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Ponderomotive phase plate for transmission electron microscopes
DOE Patents [OSTI]
A ponderomotive phase plate system and method for controllably producing highly tunable phase contrast transfer functions in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) for high resolution and biological phase contrast imaging. The system and method includes a laser source and a beam transport system to produce a focused laser crossover as a phase plate, so that a ponderomotive potential of the focused laser crossover produces a scattering-angle-dependent phase shift in the electrons of the post-sample electron beam corresponding to a desired phase contrast transfer function.
Reed, Bryan W. (Livermore, CA)
Directly correlated transmission electron microscopy and atom...
Broader source: All U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office Webpages (Extended Search)
Directly correlated transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography of grain boundary oxidation in a Ni-Al binary Directly correlated transmission electron microscopy...
Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer
SciTech Connect (OSTI)
Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer (PCET) describes reactions in which there is a change in both electron and proton content between reactants and products. It originates from the influence of changes in electron content on acid?base properties and provides a molecular-level basis for energy transduction between proton transfer and electron transfer. Coupled electron?proton transfer or EPT is defined as an elementary step in which electrons and protons transfer from different orbitals on the donor to different orbitals on the acceptor. There is (usually) a clear distinction between EPT and H-atom transfer (HAT) or hydride transfer, in which the transferring electrons and proton come from the same bond. Hybrid mechanisms exist in which the elementary steps are different for the reaction partners. EPT pathways such as PhO•/PhOH exchange have much in common with HAT pathways in that electronic coupling is significant, comparable to the reorganization energy with H{sub DA} ~ ?. Multiple-Site Electron?Proton Transfer (MS-EPT) is an elementary step in which an electron?proton donor transfers electrons and protons to different acceptors, or an electron?proton acceptor accepts electrons and protons from different donors. It exploits the long-range nature of electron transfer while providing for the short-range nature of proton transfer. A variety of EPT pathways exist, creating a taxonomy based on what is transferred, e.g., 1e{sup -}/2H{sup +} MS-EPT. PCET achieves "redox potential leveling" between sequential couples and the buildup of multiple redox equivalents, which is of importance in multielectron catalysis. There are many examples of PCET and pH-dependent redox behavior in metal complexes, in organic and biological molecules, in excited states, and on surfaces. Changes in pH can be used to induce electron transfer through films and over long distances in molecules. Changes in pH, induced by local electron transfer, create pH gradients and a driving force for long-range proton transfer in Photosysem II and through other biological membranes. In EPT, simultaneous transfer of electrons and protons occurs on time scales short compared to the periods of coupled vibrations and solvent modes. A theory for EPT has been developed which rationalizes rate constants and activation barriers, includes temperature- and driving force (?G)-dependences implicitly, and explains kinetic isotope effects. The distance-dependence of EPT is dominated by the short-range nature of proton transfer, with electron transfer being far less demanding.Changes in external pH do not affect an EPT elementary step. Solvent molecules or buffer components can act as proton donor acceptors, but individual H2O molecules are neither good bases (pK{sub a}(H{sub 3}O{sup +}) = ?1.74) nor good acids (pK{sub a}(H{sub 2}O) = 15.7). There are many examples of mechanisms in chemistry, in biology, on surfaces, and in the gas phase which utilize EPT. PCET and EPT play critical roles in the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) of Photosystem II and other biological reactions by decreasing driving force and avoiding high-energy intermediates.
Weinberg, Dave; Gagliardi, Christopher J.; Hull, Jonathan F; Murphy, Christine Fecenko; Kent, Caleb A.; Westlake, Brittany C.; Paul, Amit; Ess, Daniel H; McCafferty, Dewey Granville; Meyer, Thomas J
Transmission electron microscope CCD camera
In order to improve the performance of a CCD camera on a high voltage electron microscope, an electron decelerator is inserted between the microscope column and the CCD. This arrangement optimizes the interaction of the electron beam with the scintillator of the CCD camera while retaining optimization of the microscope optics and of the interaction of the beam with the specimen. Changing the electron beam energy between the specimen and camera allows both to be optimized.
Downing, Kenneth H. (Lafayette, CA)
In-situ Transmission Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopy Studies...
Transmission Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopy Studies of Interfaces in Li-ion Batteries: Challenges and In-situ Transmission Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopy Studies of...
Dynamics of soft Nanomaterials captured by transmission electron...
Dynamics of soft Nanomaterials captured by transmission electron microscopy in liquid water. Dynamics of soft Nanomaterials captured by transmission electron microscopy in liquid...
Energetics and Dynamics of Electron Transfer and Proton Transfer...
Transfer in Dissociation of Metal III (salen)-Peptide Complexes in the Energetics and Dynamics of Electron Transfer and Proton Transfer in Dissociation of Metal III (salen)-Peptide...
E-Print Network [OSTI]
377 TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF WEAKLY DEFORMED ALKALI HALIDE CRYSTALS H. STRUNK Max'importance croissante du durcissement de la solution solide. Abstract. 2014 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM Abstracts 7j66 - 7 I' 1. Introduction. - It is only some years ago that transmission electron microscopy
Boyer, Edmond
New Developments in Transmission Electron Microscopy for Nanotechnology**
New Developments in Transmission Electron Microscopy for Nanotechnology** By Zhong Lin Wang* 1. Electron Microscopy and Nanotechnology Nanotechnology, as an international initiative for science manufacturing are the foundation of nanotechnology. Tracking the historical background of why nanotechnology
Wang, Zhong L.
Vectorial electron transfer in spatially ordered arrays
Progress was made on synthesis of new materials for directional electron transfer (block copolymers and helical oligopeptides), preparation and characterization of anisotropic composites bearing organics and inorganics, electrocatalysis (redox-activated catalysts), and surface modifications of metals and semiconductors.
Fox, M.A.
Molecular Dynamics Investigation of Ferrous-Ferric Electron Transfer...
Electron Transfer in a Hydrolyzing Aqueous Solution: Calculation of the pH Molecular Dynamics Investigation of Ferrous-Ferric Electron Transfer in a Hydrolyzing Aqueous Solution:...
Single Molecule Spectroscopy of Electron Transfer
The objectives of this research are threefold: (1) to develop methods for the study electron transfer processes at the single molecule level, (2) to develop a series of modifiable and structurally well defined molecular and nanoparticle systems suitable for detailed single molecule/particle and bulk spectroscopic investigation, (3) to relate experiment to theory in order to elucidate the dependence of electron transfer processes on molecular and electronic structure, coupling and reorganization energies. We have begun the systematic development of single molecule spectroscopy (SMS) of electron transfer and summaries of recent studies are shown. There is a tremendous need for experiments designed to probe the discrete electronic and molecular dynamic fluctuations of single molecules near electrodes and at nanoparticle surfaces. Single molecule spectroscopy (SMS) has emerged as a powerful method to measure properties of individual molecules which would normally be obscured in ensemble-averaged measurement. Fluctuations in the fluorescence time trajectories contain detailed molecular level statistical and dynamical information of the system. The full distribution of a molecular property is revealed in the stochastic fluctuations, giving information about the range of possible behaviors that lead to the ensemble average. In the case of electron transfer, this level of understanding is particularly important to the field of molecular and nanoscale electronics: from a device-design standpoint, understanding and controlling this picture of the overall range of possible behaviors will likely prove to be as important as designing ia the ideal behavior of any given molecule.
Michael Holman; Ling Zang; Ruchuan Liu; David M. Adams
Image Resolution in Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
Digital images captured with electron microscopes are corrupted by two fundamental effects: shot noise resulting from electron counting statistics and blur resulting from the nonzero width of the focused electron beam. The generic problem of computationally undoing these effects is called image reconstruction and for decades has proved to be one of the most challenging and important problems in imaging science. This proposal concerned the application of the Pixon method, the highest-performance image-reconstruction algorithm yet devised, to the enhancement of images obtained from the highest-resolution electron microscopes in the world, now in operation at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Pennycook, S. J.; Lupini, A.R.
Power electronics in electric utilities: HVDC power transmission systems
High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) power transmission systems constitute an important application of power electronics technology. This paper reviews salient aspects of this growing industry. The paper summarizes the history of HVDC transmission and discusses the economic and technical reasons responsible for development of HVDC systems. The paper also describes terminal design and basic configurations of HVDC systems, as well as major equipments of HVDC transmission system. In this regard, the state-of-the-art technology in the equipments constructions are discussed. Finally, the paper reviews future developments in the HVDC transmission systems, including promising technologies, such as multiterminal configurations, Gate Turn-Off (GTO) devices, forced commutation converters, and new advances in control electronics.
Nozari, F.; Patel, H.S.
Foucault imaging by using non-dedicated transmission electron microscope
An electron optical system for observing Foucault images was constructed using a conventional transmission electron microscope without any special equipment for Lorentz microscopy. The objective lens was switched off and an electron beam was converged by a condenser optical system to the crossover on the selected area aperture plane. The selected area aperture was used as an objective aperture to select the deflected beam for Foucault mode, and the successive image-forming lenses were controlled for observation of the specimen images. The irradiation area on the specimen was controlled by selecting the appropriate diameter of the condenser aperture.
Taniguchi, Yoshifumi [Science and Medical Systems Business Group, Hitachi High-Technologies Corp., Ichige, Hitachinaka, Ibaraki 312-8504 (Japan); Matsumoto, Hiroaki [Corporate Manufacturing Strategy Group, Hitachi High-Technologies Corp., Ishikawa-cho, Hitachinaka, Ibaraki 312-1991 (Japan); Harada, Ken [Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi Ltd., Hatoyama, Saitama 350-0395 (Japan)
Photoinduced electron transfer reactions in zeolite cages
This report summarizes work in the two areas of zeolites and layered double hydroxides. Results of studies on structural aspects of Ru(bpy)[sub 3][sup 2+]-zeolite Y are summarized. Photoinduced electron transfer between entrapped Ru(bpy)[sub 3][sup 2+] and methylviologen (MV) in neighboring supercages was examined. Benzylviologen was also used. Since molecules larger than 13 [angstrom] cannot be accomodated in zeolite cages, the layered double metal hydroxides (LDH) LiAl[sub 2](OH)[sub 6][sup +]X[sup [minus
Dutta, P.K.
Complex modes and new amplification regimes in periodic multi transmission lines interacting with an electron beam
We show the existence of a new regime of operation for travelling wave tubes (TWTs) composed of slow-wave periodic structures that support two or more electromagnetic modes, with at least two synchronized with an electron beam. The interaction between the slow-wave structure and an electron beam is quantified using a multi transmission line approach (MTL) and transfer matrix analysis leading to the identification of modes with complex Bloch wavenumber. In particular, we report a new operation condition for TWTs based on an electron beam synchronous to two modes exhibiting a degeneracy condition near a band edge in a MTL slow-wave periodic structure. We show a phenomenological change in the band structure of periodic TWT where we observe at least two growing modal cooperating solutions as opposed to a uniform MTL interacting with an electron beam where there is strictly only one growing mode solution.
Othman, Mohamed; Capolino, Filippo
Transmission Services WIST Task Force Dynamic Transfer Capability...
Force Dynamic Transfer Capability Report - Phase I BPA is an active participant in the Wind Integration Study Team (WIST), especially the Task Force looking at DTC study...
Precision electron flow measurements in a disk transmission line.
An analytic model for electron flow in a system driving a fixed inductive load is described and evaluated with particle in cell simulations. The simple model allows determining the impedance profile for a magnetically insulated transmission line given the minimum gap desired, and the lumped inductance inside the transition to the minimum gap. The model allows specifying the relative electron flow along the power flow direction, including cases where the fractional electron flow decreases in the power flow direction. The electrons are able to return to the cathode because they gain energy from the temporally rising magnetic field. The simulations were done with small cell size to reduce numerical heating. An experiment to compare electron flow to the simulations was done. The measured electron flow is {approx}33% of the value from the simulations. The discrepancy is assumed to be due to a reversed electric field at the cathode because of the inductive load and falling electron drift velocity in the power flow direction. The simulations constrain the cathode electric field to zero, which gives the highest possible electron flow.
Clark, Waylon T.; Pelock, Michael D.; Martin, Jeremy Paul; Jackson, Daniel Peter Jr.; Savage, Mark Edward; Stoltzfus, Brian Scott; Mendel, Clifford Will, Jr.; Pointon, Timothy David
Photocathode Optimization for a Dynamic Transmission Electron Microscope: Final Report
The Dynamic Transmission Electron Microscope (DTEM) team at Harvey Mudd College has been sponsored by LLNL to design and build a test setup for optimizing the performance of the DTEM's electron source. Unlike a traditional TEM, the DTEM achieves much faster exposure times by using photoemission from a photocathode to produce electrons for imaging. The DTEM team's work is motivated by the need to improve the coherence and current density of the electron cloud produced by the electron gun in order to increase the image resolution and contrast achievable by DTEM. The photoemission test setup is nearly complete and the team will soon complete baseline tests of electron gun performance. The photoemission laser and high voltage power supply have been repaired; the optics path for relaying the laser to the photocathode has been finalized, assembled, and aligned; the internal setup of the vacuum chamber has been finalized and mostly implemented; and system control, synchronization, and data acquisition has been implemented in LabVIEW. Immediate future work includes determining a consistent alignment procedure to place the laser waist on the photocathode, and taking baseline performance measurements of the tantalum photocathode. Future research will examine the performance of the electron gun as a function of the photoemission laser profile, the photocathode material, and the geometry and voltages of the accelerating and focusing components in the electron gun. This report presents the team's progress and outlines the work that remains.
Ellis, P; Flom, Z; Heinselman, K; Nguyen, T; Tung, S; Haskell, R; Reed, B W; LaGrange, T
Electron transfer reactions in microporous solids
We have studied electron transfer quenching of the excited state of Ru(bpy){sub 3}{sup 2+} in aqueous suspensions of zeolites Y, L, and mordenite. The internal pore network of the zeolite is ion-exchanged with methylviologen cations, which quench the excited state of the surface-bound sensitizer. A detailed study of the quenching and charge recombination kinetics, using time-resolved luminescence quenching and transient diffuse reflectance spectroscopies, shows to remarkable effects: first, the excited state quenching is entirely dynamic is large-pore zeolites (L and Y), even when they are prepared as apparently dry'' powders (which still contain significant amounts of internally sited water). Second, a lower limit for the diffusion coefficient of the MV{sup 2+} ion in these zeolites, determined by this technique, is 10{sup {minus}7} cm{sup 2}sec, i.e., only about one order of magnitude slower than a typical ion in liquid water, and 2--3 orders of magnitude faster than charge transfer diffusion of cations in polyelectrolyte films or membranes such as Nafion. Surface sensitization of internally platinized layered oxide semiconductors such as K{sub 4-x}H{sub x}Nb{sub 6}O{sub 17}{center dot}nH{sub 2}O (x {approx} 2.5) yields photocatalysts for the production of H{sub 2} and I{sub 3{minus}} in aqueous iodide solutions. Layered alkali niobates and titanates form a class of zeolitic wide-bandap semiconductors, and are the first examples of photocatalysts that evolve hydrogen from an electrochemically reversible (i.e., non-sacrificial) electron donor with visible light excitation.
Mallouk, T.E.
Comparing the Primary Electron Transfer Process in Organic Photovoltai...
Comparing the Primary Electron Transfer Process in Organic Photovoltaic Heterojunctions with Photosynthetic Reaction Centers October 4, 2011 at 3pm36-428 Garry Rumbles National...
Synthesis of organic wires mediating electron transfer | Center...
Center News Research Highlights Center Research News Media about Center Center Video Library Bisfuel Picture Gallery Synthesis of organic wires mediating electron transfer 8 Feb...
Electron transfer and protein engineering studies of the soluble methane monooxygenase from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath)
Chapter 1. Introduction: Electron Transfer in Biological Systems In many biological processes, including oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis, electron transfer reactions play vital roles. Electrons must be transported ...
Blazyk, Jessica L. (Jessica Lee), 1974-
Combined Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Tilt- and Focal Series
In this study, a combined tilt- and focal series is proposed as a new recording scheme for high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) tomography. Three-dimensional (3D) data were acquired by mechanically tilting the specimen, and recording a through-focal series at each tilt direction. The sample was a whole-mount macrophage cell with embedded gold nanoparticles. The tilt focal algebraic reconstruction technique (TF-ART) is introduced as a new algorithm to reconstruct tomograms from such combined tilt- and focal series. The feasibility of TF-ART was demonstrated by 3D reconstruction of the experimental 3D data. The results were compared with a conventional STEM tilt series of a similar sample. The combined tilt- and focal series led to smaller missing wedge artifacts, and a higher axial resolution than obtained for the STEM tilt series, thus improving on one of the main issues of tilt series-based electron tomography.
Dahmen, Tim [German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Germany] [German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Germany; Baudoin, Jean-Pierre G [ORNL] [ORNL; Lupini, Andrew R [ORNL] [ORNL; Kubel, Christian [Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Leopoldshafen, Germany] [Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Leopoldshafen, Germany; Slusallek, Phillip [German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Germany] [German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Germany; De Jonge, Niels [ORNL] [ORNL
Integrating proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) and excited states
In many of the chemical steps in photosynthesis and artificial photosynthesis, proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) plays an essential role. An important issue is how excited state reactivity can be integrated with PCET to carry out solar fuel reactions such as water splitting into hydrogen and oxygen or water reduction of CO{sub 2} to methanol or hydrocarbons. The principles behind PCET and concerted electron–proton transfer (EPT) pathways are reasonably well understood. In Photosystem II antenna light absorption is followed by sensitization of chlorophyll P{sub 680} and electron transfer quenching to give P{sub 680}{sup +}. The oxidized chlorophyll activates the oxygen evolving complex (OEC), a CaMn4 cluster, through an intervening tyrosine–histidine pair, Y{sub Z}. EPT plays a major role in a series of four activation steps that ultimately result in loss of 4e{sup ?}/4H{sup +} from the OEC with oxygen evolution. The key elements in photosynthesis and artificial photosynthesis – light absorption, excited state energy and electron transfer, electron transfer activation of multiple-electron, multiple-proton catalysis – can also be assembled in dye sensitized photoelectrochemical synthesis cells (DS-PEC). In this approach, molecular or nanoscale assemblies are incorporated at separate electrodes for coupled, light driven oxidation and reduction. Separate excited state electron transfer followed by proton transfer can be combined in single semi-concerted steps (photo-EPT) by photolysis of organic charge transfer excited states with H-bonded bases or in metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited states in pre-associated assemblies with H-bonded electron transfer donors or acceptors. In these assemblies, photochemically induced electron and proton transfer occur in a single, semi-concerted event to give high-energy, redox active intermediates.
Gagliardi, Christopher J.; Westlake, Brittany C.; Kent, Caleb A.; Paul, Jared J.; Papanikolas, John M.; Meyer, Thomas J.
Dynamics of a nanodroplet under a transmission electron microscope
We investigate the cyclical stick-slip motion of water nanodroplets on a hydrophilic substrate viewed with and stimulated by a transmission electron microscope. Using a continuum long wave theory, we show how the electrostatic stress imposed by non-uniform charge distribution causes a pinned convex drop to deform into a toroidal shape, with the shape characterized by the competition between the electrostatic stress and the surface tension of the drop, as well as the charge density distribution which follows a Poisson equation. A horizontal gradient in the charge density creates a lateral driving force, which when sufficiently large, overcomes the pinning induced by surface heterogeneities in the substrate disjoining pressure, causing the drop to slide on the substrate via a cyclical stick-slip motion. Our model predicts step-like dynamics in drop displacement and surface area jumps, qualitatively consistent with experimental observations.
Leong, Fong Yew, E-mail: email@example.com [A-STAR Institute of High Performance Computing, 1 Fusionopolis Way, Connexis, Singapore 138632 (Singapore); Mirsaidov, Utkur M. [Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117551 (Singapore); Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543 (Singapore); Matsudaira, Paul [Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543 (Singapore); MechanoBiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411 (Singapore); Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543 (Singapore); Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Center, Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543 (Singapore); Mahadevan, L. [School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA and Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (United States)
Transmission electron microscopy of whiskers and hillocks formed on Al films deposited onto a glass
Whiskers and hillocks formed on an Al film deposited onto a glass substrate have been observed by means of a variety of transmission electron microscopy technique.
Saka, H.; Fujino, S.; Kuroda, K. [Department of Quantum Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-01 (Japan); Tsujimoto, K.; Tsuji, S. [Display Technology, IBM Japan, Ltd., Shimotsuruma, Yamato, Kanagawa 242 (Japan); Takatsuji, H. [Display Technology, IBM Japan, Ltd., Ichimiyake, Yasu-gun, Shiga 520-23 (Japan)
Amyloid Structure and Assembly: Insights from Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
Amyloid fibrils are filamentous protein aggregates implicated in several common diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and type II diabetes. Similar structures are also the molecular principle of the infectious spongiform encephalopathies such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, scrapie in sheep, and of the so-called yeast prions, inherited non-chromosomal elements found in yeast and fungi. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is often used to delineate the assembly mechanism and structural properties of amyloid aggregates. In this review we consider specifically contributions and limitations of STEM for the investigation of amyloid assembly pathways, fibril polymorphisms and structural models of amyloid fibrils. This type of microscopy provides the only method to directly measure the mass-per-length (MPL) of individual filaments. Made on both in vitro assembled and ex vivo samples, STEM mass measurements have illuminated the hierarchical relationships between amyloid fibrils and revealed that polymorphic fibrils and various globular oligomers can assemble simultaneously from a single polypeptide. The MPLs also impose strong constraints on possible packing schemes, assisting in molecular model building when combined with high-resolution methods like solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR).
Goldsbury, C.; Wall, J.; Baxa, U.; Simon, M. N.; Steven, A. C.; Engel, A.; Aebi, U.; Muller, S. A.
Monitoring Long-Range Electron Transfer Pathways in Proteins...
structure and should offer a novel window for long-range ET. Citation: Zhang Y, J Biggs, N Govind, and S Mukamel.2014."Monitoring Long-Range Electron Transfer Pathways in...
Electron Transfer Dynamics in Photocatalytic CO2 Conversion ...
Electron Transfer Dynamics in Photocatalytic CO2 Conversion Sep 2014 Aug 2014 Jul 2014 June 2014 May 2014 Apr 2014 Mar 2014 Feb 2014 Jan 2014 Dec 2013 Nov 2013 Oct 2013 Sep 2013...
Global electronic funds transfer between small and medium sized companies
Cross-border electronic funds transfer is a rapidly expanding field for business and consumer payments. Large multi-national corporations have been able to invest the capital necessary to create infrastructures or work ...
Stovall, Shawn Eric
Frontier orbital symmetry control of intermolecular electron transfer. Final report, September 15, 1988--December 31, 1994
This report discusses the following topics: the recovery of intermolecular transfer parameters from fluorescence quenching in liquids; photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer in flexible donor/space/acceptor systems containing an extended unsaturated spacer; electron transfer sensitized reaction; the recovery of solute and fractal dimensions from electron transfer quenching data; and frontier orbital symmetry control of back electron transfer.
Stevens, B.
A transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study was conducted to characterize the helium bubble distributions in tritium-charged-and-aged 304L and 21Cr-6Ni-9Mn stainless steel fusion welds containing approximately 150 appm helium-3. TEM foils were prepared from C-shaped fracture toughness test specimens containing {delta} ferrite levels ranging from 4 to 33 volume percent. The weld microstructures in the low ferrite welds consisted mostly of austenite and discontinuous, skeletal {delta} ferrite. In welds with higher levels of {delta} ferrite, the ferrite was more continuous and, in some areas of the 33 volume percent sample, was the matrix/majority phase. The helium bubble microstructures observed were similar in all samples. Bubbles were found in the austenite but not in the {delta} ferrite. In the austenite, bubbles had nucleated homogeneously in the grain interiors and heterogeneously on dislocations. Bubbles were not found on any austenite/austenite grain boundaries or at the austenite/{delta} ferrite interphase interfaces. Bubbles were not observed in the {delta} ferrite because of the combined effects of the low solubility and rapid diffusion of tritium through the {delta} ferrite which limited the amount of helium present to form visible bubbles.
Tosten, M; Michael Morgan, M
Photoinduced electron transfer in contact ion pairs
Contact ion pair (CIP) formation is especially relevant to the reactivity of organic and organometallic nucleophiles and electrophiles in solution. The authors felt that the intermolecular charge-transfer (CT) absorptions which commonly accompany the interaction of uncharged nucleophiles (donors) with electrophiles (acceptors) could also provide the experimental means to assess CIP behavior. Accordingly they examined the CT excitations from CIPs of carbonylmetallate anions in this study, since they are known to be effective nucleophiles with relatively low ionization potentials.
Bockman, T.M.; Kochi, J.K.
Basic thrust the research program involves use of microporous solids (zeolites, clays, layered and tunnel structure oxide semiconductors) as organizing media for artificial photosynthetic systems. Purpose of the microporous solid is twofold. First, it induces spatial organization of photoactive and electroactive components (sensitizers, semiconductor particles, electron relays, and catalysts) at the solid-solution interface, enhancing the quantum efficiency of charge separation and separating physically the ultimate electron donor and acceptor in the electron transport chain. Second, since the microcrystalline solid admits only molecules of a certain charge and size, it is possible to achieve permanent charge separation by sieving chemical photoproducts (e.g., H[sub 2] and I[sub 3][sup [minus
Progress has been made in four areas: the synthesis of new materials for directional electron; the preparation and characterization of anisotropic composites bearing organic and inorganic components; the elaboration of mechanisms of electrocatalysis; and the development of new methods for surface modification of metals and semiconductors.
Photoinduced electron transfer processes in homogeneous and microheterogeneous solutions
The studies have focused on rapid, efficient bond-fragmentation reactions initiated through photoinduced electron transfer. Electron transfer induced fragmentation of a number of donors have been examined, especially 1,2 diamines and related compounds. Two of the amines fragment with rate constants of 3 [times] 10[sup 8] to 2 [times] 10[sup 9] M[sup [minus]1]sec[sup [minus]1]. A series of amino-substituted pinacols and related compounds have also been examined; they undergo similar but slower fragmentation processes when converted to their cation radicals by photoinduced electron transfer. The studies with linked and polymeric electron donor- electron acceptor coupled molecules have also progressed. Several polymers containing diamine repeat units and anthraquinone or nitroaromatic acceptors have also been prepared that can be photoactivated by visible irradiation; they fragment efficiently in solution and photodegrade even in the solid state. The studies of singlet oxygen initiated fragmentation reactions of diamines, amino alcohols, and aminoketones have nearly been completed. Attention have been turned to fragmentable electron acceptors such as p- cyanobenzyl bromide; irradiation of electron donors such as methyl- or methoxy-naphthalenes can initiate efficient fragmentation of the electron deficient bromide.
Whitten, D.G.
The focus of the work described in this report is on single electron transfer reactions of excited states which culminate in the formation of stable or metastable even electron species. For the most part the studies have involved even electron organic substrates which are thus converted photochemically to odd electron species and then at some stage reconvert to even electron products. These reactions generally fall into two rather different categories. In one set of studies we have examined reactions in which the metastable reagents generated by single electron transfer quenching of an excited state undergo novel fragmentation reactions, chiefly involving C-C bond cleavage. These reactions often culminate in novel and potentially useful chemical reactions and frequently have the potential for leading to new chemical products otherwise unaffordable by conventional reaction paths. In a rather different investigation we have also studied reactions in which single electron transfer quenching of an excited state is followed by subsequent reactions which lead reversibly to metastable two electron products which, often stable in themselves, can nonetheless be reacted with each other or with other reagents to regenerate the starting materials with release of energy. 66 refs., 9 figs., 1 tab.
Electron Transfer Between Colloidal ZnO Nanocrystals
Colloidal ZnO nanocrystals capped with dodecylamine and dissolved in toluene can be charged photochemically to give stable solutions in which electrons are present in the conduction bands of the nanocrystals. These conduction-band electrons are readily monitored by EPR spectroscopy, with g* values that correlate with the nanocrystal sizes. Mixing a solution of charged small nanocrystals (e{sub CB}{sup -}:ZnO-S) with a solution of uncharged large nanocrystals (ZnO-L) caused changes in the EPR spectrum indicative of quantitative electron transfer from small to large nanocrystals. EPR spectra of the reverse reaction, e{sub CB}{sup -}:ZnO-L + ZnO-S, showed that electrons do not transfer from large to small nanocrystals. Stopped-flow kinetics studies monitoring the change in the UV bandedge absorption showed that reactions of 50 {micro}M nanocrystals were complete within the 5 ms mixing time of the instrument. Similar results were obtained for the reaction of charged nanocrystals with methyl viologen (MV{sup 2+}). These and related results indicate that the electron-transfer reactions of these colloidal nanocrystals are quantitative and very rapid, despite the presence of {approx}1.5 nm long dodecylamine capping ligands. These soluble ZnO nanocrystals are thus well-defined redox reagents suitable for studies of electron transfer involving semiconductor nanostructures.
Hayoun, Rebecca; Whitaker, Kelly M.; Gamelin, Daniel R.; Mayer, James M.
Long-distance photoinitiated electron transfer through polyene molecular wires
Long-chain polyenes can be used as molecular wires to facilitate electron transfer between a photo-excited donor and an acceptor in an artificial photosynthetic system. The authors present data here on two Zn-porphyrin-polyene-anthraquinone molecules possessing either 5 or 9 all trans double bonds between the donor and acceptor, 1 and 2. The center-to-center distances between the porphyrin and the quinone in these relatively rigid molecules are 25 A for 1 and 35 A for 2. Selective picosecond laser excitation of the Zn-porphyrin in 1 and 2 results in the very rapid transfer of an electron to the anthraquinone in < 2 ps and 10 ps, respectively. The resultant radical ion pairs recombine with tau = 10 ps for 1 and tau = 25 ps for 2. The electron transfer rates remain remarkably rapid over these long distances. The involvement of polyene radical cations in the mechanism of the radical ion pair recombination reaction is clear from the transient absorption spectra of 1 and 2, which show strong absorbances in the near-infrared. The strong electronic coupling between the Zn-porphyrin and the anthraquinone provided by low-lying states of the polyene make it possible to transfer an electron rapidly over very long distances.
Wasielewski, M.R.; Johnson, D.G.; Svec, W.A.; Kersey, K.M.; Cragg, D.E.; Minsek, D.W.
Electronic Coupling Dependence of Ultrafast Interfacial Electron Transfer on Nanocrystalline Thin Films and Single Crystal
The long-term goal of the proposed research is to understand electron transfer dynamics in nanoparticle/liquid interface. This knowledge is essential to many semiconductor nanoparticle based devices, including photocatalytic waste degradation and dye sensitized solar cells.
Lian, Tianquan
Interfacial Electron Transfer into Functionalized Crystalline Polyoxotitanate Nanoclusters
processes in a dye-sensitized solar cell. Theoretical simulations of the electron transfer of molecular adsorption are precisely defined. INTRODUCTION Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) promise the dye sensitizer into the conduction band of the semiconductor substrate. Naturally, the interfaces
Coppens, Philip
= heat, f = LO-mode, g = LO, h = LA-mode, i = negligible, j = remote heat sink 7/ 70 #12;Heat conductionFLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER OF ELECTRON FLOW IN SEMICONDUCTORS Mihir Sen Department · Shallow water analogy · Vorticity dynamics · Linear stability analysis · Numerical simulations of heat
Sen, Mihir
Mechanistic studies of photo-induced proton-coupled electron transfer and oxygen atom transfer reactions in model systems
Time-resolved optical spectroscopy has been employed for mechanistic studies in model systems designed to undergo photo-induced proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) and oxygen atom transfer (OAT) reactions, both of which ...
Hodgkiss, Justin M. (Justin Mark), 1978-
Spectroscopic investigation of photo-induced proton-coupled electron transfer and Dexter energy transfer in model systems
Spectroscopic investigations of systems designed to advance the mechanistic interrogation of photo-induced proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) and proton-coupled (through-bond) energy transfer (PCEnT) are presented. ...
Young, Elizabeth R. (Elizabeth Renee), 1980-
Transmission electron energy-loss spectroscopy study of carbon nanotubes upon high temperature treatment
Transmission electron energy-loss spectroscopy study of carbon nanotubes upon high temperature electron energy-loss spectroscopy study of carbon nanotubes upon high temperature treatment B. W. Reed, M of carbon nanotube materials, grown with a pulsed-laser deposition technique but purified and heat treated
Bertsch George F.
High-Affinity Binding and Direct Electron Transfer to Solid Metals...
Binding and Direct Electron Transfer to Solid Metals by the Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Outer Membrane c-type High-Affinity Binding and Direct Electron Transfer to Solid Metals...
Probing Electron Transfer Dynamics at MgO Surfaces by Mg-Atom...
Electron Transfer Dynamics at MgO Surfaces by Mg-Atom Desorption. Probing Electron Transfer Dynamics at MgO Surfaces by Mg-Atom Desorption. Abstract: Desorption of a weakly bound...
Measurements of electron cloud density in the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron with the microwave transmission method
The electron cloud effect can pose severe performance limitations in high-energy particle accelerators as the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). Mitigation techniques such as vacuum chamber thin film coatings with low secondary electron yields (SEY < 1.3) aim to reduce or even suppress this effect. The microwave transmission method, developed and first applied in 2003 at the SPS, measures the integrated electron cloud density over a long section of an accelerator. This paper summarizes the theory and measurement principle and describes the new SPS microwave transmission setup used to study the electron cloud mitigation of amorphous carbon coated SPS dipole vacuum chambers. Comparative results of carbon coated and bare stainless steel dipole vacuum chambers are given for the beam with nominal LHC 25 ns bunch-to-bunch spacing in the SPS and the electron cloud density is derived.
Federmann, S; Mahner, E
Reduced density matrix hybrid approach: Application to electronic energy transfer
Electronic energy transfer in the condensed phase, such as that occurring in photosynthetic complexes, frequently occurs in regimes where the energy scales of the system and environment are similar. This situation provides a challenge to theoretical investigation since most approaches are accurate only when a certain energetic parameter is small compared to others in the problem. Here we show that in these difficult regimes, the Ehrenfest approach provides a good starting point for a dynamical description of the energy transfer process due to its ability to accurately treat coupling to slow environmental modes. To further improve on the accuracy of the Ehrenfest approach, we use our reduced density matrix hybrid framework to treat the faster environmental modes quantum mechanically, at the level of a perturbative master equation. This combined approach is shown to provide an efficient and quantitative description of electronic energy transfer in a model dimer and the Fenna-Matthews-Olson complex and is used to investigate the effect of environmental preparation on the resulting dynamics.
Berkelbach, Timothy C.; Reichman, David R. [Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027 (United States); Markland, Thomas E. [Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305 (United States)
Modeling biofilms with dual extracellular electron transfer mechanisms
Electrochemically active biofilms have a unique form of respiration in which they utilize solid external materials as their terminal electron acceptor for metabolism. Currently, two primary mechanisms have been identified for long-range extracellular electron transfer (EET): a diffusion- and a conduction-based mechanism. Evidence in the literature suggests that some biofilms, particularly Shewanella oneidensis, produce components requisite for both mechanisms. In this study, a generic model is presented that incorporates both diffusion- and conduction-based mechanisms and allows electrochemically active biofilms to utilize both simultaneously. The model was applied to Shewanella oneidensis and Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms using experimentally generated data found the literature. Our simulation results showed that 1) biofilms having both mechanisms available, especially if they can interact, may have metabolic advantage over biofilms that can use only a single mechanism; 2) the thickness of Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms is likely not limited by conductivity; 3) accurate intrabiofilm diffusion coefficient values are critical for current generation predictions; and 4) the local biofilm potential and redox potential are two distinct measurements and cannot be assumed to have identical values. Finally, we determined that cyclic and squarewave voltammetry are currently not good tools to determine the specific percentage of extracellular electron transfer mechanisms used by biofilms. The developed model will be a critical tool in designing experiments to explain EET mechanisms.
Renslow, Ryan S.; Babauta, Jerome T.; Kuprat, Andrew P.; Schenk, Jim; Ivory, Cornelius; Fredrickson, Jim K.; Beyenal, Haluk
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Indexed Site
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Delicious RankCombustion |Energy Usage »of EnergyThe EnergyDepartment7 thFuel Processor for Transmission ,...
