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Chronic Poverty Research Centre Annual Report 1st October 2005 to 30th September 2006 Director Dr Andrew Shepherd Associate Directors Professor Tony Addison Dr Caroline Harper Professor David Hulme Professor Andy McKay Administrator Ms Vicky Holt Institute for Development Policy and Management (IDPM) School of Environment and Development (SED) University of Manchester, Harold Hankins Building, Precinct Centre, Booth Street West, Manchester M13 9QH +44(0)161 275 2808; email@example.com 1. Background Information Title of Research Programme: Chronic Poverty Research Centre Reference Number: R8487 Period covered by report: 1 October 2005 – 30 September 2006 Name of lead institution: Institute for Development Policy and Management (IDPM), School of Environment and Development (SED), University of Manchester Director: Andrew Shepherd, Overseas Development Institute, London Key partners: Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Bangladesh Department of Economics, University of Sussex Development Initiatives, UK Development Research and Training, Uganda Helpage International, UK IED Afrique, Senegal o Department of Economics, University of Ghana o FIDESPRA (Forum International pour le Développement et l'Echange de Savoir et de Savoir-Faire au Service d'une Promotion Rural Auto Entretenue), Benin Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA) IIPA subcontractees: o Gujarat Institute of Development Research o Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) o National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) Institute of Development Studies, UK Institute for Development Policy and Management (IDPM) Overseas Development Institute, UK Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, University of the Western Cape, South Africa Affiliate: Institute for Development Studies, Kenya Countries covered by research: Bangladesh Niger Benin Papua New Guinea Burkina Faso Philippines India Senegal Ghana South Africa Indonesia Tanzania Kenya Uganda Nepal Vietnam Planned Actual Start date: 1 October 2005 1 October 2005 End date: 30 September 2010 30 September 2010 Total programme budget: £7,499,975 £7,499,975 1 2. Summary Good progress in the first year of the CPRC is reported. Much of the inception phase was occupied with planning, and in particular carefully defining the research agenda and how it differed from that of the first five years of the CPRC. The objective was to lay the foundation for a period which would see the CPRC working more at the research ‗cutting edge', as well as building on the policy impact gains of the first period. This involved defining the research agenda and approach centrally and getting buy-in from partners. This process proved slow and has extended into the second six-month period. It has involved three partners' meetings, which have now laid the foundations for a higher degree of coherence and progress towards agreed objectives across the Centre. An agreed intellectual framework and set of theme research papers was produced to guide the CPRC's research work. A policy engagement strategy and work plan was produced to guide policy engagement and communications work. The leading research themes have also produced 5 year strategies and annual work plans. Southern partners have also produced 5 year strategies and annual work plans. Integrating these to produce a coherent research effort remains a challenge, but one which is being addressed with energy. Partnerships from the previous phase have continued, and new partnerships with a network of 5 West African countries, and Kenya have been established, with significant attention to capacity development. The previous partnerships with Development Initiatives and HelpAge International have been consolidated into a ‗Chronic Poverty Engagement Partnership'. Good progress has now been made on all 3 ‗pillars' – research, policy analysis and policy engagement. 21 papers were commissioned and prepared for the Concepts and Methods workshop in October 2006. Plans were laid for two further conferences by March 2007, one in Bangladesh and one in South Africa. There is a good flow of published research working papers, and other outputs – a book on India published by Sage, the Uganda Chronic Poverty Report (Sept 2005), and the Bangladesh State of the Poorest Report (Nov 2006). There is a large quantity of papers in various stages of progress towards publication. The process of producing the second Chronic Poverty Report is well advanced with 57 background outputs produced to date, a peer-reviewed outline, and agreement on the statistical data which will be developed and analysed. A number of southern partners have begun to produce their own publication series. Thus outputs across the Centre are generally on track. Policy engagement is particularly well developed in Uganda, based on the initial identification of key policy issues in the Uganda Chronic Poverty Report. Work on designing a cash transfer pilot programme has started for the Government's Social protection Task Force, to feed into the next PEAP revision, and demand-led policy work on education and agriculture has been identified. In South Africa qualitative work on social grants for the Treasury has already helped to correct misperceptions in government about the likely effects of grants on dependency. In India inputs to the 11th Five Year Plan process have been requested from the CPRC by the Planning Commission. There is an embryonic plan in place to influence the 2010 WDR on poverty. Naturally, different components of the Centre's work are moving at different speeds. However, the CPRC's management team is monitoring this and taking action where necessary to support progress. The new programme manager has proved a key facilitator of action and coherence. 2 3. Key themes The three CPRC ‗pillars' are established and operating: Policy engagement and communications: has a strategy and workplan; a semi- detached NGO led ‗Chronic Poverty Engagement Partnership' and a Uganda strategy and plan of action. Policy analysis: has centred around background work for the second Chronic Poverty Report (57 outputs so far); supporting Uganda develop its policy analysis and engagement programme; and supporting background work on labour markets and migration for WDR 2008 on Agriculture. Research: all 6 themes are up and running, with especially rapid progress made under Concepts, Poverty Dynamics and Economic Mobility, and Inter- generational Transmission. Appropriately slower progress is being made on the ‗explanatory' themes, with the exception of Insecurity, Vulnerability and Risk, where earlier substantial work on social protection has enabled a more rapid take off. There is a CPRC framework paper, and 4 theme papers in draft – a valuable set of guiding documents for the research programme. Country level work highlights: Policy engagement and analysis: The Bangladesh State of the Poorest Report has been published, and a December 2006 workshop on ‗what works for the poorest' planned. In India there have been significant inputs into the 11th 5 year plan process and work on the national Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme. There have been initial thoughts about producing a Chronic Poverty Report for India in 2008/9, in time for the next national elections. In Uganda the team has been following up the policy agenda developed in the Uganda Chronic Poverty Report (2005) on social protection, education and agriculture. In particular, significant support is being given to the government Social Protection Task Force to develop a cash transfer pilot programme to feed into the next PEAP revision. In South Africa qualitative work on the impact of social grants for the Treasury has been completed, and the President's Office has accepted the utility of a qualitative component of the National Income Dynamics Survey (NIDS). Research: In West Africa there is a regional partnership of 5 countries which has had a Research Design Workshop, where draft Country overviews were presented and thematic reviews planned. A life histories workshop was also planned. In Kenya the programme has finally got off the ground, and a November workshop was planned to review 9 draft commissioned background papers. In South Africa much effort has gone into planning a conference in March 2007 ‗Living on Margins' on the informal economy, and developing the NIDS. In Bangladesh there is ongoing Q2 work under the Poverty Dynamics theme, in collaboration with IFPRI, and there is a new programme to be built among CPRC partners, under the DFID programme for the poorest. In Uganda there has been discussion with stakeholders about the development of integrated Q2 work around a national panel survey in 2007/8, as well as work under the IGT and insecurity themes (the latter on northern Uganda). In India there has been a 2006 wave of the long standing NCAER panel. 3 3.1 Research outputs The purpose statement has been revised in line with comments received on the Inception Report. See Annex 1 for the revised logframe. Progress towards outputs is summarised below. Outputs OVIs Progress Recommendations/Comments 1. Deeper a) CPRC research findings a) Early days for citations a) A system is in place to collect understanding detectable in official, of CPRC work from this citations. Currently these refer among professional and phase to be detected to work in the earlier phases researchers, academic documents. 50 of the CPRC. Confident that policy analysts citations by 2010. this OVI will be met over 5 and policy-makers years. of poverty dynamics and b) 50 Working papers, 50 b) 8 Working papers b) Working paper programme particularly the articles and other relevant published well under way. At least 20 nature and materials published and further working papers in causes of chronic disseminated by 2010. progress. poverty c) 5 Special editions of c) The book ‗Chronic c) Special issue of Margin, reputable journals or Poverty in India' journal of the NCAER India, books dedicated to published. Discussion to be published soon. Special specific CPRC policy with several publishers issue of Development Policy areas by 2010. for other titles Review in preparation. Book underway. series being explored. Concepts workshop to lead to a book. Each thematic area considering major output. d) 10 Stakeholder requests o Government of d) Continued effort to ensure for CPRC to undertake Uganda Social stakeholders are aware of the research projects, Protection Task Force possibilities is needed. collaborate in projects, or request to design a produce publications. cash transfer pilot scheme. o Ministry of Education, Uganda, requesting work on universal secondary education and school feeding. o Govt of Uganda Prime Minister's Office, Plan for the Modernisation of Agriculture and Ministry of Education expressing demand rd for 3 wave of national panel data and linked qualitatative work to evaluate key policies. o South Africa Treasury commissioned qualitative work on social grants impact. 4 2. Effective and a) Policy analysis findings a) None for this phase of a) Progress against this OVI will sustainable policy detectable in official, research detected to be monitored prescriptions professional and date identified through academic documents. 10 assessment of occurrences by 2010. policy environments and b) One international Chronic b) Very intensive work b) This will be a major output for key policy issues Poverty Report published underway for publication the CPRC. Work is on in 2008 in 2008. 57 background schedule. papers produced. Several chapters drafted. c) Contributions to a Human c) supporting work on c) Exploring how major ambition and a World labour markets and of the CPRC to influence Development Report by migration for WDR2008. WDR2010 can be achieved. 2010 Discussed with DFID Chief Economist and north American partners. d) Policy dissemination d) 2 policy briefs on social d) This new series of CPRC publications: including 20 protection produced, 4 publications has taken a while demand-led policy briefs more on other themes in to initiate. Now a process has progress. 3 policy briefs been established a steady for Uganda produced flow of policy briefs is expected. 3. Governments, a) The concept of chronic a) CPRC events likely to a) A good system to collect this policy-makers and poverty gains currency in generate media interest information from all partners the public are media coverage of are just beginning to will be established. aware of the poverty – 25 media happen, for instance specific needs of citations citing the launch of the chronically poor concept of chronic Bangladesh State of people and of the poverty by 2010. the Poorest report, neglect of their Living on the Margins rights Conference and launch of the CPR2 b) At least 10 invitations to o Invitation to speak at b) CPRC is beginning to attract engage with policy- GDN to IFPRI more high-level invitations. makers (e.g. session on Chronic presentations, attendance Poverty. at conferences, o Invitation to speak at participation in Brookings June workshops, working 2006 on Asset- parties etc. by 2010 based approaches to poverty reduction. o Invitation to speak at WB/IFC Oct. 2006 on Progress and policies for the ultrapoor. c) Disaggregation of poverty c) No new evidence for c) This OVI will continue to be goals, targets and this phase of research monitored. For instance, one monitoring to identify the indicator known now is that chronically poor the Plan for Modernization of evidenced in 5 published Agriculture in Uganda has 5 documents by 2010. been tasked to take a disaggregated approach to its work and establish a link with the CPRC. This will be tracked. 