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(NORTH HOLLYWOOD, CA) -- Before the ink could dry on Daisy's contract, Video Team announced today that they have signed visionary Director David Aaron Clark to an exclusive contract. The two signings - in as many weeks - serves as a reminder of the company's commitment to "re-invent" itself.
The oft-quoted, occasionally-misunderstood, and always-entertaining Clark is considered by many adult-industry insiders as being one of the most interesting auteurs in adult, dedicated to following his own vision of what sex videos should be.
Clark, aware of the opportunity put before him offered, "There's an unusual atmosphere at Video Team, one in which I actually feel comfortable. I've never been lucky enough to work at a place where there's a talented and experienced staff that's solidly behind what I do, so I admit to a certain feeling of shock and awe. As for my particular sexual fetish, I'll be continuing Asia Noir and No Man's Land Asian, and also hope to introduce a series where the best of the current and brand-new Asian starlets can really be showcased properly. I'd like to see a pure pornographic approach to some lines - but with the trademark Video Team high production values.
Clark has been most recently receiving accolades for his craftsmanship on the recent Video Team film, Asia Noir. The film has received an AVN Editor's Choice, several awards pre-noms and has been described as "Interracial sex raised to an artform ..." Echoing those sentiments is the hugely popular adult website, Smutco.com: "It's simply the best film I've seen this year. From the first scene to the last, Clark has created a masterpiece of eroticism. 5 Star Rating."
An exuberant Video Team President, Christian Mann added, "Having David aboard is a significant step toward realizing my end goal: to release movies that are high-end and sexually intense. David's movies are unique. They offer something different, but they never sacrifice the sex. Our mission is two-fold: to make great movies, and to let people know it. David always has a "buzz" about him and I expect we'll be hearing a lot from this guy."
While specific terms of the signing were not released, Video Team did confirm that the agreement includes an exclusive 1-Year/6-Picture Directorial deal, as well as, having Clark serve as an in-House Production Consultant.
For additional information on David Aaron Clark or Video Team, please contact Scott Stein at 310.837.5069 or via e-mail: email@example.com. For sales information please contact Joanie Lee at 818.487.8383 / 800.VIDEO95 or e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com. Video Team online: VideoTeam.com.
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well, oops! i just realized i never hit Publish on this Sunday night! no wonder y'all haven't been loving on it. lol. belated deliciousness ahead . 479 more words
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Peperonata - new uses for old things
I love learning new ways to use vegetables. I'll be the first to admit that I don't know much to do with most vegetables except roast them or turn them into soups. 369 more words

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In this paper we propose a novel kind of multi-point vibration sensor based on the polarization properties of light. Its principle relies on the combination of mechanical transducers with fiber Bragg gratings. When subject to vibrations, the mechanical transducers induce birefringence variations within the fiber and in turn modify the state of polarization, which appears as a power variation after going through a polarizer. The FBGs reflect light from different positions of the sensing fiber and provide wavelength multiplexing. We show that this sensor can provide the vibration frequencies in a quasi-distributed manner.
1. Introduction
Vibrations are of high importance as they are a health and ageing indicator of civil structures (bridges, buildings, dams for instance) and industrial machines (e.g. rotating machines). Changes in the vibration spectrum can be considered as alarm signals for problems within the structure. With vibration sensors it is thus possible to prevent damages and avoid serious consequences such as collapses and possible injuries. Many kinds of vibration sensors are already available and are based on mechanical sensors (piezoelectric and piezoresistive accelerometers, velocity and displacement sensors, for instance). For two decades there has been great research interest in optical vibration sensors. Compared to the mechanical sensors, they have several advantages, inherent to the use of the fiber: they can provide quasi-distributed (multi-point) and distributed (continuous) information along the optical fiber with only one interrogating element. This greatly reduces the wiring complexity since the classical methods involve as many wires as measurement points. Optical fiber sensors are also usable in harsh environments, in which conventional sensors cannot be used, such as EM-disturbed, humid, nuclear and high temperature media.
Optical vibration sensors are based on the modulation of a light property induced by the applied vibration. A majority of the vibrations sensors that have been developed is based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technology [1–3, 6]. In these systems the measurement of the vibration is made possible by the modulation of the Bragg wavelength by the transduction. This transduction is mainly based on the bending of a structure on which an FBG is placed [1–3] or on the movement of one or two flexural beams [4, 5]. Some systems are also based on the recoupling of cladding modes into the core [6]. Another important family of vibration sensors is based on interferometry techniques [7–12]. In these systems the vibration has an impact on the phase of the optical signal and can be detected, among others, with interferometers based on a Sagnac [7, 8], a Michelson [9] or a Fabry-Perot configuration [10]. The vibration can also be detected with reflectometry techniques measuring the variation of the optical phase [11, 12]. Current research also focuses on Brillouin sensors, in which the Brillouin frequency is modified by a dynamic longitudinal strain induced by the vibration. The main challenge in these systems is the conception of a fast measurement scheme [13–15]. Some other systems are based on optical power modulation by micro-bending [16]. Finally some systems are based on the state of polarization (SOP) of light [17–20], whose one approach is Polarization Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (POTDR) [21].
In the multi-point vibration sensor presented in this paper, the state of polarization is used as the sensitive optical parameter. The main advantages of this parameter are its ability to provide multi-point information and its sensitivity to external perturbations. Moreover the optical system has not to be as complex and expensive as interferometers (for instance, no need of a very narrow linewidth laser). Another advantage, principally compared to FBGs, relies on the transduction efficiency. In polarimetric systems the transduction can be made through the crushing of the fiber [20], perpendicularly to the propagation axis z. In the case of FBGs, the effect of a crushing is very weak because it has to generate an observable Bragg wavelength shift, which is the consequence of strain in the longitudinal axis z. With FBGs, transductions based on stretching or bending are preferably used but face practical implementation difficulties and are cumbersome.
The general principle of a polarimetric vibration sensor is as follows: a vibration modifies the birefringence properties of the fiber and induces an SOP modification. The use of a polarizer then transforms this SOP variation into a power modification, easily measurable on an oscilloscope. Different polarimetric vibration sensors have been previously developed [17, 18]. The limitation in these papers is that the birefringence modifications do not correspond to practical perturbations: the SOP modifications are indeed simulated either by rotating a polarization controller or as the stretching of a fiber section wounded around a piezoelectrical crystal (PZC).
In this paper, vibrations are induced via the crushing of an optical fiber on a 3 mm length, which makes the developed configuration easy to install in practice, comparatively to the sensors described in [17, 18]. With these sensors, accelerations as low as 1 m/s2 can be detected. Moreover, a multiplexing interrogating scheme allows to interrogate several sensors along the fiber and to provide multi-point information, while the sensor described in [19] only consists of point measurements. The paper is divided as follows : in the first section the working principle of the proposed sensor is given. In the second section the proposed vibration sensor is simulated so as to assess the experimental results, which are given in the third section. The fourth section gives discussions about these experimental results. Finally the last section gives performance values.
2. Working principle of the proposed vibration sensor
The proposed multi-point vibration sensor is depicted in Fig. 1. Light is emitted from a broadband source (here, an Amplified Spontaneous Emission source, ASE, with a range extending from 1515 nm to 1575 nm) and is launched into the 2 meter long fiber under test (FUT) through a circulator and a linear polarizer which fixes the input SOP. The polarizer extinction ratio is higher than 25 dB. We here consider the case of three measurement points (sensors Si, i=1,2,3).
Fig. 1
During its propagation along the fiber, the lightwave is successively reflected by 3 FBGs (which are not used here as sensors but as reflecting devices only) with different Bragg wavelengths λi (i=1,2,3, depending on which sensor is analyzed), each of these being separated in our experiments by 20 nm to avoid crosstalk between the different FBGs (λ1=1571.5 nm, λ2=1550.6 nm and λ3= 1530.9 nm). As the proposed sensor is based on wavelength multiplexing, the FBGs can be highly reflective and the sensors can be as spatially close as possible to each other. As shown in Fig. 1, each of these FBGs is placed after one mechanical transducer (MT), which is depicted in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2
This MT is made of a rigid base and a vibrating beam. The base is screwed on the vibration source (shaker, in our case) while the vibrating beam is free to move at one of its ends (the other extremity is screwed on the base). A second screw, whose edge is covered with rubber and is in contact with the optical fiber, is placed at the free extremity. Note that the direction of this second screw is transversal to the fiber propagation axis z. When the vibration source vibrates perpendicularly to the fiber propagation axis z, the inertia of the upper beam, via the presence of the second screw, induces a crushing of the optical fiber over a 3 mm length and modifies the birefringence. The transduction generates a linear birefringence δβ equal to [22]:
The phase retardance δ, i.e. the accumulated phase delay δβ along the crushed length L, is equal to:
In Eqs. 1 and 2 k = 2π/λ, λ is the light wavelength in vacuum, n0 is the effective refractive index (about 1.45), p11 and p12 are the elasto-optic coefficients of silica (p11–p12=−0.14 [23, 24]), νP is the silica Poisson's ratio (0.17), b is the outer radius of the fiber (125 μm), E is the silica Young's modulus (70 GPa), f is the applied force per unit of length (N/m) and L corresponds to the crushed length, 3×10−3 m. This equation shows that the birefringence varies with the applied force and thus, to the rhythm of the vibration. This birefringence then induces a SOP modification. The signals reflected from the 3 FBGs are guided back to the circulator through the linear polarizer (now used as an analyzer) which transforms the SOP variation induced by the MTs into a power variation. All these contributions then reach one tunable optical filter which is adjusted such that it only selects one of the three reflected signals. The filtered signal is finally converted in the electrical domain via a photodiode and displayed on an oscilloscope. It clearly appears that this sensor measures the vibrations in a quasi-distributed manner as the optical filter selects only one of the three selected signals. Moreover, at the input of the optical filter, the power of the three reflected signals varies to the rhythm of the vibrations due to the presence of the analyzer. This ability is depicted in Figs. 3(a) – 3(c).
