce and public works to make sure everything goes smoothly.
+ Read More
Fire damages Verso paper mill in Wisconsin Rapids
Submitted: 07/03/2015
- A cracked lime kiln has caused a fire that damaged the Verso paper mill in Wisconsin Rapids.
+ Read More
Park Falls mural helps keep veterans stories alive
Submitted: 07/03/2015
Play Video
- Kelly Meredith's paint-splattered uniform and face tell us what she does.� But the Butternut muralist prefers to think of her job as a historian.
"Those stories need to go out to the rest of us," Meredith said.
Brush stroke by brush stroke, Meredith went to work this spring, painting the uniforms and faces of Northwoods World War II veterans and bringing their stories back to life.
"They weren't gods and heroes," Meredith said. "They're ordinary people who overcame their fear and the courage and dignity to basically save the world."
+ Read More
Wisconsin State Patrol prepares for extra traffic in the Northwoods
Submitted: 07/03/2015
- Many people travel to the Northwoods for the fourth of July.
That means there can be a lot of extra traffic.
Wisconsin State Patrol makes sure it's ready for the holiday.
It has more people staffed on busy holiday weekends.
+ Read More
Thousands head to the Northwoods to camp for July 4th
Submitted: 07/03/2015
Play Video
- As people start getting ready for the 4th of July, many will camp here in the Northwoods.
The DNR expects almost 3,000 people to camp in the Northern Highland-American Legion State Forest this weekend.
The DNR thinks this will be their best 4th of July yet, with almost all of the campgrounds full.
People say there's nothing better than camping in the Northwoods.
"We like to come up to the Northwoods because it's beautiful and the water's crystal clear," said Prairie Farm resident Peter Fetting. "The other campers are always really friendly, and I've been coming up here for 30 years. This is my 30th year coming up here to camp."
People already got a head start heading out to beaches and on the water Friday. Campers say more people should come enjoy the woods this summer.
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The Personal Life of David LivingstoneAndrews UK 2012; US$ 2.99
A biography of the personal life of Doctor David Livingstone, the pioneering medical missionary. more...
Namibia SpacePenguin Random House South Africa 2012; US$ 14.00
Namibia is a haunting and beautiful country. Join travel writers Chris Marais and Julienne du Toit as they share their experiences of this vast country through their remarkable writings and photographs. Namibia Space shows us their Namibia? more...
In Praise of SavageryHarperCollins Publishers 2010; Not Available
One man?s journey in the footsteps of a great explorer into the heart of Africa. more...
Paths to PubsPenguin Random House South Africa 2012; US$ 13.00
Offering the most detailed coverage yet of the paths that criss-cross Table Mountain National Park, this book grades and describes 69 paths. Best of all, every excursion leads to a pub. more...
Padlangs Deur Suid-AfrikaPenguin Random House South Africa 2012; US$ 18.00
Padlangs deur Suid-Afrika verskaf goeie advies oor die beste roetes en bevat alles wat vakansiegangers moet weet wanneer hulle hul volgende vakansie beplan. Pragtige volkleurfoto?s en ?n interessante kombinasie van sypanele sal reisigers aanspoor om die menige teer- en gruispaaie van Suid-Afrika aan te durf en die talle interessante hoekies en gaatjies... more...
Medieval RhodesiaTaylor and Francis 2012; US$ 54.95
First published in 1906, this archaeological examination of the ruins of Zimbabwe, Rhodesia's pre-historic monument, asserted that it was African in origin, belonging to the medieval period. The academic controversy still has echoes in the 21st century. more...
Magnificent South AfricaPenguin Random House South Africa 2012; US$ 23.00
Magnificent South Africa celebrates one of the world?s most beautiful and varied regions. With informative overviews of the country, its history and economy, and spectacular photographs, this highly illustrated full-colour book showcases the best that South Africa has to offer. more...
AfricaDartmouth College Press 2011; US$ 22.99
An innovative and indispensable guidebook for people traveling to Africa to work on health or humanitarian projects more...