4. Active a) Participation in at least 10 a) None to date a) A system for monitoring international relevant formal and these meetings will be partnerships for informal meetings and established research and advisory missions by policy 2010. engagement consolidated and b) Establishment of regional b) Started exploration of b) This collaboration looks expanded research & engagement regional programme promising. networks in at least one with SARPN around region by 2008 production of annual report on poverty in southern Africa. c) 25 joint publications and c) None to date c) These relationships are engagement activities developing. For instance, between partners Uganda and South Africa are (especially south-south planning a joint activity and south-north) by 2010 around poverty monitoring and analysis d) At least 2 country d) None to date d) The West Africa regional comparative studies network is likely to provide a published by 2008 good context for comparative work. Plans are also developing for comparative work across the Centre on life history analysis and panel data e) Engagement partnership e) CPEP established and e) Prioritisation of the many and engagement team operating. The Policy opportunities will be an operating to agreed Engagement Strategy ongoing challenge. priorities and workplan for the CPRC finalised. 6 3.2 Research impacts It is very early to assess the impact of the research programme. However, the following comments are made. 3.2.1 Progress towards purpose Purpose OVIs Progress Recommendation/Comments To raise the profile of the a) Increased references to the a) Recognition by a) Need to ensure country chronically poor amongst need for policy and action Govt of Uganda partners have adequate researchers and policy- to tackle chronic poverty by Social Protection weight in the partnership to makers and policy to be researchers, national Task Force that stimulate healthy national better informed by governments, aid agencies chronic poor need dialogues evidence-based research. and the media. to be included in b) Ensure that CPEP is b) Policy statements adjusted any major social working effectively at the to take account of a assistance international level disaggregated approach to scheme. poverty analysis b) DFID Bangladesh issued £250 million programme focused on poorest. c) Substantial funding from Ausaid for work on chronic poverty and fragile states. Evidence of interaction with policy-makers and other stakeholders There is ongoing interaction with stakeholders at a wide variety of levels. The CPRC has sought demand-driven work and as a result several ongoing pieces of work involve high levels of interaction with stakeholders. For example AusAID has financed work on the causes of and responses to chronic poverty in fragile states. In South Africa close involvement of CPRC partners with the National Income Dynamics Survey, commissioned by the President's Office to carry out a two wave panel survey with associated qualitative work prior to the next election (2009) will enable the CPRC to feed research results into the highest level of national policy. In Uganda the CPRC is contributing to the work of the government's Social Protection Task Force, whose task it is to produce a social protection policy for inclusion in the next PEAP revision (2008). Dialogue on chronic poverty has been initiated with many international and national organisations and stakeholders. Interacting with the poor themselves as stakeholders is also part of CPRC's concern and researchers are currently being trained in participatory video as a research and empowerment tool in Uganda and possibly in West Africa in 2007. Progress towards targets in the policy engagement strategy The PE strategy was completed in August 2006. Progress towards objectives cannot therefore be assessed at this stage; however, indications are that the strategy is developing as planned. 7 Challenges of policy engagement strategy There is a very wide range of activities. Communicating about these interactions within the Centre remains a challenging task, although the development of the PE strategy itself and the re-development of the intranet should help. Prioritising from the wide range of opportunities available remains a constant management task. All members of the CPRC have very full agendas and there is a risk that researchers will not have the time or capacity to undertake all the planned activities. In order to address this CPRC will: Release as much funding as possible to facilitate communication activities Look for additional funding for some activities Support researchers where interested in training (for example in participatory video) Provide the services of the policy officer in communication activities where possible Link researcher skills to opportunities CPRC findings may not be welcome in some political or institutional contexts. The CPRC will: Seek out powerful allies who can act as intermediaries in the communication process Seek to understand local and institutional contexts in order to fully appreciate the contexts into which findings are released Work on issues of implementation (how to do something) as well as analysing what to do Seek to understand the perspectives and agendas of key target audiences (individuals and institutions) so as to maximize potential for agreement and for a sympathetic response to the chronic poverty perspective. Research may be needed and wanted but capacity to find and use it may be limited. This may be because accessible materials are not available. Alternatively the market place may be overcrowded. The CPRC will: Develop a range of accessible materials Support policy makers in-country, where possible, to have access to CPRC materials Develop policy research which is demand-led Consider the demand for materials on chronic poverty and integrate this demand into the engagement strategy through selected interactions with government policy units, meetings with key potential users and networks and through CPEP. Baseline evidence Evaluating the actual ‗impact' of research based policy engagement and communication is arguably an impossible task. Since any policy change can be attributed to multiple causes, the particular influence of a research or policy output is difficult to trace. However, frequently some attribution can be claimed. The baseline for impact is composed of 3 elements: review of national policies in partner countries; establishing the current level of disaggregation of poverty in PRSs; and through the synthesis of profiles of aid agencies. 8 In order to assess its overall effectiveness in relation to its communication aims the CPRC will: Elicit feedback from stakeholders – a feedback study on CPR1 will be elicited Monitor written and visual dissemination activities Collect available website data Record key face-to-face and group interactions and the outcome of communications Monitor the coverage of chronic poverty in specialised media and at country level in mainstream media Record key approaches to CPRC members Record actual changes in policy relating to chronic poverty As part of its learning CPRC is monitoring the policy process in order to understand better how policy changes and this enhanced understanding will form part of the assessment of CPRC effectiveness. Increased awareness of research findings The CPRC has completed year one of a five year programme of work. Thus we do not yet expect awareness of research findings. However, there is awareness of the CPRC as a research centre among policy-makers, as a result of phase one and the high profile of researchers and the first Chronic Poverty Report which was launched by Gordon Brown. Clearly ongoing knowledge is important because it enables subsequent use of the work. In some countries there is considerable awareness of CPRC work. For example in Uganda the term chronic poverty has entered the vocabulary of policy-makers and parliamentarians since the launch of the Ugandan Chronic Poverty Report. In South Africa, CPRC partners are now centrally involved with the Governments National Income Dynamics Survey and research findings will thus be implicitly owned by government. Capacity development Progress in this area is good, largely in response to demand from partners. See Annex 6 for full details of activities to date. 4. Lessons learnt 4.1 Working with partners The CPRC has successfully formed a West African regional network. This has taken time, and is still in the initial stages. However, once country level work takes off, it is expected that a regional approach will yield dividends in terms of stronger southern leadership, south-south collaboration, and opportunities for comparative work. The lesson is that we should have held out for this in phase 1 (where we gave in too easily to countries' desires to work independently). Working with some partners over a long period of time (now 6 years for some) inevitably sees partners developing their own strategies and momentum, which can be hard to contain within a coherent centre. This requires flexibility, but also a strong intellectual coherence around a conceptual and research framework. Finding innovative ways to get partners to buy 9 into that framework is a challenge. Travel and face to face connections, workshops, and joint work are key. Comparative work is difficult to initiate. It does not happen among partners spontaneously. It has to be deliberately structured into the planning process. The CPRC has resisted providing 100% funding (or near it) for any partners as this would reduce the need for them to carry out ‗demand-led' policy analysis work, building on their core CPRC work. Big partner meetings are very expensive. They have been necessary to turn the corner from phase 1&2 to phase 3, however, their frequency can now be greatly reduced, and contact will rely more on directors travelling to partner countries/regions. 4.2 Good practice/innovation The above West African regional network. Multi-donor support for the second Chronic Poverty Report has been useful to get advance buy-in to the project. It is necessary to work with national statistical offices to get buy in for panel data collection on a systematic footing. Kenya CBS is a part of the CPRC-Kenya core partnership. An exercise to persuade the users of panel data results (Ministry of Finance, Office of the Prime Minister etc) in Uganda to demand that it be in the regular UBOS survey programme. (Persuading the World Bank that panel data should be regularly part of the poverty statistics process is an objective the CPRC has set itself.) Conferences are being used intensively to bring in cutting edge thinking both in research (Concepts; Living on the Margins) and policy and practice (What Works for the Poorest? Conference in Bangladesh). The Inter-generational theme has produced a set of methodological notes from experts to guide future research, and enable systematic choices to be made. This will also be a public resource. The analytical approaches to understanding chronic poverty in Kenya have included literary and socio-linguistic analysis – integration between the social sciences and the humanities is rare in poverty analysis, and should prove fruitful. Kenya has also instituted an innovative quality control process in its inception phase – starting with commissioning papers after a competitive bidding process; having workshops to discuss concept notes, interim presentations, and final papers to be presented at the CPRC- K launch in April 07. Demand-led policy analysis represents an innovation. Significant work has to be put in to derive that demand, however, as policy-makers are often not used to making demands of researchers. Exceptions are in India where the 11th 5 year plan process has absorbed considerable time of two core team members. In general, researchers (or non-researchers in the network) need to ‗accompany' policy processes to be able to assess where useful contributions can be made. This is being done in Uganda in a systematic way, since the 10 publication of the Uganda Chronic Poverty Report, with a focus first on social protection, and now on education and agriculture. 4.3 Project/programme management The appointment of a full time, senior programme manager has been absolutely critical to managing what has become a large and complex operation. Although encouraged by DFID to engage with country offices and to raise additional funding for country programmes, this activity has taken up a huge amount of researchers' time. Positive results emerged in Kenya (about which CPRC is delighted) but only after 3 years of on-off discussion and quite unsatisfactory communication from DFID-K. A longer period of discussion and negotiation with DFID India led to a negative result, despite a concept note having been agreed by Government of India, numerous revisions to the project memorandum, and despite two special visits by CPRC directors for discussions with DFIDI, and huge inputs of time from the India CPRC team including discussions with researchers and policy-makers at state level in India in preparation for a broader programme. At all stages DFIDI expressed positive encouragement to the CPRC to continue the process. The eventual negative result was not accompanied by any explanation. Earlier fund-raising experiences with country offices were also not positive, in Uganda and South Africa, though mercifully less protracted. This suggests that DFID country offices who are keen to fund research could benefit from some of the systematic approaches now adopted by CRD, so that the time of researchers is not excessively wasted in such chaotic processes. It might be useful if CRD provided opportunities for DFID staff more widely to understand how to interact with researchers. The lesson here, is certainly not to rely on in-country DFID funding. Our analysis is that this is only viable when it satisfies some instrumental requirement of the in-country programme (for example, building the capacity, and supplying analytical capacity to the Central Bureau of Statistics in Kenya). 