Fig. 3
We experimentally applied a 160 Hz sine vibration on MT1, a 110 Hz sine vibration on MT2 and a 210 Hz sine vibration on MT3. This figure gives the frequency spectrum of the three converted signals. From this figure, we can see that the signal reflected by FBG1 has a contribution at 160 Hz, as this frequency is applied on MT1 [Fig. 3(a)]. The signal reflected by FBG2 has a contribution at 110 Hz, as this frequency is applied on MT2 [Fig. 3(b)] and the signal reflected by FBG3 has a contribution at 210 Hz, as we have applied this frequency on MT3 [Fig. 3(c)]. However we also observe that the signal reflected by FBG2 has also a contribution at 160 Hz while this frequency is only applied on S1. Similarly the signal reflected by FBG3 has contributions at 160 and 110 Hz while these frequencies are applied on S1 and S2 respectively. These artefacts are the consequence of the SOP modification. Indeed when the SOP is modified at a position z of the fiber, it is also modified between z and the fiber end. This means that if we had effectively applied a 160 Hz vibration on S2 (or S3), this vibration could not have been distinguished from an artefact resulting from a previous sensor. Note that this problem has also been observed in another polarimetric vibration sensor [18]. To distinguish artefacts from really applied vibrations, as shown in Fig. 4, we now use a second FBG situated before each MT (except for MT1 as the frequency spectrum of the vibration applied on S2 is univocally deduced from the measurement of FBG2) and Fig. 1 becomes Fig. 4. As it can be observed, except for S1, two FBGs now surround each MT. Their spatial and wavelength separations are 30 cm and 10 nm, respectively. The Bragg wavelengths are respectively λ12 = 1571.5 nm, λ21 = 1560.8 nm, λ22 = 1550.6 nm, λ31 = 1540.3 nm and λ32 = 1530.9 nm.
Fig. 4
The distinction between artefacts and really applied vibrations, at a specific sensor Si (i=2,3), is realized by comparing the phase shift between the electrical signals corresponding to FBGi1 and FBGi2. We now use two tunable optical filters to select the signals reflected by the two FBGs surrounding the mechanical transducer MTi. If there is no vibration between these FBGs and if a frequency is applied on one of the previous sensors, the phase shift between these two signals only corresponds to the time delay induced between the two FBGs. As this delay is very weak (the spatial separation is 30 cm, the round-trip time delay is equal to 3 ns, which is much smaller than the period of the vibration signals), the two reflected optical signals can be considered to have identical phases. On the other hand if there is a vibration the SOP is modified and the phases are no longer similar. The relation between the phase of the electrical signal and the SOP can be understood with the following example, depicted in Fig. 5 and presenting simulation results in two different conditions. Figure 5(a) shows the evolutions (in the electrical domain) of the signals reflected by FBG21 and by FBG22, when a 120 Hz vibrations is applied on MT1 only. Because of this vibration the signal reflected by FBG21 varies to the rhythm of this vibration, as well as the signal reflected by FBG22. As there is no vibration on MT2, the SOP does not change between these two FBGs and the evolution of the power transmitted through the polarizer does not change either, which explains why the signals are in phase. Figure 5(b) shows the evolutions (in the electrical domain) of the signals reflected by these FBGs when 120 Hz vibrations are applied both on MT1 and on MT2. As in the previous situation [Fig. 5(a)], the signal reflected by FBG21 varies to the rhythm of the vibration applied on MT1. The signal reflected by FBG22 also varies to the rhythm of this vibration applied on MT1. However contrary to the first situation, the SOP (at λ22) is now also modified by the vibration applied on MT2 (which has the same frequency). The transmitted power through the polarizer then varies in a sinusoidal way but at a given instant the value of this transmitted power is different because the SOP has been modified by the vibration applied on MT2 and is then different. Over a vibration period this leads to a signal varying at the same frequency but phase shifted from the signal reflected by FBG21.
Fig. 5
However, during its propagation between FBGi1 and FBGi2 (in the example, i=2), the light SOP can be modified via other effects than the vibration:
- It can be modified when propagating along the optical fiber due to the presence of intrinsic birefringence Δnint and polarization mode coupling, as shown in [21].
- It can also be modified when being transmitted and reflected by the FBGs [25].
- It can be modified by inadvertently twisting the fiber [22].
- The phase retardance δint due to the intrinsic birefringence Δnint and in turn the SOP evolution depend on the wavelength: δint = 2πΔnintL/λ, where Δnint is the intrinsic birefringence (refractive index difference) and L is the length of the birefringent section. Concretely, this means that if the separation between the wavelengths is too large, the SOP evolutions of these two wavelengths along the optical fiber (not only between the two FBGs) will be different. Note that the phase retardance due to the applied vibration (Eq. (2)) also depends on the wavelength but as the crushed length is small (3 mm), this dependance can be assumed to be weak.
These undesired SOP variations will cause false detections in case of identical frequencies and have to be reduced as much as possible. Therefore:
- to avoid SOP modifications during the propagation, we use a Low-Birefringence fiber whose intrinsic birefringence Δnint is equal to 4×10−9, i.e. 25 times smaller than in a conventional singlemode fiber. In addition, we use a short distance between the FBGs (30 cm), this means that the SOP does not practically change between two adjacent FBGs.
- to avoid modifications during the transmissions and reflections, the FBGs have been inscribed so that their birefringence is as weak as possible. Their birefringence is here equal to ΔnFBG= 5×10−6.
- great care is taken in order to avoid twist (note that by properly designing each sensor, this effect can be avoided).
- the wavelength separation between two adjacent FBGs (10 nm) is such that the SOP evolutions during their propagation along the fiber are not significantly different for two adjacent wavelengths.
These wavelength, birefringence and distance parameters ensure that the depolarisation process is weak. This has been experimentally verified by measuring the degree of polarization (DOP) of the light reflected by FBG32 (most remote FBG). This measured DOP is equal to 0.9, which shows that the depolarisation is weak.
3. Simulations
In order to assess the experimental results and the analysis method described in section 4, the developed sensor has been simulated by using the Stokes formalism for modelling the different parts of the system. In this formalism, the SOPs are modelled by four-dimensional vectors and the optical devices are represented by 4×4 matrices. The propagation and modification of the different SOPs along the optical fiber are obtained by matrix products. Figure 6 shows that there are three different parts in the set-up that have to be modelled: the fiber sections (dashed lines), the mechanical transducers (black dots) and the fiber Bragg gratings (vertical plain lines) FBGij (i=1,2,3; j=1,2).
Fig. 6
The simulation consists in calculating, for the different Bragg wavelengths λij, the Stokes vectors at different places along the fiber in order to eventually obtain the optical power transmitted through the analyzer Pout,λij, when vibrations are applied on the different MTs. This can be summarized as follows:
- The input SOP Sin,λij is a linear polarization state described by a Stokes vector with an azimuth φ such that, if Pin is the input power [26]:
- The different fiber sections Mfiber between the different optical devices (represented as dashed lines in Fig. 6) are modelled as linear retarders (we suppose there is no twist), such that [26]:
- The mechanical transducers (black dots) have for effect, as already mentioned, to crush the optical fiber and as we suppose it induces no twist, the MTs can then be modelled as linear retarders (Eq. (5)) [26]: Eq. (2), in which the applied force per unit of length fi depends on the applied acceleration level ai (i=1,2,3) by the following equation [20]:
- The matrices representing the reflection and transmission mechanisms of the FBGs are given in [25]. The FBGs parameters are as follows: their birefringence ΔnFBG is 5×10−6, their refractive index modulation is 5×10−4 and their length is 3 mm. The five FBGs have the Bragg wavelengths given in the previous section.
- During their propagation along the optical fiber, the different wavelengths λij are reflected by the different FBGs FBGij (i=1,2,3 ; j=1,2). These wavelengths then go backward to the analyzer. The matrix corresponding to the propagation backwards of a specific wavelength can be deduced from the forward matrices by the following relation [27]: 27]:
Note that this multi-step process gives the total power Pout at a specific time t, corresponding to specific values of ai(t) (i=1,2,3). In order to recover the output power evolution, this process has to be repeated so as to simulate several periods of the applied vibrations ai(t). Moreover, as the system is based on wavelength multiplexing, this process has to be repeated for the five Bragg wavelengths λij, taking into account their respective paths.