The Environmental Transmission Electron Microscope in EMSL's Quiet Wing |
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel),Feet) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May JunDatastreamsmmcrcalgovInstrumentsrucLas ConchasPassiveSubmittedStatus TomAboutManusScience andFebruaryThe Electronic Structure
Light induced electron transfer reactions of metal complexes
Properties of the excited states of tris(2,2'-bipyridine) and tris(1,10-phenanthroline) complexes of chromium(III), iron(II), ruthenium(II), osmium(II), rhodium(III), and iridium(III) are described. The electron transfer reactions of the ground and excited states are discussed and interpreted in terms of the driving force for the reaction and the distortions of the excited states relative to the corresponding ground states. General considerations relevant to the conversion of light into chemical energy are presented and progress in the use of polypyridine complexes to effect the light decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen is reviewed.
Sutin, N.; Creutz, C.
Photoinduced electron transfer in perylene-TiO2 nanoassemblies
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel),Feet) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May JunDatastreamsmmcrcalgovInstrumentsrucLas ConchasPassive Solar Home Design Passive SolarCenter |Photoinduced electron transfer in
Transmission electron microscopy of oxide development on 9Cr ODS steel in supercritical water
Transmission electron microscopy of oxide development on 9Cr ODS steel in supercritical water A strengthened ferritic steel alloys during exposure to 600 °C supercritical water for 2- and 4-weeks were cladding include austenitic stainless steels, solid solution and precipitation-hardened alloys, ferritic
Motta, Arthur T.
Determination of the electronics transfer function for current transient measurements
We describe a straight-forward method for determining the transfer function of the readout of a sensor for the situation in which the current transient of the sensor can be precisely simulated. The method relies on the convolution theorem of Fourier transforms. The specific example is a planar silicon pad diode connected with a 50 $\\Omega $ cable to an amplifier followed by a 5 GS/s sampling oscilloscope. The charge carriers in the sensor were produced by picosecond lasers with light of wavelengths of 675 and 1060 nm. The transfer function is determined from the 1060 nm data with the pad diode biased at 1000 V. It is shown that the simulated sensor response convoluted with this transfer function provides an excellent description of the measured transients for the laser light of both wavelengths, at voltages 50 V above the depletion voltage of about 90 V up to the maximum applied voltage of 1000 V. The method has been developed for the precise measurement of the dependence of the drift velocity of electrons and holes in high-ohmic silicon on crystal orientation, electric field and temperature. It can also be applied for the analysis of transient-current measurements of radiation-damaged solid state sensors, as long as sensors properties, like high-frequency capacitance, are not too different.
Christian Scharf; Robert Klanner
The influence of diffusion on photoinduced electron transfer and geminate recombination
in some electron transfer reactions).' Many bio- chemical charge-transfer reactions take place in fluid media whose properties govern life processes.' Before current can flow in a fuel cell, the fuel has to diffuse to an electrode for electron transfer to occur and the spent fuel must diffuse away
Fayer, Michael D.
Aqueous systems from first-principles : structure, dynamics and electron-transfer reactions
In this thesis, we show for the first time how it is possible to calculated fully from first-principles the diabatic free-energy surfaces of electron-transfer reactions. The excitation energy corresponding to the transfer ...
Sit, Patrick Hoi Land
Mapping defects in a carbon nanotube by momentum transfer dependent electron energy loss spectromicroscopy
Mapping defects in a carbon nanotube by momentum transfer dependent electron energy loss nanotubes Electron microscopy Electron energy loss spectroscopy q-dependence Electron linear dichroism a b s t r a c t Momentum resolved electron energy loss (EELS) spectra of multi-walled carbon nanotubes
Hitchcock, Adam P.
Photoinitiated proton-coupled electron transfer and radical transport kinetics in class la ribonucleotide reductase
Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) is a critical mechanism in biology, underpinning key processes such as radical transport, energy transduction, and enzymatic substrate activation. Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) ...
Pizano, Arturo A. (Arturo Alejandro)
Thermal transfer structures coupling electronics card(s) to coolant-cooled structure(s)
Cooling apparatuses and coolant-cooled electronic systems are provided which include thermal transfer structures configured to engage with a spring force one or more electronics cards with docking of the electronics card(s) within a respective socket(s) of the electronic system. A thermal transfer structure of the cooling apparatus includes a thermal spreader having a first thermal conduction surface, and a thermally conductive spring assembly coupled to the conduction surface of the thermal spreader and positioned and configured to reside between and physically couple a first surface of an electronics card to the first surface of the thermal spreader with docking of the electronics card within a socket of the electronic system. The thermal transfer structure is, in one embodiment, metallurgically bonded to a coolant-cooled structure and facilitates transfer of heat from the electronics card to coolant flowing through the coolant-cooled structure.
David, Milnes P; Graybill, David P; Iyengar, Madhusudan K; Kamath, Vinod; Kochuparambil, Bejoy J; Parida, Pritish R; Schmidt, Roger R
Extension of Pierce model to multiple transmission lines interacting with an electron beam
A possible route towards achieving high power microwave devices is through the use of novel slow-wave structures employing multiple coupled transmission lines (MTLs) whose behavior when coupled to electron beams have not been sufficiently explored. We present the extension of the one-dimensional linearized Pierce theory to MTLs coupled to a single electron beam. We develop multiple formalisms to calculate the k-{\\omega} dispersion relation of the system and find that the existence of a growing wave solution is always guaranteed if the electron propagation constant is larger than or equal to the largest propagation constant of the MTL system. We verify our findings with illustrative examples which bring to light unique properties of the system in which growing waves were found to exist within finite bands of the electron propagation constant and discuss possible approach to improve the gain. By treating the beam-MTL interaction as distributed dependent current generators in the MTL, we derive relations charact...
Tamma, Venkata Ananth
A stochastic reorganizational bath model for electronic energy transfer
The fluctuations of optical gap induced by the environment play crucial roles in electronic energy transfer dynamics. One of the simplest approaches to incorporate such fluctuations in energy transfer dynamics is the well known Haken-Strobl-Reineker model, in which the energy-gap fluctuation is approximated as a white noise. Recently, several groups have employed molecular dynamics simulations and excited-state calculations in conjunction to take the thermal fluctuation of excitation energies into account. Here, we discuss a rigorous connection between the stochastic and the atomistic bath models. If the phonon bath is treated classically, time evolution of the exciton-phonon system can be described by Ehrenfest dynamics. To establish the relationship between the stochastic and atomistic bath models, we employ a projection operator technique to derive the generalized Langevin equations for the energy-gap fluctuations. The stochastic bath model can be obtained as an approximation of the atomistic Ehrenfest equations via the generalized Langevin approach. Based on the connection, we propose a novel scheme to correct reorganization effects within the framework of stochastic models. The proposed scheme provides a better description of the population dynamics especially in the regime of strong exciton-phonon coupling. Finally, we discuss the effect of the bath reorganization in the absorption and fluorescence spectra of ideal J-aggregates in terms of the Stokes shifts. For this purpose, we introduce a simple relationship that relates the reorganization contribution to the Stokes shifts - the reorganization shift - to three parameters: the monomer reorganization energy, the relaxation time of the optical gap, and the exciton delocalization length. This simple relationship allows one to classify the origin of the Stokes shifts in molecular aggregates.
Takatoshi Fujita; Joonsuk Huh; Alan Aspuru-Guzik
On the efficient electron transfer through GEM C.Richter a, #
of the GEM element and the process of electron transport in the gas volume preceding the GEM. The last. In applications where a relatively large number of primary electrons are deposited within the gas volume preceding Abstract The absolute electron transfer efficiency of a gas electron multiplier (GEM) was systematically
Nonadiabatic electron transfer at the nanoscale tin-oxide semiconductor/aqueous solution interface
are of considerable interest in the context of dye-sensitized liquid-junction cells for sunlight-to-electrical- energy forward and back electron transfer reactions involving molecular dyes and wide bandgap semiconductors conversion  for example, Grätzel cells.1Â3 We have examined the kinetics of back electron transfer (b
Thermally Activated, Inverted Interfacial Electron Transfer Kinetics: High Driving Force Reactions between Tin Oxide Nanoparticles and
between Tin Oxide Nanoparticles and Electrostatically-Bound Molecular Reactants Dennis A. Gaal and Joseph: The kinetics and mechanism of fast electron transfer (ET) between tin oxide nanoparticles and electrostatically-order studies establish that, at least in the short time regime, electrons are transferred directly from the tin
A Comparison of Electron-Transfer Dynamics inIonic Liquids and Neutral Solvents
The effect of ionic liquids on photoinduced electron-transfer reactions in a donor-bridge-acceptor system is examined for two ionic liquid solvents, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide and tributylmethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide. The results are compared with those for the same system in methanol and acetonitrile solution. Electron-transfer rates were measured using time-resolved fluorescence quenching for the donor-bridge-acceptor system comprising a 1-N,1-N-dimethylbenzene-1,4-diamine donor, a proline bridge, and a coumarin 343 acceptor. The photoinduced electron-transfer processes are in the inverted regime (-{Delta}G > {lambda}) in all four solvents, with driving forces of -1.6 to -1.9 eV and estimated reorganization energies of about 1.0 eV. The observed electron-transfer kinetics have broadly distributed rates that are generally slower in the ionic liquids compared to the neutral solvents, which also have narrower rate distributions. To describe the broad distributions of electron-transfer kinetics, we use two different models: a distribution of exponential lifetimes and a discrete sum of exponential lifetimes. Analysis of the donor-acceptor electronic coupling shows that for ionic liquids this intramolecular electron-transfer reaction should be treated using a solvent-controlled electron-transfer model.
Wishart J. F.; Lee, H.Y.; Issa, J.B.; Isied, S.S.; Castner, Jr., E.W.; Pan, Y.; Hussey, C.L.; Lee, K.S.
Gas mixing system for imaging of nanomaterials under dynamic environments by environmental transmission electron microscopy
A gas mixing manifold system that is capable of delivering a stable pressure stream of a desired composition of gases into an environmental transmission electron microscope has been developed. The system is designed to provide a stable imaging environment upon changes of either the composition of the gas mixture or upon switching from one gas to another. The design of the system is described and the response of the pressure inside the microscope, the sample temperature, and sample drift in response to flow and composition changes of the system are reported.
Akatay, M. Cem [School of Materials Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 (United States)] [School of Materials Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 (United States); Zvinevich, Yury; Ribeiro, Fabio H., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com [Forney Hall of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 (United States); Baumann, Philipp [Computer Sciences, University of Applied Sciences of Northeastern Switzerland, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland and Department of Physics, Yeshiva University, New York, New York 10016 (United States)] [Computer Sciences, University of Applied Sciences of Northeastern Switzerland, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland and Department of Physics, Yeshiva University, New York, New York 10016 (United States); Stach, Eric A., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com [Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (United States)
Structural defects in GaN revealed by Transmission Electron Microscopy
This paper reviews the various types of structural defects observed by Transmission Electron Microscopy in GaN heteroepitaxial layers grown on foreign substrates and homoepitaxial layers grown on bulk GaN substrates. The structural perfection of these layers is compared to the platelet self-standing crystals grown by High Nitrogen Pressure Solution. Defects in undoped and Mg doped GaN are discussed. Some models explaining the formation of inversion domains in heavily Mg doped layers that are possible defects responsible for the difficulties of p-doping in GaN are also reviewed.
Liliental-Weber, Zuzanna
Study of intermediates from transition metal excited-state electron-transfer reactions
Conventional and fast-kinetics techniques of photochemistry, photophysics, radiation chemistry, and electrochemistry were used to study the intermediates involved in transition metal excited-state electron-transfer reactions. These intermediates were excited state of Ru(II) and Cr(III) photosensitizers, their reduced forms, and species formed in reactions of redox quenchers and electron-transfer agents. Of particular concern was the back electron-transfer reaction between the geminate pair formed in the redox quenching of the photosensitizers, and the dependence of its rate on solution medium and temperature in competition with transformation and cage escape processes. (DLC)
Hoffman, M.Z.
Biological Applications and Transmission Electron Microscopy Investigations of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
The research presented and discussed within involves the development of novel biological applications of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) and an investigation of mesoporous material by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Mesoporous silica nanoparticles organically functionalized shown to undergo endocytosis in cancer cells and drug release from the pores was controlled intracellularly and intercellularly. Transmission electron microscopy investigations demonstrated the variety of morphologies produced in this field of mesoporous silica nanomaterial synthesis. A series of room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) containing mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) materials with various particle morphologies, including spheres, ellipsoids, rods, and tubes, were synthesized. By changing the RTIL template, the pore morphology was tuned from the MCM-41 type of hexagonal mesopores to rotational moire type of helical channels, and to wormhole-like porous structures. These materials were used as controlled release delivery nanodevices to deliver antibacterial ionic liquids against Escherichia coli K12. The involvement of a specific organosiloxane function group, covalently attached to the exterior of fluorescein doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles (FITC-MSN), on the degree and kinetics of endocytosis in cancer and plant cells was investigated. The kinetics of endocystosis of TEG coated FITC-MSN is significantly quicker than FITC-MSN as determined by flow cytometry experiments. The fluorescence confocal microscopy investigation showed the endocytosis of TEG coated-FITC MSN triethylene glycol grafted fluorescein doped MSN (TEG coated-FITC MSN) into both KeLa cells and Tobacco root protoplasts. Once the synthesis of a controlled-release delivery system based on MCM-41-type mesoporous silica nanorods capped by disulfide bonds with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles was completed. The material was characterized by general methods and the dosage and kinetics of the antioxidant dependent release was measured. Finally, the biological interaction of the material was determined along with TEM measurements. An electron investigation proved that the pore openings of the MSN were indeed blocked by the Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles. The biological interaction investigation demonstrated Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}-capped MSN endocytosis into HeLa cells. Not only does the material enter the cells through endocytosis, but it seems that fluorescein was released from the pores most probably caused by disulfide bond reducing molecules, antioxidants. In addition to endocytosis and release, the Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}-capped MSN propelled the cells across a cuvette upon induction of a magnet force. Finally, an important aspect of materials characterization is transmission electron microscopy. A TEM investigation demonstrated that incorporating different functional groups during the synthesis (co-condensation) changed the particle and pore morphologies.
Brian G. Trewyn
Room-Temperature Gas Sensing Based on Electron Transfer between Discrete Tin Oxide Nanocrystals and
Room-Temperature Gas Sensing Based on Electron Transfer between Discrete Tin Oxide Nanocrystals and the response time. Rutile-structured tin oxide (SnO2) is an n-type semiconducting material widely used in gas
Chen, Junhong
Vectorial electron transfer in spatially ordered arrays. Progress report, January 1992--January 1993
Proton-coupled electron transfer : from basic principles to small molecule activation
Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) is the basic mechanism for bioenergetic conversion. Hallmark examples of such reactivities include water oxidation which is coupled to photosynthesis and oxygen reduction which is ...
Rosenthal, Joel, 1979-
Photochemical ribonucleotide reductase for the study of proton-coupled electron transfer
Charge transport and catalysis in enzymes often rely on amino acid radicals as intermediates. The generation and transport of these radicals are synonymous with proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET), which intrinsically ...
Reece, Steven Y., 1980-
Nonadiabatic electron transfer in the condensed phase, via semiclassical and Langevin equation approach
In this dissertation, we discuss two methods developed during my PhD study to simulate electron transfer systems. The first method, the semi-classical approximation, is derived from the stationary phase approximation to ...
Song, XiaoGeng, Ph. D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
The Roles of Outer Membrane Cytochromes of Shewanella and Geobacter in Extracellular Electron Transfer
As key components of the electron transfer (ET) pathways used for dissimilatory reduction of solid iron [Fe(III)] and manganese [Mn(IV)] (hydr)oxides, outer membrane cytochromes MtrC and OmcA of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and OmcE and OmcS of Geobacter sulfurreducens mediate ET reactions extracellularly. Cell surface-exposed MtrC and OmcA can transfer electrons directly to the metal oxides. S. oneidensis MR-1 cells also secrete flavins that can facilitate ET to the oxides. The secreted flavins are thought to serve either as chelators that form soluble Fe(III)/Mn(IV)-flavin complexes or as electron shuttles that ferry the electrons from cell-associated ET proteins to the metal oxides. Cell-surface localization may also permit MtrC and OmcA to transfer electrons extracellularly to either flavin-chelated Fe(III)/Mn(IV) or oxidized flavins. OmcE and OmcS are proposed to be located on the Geobacter cell surface where they are believed to function as the intermediates to relay electrons to type IV pili, which are then hypothesized to transfer electrons directly to the metal oxides. Thus, cell surface-localization positions these outer membrane cytochromes to transfer electrons to Fe(III)/Mn(IV) oxides external to the bacterial cells either directly, indirectly, or both, demonstrating a common strategy shared by Shewanella and Geobacter for extracellular reduction of the oxides.
Shi, Liang; Richardson, David; Wang, Zheming; Kerisit, Sebastien N.; Rosso, Kevin M.; Zachara, John M.; Fredrickson, Jim K.
E-Print Network 3.0 - analytical transmission electron Sample...
through a Slit Aperture E... ) We demonstrate optical control over the transmission of terahertz (THz) radiation through a single... can contribute to the transmission. A...
One-Electron-Transfer Reactions of Polychlorinated Ethylenes...
ab initio electronic structure methods, by providing experimentally inaccessible thermodynamics properties and activation energies, are able to sort out possible reactions...
Measured Radiation and Background Levels During Transmission of Megawatt Electron Beams Through Millimeter Apertures
We report measurements of photon and neutron radiation levels observed while transmitting a 0.43 MW electron beam through millimeter-sized apertures and during beam-off, but accelerating gradient RF-on, operation. These measurements were conducted at the Free-Electron Laser (FEL) facility of the Jefferson National Accelerator Laboratory (JLab) using a 100 MeV electron beam from an energy-recovery linear accelerator. The beam was directed successively through 6 mm, 4 mm, and 2 mm diameter apertures of length 127 mm in aluminum at a maximum current of 4.3 mA (430 kW beam power). This study was conducted to characterize radiation levels for experiments that need to operate in this environment, such as the proposed DarkLight Experiment. We find that sustained transmission of a 430 kW continuous-wave (CW) beam through a 2 mm aperture is feasible with manageable beam-related backgrounds. We also find that during beam-off, RF-on operation, multipactoring inside the niobium cavities of the accelerator cryomodules is the primary source of ambient radiation when the machine is tuned for 130 MeV operation.
Alarcon, Ricardo [Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ (United States); Balascuta, S. [Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ (United States); Benson, Stephen V. [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA (United States); Bertozzi, William [Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (United States); Boyce, James R. [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA (United States); Cowan, Ray [Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (United States); Douglas, David R. [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA (United States); Evtushenko, Pavel [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA (United States); Fisher, P. [Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (United States); Ihloff, Ernest E. [Hampton University, Hampton, VA (United States); Kalantarians, Narbe [Hampton University, Hampton, VA (United States); Kelleher, Aidan Michael [Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (United States); Krossler, W. J. [William and Mary College, Williamsburg, VA (United States); Legg, Robert A. [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA (United States); Long, Elena [University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (United States); Milner, Richard [Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (United States); Neil, George R. [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA (United States); Ou, Longwu [Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (United States); Schmookler, Barack Abraham [Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (United States); Tennant, Christopher D. [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA (United States); Tschalar, C. [Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (United States); Williams, Gwyn P. [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA (United States); Zhang, Shukui [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA (United States)
Transmission electron microscopy investigation of acicular ferrite precipitation in {gamma}'-Fe{sub 4}N nitride
Acicular-shaped crystals precipitate from {gamma}'-Fe{sub 4}N nitride in an iron-nitrogen alloy and were identified by electron microdiffraction as {alpha}-ferrite. Acicular ferrite develops both the Nishiyama-Wassermann and the Kurdjumov-Sachs orientation relationships with {gamma}'-Fe{sub 4}N nitride. These orientation relationships were discussed in terms of the symmetry theory. The driving force for acicular ferrite formation was related to the increasing nitrogen content of {gamma}'-Fe{sub 4}N, in equilibrium with {alpha}-ferrite, with decreasing temperature. The passage from lamellar to acicular structure in Fe-N system was proposed. - Research Highlights: {yields} Acicular crystals precipitate from pearlitic{gamma}'-Fe{sub 4}N nitride in an iron-nitrogen alloy and were identified by electron microdiffraction as acicular ferrite. {yields} The crystal structure, orientation relationships with the matrix and morphologies of acicular ferrite, were studied by transmission electron microscopy. {yields} The driving force for the formation of acicular ferrite is related to the temperature dependence of nitrogen content of {gamma}'-Fe{sub 4}N, in equilibrium with ferrite. {yields} The passage from the pearlitic structure to the acicular structure in the present iron-nitrogen alloy was proposed.
Xiong, X.C., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Laser Processing and Modification, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240 (China); Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198 CNRS, Nancy-Universite, UPV-Metz, Ecole des Mines de Nancy, Parc de Saurupt CS 14234, F-54042 Nancy Cedex (France); Redjaimia, A. [Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198 CNRS, Nancy-Universite, UPV-Metz, Ecole des Mines de Nancy, Parc de Saurupt CS 14234, F-54042 Nancy Cedex (France); Goune, M. [Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198 CNRS, Nancy-Universite, UPV-Metz, Ecole des Mines de Nancy, Parc de Saurupt CS 14234, F-54042 Nancy Cedex (France); ArcelorMittal SA, Voie Romaine, BP 30320, F-57283 Maizieres-les-Metz (France)
Quantifying Transient States in Materials with the Dynamic Transmission Electron Microscope
The Dynamic Transmission Electron Microscope (DTEM) offers a means of capturing rapid evolution in a specimen through in-situ microscopy experiments by allowing 15 ns electron micrograph exposure times. The rapid exposure time is enabled by creating a burst of electrons at the emitter by ultraviolet pulsed laser illumination. This burst arrives a specified time after a second laser initiates the specimen reaction. The timing of the two Q-switched lasers is controlled by high-speed pulse generators with a timing error much less than the pulse duration. Both diffraction and imaging experiments can be performed, just as in a conventional TEM. The brightness of the emitter and the total current control the spatial and temporal resolutions. We have demonstrated 7 nm spatial resolution in single 15 ns pulsed images. These single-pulse imaging experiments have been used to study martensitic transformations, nucleation and crystallization of an amorphous metal, and rapid chemical reactions. Measurements have been performed on these systems that are possible by no other experimental approaches currently available.
Campbell, G; LaGrange, T; Kim, J; Reed, B; Browning, N
Solving the Accelerator-Condenser Coupling Problem in a Nanosecond Dynamic Transmission Electron Microscope
We describe a modification to a transmission electron microscope (TEM) that allows it to briefly (using a pulsed-laser-driven photocathode) operate at currents in excess of 10 mA while keeping the effects of condenser lens aberrations to a minimum. This modification allows real-space imaging of material microstructure with a resolution of order 10 nm over regions several {micro}m across with an exposure time of 15 ns. This is more than 6 orders of magnitude faster than typical video-rate TEM imaging. The key is the addition of a weak magnetic lens to couple the large-diameter high-current beam exiting the accelerator into the acceptance aperture of a conventional TEM condenser lens system. We show that the performance of the system is essentially consistent with models derived from ray tracing and finite element simulations. The instrument can also be operated as a conventional TEM by using the electron gun in a thermionic mode. The modification enables very high electron current densities in {micro}m-sized areas and could also be used in a non-pulsed system for high-throughput imaging and analytical TEM.
Reed, B W; LaGrange, T; Shuttlesworth, R M; Gibson, D J; Campbell, G H; Browning, N D
Building model systems to understand Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in heme : spectroscopic investigation of charge transfer to axially bound diimide acceptors
Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer (PCET) is an important mechanistic motif in chemistry, which allows for efficient charge transport in many biological systems. We seek to understand how the proton and electron motions are ...
Hanson, Christina J
Intramolecular, photoinduced electron transfer in ruthenium(II) bipyridine-quinone complexes
Adsorption spectroscopy and transient emission spectroscopy were used to follow intramolecular electron transfer quenching after metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excitation of Ru(II)bipyridine-quinone complexes. Studies of various N-((4{prime}methyl-2-2{prime}-bipyridyl)-4-methyl)-9,10-anthraquinone-2-carboxamide (bpy-AQ) complexes, revealed that these complexes quench by rapid electron transfer from ligand radical excited states to the metal center. A donor-chromophore-acceptor complex with the bpy-AQ ligand and the (10-[4({prime}-methyl-2,2{prime}-bipyridin-4-yl)methylphenothiazine)] (bpy-PTZ) ligand displays redox separation on excitation.
Opperman, K.A.; Mecklenburg, S.L.; Meyer, T.J. [Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (United States)
Rendering graphene supports hydrophilic with non-covalent aromatic functionalization for transmission electron microscopy
Amorphous carbon films have been routinely used to enhance the preparation of frozen-hydrated samples for transmission electron microscopy (TEM), either in retaining protein concentration, providing mechanical stability or dissipating sample charge. However, strong background signal from the amorphous carbon support obstructs that of the sample, and the insulating properties of thin amorphous carbon films preclude any efficiency in dispersing charge. Graphene addresses the limitations of amorphous carbon. Graphene is a crystalline material with virtually no phase or amplitude contrast and unparalleled, high electrical carrier mobility. However, the hydrophobic properties of graphene have prevented its routine application in Cryo-TEM. This Letter reports a method for rendering graphene TEM supports hydrophilic—a convenient approach maintaining graphene's structural and electrical properties based on non-covalent, aromatic functionalization.
Pantelic, Radosav S., E-mail: email@example.com [National Cancer Institute, 50 South Drive, Building 50, Room 4306, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 (United States); Fu, Wangyang; Schoenenberger, Christian [Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056 (Switzerland); Stahlberg, Henning [Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 26, WRO-1058, Basel CH-4058 (Switzerland)
Energetics of Electron-Transfer Reactions in Soft Condensed
scales. Thermodynamics of activation is related to the length scale of microscopic interactions reflected barrier when the time scale of the reaction is comparable to the relaxation time of the solvent-transfer reactions (see reviews in refs 1-4). Recent advances in spectroscopic techniques examining the dynamics
Matyushov, Dmitry
Non-adiabatic molecular dynamics simulation of ultrafast solar cell electron transfer
confinement devices [1Â5]. Solar cells of the Graetzel type [6,7] are based on dye sensitized nanocrystalline in solar cells, photocatalysis and photoelectrolysis. The electronic structure of the dye cell; Ultrafast electron transfer; Non-adiabatic molecular dynamics simulation; Dye sensitized titanium
Gene expression and deletion analysis of mechanisms for electron transfer from electrodes to Geobacter sulfurreducens
in revised form 6 July 2010 Accepted 15 July 2010 Available online 23 July 2010 Keywords: Microbial fuel cell of electrodes to the reduction of oxygen may enhance the cathode function of microbial fuel cells [8 previously shown to be essential for optimal electron transfer to electrodes had no impact on electron
Lovley, Derek
(Formation of fuel via photochemical electron transfer). Annual report
Accomplishments for the past year are reported under the following three main headings, in addition to several other related studies: (1) heterocyclic sulfur compounds which display unusual properties as electron relays which may be important in chemical or fuel forming reactions; (2) cationic dyes which tend to aggregate in interesting ways when bound to polyanion in water; and (3) photochemistry of viologen or pyridinium ions which are complexed or ion-paired with electron donors. A publications update is appended with references cited in this report.
Jones, G.
High precision two-dimensional strain mapping in semiconductor devices using nanobeam electron diffraction in the transmission electron microscope
A classical method used to characterize the strain in modern semiconductor devices is nanobeam diffraction (NBD) in the transmission electron microscope. One challenge for this method lies in the fact that the smaller the beam becomes, the more difficult it becomes to analyze the resulting diffraction spot pattern. We show that a carefully designed fitting algorithm enables us to reduce the sampling area for the diffraction patterns on the camera chip dramatically (?1/16) compared to traditional settings without significant loss of precision. The resulting lower magnification of the spot pattern permits the presence of an annular dark field detector, which in turn makes the recording of images for drift correction during NBD acquisition possible. Thus, the reduced sampling size allows acquisition of drift corrected NBD 2D strain maps of up to 3000 pixels while maintaining a precision of better than 0.07%. As an example, we show NBD strain maps of a modern field effect transistor (FET) device. A special filtering feature used in the analysis makes it is possible to measure strain in silicon devices even in the presence of other crystalline materials covering the probed area, which is important for the characterization of the next generation of devices (Fin-FETs).
Baumann, Frieder H., E-mail: email@example.com [IBM Microelectronics Division, 2070 Route 52, Hopewell Junction, New York 12533 (United States)
Microstructure of highly strained BiFeO{sub 3} thin films: Transmission electron microscopy and electron-energy loss spectroscopy studies
Microstructure and electronic structure of highly strained bismuth ferrite (BiFeO{sub 3}) thin films grown on lanthanum aluminate substrates are studied using high-resolution transmission and scanning transmission electron microscopies and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Monoclinic and tetragonal phases were observed in films grown at different temperatures, and a mix of both phases was detected in a film grown at intermediate temperature. In this film, a smooth transition of the microstructure was found between the monoclinic and the tetragonal phases. A considerable increase in the c-axis parameters was observed in both phases compared with the rhombohedral bulk phase. The off-center displacement of iron (Fe) ions was increased in the monoclinic phase as compared with the tetragonal phase. EEL spectra show different electronic structures in the monoclinic and the tetragonal phases. These experimental observations are well consistent with the results of theoretical first-principle calculations performed.
Heon Kim, Young, E-mail: email@example.com [Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, D-06120 Halle (Germany); Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 305-340 (Korea, Republic of); Bhatnagar, Akash; Pippel, Eckhard; Hesse, Dietrich [Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, D-06120 Halle (Germany); Alexe, Marin [Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, D-06120 Halle (Germany); University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, West Midlands (United Kingdom)
Intramolecular photo-induced electron transfer in a rigid anthracene-N, N-dimethylaniline system
2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)-5, 14-ethanopentacene (1) was synthesized and spectroscopic behaviors investigated. Results suggest that 1 undergoes photoinduced electron transfer (PET) in solvents more polar than saturated hydrocarbons. The resulting charge-transfer (CT) state undergoes CT fluorescence efficiently in solvents of low dielectric constants. Fluorescence excitation studies of the CT emission reveal the existence of an EDA interaction in the ground state. The implications of these results are discussed.
Minsek, D.W.; Yang, N.C. Yang (Chicago Univ., IL (United States). Dept. of Chemistry); Niemczyk, M.P.; Svec, W.A.; Wasielewski, M.R. (Argonne National Lab., IL (United States))
Minsek, D.W.; Yang, N.C. Yang [Chicago Univ., IL (United States). Dept. of Chemistry; Niemczyk, M.P.; Svec, W.A.; Wasielewski, M.R. [Argonne National Lab., IL (United States)
During this period, conventional and fast-kinetics techniques of photochemistry, photophysics, radiation chemistry, and electrochemistry were used for the characterization of the intermediates that are involved in transition metal excited-state electron-transfer reactions. The intermediates of interest were the excited states of Ru(II) and Cr(III) photosensitizers, their reduced forms, and the species formed in the reactions of redox quenchers and electron-transfer agents. Of particular concern has been the back electron-transfer reaction between the geminate pair formed in the redox quenching of the photosensitizers, and the dependence of its rate on solution medium and temperature in competition with transformation and cage escape processes.
Photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer in bisviologen-linked porphyrin in acetonitrile
Bisviologen-linked porphyrin (p-PC[sub 4]V[sub A]C[sub 4]V[sub B]), in which two viologens are connected with porphyrin through methylene chain ([minus](CH[sub 2])[sub 4][minus]) was prepared, and photoinduced singlet state of the porphyrin was quenched by the bonded viologen due to photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer from the photoexcited singlet state of porphyrin in the bonded viologen. The rate constant of the intramolecular electron transfer was 3.10 [times] 10[sup 8] s[sup [minus]1]. The photoexcited triplet state was also quenched by the bonded viologen. The rate constant of intramolecular electron transfer via the photoexcited triplet state was 2.19 [times] 10[sup 5] s[sup [minus]1]. 23 refs., 5 figs., 5 tabs.
Hirota, Junji; Okura, Ichiro (Tokyo Inst. of Technology, Yokohama (Japan))
The First Events in Photosynthesis: Electronic Coupling and Energy Transfer Dynamics in the Photosynthetic Reaction Center from Rhodobacter sphaeroides
The First Events in Photosynthesis: Electronic Coupling and Energy Transfer Dynamics in photosynthesis. The reaction center contains six chlorophyll-like pigments arranged with approximate C2 symmetry
Scherer, Norbert F.
Electron transfer capability and metabolic processes of the genus Shewanella with applications to the optimization of microbial fuel cells.
??The mechanisms that bacteria employ to transfer electrons to their surrounding environments are diverse and not well understood. This study provides original data that begin… (more)
Bretschger, Orianna
Electronic Funds Transfer Authorization Form 4/2014
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel),Feet) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May JunDatastreamsmmcrcalgovInstrumentsruc DocumentationP-Series toESnet4: Networking for the‹ SeeElectron-State HybridizationInformation
Real-time studies of battery electrochemical reactions inside a transmission electron microscope.
We report the development of new experimental capabilities and ab initio modeling for real-time studies of Li-ion battery electrochemical reactions. We developed three capabilities for in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies: a capability that uses a nanomanipulator inside the TEM to assemble electrochemical cells with ionic liquid or solid state electrolytes, a capability that uses on-chip assembly of battery components on to TEM-compatible multi-electrode arrays, and a capability that uses a TEM-compatible sealed electrochemical cell that we developed for performing in-situ TEM using volatile battery electrolytes. These capabilities were used to understand lithiation mechanisms in nanoscale battery materials, including SnO{sub 2}, Si, Ge, Al, ZnO, and MnO{sub 2}. The modeling approaches used ab initio molecular dynamics to understand early stages of ethylene carbonate reduction on lithiated-graphite and lithium surfaces and constrained density functional theory to understand ethylene carbonate reduction on passivated electrode surfaces.
Leung, Kevin; Hudak, Nicholas S.; Liu, Yang; Liu, Xiaohua H.; Fan, Hongyou; Subramanian, Arunkumar; Shaw, Michael J.; Sullivan, John Patrick; Huang, Jian Yu
High resolution transmission electron microscopy of melamine-formaldehyde aerogels and silica aerogels
The goal of the high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) was to image the structure of two tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) and two melamine-formaldehyde (MF) aerogels at the single polymer chain level{sup 1,2}. With this level of structural resolution we hoped to interrelate each aerogel's structure with its physical properties and its method of synthesis. Conventional single-step base catalysed TMOS aerogels show strings of spheroidal particles linked together with minimal necking. The spheroidal particles range from 86--132 {Angstrom} and average 113{plus minus}10 {Angstrom} in diameter{sup 2}. In contrast the TMOS aerogels reported on here were made by a two step method. After extended silica chains are grown in solution under acidic conditions with a substoichiometric amount of water, the reaction is stopped and the methanol hydrolysed from TMOS is removed. Then base catalysis and additional water are added to cause gel formation is a nonalcoholic solvent. The MF aerogels were prepared for HRTEM by fracturing them on a stereo microscope stage with razor knife so that fractured pieces with smooth flat surfaces could be selected for platinum-carbon replication. The two silica (TMOS) aerogels were both transparent and difficult to see. These aerogels were fractured on a stereo microscope stage with tweezers. 6 refs., 4 figs.
Ruben, G.C. (Dartmouth Coll., Hanover, NH (United States). Dept. of Biological Sciences)
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF Al-RICH SILICATE STARDUST FROM ASYMPTOTIC GIANT BRANCH STARS
We report on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations of two mineralogically unusual stardust silicates to constrain their circumstellar condensation conditions. Both grains were identified by high spatial resolution nano secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) in the Acfer 094 meteorite, one of the most pristine carbonaceous chondrites available for study. One grain is a highly crystalline, highly refractory (Fe content < 0.5 at%), structurally undisturbed orthopyroxene (MgSiO{sub 3}) with an unusually high Al content (1.8 {+-} 0.5 at%). This is the first TEM documentation of a single crystal pyroxene within the complete stardust silicate data set. We interpret the microstructure and chemistry of this grain as being a direct condensate from a gas of locally non-solar composition (i.e., with a higher-than-solar Al content and most likely also a lower-than-solar Mg/Si ratio) at (near)-equilibrium conditions. From the overabundance of crystalline olivine (six reported grains to date) compared to crystalline pyroxene (only documented as a single crystal in this work) we infer that formation of olivine over pyroxene is favored in circumstellar environments, in agreement with expectations from condensation theory and experiments. The second stardust silicate consists of an amorphous Ca-Si rich material which lacks any crystallinity based on TEM observations in which tiny (<20 nm) hibonite nanocrystallites are embedded. This complex assemblage therefore attests to the fast cooling and rapidly changing chemical environments under which dust grains in circumstellar shells form.