4.4 Communication A policy engagement (communication) strategy takes a significant input of time and expertise to develop properly. This has to include analysis of the audience, development of strategic priorities (not easy to justify), as well as a degree of reflexivity. Inevitably, given the absence of ‗science' in linking research to policy, a scattergun approach has to be used, with creative struggle over setting priorities. It should be useful to have a ‗semi-detached' NGO ‗engagement partnership', which is to a degree free to undertake processes of policy engagement and accompaniment a little independently of the research, but which can also feed back demands and expectations to the research centre. This idea is being tested out. Getting partners to take communication seriously is a struggle with the more research-based partners. This will require continued effort, and visits to partners by the Associate Director for Policy Engagement as well as the Programme Manager. 11 5. Programme Management The Centre Director, Andrew Shepherd, is supported by 4 Associate Directors, Tony Addison, Caroline Harper, David Hulme and Andy McKay. From April 2006 David Hulme has taken up a Leverhulme fellowship and his time on CPRC activities reduced from 64% to 14% FTE until 2009. Tony Addison, Professor of Development Studies and Executive Director of the Brooks World Poverty Institute in Manchester, became an Associate Director of the CPRC from 1 May 2006, at 50% FTE. Thus, the overall time input from Directors remains as originally planned. In September 2006 Andy McKay moved from the Department of Economics and International Development at the University of Bath to the Department of Economics at the University of Sussex. The move will not affect his inputs to the CPRC. The CPRC Management Team comprises the Directors of the Centre, Chair of Coordination Group (always a southern partner, currently Andries du Toit, South Africa), a full time Progamme Manager (Julia Brunt) based at ODI and a part-time Finance Officer (Jayne Hewitt) based at Manchester. Management Team met each month during the inception phase of the Centre and now meets once every 2 months. The focus of Management Team meetings is on the business of running the Centre with planning, monitoring progress and coherence, finance and operational issues of primary concern. Each country (or regional) programme and thematic research area has a Coordinator, who reports to one Director. These relationships, supported by the Programme Manager, are key to the effective operation of the Centre, ensuring effective communication to and from Management Team. The Coordination Group met twice during the first year of the Programme, in October 2005 and February 2006 (and again in October 2006). Coordination Group comprises the Management Team, theme coordinators, country and regional coordinators, the Managing Editor, Chronic Poverty Report, and representatives of the Chronic Poverty Engagement Partnership. The first meeting focused on planning, the second on progress and coherence. The role of the CG in decision making is to debate and elaborate overall strategy, and enable co-ordinators to reach agreement on projects. Now that extensive planning has been completed and relationships established, it has been agreed that CG should meet less frequently and make full use of teleconferencing and video conferencing facilities. Available funding will be used for more ad hoc meetings of sub- groups of CG where discussion to facilitate coherence is beneficial. The number of content- driven CPRC events is increasing and these opportunities will be taken for partners to meet. Partners are closely involved in programme management of the Centre. This is achieved largely through the Coordination Group, close links with a nominated Director, and through the Programme Manager. Communication is good, although always a challenge in such a diverse and dispersed programme. E-mail, telephone and face-to-face meetings are all used extensively. The Chair, CG, has particular responsibility for raising any issues of Southern partners at Management Team. Management information is available to all partners through the CPRC intranet, which is currently being developed to enhance its usefulness. Updates on outputs and activities are sent to all partners. The management structure seems to be operating well, despite its complexity. The Director, based at ODI, is maintaining good links with colleagues at the Universities of Manchester 12 and now Sussex to ensure that the Centre runs smoothly. The Programme Manager, also at ODI, is in very frequent contact with the University of Manchester over administrative and financial issues. The Management Team is constantly looking at where processes and structures can be streamlined, and has identified Policy Analysis and Policy Engagement as two overlapping areas, which will effectively be merged, and jointly managed by Andrew Shepherd and Caroline Harper. Monitoring: Monitoring activities are extensive and on-going. The quality, quantity and timeliness of outputs are monitored by the Programme Manager and Management Team. The effectiveness of the management structure is and will continue to be monitored throughout the life time of the Centre. Management Team is responsible for close financial management of the Centre. This is a standing item on the MT agenda. Progress towards the policy engagement goals is also reviewed at each MT meeting Progress on expenditure: (financial details omitted here) Multiplier funding: DFID Kenya has now funded a sub-centre in Kenya, with a budget of £850K for 3 years. This is part of a wider programme of support to the Kenya Central Bureau of Statistics, and is led by the Institute of Development Studies, University of Nairobi. The CPRC has also had some success in attracting multiplier funding for the Chronic Poverty Report: USAID have supported background work on growth and chronic poverty ($200,000) Austrian Development Co-operation through the Vienna Institute for Development Co-operation have supported work on agricultural growth and chronic poverty (€34,000) AusAID have supported background work on state fragility and chronic poverty (Aus$300,000) The Dutch Government have supported background work on the ‗Politics of What Works' (€28,000) VIDC have indicated their interest in further supporting synthesis work on a PRSP evaluation in 2007 (€17,000). In addition to multiplier funding for the Chronic Poverty Report, the CPRC in partnership with our partners in Uganda, Development Research and Training, have attracted funding (£76,000) from DFID-Uganda for a project to design a Cash Transfer Pilot Scheme for Uganda. 13 We are also currently developing a proposal for the CPRC programme in West Africa, though IDRC. The decision by DFID-India not to fund the CPRC programme in India has been a big blow to the planning of work across the Centre. It is not clear yet how we will accommodate desired activities in India with current funding, but this is under active discussion. Depending on the success of the West African bid to IDRC, a proposal in India may also be developed. CPRC's partners in Bangladesh have been preparing to apply for funding for a substantial new programme under DFID's programme for the poorest. Pattern of expenditure by quarter: (financial details omitted here) CARG: The Centre Advisory and Review Group has been reconstituted and met in March 2006 to review progress and plans. The next meeting is planned for Cape Town, South Africa, March 2007, linked to a conference to be held there entitled ‗Living on the Margins'. The CARG currently comprises: Margaret Kakande (Chair) Department of Finance Uganda Charles Abugre Christian Aid UK/Ghana Jo Beall London School of Economics UK Ravi Kanbur Cornell University USA Pronab Sen Planning Commission India Kevin Watkins UNDP USA Stephen Kidd DFID UK Cath Porter DFID UK Tracy Tasker DFID UK Andrew Shepherd CPRC Director UK CPRC Associate Directors CPRC UK Julia Brunt CPRC Programme Manager UK It is planned to invite other members, either permanently or on an ad hoc basis, where additional expertise would be beneficial. The CARG provided very useful input to the strategic planning process in March 2006. Important work on research frameworks for the Centre are emerging and CARG members will be asked to review these. They will also be asked to review the emerging structure and content of the second Chronic Poverty Report. CARG has agreed to take a much more ‗hands on' role in this phase of research, through commenting on specific issues, proposals and ideas as they come up. Comments on inception report: All comments on the inception report were responded to at the time, with the exception of suggested changes to the overall purpose statement for the CPRC. This is addressed in this report (see Annex 1). 14 Annexes Annex 1: Logical framework Objectively Verifiable Means of Verification Narrative Summary (NS) Assumptions/Risks Indicators (OVI) (MOV) Super Goal To eliminate poverty in poorer countries (with a focus on South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa) Goal More effective policy a) Key policies changed or a) Published policies, a) Governments and prescriptions for the introduced to address government donors are committed reduction of chronic chronic poverty dimensions. communications, to combating poverty, poverty. b) Detectable shifts in national legislation, and willing and able to and donor budgets to independent extend this 1 address chronic poverty. evaluation reports commitment to chronic b) Budgets, poverty. independent evaluation reports 2 (study required) Purpose To raise the profile of the a) Increased references to the a) Government, aid a) Civil society and the chronically poor amongst need for policy and action to agency and media media, research and researchers and policy- tackle chronic poverty by documentation. policy analysis makers and policy to be researchers, national b) Assessments of communities, and better informed by evidence- governments, aid agencies quantity and quality governments are based research. and the media. by independent willing and able to consultants and engage with CPRC's b) Policy statements adjusted DFID regional findings and to take account of a advisors. recommendations. disaggregated approach to b) The continuation policy analysis and/or deepening of environmental conditions that permit influence on policy (e.g. reasonably free media, manifesto- based elections, freedom of speech, etc.) Outputs 2. Deeper understanding a) CPRC research findings a) Citation indexes among researchers, detectable in official, and peer-reviewed policy analysts and professional and academic journals policy-makers of poverty documents. 50 citations by b) Physical copies, dynamics and 2010. website links and particularly the nature b) 50 Working papers, 50 distribution lists. and causes of chronic articles and other relevant c) Records of poverty materials published and requests and disseminated by 2010. outputs from c) 5 Special editions of stakeholder- reputable journals or books requested research dedicated to specific CPRC or policy analysis 1 The £250 million UK aid programme to Bangladesh is once example. 2 The 2006 PRS review will collect this kind of information – this will be a baseline. 15 Objectively Verifiable Means of Verification Narrative Summary (NS) Assumptions/Risks Indicators (OVI) (MOV) policy areas by 2010. activities. d) 10 Stakeholder requests for d) Assessments of CPRC to undertake research quality by projects, collaborate in independent projects, or produce consultants and publications. DFID advisors. 5. Effective and sustainable a) Policy analysis findings a) Citation indexes and a) researchers and policy prescriptions detectable in official, peer-reviewed ‗engagers' are able to identified through professional and academic journals. develop a quality two assessment of policy documents. 10 occurrences b) Physical copies, way interaction. environments and key by 2010. website links and b) researchers able to policy issues b) One international Chronic distribution lists. identify contextually Poverty Report published in c) Government, aid feasible policy options. 2008 agency and media c) Contributions to a Human documentation. and World Development d) Assessments of Report by 2010 quantity and quality d) Policy dissemination by independent publications: including 20 consultants and demand-led policy briefs DFID regional advisors. 6. Governments, policy- a) The concept of chronic b) Media citation a) governments do not makers and the public poverty gains currency in records and media exclude chronic 3 are aware of the specific media coverage of poverty – reports poverty from policy needs of chronically poor 25 media citations citing the c) Physical copies, agenda people and of the concept of chronic poverty website links and b) researchers able to neglect of their rights by 2010. distribution lists. produce ‗good enough b) At least 10 invitations to d) Records of news' stories. engage with policy-makers requests and c) media interest in (e.g. presentations, outputs from chronic poverty. attendance at conferences, engagement with participation in workshops, policy-makers. working parties etc. by 2010 e) Published goals, c) Disaggregation of poverty targets or goals, targets and monitoring monitoring which to identify the chronically distinguish chronic poor evidenced in 5 poverty. published documents by 2010. 7. Active international a) Participation in at least 10 a) Centre annual a) The context within partnerships for research relevant formal and informal reports and direct which the Centre and policy engagement meetings and advisory observation by partner organisations consolidated and missions by 2010. DFID (especially southern expanded b) Establishment of regional b) Citation indexes partners) operate does research & engagement and peer-reviewed not become a networks in at least one journals. constraint on research region by 2008 c) Physical copies, (e.g. researcher c) 25 joint publications and website links and salaries are reduced in engagement activities distribution lists. real terms, funding for between partners (especially d) Assessments of higher education south-south and south-north) quantity and quality slashed etc.) by 2010 by independent b) Country partners are d) At least 2 country consultants and able to win resources 3 To be established on the CPRC website. 