This process can be illustrated for λ12. The transmitted optical power Pout,λ12 corresponds to the first component of the Stokes vector Sout,λ12, which is given by:
In this equation Mfiber1, Mfiber2 and Mfiber3 are the Mueller matrices corresponding to the fiber sections between the polarizer and MT1 and between MT1 and FBG12, respectively. MSensor1 is the Mueller matrix corresponding to the first mechanical transducer (MT1). MFBG12,r represents the effect of the reflection by FBG12. At the end of the whole process the simulation program gives the time evolution of the output power Pout,λij(t) reflected by the different Bragg wavelengths λij, when different vibrations ai(t) are applied on the mechanical transducers MTi. It also calculates the FFT of these different signals and compares in phase the signals coming from FBGi1 and FBGi2 (i=1,2,3). The situation depicted in Fig. 7 has been simulated. A 300 Hz sine vibration is applied on MT1, 175 Hz and 240 Hz sine vibrations are applied on MT2 and 175 Hz and 300 Hz sine vibrations are applied on MT3. The acceleration amplitudes are 30 m/s2. The magnitude spectra obtained are given in Figs. 8(a) – 8(e).
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
The signal coming from FBG12, depicted in Fig. 8(a), has a contribution at 300 Hz, as this frequency is applied on MT1. As there is no new vibration between MT1 and MT2, the signal reflected by FBG21 [Fig. 8(b)] has a spectrum similar to that of FBG12, i.e. a contribution at 300 Hz. The signal reflected by FBG22 [Fig. 8(c)] has two additional frequency contributions as 175 Hz and 240 Hz sine vibrations are applied on MT2. However, as a 300 Hz vibration is applied on MT1, this frequency is also observed in the FBG22 frequency spectrum. The signal reflected by FBG31 [Fig. 8(d)] has a frequency spectrum similar to that of FBG22 as no mechanical transducer is situated in between. Finally, the signal from FBG32 [Fig. 8(e)] has contributions at 175 Hz and 300 Hz, as these vibrations are applied on MT3 but also at 240 Hz as this vibration is applied on MT2.
From the magnitude spectra, we can observe that, due to the modification of the SOP at the different MTs, the frequencies of the applied vibrations cannot generally be univocally deduced (except if it is the first occurrence of these frequencies). They also show that other frequency contributions, which happen to result from intermodulation products between the applied frequencies, are present in the measured spectra. These additional frequencies are the result of the multi-sine aspect of the power variation. This multi-sine aspect is mathematically explained by the product between the different Mueller matrices representing the mechanical transducers, given in Eq. (6), in which the term δi varies to the rhythm of the vibration fi(t). Note that periodical disturbances below curves are the result of the use of a rectangular window for the FFT calculus.
As proposed in the previous section, in order to distinguish really applied vibrations from artefacts, we calculate, for each frequency contained in the frequency spectrum, the phase shift between the signals coming from FBGi1 and FBGi2 (i=2,3). Table 1 gives the different phase shifts Δϕ for the three applied frequencies. Note that for some frequencies, the calculation of the phase shift is not needed (not relevant) as the vibration frequency is either not present or unequivocally determined from the magnitude spectra.
For instance, for MT2, the presence of the 175 Hz and 240 Hz contributions are determined from the magnitude spectrum given in Fig. 1(d), when comparing to Fig. 8(c) and calculating the phase shift is not relevant. On the contrary, as a 300 Hz vibration is also applied on MT1, it is not possible, from the magnitude spectra, to know if this frequency is really applied on MT2 or if it is an artefact. The phase difference between the signals coming from FBG21 and FBG22 at that frequency was calculated to be equal to 0.54°, which is practically in phase. The difference with the theoretical value of 0° comes from the fact that the SOP is slightly modified during its propagation by the different devices (intrinsic birefringence of fiber sections and FBGs). As it will be shown in the following section a threshold will be defined. We then deduce that no vibration at 300 Hz is applied on MT2. For MT3, we have to calculate the phase shift for the three frequencies of interest. Table 2 shows that the phase shift at 240 Hz is close to 0° while the phase shifts at 175 Hz and 300 Hz are totally different from 0° (around 44.54° and 54.72°). We can deduce that the 175 Hz and 300 Hz frequencies are applied on MT3 while the 240 Hz frequency is not present.
Figure 8 and Table 1 together show that combining the magnitude spectra with the phase shifts at the different frequencies contained in the spectra allows to know which vibration frequencies are applied on the different mechanical transducers. The following section is dedicated to the experimental validation of this method.
4. Experimental results
The experiments consisted in implementing the situation depicted in Fig. 7 and validating the proposed method. As a reminder, in this example, a 300 Hz sine vibration is applied on MT1, while multi-sine vibrations are applied both on MT2 and MT3: respectively 175 Hz and 240 Hz on MT2, and 175 Hz and 300 Hz on MT3. The Bragg wavelengths are respectively λ12 = 1571.5 nm, λ21 = 1560.8 nm, λ22 = 1550.6 nm, λ31 = 1540.3 nm and λ32 = 1530.9 nm. The FBGs are 30 cm apart from each other. The five reflected time signals and their magnitude spectra are given in Figs. 9 and 10, respectively. These two figures show the multi-sine aspect of the measured signals. From Fig. 10 we can observe that these five spectra have the same aspect as in the simulations [Fig. 8].
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
To know if these frequencies are really applied, we need to calculate, at these three frequencies, the phase shift between the electrical signals corresponding to the signals reflected by FBGi1 and FBGi2 (i=2,3). These phase shifts are given in Table 2. As in the simulations, it is not relevant to calculate the phase shift for all frequencies as we can deduce univocally the presence of some of them. As we can see, when the frequencies are really applied, the phase shift is different from 0° while this phase shift is close to 0° when the frequency is not applied (as it will be shown in section 5, due to the presence of noise, of intrinsic birefringence and experimental uncertainties on the phase measurement, a phase shift threshold equal to 5° will be defined). The difference between the simulated and the experimental phase shifts comes from the discrepancy between some parameters (principally, from the vibration phases and the input SOP). Note that the detection of the intermodulation frequencies is observed as explained in the simulations.
As in the simulations, Fig. 10 and Table 2 together show that the frequency components can be recovered univocally at the different mechanical transducers. As previously mentioned, the localization is done via the identification of the FBGs (position of the optical filters). This allows multi-point vibration sensing.
5. Discussion on the experimental results
In Table 2, we observed that the phase shifts at 300 Hz between the electrical signals coming from FBG21 and FBG22 and at 240 Hz between the electrical signals coming from FBG31 and FBG32, is not precisely equal to 0°, while there is no applied vibrations at these frequencies on MT2 and MT3. This means that a decision threshold must be implemented. To find this threshold, we conducted a large number of experiments whose principle is depicted in Fig. 11. In these experiments, we applied a sine vibration with a frequency f (here, 300 Hz) on MT2 but no vibration on MT1 and MT3 [Fig. 11(a)]. Figure 11(b) shows the phase shift between the electrical signals coming from FBG31 and FBG32 for each of these tests. The acceleration level of the vibration applied on MT2 is equal to 30 m/s2.
Fig. 11
In theory, as there is no vibration between FBG31 and FBG32, the phase shift should be equal to 0°. From this figure, we can see that the phase shift can be as high as 4.5°. This discrepancy with the ideal value comes from the experimental uncertainties on the phase measurement and the presence of noise and intrinsic birefringence. We then state that a vibration is effectively applied on one MT if the absolute phase shift between the two signals is higher than 5°. This also means that if a vibration applied both on MT2 and MT3 induces an absolute phase shift between the signals coming from FBG31 and FBG32 which is smaller than 5°, the vibration on MT3 is not considered as a real vibration but as an artefact (indetermination case). A solution is proposed hereunder in order to avoid these indetermination cases.
The phase shift between the electrical signals from two adjacent FBGs is related to the value of the phase delay δ induced by the applied vibration and given by Eq. (2). This equation shows that the time evolution of the phase delay depends on the applied force and thus depends on its amplitude, frequency and phase. Moreover, as explained, the phase shift corresponds to an SOP modification and thus also depends on the input SOP Sin,λij and the polarizer transmission axis. In the following of this section the effect of each of these four parameters is successively investigated.
The influence of the vibration phase and of the vibration frequency has been investigated as follows: two vibrations with a frequency f, which is successively modified from 100 Hz to 1000 Hz by 50 Hz steps, are applied on MT2 and MT3, respectively [Fig. 12(a)]. For each frequency the phase of the vibration on MT2 is held constant (0°) while the phase of the vibration applied on MT3 is changed linearly between 0° to 360°. No vibration is applied on MT1. The acceleration levels on MT2 and MT3 are both equal to 30 m/s2 and are held constant. Figure 12(b) shows that the vibration phase has an influence on the phase shift value. As it can be observed, for vibration phases around 180°, the measured phase shift is smaller than 5°, although a vibration is really applied on MT3. Consequently, we cannot deduce, for these vibration phases, the presence of the vibration. It also shows that the vibration frequency has a weak influence on the phase shift value.