Vollmer, Christian [Institute for Mineralogy, University of Muenster, Correnssstr. 24, D-48149 Muenster (Germany); Hoppe, Peter [Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Particle Chemistry Department, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, D-55128 Mainz (Germany); Brenker, Frank E., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Institute of Geoscience/Mineralogy, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Altenhoeferallee 1, D-60438 Frankfurt (Germany)
Electron transfer and capture dynamics in ZnSe quantum wells grown on GaAs
We investigate the transfer and capture dynamics of electrons in phase coherent photorefractive ZnSe quantum wells grown on GaAs using degenerate three-beam four-wave-mixing. The measurements reveal electron capture times by the quantum well in the order of several tens of picoseconds and a transit time of approximately 5 picoseconds from the GaAs substrate through the ZnMgSe barrier.
Dongol, A.; Wagner, H. P. [Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221 (United States)
Transmission electron microscopic study of pyrochlore to defect-fluorite transition in rare-earth pyrohafnates
A structural transition in rare earth pyrohafnates, Ln{sub 2}Hf{sub 2}O{sub 7} (Ln=Y, La, Pr, Nd, Tb, Dy, Yb and Lu), has been identified. Neutron diffraction showed that the structure transforms from well-ordered pyrochloric to fully fluoritic through the lanthanide series from La to Lu with a corresponding increase in the position parameter x of the 48f (Fd3{sup Macron }m) oxygen site from 0.330 to 0.375. As evidenced by the selected area electron diffraction, La{sub 2}Hf{sub 2}O{sub 7}, Pr{sub 2}Hf{sub 2}O{sub 7} and Nd{sub 2}Hf{sub 2}O{sub 7} exhibited a well-ordered pyrocholoric structure with the presence of intense superlattice spots, which became weak and diffuse (in Dy{sub 2}Hf{sub 2}O{sub 7} and Tb{sub 2}Hf{sub 2}O{sub 7}) before disappearing completely as the series progressed towards the Lu end. High resolution electron microscopic studies showed the breakdown of the pyrochlore ordering in the form of antiphase domains resulting in diffused smoke-like superlattice spots in the case of Dy{sub 2}Hf{sub 2}O{sub 7} and Tb{sub 2}Hf{sub 2}O{sub 7}. - Graphical abstract: Transmission electron microscopic studies showed the ordered pyrochlore to defect fluorite transition in rare-earth pyrohafnates to occur via the formation of anti-phase domains to start with. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Pyrochlore to fluorite structural transition in rare earth pyrohafnates. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer La{sub 2}Hf{sub 2}O{sub 7}, Pr{sub 2}Hf{sub 2}O{sub 7} and Nd{sub 2}Hf{sub 2}O{sub 7} showed well ordered pyrochlore structure. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Short range ordering in Dy{sub 2}Hf{sub 2}O{sub 7} and Tb{sub 2}Hf{sub 2}O{sub 7}. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Break down of pyrochlore ordering due to antiphase boundaries. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Rest of the series showed fluoritic structure.
Karthik, Chinnathambi, E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, 1910 University drive, Boise, ID 83725 (United States) [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, 1910 University drive, Boise, ID 83725 (United States); Center for Advanced Energy Studies, 995 University Blvd, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 (United States); Anderson, Thomas J. [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, 1910 University drive, Boise, ID 83725 (United States)] [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, 1910 University drive, Boise, ID 83725 (United States); Gout, Delphine [Oak Ridge National Lab, Neutron Scattering Science Division, Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] [Oak Ridge National Lab, Neutron Scattering Science Division, Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Ubic, Rick [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, 1910 University drive, Boise, ID 83725 (United States) [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, 1910 University drive, Boise, ID 83725 (United States); Center for Advanced Energy Studies, 995 University Blvd, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 (United States)
Towards new model systems for the study of proton-coupled electron transfer
Two new model systems for the study of orthogonal proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) have been developed. The first model system is based on Ru"(HzO)(tpy)(bpy) (tpy = 2,2';6',2"terpyridine, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) where ...
Yang, Jay Lee
Modeling the free energy surfaces of electron transfer in condensed phases
PROOF COPY 509037JCP Modeling the free energy surfaces of electron transfer in condensed phases analytical solution for the ET free energy surfaces demonstrates the following features: i the range of ET reaction coordinates is limited by a one-sided fluctuation band, ii the ET free energies are infinite
Distance Dependence of Electron Transfer in DNA: The Role of the Reorganization Energy and Free Energy
Distance Dependence of Electron Transfer in DNA: The Role of the Reorganization Energy and Free of the solvent reorganization energy and free energy in the heterogeneous DNA environment. DNA is modeled represents water. Model calculations show the importance of including the reorganization energy and the free
Electron-Transfer Studies of a Peroxide Dianion Andrew M. Ullman,
of the ET chemistry of a free peroxide dianion will be useful in studies of metal-air batteries and the use or metal-ion association. This feature has allowed the electron-transfer (ET) kinetics of isolated peroxide or metal ions, and the anion exhibits reversible ET behavior; accordingly, the outer-sphere oxidation
MĂĽller, Peter
Photoinduced electron transfer from rail to rung within a self-assembled oligomeric porphyrin ladder
Photoinduced electron transfer in a self-assembled supramolecular ladder structure comprising oligomeric porphyrin rails and ligated dipyridyltetrazine rungs was characterized by transient absorption spectroscopy and transient direct current photoconductivity to be mainly from an oligomer (rail) to the center of a terminal tetrazine (rung), with the remaining hole being delocalized on the oligomer and subsequent charge recombination in 0.19 ns.
She, Chunxing; Lee, Suk Joong; McGarrah, James E.; Vura-Weis, Josh; Wasielewski, Michael; Chen, Hanning; Schatz, George C.; Ratner, Mark A.; Hupp, Joseph T.
Calculations of Electronic Excitation Transfer: Applications to Ordered Phases in Polymeric Materials
Calculations of Electronic Excitation Transfer: Applications to Ordered Phases in Polymeric, there is tremendous interest in the structures of polymeric materials.1 Industry often seeks to combine. The relationships between these physical parameters and the phase behavior and molecular architecture of a polymeric
Laser pulse control of ultrafast heterogeneous electron transfer: A computational study
Laser pulse control of ultrafast heterogeneous electron transfer: A computational study Luxia Wang on ultrafast HET given in Refs. 14Â16. In the following we will focus on the case where a tailored laser pulse, Germany Received 31 March 2004; accepted 30 July 2004 Laser pulse control of the photoinduced 90 fs charge
Röder, Beate
Absorption Spectra Related to Heterogeneous Electron Transfer Reactions: The Perylene TiO2 System
Absorption Spectra Related to Heterogeneous Electron Transfer Reactions: The Perylene TiO2 System Form: March 16, 2005 Linear absorption spectra of dye-semiconductor systems (perylene attached displaying line broadenings follow the qualitative trend obtained from transient absorption spectra. I
Oxygen Isotope Effects as Probes of Electron Transfer Mechanisms and Structures of
Oxygen Isotope Effects as Probes of Electron Transfer Mechanisms and Structures of Activated O2, Maryland 21218 RECEIVED ON JULY 26, 2008 C O N S P E C T U S Competitively determined oxygen (18 O) isotope effects can be power- ful probes of chemical and biological transformations involving molec- ular oxygen
Roth, Justine P.
Temperature dependence of electron transfer in coupled quantum wells Amlan Majumdara)
Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783 J. L. Reno Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185 L that are deduced using corrugated QWIPs and find that electron transfer is efficient only when thermionic emission transport mechanisms, can change differ- ently for the two QWs within each QW pair because of dif- ferent
Rokhinson, Leonid
Hybrid approach for including electronic and nuclear quantum effects in molecular dynamics simulations of hydrogen transfer
Hybrid approach for including electronic and nuclear quantum effects in molecular dynamics January 2001 A hybrid approach for simulating proton and hydride transfer reactions in enzymes coefficient and to investigate the real-time dynamics of reactive trajectories. This hybrid approach includes
Hammes-Schiffer, Sharon
Mechanisms of photoinduced electron transfer: Final report, July 1, 1977-September 30, 1987
Work which has been conducted under Department of Energy sponsorship over the past ten years at Boston University is described. A general theme for projects which are summarized involves photochemically induced electron transfer reactions for organic compounds. Early studies in the series were directed to the development of new mechanisms for driving isomerization processes which store light energy as latent heat. Other investigations were devoted to an understanding of the dynamics of charge separation for photoexcited (charge-transfer) complexes or ion-pairs. Recent studies focused on the development of charge relays such as dithioethers and viologen or pyridinium ions, the electron transfer photochemistry of high potential quinones, and the photophysical properties of organic dyes bound to water-soluble polymers. 9 figs.
Jones, G. II
Characterization of an Irradiated RERTR-7 Fuel Plate Using Transmission Electron Microscopy
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been used to characterize an irradiated fuel plate with Al-2Si matrix from the RERTR-7 experiment that was irradiated under moderate reactor conditions. The results of this work showed the presence of a bubble superlattice within the U-7Mo grains that accommodated fission gases (e.g., Xe). The presence of this structure helps the U-7Mo exhibit a stable swelling behaviour during irradiation. Furthermore, TEM analysis showed that the Si-rich interaction layers that develop around the fuel particles at the U-7Mo/matrix interface during fuel plate fabrication and irradiation become amorphous during irradiation, and in regions of the interaction layer that have relatively high Si concentrations the fission gas bubbles remain small and contained within the layer but in areas with lower Si concentrations the bubbles grow in size. An important question that remains to be answered about the irradiation behaviour of U-Mo dispersion fuels, is how do more aggressive irradiation conditions affect the behaviour of fission gases within the U-7Mo fuel particles and in the amorphous interaction layers on the microstructural scale that can be characterized using TEM? This paper discusses the results of TEM analysis that was performed on a sample taken from an irradiated RERTR-7 fuel plate with Al-2Si matrix. This plate was exposed to more aggressive irradiation conditions than was the sample taken from the RERTR-6 plate. The microstructural features present within the U-7Mo and the amorphous interaction layers will be discussed. The results of this analysis will be compared to what was observed in the earlier RERTR-6 fuel plate characterization.
J. Gan; D. D. Keiser, Jr.; B. D. Miller; A. B. Robinson; P. Medvedev
Theory of ultrafast photoinduced electron transfer from a bulk semiconductor to a quantum dot
This paper describes analytical and numerical results from a model Hamiltonian method applied to electron transfer (ET) from a quasicontinuum (QC) of states to a set of discrete states, with and without a mediating bridge. Analysis of the factors that determine ET dynamics yields guidelines for achieving high-yield electron transfer in these systems, desired for instance for applications in heterogeneous catalysis. These include the choice of parameters of the laser pulse that excites the initial state into a continuum electronic wavepacket and the design of the coupling between the bridge molecule and the donor and acceptor. The vibrational mode on a bridging molecule between donor and acceptor has an influence on the yield of electron transfer via Franck-Condon factors, even in cases where excited vibrational states are only transiently populated. Laser-induced coherence of the initial state as well as energetic overlap is crucial in determining the ET yield from a QC to a discrete state, whereas the ET time is influenced by competing factors from the coupling strength and the coherence properties of the electronic wavepacket.
Rasmussen, Andrew M., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Ramakrishna, S.; Weiss, Emily A.; Seideman, Tamar, E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 (United States)] [Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 (United States)
Solvent Reorganization Energy and Free Energy Change for Donor/Acceptor Electron Transfer at Micelle Surfaces: Theory and Experiment
Solvent Reorganization Energy and Free Energy Change for Donor/Acceptor Electron TransferVed: April 7, 1998 Theories are presented for calculating the solvent reorganization energy and the free region, and the surrounding water. The free energy change accompanying electron transfer can
Reorganization Energy of Electron Transfer in Viscous Solvents above the Glass Transition Pradip K. Ghorai and Dmitry V. Matyushov*
Reorganization Energy of Electron Transfer in Viscous Solvents above the Glass Transition Pradip K-Einstein relation. The change in the reorganization energy at the transition temperature reflects the dynamical reorganization energy of electron transfer in supercooled water. We observe a sharp decrease
A phenomenological model of dynamical arrest of electron transfer in solvents in the glass-transition region
A phenomenological model of dynamical arrest of electron transfer in solvents in the glass 2004; published online 17 February 2005 A phenomenological model of electron transfer reactions-acceptor energy gaps dashed line in Fig. 1 differs from the equilibrium distribution. The present phenomenological
Probing the electronic structure of graphene sheets with various thicknesses by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy
The electronic structure of an aggregation of graphene sheets with various thicknesses was probed by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy. A uniform oxidation of the graphene sheets in the flat area was observed regardless of the thickness, while in the folded area the result could be strongly affected by the geometry. Moreover, thick parts of the aggregation showed strong angle-dependence to the incident X-ray, while thin parts showed less angle-dependence, which might be related to the surface wrinkles and ripples. The electronic structure differences due to the geometry and thickness suggest a complicated situation in the aggregation of graphene sheets.
Bai, Lili; Liu, Jinyin; Zhao, Guanqi; Gao, Jing; Sun, Xuhui, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Zhong, Jun, E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com [Soochow University-Western University Centre for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials Laboratory (FUNSOM) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123 (China)] [Soochow University-Western University Centre for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials Laboratory (FUNSOM) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123 (China)
2. The TEM and its Optics 2.1 Introduction to the Transmission Electron
-loss spectrometry (EELS), energy losses of the electrons are measured after the high-energy electrons have traversed, the high-energy electrons in TEM cause electronic excitations of the atoms in the specimen. Two important spectroscopic techniques make use of these excitations. · In energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS), an x
Electron Transfer
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel),Feet) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr MayAtmospheric Optical Depth7-1D: Vegetation ProposedUsing Zirconia Nanoparticles as Selective Sorbents .Isotopes (IN 10-001, IN3 Pierre
Electron transfer reactions in microporous solids. Progress report, September 1990--January 1993
Basic thrust the research program involves use of microporous solids (zeolites, clays, layered and tunnel structure oxide semiconductors) as organizing media for artificial photosynthetic systems. Purpose of the microporous solid is twofold. First, it induces spatial organization of photoactive and electroactive components (sensitizers, semiconductor particles, electron relays, and catalysts) at the solid-solution interface, enhancing the quantum efficiency of charge separation and separating physically the ultimate electron donor and acceptor in the electron transport chain. Second, since the microcrystalline solid admits only molecules of a certain charge and size, it is possible to achieve permanent charge separation by sieving chemical photoproducts (e.g., H{sub 2} and I{sub 3}{sup {minus}}, or H{sub 2} and O{sub 2)} from each other. Spectroscopic and electrochemical methods are used to study the kinetics of electron transfer reactions in these hybrid molecular/solid state assemblies.
Vectorial electron transfer in spatially ordered arrays. Progress report, January 1991--January 1994
Objective was to find methods for rapid, controlled placement of light absorbers, relays, and multi-electron catalysts at defined sites with respect to a semiconductor or metal surface and thus to develop methods for preparing chemically modified photoactive surfaces as artificial photosynthetic units. Progress has been made in four areas: synthesis of new materials for directional electron transfer, preparation and characterization of anisotropic composites containing organic and inorganic components, elaboration of mechanisms of electrocatalysis, and development of new methods for surface modification of metals and semiconductors.
Nonlinear Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Electron and Energy Transfer in Molecule Complexes
The proposed research program will focus on the development of a unified dynamical theoretical framework for calculating the optical response of molecular assemblies and applying it towards studying the interplay of energy and charge transfer in artificial chromophore-aggregate complexes. Applications will be made to poly (p phenylene vinylene), (PPV) oligomers, several families of stilbenoid aggregates with stacking through a cyclophane group, coupled porphyrin arrays, and energy funneling in phenylacetylene dendrimers. The approach is based on formulating the problem using the density- matrix and developing Liouville-space techniques which provide physical insight and are particularly suitable for computing both coherent and incoherent transport. A physical picture based on collective electronic normal modes which represent the dynamics of the optically-driven reduced single electron density matrix will be established. Femtosecond signals and optical properties will be directly related to the motions of electron-hole pairs in real space, completely avoiding the calculation of many-electron excited-state wavefunctions, thus, considerably reducing computational effort. Vibrational and solvent effects will be incorporated. Guidelines for the synthesis of new donor/bridge/acceptor molecules with desired properties such as carrier transport, optical response time scales and fluorescence quantum yields will be developed. The analogy with Thz emission spectroscopy which probes charge carrier dynamic is in semiconductor superlattices will be explored. A systematic procedure for identifying the electronic coherence sizes which control the transport and optical properties will be developed. Localization of electronic transition density matrices of large molecules will be used to break the description of their optical response into coupled chromophores. The proposal is divided into four parts: (i) Collective-Oscillator Representation of Electronic Excitations in Molecular Assemblies; (ii) Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy of Coupled Chromophores; (iii) Long-Range Electron Transfer and Transport in Solvents with Complex Spectral Densities; (iv) Probing Exciton-Migration by Coherent Femtosecond Spectroscopies.
Mukamel, Shaul
Vectorially photoinduced electron-transfer processes across water-in-oil interfaces of microemulsions
Artificial photosynthetic devices are potential fuel sources. The basic idea in the design of such devices is a photosensitized electron-transfer that yields chemical species capable of reducing and oxidizing water to hydrogen and oxygen. A fundamental difficulty in effecting this transfer is the thermodynamically favored back reactions of the intermediary redox species. An interfacial model composed of a water-in-oil microemulsion is suggested to provide the separation of these redox species, thereby preventing back-reactions. This model is designed to accomplish the photodecomposition of water in two separate water-in-oil microemulsions coupled by a redox reaction. Phase-transfer of one of the redox products from the water-in-oil interface to the continuous organic phase is the principle by which separation is achieved. The oxidation and reduction sites of the general model have been constructed. One system includes the photosensitized oxidation of a donor, EDTA, solubilized in the water pool, benzylnicotinamide acts as a primary acceptor that mediates by the phase transfer principle the reduction of a secondary acceptor, dimethylamino-azobenzene, solubilized in the continuous organic phase. In system two, involving the photosensitized reduction of methyl viologen, by tris(2,2'bipyridine)Ru(2+), thioophenol is used as the donor and its oxidation product is phase transferred to the continuous organic phase. The photoinduced processes accomplished in the two systems proceed along an uphill gradient of free energy. Two water soluble zinc-porphyrins can substitute for the Ru(2+) complex in the second system. As the two Zn-porphyrins are oppositely charged, the effect of electrostatic interactions on the quantum yields of viologen reduction could be evaluated. The results suggest that the surface charge of the wateroil interface strongly influences the efficiency of electron-transfer.
Willner, I.; Otvos, J.W.; Calvin, M.
Metal complex-based electron-transfer mediators in dye-sensitized solar cells
This present invention provides a metal-ligand complex and methods for using and preparing the same. In particular, the metal-ligand complex of the present invention is of the formula: L.sub.a-M-X.sub.b where L, M, X, a, and b are those define herein. The metal-ligand complexes of the present invention are useful in a variety of applications including as electron-transfer mediators in dye-sensitized solar cells and related photoelectrochromic devices.
Elliott, C. Michael (Fort Collins, CO); Sapp, Shawn A. (Broomfield, CO); Bignozzi, Carlo Alberto (Ferrara, IT); Contado, Cristiano (Legnago, IT); Caramori, Stefano (Viconovo, IT)
Interfacial electron transfer dynamics of ru(II)-polypy6ridine sensitized TiO2
Quantum dynamics simulations combined with density functional theory calculations are applied to study interfacial electron transfer (IET) from pyridine-4-phosphonic acid, [Ru(tpy)(tpy(PO{sub 3}H{sub 2}))]{sup 2+} and [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(H{sub 2}O)-Ru(tpy)(tpy(PO{sub 3}H{sub 2}))]{sup 4+} into the (101) surface of anatase TiO{sub 2}. IET rate from pyridine-4-phosphonic acid attached to the nanoparticle in bidentate mode ({tau} {approx} 100 fs) is an order of magnitude faster than the IET rate of the adsorbate attached in the monodentate mode ({tau} {approx} 1 ps). Upon excitation with visible light, [Ru(tpy)(tpy(PO{sub 3}H{sub 2}))]{sup 2+} attached to TiO{sub 2} in bidentate binding mode will undergo IET with the rate of {approx} 1-10 ps, which is competitive with the excited state decay into the ground state. The probability of electron injection from [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(H{sub 2}O)-Ru(tpy)(tpy(PO{sub 3}H{sub 2}))]{sup 4+} is rather low, as the excitation with visible light localizes the excited electron in the tpy-tpy bridge, which does not have favorable coupling with the TiO{sub 2} nanoparticle. The results are relevant to better understanding of the adsorbate features important for promoting efficient interfacial electron transfer into the semiconductor.
Jakubikova, Elena [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Martin, Richard L [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Batista, Enrique R [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Snoeberger, Robert C [YALE UNIV.; Batista, Victor S [YALE UNIV.
In situ transmission electron microscopy investigation of the interfacial reaction between Ni and Al during rapid heating in a nanocalorimeter
The Al/Ni formation reaction is highly exothermic and of both scientific and technological significance. In this report, we study the evolution of intermetallic phases in this reaction at a heating rate of 830 K/s. 100-nm-thick Al/Ni bilayers were deposited onto nanocalorimeter sensors that enable the measurement of temperature and heat flow during rapid heating. Time-resolved transmission electron diffraction patterns captured simultaneously with thermal measurements allow us to identify the intermetallic phases present and reconstruct the phase transformation sequence as a function of time and temperature. The results show a mostly unaltered phase transformation sequence compared to lower heating rates.
Grapes, Michael D., E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 (United States); Material Measurement Laboratory, Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 (United States); LaGrange, Thomas; Reed, Bryan W.; Campbell, Geoffrey H. [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Materials Science and Technology Division, Livermore, California 94550 (United States); Woll, Karsten [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 (United States); Institute of Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen (Germany); LaVan, David A., E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com [Material Measurement Laboratory, Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 (United States); Weihs, Timothy P., E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 (United States)
Transmission-mode imaging in the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM)
sources function by heating a material until it starts to emit electrons (by increasing the energy of free electrons to above the Fermi surface of the material) and field-emission sources function by applying an electric field strong enough that electrons... obtained from studying E. coli, C. necator, and S. Typhimurium (Chapter 8) have been accepted for publication in Scanning, titled "The application of STEM and in-situ controlled dehydration to bac- terial systems using ESEM". i Acknowledgements This project...
Staniewicz, Lech Thomas Leif
A parametric study of shock jump chemistry, electron temperature, and radiative heat transfer models in hypersonic flows
A PARAMETRIC STUDY OF SHOCK JUMP CHEMISTRY, ELECTRON TEMPERATURE, AND RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER MODELS IN HYPERSONIC FLOWS A Thesis by ROBERT BRIAN GREENDYKE Submitted to the Graduate College of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment... of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE August 1988 Major Subject: Aerospace Engineering A PARAMETRIC STUDY OF SHOCK JUMP CHEMISTRY, ELECTRON TEMPERATURE, AND RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER MODELS IN HYPERSONIC FLOWS A Thesis by ROBERT BRIAN...
Greendyke, Robert Brian
Charge constrained density functional molecular dynamics for simulation of condensed phase electron transfer reactions
We present a plane-wave basis set implementation of charge constrained density functional molecular dynamics (CDFT-MD) for simulation of electron transfer reactions in condensed phase systems. Following the earlier work of Wu and Van Voorhis [Phys. Rev. A 72, 024502 (2005)], the density functional is minimized under the constraint that the charge difference between donor and acceptor is equal to a given value. The classical ion dynamics is propagated on the Born-Oppenheimer surface of the charge constrained state. We investigate the dependence of the constrained energy and of the energy gap on the definition of the charge and present expressions for the constraint forces. The method is applied to the Ru{sup 2+}-Ru{sup 3+} electron self-exchange reaction in aqueous solution. Sampling the vertical energy gap along CDFT-MD trajectories and correcting for finite size effects, a reorganization free energy of 1.6 eV is obtained. This is 0.1-0.2 eV lower than a previous estimate based on a continuum model for solvation. The smaller value for the reorganization free energy can be explained by the fact that the Ru-O distances of the divalent and trivalent Ru hexahydrates are predicted to be more similar in the electron transfer complex than for the separated aqua ions.
Oberhofer, Harald; Blumberger, Jochen [Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW (United Kingdom)
In situ Regeneration of NADH via Lipoamide Dehydrogenase-catalyzed Electron Transfer Reaction Evidenced by Spectroelectrochemistry
NAD/NADH is a coenzyme found in all living cells, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. We report on characterizations of in situ regeneration of NADH via lipoamide dehydrogenase (LD)-catalyzed electron transfer reaction to regenerate NADH using UV-vis spectroelectrochemistry. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) and maximum velocity (Vmax) of NADH regeneration were measured as 0.80 {+-} 0.15 mM and 1.91 {+-} 0.09 {micro}M s-1 in a 1-mm thin-layer spectroelectrochemical cell using gold gauze as the working electrode at the applied potential -0.75 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The electrocatalytic reduction of the NAD system was further coupled with the enzymatic conversion of pyruvate to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase to examine the coenzymatic activity of the regenerated NADH. Although the reproducible electrocatalytic reduction of NAD into NADH is known to be difficult compared to the electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH, our spectroelectrochemical results indicate that the in situ regeneration of NADH via LD-catalyzed electron transfer reaction is fast and sustainable and can be potentially applied to many NAD/NADH-dependent enzyme systems.
Tam, Tsz Kin; Chen, Baowei; Lei, Chenghong; Liu, Jun
Can direct extracellular electron transfer occur in the absence of outer membrane cytochromes in Desulfovibrio vulgaris?
Extracellular electron transfer has been investigated over several decades via forms of soluble electron transfer proteins that are exported for extracellular reoxidation. More recently, several organisms have been shown to reduce extracellular metals via the direct transfer of electron through appendages; also known as nanowires. They have been reported most predominantly in Shewanella and Geobacter. While the relevancy and composition of these structures in each genus has been debated, both possess outer membrane cytochrome complexes that could theoretically come into direct contact with solid phase oxidized metals. Members of the genus Desulfovibrio apparently have no such cytochromes although similar appendages are present, are electrically conductive, and are different from flagella. Upon U(VI)-reduction, the structures in Desulfovibrio become coated with U(IV). Deletion of flagellar genes did not alter soluble or amorphous Fe(III) or U(VI) reduction, or appendage appearance. Removal of the chromosomal pilA gene hampered amorphous Fe(III)-reduction by ca. 25%, but cells lacking the native plasmid, pDV1, reduced soluble Fe(III) and U(VI) at ca. 50% of the wild type rate while amorphous Fe(III)-reduction slowed to ca. 20% of the wild type rate. Appendages were present in all deletions as well as pDV1, except pilA. Gene complementation restored all activities and morphologies to wild type levels. This suggests that pilA encodes the structural component, whereas genes within pDV1 may provide the reactive members. How such appendages function without outer membrane cytochromes is under investigation.
Elias, Dwayne A [ORNL] [ORNL; Zane, Mr. Grant M. [University of Missouri, Columbia] [University of Missouri, Columbia; Auer, Dr. Manfred [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)] [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL); Fields, Dr. Matthew Wayne [Montana State University] [Montana State University; Wall, Judy D. [University of Missouri] [University of Missouri; Gorby, Dr. Yuri A. [J. Craig Venter Institute] [J. Craig Venter Institute
Monday, 14 July, 2008 Radiation belt electron precipitation by manmade VLF transmissions1
-like enhancements produced by the transmitter NPM, despite its low-latitude location and30 relatively high output-generated wisps and the lack of NPM-generated wisps.33 1. Introduction34 The behavior of high energy electrons
Otago, University of
Atomic-scale and three-dimensional transmission electron microscopy of nanoparticle morphology
nanoparticles with reactive concave surfaces. A compressed sensing-electron tomography (CS-ET) approach. Nano Letters, 11(11): 4666-4673, 2011. Peer reviewed conference proceedings R. Leary, Z. Saghi, P.A. Midgley, and D.J. Holland. Compressed Sensing Electron... algorithms, precision in component fabrication and stability of electrical components that AC optics yielded performance improvements in practice. First generation AC optics have addressed the major limiting aberration, third-order spherical aberration. In a...
Leary, Rowan Kendall
Photochemical charge separation in zeolites: Electron transfer dynamics, nanocrystals and zeolitic membranes. Final technical report
Aluminosilicate zeolites provide an excellent host for photochemical charge separation. Because of the constraints provided by the zeolite, the back electron transfer from the reduced acceptor to the oxidized sensitizer is slowed down. This provides the opportunity to separate the charge and use it in a subsequent reaction for water oxidation and reduction. Zeolite-based ruthenium oxide catalysts have been found to be efficient for the water splitting process. This project has demonstrated the usefulness of zeolite hosts for photolytic splitting of water.
Dutta, Prabir K.
Electronically controllable transmission line design for traveling wave array antenna feed network
wave propagation in MIS waveguide. Krowne and Tait numerically analyzed a voltage-variable GaAs distributed Schottky barrier phase shifter and a transmission line over a Si bipolar junction [6]. In order to find the propagation constant, a transport... by attaching distributed p-i-n diodes on the side surfaces of the silicon rod. By introducing forward bias, which makes the i-region conductive, the guide wavelength in the silicon rod is changed because of the moving up effect of the conductor...
Shin, Chang-Seok
Fragment transition density method to calculate electronic coupling for excitation energy transfer
A general approach, the Fragment Transition Density (FTD) scheme, is introduced to estimate electronic coupling for excitation energy transfer in a molecular system. Within this method, the excitation energies and transition densities of the system are used to derive the coupling matrix element. The scheme allows one to treat systems where exciton donor and acceptor are close together and their exchange interaction and orbital overlap are significant. The FTD method can be applied in combination with any quantum mechanical approach to treat excited states of general nature including single-, double-, and higher excitations. Using FTD approach, we derive excitonic couplings for several systems computed with the CIS, TD DFT and MS-CASPT2 methods. In particular, it is shown that the estimated coupling values in DNA ?-stacks are strongly affected by the short-range electronic interaction of adjacent nucleobases.
Voityuk, Alexander A., E-mail: email@example.com [Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain and Institut de Química Computacional i Catŕlisi (IQCC), Universitat de Girona 17071 Girona (Spain)
Dynamic Processes in Biology, Chemistry, and Materials Science: Opportunities for UltraFast Transmission Electron Microscopy - Workshop Summary Report
This report summarizes a 2011 workshop that addressed the potential role of rapid, time-resolved electron microscopy measurements in accelerating the solution of important scientific and technical problems. A series of U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and National Academy of Science workshops have highlighted the critical role advanced research tools play in addressing scientific challenges relevant to biology, sustainable energy, and technologies that will fuel economic development without degrading our environment. Among the specific capability needs for advancing science and technology are tools that extract more detailed information in realistic environments (in situ or operando) at extreme conditions (pressure and temperature) and as a function of time (dynamic and time-dependent). One of the DOE workshops, Future Science Needs and Opportunities for Electron Scattering: Next Generation Instrumentation and Beyond, specifically addressed the importance of electron-based characterization methods for a wide range of energy-relevant Grand Scientific Challenges. Boosted by the electron optical advancement in the last decade, a diversity of in situ capabilities already is available in many laboratories. The obvious remaining major capability gap in electron microscopy is in the ability to make these direct in situ observations over a broad spectrum of fast (µs) to ultrafast (picosecond [ps] and faster) temporal regimes. In an effort to address current capability gaps, EMSL, the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, organized an Ultrafast Electron Microscopy Workshop, held June 14-15, 2011, with the primary goal to identify the scientific needs that could be met by creating a facility capable of a strongly improved time resolution with integrated in situ capabilities. The workshop brought together more than 40 leading scientists involved in applying and/or advancing electron microscopy to address important scientific problems of relevance to DOE's research mission. This workshop built on previous workshops and included three breakout sessions identifying scientific challenges in biology, biogeochemistry, catalysis, and materials science frontier areas of fundamental science that underpin energy and environmental science that would significantly benefit from ultrafast transmission electron microscopy (UTEM). In addition, the current status of time-resolved electron microscopy was examined, and the technologies that will enable future advances in spatio-temporal resolution were identified in a fourth breakout session.
Kabius, Bernd C.; Browning, Nigel D.; Thevuthasan, Suntharampillai; Diehl, Barbara L.; Stach, Eric A.
Xenotransplantation of mitochondrial electron transfer enzyme, Ndi1, treats myocardial reperfusion injury
Transfer Enzyme, Ndi1, Treats Myocardial Reperfusion InjuryTransfer Enzyme, Ndi1, Treats Myocardial Reperfusion Injury
Perry, Cynthia Nicole
Structural Transformations in self-assembled Semiconductor Quantum Dots as inferred by Transmission Electron Microscopy
electronic and optoelectronic devices.1-3 ZnO is a promising material for UV optoelectronics due to its of the results have been widely reproduced or resulted in stable optoelectronic devices. p-type ZnO NWs have also
Moeck, Peter
Tailoring of electron flow current in magnetically insulated transmission lines J. P. Martin,2,3
Security Administration's Kansas City Plant, Kansas City, Missouri 64141, USA (Received 16 September 2008) flowing electrons generally do not deliver energy to (or even reach) most loads, and thus constitute a balance of the two. While magnetically insulated systems are generally forgiving, there are times when
FEATURE ARTICLE Transmission Electron Microscopy of Shape-Controlled Nanocrystals and Their Assemblies
/structure. 1. Structure of Nanocrystals and Physical Chemistry The unique chemical and physical properties the electronic structure, bonding, and possibly chemical reactivities. The sublimation activation energy of Au}, resulting in the sublimation of Au atoms from the surface at temperatures as low as 220 °C, much lower than
IEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS, VOL. 30, NO. 5, MAY 2009 433 RF Transmission Line Method for
. Jain, J. Yang, X. Hu, and R. Gaska are with Sensor Electronic Technology, Inc., Columbia, SC 29209 USA model (TLM) technique, which em- ploys the C3 electrodes. The technique is applied Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA (e-mail: email@example.com). N. Pala was with Rensselaer Polytechnic
Pala, Nezih
Controlled polarity of sputter-deposited aluminum nitride on metals observed by aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy
The polarity determination process of sputter-deposited aluminum nitride (AlN) on metals has been analyzed using aberration corrected atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscope. Direct growth of c-axis orientated AlN on face centered cubic metals (fcc) (111) with the local epitaxy has been observed, and the polarity was determined at the AlN/metal interface. We found that the AlN polarity can be controlled by the base metal layer: N-polarity AlN grows on Pt(111) while Al-polarity AlN forms on Al(111). Based on these results, the growth mechanism of AlN on metals is discussed.
Harumoto, T. [Department of Metallurgy and Ceramics Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S8-6 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 (Japan); Department of Materials Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510 (Japan); Sannomiya, T.; Matsukawa, Y.; Muraishi, S.; Shi, J.; Nakamura, Y. [Department of Metallurgy and Ceramics Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S8-6 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 (Japan); Sawada, H. [Japan Electron Optics Laboratory (JEOL) Ltd., 3-1-2 Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558 (Japan); Tanaka, T.; Tanishiro, Y.; Takayanagi, K. [Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H-51 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551 (Japan)
Hot-stage transmission electron microscopy study of (Na, K)NbO{sub 3} based lead-free piezoceramics
Hierarchical nanodomains assembled into micron-sized stripe domains, which is believed to be associated with outstanding piezoelectric properties, were observed at room temperature in a typical lead free piezoceramics, (Na{sub 0.52}K{sub 0.48?x})(Nb{sub 0.95?x}Ta{sub 0.05})-xLiSbO{sub 3}, with finely tuned polymorphic phase boundaries (x?=?0.0465) by transmission electron microscopy. The evolution of domain morphology and crystal structure under heating and cooling cycles in the ceramic was investigated by in-situ hot stage study. It is found that the nanodomains are irreversibly transformed into micron-sized rectangular domains during heating and cooling cycles, which lead to the thermal instability of piezoelectric properties of the materials.