16 Objectively Verifiable Means of Verification Narrative Summary (NS) Assumptions/Risks Indicators (OVI) (MOV) comparative studies DFID regional from research themes. published by 2008 advisors. c) Funding is secured for e) Engagement partnership and e) Policy engagement major engagement team operating and partners/affiliates (e.g. to agreed priorities communications India, Kenya) strategy (by June 2006) Activities Inputs Milestones a. Theme papers and CPRC Phase 3 conceptual framework working papers published and adopted by Oct. 2006 b. Concepts workshop held (Oct. 2006) and results published (Mar. 2007) c. CPRC India (2007), Bangladesh (2007) and Kenya (2008) established as functioning affiliates d. What works for the poorest conference, Bangladesh (Dec. 2006) e. Living at the Margins a) international reports conference held in remain open to influence. Capetown (Mar. 2007) b) adequate interactions f. CPR2 draft available for between thematic comment (mid 2007) a) Annual reports research, policy analysis g. CPR2 published and b) Documents (WDR, and policy engagement disseminated (Mar. 2008) HDR) 1. Thematic research takes place. h. Consolidated input into c) closing event 2. Policy analysis c) researchers have Uganda PEAP revision (Mar. output/record 3. Policy engagement adequate incentives to 2008) d) book used in training engage with policy issues i. Findings of major research programmes, degrees, d) researchers have projects summarised for and widely cited adequate resources to inclusion in WDR 2010 (mid. produce quality research 2008) outputs j. Full Exit Strategy developed, including plans for ‗big bang' e) DFID India funding conclusion to phase 3 (end 2007) k. Substantial theme outputs produced (end 2009) rd l. Co-ordinated inputs into 3 wave PRSs (end 2008) m. India Chronic Poverty report published (Dec. 2008) n Range of flagship publications (CPR2, national CPRs, journal special issues, books) focusing on the post-2015 agenda available for dissemination as WDR 2010 is published (2010) 17 18 Annex 2: Financial summary (financial details omitted here) 19 Annex 3: Risk assessment matrix Probability Low Medium High Impact High CPRC research does Changes in the context Co-funding for partners not add value within which CPRC not secured partner organisations operate Countries unable to win resources from thematic research areas Unable to influence national policy-making Researchers unable to identify contextually feasible policy options Medium Unable to undertake Researchers and Loss of key staff mid- research due to political ‗engagers' do not research instability develop a quality 2-way interaction Component(s) of CPRC Q2 research does not Changes in DFID's develop(s) a bad deliver innovation priorities, structures etc. reputation Lack of media interest in The contingent nature of chronic poverty much policy-influencing activity Low Unable to access the chronically poor 20 Annex 4: Communication strategy Engagement and Communications Strategy July 2006 Caroline Harper, Associate Director, CPRC email@example.com Background The CPRC is a network of researchers and policy partners in the UK and in India, Bangladesh, Uganda, South Africa and 5 countries in West Africa. The research centre also has a formal engagement partnership with Development Initiatives (a consultancy) and HelpAge International, and a looser network of NGOs and policy partners interested in the Centre's work. This strategy has been developed over the first 9 months of the current phase of CPRC. There have been two workshops involving research and policy partners and an iterative process of strategy development. Table of Contents 1. Chronic Poverty and International Development 2. CPRC communication purpose and objectives 3. Management of strategy 4. Risks and obstacles 5. The policy process 6. What is being communicated? 7. Country Partners 8. Audiences and Policy dialogue 9. Written and Visual Dissemination Materials 10. Learning, Monitoring and Evaluation 11. Policy Matrices 21 1. Chronic Poverty and International Development "Obwaavu obumu buba buzaale. Abaana babuyonka ku bazadde baabwe, ate nabo nebabugabira ku baana. – Some poverty passes from one generation to another as if the offspring sucks it from the mother's breast." Source: group of disabled Ugandan women Much poverty analysis has failed to distinguish adequately between types of poverty. Just as wealth is distributed over several income groups, and is associated with various levels of assets, inclusion and socio-political contexts, so poverty is distributed in different ways among different groups of people. In addition the processes of escape from (or descent into) poverty (poverty dynamics) are poorly understood. Many existing approaches to poverty measurement and analysis (such as based on a one-off household survey) fail to capture these dynamics, and so cannot provide sufficient policy insights. Different types of poverty are recognised by the poor themselves as the above quote from Uganda illustrates. The chronically poor are those who experience poverty of a critical depth, longevity and multiple dimensions. Whilst poverty alleviation is an objective for most Governments and large development agencies, attention to chronic poverty is much less apparent. It is the poor who are easiest to reach, those fluctuating just above and below the poverty line who are the main targets. Those poor entrenched in poverty and semi-permanently below the poverty line are seen as the hard to reach and, by some, as ‗the poor who will always be with us'. Alternatively it is believed that growth alongside investment in human capital development and attention to the ‗easy to reach' poor will ultimately benefit the chronically poor. It is the intention of CPRC to challenge these assumptions and put the chronically poor squarely on the poverty agenda; to illustrate both the necessity of specifically addressing chronic poverty and of developing pathways into and out of chronic poverty. Box 1: Poverty dynamics vs poverty trends in Uganda Uganda experienced significant reduction in poverty during the 1990s. The aggregate national poverty rate fell by about 20% over the 8 years from 1992 to 1999, with substantial poverty reduction occurring everywhere in the country, except the Northern region. However, this aggregate poverty trend tells us nothing about what happened to individual households. In fact, it masks important poverty dynamics: about 19% of households were poor in both 1992 and 1999 (the chronically poor), and while almost 30% of households moved out of poverty, another 10% moved in (the transitory poor). Clearly many households failed to benefit from Uganda's impressive macroeconomic development over this period. Source: Lawson, McKay and Okidi, 2003. Five years after the introduction of the MDGs it is increasingly clear that several of the targets will be significantly enhanced by attention to the chronically poor, whilst target 2 cannot be achieved without including chronically poor households, and thus with a more nuanced appreciation of the type of poverty experienced by out of school children and their carers/providers. 22 Box 2: The Millennium Development Goals and the chronically poor 1 Eradicate The target of halving poverty 5 Improve Crucial for interrupting the extreme could lead policymakers to focus maternal inter-generational transfer of poverty and on the ―easy to reach‖ rather health poverty. Addressing other hunger than the chronically poor. But dimensions of chronic poverty progress on other targets, would aid progress. However, especially child malnutrition national average targets may reduction, will benefit from focus divert attention from chronic on the chronically poor. poverty. 2 Achieve Cannot be achieved without 6 Combat Reducing chronic poverty is universal including chronically poor HIV/AIDS, likely to improve poor people's primary children and households. malaria and ability to afford treatment and education other necessary nutrition. All diseases indicators are important for the chronically poor, but again national average targets reduce their likely benefit for the chronically poor. 3 Promote Essential for chronically poor 7 Ensure Water and sanitation gender women and girls, but a short- environmental improvements will benefit the equality and term focus on those easier to sustainability chronically poor, but other empower reach could disadvantage them, targets may constrain their women or chronically poor men. livelihood options. 4 Reduce Reducing the intergenerational 8 Develop a Public support for aid is child transmission of poverty would global strongly based on desire to mortality greatly improve progress, but partnership help ―the poorest‖; a chronic ―national average‖ targets for poverty focus can help build reduce its potential to stimulate development this partnership. pro-chronically-poor policy. Even if the millennium development goals are met, by 2015, 900 million people4 will still be experiencing $1 a day poverty and just under half of these (420 million) will be trapped in absolute chronic poverty. 2. CPRC Communication and Engagement Purpose and Objectives The purpose of the CPRC is to generate high quality research on chronic poverty and to inspire and inform policy and practice leading to improved policies for the reduction of chronic poverty. CPRC research approaches are described in Figure 1 below: 4 World Development Report 2000 23 Figure 1: The CPRC framework Research Approaches Conceptualisation Empirical methods Empirical methods for of poverty dynamics for studying poverty studying intergenerational dynamics and and persistent transmission of poverty economic mobility poverty META PROBLEM: Long-term poverty, life-course poverty, and intergenerationally transmitted poverty Insecurity, risk and Assetlessness, low Adverse vulnerability returns to assets and incorporation and inequality social exclusion Explanatory themes The research objectives are to deepen understanding by addressing researchable questions and develop method: "The objective of the research is to deepen the understanding of poverty dynamics and particularly of the nature, causes and remedies of chronic poverty …. Through analysis and development of appropriate research methodologies". Whereas the communication objectives are to develop and deepen awareness, communicate, build commitment to more effective poverty interventions, and have a policy impact. Research questions cannot always be directly aligned to communication objectives. However, communication and engagement aims have been developed, which encompass the policy relevant research outputs (see below). The CPRC is primarily a research centre, however, the member researchers are aware of the vital importance of communicating their research in useful and inspiring ways and of informing policy. One aspect of the engagement strategy is to better understand how researchers may make research useful and accessible to a range of influential audiences. Box 3 thus illustrates the seven ways in which CPRC recognises the research to policy problem. This box is an extract from a forthcoming working paper. It is also clear that different types of research serve different end purposes from revealing impact to improving discourse or making change. CPRC Communication objectives: 2.1 Keeping chronic poverty on the agenda and deepening awareness and understanding Contribute to a wider awareness of Chronic Poverty among audiences: key donors and development specialists and practitioners. 24 Deepen understanding of chronic poverty and the urgency of addressing it among audiences as above Communicate possible solutions to chronic poverty and contribute to new or better policy with specialist audiences, key governments and donors. Through all the above contribute to the development of commitments by key donors, governments and other actors to eradicating chronic poverty beyond 2015 2.2 Policy analysis and development: Core policies for addressing chronic poverty. Policies for tackling chronic poverty are, in some areas, relatively well developed, in others less so. Some policy areas are delivering clear messages and developing good practice. The production of the Chronic Poverty Report 2007-08 will illustrate some of these areas and is a major undertaking 2005-2008. The report is being produced over 2 years with a series of background papers feeding into commissioned chapters. In addition a one year PRS review is being undertaken in (approx.) 12 countries. The background CPR papers and the PRS review will also be standalone products of high policy relevance. The Chronic Poverty Report 2007-08 will comprise the major policy statements of this phase of the CPRC. An additional key stream of work is in the area of social protection and this is being strongly developed during 2005-10. Other planned products include an annual policy synthesis and demand-led policy analysis for example on chronically deprived countries or regions (cofunded by AusAID). The communication objectives, under 2.1, support the four objectives of the research centre. 