Fig. 12
The influence of the vibration amplitude on the electrical phase shift has also been investigated. In this set of experiments, vibrations with a frequency f (here, 300 Hz) are applied on MT2 and on MT3, respectively [Fig. 13(a)]. The vibration applied on MT2 has an amplitude equal to 45 m/s2 while the amplitude of the vibration applied on MT3 is changed from 0.5 to 60 m/s2. No vibration is applied on MT1. Figure 13(b) shows the obtained evolution. It shows that under a certain amplitude equal to around 1 m/s2, the effect of the vibration is so weak that the phase shift becomes lower than 5° (dashed line). Several sets of experiments lead to a minimal peak acceleration detectable of 1 m/s2.
Fig. 13
From these figures, we can observe that depending on the vibration amplitude, frequency and phase, indetermination cases can happen and applied vibrations could be considered as artefacts. A possible solution to avoid these indetermination cases is to change the orientation of the polarizer transmission axis. Figure 14 shows the situation depicted in Fig. 12 but with two different polarizer angles, here separated by 22.5°. Several sets of experiments were conducted at different transmission angles, from 0 to 180°, per 5° steps. It was observed that the effect of the angle modification was periodic with a period of 90° and a possible solution was to use two SOPs SOPin,1 and SOPin,2 separated by 22.5°. This situation is depicted in Fig. 14(b). We can therefore observe that rotating the transmission axis of the polarizer can solve the indetermination cases. As we can see, when launching SOPin,1, for some vibration phases around 180°, the measured phase shift is lower than 5° while, with SOPin,2, the measured phase shift is greater than 5° at this vibration phase. This different behaviour is due to the dependency of the electrical phase shift on the input SOP, as already mentioned. On the other hand we observe that, when no vibration is applied on MT3 as discussed in Fig. 11, changing the input SOP has no influence and does not lead to measured phase shifts greater than 5°. This situation is shown in Fig. 15.
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
The complete analysis method is thus as follows: the signals reflected by the different pairs of FBGs are first measured, using two different input SOPs separated by 22.5°. The spectra of the electrically converted signals are then calculated. In a first step, with the magnitude spectrum of each of these signals, we deduce the frequencies which occur for the first time and can thus be univocally deduced (for the other frequencies, it is not possible to distinguish artefacts from really applied vibrations). In a second step, we calculate, for each pair of adjacent FBGs and for the two input SOPs, the phase shift at these frequencies. If one or two of these phase shifts are greater than 5°, this frequency is really applied. If the phase shifts are both lower than 5°, this frequency is an artefact (this is only possible as long as the acceleration level is high enough to generate such phase shifts, see Fig. 13). Note that there exist some fast polarization controllers which are commercially available and allow to rapidly (at a 4 kHz rate) change the light input SOP and to fix it at some particular values.
6. Performances
6.1. Number of sensors
The number of sensors depends on how many FBGs can be used. In our experiment, considering that the system bandwidth is limited to 40 nm (by the circulator) and that the FBGs have a 10 dB bandwidth (to avoid as much crosstalk as possible) equal to 3.5 nm, the number of FBGs is equal to 12. Adopting the disposition given in Fig. 4, the number of measurement points is equal to 6. This number of measurement points can be increased by using a broadband coupler instead of a circulator in order to have a broader bandwidth. An alternative configuration can also be used and consists in replacing each FBGi,1 (i>1) by the measurement of FBGi−1,2 (i>1), which allows to double the number of sensors to 12. However, in that case, to ensure the proper functioning of the phase shift method, the distance between every FBG (sensor) has to be as small as possible. On the contrary, using the configuration presented in the paper (two FBGs for one sensor), the distance between the sensors is not restrictive. The choice of one configuration or the other depends distance between the sensors required by the application.
6.2. Spatial separation between the FBGs
The method based on the measurement of the phase shift assumes that the surrounding FBGs are as close as possible. The spatial separation is here equal to 30 cm but could still be decreased. During the inscription process, the fiber was shifted by 30 cm from one FBG to another for convenience considerations, such as the minimal physical distance between the vibration sources (shakers).
6.3. Transducer characteristics
The dimensions of the mechanical transducer used are given in Fig. 2. The weight of the whole transducer is around 80 grams, which is higher than classical piezoelectric accelerometers which can weigh as low as several grams. However contrary to these classical accelerometers our transducers allow multiplexing and are then interesting for wiring reasons.
6.4. Minimal acceleration, maximal frequency and frequency resolution
As mentioned in the previous section, in the current configuration, the sensor can measure accelerations down to 1 m/s2. This value is limited by the effect of the mechanical transducer. Measuring lower accelerations is still possible by increasing the mass applied on the fiber (here, 4 g) as the sensitivity of the transduction is directly proportional to the applied mass [20]. Using a 8 g mass would then allow to measure accelerations down to 0.5 m/s2. The maximal measurable frequency is limited by the resonance of the mechanical transducer, which happens at around 1 kHz. On the other side the proposed signal processing assumes that the shape of the mechanical signal does not change between the two measurements, i.e. during around 100 ms. The frequency resolution can go down to 1 Hz and is mainly limited by the temporal window considered.
7. Conclusion
In this paper, we presented a polarimetric quasi-distributed vibration sensor which allows to localize and to measure the frequency content of the different vibrations applied along the fiber. This ability is made possible by combining mechanical transducers, which transform the mechanical perturbation in an SOP modification, and pairs of FBGs with different Bragg wavelengths, which surround each mechanical transducer and reflect light. Using direct voltage measurements followed by a quite simple processing method based on the calculation of the phase shift spectrum between two FBGs, frequencies up to 800 Hz have been detected. The presented sensor could measure frequencies up to 1 kHz, which corresponds to the resonance frequency of the transducer [20]. In the present configuration the system can be composed of up to 6 sensors (this number could be extended by modifying the configuration) and accelerations as low as 1 m/s2 could be measured (lower accelerations could be measured by slightly modifying the transducer).
The authors would like to thank the financial support of the F.R.S.-FNRS (F.R.I.A). This research was supported by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles program of the Belgian Science Policy Office, under grant IAP P7-35 photonics@be. This project is within the frame of Actions de Recherche Concertées financées par le Ministère de la Communauté française – Direction générale de l'Enseignement non obligatoire et de la Recherche scientifique.
References and links
1. X. Guo, Z. Yin, and N. Song, "Measuring vibration by using fiber Bragg grating and demodulating it by blazed grating," Chinese Opt. Lett. 2, 393–395 (2004).
2. A. Fender, W. N. Macpherson, R. R. J. Maier, J. S. Barton, D. S. George, R. I. Howden, G. W Smith, B. J. S. Jones, S. Mcculloch, X. Chen, R. Suo, L. Zhang, and I. Bennion, "Two-axis temperature-insensitive accelerometer based on multicore fiber Bragg gratings," IEEE Sens. J. 8, 1292–1298 (2008) [CrossRef] .
3. Y. Weng, X. Qiao, T. Guo, M. Hu, Z. Feng, R. Wang, and J. Zhang, "A robust and compact fiber Bragg grating vibration sensor for seismic measurement," IEEE Sens. J. 12, 800–804 (2011) [CrossRef] .
4. Y. Zhu, P. Shum, C. Lu, B. M. Lacquet, P. L. Swart, and S. J. Spammer, "Temperature-insensitive fiber Bragg grating accelerometer," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 15, 1437–1439 (2003) [CrossRef] .
5. M. D. Todd, G. A. Johnson, B. A. Althouse, and S. T. Vohra, "Flexural beam-based fiber Bragg grating accelerometers," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 10, 1605–1607 (1998) [CrossRef] .
6. T. Guo, L. Shao, H-Y. Tam, P. A. Krug, and J. Albert, "Tilted fiber grating accelerometer incorporating an abrupt biconical taper for cladding to core recoupling," Opt. Express 17, 20651–20660 (2009) [CrossRef] [PubMed] .
7. K. Wada, H. Narui, D. Yakamoto, T. Matsuyama, and H. Horinaka, "Balanced polarization maintaining fiber Sagnac interferometer vibration sensor," Opt. Express 19, 21467–21474 (2011) [CrossRef] [PubMed] .
8. X. Fang, "Fiber-optic distributed sensing by two-loop Sagnac interferometer," Opt. Lett. 21, 444–446 (1996) [CrossRef] [PubMed] .
9. X. Hong, J. Wu, C. Zuo, F. Liu, H. Guo, and K. Xu, "Dual Michelson interferometers for distributed vibration detection," Appl. Opt. 50, 4333–4338 (2011) [CrossRef] [PubMed] .
10. R. M. Manuel, M. G. Shlyagin, and S. V. Miridonov, "Location of a time-varying disturbance using an array of identical fiber-optic interferometers interrogated by CW DFB laser," Opt. Express 16, 20666–20675 (2008) [CrossRef] [PubMed] .