The Healing Land: A Kalahari JourneyHarperCollins Publishers 2013; Not Available
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Double-feature: Marilou Diaz-Abaya: Filmmaker on a Voyage and Bagong Buwan | New Moon
Sunday Apr 06 04:00 PM
Friday Apr 11 01:00 PM
Doris Duke Theatre
Museum members: $10.00
General Admission: $15.00
About the Film:
Marilou Diaz-Abaya: Filmmaker on a Voyage
Directed by Mona Lisa Yuchengco. 2012. USA/Phillipines. 87 mins. Filipino with English subtitles.
Mona Lisa Yuchengco recounts the achievements of her friend Marilou Diaz-Abaya (1955-2012), the "first lady" of Philippine cinema, in this endearing documentary tribute. Diaz-Abaya, one of the Philippines' most successful directors, television producers, and teachers, was responsible for a string of critically acclaimed and commercially popular films from the 1980s until her untimely death in 2012. Her unflinching efforts to tell the unheard stories of those struggling to survive harsh societal and political conditions resulted in such groundbreaking films as Brutal (1980), Karnal (1983), Baby Tsina (1984),Jose Rizal (1998), Reef Hunters (1999), and Bagong Buwan (2001).
Bagong Buwan | New Moon
Directed by Marilou Diaz-Abaya. 2001. Philippines. 130 mins. Filipino with English subtitles.
Cast: Ceasar Montano, Amy Austria, Jericho Rosales, Caridad Sanchez, Carlo Aquino, Noni Buencamino, Jiro Manio, Ronnie Lazaro, Jhong Hilario, and Jodi Santamaria.
Hailed as the first feature film to focus on the long-standing conflict between the Philippine central government and muslims in the south, Marilou Diaz-Abaya's epic work was pioneering in its treatment of muslim Filipinos (Moros) with sympathy and sensitivity. Bagong Buwan tells the story of Ahmad (Cesar Montano), a muslim who lives in Manila, while his wife Fatima (Amy Austria) and only son Ibrahim stay in Mindanao. Ahmad is devastated when he is told that a stray bullet fired by vigilantes has killed Ibrahim. Returning home, Ahmad finds himself opposing his family's wish to stay in their war-torn homeland. In spite of his son's death, Ahmad still wants to live a peaceful life and insists that the best solution is for his family to move to Manila with him. Musa, Ahmad's brother, disagrees. Musa believes that a war against the unbelievers is the only solution, and even trains his young son for a Muslim warrior's life. An explosion near a public marketplace thrusts Ahmad and his loved ones into the center of a bloody conflict between christians and muslims, the government and the Moros. Montano's stunning performance garnered him a Best Actor nod for a Gawad Urian, the Filipino equivalent of an Oscar.
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July 4th Parade
On Saturday, July 4th, the Town will hold its annual "Fourth of July Parade". The Parade will kick off at 10 AM at the Dr. Helen Baldwin School and proceed west along Route 14 to Municipal Drive, then ending at the Town Hall Complex.
There will be a brief ceremony at noon at the Town Hall, along with vendors and activities for the entire family.
Please come out to enjoy the Parade and festivities at the Town Hall.
Happy Birthday America!
Welcome to Canterbury!
Nestled in Northeast Connecticut's beautiful "Quiet Corner", 312 year old Canterbury comprises a rich mix of historical tradition, a wide variety of tradespeople and small businesses, unique ecological features and beautiful vistas within its 40.3 square miles. A current population of 5096 is housed along 68 miles of Town Roads and 20 miles of State Roads.
Elementary and Middle Schools are located within the Town. High school students have a choice of Board of Education approved high schools which provide a broad spectrum of educational opportunities. A wide range of extremely active and involved civic groups and services provide many recreational and educational activities throughout the town. We encourage you to visit the many links provided throughout the web site.
The Town staff is ready to serve your needs. Please contact us with any questions or comments you have via the web site, or visit us in the Municipal complex located in Canterbury Plains at 1 Municipal Drive.
To view a variety of videos about our beautiful Town, please click on http://www.youtube.com/canterbury06331