2.3 Explanatory themes: Understanding policy implications from explanatory themes The three explanatory themes (see Figure 1) explore inter-linked causes of chronic poverty. The CPRC hypothesis is that the causes of, and solutions to, chronic poverty lie within the domains of assets, inequality, vulnerability, social exclusion and adverse incorporation. Bodies of work will be produced on: o Land, savings and inheritance o Discrimination in education and labour markets o Scope for asset re-distribution o Public finance and chronic poverty reduction (including taxation and redistribution) o Social protection and state building, employment guarantee schemes, old age allowances, new forms of social assistance, Chile Solidario o Clientism to citizenship and rights; unequal social and power relations o Social movements and chronic poverty Communication objectives: o Explain and contextualise the importance of these domains as causes and potential solutions to chronic poverty o Develop and communicate policy solutions within national and international spheres 2.4. Core research: Explaining what data, method and concepts can and should do for policy The three core research approaches are rolled into one for the purpose of communication to a non-specialised audience. Poverty concepts, poverty dynamics and intergenerational poverty all refer to different patterns of poverty, movements in and out of poverty, and poverty transfers. The communication objectives are: 25 Re-iteration of why chronic poverty is important as an idea Demonstration of the implications of intergenerational poverty transfers and policy responses Deepen understanding of the importance of data and research methods (which are able to identify who and where the chronically poor are and the issues they face) and its relevance to policy including: the value of integrated quantitative and qualitative data for policy development; a set of outputs on combining methods, life histories and understanding longitudinal data sets for non specialist (and specialist) audiences; and developing and strengthening engagement with national statistical offices, LSMS processes and international organisations Develop wider understanding of ‗measurement' and policy including what measurement can and can't offer policy makers: from money-metric to assets and vulnerability, to multidimensional human development, to social capital, to social relations approaches Demonstrate pathways from poverty through illustration of abilities to move out of chronic poverty and, conversely, what factors block these pathways Understanding ‗actors' strategies for leaving or living with poverty and how these can be re-enforced or undermined by policy. 2.5 Cross cutting research themes: Chronic Poverty and its importance to wider development debates. Four themes cut across the above and feature strongly in country and international research. These are chronic poverty and: health, gender, growth and policy processes. Limited work will also be forthcoming on conflict and the environment. In addition pre-existing research from earlier phases of the CPRC will continue to be communicated as appropriate, for example work on urban poverty. Communication objectives with respect to these areas are to: o Integrate chronic poverty into mainstream debates on these issues o Develop and communicate the added value of a chronic poverty perspective to policy solutions 3. Management of strategy The CPRC management team (director, associate directors and programme manager) are responsible for implementation of the engagement strategy. All researchers in the Centre also have roles and responsibilities. Each member of management team has responsibility for specific country partners and/or research themes incorporating both research and engagement. In addition, specific management team members take responsibility for the cross cutting themes. The associate director with responsibility for policy engagement has overall oversight, responsibility for strategy development and for work on policy processes. Particular activities are delegated according to individual skills and interests such as speaking at launch events, with key audiences and donors. All researchers in the centre are expected to think about engagement issues with regard to their research outputs, develop and maintain policy engagement matrices and carry out engagement and communication activities as appropriate to their research area, the purpose of the research and their own skills. The CPRC has an engagement partnership CPEP – the Chronic Poverty Engagement Partnership – comprising Development Initiatives and HelpAge International. They will help the CPRC develop and implement an engagement strategy; help establish a constituency of concerned actors in partnership with CPRC; network widely and disseminate the findings and materials of CPRC; bring in a wider range of partners with similar concerns and interests; work with CPRC partners at a national level and as possible. 26 4. Risks and obstacles 4.1 Researchers do not have time or capacity to carry out planned work All members of the CPRC have very full agendas and there is a risk that researchers will not have the time or capacity to undertake all the planned activities. In order to address this CPRC will: Release as much funding as possible to facilitate communication activities Look for additional funding for some activities Support researchers where interested in training (for example in participatory video) Provide the services of the policy officer in communication activities where possible Link researcher skills to opportunities 4.2 Opposition to the research findings CPRC findings may not be welcome in some political or institutional contexts. The CPRC will: Seek out powerful allies who can act as intermediaries in the communication process Seek to understand local and institutional contexts in order to fully appreciate the contexts into which findings are released Work on issues of implementation (how to do something) as well as analysing what to do Seek to understand the perspectives and agendas of key target audiences (individuals and institutions) so as to maximize potential for agreement and for a sympathetic response to the chronic poverty perspective. 4.3 Research is not taken up by intended groups Research may be needed and wanted but capacity to find and use it may be limited. This may be because accessible materials are not available. Alternatively the market place may be overcrowded. The CPRC will: Develop a range of accessible materials Support policy makers in-country, where possible, to have access to CPRC materials Develop policy research which is demand-led Consider the demand for materials on chronic poverty and integrate this demand into the engagement strategy through selected interactions with government policy units, meetings with key potential users and networks and through CPEP. 27 5. The Policy Process The policy process itself is of concern to CPRC. Aspects of the process are captured in Box 3. The work of the research centre and the way it works will provide researchers with an opportunity to reflect on the policy process from a wide variety of perspectives. These lessons will be part of CPRC learning and will be an output of the centre. The work with participatory video, which is under development, will comprise part of this learning experience and may be analysed in collaboration with another research centre. Some country partners are particularly interested in policy processes and will be following the process in relation to specific policy change over the CPRC research cycle. The CPEP partners are also actively engaged in the policy process at national (north and south) and global level Box 4 Research to Policy – Seven aspects of the problem This box lays out the principles underlying the CPRC engagement strategy. It suggests ways in which researchers should think about communication and engagement. 1. What is the role of individual researchers? Reflexivity and impartiality Researchers themselves are significant actors. They have individual skills and capacities to make their research make a difference. In some cases the researcher is part of the process of change. They cannot always claim to be an impartial observer because their very presence makes a difference to the way a process unfolds – sometimes with great subtlety, at other times, explicitly. Their research over a period of time becomes part of the story of change. They are both observer and observed. Nevertheless, in many cases, researchers can retain at least a significant impartial and objective standing in relation to the research. In multidisciplinary research centers, reflexivity and activism on the part of the researcher varies between disciplines and contexts and underlies, not just the potential variety of activity, but also the potential for misunderstanding and internal conflict. 2. What is the authority of knowledge? The relationship between knowledge and power The policy process can be seen as fundamentally about the relationship between knowledge and power (Foucault). In this context political problems can be recast in more neutral language based on research and its claim to neutrality, objectivity and sometimes ‗truth' or ‗fact'. An alternative reality is a playing field where knowledge is, in fact, highly contested. Either way the knowledge itself is seen to play a key role and researchers (within this understanding of the policy process) invested with considerable power. They are core actors in the policy process. However, there is an alternative scenario where the power of knowledge is devalued. Development policies, far from being based on learning and research, are based on arguments, scenario's and narratives that some feel do not stand up to close scrutiny. This may lead to calls for more rational policy making and the use of more evidence-based policy. However, it is concurrently argued that the ideas of rationality and learning do not fulfill the needs that narratives do – because narratives can transform a chaotic reality into an ordered and comprehensive sequence of events. The researcher and their knowledge in this case appear powerless unless prepared to more creatively engage in the policy process. 28 3. Do policy makers care about method? Method itself is an important contributor to policy understanding. It is clear that there is a multiplier effect when research from different disciplines and different methodologies is used concurrently. It becomes all the more powerful and convincing. An economist supported by a sociologist provides powerful knowledge to the academic community and, if appropriately combined, also to the policy community. More recently the debate about Q squared (combining quantitative and qualitative approaches) has become a popular academic activity with clear policy implications. Quantitative and qualitative evidence is sought by policy makers and there is an increasingly supported view that, in some contexts, evidence-based policy making is becoming more normal. Policy makers who are seen to use evidence will seek a wide range of types of evidence including statistical, qualitative and evaluative evidence, analysis of cultural norms, public attitude surveys, and ethical perspectives. This suggests that researchers should consider the range of available evidence outside their particular approaches, methods and disciplines since its general availability will lend to greater consideration of the issues under research.The quality and availability of data can be very influential in policy decisions. Disagregation of poverty data places particular groups on the ‗policy map'. 4. Do politics and socio-economic contexts shape all research? Critical to increasing the uptake of research is an understanding of policy contexts. This understanding can be part of the research and policy analysis process. Indeed the researchers as actors also comprise part of the policy context. Some of the issues to consider are: how dominant discourses may crowd out important research; how elites and political constraints may influence receptivity to ideas; analysis of whether researchers are talking only to the converted or opening up more challenging space; how to create the space for debate; how and whether to undertake institutional analysis; what the frameworks of possible thought (Chomsky) are in particular contexts, for example the possibilities for redistributive policies may be very limited, and may be ‗unthinkable'. 5. Communications methods – from participation to confrontation and everything in- between Actions taken to ensure the uptake of research and policy analysis involve a wide range of methods. Participatory approaches are classically used either to better inform the research or to empower the ‗researched' to take action based on knowledge or to do some of both of these intents. Participatory approaches tend to involve a great deal of negotiation once issues become clear. Some research requires a more confrontational approach, for example to challenge dominant discourses. Other approaches may be less strategic but effective in simply allowing compelling research to percolate through the academic and wider community, especially if the research is from a high profile researcher. Other methods to ensure research is used involve partnerships with wider networks from different sectors or professions (such as NGOs or medical doctors) with similar interests, the use of written and verbal communication and the strategic use of the media. The development of key relationships is very important and requires good networking skills and, as well, a political understanding of policy contexts and frequently the development of a trusting relationship between research-provider and audience. The researchers can themselves act as a knowledge broker, persuading, dealing, compromising, isolating and defeating ‗opponents'. These are all skills well-used within the academic community and can be extended to policy contexts. In all research it is important to be able to change the terms of engagement, if necessary, and ensure that, whilst being seen as an ally in some contexts, in other 29 situations the role of the researcher is to ‗lift the eye of the policy-maker' to new horizons. 6. Providing solutions alongside analysis; describing and defining impact, effective policy and evaluating. Research which extends to actual policy design as opposed to underlying policy principles is frequently welcomed. Often national governments ask for advice not just on what to do but on ‗how' to do it. Research which has involved stakeholders in the research process is better able to design appropriate policy. Frequently, however, policy for the poor involves more then well designed pro-poor policy and extends to institutional or attitudinal change to accommodate policy. The wider context when considering policy design must also be taken into account. Effective Policy and Evaluation: Researchers are good at identifying problems but tend to be more cautious about solutions. However, understanding the effective implementation of policy is an important part of the research and policy engagement process. Whilst evaluations are commonplace in development programmes, they may not necessarily be integrated into a broader research programme on poverty. Budget monitoring is widely used to track effective expenditure and is another way into understanding effective policy. 