11. J. C. Juarez and H. F. Taylor, "Field test of a distributed fiber-optic intrusion sensor system for long perimeters," Appl. Opt. 46, 1968–1971 (2007) [CrossRef] [PubMed] .
12. Y. Lu, T. Zhu, L. Chen, and X. Bao, "Distributed vibration sensor based on coherent detection of phase-OTDR," J. Lightwave Technol. 28, 3243–3249 (2010).
13. K. Hotate and S. S. L. Ong, "Distributed dynamic strain measurement using a correlation-based Brillouin sensing system," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 15, 272–274 (2003) [CrossRef] .
14. P. Chaube, B. G. Colpitts, D. Jagannathan, and A. W. Brown, "Distributed fiber-optic sensor for dynamic strain measurement," IEEE Sens. J. 8, 1067–1072 (2008) [CrossRef] .
15. R. Bernini, A. Minardo, and L. Zini, "Dynamic strain measurement in optical fibers by stimulated Brillouin scattering," Opt. Lett. 34, 2613–2615 (2009) [CrossRef] [PubMed] .
16. F. Qin, H. Li, W. Fan, and Q. Sheng, "Experimental study on vibration frequency response of micro-bend optic-fiber sensor," Chinese Opt. Lett. 7, 556–559 (2009) [CrossRef] .
17. Z. Zhang and X. Bao, "Continuous and damped vibraton detection based on fiber diversity detection sensor by Rayleigh backscattering," J. Lightwave Technol. 26, 832–838 (2008) [CrossRef] .
18. Z. Zhang and X. Bao, "Distributed optical fiber vibration sensor based on spectrum analysis of polarization-OTDR system," Opt. Express 16, 10240–10247 (2008) [CrossRef] [PubMed] .
19. G. Rajan, M. Ramakrishnan, Y. Semenova, A. Domanski, A. Boczkowska, T. Wolinski, and G. Farrell, "Analysis of vibration measurements in a composite material using an embedded PM-PCF polarimetric sensor and an FBG sensor," IEEE Sens. J. 12, 1365–1371 (2012) [CrossRef] .
20. N. Linze, P. Tihon, O. Verlinden, P. Mégret, and M. Wuilpart, "Linearity considerations in polarization-based vibration sensors," Appl. Opt. 51, 6997–7004 (2012) [CrossRef] [PubMed] .
21. M. Wuilpart, P. Mégret, M. Blondel, A. J. Rogers, and Y. Defosse, "Measurement of the spatial distribution of birefringence in optical fibers," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 13, 836–838 (2001) [CrossRef] .
22. S. C. Rashleigh, "Origins and control of polarization effects in single-mode fibers," J. Lightwave Technol. 1, 312–331 (1983) [CrossRef] .
23. A. Bertholds and R. Dandliker, "Determination of the individual strain-optic coefficients in single mode optical fibre," J. Lightwave Technol. 6, 17–20 (1988) [CrossRef] .
24. A. Galtarossa, D. Grosso, and L. Palmieri, "Accurate characterization of twist-induced optical activity in single-mode fibers by means of polarization-sensitive reflectometry," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 21, 1713–1715 (2009) [CrossRef] .
25. S. Bette, C. Caucheteur, M. Wuilpart, and P. Mégret, "Spectral characterization of differential group delay in uniform fiber Bragg gratings," Opt. Express 13, 9954–9960 (2005) [CrossRef] [PubMed] .
26. R. M. A. Azzam and N. M. Bashara, Ellipsometry and Polarized Light (North-Holland, 1977).
27. M. Wuilpart, "Rayleigh Scattering in Optical Fibers and Applications to Distributed Measurements," in Advanced Fiber Optics: Concepts and Technology, L. Thévenaz, eds. (EPFL Press, 2011), pp. 207–262.


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Women's and Gender Studies
Rowan Medicine: A new name for health care in South Jersey | More
New writing scholarship awards three incoming freshmen $35K | More
Rowan winter/summer classes saving students time and money | More
Rowan scholar to study organized crime, terrorism in Eurasia through grant from Department of Defense's Minerva Research Institute | More
In 12 Orientation sessions, new Profs—and their parents—get a formal introduction to Rowan | More
Invitation to the Women's Studies
Reading Group Meeting
You are invited to join the first Women's Studies Reading Group meeting this year! We will start out with selections from author, screenwriter and director Nora Ephron. Although she is best known for her humor and often satirical writing, she began her career as a journalist writing about the women's movement of the 70's and feminist issues. We will read four short readings from her work. Two are from her earlier collection from the 1970's Crazy Salad: Some Things About Women, entitled, "On Never Having Been A Prom Queen" and "The Hurled Ashtray". The other two are from her newer collection (2006), I Feel Bad About My Neck: And Other Thoughts on Being a Woman. Those are the title piece, "I Feel Bad About My Neck" and "What I Wish I'd Known".
Hard copies of all four pieces are available from the Women's Studies Office. Please e-mail Ieva Zake at firstname.lastname@example.com to receive your packet of the readings. Students, faculty and staff members are invited to join us! For questions please contact Maria Sudeck at firstname.lastname@example.com.
The time, date and location:
November 26, 2007 at 3:15 to 4:30 in the Teacher Education Conference Room,
3rd Floor Education Hall.
Dr. Sudeck will bring dessert, please bring your own beverages…


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Broncos Fear The Worst For Chris Harris
By Sports Talk Florida
News Desk
Follow @ SportsTalkFLA
News Desk
Follow @ SportsTalkFLA
Broncos coach John Fox called cornerback Chris Harris the "only and most significant" injured player after Sunday's victory over the Chargers and the knee injury that knocked him out of the game sent him to an MRI machine on Monday morning.
The test has concluded and that Harris is at the team's facility waiting for the results. According to Mike Klis of the Denver Post, the Broncos are preparing to get bad news.
For more on this story visit: Josh Alper, NBC Sports Pro Football Talk
Tags: Denver Broncos


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Housing market shows upward trend
Housing sales are picking up in Henrico County, as they are across the greater Richmond real estate market, according to a Long & Foster market report.
Chesterfield, Henrico, Goochland and Hanover counties, in addition to the City of Richmond, experienced positive trends in home sales and median sale price compared to October of last year, while inventory continued to tighten throughout the entire Richmond region.
Goochland County led the region in the increase in number of homes sold, experiencing a 43 percent increase over the previous year. Compared to October 2011, Henrico County saw an increase of 16 percent in home sales. Median sale price increased throughout the region with a year-over-year increase of one percent in Henrico.
Active inventory decreased by more than 20 percent, on average, across the Richmond region. Richmond City saw the largest decline of inventory at 28 percent compared to last year, while Henrico County experienced the second largest decline at 24 percent.
Houses continued to sell quickly throughout the Richmond region in October. Days on Market (DOM) in Richmond City was 58 days while Henrico and Chesterfield counties saw an average DOM of 63 days and 65 days, respectively. According to the Long and Foster report (compiled from residential real estate transactions within specific geographic regions, not just Long & Foster sales), the remainder of the region saw homes sell within an average of four months.
"The Richmond housing market again followed an upward trend as historically low interest rates continued to boost consumer confidence in the real estate market in October," said Jeffrey S. Detwiler, president and chief operating officer of The Long & Foster Companies.
Detwiler added that while the Richmond housing market is experiencing healthy stabilization and growth, tightening inventory can be expected to continue to push home prices up.
Short Pump Rotary volunteers help with rebuild, repair
On June 13, the Short Pump Rotary Club partnered with Schnabel Engineering for a day of volunteer work with Rebuilding Together Richmond. Team members (among them [from left] Chris Rufe, Melissa Abraham, Rick Naschold, and Micky Ogburn) completed a variety of repairs and home improvements ranging from painting and landscaping to cabinet installation and fence building.
"It was a privilege to be involved in this project," said club president Melissa Abraham. "The homeowner kept thanking the volunteers, but I think all of us would agree we are the ones who actually benefited. It was an opportunity to help a community member, fellowship with great people and improve our handyman skills." > Read more.
'Proof of Heaven' coming to Glen Allen
Dr. Even Alexander, a New York Times best-selling author who has been featured on Oprah and Dr. Oz, was in town last week to promote his June 27 talk, "Proof of Heaven," at Glen Allen High School.
Alexander (pictured, at right, while Unity of Bon Air church member Harry Simmons interviews him) has written about what he considers to be his journey through the afterlife.
Tickets to this month's event are $25 and will support the new Bon Secours Hospice House being built later this year. > Read more.
Weekend Top 10
For our Top 10 calendar events this weekend, click here! > Read more.