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iHerb Customer Reviews
Posted by Reviewer1355869 on Jul 16, 2013
Bought for myself and kids to get good dose of calcium. I like these caps. Offers good amount of what is needed to help bones and teeth. results will shows in months and years to come, but I feel this is very good supplement to take, not just for the skeleton, but for the healthy function of whole body.
Now Foods, Calcium Citrate Caps, 240 Vcaps
Posted by Reviewer1919832 on Aug 26, 2014
Best product for my bones and I like the price
Posted by 5516788770025781329 on Dec 26, 2014
Love the soft tablet, easy to swallow.
Jose Canales
Posted by Reviewer2219384 on Sep 12, 2008
Product order was easy and very informative. I started the product right away.
Excellent choice.
Posted by Reviewer2310242 on Oct 09, 2008
It was all the Calcium and other Vitamins and minerals you need for good absorption.


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1301 East Main Street
Central Office, Richmond, 23219
Commute to Downtown Richmond
Most errands can be accomplished on foot.
Score Details
1301 East Main Street has a Walk Score of 87 out of 100. This location is Very Walkable so most errands can be accomplished on foot.
This location is in the Central Office neighborhood in Richmond. Nearby parks include Shockoe Slip Historic District, Capitol Square and George Washington Statue.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 1301 East Main Street.
View all Central Office apartments on a map.
Popular apartment searches include hardwood floor, fitness and pool.
Find a Richmond real estate agent who knows walkable neighborhoods. Links will open on our partner site Redfin.com.
1301 East Main Street is in the Central Office neighborhood. Central Office is the 11th most walkable neighborhood in Richmond with a neighborhood Walk Score of 76.


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Book + Art: Handcrafting Artists' BooksBy Dorothy Simpson Krause
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text: [ Wyoming Business Council Board of Directors to Meet In Lusk By Amy Richards November 28, 2014 The board will also review applications for Business Ready Community (BRC) grants and a Governor's Data Center Recruitment grant during its Dec. 4 meeting, Read More|Comment Category: Amy Richards, Government, Wyoming News Tags: government, Lusk, Wyoming Business Council Board of Trustees, Wyoming Women's Center Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


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More Information:
Diskography ▼ descending order by Catalogue Number
»The World's Biggest Big Band« | SWR Big Band | Syd Lawrence Orchestra
1 CD | Nr.: 93.278 | [more] »
»Lost Tapes
Volker Kriegel
Mainz 1963-1969« | Volker Kriegel | Helmut Kampe
2 CD | Nr.: 101726 | [more] »
This release marks the first appearance of Karel Mark Chichon, the principal conductor of the German Radio Philharmonic Orchestra working together with the music label SWR music. The Brit decided to make the complete symphony works by Antonín Dvoák to his project. »


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
38 year old man | Brooklyn, NY, USA | Seeking women 24-39 within 8 miles
Hi. If your last conversation to 'new beginnings' started with a bunch of likes and lists ---- and made you seriously contemplate the benefits of Nyquil, maybe you should read on. You are not guilty of being hopeful, optimistic and and desiring more than some fancy talk over marbled glassware. Since we're not here to talk about the weather, let's talk about something else. You're in NYC. You're accomplished, motivated, you've got things going for you. Maybe the thought wanting to practice getting fond of someone keeps on getting in the way of epic monologues and nights that drone on without an easy button. But instead, while you're having those conversations your mind wanders somewhere else. The future? Or the past. To a place or a time where you're the happiest, you're spending time with an edgy chap, an experience that makes others wondering where your newfound glow and zen comes from. It's great but it takes time. But we New Yorkers typically, have no time, and wish we could shortcut through the words and get to an emotional gut check. Rambunctiousness and being fluent in all channels of communication especially when words can let you down seem to do all of us right. Except I'm talking to you, in words, with words and definitely not a powerpoint presentation. Maybe in tie I'll tell you about my past careers and assignments and why I love what I do with my life now....might not be just not all in one go. And your mutual curiosity (I always misspell this word) to share your life might include global travels - or ask about the beaches I lived on for 5 years. Anyways, this isn't a profile, it's a glance. It's the same look I might give you, or you might give me passing through a turnstile, standing in line while the smell of fresh roasted beans fill the air, or impatiently waiting for a little orange guy to turn white while your headphones strum tunes. Maybe that starts with marbled glassware. I'm not afraid to say Hi. In my mind, that's where something starts. And if I say a silent Hi, I'll wonder if its response is coming from a coy, silly woman with sharp wit and soft edges around her NYC heart.
Cooking , Exploring new areas , Travel/Sightseeing , Wine tasting
Other types of exercise, Swimming, Yoga
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Cats
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
Fun's defined more by who you're with, not just what you're doing.
If you've been paying attention, your profile.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|5'10" (177cms)
|4'11" (149cms) to 5'4" (162cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, Curvy, Athletic and toned
|Black, Blue, Brown, Green
|Auburn / Red, Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Dark blonde
|No Way
|No Way, Yes, but trying to quit
|Social Drinker
|Never, Social Drinker
|Artistic / Creative / Performance
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|No preference
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|No preference
|Middle Eastern
|Asian, Latino / Hispanic, White / Caucasian, Other
|Spiritual but not religious
|No preference
|English, French
|English, French
|Graduate degree
|Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