7. Does 'ownership' of the research matter? Is 'ownership of' different from 'commitment to'? Related to methods is the issue of research ownership. Whilst not classically viewed as method there is a strong case to be made that for research to be used it needs to be ‗owned' by those who are intended to use it. The method in this is to be found in developing research ideas in collaboration with end users. The importance of ownership is sensibly disputed (Booth) since the logistics of developing research in this way can be difficult, but that does not necessarily mean that governments and other end users cannot be ‗committed' to the ideas contained within the research. Commitment to these ideas, however, does involve developing good long term relationships and initial sensitivity to demand driven agendas. The question remains whether ‗ownership of' is different from ‗commitment to' and whether in the latter policymakers or other stakeholders have been sufficiently allowed to shape the agenda. 6. What is being communicated? It is important to understand that these are flexible plans that may change according to demand, new opportunities and changing relevance. The CPRC research proposal constitutes the key deliverables and log frame. The engagement strategy is of necessity a more flexible document intended to be a useful working document that will be changed as necessary. It is accompanied by a constantly updated work plan. Aim 1: Keeping Chronic Poverty on the agenda and deepening awareness and understanding (2005-2010) Aim 2: Highlight core policies for addressing chronic poverty (2006-10) Aim 3: Understanding policy implications from explanatory themes: assets, inequality, vulnerability and exclusion/ adverse incorporation. (2008-10) Aim 4: Explaining what data, method and concepts can and should do for policy (2007-10) Aim 5: Promoting the issue of chronic poverty and its importance to wider development debates (2006-10) 30 Aim 1: Keeping Chronic Poverty on the agenda and deepening awareness and understanding (2005-2010) Engagement will be sequenced. The first two years will focus on policy engagement aimed essentially at keeping chronic poverty on the policy agenda and deepening awareness among key donors and governments of the scale and importance of the problem and potential solutions. This is particularly appropriate to efforts to meet the MDGs. Aim 2: Highlighting core policies for addressing chronic poverty Chronic Poverty Report 2007-08 (2005-2010) The report will revisit the scale of worldwide chronic poverty, emphasise the importance of both long-term social change, engagement in markets for the chronically poor, and approaches to pro-poor taxation, public finance and redistribution. Social protection, a strong theme of the first report, will continue to be emphasised within the context of integrated social policy (see also below). The report will be launched early in 2008 and throughout 2008 in different locations. There will be a US launch of the report in April 2008 (tbc) A set of policy papers and selected policy briefs will be published from background papers to the report and will be made available through the website and key mailings. PRS review (2005-2008) PRSP evaluation – a one year evaluation of PRS's. A major multi-country study, comprising a mix of fieldwork and desk studies and involving a team of contracted researchers – focussing on implementation processes and blockages. This will feed into CPR2. PRSP review (completed Dec 05), identifying the extent to which PRSPs employ disaggregated poverty analysis incorporating the chronically poor. Findings in brief – some promising building blocks but little in the way of integrated strategy Developing and promoting social protection (2006-9) Social protection as a means to end chronic poverty was established in earlier work of the CPRC. The aim of the current phase is to challenge the view that social protection cannot make a difference to the very poor and is unaffordable, and illustrate the potential synergies between social protection, on the one hand, and growth on the other. Developing more clarity around types of protection and impacts for the old and very young and investigating issues around costs and sustainability will also be outputs. There is an extensive range of activities and dissemination in all countries and through the Chronic Poverty Report 2007-08. This includes the production of policy briefs, structured work with the government of Uganda on implementing cash transfers, demand-led policy analysis commissioned by the South African treasury and the Indian Government. Engagement is aimed at national governments where impact evaluation, guidelines and piloting are sought; and in countries where governments have yet to be convinced. Also with key donors who are interested in mechanisms and impacts including and multilateral organisations where social protection remains contested. 31 Aim 3: Understanding policy implications from explanatory themes: assets and inequality, vulnerability and exclusion/ adverse incorporation. (2008-10) How to move from clientism to citizenship and rights This theme incorporates knowledge on social movements and change. The theme will develop a critical understanding of exclusion, discrimination, exploitation and adverse incorporation. These elements are central to the realities of the chronically poor. Whilst some areas, such as labour markets, can be regulated, other forms of exclusion or adverse incorporation are not so policy-sensitive. Assets and inequality This theme will analyse the importance of assets in accounting for chronic poverty, and of asset accumulation or loss in accounting for poverty transitions. This will focus on a range of assets including physical assets such as land; human capital including health; and social and political capital. This will consider the processes of asset accumulation (e.g. savings) and loss (e.g. ill health); it will also consider the extent to which the chronic poor face discrimination in the accumulation of key assets or in labor markets. This stream of work will offer important policy messages on the extent to which the chronic poor are kept poor by processes of being unable to accumulate assets, of being unable to insure themselves against adverse shocks and of suffering from poor terms of trade in markets, including labour, product and credit markets. Chronic poverty will often be associated with high and persistent levels of inequality, in particular in the ownership of key assets. One important policy question will be on the scope for asset redistribution measures as a means of increasing the assets owned by the poor. Vulnerability Work on social protection as detailed above comprises the main output from this theme. Vulnerability is clearly wider than social protection, however, this will be the focus for the next two years. Aim 4: Explaining what data, method and concepts can and should do for policy (2007- 10) The CPRC will explain how policy suffers by not having sufficient data and methods. A major output of the CPRC will be a range of methods and data analysis (quantitative and qualitative) which will enhance our understanding of chronic poverty and the processes of escape from (or descent into) poverty. Many existing approaches to poverty measurement and analysis (such as based on a one-off household survey) fail to capture these dynamics, and so cannot provide sufficient policy insights on the processes by which people escape from poverty, or become trapped in poverty. The centre will highlight the value and importance of methods that capture these dynamics adequately, in particular longitudinal or panel surveys and life history methods. The centre will also argue strongly for the insights provided by an integrated qualitative and quantitative approach to studying poverty dynamics and chronic poverty, and will illustrate this based on large scale studies in Bangladesh and one or more African country (tentatively Uganda and/or Ghana). The CPRC will also argue for the importance of disaggregation in analysis to capture groups among which chronic poverty may be disproportionately concentrated, such as ethnic minorities. 32 On the longer term agenda, the Centre will also advocate for these data collection and analysis approaches to be more widely used. At national level this will be done in liaison with statistical offices and government departments charged with poverty reduction strategies. At the international level there will be close liaison with international agencies advising and funding data collection as well as statistical coordination mechanisms. Other relevant audiences for this include NGOs, who have long voiced concerns about the unreliability of data, particularly in relation to special interest groups, and national/international researchers. By the end of 2008 there will be two examples of best practice from Bangladesh. An event will be planned in West Africa. The CPRC toolbox will also be re-launched. Aim 5: Promoting the issue of chronic poverty and its importance to wider development debates (2006-10) Health and Chronic Poverty: Health problems are intimately linked to chronic poverty. The CPRC is not in a position to add value to debates on health systems but will rather focus on underlying health determinants and non-health interventions which contribute to improved health outcomes. Research will be carried out under existing themes. Gender and Chronic Poverty: Gender remains one of the pivotal issues underlying chronic poverty. Deprivations in nutrition and education, control over resources, legal rights, and so on. In 2005 the global community missed the 2005 goal, set at Beijing in 1995, of eliminating gender disparity in primary and secondary education. The CPRC anticipates that the attention drawn to this failure in the 2005 DAC Development Cooperation Report will mean that bilateral donors will be looking for research and policy conclusions that can help them improve their performance on gender. CPRC will integrate gender issues into ongoing research and policy work. They will feature strongly in the Chronic Poverty Report 2007-08. Specific issues will be highlighted in particular the MDG failure and girls education (under the assets theme) and legal inheritance and discrimination (under the assets theme). A gendered analysis of chronic poverty will be considered Growth and Chronic Poverty: The CPRC is undertaking analysis on the extent to which the chronically poor connect to – or are excluded from or harmed by – growth process. Looking at more and less positive experiences based on an analysis of several country case studies can help identify the key processes which underlie these. This will offer important policy lessons for the countries studied; and may offer more general lessons. Important themes are likely to include the sectoral patterns of growth (and how this can be influenced); the spatial pattern of growth (whether significant regions fail to participate in growth); and the impact of growth on inequality, including of key assets. Lack of assets as well as possible exclusionary processes (e.g. in markets or in access to key services) may mean that it is difficult for the chronically poor to participate in growth to the same extent as the less poor and the non-poor. Nevertheless growth can be an important source of government revenue which can then play an important redistributive role, depending on the nature and pattern of public spending. Research across a number of countries conducted by the CPRC 33 should be able to offer important lessons about how this can be done more effectively. Policy Process and Chronic Poverty. Informing policy for the chronically poor involves working in a contested policy space where some influential parties do not engage with the issue or do not think it requires additional analysis. Others are not aware of the complexity. Yet others suggest the solutions are already in place. The process to be undertaken by the CPRC is complex and involves multiple channels and actors. Reflection on this process will form part of the learning experience of the CPRC and inform wider debates on policy processes. It is desirable in any policy process to also consider aspects of participation. This can contribute to the depth and relevance of policy information, stimulate researcher ideas and allow for inclusion to different degrees of the ultimate stakeholders. The CPRC will be developing participatory projects to enable some of these objectives in West Africa and Uganda. Also considered but with lower priority: Environment and Chronic Poverty Two papers have been written to inform the CPRC's agenda on environmental aspects: a working paper on chronic poverty and the environment, which recommends that the CPRC works on environmental health and access to natural resources as two under- researched environmental issues of particular relevance to the chronically poor, and entries into and exits from poverty. The latter will feature strongly in the cross-cutting ‗agrarian change' project (part of the growth cross-cutting theme) to be developed by country partners in October 2006. The former will be considered in the context of the health cross-cutting theme. A working paper on Climate Change and Chronic Poverty. This has explored the possibility that scenarios could be developed which would reflect on future chronic poverty. This information will be used alongside other scenario work in the second Chronic Poverty Report. Conflict and Chronic Poverty. Initial work will look at ‗chronically-deprived countries' (CDCs), many of which are in conflict, emerging from conflict, or have a high chance of falling into conflict (making them ‗fragile states'). Chronically-deprived regions within countries will also be examined; these are regions left behind by national development, they have severe poverty problems, and they are often in (or close to) rebellion—grievances over the regional distribution of public spending frequently compounding their disenchantment with central government. The CPRC will undertake a demand-led piece of work for AusAID to improve our understanding of the causes of chronic poverty, particularly in the selected Asia- Pacific countries (PNG, Indonesia, the Philippines, and the Solomon Islands). Moreover, the science of making Fragile States (FS) robust and resilient is still young. This study should therefore contribute to this larger FS debate by yielding concrete policy recommendations that enhance FS strategies which at the moment generally ignore the problem of chronic poverty or only weakly address it in poverty reduction. Being demand led the donor funding agency already has an interest in the product. 