Lu, Shengbo, E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon (Hong Kong); Department of Applied Physics and Materials Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon (Hong Kong); Xu, Zhengkui [Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon (Hong Kong); Kwok, K. W.; Chan, Helen L. W. [Department of Applied Physics and Materials Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon (Hong Kong)
In situ observation on hydrogenation of Mg-Ni films using environmental transmission electron microscope with aberration correction
In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed to observe the hydrogenation of Mg-Ni films in a hydrogen atmosphere of 80–100?Pa. An aberration-corrected environmental TEM with a differential pumping system allows us to reveal the Angstrom-scale structure of the films in the initial stage of hydrogenation: first, nucleation and growth of Mg{sub 2}NiH{sub 4} crystals with a lattice spacing of 0.22?nm in an Mg-rich amorphous matrix of the film occurs within 20 s after the start of the high-resolution observation, then crystallization of MgH{sub 2} with a smaller spacing of 0.15?nm happens after approximately 1?min. Our in situ TEM method is also applicable to the analysis of other hydrogen-related materials.
Matsuda, Junko, E-mail: email@example.com [International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 (Japan); Yoshida, Kenta [Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601 (Japan); Nanostructures Research Laboratory, The Japan Fine Ceramics Center, 2-4-1 Mutsuno, Atsuta-ku, Nagoya 456-8587 (Japan); Sasaki, Yukichi [Nanostructures Research Laboratory, The Japan Fine Ceramics Center, 2-4-1 Mutsuno, Atsuta-ku, Nagoya 456-8587 (Japan); Uchiyama, Naoki [ATSUMITEC CO., LTD., Ubumi 7111, Yuto-cho, Nishi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-0192 (Japan); Akiba, Etsuo [International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 (Japan); Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 (Japan)
Structural and orientation effects on electronic energy transfer between silicon quantum dots with dopants and with silver adsorbates
Starting from the atomic structure of silicon quantum dots (QDs), and utilizing ab initio electronic structure calculations within the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) treatment, a model has been developed to characterize electronic excitation energy transfer between QDs. Electronic energy transfer rates, K{sub EET}, between selected identical pairs of crystalline silicon quantum dots systems, either bare, doped with Al or P, or adsorbed with Ag and Ag{sub 3}, have been calculated and analyzed to extend previous work on light absorption by QDs. The effects of their size and relative orientation on energy transfer rates for each system have also been considered. Using time-dependent density functional theory and the hybrid functional HSE06, the FRET treatment was employed to model electronic energy transfer rates within the dipole-dipole interaction approximation. Calculations with adsorbed Ag show that: (a) addition of Ag increases rates up to 100 times, (b) addition of Ag{sub 3} increases rates up to 1000 times, (c) collinear alignment of permanent dipoles increases transfer rates by an order of magnitude compared to parallel orientation, and (d) smaller QD-size increases transfer due to greater electronic orbitals overlap. Calculations with dopants show that: (a) p-type and n-type dopants enhance energy transfer up to two orders of magnitude, (b) surface-doping with P and center-doping with Al show the greatest rates, and (c) K{sub EET} is largest for collinear permanent dipoles when the dopant is on the outer surface and for parallel permanent dipoles when the dopant is inside the QD.
Vinson, N.; Freitag, H.; Micha, D. A., E-mail: email@example.com [Quantum Theory Project, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (United States)
Electron line shape and transmission function of the KATRIN monitor spectrometer
Knowledge of the neutrino mass is of particular interest in modern neutrino physics. Besides the neutrinoless double beta decay and cosmological observation information about the neutrino mass is obtained from single beta decay by observing the shape of the electron spectrum near the endpoint. The KATRIN ? decay experiment aims to push the limit on the effective electron antineutrino mass down to 0.2 eV/c{sup 2}. To reach this sensitivity several systematic effects have to be under control. One of them is the fluctuations of the absolute energy scale, which therefore has to be continuously monitored at very high precision. This paper shortly describes KATRIN, the technique for continuous monitoring of the absolute energy scale and recent improvements in analysis of the monitoring data.
Slezák, M. [Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 12116 Prague, Czech Republic and Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Hlavní 130, 25068 ?ež (Czech Republic)
Photoinduced electron transfer processes in homogeneous and microheterogeneous solutions. Progress report, April 16, 1992--December 1, 1992
The studies have focused on rapid, efficient bond-fragmentation reactions initiated through photoinduced electron transfer. Electron transfer induced fragmentation of a number of donors have been examined, especially 1,2 diamines and related compounds. Two of the amines fragment with rate constants of 3 {times} 10{sup 8} to 2 {times} 10{sup 9} M{sup {minus}1}sec{sup {minus}1}. A series of amino-substituted pinacols and related compounds have also been examined; they undergo similar but slower fragmentation processes when converted to their cation radicals by photoinduced electron transfer. The studies with linked and polymeric electron donor- electron acceptor coupled molecules have also progressed. Several polymers containing diamine repeat units and anthraquinone or nitroaromatic acceptors have also been prepared that can be photoactivated by visible irradiation; they fragment efficiently in solution and photodegrade even in the solid state. The studies of singlet oxygen initiated fragmentation reactions of diamines, amino alcohols, and aminoketones have nearly been completed. Attention have been turned to fragmentable electron acceptors such as p- cyanobenzyl bromide; irradiation of electron donors such as methyl- or methoxy-naphthalenes can initiate efficient fragmentation of the electron deficient bromide.
High-power microwave transmission systems for electron-cyclotron-resonance plasma heating
This progress report is for the sixth year of a grant from the US Department of Energy for the design, development, and fabrication of ECRH transmission and mode conversion systems to transport microwave power from a gyrotron to a magnetically confined plasma. The design and low-power testing of new and improved components for such systems and development of underlying theory is the focus of this project. Devising and improving component testing and diagnostic techniques is also an important part of this effort. The development of possible designs for sections of gyrotrons themselves, such as tapers or Vlasov-type launchers, in support of the Varian gyrotron development program is also considered when appropriate. We also provide support to other groups working on ECR heating of magnetically confined plasmas such as the groups at General Atomics, the University of Texas at Austin, and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. During the last year, we designed and had fabricated a two-dimensional Vlasov antenna system for a 110 GHz TE{sub 15,2} mode gyrotron for possible use at General Atomics. The system included the launcher section, a visor, main reflector, and focusing reflector. Programs to generate the tool-path profiles to cut the General Atomics'' Vlasov components on a milling machine were developed. We have also developed state-of-the art theory and programs for three-dimensional whispering-gallery-mode Vlasov antenna systems. A design for a 110 GHz TE{sub 01}-TE{sub 15,2} mode converter system for cold testing WGM Vlasov antenna systems was developed and is currently being fabricated also.
Vernon, R.J.
Hot-electron-driven charge transfer processes on O2 Pt,,111... surface probed by ultrafast extreme-ultraviolet pulses
it with an ultrafast laser pulse, charge transfer induced changes in the platinum-oxygen bond were observedHot-electron-driven charge transfer processes on O2 Ă?Pt,,111... surface probed by ultrafast extreme-ultraviolet pulses C. Lei,1, * M. Bauer,2 K. Read,1 R. Tobey,1 Y. Liu,3 T. Popmintchev,1 M. M. Murnane,1 and H. C
Bauer, Michael
Ultrafast single-electron transfer in coupled quantum dots driven by a few-cycle chirped pulse
We theoretically study the ultrafast transfer of a single electron between the ground states of a coupled double quantum dot (QD) structure driven by a nonlinear chirped few-cycle laser pulse. A time-dependent Schrödinger equation without the rotating wave approximation is solved numerically. We demonstrate numerically the possibility to have a complete transfer of a single electron by choosing appropriate values of chirped rate parameters and the intensity of the pulse. Even in the presence of the spontaneous emission and dephasing processes of the QD system, high-efficiency coherent transfer of a single electron can be obtained in a wide range of the pulse parameters. Our results illustrate the potential to utilize few-cycle pulses for the excitation in coupled quantum dot systems through the nonlinear chirp parameter control, as well as a guidance in the design of experimental implementation.
Yang, Wen-Xing, E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096 (China); Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan (China); Chen, Ai-Xi [Department of Applied Physics, School of Basic Science, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013 (China); Bai, Yanfeng [Department of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096 (China); Lee, Ray-Kuang [Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan (China)
Probing the Degradation Mechanisms in Electrolyte Solutions for Li-ion Batteries by In-Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy
One of the goals in the development of new battery technologies is to find new electrolytes with increased electrochemical stability. In-situ (scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM) using an electrochemical fluid cell provides the ability to rapidly and directly characterize electrode/electrolyte interfacial reactions under battery relevant electrochemical conditions. Furthermore, as the electron beam itself causes a localized electrochemical reaction when it interacts with the electrolyte, the breakdown products that occur during the first stages of battery operation can potentially be simulated and characterized using a straightforward in-situ liquid stage (without electrochemical biasing capabilities). In this paper, we have studied the breakdown of a range of inorganic/salt complexes that are used in state-of-the-art Li-ion battery systems. The results of the in-situ (S)TEM experiments matches with previous stability tests performed during battery operation and the breakdown products and mechanisms are also consistent with known mechanisms. This analysis indicates that in-situ liquid stage (S)TEM observations can be used to directly test new electrolyte designs and provide structural insights into the origin of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation mechanism.
Abellan Baeza, Patricia; Mehdi, Beata L.; Parent, Lucas R.; Gu, Meng; Park, Chiwoo; Xu, Wu; Zhang, Yaohui; Arslan, Ilke; Zhang, Jiguang; Wang, Chong M.; Evans, James E.; Browning, Nigel D.
Cs-Exchange in Birnessite: Raction Mechanisms Inferred from Time-Resolved X-ray Diffraction and Transmission Electron Microscopy
We have explored the exchange of Cs for interlayer Na in birnessite using several techniques, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and time-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD). Our goal was to test which of two possible exchange mechanisms is operative during the reaction: (1) diffusion of cations in and out of the interlayer or (2) dissolution of Na-birnessite and reprecipitation of Cs-birnessite. The appearance of distinct XRD peaks for Na- and Cs-rich phases in partially exchanged samples offered support for a simple diffusion model, but it was inconsistent with the compositional and crystallographic homogeneity of (Na,Cs)-birnessite platelets from core to rim as ascertained by TEM. Time-resolved XRD revealed systematic changes in the structure of the emergent Cs-rich birnessite phase during exchange, in conflict with a dissolution and reprecipitation model. Instead, we propose that exchange occurred by sequential delamination of Mn oxide octahedral sheets. Exfoliation of a given interlayer region allowed for wholesale replacement of Na by Cs and was rapidly followed by reassembly. This model accounts for the rapidity of metal exchange in birnessite, the co-existence of distinct Na- and Cs-birnessite phases during the process of exchange, and the uniformly mixed Na- and Cs-compositions ascertained from point analyses by selected area electron diffraction and energy dispersive spectroscopy of partially exchanged grains.
Lopano, C.; Heaney, P; Post, J
In-situ Study of Dynamic Phenomena at Metal Nanosolder Interfaces Using Aberration Corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microcopy.
Controlling metallic nanoparticle (NP) interactions plays a vital role in the development of new joining techniques (nanosolder) that bond at lower processing temperatures but remain viable at higher temperatures. The pr imary objective of this project is t o develop a fundamental understanding of the actual reaction processes, associated atomic mechanisms, and the resulting microstructure that occur during thermally - driven bond formation concerning metal - metal nano - scale (<50nm) interfaces. In this LDRD pr oject, we have studied metallic NPs interaction at the elevated temperatures by combining in - situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM ) using an aberration - corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (AC - STEM) and atomic - scale modeling such as m olecular dynamic (MD) simulations. Various metallic NPs such as Ag, Cu and Au are synthesized by chemical routines. Numerous in - situ e xperiments were carried out with focus of the research on study of Ag - Cu system. For the first time, using in - situ STEM he ating experiments , we directly observed t he formation of a 3 - dimensional (3 - D) epitaxial Cu - Ag core - shell nanoparticle during the thermal interaction of Cu and Ag NPs at elevated temperatures (150 - 300 o C). The reaction takes place at temperatures as low as 150 o C and was only observed when care was taken to circumvent the effects of electron beam irradiation during STEM imaging. Atomic - scale modeling verified that the Cu - Ag core - shell structure is energetically favored, and indicated that this phenomenon is a nano - scale effect related to the large surface - to - volume ratio of the NPs. The observation potentially can be used for developing new nanosolder technology that uses Ag shell as the %22glue%22 that stic ks the particles of Cu together. The LDRD has led to several journal publications and numerous conference presentations, and a TA. In addition, we have developed new TEM characterization techniques and phase - field modeling tools that can be used for future materials research at Sandia. Acknowledgeme nts This work was supported by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program of Sandia National Laboratories. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi - program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidia ry of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the US Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE - AC04 - 94AL85000.
Lu, Ping
Photoinduced electron transfer reactions in zeolite cages. Progress report, January 15, 1990--August 1, 1992
This report summarizes work in the two areas of zeolites and layered double hydroxides. Results of studies on structural aspects of Ru(bpy){sub 3}{sup 2+}-zeolite Y are summarized. Photoinduced electron transfer between entrapped Ru(bpy){sub 3}{sup 2+} and methylviologen (MV) in neighboring supercages was examined. Benzylviologen was also used. Since molecules larger than 13 {angstrom} cannot be accomodated in zeolite cages, the layered double metal hydroxides (LDH) LiAl{sub 2}(OH){sub 6}{sup +}X{sup {minus}} is being investigated. Organized assemblies of hydrophobic domains are made by introducing into the interlayer long-chain carboxylic acids R(CH{sub 2}){sub n}COOH. Zinc tetraphenylporphyrin sulfonate (ZnTPPS) is introduced into myristate-LiAl-LDH; photolysis of ZnTPPS-AiAl-LDH with MV{sup 2+} in solution was examined.
Desulfurization of organic sulfur from lignite by an electron transfer process
This study is an attempt to desulfurize organic sulfur from lignite samples with ferrocyanide ion as the electron transferring agent. Effect of temperature, particle size and concentration of ferrocyanide ion on desulfurization from the lignite samples has been investigated. The desulfurization process has been found to be continuous and gradually increases with increase of temperature from 298 to 368 K. The particle size has no significant impact on sulfur removal from the lignite samples. Particle size has no profound impact on the amount of sulfur removal. The desulfurization reaction has been found to be dependent on the concentration of potassium ferrocyanide. Gradual increase in the concentration of potassium ferrocyanide raised the magnitude of desulfurization, but at a higher concentration, the variation is not significant.
Demirbas, A. [Selcuk University, Konya (Turkey). Dept. for Chemical Engineering
Computational Methodologies and Physical Insights into Electronic Energy Transfer in Photosynthetic Light-Harvesting Complexes
We examine computational techniques and methodologies currently in use to explore electronic excitation energy transfer in the context of light-harvesting complexes in photosynthetic antenna systems, and comment on some new insights into the underlying physics. Advantages and pitfalls of these methodologies are discussed, as are some physical insights into the photosynthetic dynamics. By combining results from molecular modelling of the complexes (structural description) with an effective non-equilibrium statistical description (time evolution), we identify some general features, regardless of the particular distribution in the protein scaffold, that are central to light-harvesting dynamics and, that could ultimately be related to the high efficiency of the overall process. Based on these general common features, some possible new directions in the field are discussed.
Leonardo A. Pachon; Paul Brumer
Free energy, entropy and volume of activation for electron transfer reactions in a polar solvent
A continuum theory with account of cavity size fluctuations is employed to study free energy, volume and entropy of activation for nonadiabatic electron transfer (ET) reactions in polar solvents. By using a two-sphere cavity description, model calculations are performed for charge separation and recombination processes in acetonitrile under ambient conditions. It is found that the cavity size at the transition state varies with the free energy of reaction as well as with the thermodynamic conditions. In contrast to the Marcus theory predictions, the volume and entropy of activation show a monotonic behavior with the free energy of reaction and a strong correlation with each other. For example, for a given ET process, the volume and entropy of activation have the same sign. Their values for the charge separation and recombination processes are opposite in sign. These findings are in good qualitative agreement with measurements.
Manjari, Swati R.; Kim, Hyung J. [Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 (United States)
Investigation of Electron Transfer-Based Photonic and Electro-Optic Materials and Devices
Montanaâ??s state program began its sixth year in 2006. The projectâ??s research cluster focused on physical, chemical, and biological materials that exhibit unique electron-transfer properties. Our investigators have filed several patents and have also have established five spin-off businesses (3 MSU, 2 UM) and a research center (MT Tech). In addition, this project involved faculty and students at three campuses (MSU, UM, MT Tech) and has a number of under-represented students, including 10 women and 5 Native Americans. In 2006, there was an added emphasis on exporting seminars and speakers via the Internet from UM to Chief Dull Knife Community College, as well as work with the MT Department of Commerce to better educate our faculty regarding establishing small businesses, licensing and patent issues, and SBIR program opportunities.
Bromenshenk, Jerry J; Abbott, Edwin H; Dickensheets, David; Donovan, Richard P; Hobbs, J D; Spangler, Lee; McGuirl, Michele A; Spangler, Charles; Rebane, Aleksander; Rosenburg, Edward; Schmidt, V H; Singel, David J
Electron transfer reactions in microporous solids. Progress report, June 1991--May 1992
We have studied electron transfer quenching of the excited state of Ru(bpy){sub 3}{sup 2+} in aqueous suspensions of zeolites Y, L, and mordenite. The internal pore network of the zeolite is ion-exchanged with methylviologen cations, which quench the excited state of the surface-bound sensitizer. A detailed study of the quenching and charge recombination kinetics, using time-resolved luminescence quenching and transient diffuse reflectance spectroscopies, shows to remarkable effects: first, the excited state quenching is entirely dynamic is large-pore zeolites (L and Y), even when they are prepared as apparently ``dry`` powders (which still contain significant amounts of internally sited water). Second, a lower limit for the diffusion coefficient of the MV{sup 2+} ion in these zeolites, determined by this technique, is 10{sup {minus}7} cm{sup 2}sec, i.e., only about one order of magnitude slower than a typical ion in liquid water, and 2--3 orders of magnitude faster than charge transfer diffusion of cations in polyelectrolyte films or membranes such as Nafion. Surface sensitization of internally platinized layered oxide semiconductors such as K{sub 4-x}H{sub x}Nb{sub 6}O{sub 17}{center_dot}nH{sub 2}O (x {approx} 2.5) yields photocatalysts for the production of H{sub 2} and I{sub 3{minus}} in aqueous iodide solutions. Layered alkali niobates and titanates form a class of zeolitic wide-bandap semiconductors, and are the first examples of photocatalysts that evolve hydrogen from an electrochemically reversible (i.e., non-sacrificial) electron donor with visible light excitation.
Unusual mechanism for the short-range electron transfer within gold-alkanethiol-ionic-liquid films of subnanometer thickness
Exploiting nanoscopically tunable composite gold-alkanethiol-ionic-liquid/ferrocene self-assembled systems with tunable electron transfer distance, we discovered in the case of thinner alkanethiol films a thermally activated electron transfer pattern totally controlled by the viscosity-related slow relaxation mode(s) of the ionic liquid acting as the reactant's fluctuating environment. This pattern manifested through the activation enthalpy and volume parameters that are identical to those for viscous flow was explained in terms of the extreme adiabatic mechanism with a vanishing Marcus barrier (via the exponential Franck-Condon-like term approaching unity).
Khoshtariya, Dimitri E. [Department of Physics and Institute for Biophysics and Bionanosciences, I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, I. Chavchavadze Avenue 3, 0128 Tbilisi, Georgia (United States); Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen (Germany); Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Gotua 12, 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia (United States); Dolidze, Tina D. [Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen (Germany); Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Gotua 12, 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia (United States); Eldik, Rudi van [Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen (Germany)
Thermodynamic Prediction of Compositional Phases Confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy on Tantalum-Based Alloy Weldments
Tantalum alloys have been used by the U.S. Department of Energy as structural alloys for radioisotope based thermal to electrical power systems since the 1960s. Tantalum alloys are attractive for high temperature structural applications due to their high melting point, excellent formability, good thermal conductivity, good ductility (even at low temperatures), corrosion resistance, and weldability. Tantalum alloys have demonstrated sufficient high-temperature toughness to survive prolonged exposure to the radioisotope power-system working environment. Typically, the fabrication of power systems requires the welding of various components including the structural members made of tantalum alloys. Issues such as thermodynamics, lattice structure, weld pool dynamics, material purity and contamination, and welding atmosphere purity all potentially confound the understanding of the differences between the weldment properties of the different tantalum-based alloys. The objective of this paper is to outline the thermodynamically favorable material phases in tantalum alloys, with and without small amounts of hafnium, during and following solidification, based on the results derived from the FactSage(c) Integrated Thermodynamic Databank. In addition, Transition Electron Microscopy (TEM) data will show for the first time, the changes occurring in the HfC before and after welding, and the data will elucidate the role HfC plays in pinning grain boundaries.
Moddeman, William E.; Birkbeck, Janine C. [BWXT Pantex, Amarillo, Texas 79120-0020 (United States); Barklay, Chadwick D.; Kramer, Daniel P. [University of Dayton Research Institute, Dayton OH 45469-0102 (United States); Miller, Roger G.; Allard, Lawrence F. [Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6064 (United States)
Abstract--The increase in use of power electronics in transmission and distribution applications is the driving
is the driving force for development of high power devices. Utility applications like FACTS and HVDC require cost and compared for SiC and Si devices. These loss models are integrated with an HVDC transmission system to study of the systems. High Voltage DC (HVDC) transmission and Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) are the widely
Tolbert, Leon M.
Electron-transfer photochemistry of thianthrene. Nucleophile-assisted photooxidation to sulfoxide
The photochemistry of thianthrene (1) in the presence of a variety of electron acceptors in acetonitrile/water has been investigated. Diffusion-limited rates of fluorescence quenching were observed on excitation of 1 (with fumaronitrile and with methyl phthalate). Alternatively, addition of 1 led to quenching of the fluorescence emission of ketones, biacetyl, and fluorenone and to the quenching of the excited triplet states of quinones such as 2,5-dichloro-p-benzoquinone (5) and 9,10-anthraquinone (3). Steady irradiation of 1 with selected acceptors results in photooxidation yielding the sulfoxide (2) and the expected photoreduction products. The electron-transfer mechanisms were further studied by laser flash photolysis. The quenching of ketone triplets by 1 resulted in formation of the radical cation of 1([lambda][sub max]540 nm). The decay of this species and its dependence on the concentration of water present were determined; the bimolecular rate constant for trapping of 1[sup [center dot]+] by water in acetonitrile-water solution is 4.9 x 10[sup 4] M[sup [minus]1]s[sup [minus]1] under conditions in which 5 acts as a sensitizer. The nucleophilic trapping of the 1 radical cation by imidazole ([kappa] = 3.6 x 10[sup 7] M[sup [minus]1] s[sup [minus]1]) was also investigated. The mechanism of photoinduced two-electron oxidation of 1 and the role played by nucleophiles in facilitating the reaction are discussed in detail. 37 refs., 9 figs., 2 tabs.
Jones, G. II; Huang, B.; Griffin, S.F. (Boston Univ., MA (United States))
Inner-Sphere Electron-Transfer Single Iodide Mechanism for Dye Regeneration in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
the regeneration of the oxidized dye in dye-sensitized solar cells, the redox couple of I- /I3 - reduces the photo dye- sensitized solar cell (DSSC) in 1991,1 DSSCs have been considered as promising alternativesInner-Sphere Electron-Transfer Single Iodide Mechanism for Dye Regeneration in Dye-Sensitized Solar
Goddard III, William A.
Electron-Transfer from H-2 and Ar to Stored Multiply Charged Argon Ions Produced by Synchrotron Radiation
for collisions of He and Ne with doubly charged ions of the lanthanide series, La +, Ce +, etc. , the ionization poten- tials of multiply charged ions greatly exceed those of atoms or molecules with which they collide, so electron transfer from the neutral...
Kravis, S. D.; Church, David A.; Johnson, B. M.; Meron, M.; Jones, K. W.; Levin, J. C.; Sellin, I. A.; Azuma, Y.; Berrahmansour, N.; Berry, H. G.; Druetta, M.
1856 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES, VOL. 57, NO. 8, AUGUST 2010 Harvesting and Transferring Vertical Pillar Arrays of
1856 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES, VOL. 57, NO. 8, AUGUST 2010 Harvesting and Transferring Vertical Pillar Arrays of Single-Crystal Semiconductor Devices to Arbitrary Substrates Logeeswaran VJ, Aaron M. Katzenmeyer, and M. Saif Islam Abstract--Development of devices that can be fabricated
Islam, M. Saif
Laser-Energy Transfer and Enhancement of Plasma Waves and Electron Beams by Interfering High-Intensity Laser Pulses
Laser-Energy Transfer and Enhancement of Plasma Waves and Electron Beams by Interfering High-Intensity) The effects of interference due to crossed laser beams were studied experimentally in the high- intensity regime. Two ultrashort (400 fs), high-intensity (4 1017 and 1:6 1018 W=cm2) and 1 m wavelength laser
Umstadter, Donald
Improvement of windowed type environmental-cell transmission electron microscope for in situ observation of gas-solid interactions
We have developed an improved, windowed type environmental-cell (E-cell) transmission electron microscope (TEM) for in situ observation of gas-solid interactions, such as catalytic reactions at atmospheric pressure. Our E-cell TEM includes a compact E-cell specimen holder with mechanical stability, resulting in smoother introduction of the desired gases compared with previous E-cell TEMs. In addition, the gas control unit was simplified by omitting the pressure control function of the TEM pre-evacuation chamber. This simplification was due to the successful development of remarkably tough thin carbon films as the window material. These films, with a thickness of <10 nm, were found to withstand pressure differences >2 atm. Appropriate arrangement of the specimen position inside the E-cell provided quantitatively analyzable TEM images, with no disturbances caused by the windowed films. As an application, we used this E-cell TEM to observe the dynamic shape change in a catalytic gold nanoparticle supported on TiO{sub 2} during the oxidation of CO gas.
Kawasaki, Tadahiro [Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603 (Japan); PRESTO-JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012 (Japan); Ueda, Kouta [Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603 (Japan); Ichihashi, Mikio; Tanji, Takayoshi [EcoTopia Science Institute, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603 (Japan)
Atomic-resolution study of polarity reversal in GaSb grown on Si by scanning transmission electron microscopy
The atomic-resolved reversal of the polarity across an antiphase boundary (APB) was observed in GaSb films grown on Si by high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM). The investigation of the interface structure at the origin of the APB reveals that coalescence of two domains with Ga-prelayer and Sb-prelayer causes the sublattice reversal. The local strain and lattice rotation distributions of the APB, attributed to the discordant bonding length at the APB with the surrounding GaSb lattice, were further studied using the geometric phase analysis technique. The crystallographic characteristics of the APBs and their interaction with other planar defects were observed with HAADF-STEM. The quantitative agreement between experimental and simulated images confirms the observed polarities in the acquired HAADF-STEM data. The self-annihilation mechanism of the APBs is addressed based on the rotation induced by anti-site bonds and APBs' faceting.
Hosseini Vajargah, S.; Woo, S. Y.; Botton, G. A. [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7 (Canada); Brockhouse Institute for Material Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1 (Canada); Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1 (Canada); Ghanad-Tavakoli, S. [Centre for Emerging Device Technologies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7 (Canada); Kleiman, R. N.; Preston, J. S. [Brockhouse Institute for Material Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1 (Canada); Centre for Emerging Device Technologies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7 (Canada); Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7 (Canada)
Separating strain from composition in unit cell parameter maps obtained from aberration corrected high resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging
Based on the evaluation of lattice parameter maps in aberration corrected high resolution transmission electron microscopy images, we propose a simple method that allows quantifying the composition and disorder of a semiconductor alloy at the unit cell scale with high accuracy. This is realized by considering, next to the out-of-plane, also the in-plane lattice parameter component allowing to separate the chemical composition from the strain field. Considering only the out-of-plane lattice parameter component not only yields large deviations from the true local alloy content but also carries the risk of identifying false ordering phenomena like formations of chains or platelets. Our method is demonstrated on image simulations of relaxed supercells, as well as on experimental images of an In{sub 0.20}Ga{sub 0.80}N quantum well. Principally, our approach is applicable to all epitaxially strained compounds in the form of quantum wells, free standing islands, quantum dots, or wires.
Schulz, T.; Remmele, T.; Korytov, M.; Markurt, T.; Albrecht, M. [Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung, Max-Born-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin (Germany); Duff, A.; Lymperakis, L.; Neugebauer, J. [Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf (Germany); Chčze, C. [TopGaN Sp. z o.o., Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw (Poland); Skierbiszewski, C. [TopGaN Sp. z o.o., Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw (Poland); Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw (Poland)
Ultrafast heterogeneous electron transfer reactions: Comparative theoretical studies on time- and frequency-domain data
Recent theoretical studies on linear absorption spectra of dye-semiconductor systems [perylene attached to nanostructured TiO{sub 2}, L. Wang et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 9589 (2005)] are extended here in different respects. Since the systems show ultrafast photoinduced heterogeneous electron transfer the time-dependent formulation used to compute the absorbance is also applied to calculate the temporal evolution of the sub-100 fs charge injection dynamics after a 10 fs laser-pulse excitation. These studies complement our recent absorption spectra fit for two perylene bridge-anchor group TiO{sub 2} systems. Moreover, the time-dependent formulation of the absorbance is confronted with a frequency-domain description. The latter underlines the central importance of the self-energy caused by the coupling of the dye levels to the semiconductor band continuum. The used model is further applied to study the effect of different parameters such as (1) the dependence on the reorganization energies of the involved intramolecular transitions, (2) the effect of changing the transfer integral which couples the excited dye state with the band continuum, and (3) the effect of the concrete form of the semiconductor band density of states. Emphasis is also put on the case where the charge injection level of the dye is near or somewhat below the band edge. This nicely demonstrates the change from a structureless absorption to a well-resolved vibrational progression including characteristic shifts of the absorption lines which are a direct measure for the dye-semiconductor coupling.
Wang Luxia; Willig, Frank; May, Volkhard [Institut fuer Physik, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D-12489 Berlin (Germany); Hahn-Meitner-Institut, Abteilung Dynamik von Genzflaechenreaktionen, Glienicker Strasse 100, 14109 Berlin (Germany); Institut fuer Physik, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D-12489 Berlin (Germany)
Monitoring Long-Range Electron Transfer Pathways in Proteins by Stimulated Attosecond Broadband X-ray Raman Spectroscopy
Long-range electron transfer (ET) plays a key role in many biological energy conversion and synthesis processes. We show that nonlinear spectroscopy with attosecond X-ray pulses provides a real time movie of the evolving oxidation states and electron densities around atoms, and can probe these processes with high spatial and temporal resolution. This is demonstrated in a simulation study of the stimulated X-ray Raman (SXRS) signals in Re-modified azurin, which had long served as a benchmark for long-range ET in proteins. Nonlinear SXRS signals are sensitive to the local electronic structure and should offer a novel window for long-range ET.
Zhang, Yu; Biggs, Jason; Govind, Niranjan; Mukamel, Shaul
Surface plasmon enhanced interfacial electron transfer and resonance Raman, surface-enhanced resonance Raman studies of cytochrome C mutants
Surface plasmon resonance was utilized to enhance the electron transfer at silver/solution interfaces. Photoelectrochemical reductions of nitrite, nitrate, and CO{sub 2} were studied on electrochemically roughened silver electrode surfaces. The dependence of the photocurrent on photon energy, applied potential and concentration of nitrite demonstrates that the photoelectrochemical reduction proceeds via photoemission process followed by the capture of hydrated electrons. The excitation of plasmon resonances in nanosized metal structures resulted in the enhancement of the photoemission process. In the case of photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO{sub 2}, large photoelectrocatalytic effect for the reduction of CO{sub 2} was observed in the presence of surface adsorbed methylviologen, which functions as a mediator for the photoexcited electron transfer from silver metal to CO{sub 2} in solution. Photoinduced reduction of microperoxidase-11 adsorbed on roughened silver electrode was also observed and attributed to the direct photoejection of free electrons of silver metal. Surface plasmon assisted electron transfer at nanostructured silver particle surfaces was further determined by EPR method.
Zheng, Junwei
Photofragmentation in linked donor-acceptor molecules. Intramolecular single electron transfer induced cleavage of a 1,2-diamine
Two intramolecular donor-acceptor molecules which fragment by a single electron transfer initiated cation radical carbon-carbon bond cleavage have been synthesized and their photoreactivity studied. The intramolecular [open quotes]diads[close quotes] consist of a 1,2-diamine linked via an ester bond to either an anthraquinone or a 9,10-dicyanoanthracene electron-acceptor chromophore. As the covalent linkage between the donor and acceptor chromophores prevents solvent separation of the photogenerated radical ion pair, these systems provide a [open quotes]clock[close quotes] to examine directly competition between fragmentation and back electron transfer. The linked anthraquinone molecule fragments efficiently, with quantum yields approaching 80%, despite the inability of the photoproduced radical ions to separate. These high yields may be attributed to a slow, spin-forbidden back electron transfer and a rapid fragmentation. In contrast, the quantum yields for the dicyanoanthracene diad (reactive singlet) are markedly lower, less than 0.001 in benzene. The reactivity of comparable intermolecular donor-acceptor combinations is also reported. 54 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs.
Leon, J.W.; Whitten, D.G. (Univ. of Rochester, NY (United States))
Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) ytterbium: Electron-transfer reactions with organotransition metal complexes
The divalent lanthanide complex, (Me{sub 5}C{sub 5}){sub 2}Yb, reacts with methylcopper to produce the base-free, ytterbium-methyl complex, (Me{sub 5}C{sub 5}){sub 2}YbMe. This product forms a asymmetric, methyl-bridged dimer in the solid state. The bulky alkyl complex, (Me{sub 5}C{sub 5}){sub 2}YbCH(SiMe{sub 3}){sub 2}, displays similar chemistry to (Me{sub 5}C{sub 5}){sub 2}YbMe, but at a reduced reaction rate due to the limited accessibility of the metal in (Me{sub 5}C{sub 5}){sub 2}YbCH(SiMe{sub 3}){sub 2}. Copper and silver halide salts react with (Me{sub 5}C{sub 5}){sub 2}V to produce the trivalent halide derivatives, (Me{sub 5}C{sub 5}){sub 2}VX (X + F, Cl, Br, I). The chloride complex, (Me{sub 5}C{sub 5}){sub 2}VCl, reacts with lithium reagents to form the phenyl and borohydride species. Nitrous oxide transfers an oxygen atom to (Me{sub 5}C{sub 5}){sub 2}V producing the vanadium-oxo complex, (Me{sub 5}Ce{sub 5}){sub 2}VO. The trivalent titanium species, (Me{sub 5}C{sub 5}){sub 2}TiX (X = Cl, Br, Me, BH{sub 4}), form bimetallic coordination complexes with (Me{sub 5}C{sub 5}){sub 2}Yb. The magnetic behavior of the products indicates that electron transfer has not occurred. The solid state structures of the chloride and bromide complexes show unusual bend angles for the halide bridges between ytterbium and titanium. A model based on frontier orbital theory has been proposed to account for the bending behavior in these species. The bimetallic methyl complex contains a linear methyl bridge between ytterbium and titanium.
Matsunaga, P.T.
Application of Momentum Transfer Theory for Ion and Electron Transport in Pure Gases and in Gas Mixtures
In this paper we have presented two applications of Momentum Transfer Theory (MTT), which were both aimed at obtaining reliable data for modeling of non-equilibrium plasma. Transport properties of ion swarms in presence of Resonant Charge Transfer (RCT) collisions are studied using Momentum Transfer Theory (MTT). Using the developed MTT we tested a previously available anisotropic set of cross-sections for Ar++Ar collisions bay making the comparisons with the available data for the transverse diffusion coefficient. We also developed an anisotropic set of Ne++Ne integral cross-sections based on the available data for mobility, longitudinal and transverse diffusion. Anisotropic sets of cross-sections are needed for Monte Carlo simulations of ion transport and plasma models. Application of Blanc's Law for drift velocities of electrons and ions in gas mixtures at arbitrary reduced electric field strengths E/n0 was studied theoretically and by numerical examples. Corrections for Blanc's Law that include effects of inelastic collisions were derived. In addition we have derived the common mean energy procedure that was proposed by Chiflikian in a general case both for ions and electrons. Both corrected common E/n0 and common mean energy procedures provide excellent results even for electrons at moderate E/n0 where application of Blanc's Law was regarded as impossible. In mixtures of two gases that have negative differential conductivity (NDC) even when neither of the two pure gases show NDC the Blanc's Law procedure was able to give excellent predictions.