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YG Enlists Lil Wayne, Nicki Minaj and Meek Mill For 'My N—-' Remix
YG goes big for the remix to 'My N----,' recruiting Lil Wayne, Nicki Minaj and Meek Mill for the track.
YG goes big for the remix to 'My N----,' recruiting Lil Wayne, Nicki Minaj and Meek Mill for the track.
French Montana and his Cocaine Cowboys reunite with Meek Mill on this anthemic cut. No telling where it'll end up, but I like it its a download for me !
Download Or Delete : Coke Boys Ft Meek Mill "Closing Up Shop"
It's safe to say the days of the Rick Ross-led Maybach Music Group dominance has ended. Recent singles like 'No Games' off Ross' upcoming 'Mastermind' made very little splash and the 'Self Made, Vol. 3' album came and went. The end of MMG's reign was essentially marked by Meek Mill's presence last year, not that the label's decline is necessarily his fault.
This NewTube Thursday "I Be on Dat" sexy, Scandal tip that'll make you wanna "Pour it Up" pour it up with your "Best Friend" that you fantasize about having a John Legend "All of Me" moment with in the shower! Watch new videos from Meek Mill, Rihanna, RaVaughn and John legend inside.
Meek Mill is on a lyrical warpath! Just a few days after releasing a Cassidy diss song called 'Kendrick You Next,' the Philly spitfire unleashes his response to Kendrick Lamar's verse on Big Sean's track 'Control.'
Meek Mill is getting fans ready for the release of his new mixtape with this "Kendrick You Next" diss record. Listen to this trending track inside.
Ever since Kendrick Lamar threatened to "Manson Murder" "All My N---" including Meek Mill who haven't reached the "Levels" of Greatness King Kendrick claims, Hip Hop lyrics this week have gotten "Darker" but we are "Yet" to see Anyone top that verse on "Control". Watch the latest hip hop videos inside. #NewTube
Ok, so as the aftermath to Big Sean's track , 'Outta Control' continues everyone is still buzzing about Kendrick's verse and are either trying to out do him or trying to start drama between the rappers in the game
After 16 hours of deliberation, a jury of six women found George Zimmerman not guilty in the shooting death of 17-year-old teen Trayvon Martin.
Twitter is in a tizzy over some old tweets by a number of famous artists, including Meek Mill, Action Bronson, Frank Ocean, Macklemore and many others, who s---ted on their rap peers before they were famous.
Rising star Lil Snupe best known as Meek Mill's Artist was shot and killed early this morning by a neighborhood "friend". More inside.


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For the first 18 years of his life, John Gillis never got to see the world outside the urban decay of the Motor City.
SONOMA COUNTY, Calif. - Harvest is a magical time in Sonoma. Straw-coloured hills are bathed in a golden light and the lush landscape of wine country is bursting. Tractors hum between manicured rows. Trucks, weighed down under bins of grapes, amble along rural roads. Pickers work late into the night under the glare of artificial floodlights to pluck grapes cold from their vines. And cellars smell of newly fermenting juice.
Director of The Room is basking in cult status.