34 7. Country Partners CPRC country-led research in this phase is themed as the research design in Figure 1 illustrates. Outputs thus fit within the objectives and engagement aims as outlined above and with the range of activities and outputs described in this strategy. However, there is also a national dimension to the research which means that each country has a unique set of research and engagement objectives and aims. These are currently summarised in the matrix below. In summary: IED Afrique, Senegal (Leading West Africa Group – Senegal, Ghana, Benin, Niger, Burkina Faso) has a focus on the impact of PRSP processes, global economic processes on poor farmers, governance, and poverty and social protection. Immediate priorities to be covered in all countries include, social protection, agricultural growth and migration. From 2008 governance and economic growth will be prioritised. The outputs will feed into PRS reviews (2008-11), PRS M&E, and the launching of regional economic agreements and policies including the West Africa PRS. Social protection is a major policy development in the region with a number of countries producing social protection strategies. The region is also particularly interested in participatory video making for social change and policy influencing. Development Research and Training, Kampala,Uganda launched its Chronic Poverty Report in 2005 attracting considerable attention. Key issues prioritised in the Uganda Chronic Poverty Report include education, especially topical in the light of the government's USE election commitment; and public sector support for agricultural growth, a hot topic following the critical PMA evaluation. It is now involved with consolidating parliamentarian and policy maker interest through the poverty eradication action plan (PEAP) and other political processes. Particular attention has been paid to the issue of social protection and CPRC Uganda is much engaged with enabling a better understanding of the potential and limitations of social protection. The CPRC is contributing to the work of the government's Social Protection Rask Force, whose task it is to produce a social protection policy for inclusion in the next PEAP revision (2008). They are also interested in participatory video for social change and will produce a popular version of the Uganda Chronic Poverty Report. Indian Institute of Public Administration, New Dehli, India maintains a focus on measuring and understanding chronic poverty in the Indian context and providing a range of multi-dimensional solutions. It is therefore aiming to continue to raise awareness and deepen understanding of chronic poverty through State level processes. They also have an interest in social protection and will be monitoring the implementation of the national rural employment guarantee act. Efforts to date have focused on engaging with national level policy makers, especially in the Planning Commission, as well as the Ministry of Rural Development . University of the Western Cape, School of Government, South Africa has a particular interest in national income dynamics and thus the movement of the poor into and out of poverty. Close involvement of CPRC partners with the National Income Dynamics Survey, commissioned by the President's Office to carry out a two wave panel survey prior to the next election (2009) will enable the CPRC to feed research results into the highest level of national policy. A major additional focus will be on economic growth, and engagement in the vivid policy debates on the informal economy, where a majority of chronically poor people earn their living. This research will lend itself both to keeping chronic poverty on the policy agenda and explaining solutions. The long term interest in social grants will continue and the poverty dynamics survey will add weight to policy solutions in this area. They will also 35 contribute to a better understanding of what method and data can and cannot do in better understanding chronic poverty. Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Dhaka, Bangladesh is conducting research on the impact of government and NGO policies and programmes for the poorest and is also conducting a poverty dynamics panel survey which will inform policymakers on the causes of, and solutions to, movements into and out of poverty. They maintain an interest in the MDG monitoring process and will be evaluating the impact of PRSPs and producing a State of the Poorest Report. CPRC has three main foci for its outputs - the National Poverty Reduction Strategy, the large NGO's (especially BRAC) and DFID. Its policy engagement work seeks to: (i) Help ensure that the PRS focuses on the country's poorest people through dissemination of the 'State of the Poorest' Report and meetings with national policymakers. (ii) Provide consultancy services to DFID with regard to its programmes to support the poorest. 8. Audiences and Policy dialogue It is intended that particular streams of work can be strategically developed into policy dialogue with identified policy makers and broader audiences as described under the engagement aims. The dialogue will be linked to strategically chosen external events or events organised by the CPRC. The CPRC will develop opportunities for open discussion, for example around the launch of the Chronic Poverty Report in 2008, in relation to which a seminar series will be developed, through journal special issues, or through policy debates, such as on the World Development Reports. Audiences Stakeholder analysis has been undertaken at various stages during CPRC1 and 2. It is a constantly updated activity. According to specific themes we will endeavor to identify what we wish the audience to do – in some cases think differently, in other cases act differently – perhaps communicate with a wider range of people, in other cases make changes to actual policy. Broad/ International The dialogue will be developed taking into account the production of key reports and papers (HDR 2008; WDR 2010); core institutions and actors (all party parliamentary groups; core institutions and teams in institutions and standing commissions and regular events (e.g. commission for social development). The idea of ongoing policy dialogue will be developed in the CPRC through the use of the policy matrix, an engagement work plan and the coordinated production of policy-related outputs. Dialogue has already been initiated with many of the identified organisations and processes This will be sustained – but the costs and benefits of deepening engagement will be kept under review. The CPRC is developing a ‗North American' strategy with a view to engaging with key organizations in the region, especially with a view to influencing the 2010 WDR. Based on further discussion and experience, over the first year of CPEP's work the identified targets will be refined and segmented into the ten (max) key target agencies, and 200-300 36 individuals who can influence the effective aid debate and the mainstreaming of chronic poverty issues into their relevant constituencies. The matrix and profiles which are under development will clarify why different actors are seen to have part to play in the CPRC/CPEP objectives. It is expected that some of the key contacts and audiences will contribute to the launch and dissemination of the Chronic Poverty Report 2007-08. Policy Audiences – National Country partners of the CPRC have investigated multiple policy engagement opportunities. They will remain actively engaged with a range of central government ministries and regional authorities. This is related to work on policy design, impacts and implementation as well as on explanations for poverty dynamics. Donor agencies are also well known to CPRC researchers where relevant and demand-led research and policy analysis complements core CPRC funding. For example, in South Africa the partnership has been commissioned by the government to contribute to the national income dynamics survey. In Uganda, the CPRC is working closely with government on social protection. In Bangladesh CPRC is an institutional member of the PRSP monitoring committee. 9. Written and Visual Dissemination Materials In designing a range of dissemination materials consideration is paid to different products for different people, different levels of complexity and who is responsible for production. Working papers represent the ‗work in progress' of the CPRC. They are an important and valued resource for all those working on Chronic Poverty. Papers for academic publication will be promoted through the usual route – journals, book chapters and conference papers. A selection of working papers will also be complemented with a policy brief or a research summary. Additional policy briefs may be developed not specifically linked to a working paper. Working papers will be made more accessible as part of the redesign of the website. Policy Syntheses of a general or themed nature are under consideration. These will be a compendium of policy-relevant knowledge created through policy analysis, research themes and policy engagement. Inputs will be policy implications from research, specific pieces of policy analysis and evaluation and lessons from policy engagement. An ID21 ‗highlights' may be produced for each synthesis. Policy Briefs and Research Summaries planned up to 2007 include: Social protection x 2; Urban areas; PRSPs; Land reform; Growth and the Poorest; Social movements; Discrimination; what measurement can and can't do for you; Chronic Poverty facts – selected stats, tables, graphics. Country Working Paper Series: India and Bangladesh currently run their own working paper series. Kenya is planning a series. Selected papers from these series will also be developed into policy briefs. The Chronic Poverty Report 2 will be published in 2008. This report represents CPRC's steer regarding chronic poverty and policy. Chronic Poverty reports have also been produced in Uganda and will be produced in India and Bangladesh, and possibly West Africa. Journals, Books and Conference Papers 37 The CPRC is planning to produce a book series. And pursue journal publications and special issues. ID21 linked outputs: Discussions have been held with ID21 and some of the following are under consideration: Theme-related issues of insights country outputs options: o A themed insights across 3-4 of our countries o A joint insights with other research centres on recent research from X country o An insights focused on (for example) India CPRC work (but this may not have a wide audience on its own). Each product will be distributed according to particular audience receptivity and needs. ID21 will support dissemination through their e-mail alerts. Book launches will be considered at strategic venues. Website Development The website will be developed with the intention of becoming the site of choice for researchers, policy analysts and NGOs working on chronic poverty. The research side will be strengthened with the addition of more accessible versions of the top quality papers, research summaries and categorisation of the main research themes. Outputs from workshops and seminars will be made available and the Links section constantly updated. Policy on chronic poverty will be developed on the website. Policy briefs on key topics will be developed; and policy analysis will be developed around policy development, impact and solutions as well as key themes. Policy pages will be written on issues such as: the relevance of the MDG's to solving CP; PRS's – are they reaching the chronically poor; the politics of what works. In an earlier phase the CPRC set up a bibliographic database. This will be further developed under the revision of the website to make it more accessible and promote its wider use: http://www.chronicpoverty.org/biblioscape/bwo_sign_up.htm Additional resources will be available from the website including short films (under discussion), photos and testimony to enable actors in the policy community to easily use materials from the CPRC. The website links will be improved and Eldis will be consulted on how to enable this. After the end of the project the website will be maintained for 5 years as a resource for the policy and research community. Media For international media coverage the CPRC will be supported by ODI's communication team to link into appropriate journalists' ‗breakfasts' hosted by the institution. The CPRC would approach UK media with two primary aims – firstly to influence UK politicians of all parties on aid and good uses of aid, and secondly to support DFID's aims of supporting long-term research on development by demonstrating its importance to a public and political audience. Ongoing monitoring of, and dialogue with, a wide range of policy-makers and opinion-formers helps the CPRC identify opportunities to highlight chronic poverty issues. 38 Experience shows that opinion polls can be effective ways of helping to broaden the attention attracted to research findings and reports, so when the CPRC has major outputs that it wants to publicise, it will consider commissioning an opinion poll in the UK and up to two developing countries (Uganda and India) to help raise profile. The launch of the Chronic Poverty Report 2007-08 may be one such opportunity. At a national level media strategies are various depending on changing local contexts. 