State Police to increase patrols for Fourth of July weekend
Local fifth-grader to perform at Carnegie Hall
Lakeside girl to compete at MLB All-Star Game event
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Obituary – Ruby White
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My daughters' other dads
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June 27, 2015
Exploring the Heritage Vineyards of Sonoma County: A Trip Well Taken Cohn Vineyard Bacigalupi Paris Tasting Block Rochioli Vineyards & Winery West Block Lynmar Estate Quail Hill Vineyard Dehlinger Winery Old Vines Pellegrini Wine Co. Olivet Lane Vineyard Hanzell Vineyards The Ambassador's 1953 Vineyard Patz & Hall Sonoma House Visit & Tasting with James Hall Hyde Vineyard Saturday Night Dinner Bacchanal Pinot Briefs A Reader's Letter Brightens My Day
Truett Hurst
Founded by partners Paul Dolan, former Director of Winemaking at Fetzer Winery and Phil, Heath and Sylvia Hurst. Mark De Meulanaere and winemaker/viticulturist Virginia Lambrix were brought into the partnership as well. Located in Dry Creek Valley, the estate has 26 acres of Zinfandel and Petite Sirah vineyards, 5 acres of garden, and a tasting room.
A "Black Sheep" Pinot Noir is produced from purchased grapes.
The tasting room at 5610 Dry Creek Road in Healdsburg is open from 11:00 to 5:00 daily. The wines are sold online. 707-433-9545.
Articles About Truett Hurst
Reviewed Wines
2007 Truett-Hurst Black Sheep Sonoma County Pinot Noir
14.7% alc., $40. This label is a partnership between Phillip Hurst and Heath Dolan. Paul and Heath Dolan's forebears purchased what was a sheep farm, Truett Ranch, turning it into one of the first vineyard sources for the historic Italian Swiss Colony brand. Grapes for this wine are sourced from Sonoma Mountain and the Russian River Valley. Aged 12 months in French oak. · Very dark reddishpurple color in the glass. Shy dark fruits on the nose with an emphasis on newly sawn sweet oak and cardamon spice. Plum fruits are the centerpiece of this fruit-driven wine which veers close to overripeness. Harmonious with nicely balanced fruit and tannins, but nothing really stands out either. Decent. Reviewed December 16, 2009 ARTICLE »
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sarahmarie86's review of MAC Pigment in Vanilla
611 reviews
91% would repurchase
Package Quality: 3.7
Price: $$$
Package Quality: 3.7
Price: $$$
on 10/25/2012 5:24:00 PM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Combination, Fair, Warm
Hair: Blond, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Green
One of the BEST purchases I have made from MAC, and that's saying a lot considering I'm a bit of an addict... I love using this as a cheek highlighter and right above my cupids bow. It's gorgeous layered on top of Vanilla eyeshadow as a brow highlight. Would totally recommend!
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October 22, 2013
Slow cooker apple butter from Fitness and Freebies is an easy way to enjoy this seasonal preserve. Since this recipe is all apple and no butter, you'll want to use the best apples you can get your hands on. I recommend visiting a farmer's market or apple orchard. Apple butter is delicious spread on scones, biscuits, and great in grilled cheese (especially with sharp cheddar).
12 cups chopped, unpeeled apples
1 cup sugar
1 teaspoon cinnamon
3/4 cup apple cider
1/2 teaspoon ground cloves
For full recipe instructions, click here.
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A rare vintage 1964 ford falcon station wagon, in its orginal condition has been found in a barn, in this case a garage. It... More
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- Restored- 260 CI V-8 engine- Automatic transmission- Multiple award winner- Believed to be 86,900 miles- Detailed engine compartmentTo be sold at the Harrisburg... More
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1964 Ford Falcon Gasser for sale in our Chicago Showroom. This professionally done 1964 Falcon is powered by a 460 block that was... More
1964 Ford Falcon sprint convertible. The sporty package was available with its factory 260 CI engine with 4 speed transmission, for only 1 year. Power roof. This... More
1963 Ford Falcon Futura, good solid body, nice redone int, 6 cyl, auto, cold a/c, great driver, 90,xxx miles, runs good.... More


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I say Good, because my very favourite was Weleda Rosemary Shampoo but apparently it is not being made any more....so I will happily use A'kin and think myself lucky that I have a Rosemary Shampoo.......and.......why was my gift token not accepted when I ordered my last bottle of Shampoo?? just curious not exactly making a complaint ...best wishes to all there from us here....Mary and Puss cat Babs xx
wonderful shampoo leaving the scalp feeling invigorated and the hair clean and shining......
wonderful shampoo...thank you !!
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Each of Randolph's 17 Programs Represented on Spring Dean's List May 20, 2015 | Each of Randolph's 17 Programs... LYNCHBURG, Va. -- In today's spring Dean's List release, 32 student-athletes were honored by Randolph College. [read more]
Ramsey Places Ninth at 2015 Intercollegiate Horse Show Association's Nationals May 1, 2015 | Ramsey Places Ninth at 2015... WEST SPRINGFIELD, Mass. -- At the 2015 IHSA National Horse Show, Randolph senior Michael Ramsey took part in the walk-trot section. [read more]
Randolph's Michael Ramsey to Compete at IHSA Nationals on Friday April 30, 2015 | Randolph's Michael Ramsey to... WEST SPRINGFIELD, Mass. -- At collegiate riding's most prestigious event, Randolph's Michael Ramsey will compete on Friday. [read more]
Desgain and Templin Headline Annual Awards Ceremony Tuesday Night April 28, 2015 | Desgain and Templin Headline... LYNCHBURG, Va. -- As part of an annual tradition, Randolph held the 2014-15 Athletics Awards Ceremony at Smith Hall Tuesday night. [read more]
Randolph Equestrian Hosts Bedford County Hunt Horse Show April 20, 2015 | Randolph Equestrian Hosts... LYNCHBURG, Va. -- As part of the SWVHJA events, Randolph hosted the Bedford County Hunt Horse Show on Saturday. [read more]
Each of Randolph's 17 Programs...
Ramsey Places Ninth at 2015...
Randolph's Michael Ramsey to...
Desgain and Templin Headline...
Randolph Equestrian Hosts...
/sports/general/2013-14/photos/13112main.jpg?max_width=500&max_height=365 /sports/riding/2014-15/photos/2015_ihsa_nationals_thumb.jpg?max_width=500&max_height=365 /sports/riding/2014-15/photos/ramsey_preview.jpg?max_width=500&max_height=365 /sports/general/2014-15/photos/IMG_9293_thumb.jpg?max_width=500&max_height=365 /sports/riding/2013-14/photos/130928riding_thumb.jpg?max_width=500&max_height=365
April 16, 2015 Randolph Weekend Preview: April 17-18
April 16, 2015 Laura Stacey Earns USHJA/IHSA Sportsmanship Award
April 14, 2015 Equestrian's Michael Ramsey Earns Front Page Feature in Tuesday's Lynchburg News & Advance
March 31, 2015 Randolph Mid-Week Preview: March 31-April 2
March 26, 2015 Randolph Weekend Preview: March 27-29
March 21, 2015 Equestrian Rides Well at Bridgewater SWVHJA Show
March 20, 2015 Randolph Weekend Preview: March 20-22
March 20, 2015 Riding Wins Penultimate Show of the Year at Hollins
February 23, 2015 Equestrian and Women's Tennis Announce Scheduling Changes
February 18, 2015 Weather Forces Changes to Randolph's Slate
February 17, 2015 Saturday's Hollins IHSA Horse Show Postponed
February 14, 2015 Blue Ribbon for West Once Again Headlines Riding Team's Saturday
February 13, 2015 Randolph Weekend Preview: Feb. 14
February 7, 2015 Three Blue Ribbons Lead Equestrian at Spring IHSA Home Opener
February 6, 2015 Randolph Weekend Preview: Feb. 7-8
January 29, 2015 Randolph Weekend Preview: Jan. 30-31
January 21, 2015 Randolph Places 40 Student-Athletes on College's Dean's List
December 11, 2014 Randolph Weekend Preview: Dec. 12-14
December 7, 2014 Riding Places Fifth at Holiday Tournament of Champions Saturday
December 5, 2014 Randolph Weekend Preview: Dec. 5-6
November 15, 2014 Equestrian Ends Fall IHSA Season With Third Place Finish
November 3, 2014 Quinby and Hoke Earn Blue Ribbons at Bridgewater IHSA
October 31, 2014 Randolph Weekend Preview: Nov. 1
October 23, 2014 Randolph Homecoming Weekend Preview: Oct. 24-26
October 18, 2014 Hoke and West Win Classes at Hollins IHSA Riding Show
October 12, 2014 Riding Program Earns Strong Results at House Mountain SWVHJA
October 4, 2014 Riders Post Impressive Results at Opening SWVHJA Show
September 27, 2014 Randolph Rides to Reserve Championship at Home IHSA Opener
September 25, 2014 Randolph Family Weekend Preview: Sept. 26-27
September 20, 2014 Riding Opens its Season With a Fifth Place at the Tournament of Champions
September 18, 2014 Randolph Weekend Preview: Sept. 19-22
September 11, 2014 Randolph Unveils Banners Honoring Past Successes
August 15, 2014 Randolph Welcomes Erin Cardea to Riding Program Staff
April 30, 2014 Hynes and Martin to Compete at IHSA Nationals Thursday