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Tractor Scrape, 5', heavy duty, very good shape, has been kept under cover.
Jul 3 - Wingate
Northstar tow behind sprayer on boom with arms, overall spray out is up to 120", holds 26 gallons. It has an upgraded hand sprayer with stronger stream, all paperwork included
Jul 3 - Wingate
John Deere Broadcast Spreader, tow behind, 175lb. 3.5 cu feet. Like new condition, only used twice and has been kept under cover.
Jul 3 - Wingate
Brand New OEM style Hydraulic Pump for Satoh 630d GPS1-20CD $359 . fits many other tractors.
Jun 12 - Clover
WELDER GENERATER!!! Only 221 hours on it ! It's a 10,000 watt Honda motor with a 250 lincon thermal core Ryder stick WELDER ,on a single axel trailor ! It has a brand new circuit board (less than a yr old ) ! I have the paper work to prove . This WELDER generator will also comes with a cover and a tool box , I also have a set of torches (oxygen and acyctline bottles are full) ,200 ft of leads ...
Jun 1 - Rock Hill
Brand New OEM Hydraulic Pumps for most gray market tractors.Dont ruin your tractor trying to adapt some other type pump. Japanese tractors use metric pumps.many styles of shaft mount pumps
May 31 - Clover
Finishing deck (belly mower) that was under a Ford 1320 tractor. Should be a 95 model.
May 28 - Locust
Approximately 1000 acres on the unit 18'' Very good condition - See more at: http://www.heavyequipmentregistry.com/heavy-equipment/14591.htm#sthash.Mvk9l6XT.dpuf
May 28 - Lincolnton
For Sale : Disc Plow $895.00 E/C Call 704-485-4694
May 26 - Oakboro
DR Leaf and Lawn Vacuum 11.50 Premier, Self-Propelled For tight spaces or extra hilly areas. Narrow width lets you navigate landscaped areas. Chipping mechanism significantly reduces material, so you spend less time emptying the bag. 37-gallon bagger detaches quickly. Chips 2" branches. No Tractor? No Problem! Our self-propelled model is just right for cleaning up tight corners, extra ...
May 25 - Mooresville
need cutting off musket nimes apples plums
May 14 - Mooresboro
Extremely well built produce/farm stand. In absolutely great condition. Has folding awnings, working stainless steel refrigerator, detachable display shelves. Dimensions: H: 11' W: 8.5' L: 12.7'
May 12 - Marshville
Online Only Auction - Equipment, Tools, and Household Items Tractor, UTV, Van, Trailers, and Tools HWY 49, Harrisburg, NC 28075 Bidding Opens - Wednesday, June 3rd at 8:00AM Bidding Ends - Friday, June 12th at 1:00PM Preview Date Thursday, June 4th 11AM-2PM Removal Date Saturday, June 13th 9AM-1PM Inventory List: 2007 Polaris 700 Twin Ranger XP -- 4 X 4 2008 Chrysler Town & Country Mini ...
May 11 - Harrisburg
1998 Cat Loader 953\LGP Excellent Condition. New Muffler, New Teeth on Bucket. 95% Undercarriage. Call (704)363-7150
May 6 - Monroe
Various lengths of galvanized steel posts. Some have mounting flanges with bolt holes; some do not. These metal poles can be used for building pole barns, street lighting, etc. Delivery is possible. Sizes are as follows: 4 ea - 5 1/4" x 15' x 3 3/4" 2 ea - 6" x 23' x 3 3/4" 6 ea - 8" x 16' x 3 3/4" 1 1/2 " thick plates with holes
Jul 5 - Atlanta : Dallas
Roping Saddle for sal
Jul 4 - Greenville : Liberty
16 ft trailer for sale, excellent condition. Contact Joe at 540-246-5830 for more information or to schedule a time for pick up.
Jul 4 - Harrisonburg : New Market
4X5 Round bales of hay for sale, some this year, some summer 2012, dry, orchard grass
Jul 4 - Harrisonburg : New Market
For sale: $750.00 OBO Very nicely built trailer with ramp, it has high speed tires, the Cargo area measures at 8 X 6, total length is 12 Ft. It has lights and it is registered. Please call us at 706-635-5009 for more information or come by and check it out at the Cartecay Trading Post, Inc. located at the foot of beautiful Stover Mountain in Ellijay.
Jul 3 - Atlanta : Ellijay
2 car hauler. 32 ft w/aluminum wheels 8 ft aluminum ramps. 83 inches wide Chains and straps. Lights and brakes work. Set up for car transport. Looking for and equipment hauler. 678-eight59-6852 This ad was posted with the eBay Classifieds mobile app.
Jul 2 - Atlanta : Locust Grove
1063 New Holland Stackliner, 160 bale, cab controls, sheltered, very good condition - See more at: http://www.heavyequipmentregistry.com/heavy-equipment/14911.htm#sthash.nCqHwQCv.dpuf
Jul 2 - Greensboro : Timberlake
This trailer has eight feet solid deck and fourteen feet of tilt, 7K axles, locking toolbox, 10 ply radials. Any questions, call Bill at 423-646-7881.
Jul 2 - Tri-Cities (TN) : Bluff City
New Tomahawk 78" snow/light material bucket with standard skid steer mount. Call 423-646-7881.
Jul 2 - Tri-Cities (TN) : Bluff City
New Tomahawk 72" brush grapple. Standard skid steer mount. Call 423-646-7881.
Jul 2 - Tri-Cities (TN) : Bluff City