10. Learning, Monitoring and Evaluation Evaluating the actual ‗impact' of policy engagement and communication is arguably an impossible task. Since any policy change can be attributed to multiple causes, the particular influence of a research or policy output is difficult to trace. However, frequently some attribution can be claimed. In order to assess its overall effectiveness in relation to its communication aims the CPRC will: Elicit feedback from stakeholders – a feedback study on CPR1 will be elicited Monitor written and visual dissemination activities Collect available website data Record key face-to-face and group interactions and the outcome of communications Monitor the coverage of chronic poverty in specialised media and at country level in mainstream media Record key approaches to CPRC members Record actual changes in policy relating to chronic poverty As part of its learning CPRC is monitoring the policy process in order to understand better how policy changes and this enhanced understanding will form part of the assessment of CPRC effectiveness. 11. Policy Matrices (on request) 39 Annex 5: Products and publications Type of output Output 1 Peer-reviewed CPRC Working Paper No 58 Tinkering on the fringes? Redistributive publications land reforms and chronic poverty in Southern Africa [A.O. Chimhowu] CPRC Working Paper No 59 Intergenerational transmission of poverty in sub-Saharan Africa – a select annotated bibliography with special reference to irreversabilities associated with poor nutrition, health and education [B. Smith and K. Moore] CPRC Working Paper No 60 Poverty: causes, responses and consequences in rural South Africa [E. Francis] CPRC Working Paper No 61 On the links between violent conflict and chronic poverty: how much do we really know? [Patricia Justino] CPRC Working Paper No 62 Chronic poverty and the environment [L. Scott] CPRC Working Paper No 63 Social movements and the politicization of chronic poverty policy [A. Bebbington] CPRC Working Paper No 65 Social movements and chronic poverty across the urban-rural divide: concepts and experiences [D. Mitlin and A. Bebbington] CPRC Working Paper No 66 The determinants and consequences of chronic and transient poverty in Nepal [S. D. Bhatta and S. K. Sharma] 2 Publications in CPRC Working Paper No 64 The role of collective action and urban press or social movements in reducing chronic urban povert [D. Mitlin] submitted CPRC Working Paper No. 67 Extending Social Assistance in China: Lessons from the Minimum Living Standard Scheme [Jiandong Chen and Armando Barrientos] CPRC Working Paper No 68 Methodological Note: Using Micro Data to Understand Better the Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty in Low Income Developing Countries [J. R. Behrman] CPRC Working Paper No 69 An annotated bibliography on adverse incorporation and social exclusion [B. Smith] CPRC Working Paper No ? A conceptual framework for understanding and explaining chronic poverty [A. Shepherd] CPRC Working Paper No ? Climate change and chronic poverty CPRC Working Paper No ? Political Sociology in India [A. Kumar] CPRC Working Paper No ? PRSP review [U. Grant and R. Marcus] CPRC Working Paper No ? Farmer suicides [A. Kapur Mehta] CPRC Working Paper No ? The politics of what works: a synthesis [S. Hickey] CPRC Working Paper No ? The politics of what works in Bangladesh [N. Hossain] 3 Books or book Chronic Poverty and Development Policy in India chapters Edited by Aasha Kapur Mehta and Andrew Shepherd, Sage Publications, 2006, 408 pp.. 4 Policy briefs CPRC Policy Brief No. 2 Social protection transfers and chronically poor people CPRC Policy Brief No 3. Tackling obstacles to social protection for chronically poor people CPRC-Uganda Policy Brief No. 1 Does chronic poverty matter in Uganda? CPRC-Uganda Policy Brief No. 2 A social protection agenda for Uganda's poorest of the poor CPRC-Uganda Policy Brief No 3 Targeting and protecting the chronically poor in Uganda: a case for the elderly 5 Publicity material An introduction to the CPRC 6 Website links 137 known. Including partners, UNDP, Panos, ID21, University of Laval etc. 40 7 Research CPR2 background work: programme o Tinkering on the fringes? Redistributive land reports reform and Chronic Poverty in Southern Africa (Admos Chimhowu) o Education policies and chronic poverty (P. Rose and C. Dyer) o Mapping the linkages between health and chronic poverty (Ursula Grant) o Social protection workshop (2005) Various papers o Health and Social Protection workshop (2005) Various papers o Review of integrated programmes tackling extreme and persistent poverty in Latin America (Claudio Santibanez) o Review of global social protection experience in the Ugandan policy context (Ursula Grant, with Charles Lwanga-Ntale) o Health, health systems and chronic poverty (Mickey Chopra, David Neves, Alexander Tsai, and David Sanders) o Pro-poorest growth – a review of 16 operationalising pro-poor growth studies (Ursula Grant) o Growth and the Poorest: A Panel Data Analysis for Uganda (Andy McKay) o Growth incidence analysis for non-income welfare indicators: evidence from Ghana and Uganda (Ed Anderson) o Brief literature reviews on agriculture, infrastructure and urban growth (Manjistha Banerji) o Country study: Vietnam (Nguyen Thang, Le Dang Trung, Vu Hoang Dat and Nguyen Thu Phuong) o Country study: Uganda (Sarah N. Ssewanyana, Lawrence Bategeka) o Country study: Nicaragua (Steve Wiggins) o Country study: Ethiopia (Stefan Dercon, John Hoddinott, Tassew Woldehanna) o Country study: India (Shashanka Bhide, Aasha Kapur Mehta) o Escape routes from the rural poverty trap: evidence from three African countries (Paul Mosley, Abrar Suleiman, & Blessing Chiripanhura) o Agricultural policies against severe and chronic poverty (Paul Mosley and Abrar Suleiman) o The poverty-reducing effect of increased food crop productivity in Ethiopia: A multi-market Analysis (Abrar Suleiman and Paul Mosley) o Agriculture policies in Ethiopia (Lidia Cabral) o Agriculture policies in Ethiopia and India (Usher) o Urban economic growth and chronic poverty (Ursula Grant) o Agricultural growth and chronic poverty (Andrew Shepherd and Martin Prowse) o Fragile states, economic growth and chronic poverty (Malawi, Nepal, Sudan and Zimbabwe) (Kate Bird, Martin Prowse, Andrew Shepherd) 41 o Pro-chronically poor growth: synthesis paper (Andy McKay, Ursula Grant Andrew Shepherd) o POWW synthesis report (Sam Hickey) o POWW study – Bangladesh (Naomi Hossein) o POWW study – India (Anand Kumar and Navneet Anand) o POWW study – Mozambique (Claudio Massingarela and Virgulino Nhate) o POWW study - Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa (Lissa Pelham ) o POWW study – Uganda and Zambia (Sam Hickey) o Social movements and the politicization of chronic poverty policy (Anthony Bebbington) o Urban social movements (Diana Mitlin) o Social Movements – synthesis paper (Diana Mitlin and Anthony Bebbington) o Anti discrimination policies (Tim Braunholtz) o PRSPs and Chronic Poverty (Ursula Grant and Rachel Marcus) o Full Case Study 1: Bangladesh o Full Case Study 2: Ethiopia (Taylor Brown and Amdissa Teshome) o Full Case Study 3: Niger (Roch et al.) o Full Case Study 4: PNG (Diana Cammack) o Full Case Study 5: Indonesia (Adrian Wells) o Full Case Study 6: The Philippines o Full Case Study 7: Tanzania (Tamahi Yamauchi) o Desk Based Study 1: Benin (Ann Floquet) o Desk Based Study 2: Kyrgyzstan (Roman Mogilevsky) o Desk Based Study 3: Nicaragua (Steve Wiggins) o Desk Based Study 4: Uganda (Sam Hickey and Rosetti Nabbumba) o Desk Based Study 5: The Solomon Islands (Matthew Clarke) o Desk Based Study 6: Vietnam (Pham Anh Tuan) o PRS implementation and chronic poverty: Synthesis Paper (Alison Evans) o Global numbers (David Lawson) o Annex update: global indicators (David Lawson) o Annex update: characteristics of chronic poverty o Country classification work (Ed Anderson) o Scenarios – interviews with policy makers (Tim Braunholtz) o Scenarios – key data (Sharon Lindo) 8 Dissemination Public meeting PLAAS, South Africa, September 2005 events CPR Uganda Launch October 2006 9 Other products Chronic poverty in Uganda 2005 Report of the Q2 workshop February 2006 42 Annex 6: Capacity Development The CPRC defines capacity development as any activities that make more effective the abilities of partner researchers and/or research organisations to plan, undertake, manage and monitor research, policy analysis and policy engagement that contribute to policies and actions that reduce poverty. Capacity development activities during 2005-2010 will include joint planning and managing of research; improving command over theory, methodologies and analytical techniques; writing and publishing; disseminating policy messages; and raising resources for future work. In the first year numerous capacity development activities have been undertaken and are on- going. Main achievements include: Research planning and management o All partners were engaged in the detailed planning exercise throughout the inception phase. Each partner has developed a 5-year strategy and an annual workplan in tune with the objectives of the whole Centre. o The Director or an Associate Director takes the lead in assisting all Coordinators of countries, regions or themes to plan and manage their area of research. o The Coordination Group provides a forum for discussion o Significant inputs into the planning of the work of CPRC Affiliates in Kenya has now resulted in funding and a planning workshop will take place in November 2006. Fundraising o Significant support was provided to CPRC-India in its bid to DFID-India. Although the proposal was ultimately unsuccessful, useful capacity building occurred and the proposal may be able to be adapted for other donors o Support to CPRC-Kenya with planning and bid to DFID-Kenya o Support has been given to CPRC-Bangladesh in considering its bid to DFID-Bangladesh. This is likely to be a significant area in coming months o A proposal to IDRC in West Africa was developed by IED Afrique in Senegal with support from the Centre o A proposal jointly developed by the CPRC centre and DR&T in Uganda to develop a Cash Transfer Pilot Scheme has attracted funding from DFID- Uganda o The Centre has gained experience in attracting funds from USAID, VIDC, the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs and AusAID. Conceptual work o A workshop on Concepts and Methods was held in Manchester 23-25 October 2006, with participation by all partners. This meeting attracted a very diverse and influential group of speakers, to explore the latest ideas on poverty analysis and methods. o A half-day workshop to consider the implications of the Concepts and Methods workshop for the CPRC was held immediately after the Workshop. o A new framework paper for this phase of CPRC has been written by Andrew Shepherd and has been discussed widely across the partnership. 43 o 4 thematic papers by theme coordinators mapping out the conceptual areas and how work within the Centre will address them are nearing completion. Again these have been widely discussed across the partnership o A one day workshop to discuss health and chronic poverty was held on 1 March 2006 Methodology o A 2-day workshop on panel survey and life history methods (Q2) was held 24-25 February 2006. o A research design workshop was held in Senegal for partners in West Africa in July 2006 o A workshop on life history methodologies for all partners is planned for Senegal 11-15 December 2006 o A further workshop on panel data methodology is planned for 2007. Writing and publishing o The book ‗Chronic Poverty & Development Policy in India' jointly edited by Aasha Kapur Mehta and Andrew Shepherd was published in 2005 o Peer review of research outputs undertaken, for example a number of working papers from CPRC-India have been reviewed and will be revised and published as CPRC working papers Policy Engagement o Collaborative development of policy engagement strategies for all partners is underway o A template and process for producing policy briefs has been developed and the first in-country policy brief produced jointly with CPRC-India Other: o External capacity support to South African NIDS process o Participatory Video. A number of researchers are now using Participatory Video with a variety of aims in mind and as part of a wider research process: As a research methodology; to enable the researched to communicate more effectively with researchers; to allow the poor to communicate directly with the more powerful; to develop some sense of control and ownership by researched communities over the process of research –so that they feel they are getting something tangible and useful from the research; to illustrate complex situations; to allow difficult issues to surface. It can be used in creative ways to allow researchers to communicate back their findings to the ‗researched' and to receive back further insights. PV has very successfully been used at conferences and to communicate succinctly key policy messages to particular audiences. It is also now being used to monitor and evaluate the impact of research through the ‗most significant change' methodology. The CPRC has sponsored a half day introduction for participants at the recent co-ordination group meeting in October. Two Ugandan partners are to be trained in PV in November and it is hoped to set up a West African training in 2007. An analysis of research and PV is to be run alongside this experimental methodology in collaboration with the Citizenship and Participation DRC. The main challenge for capacity development is in responding to the many demands from partners within the funding available. Synergy through cross-Centre activities is sought wherever possible, for example the planned West African workshop on life history methodologies in December 2006 has been opened up to the whole partnership. A balance 44 is sought to satisfy the needs of each partner and expertise within and outside the partnership enlisted. 45
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