Jovanovic, J.V. [Institute of Physics, P.O.Box 68, 11080 Zemun, Belgrade (Serbia and Montenegro); Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, 11000 Belgrade (Serbia and Montenegro); Vrhovac, S. B. [Institute of Physics, P.O.Box 68, 11080 Zemun, Belgrade (Serbia and Montenegro)
A joint x-ray and neutron study on amicyanin reveals the role of protein dynamics in electron transfer
The joint x-ray/neutron diffraction model of the Type I copper protein, amicyanin from Paracoccus denitrificans was determined at 1.8 {angstrom} resolution. The protein was crystallized using reagents prepared in D{sub 2}O. About 86% of the amide hydrogen atoms are either partially or fully exchanged, which correlates well with the atomic depth of the amide nitrogen atom and the secondary structure type, but with notable exceptions. Each of the four residues that provide copper ligands is partially deuterated. The model reveals the dynamic nature of the protein, especially around the copper-binding site. A detailed analysis of the presence of deuterated water molecules near the exchange sites indicates that amide hydrogen exchange is primarily due to the flexibility of the protein. Analysis of the electron transfer path through the protein shows that residues in that region are highly dynamic, as judged by hydrogen/deuterium exchange. This could increase the rate of electron transfer by transiently shortening through-space jumps in pathways or by increasing the atomic packing density. Analysis of C-H{hor_ellipsis}X bonding reveals previously undefined roles of these relatively weak H bonds, which, when present in sufficient number can collectively influence the structure, redox, and electron transfer properties of amicyanin.
Sukumar, N.; Mathews, F.S.; Langan, P.; Davidson, V.L. (Cornell); (UMMC); (WU-MED); (LANL)
Study of intermediates from transition metal excited-state electron-transfer reactions. [Annual] progress report, August 1, 1989--July 31, 1992
Solid State Electron Transfer via Bacterial Nanowires: Contributions Toward a Mechanistic Understanding of Geophysical Response of Biostimulated Subsurface
The degradation of organic matter by microorganisms provides a source of electrical potential or so-called 'self potential' (SP) that can be measured by using a voltmeter. During this process electrons are being produced as a waste-product and bacterial cells have to dispose of these to allow for the complete biodegradation of organic matter. Especially in anaerobic microbial communities, exo-cellular electron transfer is the most important driving force behind this process and organisms have developed different, but also similar, ways to transfer electrons to other microorganisms. Recently, it has been postulated that direct electron transfer from cell-to-cell is actually done by 'hard-wired' microorganisms. This shuttling of electrons is most likely done by certain c-type cytochromes that form the functional part of electrically conductive nanowires. In this study we investigated if nanowires can explain the geoelectrical (self potential and spectral induced polarization) signals observed at some biostimulated environments such as DOE sites. The objectives of our project are to: (1) investigate any temporal changes in the geophysical signatures (Self Potential (SP) and Induced Polarization (IP)) associated with nanowires of the bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, wild type and mtrc/omcA deletion mutant, (2) demonstrate that mutant strains of bacteria that produce nonconductive nanowires do not contribute to geoelectrical responses. We accomplished the following: (1) Provided training to students and a postdoctoral fellow that worked on the project, (2) Conducted several SP & IP measurements correlating the distribution of nanowires and SIP/SP signals in partial fulfillment of object No. 1 and 2. On the following we will report and discuss the results of our last experiment with some emphasis on the source mechanisms of both SP and IP associated with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, wild type in sand columns.
Estella Atekwana
Kinetics and mechanism of bimolecular electron transfer reaction in quinone-amine systems in micellar solution
Photoinduced electron transfer (ET) reactions between anthraquinone derivatives and aromatic amines have been investigated in sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) micellar solutions. Significant static quenching of the quinone fluorescence due to high amine concentration in the micellar phase has been observed in steady-state measurements. The bimolecular rate constants for the dynamic quenching in the present systems k{sub q}{sup TR}, as estimated from the time-resolved measurements, have been correlated with the free energy changes {delta}G{sup 0} for the ET reactions. Interestingly it is seen that the k{sub q}{sup TR} vs {delta}G{sup 0} plot displays an inversion behavior with maximum k{sub q}{sup TR} at around 0.7 eV, a trend similar to that predicted in Marcus ET theory. Like the present results, Marcus inversion in the k{sub q}{sup TR} values was also observed earlier in coumarin-amine systems in SDS and TX-100 micellar solutions, with maximum k{sub q}{sup TR} at around the same exergonicity. These results thus suggest that Marcus inversion in bimolecular ET reaction is a general phenomenon in micellar media. Present observations have been rationalized on the basis of the two-dimensional ET (2DET) theory, which seems to be more suitable for micellar ET reactions than the conventional ET theory. For the quinone-amine systems, it is interestingly seen that k{sub q}{sup TR} vs {delta}G{sup 0} plot is somewhat wider in comparison to that of the coumarin-amine systems, even though the maxima in the k{sub q}{sup TR} vs {delta}G{sup 0} plots appear at almost similar exergonicity for both the acceptor-donor systems. These observations have been rationalized on the basis of the differences in the reaction windows along the solvation axis, as envisaged within the framework of the 2DET theory, and arise due to the differences in the locations of the quinones and coumarin dyes in the micellar phase.
Kumbhakar, Manoj; Nath, Sukhendu; Mukherjee, Tulsi; Pal, Haridas [Radiation Chemistry and Chemical Dynamics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085 (India)
United States-Mexico electricity transfers: Of alien electrons and the migration of undocumented environmental burdens
This article intends to set forth the necessity for reform in the United States policy and procedures regarding approval of power transfers between the United States and Mexico. In order to do this, the article will review the history of electrical power transfers between the United States and Mexico (Part II), analyze recent regulatory changes in the United States and Mexico which may result in increased power exports to Mexico (Part III), evaluate the extent to which the present permit and authorization system in the United States considers the increased environmental burden of such power transfers (Part IV), and, where appropriate, propose some procedural and policy reforms that could take into account the environmental burdens generated by the production of power destined for transfer across the United States-Mexico border (Part V).
Gandara, A. [Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States)
STRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES ON CdTe/CdS THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS WITH ANALYTICAL TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
STRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES ON CdTe/CdS THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS WITH ANALYTICAL TRANSMISSION, A. N. Tiwari Thin Film Physics Group, Laboratory for Solid State Physics, Technopark ETH-Building, Technoparkstr. 1, CH-8005 Zurich, Switzerland ABSTRACT: CdTe/CdS thin ÂŁlm solar cells have been grown by closed
Romeo, Alessandro
Development of a Proteoliposome Model to Probe Transmembrane Electron-Transfer Reactions
The mineral respiring bacterium Shewanella oneidensis uses a protein complex, MtrCAB, composed of two decaheme cytochromes brought together inside a transmembrane porin to transport electrons across the outer membrane to a variety of mineral-based electron acceptors. A proteoliposome system has been developed that contains methyl viologen (MV) as an internalised electron acceptor and valinomycin (V) as a membrane associated cation exchanger. These proteoliposomes can be used as a model system to investigate MtrCAB function.
White, Gaye F.; Shi, Zhi; Shi, Liang; Dohnalkova, Alice; Fredrickson, Jim K.; Zachara, John M.; Butt, Julea N.; Richardson, David J.; Clarke, Thomas
Nano-scale luminescence characterization of individual InGaN/GaN quantum wells stacked in a microcavity using scanning transmission electron microscope cathodoluminescence
Using cathodoluminescence spectroscopy directly performed in a scanning transmission electron microscope at liquid helium temperatures, the optical and structural properties of a 62 InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well embedded in an AlInN/GaN based microcavity are investigated at the nanometer scale. We are able to spatially resolve a spectral redshift between the individual quantum wells towards the surface. Cathodoluminescence spectral linescans allow directly visualizing the critical layer thickness in the quantum well stack resulting in the onset of plastic relaxation of the strained InGaN/GaN system.
Schmidt, Gordon, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Müller, Marcus; Veit, Peter; Bertram, Frank; Christen, Jürgen [Institute of Experimental Physics, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg (Germany); Glauser, Marlene; Carlin, Jean-François; Cosendey, Gatien; Butté, Raphaël; Grandjean, Nicolas [Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne (Switzerland)
A trans-outer membrane porin-cytochrome protein complex for extracellular electron transfer by Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA
The multiheme, outer membrane c-type cytochrome (c-Cyt) OmcB of Geobacter sulfurreducens was previously proposed to mediate electron transfer across the outer membrane. However, the underlying mechanism has remained uncharacterized. In G. sulfurreducens, the omcB gene is part of two tandem four-gene clusters, each is predicted to encode a transcriptional factor (OrfR/OrfS), a porin-like outer membrane protein (OmbB/OmbC), a periplasmic c-type cytochrome (OmaB/OmaC), and an outer membrane c-Cyt (OmcB/OmcC), respectively. Here we showed that OmbB/OmbC, OmaB/OmaC and OmcB/OmcC of G. sulfurreducens PCA formed the porin-cytochrome (Pcc) protein complexes, which were involved in transferring electrons across the outer membrane. The isolated Pcc protein complexes reconstituted in proteoliposomes transferred electrons from reduced methyl viologen across the lipid bilayer of liposomes to Fe(III)-citrate and ferrihydrite. The pcc clusters were found in all eight sequenced Geobacter and 11 other bacterial genomes from six different phyla, demonstrating a widespread distribution of Pcc protein complexes in phylogenetically diverse bacteria. Deletion of ombB-omaB-omcB-orfS-ombC-omaC-omcC gene clusters had no impact on the growth of G. sulfurreducens PCA with fumarate, but diminished the ability of G. sulfurreducens PCA to reduce Fe(III)-citrate and ferrihydrite. Complementation with the ombB-omaB-omcB gene cluster restored the ability of G. sulfurreducens PCA to reduce Fe(III)-citrate and ferrihydrite.
Liu, Yimo; Wang, Zheming; Liu, Juan; Levar, Caleb; Edwards, Marcus; Babauta, Jerome T.; Kennedy, David W.; Shi, Zhi; Beyenal, Haluk; Bond, Daniel R.; Clarke, Thomas A.; Butt, Julea N.; Richardson, David J.; Rosso, Kevin M.; Zachara, John M.; Fredrickson, Jim K.; Shi, Liang
Chemical Bonding: The Classical Description sharing or transferring electrons between atoms
new arrangements of electrons with lower total potential energy than isolated atoms covalent ionic, actinides, metal, non-metal, semi-metal #12;IONIZATION ENERGY : a measure of the stability of the electron Existence of the SHELLExistence of the SHELL 3.2 Ionization Energies and the Shell Model of Atom #12
Ihee, Hyotcherl
Activationless electron transfer through the hydrophobic core of cytochrome c oxidase
, and reorganization energy . reflects the nuclear rearrangement of the redox partners and their environment associated breaking. We discuss that low- G, low- reactions are common for efficiently channeling electrons through is characterized by a hypersurface that relates the potential energy of the electronic state to the nuclear coordi
Blinking suppression of CdTe quantum dots on epitaxial graphene and the analysis with Marcus electron transfer
We have prepared epitaxial graphene by a Si sublimation method from 4H-SiC. Single-particle spectroscopy of CdTe quantum dots (QDs) on epitaxial graphene covered with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or polyethylene glycol (PEG) showed the suppression of luminescence blinking and ?10 times decreased luminescence intensity as compared with those on a glass. The electronic coupling constant, H{sub 01}, between CdTe QDs and graphene was calculated to be (3.3?±?0.4)?×?10{sup 2?}cm{sup ?1} in PVP and (3.7?±?0.8)?×?10{sup 2?}cm{sup ?1} in PEG based on Marcus theory of electron transfer and Tang-Marcus model of blinking with statistical distribution.
Hirose, Takuya; Tamai, Naoto, E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337 (Japan); Kutsuma, Yasunori; Kurita, Atsusi; Kaneko, Tadaaki [Department of Physics, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337 (Japan)
Photoinduced Electron Transfer and Solvation in Iodide-doped Acetonitrile Clusters Oli T. Ehrler, Graham B. Griffin, Ryan M. Young, and Daniel M. Neumark*
Photoinduced Electron Transfer and Solvation in Iodide-doped Acetonitrile Clusters Oli T. Ehrler acetonitrile clusters I- (CH3CN)n with n ) 5-10. Strong modulations of vertical detachment energies were of the I atom leaving the cavity and rearrangement of the acetonitrile molecules to solvate the electron
Neumark, Daniel M.
Theoretical and simulation tools for electron transfer and chain reactions in single walled carbon nanotubes
Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) are cylindrical sheets of graphene whose electronic structures and diameters are determined by their chiralities. Current synthetic methods produce batches of nanotubes containing a ...
Nair, Nitish
Electrogenic events associated with electron and proton transfers within the cytochrome b6/f complex
and plastocyanin in the oxygen evolving apparatus. The cyt b/f complex includes four electron carriers. Cyt f separations occurring at the level of reaction centers [4]. Phase a is followed by a slower phase (phase b
Excited states and electron transfer in solution : models based on density functional theory
Our understanding of organic materials for solar energy conversion stands to benefit greatly from accurate, computationally tractable electronic structure methods for excited states. Here we apply two approaches based on ...
Kowalczyk, Timothy Daniel
pH-Dependent Reduction Potentials and Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Mechanisms in Hydrogen-Producing Nickel Molecular Electrocatalysts
The nickel-based Ph Bz 2 2 P N electrocatalysts, which are comprised of a nickel atom and two 1,5-dibenzyl-3,7-diphenyl-1,5-diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctane ligands, have been shown to effectively catalyze H2 production in acetonitrile. Recent electrochemical experiments revealed a linear dependence of the NiII/I reduction potential on pH, suggesting a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reaction. In the proposed mechanism, the catalytic cycle begins with a PCET process involving electrochemical electron transfer to the nickel center and intermolecular proton transfer from an acid to the pendant amine ligand. This paper presents quantum mechanical calculations of this PCET process to examine the thermodynamics of the sequential mechanisms, in which either the electron or the proton transfers first (ET–PT and PT–ET, respectively), and the concerted mechanism (EPT). The favored mechanism depends on a balance among many factors, including the acid strength, association free energy for the acid–catalyst complex, PT free energy barrier, and ET reduction potential. The ET reduction potential is less negative after PT, favoring the PT–ET mechanism, and the association free energy is less positive after reduction, favoring the ET–PT mechanism. The calculations, along with analysis of the experimental data, indicate that the sequential ET–PT mechanism is favored for weak acids because of the substantial decrease in the association free energy after reduction. For strong acids, however, the PT–ET mechanism may be favored because the association free energy is somewhat smaller and PT is more thermodynamically favorable. The concerted mechanism could also occur, particularly for intermediate acid strengths. In the context of the entire catalytic cycle for H2 production, the initial PCET process involving intermolecular PT has a more negative reduction potential than the subsequent PCET process involving intramolecular PT. As a result, the second PCET should occur spontaneously, which is consistent with cyclic voltammogram experiments. This research was supported as part of the Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences.
Horvath, Samantha; Fernandez, Laura; Appel, Aaron M.; Hammes-Schiffer, Sharon
Final Report: The Impact of Carbonate on Surface Protonation, Electron Transfer and Crystallization Reactions in Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Colloids
This project addresses key issues of importance in the geochemical behavior of iron oxides and in the geochemical cycling of carbon and iron. For Fe, we are specifically studying the influence of carbonate on electron transfer reactions, solid phase transformations, and the binding of carbonate to reactive sites on the edges of particles. The emphasis on carbonate arises because it is widely present in the natural environment, is known to bind strongly to oxide surfaces, is reactive on the time scales of interest, and has a speciation driven by acid-base reactions. The geochemical behavior of carbonate strongly influences global climate change and CO{sub 2} sequestration technologies. Our goal is to answer key questions with regards to specific site binding, electron transfer reactions, and crystallization reactions of iron oxides that impact both the geochemical cycling of iron and CO{sub 2} species. Our work is focused on the molecular level description of carbonate chemistry in solution including the prediction of isotope fractionation factors. We have also done work on critical atmospheric species.
Dixon, David Adams [The University of Alabama
Photoelectrochemistry in particulate systems. 7. Electron-transfer reactions of indium sulfide semiconductor colloids
Small semiconductor colloids of In/sub 2/S/sub 3/ have been prepared in aqueous and nonaqueous media and their absorption properties characterized. A transient photobleaching and formation of S/sup .-/ and S/sub 2/H/sub 2//sup .-/ radicals have been observed upon laser pulse (355 nm) excitation of these colloids. With the aid of transient absorption spectra, the anodic corrosion process in these semiconductor colloids has been elucidated by using laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis techniques. With the use of a zwitterionic viologen compound, the interfacial charge-transfer process at the semiconductor surface has been studied. The quantum yield for the reduction of zwitterionic viologen was 0.07, which is similar to the value obtained with other metal chalcogenide semiconductor colloids. The microenvironment of the stabilizer (Nafion) influenced the charge-transfer process between the semiconductor and the redox decay.
Kamat, P.V.; Dimitrijevic, N.M.; Fessenden, R.W.
Power Electronics for Distributed Energy Systems and Transmission and Distribution Applications: Assessing the Technical Needs for Utility Applications
Power electronics can provide utilities the ability to more effectively deliver power to their customers while providing increased reliability to the bulk power system. In general, power electronics is the process of using semiconductor switching devices to control and convert electrical power flow from one form to another to meet a specific need. These conversion techniques have revolutionized modern life by streamlining manufacturing processes, increasing product efficiencies, and increasing the quality of life by enhancing many modern conveniences such as computers, and they can help to improve the delivery of reliable power from utilities. This report summarizes the technical challenges associated with utilizing power electronics devices across the entire spectrum from applications to manufacturing and materials development, and it provides recommendations for research and development (R&D) needs for power electronics systems in which the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) could make a substantial impact toward improving the reliability of the bulk power system.
Tolbert, L.M.
Nanowires, Capacitors, and Other Novel Outer-Surface Components Involved in Electron Transfer to Fe(III) Oxides in Geobacter Species
The overall goal of this project was to better understand the mechanisms by which Geobacter species transfer electrons outside the cell onto Fe(III) oxides. The rationale for this study was that Geobacter species are often the predominant microorganisms involved in in situ uranium bioremediation and the growth and activity of the Geobacter species during bioremediation is primarily supported by electron transfer to Fe(III) oxides. These studies greatly expanded the understanding of electron transfer to Fe(III). Novel concepts developed included the potential role of microbial nanowires for long range electron transfer in Geobacter species and the importance of extracytoplasmic cytochromes functioning as capacitors to permit continued electron transfer during the hunt for Fe(III) oxide. Furthermore, these studies provided target sequences that were then used in other studies to tract the activity of Geobacter species in the subsurface through monitoring the abundance of gene transcripts of the target genes. A brief summary of the major accomplishments of the project is provided.
Lovley, Derek, R.
Comparison of Interfacial Electron Transfer through Carboxylate and Phosphonate Anchoring Groups
in many molecule-based devices such as molecular electronics1 and dye-sensitized solar cells.2 Although of anchoring group on the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) has also been investigated. So far) was found to be 30% less.8 In the latter cells, the sensitizer molecules wer
Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics Study of Electron Transfer from Alizarin to the Hydrated Ti4+ Ion
The dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cell, also known as the Gra¨tzel cell, is a promising alternative that forms the basis of the Gra¨tzel type solar cell. The experimental data and electronic structure to the more costly traditional solar cell.1-5 It employs organic or transition-metal- based chromophores
Vectorial electron transfer in spatially ordered arrays. Progress report, January 1991--December 1991
Photoinduced electron transfer from rail to rung within a self-assembled oligomeric porphyrin ladderw
from an oligomer (rail) to the center of a terminal tetrazine (rung), with the remaining hole being-pyridyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine, DPT). The studies employed absorption, fluorescence, transient absorption-linked porphyrin trimers (rails) and tetrazine species (rungs) are the electron donors and acceptors, respectively
Electron Transfer Reactivity Patterns at Chemically Modified Electrodes: Fundamentals and Application to the Optimization of Redox Recycling Amplification Systems
Electroanalytical chemistry is often utilized in chemical analysis and Fundamental studies. Important advances have been made in these areas since the advent of chemically modified electrodes: the coating of an electrode with a chemical film in order to impart desirable, and ideally, predictable properties. These procedures enable the exploitation of unique reactivity patterns. This dissertation presents studies that investigate novel reaction mechanisms at self-assembled monolayers on gold. In particular, a unique electrochemical current amplification scheme is detailed that relies on a selective electrode to enable a reactivity pattern that results in regeneration of the analyte (redox recycling). This regenerating reaction can occur up to 250 times for each analyte molecule, leading to a notable enhancement in the observed current. The requirements of electrode selectivity and the resulting amplification and detection limit improvements are described with respect to the heterogeneous and homogeneous electron transfer rates that characterize the system. These studies revealed that the heterogeneous electrolysis of the analyte should ideally be electrochemically reversible, while that for the regenerating agent should be held to a low level. Moreover, the homogeneous reaction that recycles the analyte should occur at a rapid rate. The physical selectivity mechanism is also detailed with respect to the properties of the electrode and redox probes utilized. It is shown that partitioning of the analyte into/onto the adlayer leads to the extraordinary selectivity of the alkanethiolate monolayer modified electrode. Collectively, these studies enable a thorough understanding of the complex electrode mechanism required for successful redox recycling amplification systems, Finally, in a separate (but related) study, the effect of the akyl chain length on the heterogeneous electron transfer behavior of solution-based redox probes is reported, where an odd-even oscillation (with respect to the number of methylene units in the alkyl chain) was observed. Characterization of the adlayers by infrared reflection spectroscopy, ellipsometry, and wetting revealed odd-even effects in the orientation of the terminal methyl group and hydrophobic character of the adlayers. Using these structural characterizations as a basis, several possible mechanisms that can account for the odd-even effect in the heterogeneous electron transfer rates of solution-based redox couples are discussed.
Adam Johan Bergren
Study of intermediates from transition metal excited-state electron-transfer reactions. Progress report, August 1, 1989--December 31, 1991
Reorganization asymmetry of electron transfer in ferroelectric media and principles of artificial photosynthesis
This study considers electronic transitions within donor-acceptor complexes dissolved in media with macroscopic polarization. The change of the polarizability of the donor-acceptor complex in the course of electronic transition couples to the reaction field of the polar environment and the electric field created by the macroscopic polarization. An analytical theory developed to describe this situation predicts a significant asymmetry of the reorganization energy between charge separation and charge recombination transitions. This result is proved by Monte Carlo simulations of a model polarizable diatomic dissolved in a ferroelectric fluid of soft dipolar spheres. The ratio of the reorganization energies for the forward and backward reactions up to a factor of 25 is obtained in the simulations. This result, as well as the effect of the macroscopic electric field, is discussed in application to the design of efficient photosynthetic devices.
Dmitry V. Matyushov
A transmission electron microscopy study of the deformation behavior underneath nanoindents in nano-scale Al-TiN multilayered composites
Nano-scale multilayered Al-TiN composites were deposited with DC magnetron sputtering technique in two different layer thickness ratios - Al:TiN = 1:1 and Al:TiN = 9:1. The Al layer thickness varied from 2 nm to 450 nm. The hardness of the samples was tested by nanoindentation using a Berkovich tip. Cross-sectional Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) was carried out on samples extracted with Focused Ion Beam (FIB) from below the nanoindents. This paper presents the results of the hardness tests in the Al-TiN multilayers with the two different thickness ratios and the observations from the cross-sectional TEM studies of the regions underneath the indents. These studies showed remarkable strength in the multilayers, as well as some very interesting deformation behavior in the TiN layers at extremely small length scales, where the hard TiN layers undergo co-deformation with the Al layers.
Bhattacharyya, Dhriti [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Mara, Nathan A [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Dickerson, Patricia O [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Misra, Amit [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Hoagland, R G [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Watching Electrons Transfer from Metals to Insulators using Two Photon Photoemission
Ultrafast angle-resolved two photon photoemission was used to study the dynamics and interfacial band structure of ultrathin films adsorbed onto Ag(111). Studies focused on the image potential state (IPS) in each system as a probe for measuring changes in electronic behavior in differing environments. The energetics and dynamics of the IPS at the toluene/Ag(111) interface are strongly dependent upon coverage. For a single monolayer, the first IPS is bound by 0.81 eV below the vacuum level and has a lifetime of 50 femtoseconds (fs). Further adsorption of toluene creates islands of toluene with an exposed wetting layer underneath. The IPS is then split into two peaks, one corresponding to the islands and one corresponding to the monolayer. The wetting layer IPS shows the same dynamics as the monolayer, while the lifetime of the islands increases exponentially with increasing thickness. Furthermore, the island IPS transitions from delocalized to localized within 500 fs, and electrons with larger parallel momenta decay much faster. Attempts were made using a stochastic model to extract the rates of localization and intraband cooling at differing momenta. In sexithiophene (6T) and dihexyl-sexithiophene (DH6T), the IPS was used as a probe to see if the nuclear motion of spectating side chains can interfere with molecular conduction. The energy and band mass of the IPS was measured for 6T and two geometries of DH6T on Ag(111). Electrons injected into the thicker coverages of DH6T grew exponentially heavier until they were completely localized by 230 fs, while those injected into 6T remained nearly free electron like. Based off of lifetime arguments and the density of defects, the most likely cause for the mass enhancement of the IPS in this system is small polaron formation caused by coupling of the electron to vibrations of the alkyl substituents. The energetic relaxation of the molecular adsorbate was also measured to be 20 meV/100 fs for the DH6T, and 0 meV/100 fs for the 6T. This relaxation is consistent with the localization of the charge creating a barrier for it moving from one lattice site to a neighboring one. Finally, the IPS was used to study the evolution of the surface band gap at the Mg/Ag(111) interface. The Mg(0001) surface band gap lies 1.6 eV below the Fermi level, and consequently shows no peak in the projected density of states for the IPS. A method for creating layer by layer growth of Mg on Ag(111) was determined using Auger Spectroscopy and low energy electron diffraction. By monitoring the decay of the intensity of the IPS versus coverage, it was determined that four layers of magnesium on Ag(111) is sufficient to completely eliminate the surface band gap
Johns, James E.
Probing Electron Transfer Dynamics at MgO Surfaces by Mg-Atom Desorption. |
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The role of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 outer surface structures in extracellular electron transfer
Shewanella oneidensis is a facultative anaerobe that uses more than 14 different terminal electron acceptors for respiration. These include metal oxides and hydroxyoxides, and toxic metals such as uranium and chromium. Mutants deficient in metal reduction were isolated using the mariner transposon derivative, minihimar RB1. These included mutants with transposon insertions in the prepilin peptidase and type II secretion system genes. All mutants were deficient in Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction, and exhibited slow growth when DMSO was used as the electron acceptor. The genome sequence of S. oneidensis contains one prepilin peptidase gene, pilD. A similar prepilin peptidase that may function in the processing of type II secretion prepilins was not found. Single and multiple chromosomal deletions of four putative type IV pilin genes did not affect Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction. These results indicate that PilD in S. oneidensis is responsible for processing both type IV and type II secretion prepilin proteins. Type IV pili do not appear to be required for Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction.
Bouhenni, Rachida; Vora, Gary J.; Biffinger, Justin C.; Shirodkar, Sheetal; Brockman, K. L.; Ray, Ricky; Wu, Peter; Johnson, Brandy J.; Biddle, E. M.; Marshall, Matthew J.; Fitzgerald, Lisa A.; Little, Brenda; Fredrickson, Jim K.; Beliaev, Alex S.; Ringeisen, Bradley R.; Saffarini, Daad
While mechanistic details of dissimilatory metal reduction are far from being understood, it is postulated that the electron transfer to solid metal oxides is mediated by outer membrane-associated c-type cytochromes and redox active electron shuttling compounds. This study focuses on the production of homogensitate in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, an intermediate of tyrosine degradation pathway, which is a precursor of a redox cycling metabolite, pyomelanin. In this study, we determined that two enzymes involved in this pathway, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (4HPPD) and homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase are responsible for homogentisate production and oxidation, respectively. Inhibition of 4-HPPD activity with the specific inhibitor sulcotrione (2-(2-chloro-4-methane sulfonylbenzoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione), and deletion of melA, a gene encoding 4-HPPD, resulted in no pyomelanin production by S. oneidensis MR-1. Conversely, deletion of hmgA which encodes the putative homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, resulted in pyomelanin overproduction. The efficiency and rates, with which MR-1 reduces hydrous ferric oxide, were directly linked to the ability of mutant strains to produce pyomelanin. Electrochemical studies with whole cells demonstrated that pyomelanin substantially increases the formal potential (E{sup o}{prime}) of S. oneidensis MR-1. Based on this work, environmental production of pyomelanin likely contributes to an increased solid-phase metal reduction capacity in Shewanella oneidensis.
Turick, C; Amy Ekechukwu, A
More stable hybrid organic solar cells deposited on amorphous Si electron transfer layer
We report on defect densities, performance, and stability of organic/inorganic hybrid solar cells produced using n-doped inorganic amorphous silicon-carbide layers as the electron transport layer (ETL). The organic material was poly-3-hexyl-thiophene (P3HT) and heterojunction was formed using phenyl-C{sub 71}-Butyric-Acid-Methyl Ester (PCBM). For comparison, inverted solar cells fabricated using Cs{sub 2}CO{sub 3} as ETL were fabricated. Defect densities and subgap quantum efficiency curves were found to be nearly identical for both types of cells. The cells were subjected to 2xsun illumination and it was found that the cells produced using doped a-Si as ETL were much more stable than the cells produced using Cs{sub 2}CO{sub 3}.
Samiee, Mehran; Modtland, Brian; Dalal, Vikram L., E-mail: email@example.com [Iowa State University, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ames, Iowa 50011 (United States); Aidarkhanov, Damir [Nazarbayev University, Astana (Kazakhstan)
A technique for the observation of rapid solidification and annealing of powders in a transmission electron microscope
In the recent past, there has been considerable interest in the general area of rapid solidification processing (RSP). It is highly desirable to be able to make observations of not only the as-solidified microstructure of RSP materials, but also to determine its response to thermal excursions. This paper describes a new technique for in-situ studies of such processes where the electron beam in a TEM is used not only for imaging, diffraction and analytical purposes, but also as a local heating source. Thus, when making observations on submicron powders, produced by electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHD), it is possible to anneal and even melt particulate by focusing the electron beam in a controlled manner. The molten droplets can then be rapidly solidified by occluding the beam from the area of interest. A wide range of cooling rates may be achieved, the maximum being at least as rapid as that estimated for the EHD process, about 10/sup 5/ K/s (dependent on powder size). Two examples of the use of this technique are given. The first involves the melting, rapid solidification and subsequent heat treatment of an AL-4.5wt.%Cu alloy. The second is an example of how this technique may be used in studies of the crystallization of metallic glasses, in this case a Cu-45at.%Zr alloy.
Kaufman, M.J.; Fraser, H.L.
Electronic couplings for molecular charge transfer: Benchmarking CDFT, FODFT, and FODFTB against high-level ab initio calculations
We introduce a database (HAB11) of electronic coupling matrix elements (H{sub ab}) for electron transfer in 11 ?-conjugated organic homo-dimer cations. High-level ab inito calculations at the multireference configuration interaction MRCI+Q level of theory, n-electron valence state perturbation theory NEVPT2, and (spin-component scaled) approximate coupled cluster model (SCS)-CC2 are reported for this database to assess the performance of three DFT methods of decreasing computational cost, including constrained density functional theory (CDFT), fragment-orbital DFT (FODFT), and self-consistent charge density functional tight-binding (FODFTB). We find that the CDFT approach in combination with a modified PBE functional containing 50% Hartree-Fock exchange gives best results for absolute H{sub ab} values (mean relative unsigned error = 5.3%) and exponential distance decay constants ? (4.3%). CDFT in combination with pure PBE overestimates couplings by 38.7% due to a too diffuse excess charge distribution, whereas the economic FODFT and highly cost-effective FODFTB methods underestimate couplings by 37.6% and 42.4%, respectively, due to neglect of interaction between donor and acceptor. The errors are systematic, however, and can be significantly reduced by applying a uniform scaling factor for each method. Applications to dimers outside the database, specifically rotated thiophene dimers and larger acenes up to pentacene, suggests that the same scaling procedure significantly improves the FODFT and FODFTB results for larger ?-conjugated systems relevant to organic semiconductors and DNA.
Kubas, Adam; Blumberger, Jochen, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT (United Kingdom)] [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT (United Kingdom); Hoffmann, Felix [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT (United Kingdom) [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT (United Kingdom); Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum (Germany); Heck, Alexander; Elstner, Marcus [Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe (Germany)] [Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe (Germany); Oberhofer, Harald [Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching (Germany)] [Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching (Germany)
Single Transition State Serves Two Mechanisms. Ab Initio Classical Trajectory Calculations of the Substitution-Electron Transfer Branching Ratio in CH2O-+ CH3Cl
to the Sub(C) valley. Analysis of the initial conditions did not reveal any definitive factors, the temperature dependence of the branching ratio is a reflection of the shape of the potential energy surface of numerous theoretical studies.25-33 The ET products can be formed either by an outersphere electron transfer
Schlegel, H. Bernhard
Experimental and Computational Evidence of MetalO2 Activation and Rate-Limiting Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in a Copper
-Coupled Electron Transfer in a Copper Amine Oxidase Yi Liu, Arnab Mukherjee, Nadav Nahumi, Mehmet Ozbil,§ Doreen 33146, United States *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: The mechanism of O2 reduction by copper amine of copper amine oxidases, O2 reduction to H2O2 is physiologically significant,17 serving diverse functions
Author's Copy: J.B. Bancroft, A. Morrison, G. Lachapelle, Validation of GNSS under 500,000 V Direct Current (DC) transmission lines, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Volume 83, April 2012, Pages 58-67, ISSN 0168-1699, 10.1016/j.compag.2012.01.013
masking by the towers. Tests were conducted under a set of three transmission lines, two 500 kV DC lines Current (DC) transmission lines, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Volume 83, April 2012, Pages 58 Validation of GNSS under 500,000 Volt Direct Current (DC) Transmission Lines J.B. Bancroft*, A. Morrison
Calgary, University of
Nonadiabatic dynamics of electron transfer in solution: Explicit and implicit solvent treatments that include multiple relaxation time scales
The development of efficient theoretical methods for describing electron transfer (ET) reactions in condensed phases is important for a variety of chemical and biological applications. Previously, dynamical dielectric continuum theory was used to derive Langevin equations for a single collective solvent coordinate describing ET in a polar solvent. In this theory, the parameters are directly related to the physical properties of the system and can be determined from experimental data or explicit molecular dynamics simulations. Herein, we combine these Langevin equations with surface hopping nonadiabatic dynamics methods to calculate the rate constants for thermal ET reactions in polar solvents for a wide range of electronic couplings and reaction free energies. Comparison of explicit and implicit solvent calculations illustrates that the mapping from explicit to implicit solvent models is valid even for solvents exhibiting complex relaxation behavior with multiple relaxation time scales and a short-time inertial response. The rate constants calculated for implicit solvent models with a single solvent relaxation time scale corresponding to water, acetonitrile, and methanol agree well with analytical theories in the Golden rule and solvent-controlled regimes, as well as in the intermediate regime. The implicit solvent models with two relaxation time scales are in qualitative agreement with the analytical theories but quantitatively overestimate the rate constants compared to these theories. Analysis of these simulations elucidates the importance of multiple relaxation time scales and the inertial component of the solvent response, as well as potential shortcomings of the analytical theories based on single time scale solvent relaxation models. This implicit solvent approach will enable the simulation of a wide range of ET reactions via the stochastic dynamics of a single collective solvent coordinate with parameters that are relevant to experimentally accessible systems.