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Documentary receives critical acclaim in five cities during three-week theatrical release
Trailer released for the the eagerly anticipated documentary about Malala Yousafzai
Ali Mostafa film to get theatrical re-release this Eid
Wishing everyone Ramadan Kareem and a blessed Holy Month
Our 2015 short documentary competition is now open!
Free-to-air 'Quest Arabiya' to broadcast factual shows aimed at Arab male audience. Commitment to air regionally-produced content means boost to regional TV production industry


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NERF N-Strike Mega Centurion Blaster
|List Price:
|£39.99 & eligible for FREE Super Saver Delivery. Details
Availability: Usually dispatched within 24 hours
Dispatched from and sold by Amazon.co.uk
19 new or used available from £36.39
Average customer review:
(86 )
Product DescriptionGet 10 Mega Darts for mega distance! This 10-pack of far-flying darts gives you the ammo you need to get an edge on the battlefield. They work with most N-Strike blasters (sold separately). Ammo up with this Mega Series 10-pack!
Includes 10 darts
Suitable for ages 8 years +


text:
Narrow your search
Guest star in your very own episode of "The Twilight Zone" by installing a door decal that hints at a portal to another world.
Add some custom art to your laptop lid by printing out vinyl stickers in just a few minutes.
Amp up the adrenaline level required to use the bathroom at your house by turning your boring old toilet into a man-eating sarlacc.
It defied the Nazis and became the first World War II bomber to complete 25 combat missions and return home. CNET Road Trip 2013 checked out how it's being restored to its original glory.
A beverage cooler on Kickstarter pays homage to a vintage Apple machine in all its classic beige glory.
Photojojo shows you five ways to turn your phone into a tool for taking better photos on your point-and-shoot or dSLR camera.
In this episode, we find out if the BMW 750Li or Lexus LS 460 F Sport are more CNET-style, why you may be obsessing about the wrong thing about your engine, and the Top 5 ways The Man decides what technology is in your car.
These decal-like panels can go anywhere and don't lose any efficiency.
Rule over the restroom like the royalty you are with an Iron Throne wall decal for your toilet.
Sticker for iPhone 4 makes your smartphone look like an old-style instant camera.