April 15, 2014 This Weekend's Bedford County Hunt Has Been Canceled
April 5, 2014 Two Top Finishes Leads Randolph Into Sunday's Zones
April 2, 2014 Randolph Riding Places Fourth at ODAC Championships
April 1, 2014 Riding Team to Compete at ODAC Championships Wednesday
March 24, 2014 Riding Program Welcomes Margaret Swanson to Randolph
March 23, 2014 Bridgewater SWVHJA Show Concludes for Riding Program
March 1, 2014 Three Ribbon Finishes for Randolph on Day Two at Hollins
February 28, 2014 Hollins Welcome Horse Show Starts Well for Randolph
February 23, 2014 DeNisco, Hynes, Martin Qualify for Zones After Strong Regionals Showings
February 22, 2014 Riding Heads Into Final IHSA Show With Momentum After Saturday Win
February 17, 2014 Snow Date Announced as Friday for Bridgewater IHSA Show
February 12, 2014 Snow Prevents Riding From Competing Saturday
February 9, 2014 Riding Wins Weekend IHSA Event at Sweet Briar
February 7, 2014 Spring IHSA Riding Season Begins At Randolph Riding Center
December 7, 2013 Riding Ends Fall Semester With Three Individual Wins
November 18, 2013 Riding Finishes in a Tie for Third at Sweet Briar
November 2, 2013 Third Place Finish Keeps Riding Team in First Overall
October 27, 2013 Riding Program Shines Over Three-Day Homecoming Weekend
October 25, 2013 Randolph Hosts Jam-Packed Homecoming Weekend
September 28, 2013 WildCats Win First IHSA Show of 2013-14
September 27, 2013 Family Weekend Features a Jam-Packed Schedule at Randolph
September 21, 2013 Three WildCat Riders Win Classes at Tournament of Champions
June 18, 2013 Randolph Top Games of 2012-13: Randolph Equestrian Blows By Competition At Bridgewater IHSA Show
May 23, 2013 Randolph Equestrian Sets Sights High With 2013 Fall Schedule Release Thursday Afternoon
May 13, 2013 Randolph College Adds New Equine Studies Minor
April 11, 2013 Q&A With WildCat of the Week Lauren Dees
February 24, 2013 Shuang Li, Shannon Stepp Earn Regional Championships in IHSA UVA and Regional Shows
February 23, 2013 Alyssa DeNisco Earns Blue Ribbon As WildCat Riders Finish Fifth at Hollins IHSA Show
February 20, 2013 Q&A With WildCat of the Week Meaghan Hynes
February 13, 2013 Q&A With WildCat of the Week Alyssa DeNisco
February 11, 2013 Randolph Equestrian Climbs Region 2 Standings After Two Great Performances This Weekend
December 5, 2012 Q&A With WildCat of the Week Maggie McManus
November 10, 2012 Randolph Equestrian Competes at SWVAHJA Finals
November 5, 2012 Q&A With WildCat of the Week Ashley Fratus
November 3, 2012 Randolph Equestrian Takes Home Fourth Place At Bridgewater IHSA Show
October 23, 2012 Shannon Stepp Shows Well At Washington International Horse Show
October 20, 2012 WildCat Equestrian Rides at Hollins University IHSA Show Saturday
October 9, 2012 Bob Cacchione Comes To Randolph College
October 5, 2012 Randolph Equestrian Finishes Fourth in Randolph/Lynchburg IHSA
September 22, 2012 Randolph Equestrian Finishes Third At Goucher Tournament of Champions Preseason Show
April 6, 2012 Randolph Riding Finished Third at ODAC Championships
February 21, 2012 Randolph Riding Finishes Sixth at Hollins University IHSA
February 14, 2012 Randolph Riding Finishes Fourth at Bridgewater College IHSA Show
February 6, 2012 WildCat Riding Finishes Fifth at Sweet Briar IHSA Show
February 6, 2012 Riding's Ashley Fratus Earns WildCat of the Week Honors
February 5, 2012 WildCat Riding Finishes Third at Randolph/Lynchburg IHSA Show
January 24, 2012 Chris Mitchell Named New Director of Riding at Randolph College
November 6, 2011 WildCat Riding Competes at the SWVHJA Annual Year End Horse Show
October 23, 2011 WildCat Equestrian Hosts Randolph College Fall Festival
October 18, 2011 WildCat Riders Perform Well at Horse Mountain Show
October 10, 2011 WildCat Equestrian Hosts Randolph/Lynchburg IHSA Show
October 2, 2011 WildCat Riders Fare Well at the Hollins University Horse Show
September 25, 2011 Randolph Riding Competes in Hollins IHSA Show


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What a lovely face -- would love to know how to get rid of the yellow eyeliner
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Get Rid of the Court? Not So Fast
June 29, 2015 at 10:01 pm
Governor Jindal's suggestion that we get rid of the Supreme Court is the topic of my column this week. Please check it out at the New York Sun (here), Reason (here), and Newsmax (here).
June 25, 2015 at 4:37 pm
Renewal notices went out yesterday to paying subscribers to FutureOfCapitalism whose memberships are up for renewal this quarter. Thank you to those who have already responded by renewing. If you are a reader and appreciate the content here, please consider becoming a paying member. Your support helps keep the site running — we couldn't do it without you.
This site is a for-profit enterprise — an example of capitalism in action. Your editor is not ensconced in some think tank or university. So if you value the content you get from FutureOfCapitalism, the best way to encourage it and make sure it continues is to become a paying subscriber. The link is here. Thank you!
June 25, 2015 at 4:30 pm
Bloomberg News reports:
June 25, 2015 at 2:38 pm
Justice Scalia's dissent in King v. Burwell strikes me as more persuasive than Chief Justice Roberts' majority opinion. Beyond that, a few additional observations in light of today's health care decision from the Supreme Court:
June 24, 2015 at 4:53 pm
The government's never-ending quest to find new and expanded ways to define taxable income has reached a new frontier: review copies of books. Professors who receive review copies of expensive textbooks from publishers, beware. Amazon wrote today to reviewers who participate in its Vine program that provides free review copies of books and sometimes other products. The reviewers aren't paid by Amazon for their writing: "Starting July 1, 2015 you will be required to provide valid tax information by completing Amazon's tax questionnaire to continue participating in the Vine program.....As of that date, we will be tracking the value of products you order through Amazon Vine. If you exceed the threshold of $600 in aggregated product value within a calendar year, you will be issued a 1099-MISC at the end of that year."
Also from the Amazon tax Q and A for Vine reviewers:
June 24, 2015 at 3:07 pm
From Harry Binswanger, commenting on the post about the new $10 bill that will feature the image of a woman:
June 24, 2015 at 2:30 pm
Lobbyists for corn syrup are going after federal subsidies for sugar, the Washington Post reports. The article concludes:
With Jeb Bush and Marco Rubio both from the sugar-producing state of Florida, and with corn a big crop in the early caucus state of Iowa, this should be one to watch through the presidential campaign.
June 24, 2015 at 2:04 pm
The Supreme Court ruled earlier this week in Horne et al. v. Department of Agriculture, the raisin case that we wrote about here a few months back. The opinion, by Chief Justice Roberts, was essentially 8 to 1 (with Justice Sotomayor the dissenter) that forcing farmers to turn over their raisins to the federal government amounted to a "taking" that violated the Fifth Amendment.
June 23, 2015 at 10:36 am
From Nicholas Kristof's New York Times column, reported from Baltimore:
June 23, 2015 at 10:30 am
Some people say Jeb Bush's goal of 4% economic growth is unrealistically high. They might want to check the history of John Kennedy's 1960 presidential campaign, where the goal was 5% growth. That's the topic of my column this week, which has some wonderful details, even some that go beyond what was in JFK, Conservative. Please check the column out at the New York Sun (here), Reason (here), and Newsmax (here).
June 23, 2015 at 10:16 am
The CEO of CKE Restaurant Holdings, Andy Puzder, writes in The Hill about the effect that welfare programs have on some of his employees at Carl's Jr. and Hardee's:
June 17, 2015 at 10:15 pm
The Internet is abuzz with reaction to the Treasury Department's announcement that the government will redesign the $10 bill, which now features Alexander Hamilton, so that it will include an image of a woman. We're less concerned here with whose image is on the $10 — Harriet Tubman, Janet Yellin, Hillary Clinton, Sojourner Truth...heck, even Barack Obama's heroine Golda Meir would all be fine candidates — than about its value, which is plummeting, as measured by how much of a ticket to Disney World it can buy, or how much of a Picasso painting it can buy. Printing someone else's picture on the thing can't disguise that it's fiat currency.
June 17, 2015 at 9:51 pm
The Wall Street Journal has an editorial making a strong case against Marco Rubio's tax proposal, a point also marked by your editor months ago in the column Rubio's Risks.
Ford Foundation Tackles Inequality
June 16, 2015 at 9:17 pm
"Ford Shifts Grant Making To Focus Entirely on Inequality" is the headline on the Chronicle of Philanthropy news article about the Ford Foundation, which has more than $12 billion in assets.