Schwerdtfeger, Christine A.; Soudackov, Alexander V.; Hammes-Schiffer, Sharon, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (United States)] [Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (United States)
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Ultra-stable Molecule-Surface Architectures at Metal Oxides: Structure, Bonding, and Electron-transfer Processes
Research funded by this project focused on the development of improved strategies for functionalization of metal oxides to enhance charge?transfer processes relevant to solar energy conversion. Initial studies included Fe2O3, WO3, TiO2, SnO2, and ZnO as model oxide systems; these systems were chosen due to differences in metal oxidation state and chemical bonding types in these oxides. Later studies focused largely on SnO2 and ZnO, as these materials show particularly promising surface chemistry, have high electron mobility, and can be readily grown in both spherical nanoparticles and as elongated nanorods. New molecules were synthesized that allowed the direct chemical assembly of novel nanoparticle ?dyadic? structures in which two different oxide materials are chemically joined, leading to an interface that enhances the separation of of charge upon illumination. We demonstrated that such junctions enhance photocatalytic efficiency using model organic compounds. A separate effort focused on novel approaches to linking dye molecules to SnO2 and ZnO as a way to enhance solar conversion efficiency. A novel type of surface binding through
Hamers, Robert John
Enrichment and Analysis of Nonenzymatically Glycated Peptides: Boronate Affinity Chromatography Coupled with Electron-Transfer Dissociation Mass Spectrometry
Non-enzymatic glycation of peptides and proteins by D-glucose has important implications in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, particularly in the development of diabetic complications. However, no effective high-throughput methods exist for identifying proteins containing this low abundance post-translational modification in bottom-up proteomic studies. In this report, phenylboronate affinity chromatography was used in a two-step enrichment scheme to selectively isolate first glycated proteins and then glycated, tryptic peptides from human serum glycated in vitro. Enriched peptides were subsequently analyzed by alternating electron transfer dissociation (ETD) and collision induced dissociation (CID) tandem mass spectrometry. It was observed that ETD fragmentation mode resulted in a significantly higher number of glycated peptide identifications (87.6% of all identified peptides) versus CID mode (17.0% of all identified peptides), when utilizing dual glycation enrichment on both the protein and peptide level. This study illustrates that phenylboronate affinity chromatography coupled with LC-MS/MS with ETD as the fragmentation mode is an efficient approach for analyses of glycated proteins and can have broad applications in studies of diabetes mellitus.
Zhang, Qibin; Tang, Ning; Brock, Jonathan W.; Mottaz, Heather M.; Ames, Jennifer M.; Baynes, John; Smith, Richard D.; Metz, Thomas O.
Structural defects in epitaxial graphene layers synthesized on C-terminated 4H-SiC (0001{sup Ż}) surface—Transmission electron microscopy and density functional theory studies
The principal structural defects in graphene multilayers synthesized on the carbon-terminated face of a 4H-SiC (0001{sup Ż}) substrate were investigated using the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The analyzed systems include a wide variety of defected structures such as edge dislocations, rotational multilayers, and grain boundaries. It was shown that graphene layers are composed of grains of the size of several nanometres or larger; they differ in a relative rotation by large angles, close to 30°. The structure of graphene multilayers results from the synthesis on a SiC (0001{sup Ż}) surface, which proceeds via intensive nucleation of new graphene layers that coalesce under various angles creating an immense orientational disorder. Structural defects are associated with a built-in strain resulting from a lattice mismatch between the SiC substrate and the graphene layers. The density functional theory data show that the high-angular disorder of AB stacked bi-layers is not restoring the hexagonal symmetry of the lattice.
Borysiuk, J., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw (Poland); Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Ho?a 69, 00-681 Warsaw (Poland); So?tys, J.; Piechota, J. [Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling, University of Warsaw, Pawi?skiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw (Poland); Krukowski, S. [Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling, University of Warsaw, Pawi?skiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw (Poland); Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Soko?owska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw (Poland); Baranowski, J. M. [Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Ho?a 69, 00-681 Warsaw (Poland); Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, Wólczy?ska 133, 01-919 Warsaw (Poland); St?pniewski, R. [Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Ho?a 69, 00-681 Warsaw (Poland)
Thermal and structural stability of single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes up to 1800 °C in Argon studied by Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy
Graphical abstract: Display Omitted Highlights: ? Structural stability of carbon nanotubes up to 1800 °C in Argon (?0.05 MPa). ? Thorough TEM and Raman spectroscopy of as received and heat treated CNTs. ? Analyses on the extent of structural changes during high temperature exposure. ? Discussion on safe upper temperature limit for practical use of SWCNTs and MWCNTs. -- Abstract: Effect of high temperature exposure (up to 1800 °C) on morphology of single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes in Argon atmosphere has been studied using Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Although, as received nanotubes contained irregular graphene layers and other structural defects, microscopic observations revealed that heat treatment in Argon reduced the defect density and helped proper alignment of graphene layers. Raman spectra of as received and heat treated nanotubes strongly reinforced the microscopic observations. While, D-band to G-band intensity ratio in Raman spectra of 1800 °C heat treated multiwalled nanotubes reduced by ?43% over as received one, this ratio for heat treated singlewalled nanotubes was ?27% lower than that of the untreated specimen. Present study suggested that although, multiwalled nanotubes were structurally stable up to 1800 °C in an inert atmosphere having only a few nano-scale defects, singlewalled nanotubes suffered considerable damage at 1800 °C due to much thinner dimension than the former.
Sarkar, Soumya [Non-oxide Ceramics and Composites Division, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CSIR-CG and CRI), 196 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032 (India)] [Non-oxide Ceramics and Composites Division, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CSIR-CG and CRI), 196 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032 (India); Das, Probal Kr., E-mail: email@example.com [Non-oxide Ceramics and Composites Division, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CSIR-CG and CRI), 196 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032 (India)
In-situ high resolution transmission electron microscopy observation of silicon nanocrystal nucleation in a SiO{sub 2} bilayered matrix
Solid-state nucleation of Si nanocrystals in a SiO{sub 2} bilayered matrix was observed at temperatures as low as 450?°C. This was achieved by aberration corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) with real-time in-situ heating up to 600?°C. This technique is a valuable characterization tool especially with the recent interest in Si nanostructures for light emitting devices, non-volatile memories, and third-generation photovoltaics which all typically require a heating step in their fabrication. The control of size, shape, and distribution of the Si nanocrystals are critical for these applications. This experimental study involves in-situ observation of the nucleation of Si nanocrystals in a SiO{sub 2} bilayered matrix fabricated through radio frequency co-sputtering. The results show that the shapes of Si nanocrystals in amorphous SiO{sub 2} bilayered matrices are irregular and not spherical, in contrast to many claims in the literature. Furthermore, the Si nanocrystals are well confined within their layers by the amorphous SiO{sub 2}. This study demonstrates the potential of in-situ HRTEM as a tool to observe the real time nucleation of Si nanocrystals in a SiO{sub 2} bilayered matrix. Furthermore, ideas for improvements on this in-situ heating HRTEM technique are discussed.
Yang, T. C.-J., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Wu, L.; Lin, Z.; Jia, X.; Puthen-Veettil, B.; Zhang, T.; Conibeer, G.; Perez-Wurfl, I. [School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052 (Australia); Kauffmann, Y.; Rothschild, A. [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000 (Israel)
Study of intermediates from transition metal excited-state electron-transfer reactions. Progress report, April 1, 1984-March 31, 1985. [EDTA-radicals
Excited-state inter- and intramolecular electron-transfer reactions lie at the heart of most photochemical solar energy conversion schemes. Our research, which utilizes the techniques of continuous and pulsed photolysis and radiolysis, has focused on three general aspects of these reactions involving transition metal coordination complexes and electron donor-acceptor complexes: (1) the effect of solution medium on the properties and quenching of the excited states; (2) the control of the quantum yield of formation of redox products; and (3) the mechanisms by which reduced species interact with water to yield H/sub 2/ homogeneously and heterogeneously. Research activities are summarized for the following: (1) reaction of methyl viologen with EDTA-radicals; (2) solution medium control of photoredox yields; (3) photochemistry of methyl viologen charge-transfer complexes; (4) thermal reduction of methyl viologen in alkaline solution; (5) formation of dihydrogen from reduced methyl viologen; and (6) photophysics of Cr(III)-polypyridyl complexes.
Scanning/Transmission Electron Microscopes
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel),Feet) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul(Summary)morphinanInformation Desert Southwest RegionatSearch WelcomeScienceProgramsSANDCurrentNational|
Silver diffusion bonding and layer transfer of lithium niobate to silicon Kenneth Diest,a
Silver diffusion bonding and layer transfer of lithium niobate to silicon Kenneth Diest,a Melissa J July 2008; accepted 8 August 2008; published online 5 September 2008 A diffusion bonding method has, and upon heating, a diffusion bond was formed. Transmission electron microscopy confirms the interface
Atwater, Harry
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Direct electron detection in transmission electron microscopy
overlay on the photo showed how the sensor chip was aligned40. Photo of the EM5 carrier board with mounted sensor40. Photo of the EM5 carrier board with mounted sensor chip.
Jin, Liang
a three-stage thermoelectric cooling module was coupled withbetween the thermoelectric cooling module and the backside
Duttweiler, J. Bouwer, S. Peltier, M. Ellisman, P. Denes, F.J. C. Bouwer, S. T. Peltier, M. Ellisman and N. -H. Xuong (J. C. Bouwer, S. T. Peltier, M. H. Ellisman and N. H.
Data Communication Principles Reliable Data Transfer
Principles Switching Reliable Data Transfer Data Rate of a Communication Channel Transmission Media Data Principles Switching Reliable Data Transfer Data Rate of a Communication Channel Transmission Media Data Transmission Fiber vs Copper Wire Weight vs bandwidth Cost Security 11 / 52 #12;Data Communication Principles
Ramkumar, Mahalingam
Calculations of Nonlinear Wave-Packet Interferometry Signals in the Pump-Probe Limit as Tests for Vibrational Control over Electronic Excitation Transfer
The preceding paper describes a strategy for externally influencing the course of short-time electronic excitation transfer (EET) in molecular dimers and observing the process by nonlinear wave-packet interferometry (nl-WPI). Within a sample of isotropically oriented dimers having a specified internal geometry, a vibrational mode internal to the acceptor chromophore can be preferentially driven by electronically nonresonant impulsive stimulated Raman (or resonant infrared) excitation with a short polarized control pulse. A subsequent electronically resonant polarized pump then preferentially excites the donor, and EET ensues. Here we test both the control strategy and its spectroscopic investigation-with some sacrifice of amplitude-level detail-by calculating the pump-probe difference signal. That signal is the limiting case of the control-influenced nl-WPI signal in which the two pulses in the pump pulse-pair coincide, as do the two pulses in the probe pulse-pair. We present calculated pump-probe difference signals for (1) a model excitation-transfer complex in which two equal-energy monomers each support one moderately Franck-Condon active intramolecular vibration; (2) a simplified model of the covalent dimer dithia-anthracenophane, representing its EET dynamics following selective impulsive excitation of the weakly Franck-Condon active anthracene vibration at 385 cm-1; and (3) a model complex featuring moderate electronic-vibrational coupling in which the site energy of the acceptor chromophore is lower than that of the donor.
Jason D. Biggs; Jeffrey A. Cina
An improved speech transmission index for intelligibility prediction Belinda Schwerin
transmission index; Modulation transfer function; Speech enhancement; Objective evaluation; Speech intelligibility; Short-time modulation spectrum 1. Introduction The enhancement of speech corrupted by noise hasAn improved speech transmission index for intelligibility prediction Belinda Schwerin , Kuldip
Application of High-Angle Annular Dark Field Scanning Transmission
Transmission Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry, and Energy-Filtered Transmission field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM), STEM-energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry). Techniquesthatareusefulinanalyzingultrafineatmospheric particles, such as STEM, EELS (electron energy loss spec- trometry), AFM, and mass spectrometry
Utsunomiya, Satoshi
Transmission INTRODUCTION
, to a significant degree, on a well-functioning wholesale power market. The transmission system is integral the consequences of a poorly designed wholesale power market, and the Council does not want to see those Regulatory Commission began taking actions to further facilitate competition in wholesale power supply. Today
Electron transfer through a lipid-bilayer-membrane-aqueous-solution interface and kinetics of the oxidation of viologen radicals in homogeneous and vesicular systems
The purpose of the present work was to study the influence of the nature of the oxidizing agent on the rate constant of the oxidation of viologen radicals in homogeneous and vesicular systems by water-soluble oxidizing agents. In this work the authors used the following water-soluble viologens: methyl viologen, sulfoethyl viologen, trimethylaminopropyl viologen, and octadecyl viologen, which is soluble only in a lipid bilayer. The rate constant for the oxidation of a viologen radical cation in a lipid bilayer by electron acceptors in the aqueous phase, in contrast to the homogeneous reaction, is lower than the rate constant of the diffusion-controlled reaction. The rate of electron transfer on the interface is determined by the interaction of the reactants with the lipid bilayer. The rate constant for electron transfer from a viologen radical cation near the inner surface of a lipid bilayer to viologen near the outer surface with the formation of a radical which is available for oxidation in the external aqueous phase has been determined and has been found to be independent of the nature of the oxidizing agent.
Shafirovich, V.Ya.; Levin, P.P.; Khannanov, N.K.; Kuz'min, V.A.
EPR and ENDOR Investigation of Rhodosemiquinone in Bacterial Reaction Centers Formed by B-Branch Electron Transfer
2 Applied Magnetic Resonance EPR and ENDOR Investigation ofparamagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron-nuclear doublethe anionic rhodosemiquinone. EPR spectra of the semiquinone
Paddock, M. L.; Flores, M.; Isaacson, R.; Shepherd, J. N.; Okamura, M. Y.
Energy transfer and 1.54 m emission in amorphous silicon nitride films S. O. Kucheyev,2
spectrometry RBS and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy HRTEM to quantify the amount of Si, NEnergy transfer and 1.54 m emission in amorphous silicon nitride films S. Yerci,1 R. Li,1 S. O a broad energy spectrum and attributed to disorder-induced localized transitions in amorphous Er
Photodegradation of oligomeric polyesters containing anthraquinone and 1,2-diamine units. Single electron transfer induced cation radical bond cleavage in the solid state
Oligomeric polyesters containing light-absorbing anthraquinone electron acceptor chromophores and fragmentable 1,2-diamine donors have been synthesized. Irradiation with [lambda] [ge] 340 nm in solution or as solid films results in photooxidative C-C bond cleavage of the 1,2-diamine units yielding essentially the same products in either case. The solid state photodegradation reaction was monitored using size exclusion chromatography and was found to be substantially less efficient than the corresponding solution reaction. This is attributed to an inefficient forward electron transfer step and the possibility of an induced reversibility of the fragmentation. The efficiency of photodegradation is suggested to be dependent on the donor/acceptor orientations in the solid state. 49 refs., 11 figs., 1 tab.
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AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Office of Inspector GeneralDepartment of Energyof theRestorationAdvisoryManagement andTopKnow? |Transmission
Ab initio calculation of proton-coupled electron transfer rates using the external-potential representation: A ubiquinol complex in solution
In quantum-mechanical/molecular-mechanical (QM/MM) treatment of chemical reactions in condensed phases, one solves the electronic Schroedinger equation for the solute (or an active site) under the electrostatic field from the environment. This Schroedinger equation depends parametrically on the solute nuclear coordinates R and the external electrostatic potential V. This fact suggests that one may use R and V as natural collective coordinates for describing the entire system, where V plays the role of collective solvent variables. In this paper such an (R,V) representation of the QM/MM canonical ensemble is described, with particular focus on how to treat charge transfer processes in this representation. As an example, the above method is applied to the proton-coupled electron transfer of a ubiquinol analog with phenoxyl radical in acetonitrile solvent. Ab initio free-energy surfaces are calculated as functions of R and V using the reference interaction site model self-consistent field method, the equilibrium points and the minimum free-energy crossing point are located in the (R,V) space, and then the kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) are evaluated approximately. The results suggest that a stiffer proton potential at the transition state may be responsible for unusual KIEs observed experimentally for related systems.
Yamamoto, Takeshi; Kato, Shigeki [Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502 (Japan)
Photoinduced electron transfer in donor-acceptor aryl dyads based on N,N,N`,N`-tetramethyl-p-phenylenedimine as the donor
The solution-phase photophysics of several electron transfer donor-donor-acceptor assemblies (2 and 3) incorporating N,N,N`,N`-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) derivatized with piperazyl, piperidyl, morpholinyl, and prolinyl groups in the 1- and 4-positions as donors and N,N-dimethyl-4-nitroaniline, anthraquinone, 3,5-dinitrobenzene, and 2,4-dinitrobenzene as acceptors are described. In measurements of the model compounds 1 incorporating only the donor moieties, flash photolysis generated the radical cation and triplet species of TMPD as evidenced by the superposition of their transient absorption spectra. Lifetime measurements reveal, as well, a delayed fluorescence derived from triplet-triplet annihilation. In 2 and 3, electron transfer from the lowest excited singlet state of TMPD to the various acceptors was established by the following: (1) steady-state emission measurements where the fluorescence of TMPD was drastically quenched by the acceptor, (2) the transient absorption spectra of the radical cation and radical anion of the donor and acceptor, and (3) a single-exponential decay profile in 2 and 3, superseding the biexponential decay observed in the model donor. 37 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs.
Fossum, R.D.; Fox, M.A. [Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX (United States)] [Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX (United States); Gelormini, A.M.; Pearson, A.J. [Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, OH (United States)] [Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, OH (United States)
Electron energy loss spectroscopy of gold nanoparticles on graphene
Plasmon excitation decay by absorption, scattering, and hot electron transfer has been distinguished from effects induced by incident photons for gold nanoparticles on graphene monolayer using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Gold nano-ellipses were evaporated onto lithographed graphene, which was transferred onto a silicon nitride transmission electron microscopy grid. Plasmon decay from lithographed nanoparticles measured with EELS was compared in the absence and presence of the graphene monolayer. Measured decay values compared favorably with estimated radiative and non-radiative contributions to decay in the absence of graphene. Graphene significantly enhanced low-energy plasmon decay, increasing mode width 38%, but did not affect higher energy plasmon or dark mode decay. This decay beyond expected radiative and non-radiative mechanisms was attributed to hot electron transfer, and had quantum efficiency of 20%, consistent with previous reports.
DeJarnette, Drew [Microelectronics and Photonics Graduate Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701 (United States); Roper, D. Keith, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Microelectronics and Photonics Graduate Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701 (United States); Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701 (United States)
Electronic structure, molecular orientation, charge transfer dynamics and solar cells performance in donor/acceptor copolymers and fullerene: Experimental and theoretical approaches
By combining experimental and theoretical approaches, the electronic structure, molecular orientation, charge transfer dynamics and solar cell performance in donor/acceptor copolymer poly[2,7-(9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-dibenzosilole)-alt-4,7-bis(thiophen-2-yl) benzo-2,1,3-thiadiazole] (PSiF-DBT) films and blended with 6,6.-phenyl-C 61-butyric acid methyl ester (PSiF-DBT:PCBM) were investigated. Good agreement between experimental and theoretical PSiF-DBT UV-Vis absorption spectrum is observed and the main molecular orbitals contributing to the spectrum were determined using DFT single point calculations. Non-coplanar configuration was determined by geometric optimization calculation in isolated PSiF-DBT pentamer and corroborated by angular variation of the sulphur 1s near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra. Edge-on and plane-on molecular orientations were obtained for thiophene and benzothiadiazole units, respectively. A power conversion efficiency up to 1.58%, open circuit voltage of 0.51 V, short circuit current of 8.71 mA/cm{sup 2} and a fill factor of 35% was obtained using blended PSiF-DBT:PCBM as active layer in a bulk heterojunction solar cell. Ultrafast electron dynamics in the low-femtosecond regime was evaluated by resonant Auger spectroscopy using the core-hole clock methodology around sulphur 1s absorption edge. Electron delocalization times for PSiF-DBT and PSiF-DBT:PCBM polymeric films were derived for selected excitation energies corresponding to the main transitions in the sulphur 1s NEXAFS spectra. The mixture of PSiF-DBT with PCBM improves the charge transfer process involving the ?* molecular orbital of the thiophene units.
Garcia-Basabe, Y.; Borges, B. G. A. L.; Rocco, M. L. M., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909 (Brazil); Marchiori, C. F. N.; Yamamoto, N. A. D.; Koehler, M.; Roman, L. S., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Departament of Physics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-990 (Brazil); Macedo, A. G. [Departament of Physics, Technological Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80230-901 (Brazil)
Thorium and uranium redox-active ligand complexes; reversible intramolecular electron transfer in U(dpp-BIAN)2/ U(dpp-BIAN)2(THE)
Actinide complexes of the redox-active ligand dpp-BIAN{sup 2-} (dpp-BIAN = bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)acenaphthylene), An(dpp-BIAN){sub 2}(THF){sub n} (An = Th, n = 1; An = U, n = 0, 1) have been prepared. Solid-state magnetic and single-crystal X-ray data for U(dpp-BIAN){sub 2}(THF){sub n} show when n = 0, the complex exists in an f{sup 2}-{pi}*{sup 4} configuration; whereas an intramolecular electron transfer occurs for n = 1, resulting in an f{sup 3}-{pi}*{sup 3} ground configuration. The magnetic data also indicate that interconversion between the two forms of the complex is possible, limited only by the ability of THF vapor to penetrate the solid on cooling of the sample. Spectroscopic data indicate the complex exists solely in the f{sup 2}-{pi}*{sup 4} form in solution, evidenced by the appearance of only small changes in the electronic absorption spectra of the U(dpp-BIAN){sub 2} complex on titration with THF and by measurement of the solution magnetic moment m d{sub 8}-tetrahydrofuran using Evans method. Electrochemistry of the complexes is reported, with small differences observed in wave potentials between metals and in the presence of THF. These data represent the first example of a well-defined, reversible intramolecular electron transfer in an f-element complex and the second example of oxidation state change through dative interaction with a metal ion.
Schelter, Eric John [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Wu, Ruilian [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Scott, Brian L [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Thompson, Joe D [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Batista, Enrique R [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Morris, David E [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Kiplinger, Jaqueline L [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Final Report Navajo Transmission Project (NTP)
The Diné Power Authority is developing the Navajo Transmission Project (NTP) to relieve the constraints on the transmission of electricity west of the Four Corners area and to improve the operation flexibility and reliability of the extra-high-voltage transmission system in the region. The NTP creates the wholesale transmission capacity for more economical power transfers, sales, and purchases in the region. It will facilitate the development of Navajo energy resources, improve economic conditions on the Navajo Nation as well as allow DPA to participate in the western electrical utility industry.
Bennie Hoisington; Steven Begay
Controlling photoinduced electron transfer from PbS@CdS core@shell quantum dots to metal oxide
efficiency (PCE). For this reason, the characterization of electron injection rates in these systems is very The photoconversion efficiency (PCE) was boosted up to 7% in solar cells based on QDs, by using nanocrystals able of PCE.8 A promising solution to address this challenge consists in using core@shell structured QDs
Optoelectronics 514 Transmission Hologram Transmission Hologram
Optoelectronics 514 Transmission Hologram Transmission Hologram Purpose: To learn about making Procedure: 1. HeNe Laser: #12;Optoelectronics 514 Transmission Hologram Mount the laser along the long axis. Development #12;Optoelectronics 514 Transmission Hologram Put the plate in the developer emulsion side up
Collins, Gary S.
Complex formation between anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate and a neutral zinc porphyrin. Effects of CTAB micelles on complex stability and photoinduced electron transfer
Zinc(II) meso-tetrakis(1-(3-sulfonatopropyl)-4-pyridino), Zn-TPSPyP/sup 0/, forms a complex with anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate, AQS/sub 2//sup 2 -/. The porphyrin is statically quenched by the quinone acceptor in the complex structure. In the presence of CTAB micelles the complex is separated and AQS/sub 2//sup 2 -/ is bound to the micelles. The excited sensitizer decays to a long-lived triplet state (0.5 ms) and induces the reduction of AQS/sub 2//sup 2 -/. The micelles also function in the charge separation of the electron-transfer products. 22 references, 6 figures, 1 table.
Degani, Y.; Willner, I.
The interaction of flow, heat transfer, and free interfaces in an electron-beam vaporization system for metals
A numerical analysis is made of the liquid flow and energy transport in a system to vaporize metals. The energy from an electron beam heats metal confined in a water-cooled crucible. Metal vaporizes from a hot pool of circulating liquid which is surrounded by a shell of its own solid. Flow in the pool is strongly driven by temperature-induced buoyancy and capillary forces and is located in the transition region between laminar and turbulent flow. At high vaporization rates, the thrust of the departing vapor forms a trench at the beam impact site. A modified finite element method is used to calculate the flow and temperature fields coupled with the interface locations. The mesh is structured with spines that stretch and pivot as the interfaces move. The discretized equations are arranged in an {open_quotes}arrow{close_quotes} matrix and solved using the Newton-Raphson method. The electron-beam power and width are varied for cases involving the high-rate vaporization of aluminum. Attention is focused on the interaction of vaporization, liquid flow, and heat transport in the trench area.
Westerberg, K.W. [Aspen Technology, Inc., Cambridge, MA (United States); McClelland, M.A. [Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA (United States); Finlayson, B.A. [Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States)
Survey of Transmission Cost Allocation Methodologies for Regional Transmission Organizations
The report presents transmission cost allocation methodologies for reliability transmission projects, generation interconnection, and economic transmission projects for all Regional Transmission Organizations.
Fink, S.; Porter, K.; Mudd, C.; Rogers, J.
Effect of Interface energy and electron transfer on shape, plasmon resonance and SERS activity of supported surfactant-free gold nanoparticles
For device integration purposes plasmonic metal nanoparticles must be supported/deposited on substrates. Therefore, it is important to understand the interaction between surfactant-free plasmonic metal nanoparticles and different substrates, as well as to identify factors that drive nanoparticles nucleation and formation. Here we show that for nanoparticles grown directly on supports, the substrate/nanoparticle interfacial energy affects the equilibrium shape of nanoparticles. Therefore, oblate, spherical and prolate Au nanoparticles (NPs) with different shapes have been deposited by radiofrequency sputtering on substrates with different characteristics, namely a dielectric oxide Al2O3 (0001), a narrow bandgap semiconductor Si (100), and a polar piezoelectric wide bandgap semiconductor 4H–SiC (0001). We demonstrate that the higher the substrate surface energy, the higher the interaction with the substrate, resulting in flat prolate Au nanoparticles. The resulting localized surface plasmon resonance characteristics of Au NPs/Al2O3, Au NPs/Si and Au NPs/SiC have been determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry and correlated with their structure and shape studied by transmission electron microscopy. Finally, we have demonstrated the diverse response of the tailored plasmonic substrates as ultrasensitive SERS chemical sensors. Flat oblates Au NPs on SiC result in an enhanced and more stable SERS response. The experimental findings are validated by numerical simulations of electromagnetic fields.
Giangregorio, Maria M. [Institute of Inorganic Methodologies and of Plasmas, CNR-IMIP; Dastmalchi, Babak [Ames Laboratory; Suvorova, Alexandra [University of Western Australia; Bianco, Giuseppe V. [Institute of Inorganic Methodologies and of Plasmas, CNR-IMIP; Hingerl, Kurt [Johannes Kepler University Linz; Bruno, Giovanni [Institute of Inorganic Methodologies and of Plasmas, CNR-IMIP; Losurdo, Maria [Institute of Inorganic Methodologies and of Plasmas, CNR-IMIP
Strain relief and AlSb buffer layer morphology in GaSb heteroepitaxial films grown on Si as revealed by high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy
The interfacial misfit (IMF) dislocation array of an epitaxial GaSb film on a Si substrate has been imaged with high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM). The mismatch strain accommodation through dislocation formation has been investigated using geometric phase analysis (GPA) on HAADF-STEM images with atomic resolution to probe the defects' local strain distribution. These measurements indicate that the lattice parameter of the epitaxial film recovers its bulk value within three unit cells from the interface due to the relaxation through IMF dislocations. The atomic number contrast of the HAADF-STEM images and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry illustrate the formation of islands of AlSb buffer layer along the interface. The role of the AlSb buffer layer in facilitating the GaSb film growth on Si is further elucidated by investigating the strain field of the islands with the GPA.
Vajargah, S. Hosseini; Couillard, M.; Cui, K. [Department of Material Science and Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1 (Canada); Tavakoli, S. Ghanad; Robinson, B.; Kleiman, R. N.; Preston, J. S. [Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1 (Canada); Botton, G. A. [Department of Material Science and Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1 (Canada); Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1 (Canada)
Transmission electron microscopy of RSP Fe/Cr/Mn/Mo/C alloy. [Fe-3 wt % Cr-2 wt % Mn-0. 5 wt % Mo, -0. 3 wt % C
Rapid solidification processing (RSP) has been carried out on an Fe/Cr/Mn/Mo/C alloy using both electron-beam melting and piston-and-anvil techniques. Preliminary TEM results show RSP produces a refined duplex microstructure of ferrite and martensite, with a typical ferrite grain size of 0.50 - 3.0 microns. This RSP microstructure is significantly different from that observed in the conventionally austenitized and quenched alloys - a lath martensitic microstructure with thin films of retained interlath austenite. The morphological change produced by RSP is accompanied by an increase in hardness from 48R/sub c/ to 61R/sub c/ (approx. 480 to 720 VHN). It is intended to use electron-beam specimens to examine the potential beneficial effect of RSP upon sliding wear resistance and, by careful TEM studies, it will be possible to characterize the microstructure and its role in the hardness and wear behavior of the RSP alloy.
Rayment, J.J.; Thomas, G.
Transmission Business Unit Manager
Broader source: Energy.gov [DOE]
(See Frequently Asked Questions for more information). Where would I be working? Western Area Power Administration Rocky Mountain Region Transmission Services, (J7300) Transmission Busiess Unit 615...
Merchant transmission investment
We examine the performance attributes of a merchant transmission investment framework that relies on "market driven" transmission investment to provide the infrastructure to support competitive wholesale markets for ...
Joskow, Paul L.
Hole burning with pressure and electric field: A window on the electronic structure and energy transfer dynamics of bacterial antenna complexes
Light-harvesting (LH) complexes of cyclic (C{sub n}) symmetry from photosynthetic bacteria are studied using absorption and high pressure- and Stark-hole burning spectroscopies. The B800 absorption band of LH2 is inhomogeneously broadened while the B850 band of LH2 and the B875 band of the LH1 complex exhibit significant homogeneous broadening due to ultra-fast inter-exciton level relaxation. The B800{r_arrow}B850 energy transfer rate of ({approximately}2 ps){sup {minus}1} as determined by hole burning and femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopies, is weakly dependent on pressure and temperature, both of which significantly affect the B800-B850 energy gap. The resilience is theoretically explained in terms of a modified Foerster theory with the spectral overlap provided by the B800 fluorescence origin band and weak vibronic absorption bands of B850. Possible explanations for the additional sub-picosecond relaxation channel of B800 observed with excitation on the blue side of B800 are given. Data from pressure and temperature dependent studies show that the B800 and B850 bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl a) molecules are weakly and strongly excitonically coupled, respectively, which is consistent with the X-ray structure of LH2. The B875 BChl a molecules are also strongly coupled. It is concluded that electron-exchange, in addition to electrostatic interactions, is important for understanding the strong coupling of the B850 and B875 rings. The large linear pressure shifts of {approximately}{minus}0.6 cm{sup {minus}1}/MPa associated with B850 and B875 can serve as important benchmarks for electronic structure calculations.
Wu, H.M.
Water-soluble polystyrene latexes as photoredox media. 1. Interfacial fluorescence quenching and triplet-state electron transfer from pyrene and 1-pyrenebutyric acid
Aromatic chromophores (pyrene and 1-pyrenebutyric acid) have been adsorbed on water-soluble polystyrene latex particles (commercially referred to as microspheres) from the aqueous phase. The fluorescence properties and quenching efficiencies of these chromophores have been measured using a zwitterionic viologen SPV (4,4[prime]-bipyridino-l,l[prime]-bis(propanesulfonate)). The quenching mechanism has been found to be diffusion controlled. The electron-transfer quenching of the triplet state by SPV was characterized. Triplet-state quenching does not occur for pyrene embedded in these polystyrene latexes in aqueous solution, which is attributed to the hydrophobic protection of the pyrene from the approach of water-soluble SPV. On the other hand, the efficiencies of charge separation for l-pyrenebutyric acid both in homogeneous aqueous solution and adsorbed on polystyrene latexes in aqueous solution were found to be high. It is proposed that the amphiphilic l-pyrenebutyric acid molecules prefer to reside at the aqueous interface of the latexes. These results demonstrate that [open quotes]compartmentalization[close quotes] of ion pairs, produced by redox quenching, can be achieved when l-pyrenebutyric acid molecules are located at these interfaces. This provides a strategy for more efficient utilization of excited-state redox processes. 17 refs., 9 figs., 5 tabs.
Hsiao, J.S.; Webber, S.E. (Univ. of Texas, Austin (United States))
The Role of a Dipeptide Outer-Coordination Sphere on H2 -Production Catalysts: Influence on Catalytic Rates and Electron Transfer
The outer-coordination sphere of enzymes acts to fine-tune the active site reactivity and control catalytic rates, suggesting that incorporation of analogous structural elements into molecular catalysts may be necessary to achieve rates comparable to those observed in enzyme systems at low overpotentials. In this work, we evaluate the effect of an amino acid and dipeptide outer-coordination sphere on [Ni(PPh2NPh-R2)2]2+ hydrogen production catalysts. A series of 12 new complexes containing non-natural amino acids or dipeptides were prepared to test the effects of positioning, size, polarity and aromaticity on catalytic activity. The non-natural amino acid was either 3-(meta- or para-aminophenyl)propionic acid terminated as an acid, an ester or an amide. Dipeptides consisted of one of the non-natural amino acids coupled to one of four amino acid esters: alanine, serine, phenylalanine or tyrosine. All of the catalysts are active for hydrogen production, with rates averaging ~1000 s-1, 40% faster than the unmodified catalyst. Structure and polarity of the aliphatic or aromatic side chains of the C-terminal peptide do not strongly influence rates. However, the presence of an amide bond increases rates, suggesting a role for the amide in assisting catalysis. Overpotentials were lower with substituents at the N-phenyl meta position. This is consistent with slower electron transfer in the less compact, para-substituted complexes, as shown in digital simulations of catalyst cyclic voltammograms and computational modeling of the complexes. Combining the current results with insights from previous results, we propose a mechanism for the role of the amino acid and dipeptide based outer-coordination sphere in molecular hydrogen production catalysts.
Reback, Matthew L.; Ginovska-Pangovska, Bojana; Ho, Ming-Hsun; Jain, Avijita; Squier, Thomas C.; Raugei, Simone; Roberts, John A.; Shaw, Wendy J.
Transmission Commercial Project Integration
Improvement (CBPI) Customer Forum Energy Imbalance Market Generator Interconnection Reform Implementation Network Integration Transmission Service (NT Service) Network Open...
AB Electronic Tubes and Quasi-Superconductivity at Room Temperature
Author offers and researches a new idea - filling tubes by electronic gases. He shows: If the insulating envelope (cover) of the tube is charged positively, the electrons within the tube are not attracted to covering. Tube (as a whole) remains a neutral (uncharged) body. The electron gas in the tube has very low density and very high conductivity, close to superconductivity. If we take the density (pressure) of electron gas as equal to atmospheric pressure, the thickness of insulator film may be very small and the resulting tube is very light. Author shows the offered tubes can be applied to many technical fields. For example: (1) Transfer of energy over very long distance with very small electric losses. (2) Design of cheap high altitude electric lines without masts. (3) Transfer of energy from one continent to another continent through the ionosphere. (4) Transfer of a plasma beam (which can convey thrust and energy) from Earth surface to a space ship. (5) Observation of the sky by telescope without atmospheric hindrances. (6) Dirigibles (air balloons) of the highest lift force. (7) Increasing of gun range severalfold. (8) Transfer of matter. And so on. Key words: AB tubes, electronic tubes, superconductivity, transmission energy.
Alexander Bolonkin
Automated manual transmission controller
A powertrain system for a hybrid vehicle. The hybrid vehicle includes a heat engine, such as a diesel engine, and an electric machine, which operates as both an electric motor and an alternator, to power the vehicle. The hybrid vehicle also includes a manual-style transmission configured to operate as an automatic transmission from the perspective of the driver. The engine and the electric machine drive an input shaft which in turn drives an output shaft of the transmission. In addition to driving the transmission, the electric machine regulates the speed of the input shaft in order to synchronize the input shaft during either an upshift or downshift of the transmission by either decreasing or increasing the speed of the input shaft. When decreasing the speed of the input shaft, the electric motor functions as an alternator to produce electrical energy which may be stored by a storage device. Operation of the transmission is controlled by a transmission controller which receives input signals and generates output signals to control shift and clutch motors to effect smooth launch, upshift shifts, and downshifts of the transmission, so that the transmission functions substantially as an automatic transmission from the perspective of the driver, while internally substantially functioning as a manual transmission.