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UH cancer center advisory group formed
University of Hawaii President M.R.C. Greenwood has established a steering group to advise her on how best to expedite development of a long-delayed cancer research center in Kakaako.
"I have made the development of the new cancer research center one of the highest priorities for the university," Greenwood said Friday in a prepared statement.
UH expects to start building the new center on 5.5 acres in Kakaako, near the John A. Burns School of Medicine, in mid-2010.
Greenwood said the university is finalizing details on the scope of work to be done by a planning consultant.
It also will soon advertise requests for proposals for project management services and is selecting an architectural team, particularly one that specializes in research laboratory facilities, to design the Kakaako facility.
Members of the advisory group include:
• Dennis Hirota, vice chairman of the UH Board of Regents
• Virginia Hinshaw, chancellor of UH Manoa
• Howard Todo, UH vice president and chief financial officer
• James Gaines, UH vice president for research
• Brian Minaai, UH associate vice president of capital improvements
• Jerris Hedges, dean of the UH John A. Burns School of Medicine
• Michele Carbone, director of the Cancer Research Center of Hawaii
• Eric Holmes, adjunct professor
• Kerry Kakazu, associate director


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Live updates
Camping improves school life for children
A study from Plymouth University suggests children who go camping do better at school and are healthier and happier.
The findings, from the Institute of Education, show escaping technology, connecting with nature and the freedom kids get are hugely positive.
Paralysed Plymouth graduate makes award-winning documentary
A Plymouth University graduate has become an international award winning documentary maker - despite not being able to hold a camera.
Jonathan Brough was left paralysed from the neck down after contracting meningitis on his gap year. But he didn't let the disease hold him back and created a project documenting his life after meningitis.
His film 'Perseverance Beyond Doubt' won an Award of Merit in the Best Short Films Competition. The 16 minute film tells the story of his efforts to cope with the effects of meningitis.
Last year, despite his disability and the fact he requires round the clock care, he fulfilled his dream of pursuing his studies and achieved a First in BA (Hons) Media Arts at Plymouth University.
Plymouth researchers discover 'zombie' worm
Researchers in Plymouth have discovered a worm that fed on the bones of marine dinosaurs.
The Osedax worm was found 10-years-ago in the bones of dead whales at the bottom of the ocean. It's now known they were living in the bones of giant sea creatures a 150 million years ago.
Plymouth University develop 3D interactive game to fight Ebola
Plymouth University have developed a 3D interactive game to help fight Ebola.
The programme, which is similar to a video game, is designed to teach people how to stop the disease from spreading.
It's being trialled in Sierra Leone at Masanga hospital and allows learners to be 'immersed' in simulated environments.
The game that could help stop the spread of Ebola
Plymouth University has developed an interactive game to help fight Ebola. The programme is designed to teach people how to stop the disease from spreading. It is being trialled in Sierra Leone.
Plymouth University is the greenest in the UK
Plymouth University has been ranked the most sustainable in the country. It's the second time the university has topped the People and Planet Green League in five years.
Sustainability is not just about switching off the lights and computers - Plymouth University has even started to commission independent monitoring of the factories that make the products that students use every day on campus as well as committing to purchase staff uniforms made from Fairtrade cotton.
Plymouth Uni medical research rated best in the UK
Plymouth University's Medical School is the best in the country for the quality of its research.
The latest league tables say it is doing better than both Oxford and Cambridge.
80% of its research was also rated as 'world leading' or international quality.
New role for Plymouth University vice-chancellor
The vice-chancellor of Plymouth University is returning to work - following an investigation into her conduct.
Professor Wendy Purcell was put on leave in July, amid unspecified allegations which are understood to include a complaint about her management style.
Today the university announced the inquiry process has ended, and she will return to work in a new role to build the university's reputation.
Vote of no confidence in Plymouth Uni vice-chancellor
Staff at Plymouth University have given a vote of no confidence in their vice-chancellor, Wendy Purcell.
Members of the University and College Union say the recent problems at the university have undermined morale and risked long-term damage to the institution.
Wendy Purcell who is currently on paid leave, was suspended for three months over allegations of overspending and bullying colleagues.
Vice-chancellor steps up her battle to get her job back
Wendy Purcell, Plymouth University's vice-chancellor, has stepped up her legal battle to win her job back, with the case against her understood to include a complaint about her management style.
Professor Purcell is now being represented by a law firm that specialises in discrimination claims. She was suspended three months ago, but has since had her status changed to paid leave. Neither the university nor Professor Purcell has ever disclosed the charges against her.