The article reports on a letter from the Ford Foundation's president, Darren Walker. It said in part:
June 16, 2015 at 8:47 pm
The $1.3 trillion question of the presidential campaign is how Hillary Clinton is going to handle demands for student loan forgiveness. I write in my column this week:
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114th Congress: We're updating with new data as it becomes available.
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Roytje (Aug 30, 2014)I don't draw a lot of flowers. But this one is to celebrate that I've an internet connection in my own new house :)
elly (Sep 2, 2014)Congratulations Roy! And your flower is beautifully painted :)
lori (Sep 3, 2014)happy for you :) gorgeous art
Miss_DJ (Sep 4, 2014)love it!!
beefcake619 (Sep 28, 2014)lovely drawing.
Vinet (Mar 6, 2013)Reference used.
davincipoppalag (Mar 7, 2013)nice work
Miss_DJ (Mar 8, 2013)wonderful
dorothyblueeyes (Mar 8, 2013)Yes, its fantastic; that pose must have been hard to get, with the one arm & hand.
Alter.Native (Mar 25, 2013)I like your gallery..
Vinet (Mar 17, 2013)
TheCrimsonKing (Mar 22, 2013)letting the hate flow through.
firecracker (Apr 29, 2013)This is so cool.....luv it!! :)
elly (Aug 18, 2014)Rock on!
firecracker (Aug 28, 2014)This is so cool....I luv it!!! I keep coming back to look at it.....:)
HiroDaZero (Jul 16, 2014)my father
Suntan (Aug 14, 2014)yes, agreed with Teapot...very very nice, Hiro
elly (Aug 14, 2014)The thumbnail is deceiving! Sure glad I clicked on it! Awesome details and great use of colors! Bravo!
Moosh (Sep 7, 2014)oooh o.O looking great.
beefcake619 (Sep 28, 2014)Very berry nice.
karl (Aug 1, 2014)
pawillie (Sep 7, 2014)not everyone has an attractive butt, I wish mine looked this good
mudbutt (Sep 7, 2014)yeah, seriously, I wish I had a butt that nice, too.
Moosh (Sep 7, 2014)I wish my butt was that good too. :P I like this a lot.
firecracker (Sep 9, 2014)All I'm saying is that it would be a better looking 'butt'....if it had some muscle tone.....other than that.....it looks ok...'lol' :P
karl (Jul 29, 2014)
dorothyblueeyes (Aug 4, 2014)I really like this.Few people here do abstractions, maybe because they are not really that easy to create.But even for 26 min. its very striking.
elly (Jul 22, 2014)Fur=challenge! Multi-colored fur=double challenge!!
The_Chosen (Jul 27, 2014)This is amazing very nice!
firecracker (Jul 31, 2014)This is just totally amazing....I love it!!! :)
dorothyblueeyes (Aug 4, 2014)that is so darling, so real! beautiful! I love the squirrels oon my place,I hate that the vets won't take them if they get hurt,because of diseases; one person said "they're rodents."So is the capybara, a wild large criitter that looks like a small pig.thanks for painting this!
tscott (Aug 6, 2014)great art elly
Roytje (Jul 20, 2014)
tscott (Jul 25, 2014)great job on this
Teapot (Jul 27, 2014)Looks like something from one of those books by Stieg Larsson. Dark, mysterious, a passively violent scene. How's that for an oxymoron?
firecracker (Aug 3, 2014)I'm wondering why the lady pictured in the 'foreground' looks like she is powdering her nose, while this terrible tragedy is taking place......other than that ...this is an awesome painting!!
shults (Aug 25, 2014)Have I missed this.
Roytje (Jul 13, 2014)www.royruiters.nl is now completely focused on digital art :) and trying to sell them.
davincipoppalag (Jul 14, 2014)great stuff
tscott (Jul 15, 2014)yah' de master'roytie
karl (Jul 11, 2014)
davincipoppalag (Jul 12, 2014)Looks good so far
Teapot (Jul 12, 2014)Wow. This is gorgeous. All the features are so well done and the painterllness of the strokes is so pretty. I think the texture/lines at the top sort of detract from the effect of the looking-upward perspective. Beautiful colours in your shadows.
Roytje (Jul 13, 2014)Much better. :)
firecracker (Jul 19, 2014)Very nice! I like this version the best....:)
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We bring you the first photos of a red F30 3-series sedan spied, showing the best F30 interior photos yet. The interior photos are telling, revealing a semi-black panel display, lane change assistant, and auto-start stop technology.
See our analysis and photos inside.
A new video demo by the Senior Engineer of the BMW Technology Group demonstrating the newest ConnectedDrive feature – BMW Apps (6NR option). Rob Passaro runs through the main features – integrated Web Radio, Facebook, Twitter, iPod, and Pandora functions. Video inside.
Some interesting BMW transmission development news comes via Automobile and Autoblog from the just concluded BMW Innovation Days in Munich. BMW is said to be currently developing a smart new 8-speed automatic transmission (with technology dubbed "Foresight") which will know to downshift prior to the car entering corners or engaging hills, much as a manual driver would. The result is keeping the car in a proper 'sweet spot' gear and RPM range to allow for a sportier driving experience.
But that's not all Foresight will do. According … CONTINUED
Literally one highlight about the just announced BMW 6-Series Coupe are the Adaptive LED headlights. Available as optional equipment for the 6-Series Coupe, horizontal LED ribs positioned in the centre of the light rings are used as light sources for both low beam and high beam. Squared-off LED angel eyes and LED accent lights in the upper corner complete the visual appearance.
But, the LED headlights aren't just a design feature, they also make for several technical advantages. According to BMW, "their bright white light provides an … CONTINUED
For the first time following the launch of MINI Connected, the BMW Group is now also offering select iPhone applications for integrated use in a BMW. This capability sees the already extensive range of BMW ConnectedDrive features enhanced by a function hitherto unmatched by the competition. With this offer, BMW is once again underlining its leadership role in the field of in-car integration technology. The new option is designed to improve the integration of the Apple iPhone in the car and will be available from March … CONTINUED
Dependable and accurate against traffic congestion: BMW ConnectedDrive presents a new generation of traffic information. Denser coverage for road networks in several European countries, more detailed information, more frequent updating, optimised re-routing recommendations – BMW Navigation System Professional with Real-Time Traffic Information (RTTI) from BMW ConnectedDrive will be available in all new BMW models from autumn 2011
BMW of North America and NVIDIA today announced a partnership that puts NVIDIA GPUs in navigation and vehicle-information systems across all next-generation BMW cars worldwide.
NVIDIA GPUs will power BMW's in-car navigation systems to deliver vivid graphics with detailed terrain models, landmarks and a stunning new interface. NVIDIA processors will be found throughout BMW's range of models, including the 7-Series, 5-Series, 3-Series, Mini Cooper line and X-Series of sports activity vehicles.
BMW's iDrive will feature high resolution visuals, real-time traffic reporting and navigation information. iDrive is the intelligent … CONTINUED
The BMW Connected app features in-car access to webradio, facebook, and twitter integration (see 1-series LCI video featuring this HERE), as well as iPod integration featuring Apple's custom iPod navigation interface for the BMW iDrive screen. You can also use the app to attain certain car information such as remaining fuel, miles to empty, etc.
* Unfortunately, the BMW Connected App features can only be actively used in BMW vehicles equipped with special option code "6NR", which will be available from March 2011.
Ever wonder how the BMW's Navigation System compares to other systems? Cars.com undertook a comparison of the BMW Navigation against the Nissan G37 and Acura TSX. Which NAV took top honors? Check out the results inside.
A new BMW interface for controlling the iPhone and iPod Touch is coming! BMW will soon be utilizing the new iPod-OUT feature of Apples new operating system (iOS4) for these devices. Future BMW owners will be able to use the infotainment system to display and control iPhone/iPod Touch music playback features in the vehicles main display.
iPod Out enables … CONTINUED
Pathfinder from BMW. Intelligent and networked microNavigation for destinations not yet covered in current systems or only with incomplete coverage.
Just imagine that you are on your way to BMW Welt and you know that you have to get your tickets for the guided tour through the BMW Munich Plant at the Info Counter South. The following questions occur to you in quick succession: Where can I park? How do I get into the multi-storey car park and how can I find my … CONTINUED
BMW of North America, LLC today introduced a personalized smartphone application for its Roadside Assistance service in the United States. BMW Roadside Assistance is included as part of BMW Ultimate Service® with every new and Certified Pre-Owned BMW model, and is also available as a per-year subscription for older models. The free smartphone application, developed in partnership with Allstate Roadside Services, may be personalized by BMW owners and includes new functionality to enhance the overall BMW ownership experience. Unique to the sport-luxury marketplace, the new application … CONTINUED
Roadside, the group handling BMW roadside assistance, will be making their roadside assistance smartphone app available on April 8, 2010. Once the user is registered, the VIN, GPS Coordinates and type of service requested is electronically transmitted to a roadside call center. This has the potential to reduce the call time by 60% leading to quicker dispatching and an overall better experience.
The Key Features:
Roadside Services – Get connected with Roadside Assistance by selecting the service you require including: Towing, Battery, … CONTINUED