Lawrie, Robert E. (Whitmore Lake, MI); Reed, Jr., Richard G. (Royal Oak, MI); Bernier, David R. (Rochester Hills, MI)
In situ environmental transmission electron microscopy study...
Adv. Mater., 2011, 23(37), 4248- 4253. 14 M. Naguib, et al., Two-dimensional transition metal carbides, ACS Nano, 2012, 6(2), 1322-1331. 15 M. Naguib, et al., One-step synthesis of...
Factors influencing quantitative liquid (scanning) transmission electron
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel),Feet) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr MayAtmospheric Optical Depth7-1D: Vegetation ProposedUsing ZirconiaPolicy andExsolutionFES6FYRANDOM DRUG
Scientific Achievement Analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel),Feet) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May JunDatastreamsmmcrcalgovInstrumentsrucLas ConchasPassiveSubmitted forHighlights Nuclear Physics (NP) NPBiogenic Aerosols -eAnalytical
Calculation of Ramp Response of Lossy Transmission Lines Using Two-port Network Functions
1 Calculation of Ramp Response of Lossy Transmission Lines Using Two-port Network Functions Payam-port representation of the transmission line and accounts for the output resistance of the driver and the line response of lossy transmission line which expands the reciprocal of transfer function of the system
Pedram, Massoud
Series Transmission Line Transformer
A series transmission line transformer is set forth which includes two or more of impedance matched sets of at least two transmissions lines such as shielded cables, connected in parallel at one end ans series at the other in a cascading fashion. The cables are wound about a magnetic core. The series transmission line transformer (STLT) which can provide for higher impedance ratios and bandwidths, which is scalable, and which is of simpler design and construction.
Buckles, Robert A. (Livermore, CA); Booth, Rex (Livermore, CA); Yen, Boris T. (El Cerrito, CA)
Electric Transmission Lines (Nebraska)
The Public Service Commission has jurisdiction over all electricity transmission lines crossing over or under railroad tracks at public highway crossings. This section contains general regulations...
Patterns of transmission investment
This paper examines a number of issues associated with alternative analytical approaches for evaluating investments in electricity transmission infrastructure and alternative institutional arrangements to govern network ...
Authors James Bartridge Judy Grau Mark Hesters Don Kondoleon Chuck Najarian Contributing Authors Grace: Bartridge, James, Judy Grau, Mark Hesters, Don Kondoleon, Chuck Najarian. 2007 Strategic Transmission
Collaborative Transmission Technology Roadmap
techniques, and tools to analyze data from power quality recorders Size-up demand response opportunities Transmission level monitoring with PMUs is not sufficient and needs to...
Transmission Line Security Monitor
ScienceCinema (OSTI)
The Transmission Line Security Monitor is a multi-sensor monitor that mounts directly on high-voltage transmission lines to detect, characterize and communicate terrorist activity, human tampering and threatening conditions around support towers. For more information about INL's critical infrastructure protection research, visit http://www.facebook.com/idahonationallaboratory.
Transmission Enhancement Technology Report
of Existing Transmission 6 5. Potential New Equipment to Improve Transmission Capability 9 6. Potential New parties for the sites that should be studied as potential locations for new generation and to consult lignite and wind energy. " As per the requirements of the above-referenced Congressional direction
Transmission Cost Allocation Methodologies for Regional Transmission Organizations
This report describes transmission cost allocation methodologies for transmission projects developed to maintain or enhance reliability, to interconnect new generators, or to access new resources and enhance competitive bulk power markets, otherwise known as economic transmission projects.
Fink, S.; Rogers, J.; Porter, K.
Electron microscopy and microanalysis Two transmission electron microscopes
distribution (laser scatter- ing) q Powder surface area by gas adsorption (BET) Commercially Available of a failed austenitic stainless steel tube. The failure type is identified as a fatigue failure, due
EIS-0411: Transmission Agency of Northern California Transmission Project
This EIS is for the Western Area Power Administration construction, operation, and maintenance of the proposed transmission agency of Northern California Transmission Project, California.
E-Print Network 3.0 - atomic resolution transmission Sample Search...
Colorado at Boulder Collection: Physics 38 Spectroscopic Imaging of Single AtomsWithin a Bulk Solid S. D. Findlay,2 Summary: transmission electron microscope (STEM) allows not...
Electric Transmission Lines (Iowa)
Electric transmission lines capable of operating at 69 kV or greater cannot be constructed along, across, or over any public highways or grounds outside of cities without a franchise from the...
Down hole transmission system
A transmission system in a downhole component comprises a data transmission element in both ends of the downhole component. Each data transmission element houses an electrically conducting coil in a MCEI circular trough. The electrically conducting coil comprises at least two generally fractional loops. In the preferred embodiment, the transmission elements are connected by an electrical conductor. Preferably, the electrical conductor is a coaxial cable. Preferably, the MCEI trough comprises ferrite. In the preferred embodiment, the fractional loops are connected by a connecting cable. In one aspect of the present invention, the connecting cable is a pair of twisted wires. In one embodiment the connecting cable is a shielded pair of twisted wires. In another aspect of the present invention, the connecting cable is a coaxial cable. The connecting cable may be disposed outside of the MCEI circular trough.
Hall, David R. (Provo, UT); Hall, Jr., H. Tracy (Provo, UT)
Transmission Services Bulletin
Standard Time On the first Sunday in November Transmission Services sets clocks from Daylight Savings Time (PD) back to Standard Time (PS). At 02:00 the time becomes 01:00. In...
Transmission Grid Integration
The levels of solar energy penetration envisioned by the DOE SunShot Initiative must be interconnected effectively onto the transmission grid. This interconnection requires an in-depth...
Designing electricity transmission auctions
The UK has ambitious plans for exploiting offshore wind for electricity production in order to meet its challenging target under the EU Renewable Energy Directive. This could involve investing up to 20bn in transmission assets to bring electricity...
Greve, Thomas; Pollitt, Michael G.
EC Transmission Line Risk Identification and Analysis
The purpose of this document is to assist in evaluating and planning for the cost, schedule, and technical project risks associated with the delivery and operation of the EC (Electron cyclotron) transmission line system. In general, the major risks that are anticipated to be encountered during the project delivery phase associated with the implementation of the Procurement Arrangement for the EC transmission line system are associated with: (1) Undefined or changing requirements (e.g., functional or regulatory requirements) (2) Underperformance of prototype, first unit, or production components during testing (3) Unavailability of qualified vendors for critical components Technical risks associated with the design and operation of the system are also identified.
Bigelow, Tim S [ORNL
National Electric Transmission Congestion Study Webinars | Department...
Broader source: Energy.gov (indexed) [DOE]
National Electric Transmission Congestion Study National Electric Transmission Congestion Study Webinars National Electric Transmission Congestion Study Webinars The Department...
Flexible Transmission in the Smart Grid
Planning . 102 vi Transmission Line Maintenance Scheduling 103 Just-in-time Transmission 103 Flexible Transmission in the Smart Grid
Hedman, Kory Walter
Honda Transmission Technical Center
High Performance Buildings Database
Russells Point, OH The Honda Transmission Technical Center is located on the Honda of America Manufacturing Plant facility site in Russells Point, Ohio. This facility is used for product engineering and market quality testing and analysis of automatic transmissions. The building contains a large workshop area for ten cars, a future dynamometer, two laboratories, an open office area, three conference rooms, a break room, restrooms, and related support areas.
Bulk Power Transmission Study
BULK POWER TRANSMISSION STUDY TOMMY JOH~ P. E. Manager of Resource Recovery Waste Management of North America, Inc. Houston, Texas Texans now have a choice. We can become more efficient and maintain our standard of living, or we can... continue business as usual and watch our standard of living erode from competition from other regions. In the past, except for improving reliability, there was no need for a strong transmission system. When Texas generation was primarily gas fueled...
John, T.
Transmission Planning | Department of Energy
Office of Environmental Management (EM)
Planning Transmission Planning Modernizing America's electricity infrastructure is one of the U.S. Department of Energy's top priorities. The National Transmission Grid Study made...
Semiconductor-Based Interfacial Electron-Transfer Reactivity: Decoupling Kinetics from pH-Dependent Band Energetics in a Dye-Sensitized Titanium Dioxide/Aqueous Solution
H-Dependent Band Energetics in a Dye-Sensitized Titanium Dioxide/Aqueous Solution System Susan G. Yan and Joseph T-bandgap semiconductors via attachment of redox-active dyes offers a means of sensitizing these materials for visible,3 As with other semiconductor/molecular dye assemblies, these work by electron injection from a photoexcited state
Testing time-dependent density functional theory with depopulated molecular orbitals for predicting electronic excitation energies of valence, Rydberg, and charge-transfer
Testing time-dependent density functional theory with depopulated molecular orbitals for predicting functionals for time-dependent density functional theory calculations of valence and Rydberg electronic functional that performs well for both ground-state properties and time-dependent density functional theory
Truhlar, Donald G
Transfer matrix theory of monolayer graphene/bilayer graphene heterostructure superlattice
We have formulated a transfer matrix method to investigate electronic properties of graphene heterostructure consisting of monolayer graphene and bilayer counterpart. By evaluating transmission, conductance, and band dispersion, we show that, irrespective of the different carrier chiralities in monolayer graphene and bilayer graphene, superlattice consisting of biased bilayer graphene barrier and monolayer graphene well can mimic the electronic properties of conventional semiconductor superlattice, displaying the extended subbands in the quantum tunneling regime and producing anisotropic minigaps for the classically allowed transport. Due to the lateral confinement, the lowest mode has shifted away from the charge neutral point of monolayer graphene component, opening a sizeable gap in concerned structure. Following the gate-field and geometry modulation, all electronic states and gaps between them can be externally engineered in an electric-controllable strategy.
Wang, Yu, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500 (China)
Hybrid Transmission Corridor study
Hybrid Transmission Corridors are areas where High Voltage Alternating Current (HVAC) transmission lines and High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission lines exist in close proximity of each other. Because of the acceptance of HVDC as a means of transporting electric power over long distances and the difficulties associated with obtaining new right-of-ways, HVDC lines may have to share the same transmission corridor with HVAC lines. The interactions between conductors energized with different types of voltages causes changes in the electrical stresses applied to the conductors and insulators. As a result, corona phenomena, field effects and insulation performance can be affected. This report presents the results of an investigation of the HVAC-HVDC interaction and its effect on corona and AC and DC electric field phenomena. The method of investigation was based on calculation methods developed at the EPRI High Voltage Transmission Research Center (HVTRC) and supported by the results of full and reduced-scale line tests. Also, a survey of existing hybrid corridors is given along with the results of measurements made at one of those corridors. A number of examples in which an existing AC corridor may be transformed into a hybrid corridor are discussed. The main result of the research is an analytical/empirical model for predicting the electrical/environmental performance of hybrid corridors, a definition of ACDC interaction and a set of criteria for specifying when the interaction becomes significant, and a set of design rules.
Clairmont, B.A.; Johnson, G.B.; Zaffanella, L.E. (General Electric Co., Lenox, MA (United States))
Printed circuit dispersive transmission line
A printed circuit dispersive transmission line structure is disclosed comprising an insulator, a ground plane formed on one surface of the insulator, a first transmission line formed on a second surface of the insulator, and a second transmission line also formed on the second surface of the insulator and of longer length than the first transmission line and periodically intersecting the first transmission line. In a preferred embodiment, the transmission line structure exhibits highly dispersive characteristics by designing the length of one of the transmission line between two adjacent periodic intersections to be longer than the other. 5 figures.
Ikezi, H.; Lin-Liu, Y.R.; DeGrassie, J.S.
Transfer of a weakly bound electron in collisions of Rydberg atoms with neutral particles. I. Long-range interaction effects in the ionic-covalent coupling
Ion-pair formation processes are studied in collisions of Rydberg atoms with neutral particles possessing small electron affinities. Nonadiabatic transitions from a Rydberg covalent term to an ionic term of a quasi-molecule are considered using the modified Landau-Zener theory supplemented with calculation of survival factors of an anion decaying in the Coulomb field of a positive ion core. Using the technique of irreducible tensor operators and the momentum representation of the wavefunction of a highly excited atom, exact expressions are obtained for transition matrix elements and the ionic-covalent coupling parameter. The approach developed in the paper provides the description beyond the scope of a conventional assumption about a small variation of the wavefunction of the Rydberg atom on the range of electron coordinates determined by the characteristic radius of the wavefunction of the anion. This allows one to correctly consider long-range effects of the interaction between a weakly bound electron and the neutral core of a negative ion in processes under study. It is shown by the example of thermal collisions of Xe(nf) atoms with CH{sub 3}CN molecules that this is very important for a reliable quantitative description of anion formation with a low binding energy. The results are compared with experiments and calculations performed within the framework of a number of approximate methods.
Lebedev, V. S., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Narits, A. A. [Russian Academy of Sciences, Lebedev Physics Institute (Russian Federation)] [Russian Academy of Sciences, Lebedev Physics Institute (Russian Federation)
Transmission line capital costs
The displacement or deferral of conventional AC transmission line installation is a key benefit associated with several technologies being developed with the support of the U.S. Department of Energy`s Office of Energy Management (OEM). Previous benefits assessments conducted within OEM have been based on significantly different assumptions for the average cost per mile of AC transmission line. In response to this uncertainty, an investigation of transmission line capital cost data was initiated. The objective of this study was to develop a database for preparing preliminary estimates of transmission line costs. An extensive search of potential data sources identified databases maintained by the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) and the Western Area Power Administration (WAPA) as superior sources of transmission line cost data. The BPA and WAPA data were adjusted to a common basis and combined together. The composite database covers voltage levels from 13.8 to 765 W, with cost estimates for a given voltage level varying depending on conductor size, tower material type, tower frame type, and number of circuits. Reported transmission line costs vary significantly, even for a given voltage level. This can usually be explained by variation in the design factors noted above and variation in environmental and land (right-of-way) costs, which are extremely site-specific. Cost estimates prepared from the composite database were compared to cost data collected by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) for investor-owned utilities from across the United States. The comparison was hampered because the only design specifications included with the FERC data were voltage level and line length. Working within this limitation, the FERC data were not found to differ significantly from the composite database. Therefore, the composite database was judged to be a reasonable proxy for estimating national average costs.
Hughes, K.R.; Brown, D.R.
Dynamical steering in an electron transfer surface reaction: Oriented NO(v = 3, 0.08 < E{sub i} < 0.89 eV) relaxation in collisions with a Au(111) surface
We report measurements of the incidence translational energy dependence of steric effects in collisions of NO(v = 3) molecules with a Au(111) surface using a recently developed technique to orient beams of vibrationally excited NO molecules at incidence energies of translation between 0.08 and 0.89 eV. Incidence orientation dependent vibrational state distributions of scattered molecules are detected by means of resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization spectroscopy. Molecules oriented with the N-end towards the surface exhibit a higher vibrational relaxation probability than those oriented with the O-end towards the surface. This strong orientation dependence arises from the orientation dependence of the underlying electron transfer reaction responsible for the vibrational relaxation. At reduced incidence translational energy, we observe a reduced steric effect. This reflects dynamical steering and re-orientation of the NO molecule upon its approach to the surface.
Bartels, Nils; Golibrzuch, Kai; Bartels, Christof; Schäfer, Tim, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen (Germany)] [Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen (Germany); Chen, Li [Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen (Germany)] [Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen (Germany); Auerbach, Daniel J.; Wodtke, Alec M. [Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen (Germany) [Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen (Germany); Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen (Germany)
Low Frequency Transmission Final Project Report
to HVDC transmission and conventional AC transmission in different configurations. The issue is quite
In the past year studies have primarily focused on elucidating the role of pili in electron transport to Fe(III) oxide in Geobacter sulfurreducens. As summarized in last year's report, it was previously found that pili are specifically expressed during growth on Fe(III) oxide and that Fe(III) oxide reduction is inhibited if the gene for the structural pilin protein is deleted. However, it was also found that a pilin-deficient mutant of G. sulfurreducens could attached to Fe(III) oxide as well as wild type.
Lovley, Derek R.
Borehole data transmission apparatus
A borehole data transmission apparatus whereby a centrifugal pump impeller(s) is used to provide a turbine stage having substantial pressure characteristics in response to changing rotational speed of a shaft for the pressure pulsing of data from the borehole through the drilling mud to the surface of the earth.
Kotlyar, Oleg M. (1739 Grandview #2, Idaho Falls, ID 83402)
Autonomous data transmission apparatus
A autonomous borehole data transmission apparatus for transmitting measurement data from measuring instruments at the downhole end of a drill string by generating pressure pulses utilizing a transducer longitudinally responsive to magnetic field pulses caused by electrical pulses corresponding to the measured downhole parameters.
Kotlyar, Oleg M. (4675 W. 3825 S, Salt Lake City, UT 84120)
A autonomous borehole data transmission apparatus is described for transmitting measurement data from measuring instruments at the downhole end of a drill string by generating pressure pulses utilizing a transducer longitudinally responsive to magnetic field pulses caused by electrical pulses corresponding to the measured downhole parameters. 4 figs.
Kotlyar, O.M.
Omega Transmission Lines
In this paper, we show how bi-anisotropic media with omega-type response can be realized using periodically loaded transmission lines. General conditions for the needed unit cell circuit block are derived. Also, an implementation is shown and analyzed.
Vehmas, Joni
A borehole data transmission apparatus is described whereby a centrifugal pump impeller(s) is used to provide a turbine stage having substantial pressure characteristics in response to changing rotational speed of a shaft for the pressure pulsing of data from the borehole through the drilling mud to the surface of the earth.
Spring 2014 Heat Transfer -2
Spring 2014 Heat Transfer - 2 A thin electronic chip is in the shape of a square wafer, b = 1 cm surface of the chip with a heat transfer coefficient of h = 100 W/m2 -K. Assume the chip has a uniform per side with a mass of m = 0.3 grams and specific heat of C = 103 J/kg-K. The chip is mounted
Virginia Tech
Transmission of Serial Data Using Inductive Data Transfer
,000 ohm 5% 3 22,000 ohm 5% 1 Capacitors .001 micro Farad 2 .1 micro Farad 4 10 micro Farad 2 Integrated Plexiglas 2-inch diameter circle Super glue 1 tube #12;Recommended tools for construction Wire strippers
Wood, Stephen L.
A stochastic framework for uncertainty analysis in electric power transmission systems with wind generation
an electric transmission network with wind power generation and their impact on its reliability. A stochastic disconnections leading to massive network blackout. 1. Introduction Systems of electric power generation, supply of generating units, the transfer of electric power over networks of transmission lines and, finally
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
Drill string transmission line
A transmission line assembly for transmitting information along a downhole tool comprising a pin end, a box end, and a central bore traveling between the pin end and the box end, is disclosed in one embodiment of the invention as including a protective conduit. A transmission line is routed through the protective conduit. The protective conduit is routed through the central bore and the ends of the protective conduit are routed through channels formed in the pin end and box end of the downhole tool. The protective conduit is elastically forced into a spiral or other non-linear path along the interior surface of the central bore by compressing the protective conduit to a length within the downhole tool shorter than the protective conduit.
Hall, David R. (Provo, UT); Hall, Jr., H. Tracy (Provo, UT); Pixton, David S. (Lehi, UT); Bradford, Kline (Orem, UT); Fox, Joe (Spanish Fork, UT)
Patterns of Transmission Investment
long term performance contracts with a developer of an HVDC transmission link to expand "interconnection" capacity between TSOs with no or limited interconnections and with large sustained differences in prices. Merchant investments supported... truly separate AC networks. For example, by building HVDC inter-connectors between two separate networks, opportunities to increase trades of power from high price to low priced areas can be exploited. The HVDC link between the England and France...
Joskow, Paul
DOE Transmission Workshop
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Free electron laser
A high gain, single-pass free electron laser formed of a high brilliance electron injector source, a linear accelerator which imparts high energy to the electron beam, and an undulator capable of extremely high magnetic fields, yet with a very short period. The electron injector source is the first stage (gap) of the linear accelerator or a radial line transformer driven by fast circular switch. The linear accelerator is formed of a plurality of accelerating gaps arranged in series. These gaps are energized in sequence by releasing a single pulse of energy which propagates simultaneously along a plurality of transmission lines, each of which feeds the gaps. The transmission lines are graduated in length so that pulse power is present at each gap as the accelerated electrons pass therethrough. The transmission lines for each gap are open circuited at their ends. The undualtor has a structure similar to the accelerator, except that the transmission lines for each gap are substantially short circuited at their ends, thus converting the electric field into magnetic field. A small amount of resistance is retained in order to generate a small electric field for replenishing the electron bunch with the energy lost as it traverses through the undulator structure.
Villa, Francesco (Alameda, CA)
One-electron-transfer reactions of the couple SO/sub 2//SO/sub 2//sup -/ in aqueous solutions. Pulse radiolytic and cyclic voltametric studies
Rate constants for one-electron reduction of SO/sub 2/ by several radicals and for reduction of several compounds by SO/sub 2//sup .-/ radicals were determined by pulse radiolysis at pH 1. SO/sub 2/ is reduced by the (CH/sub 3/)/sub 2/COH radicals with k = 2.1 x 10/sup 9/ M/sup -1/ s/sup -1/ and by viologen radicals and certain porphyrin ..pi..-radical anions with k approx. 10/sup 8/-10/sup 9/ M/sup -1/ s/sup -1/. The SO/sub 2//sup .-/ radical reduces compounds which have reduction potentials more positive than -0.28 V. The rate constants for these reductions vary from < 10/sup 7/ to > 10/sup 9/ M/sup -1/ s/sup -1/ and depend on the redox potentials of the compounds and on other properties such as charge and self-exchange rate. The reduction potentials for SO/sub 2/ and for the porphyrins were determined by cyclic voltametry under identical conditions. These reduction potentials were used along with the rate constants and previously reported self-exchange rates to estimate the self-exchange rate for the couple SO/sub 2//SO/sub 2//sup .-/ in acidic solutions. The calculated values were found to vary over many orders of magnitude, similar to the situation reported before for the O/sub 2//O/sub 2//sup -/ couple.
Neta, P.; Huie, R.E.; Harriman, A.
Geothermal Resources and Transmission Planning
This project addresses transmission-related barriers to utility-scale deployment of geothermal electric generation technologies.
Boardman to Hemingway Transmission Project
Transmission Issues Policy Steering Committee
Business Practices CommitteesTeams Joint Operating Committee Transmission Issues Policy Steering Committee Customer Training Interconnection Notices Rates Standards of...
Optical data transmission at the superconducting super collider
Digital and analog data transmissions via fiber optics for the Superconducting Super Collider have been investigated. The state of the art of optical transmitters, low loss fiber waveguides, receivers and associated electronics components are reviewed and summarized. Emphasis is placed on the effects of the radiation environment on the performance of an optical data transmission system components. Also, the performance of candidate components of the wide band digital and analog transmission systems intended for deployment of the Superconducting Super Collider Detector is discussed. 27 refs., 15 figs.
Leskovar, B.
Characterization of natural titanomagnetites (Fe3-xTixO4) for studying heterogeneous electron transfer to Tc(VII) in the Hanford subsurface
Sediments with basaltic provenance, such as those at the Hanford nuclear reservation, Washington, USA, are rich in Fe-bearing minerals of mixed valence. These minerals are redox reactive with aqueous O2 or Fe(II), and have the potential to react with important environmental contaminants including Tc. Here we isolate, identify and characterize natural Fe(II)/Fe(III)-bearing microparticles from Hanford sediments, develop synthetic analogues and investigate their batch redox reactivity with aqueous Tc(VII). Natural Fe-rich mineral samples were isolated by magnetic separation from sediments collected at several locations on Hanford's central plateau. This magnetic mineral fraction was found to represent up to 1 wt% of the total sediment, and be composed of 90% magnetite with minor ilmenite and hematite, as determined by X-ray diffraction. The magnetite contained variable amounts of transition metalsconsistent with alio- and isovalent metal substitutions for Fe. X-ray microprobe analysis showed that Ti was the most significant substituent, and that these grains could be described with the titanomagnetite formula Fe3_xTixO4, which falls between endmember magnetite (x = 0) and ulvo¨ spinel (x = 1). The dominant composition was determined to be x = 0.15 by chemical analysis and electron probe microanalysis in the bulk, and by L-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at the surface. Site-level characterization of the titanomagnetites by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism showed that despite native oxidation, octahedral Fe(II) was detectable within 5 nm of the mineral surface. By testing the effect of contact with oxic Hanford and Ringold groundwaters to reduced Ringold groundwater, it was found that the concentration of this near-surface structural Fe(II) was strongly dependent on aqueous redox condition. This highlights the potential for restoring reducing equivalents and thus reduction capacity to oxidized Fe-mineral surfaces through redox cycling in the natural environment. Reaction of these magnetically-separated natural phases from Hanford sediments with a solution containing 10 lmol L_1 Tc(VII) showed that they were able to reductively immobilize Tc(VII) with concurrent oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) at the mineral surface, as were synthetic x = 0.15 microparticle and nanoparticle analogue phases. When differences in the particle surface area to solution volume ratio were taken into consideration, measured Tc(VII) reduction rates for Fe3_xTixO4(x = 0.15) natural material, synthetic bulk powder and nanoparticles scaled systematically, suggesting possible utility for comprehensive batch and flow reactivity studies.
Pearce, Carolyn I.; Liu, Juan; Baer, Donald R.; Qafoku, Odeta; Heald, Steve M.; Arenholz, Elke; Grosz, Andrew E.; McKinley, James P.; Resch, Charles T.; Bowden, Mark E.; Engelhard, Mark H.; Rosso, Kevin M.
Automated manual transmission clutch controller
Lawrie, Robert E. (9375 Kearney Rd., Whitmore Lake, MI 48189); Reed, Jr., Richard G. (3003 Bembridge, Royal Oak, MI 48073); Rausen, David J. (519 S. Gaylord St., Denver, CO 80209)
Energetics and Dynamics of Electron Transfer and Proton Transfer in
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Transmission - Contact Information
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Transmission Capacity Forum
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Transmission Contact Information
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Transmission Developers Inc.
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Transmission and Storage Operations
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Electricity Transmission, A Primer
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Transmission Right Of Way
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Transmission SEAB Presentation
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Abstract --Under a context of transmission open access, a methodology to define a common transmission trunk system
Terms--Transmission systems, Transmission pricing, Cooperative games, Shapley value, Transmission open
Catholic University of Chile (Universidad CatĂłlica de Chile)
Colorado Electrical Transmission Grid
Citation Information: Originator: Earth Science &Observation Center (ESOC), CIRES, University of Colorado at Boulder Originator: Xcel Energy Publication Date: 2012 Title: Colorado XcelEnergy NonXcel Transmission Network Edition: First Publication Information: Publication Place: Earth Science & Observation Center, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder Publisher: Earth Science &Observation Center (ESOC), CIRES, University of Colorado at Boulder Description: This layer contains transmission network of Colorado Spatial Domain: Extent: Top: 4540689.017558 m Left: 160606.141934 m Right: 758715.946645 m Bottom: 4098910.893397m Contact Information: Contact Organization: Earth Science &Observation Center (ESOC), CIRES, University of Colorado at Boulder Contact Person: Khalid Hussein Address: CIRES, Ekeley Building Earth Science & Observation Center (ESOC) 216 UCB City: Boulder State: CO Postal Code: 80309-0216 Country: USA Contact Telephone: 303-492-6782 Spatial Reference Information: Coordinate System: Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) WGS'1984 Zone 13N False Easting: 500000.00000000 False Northing: 0.00000000 Central Meridian: -105.00000000 Scale Factor: 0.99960000 Latitude of Origin: 0.00000000 Linear Unit: Meter Datum: World Geodetic System '1984 (WGS '1984) Prime Meridian: Greenwich Angular Unit: Degree Digital Form: Format Name: Shapefile
Zehner, Richard E.
E-Print Network 3.0 - analytical scanning electron Sample Search...
Electron Microscope Philips CM20 Analytical Scanning... during formation of the carbide particles. 12;Philips CM20 Analytical Scanning Transmission Electron... at SCSAM ...
Data Transfer
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Transferring Data
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The agenda for the Quadrennial Energy Review (QER) public stakeholder meeting in New Orleans on petroleum product transmission, distribution, and storage.
Application of Electron Transfer Dissociation Mass Spectrometry...
glycation of peptides and proteins by D-glucose has important implications in diabetes mellitus research, particularly in the context of development of diabetic...
Sandia National Laboratories: faster electron transfer kinetics
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Microsoft Word - Electron transfer.doc
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TABLE I. AUTOMOTIVE TEMPERATURE RANGES [1] In-transmission 150-200C
electronics modules in HEVs. I. INTRODUCTION Previously reported high-temperature automotive electronic-voltage integrated gate driver circuit for automotive applications. In all power electronic circuits, a gate driverTABLE I. AUTOMOTIVE TEMPERATURE RANGES [1] In-transmission 150-200°C On-engine 150-200°C On Wheel
innovati nAdvanced Heat Transfer Technologies Increase Vehicle
innovati nAdvanced Heat Transfer Technologies Increase Vehicle Performance and Reliability Keeping with industry to develop and demonstrate advanced heat transfer technologies such as jet impingement cooling for thermal grease and significantly enhances direct heat transfer from the electronics. A series of nozzles
Direct current power transmission systems
This book represents text on HVDC transmission available. It deals with the various aspects of the state of the art in HVDC transmission technology. This book presents many aspects of interactions of AC/DC systems. Modeling and analysis of DC systems are also discussed in detail.
Padiyar, K.R.
HVDC power transmission technology assessment
The purpose of this study was to develop an assessment of the national utility system`s needs for electric transmission during the period 1995-2020 that could be met by future reduced-cost HVDC systems. The assessment was to include an economic evaluation of HVDC as a means for meeting those needs as well as a comparison with competing technologies such as ac transmission with and without Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers. The role of force commutated dc converters was to be assumed where appropriate. The assessment begins by identifying the general needs for transmission in the U.S. in the context of a future deregulated power industry. The possible roles for direct current transmission are then postulated in terms of representative scenarios. A few of the scenarios are illustrated with the help of actual U.S. system examples. non-traditional applications as well as traditional applications such as long lines and asynchronous interconnections are discussed. The classical ``break-even distance`` concept for comparing HVDC and ac lines is used to assess the selected scenarios. The impact of reduced-cost converters is reflected in terms of the break-even distance. This report presents a comprehensive review of the functional benefits of HVDC transmission and updated cost data for both ac and dc system components. It also provides some provocative thoughts on how direct current transmission might be applied to better utilize and expand our nation`s increasingly stressed transmission assets.
Hauth, R.L.; Tatro, P.J.; Railing, B.D. [New England Power Service Co., Westborough, MA (United States); Johnson, B.K.; Stewart, J.R. [Power Technologies, Inc., Schenectady, NY (United States); Fink, J.L.
Localized radio frequency communication using asynchronous transfer mode protocol
A localized wireless communication system for communication between a plurality of circuit boards, and between electronic components on the circuit boards. Transceivers are located on each circuit board and electronic component. The transceivers communicate with one another over spread spectrum radio frequencies. An asynchronous transfer mode protocol controls communication flow with asynchronous transfer mode switches located on the circuit boards.
Witzke, Edward L. (Edgewood, NM); Robertson, Perry J. (Albuquerque, NM); Pierson, Lyndon G. (Albuquerque, NM)
Key-shift transmission
A key-shift transmission is described, characterized by the speed-change shaft being divided into a pair of trough-shaped shaft halves each having an arched inner surface which defines a part of a cylindrical bore extending axially through the speed-change shaft thereby the shaft being formed into a hollow shaft, and by each of the shaft halves including a pair of flattened end surfaces which extend axially of each shaft half at both sides of the inner surface, one of the end surfaces having thereon an axially elongated projection and the other of the end surfaces having herein an axially elongated recess of a depth smaller than the height of the projection. The pair of shaft halves are engaged to each other co-rotatably by fitting the projections of the respective shaft halves into the recesses of the respective shaft halves so as to form in an outer surface of the speed-change shaft a pair of elongated axial grooves which are located radially outwardly of the elongated projections of the respective shaft halves and between the flattened end surfaces of the respective shaft halves. A pair of the shift keys are disposed within the pair of elongated axial grooves.
Nemoto, S.
Regional Transmission Projects: Finding Solutions
The Keystone Center convened and facilitated a year-long Dialogue on "Regional Transmission Projects: Finding Solutions" to develop recommendations that will help address the difficult and contentious issues related to expansions of regional electric transmission systems that are needed for reliable and economic transmission of power within and across regions. This effort brought together a cross-section of affected stakeholders and thought leaders to address the problem with the collective wisdom of their experience and interests. Transmission owners sat at the table with consumer advocates and environmental organizations. Representatives from regional transmission organizations exchanged ideas with state and federal regulators. Generation developers explored common interests with public power suppliers. Together, the Dialogue participants developed consensus solutions about how to begin unraveling some of the more intractable issues surrounding identification of need, allocation of costs, and reaching consensus on siting issues that can frustrate the development of regional transmission infrastructure. The recommendations fall into three broad categories: 1. Recommendations on appropriate institutional arrangements and processes for achieving regional consensus on the need for new or expanded transmission infrastructure 2. Recommendations on the process for siting of transmission lines 3. Recommendations on the tools needed to support regional planning, cost allocation, and siting efforts. List of Dialogue participants: List of Dialogue Participants: American Electric Power American Transmission Company American Wind Energy Association California ISO Calpine Corporation Cinergy Edison Electric Institute Environmental Defense Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Great River Energy International Transmission Company ISO-New England Iowa Public Utility Board Kanner & Associates Midwest ISO National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners National Association of State Utility Consumer Advocates National Grid Northeast Utilities PA Office of Consumer Advocates Pacific Gas & Electric Corporation Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission PJM Interconnection The Electricity Consumers Resource Council U.S. Department of Energy US Department of the Interior Van Ness Feldman Western Interstate Energy Board Wind on the Wires Wisconsin Public Service Commission Xcel Energy
The Keystone Center
NWCC Transmission Case Study III
OAK-B135 Transmission System Improvements for Wind Energy Development in the Upper Midwest and Great Plains: Opportunities and Obstacles. This case study set out to ascertain the validity of three assumptions from the perspectives of stakeholders involved in wind energy and transmission issues in the Upper Midwest and Great Plains. The assumptions, and the stakeholders' reactions to each, are summarized below: Assumption 1--Transmission system improvements would provide significant benefits to the electricity network and its customers. Respondents acknowledge the potential for overall system benefits in the form of reduced line losses, improved grid stability and reliability, and enhanced ability to conduct spot market transactions. They also agree that these benefits relate to specific regional needs. However, there is disagreement over the extent of other benefits such as efficiency gains and cost savings from reduced line losses. Further, environmental and community interest groups point out that none of these benefits are realized without significant financial, environmental and social costs. Assumption 2--The benefits of transmission improvements would be helpful, but not confined, to wind power. All respondents agree that wind energy could benefit from transmission system improvements. But they also acknowledge, reluctantly, in the case of environmental stakeholders, that the benefits of an improved transmission system cannot be limited to environmentally preferable forms of generation. Some environmental and community advocate respondents also feel that transmission system improvement projects can be avoided altogether through energy conservation and efficiency measures, and by substituting wind energy for fossil generation. Assumption 3--Transmission alliances among stakeholders within and external to the wind community can provide benefits in the public interest. The fractured, multi-jurisdictional governance of the regional transmission system, and the distrust and diversity of perspectives among affected stakeholders, may make the formation of multi-stakeholder alliances necessary to accomplishing transmission goals. If the wind industry and utilities want to partner with environmental and community advocate groups in supporting a transmission project, they may have to convince these groups that the project would result in a net environmental benefit. The project proponents would have to make the case that the benefits of the additional wind energy will at least offset the emissions of any additional fossil generation made possible by the transmission project, as well as offset the environmental impact of the transmission project itself.
Terry Allison, Steve Wiese
Environment assisted electron capture
Electron capture by {\\it isolated} atoms and ions proceeds by photorecombination. In this process a species captures a free electron by emitting a photon which carries away the excess energy. It is shown here that in the presence of an {\\it environment} a competing non-radiative electron capture process can take place due to long range electron correlation. In this interatomic (intermolecular) process the excess energy is transferred to neighboring species. The asymptotic expression for the cross section of this process is derived. We demonstrate by explicit examples that under realizable conditions the cross section of this interatomic process can clearly dominate that of photorecombination.
Kirill Gokhberg; Lorenz S. Cederbaum
Energy Transmission and Infrastructure
The objective of Energy Transmission and Infrastructure Northern Ohio (OH) was to lay the conceptual and analytical foundation for an energy economy in northern Ohio that will: • improve the efficiency with which energy is used in the residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, and transportation sectors for Oberlin, Ohio as a district-wide model for Congressional District OH-09; • identify the potential to deploy wind and solar technologies and the most effective configuration for the regional energy system (i.e., the ratio of distributed or centralized power generation); • analyze the potential within the district to utilize farm wastes to produce biofuels; • enhance long-term energy security by identifying ways to deploy local resources and building Ohio-based enterprises; • identify the policy, regulatory, and financial barriers impeding development of a new energy system; and • improve energy infrastructure within Congressional District OH-09. This objective of laying the foundation for a renewable energy system in Ohio was achieved through four primary areas of activity: 1. district-wide energy infrastructure assessments and alternative-energy transmission studies; 2. energy infrastructure improvement projects undertaken by American Municipal Power (AMP) affiliates in the northern Ohio communities of Elmore, Oak Harbor, and Wellington; 3. Oberlin, OH-area energy assessment initiatives; and 4. a district-wide conference held in September 2011 to disseminate year-one findings. The grant supported 17 research studies by leading energy, policy, and financial specialists, including studies on: current energy use in the district and the Oberlin area; regional potential for energy generation from renewable sources such as solar power, wind, and farm-waste; energy and transportation strategies for transitioning the City of Oberlin entirely to renewable resources and considering pedestrians, bicyclists, and public transportation as well as drivers in developing transportation policies; energy audits and efficiency studies for Oberlin-area businesses and Oberlin College; identification of barriers to residential energy efficiency and development of programming to remove these barriers; mapping of the solar-photovoltaic and wind-energy supply chains in northwest Ohio; and opportunities for vehicle sharing and collaboration among the ten organizations in Lorain County from the private, government, non-profit, and educational sectors. With non-grant funds, organizations have begun or completed projects that drew on the findings of the studies, including: creation of a residential energy-efficiency program for the Oberlin community; installation of energy-efficient lighting in Oberlin College facilities; and development by the City of Oberlin and Oberlin College of a 2.27 megawatt solar photovoltaic facility that is expected to produce 3,000 megawatt-hours of renewable energy annually, 12% of the College's yearly power needs. Implementation of these and other projects is evidence of the economic feasibility and technical effectiveness of grant-supported studies, and additional projects are expected to advance to implementation in the coming years. The public has benefited through improved energydelivery systems and reduced energy use for street lighting in Elmore, Oak Harbor, and Wellington; new opportunities for assistance and incentives for residential energy efficiency in the Oberlin community; new opportunities for financial and energy savings through vehicle collaboration within Lorain County; and decreased reliance on fossil fuels and expanded production of renewable energy in the region. The dissemination conference and the summary report developed for the conference also benefited the public, but making the findings and recommendations of the regional studies broadly available to elected officials, city managers, educators, representatives of the private sector, and the general public.
Mathison, Jane
Bibliography on transmission access issues
This paper presents a bibliography on issues related to transmission access in electric power systems. There are 233 citations referenced in this bibliography. This bibliography presents a collection of selected literature on issues related to transmission access. It does not contain all of the material available on this subject or the categories contained herein. Some readers may feel that citations within this bibliography should be strictly limited to transmission system issues and not include energy pricing or reliability issues. However, it was the decision of the Subcommittee of the IEEE Task Force on Transmission Access and Nonutility Generation that selected entries relating to reliability and energy pricing, most relevant to transmission access, should be included. This decision was made because certain issues relating to reliability, transmission and energy pricing are perceived by the industry to be critical in the discussion of transmission access. The bibliography has been divided into the following sections or sub-sections: 2.0 Operational (Engineering) Issues, 3.0 Planning, 4.0 Reliability, 5.1 Economics: Costing, 5.2(a) Economics: Location-Differentiated Pricing, 5.2(b) Economics: Time-Differentiated Pricing, 5.3 Economics: Brokering, Bidding, and Auctioning, 6.0 Regulatory, and 7.0 General. Although the content of many publications spanned two or more of these sections, the desire to limit document length required that all publications be placed in the single most appropriate section. Publications are sorted according to author or publication resource.
Lankford, C.B. [Oklahoma Gas and Electric Co., Oklahoma City, OK (United States)] [Oklahoma Gas and Electric Co., Oklahoma City, OK (United States); McCalley, J.D. [Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States)] [Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States); Saini, N.K. [Entergy Services Corp., Metairie, LA (United States)] [Entergy Services Corp., Metairie, LA (United States)
AC and DC power transmission
The technical and economic assessment of AC and DC transmission systems; long distance transmission, cable transmission, system inter-connection, voltage support, reactive compensation, stabilisation of systems; parallel operation of DC links with AC systems; comparison between alternatives for particular schemes. Design and application equipment: design, testing and application of equipment for HVDC, series and shunt static compensated AC schemes, including associated controls. Installations: overall design of stations and conductor arrangements for HVDC, series and shunt static AC schemes including insulation co-ordination. System analysis and modelling.
Not Available
Electrical transmission line diametrical retainer
The invention is a mechanism for retaining an electrical transmission line. In one embodiment of the invention it is a system for retaining an electrical transmission line within down hole components. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, the system includes a plurality of downhole components, such as sections of pipe in a drill string. The system also includes a coaxial cable running between the first and second end of a drill pipe, the coaxial cable having a conductive tube and a conductive core within it. The invention allows the electrical transmission line to with stand the tension and compression of drill pipe during routine drilling cycles.
Hall, David R. (Provo, UT); Hall, Jr., H. Tracy (Provo, UT); Pixton, David (Lehi, UT); Dahlgren, Scott (Provo, UT); Sneddon, Cameron (Provo, UT); Briscoe, Michael (Lehi, UT); Fox, Joe (Spanish Fork, UT)
Midwest Transmission Workshop I Summary
OAK-B135 The meeting was opened with a review of the purposes of the workshop: (1) Present and discuss key studies and assessments of transmission upgrades, additions and related issues for the upper Midwest, including work that addresses the full range of views on these topics; (2) Understand the various transmission issues in the upper Midwest and discuss options for addressing the issues; and (3) Identify the decision makers and entities that need to play an active role if transmission issues are to be resolved, and agree on next steps for engaging these individuals and organizations through education, outreach, and information dissemination.
Kevin Bryan
Video transmission over wireless networks
Compressed video bitstream transmissions over wireless networks are addressed in this work. We first consider error control and power allocation for transmitting wireless video over CDMA networks in conjunction with multiuser detection. We map a...
Zhao, Shengjie
EIS-0231: Navajo Transmission Project
This EIS evaluates the environmental impacts of a proposal to by Dine Power Authority, a Navajo Nation enterprise, to construct, operate, and maintain a 500 kilovolt (kV) transmission line planned...
BPA Transmission Commercial Project Roadmap
Commercial Project Roadmap 15-Minute Scheduling Dynamic Transfer Program NT Redispatch WECC-Bal- 002 ST Comp & Preemption ST ATC Method. PCM Monthlyweekly Implementation PCM...
WINDExchange Offshore Wind Webinar: Transmission Planning and...
Offshore Wind Webinar: Transmission Planning and Interconnection for Offshore Wind WINDExchange Offshore Wind Webinar: Transmission Planning and Interconnection for Offshore Wind...
2006 National Electric Transmission Congestion Study Federal...
6 National Electric Transmission Congestion Study Federal Register Notice & Comments 2006 National Electric Transmission Congestion Study Federal Register Notice & Comments The...
National Electric Transmission Congestion Study | Department...
Study National Electric Transmission Congestion Study National Electric Transmission Congestion Study Section 1221(a) of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, codified at 16 U.S.C....
2009 National Electric Transmission Congestion Study | Department...
9 National Electric Transmission Congestion Study 2009 National Electric Transmission Congestion Study Section 216(a) of the Federal Power Act, as amended by the Energy Policy Act...
2006 National Electric Transmission Congestion Study | Department...
6 National Electric Transmission Congestion Study 2006 National Electric Transmission Congestion Study Section 216(a) of the Federal Power Act, as amended by the Energy Policy Act...
National Electric Transmission Congestion Study Workshops | Department...
National Electric Transmission Congestion Study Workshops National Electric Transmission Congestion Study Workshops DOE hosted four regional pre-study workshops to receive input...
Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution Module
Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update (EIA)
U.S. Energy Information Administration | Assumptions to the Annual Energy Outlook 2011 Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution Module The NEMS Natural Gas Transmission and...
U.S. Energy Information Administration | Assumptions to the Annual Energy Outlook 2013 Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution Module The NEMS Natural Gas Transmission and...
Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution Module This
U.S. Energy Information Administration | Assumptions to the Annual Energy Outlook 2012 Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution Module The NEMS Natural Gas Transmission and...
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY National Electric Transmission Congestion...
National Electric Transmission Congestion Report Docket No. 2007-OE-01, Mid-Atlantic Area National Interest Electric Transmission Corridor; Docket No. 2007-0E-02, Southwest Area...
Federal Laboratory Technology Transfer
Federal Laboratory Technology Transfer Fiscal Year 2008 Prepared by: National Institute to submit this fiscal year 2008 Technology Transfer Summary Report to the President and the Congress transfer authorities established by the Technology Transfer Commercialization Act of 2000 (P.L. 106
Perkins, Richard A.
Wireless Power Transfer
Wireless Power Transfer is an innovative approach using magnetic resonance coupling of air core transformers designed for today's growing plug-in electric vehicle market. This technology can provide a convenient, safe and flexible means to charge electric vehicles under stationary and dynamic conditions. Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEV) are burdened by the need for cable and plug charger, galvanic isolation of the on-board electronics, bulk and cost of this charger and the large energy storage system (ESS) packs needed. With a system where you have to physically plug in there are a number of occasions where the owner could very well forget to charge the vehicle. For stationary applications (like charging of a PHEV at home), ORNL's innovative wireless power transfer technology adds a convenience factor compared to actually plugging in which will mean that the vehicle will have a full charge every morning. Electric vehicle charging must be safe, compact and efficient in order to be convenient for customers. By reconfiguring the transformer and altering the resonance frequency, energy is transferred to the battery with lower energy losses and with fewer demands on the primary circuit by the rest of the transformer system. The ORNL discovery shows that sufficient power for the battery can be transferred from the primary to secondary circuits without significant energy losses if the operating frequency is set at 50% to 95% of the resonance frequency of the circuit. The electrical power is then transmitted to the chargeable battery, which is electrically coupled to the secondary circuit through the air core transformer. Some advantages include: Reduced energy losses during transfer of energy to the battery; A charge potential that is relatively unaffected by up to 25% misalignment of vehicle; and Other receiving components draw less power from the primary circuit. These advantages allow wireless power technology applications to expand at the workplace and beyond as the demand for EV rises. For vehicles that operate over a fixed route such as busses and shuttle vehicles, Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) means that a smaller battery pack can be used. In the traditional system, the battery pack is designed to accommodate the needs of the entire route or shift. With WPT the battery can be downsized because it can be charged when the vehicle stops on its route (a rental car shuttle bus, for example, can charge when it waits in the terminal and again when it waits at the rental car place. Thus the battery only needs enough charge to get to the next stop. This decrease in battery size means significant cost savings to electrify the vehicle. This technology enables efficient "opportunity charging stations" for predefined routes and planned stops reducing down time. Charging can occur in minutes. This improvement also eliminates the harmful emissions that occur in garages while buses are at idle during charging. In larger cities, dynamic charging offers an even greater impact utilizing existing infrastructure. As vehicles travel along busy freeways and interstate systems, wireless charging can occur while the vehicle is in motion. With this technology a vehicle essentially has unlimited electric range while using a relatively small battery pack. In-motion charging stations use vehicle sensors to alert the driver. Traveling at normal speeds, sensors establish in-motion charging. WPT transmit pads sequentially energize to the negotiated power level based on vehicle speed and its requested charging energy. Lower power when vehicle speed is slow and much higher power for faster moving vehicles. Vehicle to Infrastructure communications (V2I) coordinates WPT charging level according to on-board battery pack state-of-charge. V2I activates the roadway transmit pads placing them in standby mode and negotiates charging fee based on prevailing grid rate and vehicle energy demand. Dynamic charging would allow electricity to supply a very large fraction of the energy for the transportation sector and reduce greatly petroleum consump
Revealing the atomic and electronic structure of a SrTiO{sub 3}/LaNiO{sub 3}/SrTiO{sub 3} heterostructure interface
The atomic structures of SrTiO{sub 3} (STO)/LaNiO{sub 3} (LNO)/STO heterostructure interfaces were investigated by spherical aberration-corrected (C{sub S}) (scanning) transmission electron microscopy. Atomic displacement and lattice distortion measurements and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) were used to quantitatively analyze the distortion of the interfacial octahedra and the bond length at the interfaces. Combined with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy analyses, two distinct interfacial atomic terminating layers are unambiguously determined. Ensuing quantitative HRTEM measurements revealed that the Ni-O bond length in the interfacial octahedral is elongated at the bottom interface (–NiO{sub 2}-SrO–). Atomic displacement shows structural relaxation effects when crossing the interfaces and lattice distortions across the interface is more pronounced in LNO than in STO. The Ti/O atomic ratio, La and Ti relative atomic ratio as derived by EELS quantification indicate non-stoichiometric composition at the interfaces. Distinct fine structures of Ti-L{sub 2,3} edge and O-K edge at the bottom and top interfaces are observed. By comparison, we are able to estimate Ti valency at both interfaces. Combining the structural distortions and Ti valency, the polar discontinuity and charge transfer at the interfaces are discussed.
Zhang, Zaoli, E-mail: email@example.com [Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Leoben (Austria); Electron Microscopy Group for Materials Science, University of Ulm, Ulm (Germany); Soltan, S. [Max-Planck Institute for Solid State Research, D-70561 Stuttgart (Germany); Faculty of Science, Helwan University, 11795 Cairo (Egypt); Schmid, H. [INM—Leibniz-Institut für Neue Materialien, 66123 Saarbrücken (Germany); Habermeier, H.-U.; Keimer, B. [Max-Planck Institute for Solid State Research, D-70561 Stuttgart (Germany); Kaiser, U. [Electron Microscopy Group for Materials Science, University of Ulm, Ulm (Germany)
July 2, 2007 1 Optimal Transmission Switching
d to node n. zk: binary variable indicating whether transmission line k is removed from the system limit on number of open transmission lines Manuscript received July 2, 2007. This work was supported-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com). Sets : Set of all transmission lines L: Set of open transmission lines in solution
Mangasarian, Olvi L.
Charge transport in micas: The kinetics of FeII/III electron...
transport in micas: The kinetics of FeIIIII electron transfer in the octahedral sheet. Charge transport in micas: The kinetics of FeIIIII electron transfer in the octahedral...
Transmission Lines Emulating Moving Media
In this paper, we show how the electromagnetic phenomena in moving magnetodielectric media can be emulated using artificial composite structures at rest. In particular, we introduce nonreciprocal periodically loaded transmission lines which support waves obeying the same rules as plane electromagnetic waves in moving media. Because the actual physical structure is at rest, in these transmission lines there are no fundamental limitations on the velocity values, which may take values larger than the speed of light or even complex values (considering complex amplitudes in the time-harmonic regime). An example circuit of a unit cell of a "moving" transmission line is presented and analyzed both numerically and experimentally. The special case of composite right/left handed host line is also studied numerically. Besides the fundamental interest, the study is relevant for potential applications in realizing engineered materials for various transformations of electromagnetic fields.
Vehmas, Joni; Tretyakov, Sergei
Midwest Transmission Workshop III Summary
OAK-B135 On March 12-13, 2002, the National Wind Coordinating Committee (NWCC), in cooperation with regional stakeholders, held a two-day workshop: Planning for Electrical Transmission Needs in the Upper Midwest. The workshop was the outgrowth of an effort to develop a forum and process for consideration of transmission options that strives for equitable allocation of benefits and impacts among all affected parties. The goal of this workshop was to provide a catalyst for an enhanced, inclusive process for transmission planning with participation of and acceptance by all affected stakeholders. Participants in the meeting included representatives of state and regional regulatory agencies, utilities and power generators, the wind industry, environmental and landowner interests, and other interested parties (see Attachment A for a list of meeting participants).
Turbine Vanes", General Electric Report 74CRD040, Apriland Dr. S. Prochazka of General Electric Corporate Researcha process invented by General Electric Company20,2l in which
Thomas, Gareth
Letters to ESEX High resolution transmission electron microscopy
), in south-eastern Libya (Haber- land, 1975), on gibbers (Jessup, 1960) and bedrock faces in Australia (Tratebas et al., 2004), and stone monuments (Paradise, 2005) and can act as an agent of rock art stability
Dorn, Ron
In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Characterization of Nanomaterials
on the grain boundary sliding and grain rotation while the grain boundary interacting with dislocations [7-9]. The discoveries of new nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, nanowires and graphene have shown large potential impacts in the developments... with nanometer sized width [18]. Next, graphene nanosheet or thin film can be explained as a two dimensional nanostructured material with nanosized thickness [12, 19]. And finally, bulk nanostructed material can be exampled as a three dimensional...
Lee, Joon Hwan 1977-
advanced transmission electron: Topics by E-print Network
Plants Websites Summary: ) establishes a framework for markets based on locational marginal pricing (LMP). The NOPR envisions a critical incentives. G iven the shortcomings of...
Electronic Transmission of Prescriptions Towards Realising the Dream
of one of these health care processes  the prescription processing system. The UK NHS came into firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract: The United Kingdom National Health Service (NHS) is about to commence upon major computerisationD in the field of Internet Security. This has involved research (2000-2003) in the development of secure health
Kent, University of
Amplitude Contrast High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy...
for Advanced Materials March 13, 2015 11:00AM to 12:00PM Presenter Jianguo Wen, (EMC) and (CNM) Location Building 203 Type Colloquium Series Physics Division Colloquium...
Directly correlated transmission electron microscopy and atom probe
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel),Feet) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr MayAtmospheric Optical Depth7-1D: Vegetation Proposed Newcatalyst phasesDataTranslocation ofthe APS User Office New
Dynamics of soft Nanomaterials captured by transmission electron microscopy
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Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of the Origins of
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In Situ Electrochemical Transmission Electron Microscopy for Battery
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In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Observation of Microstructure and
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel),Feet) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr MayAtmospheric Optical Depth7-1D: Vegetation ProposedUsingFun withconfinementEtching.348 270 300Aptamers and GraphenePhase Evolution in a
In-situ Transmission Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopy Studies of
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Iran Thomas Auditorium, 8600 Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy for Catalysis
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CFN | Hitachi HD2700C Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope
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Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Investigations of Complex Oxides
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel),Feet) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May JunDatastreamsmmcrcalgovInstrumentsrucLas ConchasPassiveSubmitted for USMaterialstheterahertzon Home WaterScanning Probe| Stanford
The Inherent Inefficiency of Simultaneously Feasible Financial Transmission Rights Auctions
transmission right, electricity auction, simultaneous feasibility, transmission pricing. I. INTRODUCTION POINT
, transmission pricing. I. INTRODUCTION POINT-TO-POINT financial transmission rights (FTRs) (see [2] and [7
Computer controlled synchronous shifting of an automatic transmission
A multiple forward speed automatic transmission produces its lowest forward speed ratio when a hydraulic clutch and hydraulic brake are disengaged and a one-way clutch connects a ring gear to the transmission casing. Second forward speed ratio results when the hydraulic clutch is engaged to connect the ring gear to the planetary carrier of a second gear set. Reverse drive and regenerative operation result when an hydraulic brake fixes the planetary and the direction of power flow is reversed. Various sensors produce signals representing the torque at the output of the transmission or drive wheels, the speed of the power source, and the hydraulic pressure applied to a clutch and brake. A control algorithm produces input data representing a commanded upshift, a commanded downshift, a commanded transmission output torque, and commanded power source speed. A microprocessor processes the inputs and produces a response to them in accordance with the execution of a control algorithm. Output or response signals cause selective engagement and disengagement of the clutch and brake at a rate that satisfies the requirements for a short gear ratio change and smooth torque transfer between the friction elements.
Davis, Roy I. (9214 Abbey La., Ypsilanti, MI 48198); Patil, Prabhakar B. (10294 W. Outer Dr., Detroit, MI 48223)
Computer controllable synchronous shifting of an automatic transmission
A multiple forward speed automatic transmission produces its lowest forward speed ratio when a hydraulic clutch and hydraulic brake are disengaged and a one-way clutch connects a ring gear to the transmission casing. Second forward speed ratio results when the hydraulic clutch is engaged to connect the ring gear to the planetary carrier of a second gear set. Reverse drive and regenerative operation result when an hydraulic brake fixes the planetary and the direction of power flow is reversed. Various sensors produce signals representing the torque at the output of the transmission or drive wheels, the speed of the power source, and the hydraulic pressure applied to a clutch and brake. A control algorithm produces input data representing a commanded upshift, a commanded downshift, a commanded transmission output torque, and commanded power source speed. A microprocessor processes the inputs and produces a response to them in accordance with the execution of a control algorithm. Output or response signals cause selective engagement and disengagement of the clutch and brake at a rate that satisfies the requirements for a short gear ratio change and smooth torque transfer between the friction elements. 6 figs.
Davis, R.I.; Patil, P.B.
Agenda - Transmission Customer Forum 40
Dispatch Rachel Dibble 10:30-10:45 Break 10:45-11:00 Generation Interconnection Reform Update GIQ Team 11:00-11:30 Dynamic Transfer Capability Russ Mantifel 11:30-11:45...
Increasing transmission loadability by the application of shunt capacitors
The companies located in the eastern portion of the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland Interconnection (PJM) have installed oil-fired generation to meet strict environmental requirements. In an attempt to reduce the use of oil, PJM has been purchasing energy from systems to the west of PJM where the primary fuel is coal. These west-to-east energy transfers have increased the loading on the 500kV transmission system. The heavy loadings have resulted in voltage limitations on the 500kV system that limit flows to well below the thermal capability. Results of an analysis of this problem and recommendations for removing the voltage limitations are presented. It is primarily recommended to use shunt capacitors to supply the transmission system reactive losses.
Palmer, R.
Transmission needs across a fully renewable European power system
The residual load and excess power generation of 27 European countries with a 100% penetration of variable renewable energy sources are explored in order to quantify the benefit of power transmission between countries. Estimates are based on extensive weather data, which allows for modelling of hourly mismatches between the demand and renewable generation from wind and solar photovoltaics. For separated countries, balancing is required to cover around 24% of the total annual energy consumption. This number can be reduced down to 15% once all countries are networked together with uncon- strained interconnectors. The reduction represents the maximum possible benefit of transmission for the countries. The total Net Transfer Capacity of the unconstrained interconnectors is roughly twelve times larger than current values. However, constrained interconnector capacities six times larger than the current values are found to provide 97% of the maximum possible benefit of cooperation. This motivates a detailed investig...
Rodriguez, Rolando A; Andresen, Gorm B; Heide, Dominik; Greiner, Martin
Power superconducting power transmission cable
The present invention is for a compact superconducting power transmission cable operating at distribution level voltages. The superconducting cable is a conductor with a number of tapes assembled into a subconductor. These conductors are then mounted co-planarly in an elongated dielectric to produce a 3-phase cable. The arrangement increases the magnetic field parallel to the tapes thereby reducing ac losses.
Ashworth, Stephen P. (Cambridge, GB)
Power Transmission, Distribution and Plants
Power Transmission, Distribution and Plants A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Abdel-Aal, Radwan E. - Computer Engineering Department, King Fahd University of...
4. The Bounded Re-transmission Protocol Jean-Raymond Abrial
1 - The Bounded Re-transmission Protocol is a file transfer protocol - This is a problem dealing to handle that problem: timers. - We would like to see how we can formalize such timers #12;The Bounded. #12;Abortion of Protocol at the Sender Site 6 - The Sender can re-transmit the same data at most M
Southampton, University of
6. The Bounded Re-transmission Protocol Jean-Raymond Abrial
- The Bounded Re-transmission Protocol is a file transfer protocol - This is a problem dealing with fault that problem: timers. - We would like to see how we can formalize such timers #12;The Bounded Retransmission that the Receiver does not confuse (?) a new data with a retransmitted one. #12;Abortion of Protocol at the Sender
Thermal Sciences The thermal sciences area involves the study of energy conversion and transmission, power
Thermal Sciences The thermal sciences area involves the study of energy conversion and transmission, power generation, the flow of liquids and gases, and the transfer of thermal energy (heat) by means in virtually all energy conversion devices and systems. One may think of the jet engine as a mechanical device
New Hampshire, University of
Constrained Codes for Joint Energy and Information Transfer with Receiver Energy
networks with implantable devices, challenge the conventional assumption that the energy received fromConstrained Codes for Joint Energy and Information Transfer with Receiver Energy Utilization are simultaneously used both for information transmission and for energy transfer. In order to satisfy
Simeone, Osvaldo
The choice of heat transfer fluids has significant effects on the performance, cost, and reliability of solar thermal systems. In this chapter, we evaluate existing heat transfer fluids such as oils and molten salts based ...
Lenert, Andrej
Method for fabricating five-level microelectromechanical structures and microelectromechanical transmission formed
A process for forming complex microelectromechanical (MEM) devices having five layers or levels of polysilicon, including four structural polysilicon layers wherein mechanical elements can be formed, and an underlying polysilicon layer forming a voltage reference plane. A particular type of MEM device that can be formed with the five-level polysilicon process is a MEM transmission for controlling or interlocking mechanical power transfer between an electrostatic motor and a self-assembling structure (e.g. a hinged pop-up mirror for use with an incident laser beam). The MEM transmission is based on an incomplete gear train and a bridging set of gears that can be moved into place to complete the gear train to enable power transfer. The MEM transmission has particular applications as a safety component for surety, and for this purpose can incorporate a pin-in-maze discriminator responsive to a coded input signal.
Rodgers, M. Steven (Albuquerque, NM); Sniegowski, Jeffry J. (Edgewood, NM); Miller, Samuel L. (Albuquerque, NM); McWhorter, Paul J. (Albuquerque, NM)
RAPID/BulkTransmission/Transmission Siting & Interconnection | Open Energy
Open Energy Info (EERE)
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data CenterFranconia, Virginia: EnergyPotentialUrbanUtilityScalePVCapacityPulaskiRAPID/BulkTransmission/Texas < RAPID |
INL Technology Transfer
Technology Transfer Through collaboration with industry partners, INL's Technology Deployment office makes available to American agencies and international organizations unique...
Notice of Inquiry: Technology Transfer Practices at Department...
electronically to firstname.lastname@example.com Office of the Assistant General Counsel for Technology Transfer U.S. Department of Energy 1000 Independence Ave., SW Washington, DC 20585 Dear...
Heat Transfer Guest Editorial
Journal of Heat Transfer Guest Editorial We are indeed delighted in bringing out this special issue was showcased in diverse areas such as traditional heat and mass transfer, lab-on-chip, sensors, biomedical applica- tions, micromixers, fuel cells, and microdevices. Selected papers in the field of heat transfer
Kandlikar, Satish
Federal Laboratory Technology Transfer Fiscal Year 2007 Prepared by: National Institute to present to the President and the Congress this Federal Laboratory Technology Transfer Report summarizing the achievements of Federal technology transfer and partnering programs of the Federal research and development
Federal Laboratory Technology Transfer Fiscal Year 2009 Prepared by: National Institute to submit this fiscal year 2009 Technology Transfer Summary Report to the President and the Congress in accordance with 15 USC Sec 3710(g)(2) for an annual summary on the implementation of technology transfer
Efforts #12;Who Are Ohio State Transfer Students? #12;TRANSFER PROFILE DatafromSU12,AU12,SP13 3 as NFYS: 576 Average Transfer Hours of Enrolled Student: 52.2 Living on Campus: 470 Total # Sending Expectations (time management skills, balancing a more rigorous course load, study skills) 13.24% Majors (how
The Cost of Transmission for Wind Energy: A Review of Transmission Planning Studies
2007. "Inclusion of Wind in the MISO Transmission Expansionhttp://www.jcspstudy.org/ Midwest ISO (MISO). 2007. Midwest+Planning Midwest ISO (MISO). 2003. Midwest Transmission
Mills, Andrew D.
Information Transfer Fidelity in Networks of Spins
Networks of spins, or spintronic networks, are given an Information Transfer Fidelity (ITF) derived from an upper bound on the probability of transmission of the excitation from one spin to another. It is shown that this theoretical bound can be reached asymptotically in time under certain conditions. The process of achieving maximum transfer probability is given a dynamical model, the translation on the torus, and the time to reach the maximum probability is estimated using the simultaneous Diophantine approximation computationally implemented using a variant of the Lenstra-Lenstra-Lov\\'asz (LLL) algorithm. The ITF induces a prametric on the network. For a ring with homogeneous couplings, it is shown that this prametric satisfies the triangle inequality, opening up the road to an ITF geometry, which turns out to be completely different from the geometry of the physical arrangement of the spin in the spintronic device. It is shown that transfer fidelities and transfer times can be improved by means of simple controls taking the form of strong localized magnetic fields, opening up the possibility for intelligent design of spintronic networks and dynamic routing of information encoded in such networks. The approach is much more flexible than engineering the couplings to favor some transfers.
Edmond Jonckheere; Frank Langbein; Sophie Schirmer
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel),Feet) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May JunDatastreamsmmcrcalgovInstrumentsrucLas ConchasPassiveSubmittedStatusButler Tina ButlerTodayTransForumEnergyTransit
Electronics Engineer
This position is located in Transmission Communications Test and Engergization (TETD) of the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA). Communications Test and Energization (T&E;) provides start-up...
Enhanced surfaces lead to increased heat transfer and power density.
Enhanced surfaces lead to increased heat transfer and power density. Inverters are used in hybrid researchers are using the coating to improve heat transfer in automotive power electron- ics devices. Photo electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) to con- vert DC battery power into a form that can
Formal Methods Technology Transfer: A View from NASA
Formal Methods Technology Transfer: A View from NASA James L. Caldwell Flight Electronics Home Page on the WorldÂWide Web 1 . In this paper I remark on the technology transfer strategy and its Formal Methods Home Page on the WorldÂWide Web. In this paper we concentrate on aspects of technology
Caldwell, James
A concerted experimental and computational study of energy transfer in nucleic acid bases and charge transfer in dialkylaminobenzonitriles, and related electron donor-acceptor molecules, indicate that the ultrafast photoprocesses occur through three-state conical interactions involving an intermediate state of biradical character.
Edward C. Lim
Thermal Control of Power Electronics of Electric Vehicles with...
RelevanceObjectives Objectives: * Explore the potential of nucleate boiling for vehicle power electronics cooling. * Conduct numerical heat transfer simulations. * Experimentally...
Midwest Transmission Workshop II Summary
OAK-B135 After introductions of all participants, Abby Arnold, RESOLVE, reviewed the purpose of the meeting and the agenda. The purpose of the workshop was to share the results of the Midwest Independent System Operator (MISO) scenario development for wind and other fuel sources and the corresponding implications for transmission throughout the MISO control area. The workshop agenda is included in Attachment A.
Heat transfer system
A heat transfer system for a nuclear reactor. Heat transfer is accomplished within a sealed vapor chamber which is substantially evacuated prior to use. A heat transfer medium, which is liquid at the design operating temperatures, transfers heat from tubes interposed in the reactor primary loop to spaced tubes connected to a steam line for power generation purposes. Heat transfer is accomplished by a two-phase liquid-vapor-liquid process as used in heat pipes. Condensible gases are removed from the vapor chamber through a vertical extension in open communication with the chamber interior.
McGuire, Joseph C. (Richland, WA)
A heat transfer system for a nuclear reactor is described. Heat transfer is accomplished within a sealed vapor chamber which is substantially evacuated prior to use. A heat transfer medium, which is liquid at the design operating temperatures, transfers heat from tubes interposed in the reactor primary loop to spaced tubes connected to a steam line for power generation purposes. Heat transfer is accomplished by a two-phase liquid-vapor-liquid process as used in heat pipes. Condensible gases are removed from the vapor chamber through a vertical extension in open communication with the chamber interior.
Florida Electric Transmission Line Siting Act (Florida)
The Transmission Line Siting Act (TLSA) is the state's centralized process for licensing electrical transmission lines which; (a) are 230 kV or larger; (b) cross a county line; and, (c) are 15...
Grand Coulee Transmission Line Replacement Project
by the Bureau of Reclamation to design and construct six new 500-kV overhead transmission lines at Grand Coulee Dam. BPA will replace the existing underground transmission...
Coiled transmission line pulse generators
Methods and apparatus are provided for fabricating and constructing solid dielectric "Coiled Transmission Line" pulse generators in radial or axial coiled geometries. The pour and cure fabrication process enables a wide variety of geometries and form factors. The volume between the conductors is filled with liquid blends of monomers, polymers, oligomers, and/or cross-linkers and dielectric powders; and then cured to form high field strength and high dielectric constant solid dielectric transmission lines that intrinsically produce ideal rectangular high voltage pulses when charged and switched into matched impedance loads. Voltage levels may be increased by Marx and/or Blumlein principles incorporating spark gap or, preferentially, solid state switches (such as optically triggered thyristors) which produce reliable, high repetition rate operation. Moreover, these Marxed pulse generators can be DC charged and do not require additional pulse forming circuitry, pulse forming lines, transformers, or an a high voltage spark gap output switch. The apparatus accommodates a wide range of voltages, impedances, pulse durations, pulse repetition rates, and duty cycles. The resulting mobile or flight platform friendly cylindrical geometric configuration is much more compact, light-weight, and robust than conventional linear geometries, or pulse generators constructed from conventional components. Installing additional circuitry may accommodate optional pulse shape improvements. The Coiled Transmission Lines can also be connected in parallel to decrease the impedance, or in series to increase the pulse length.
McDonald, Kenneth Fox (Columbia, MO)
Impact of electron irradiation on electron holographic potentiometry
While electron holography in the transmission electron microscope offers the possibility to measure maps of the electrostatic potential of semiconductors down to nanometer dimensions, these measurements are known to underestimate the absolute value of the potential, especially in GaN. We have varied the dose rates of electron irradiation over several orders of magnitude and observed strong variations of the holographically detected voltages. Overall, the results indicate that the electron beam generates electrical currents within the specimens primarily by the photovoltaic effect and due to secondary electron emission. These currents have to be considered for a quantitative interpretation of electron holographic measurements, as their negligence contributes to large parts in the observed discrepancy between the measured and expected potential values in GaN.
Park, J. B.; Niermann, T.; Lehmann, M. [Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin (Germany); Berger, D. [Technische Universität Berlin, Zentraleinrichtung für Elektronenmikroskopie, Strae des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin (Germany); Knauer, A.; Weyers, M. [Ferdinand-Braun-Institut, Leibnitz-Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str. 4, 12489 Berlin (Germany); Koslow, I.; Kneissl, M. [Ferdinand-Braun-Institut, Leibnitz-Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str. 4, 12489 Berlin (Germany); Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Festkörperphysik, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin (Germany)
Articles about Grid Integration and Transmission
Stories about grid integration and transmission featured by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Wind Program.
Transmission Dr. Sandra Cruz-Pol
Transmission Lines Dr. Sandra Cruz-Pol ECE Dept. UPRM Exercise 11.3 n A 40-m long TL has Vg=15 Vrms to electric circuits! cmc kmc GHz Hz 15000,000,2000/ 000,560/ 2 60 == == Transmission Lines I. TL parameters-wave transformer ¨ Slotted line ¨ Single stub VI. Microstrips Transmission Lines (TL) n TL have two conductors
Cruz-Pol, Sandra L.
Electronic, optical, and mechanical characterization of zero- and one- dimensional nanostructures
o f carbon nanotubes by transmission electron energy-losssemiconducting nanotubes, with small energy band gap. (10.5)semiconducting nanotubes have an energy bandgap predicted to
Ni, Chi-Nung
Integrated Transmission and Distribution Control
Distributed, generation, demand response, distributed storage, smart appliances, electric vehicles and renewable energy resources are expected to play a key part in the transformation of the American power system. Control, coordination and compensation of these smart grid assets are inherently interlinked. Advanced control strategies to warrant large-scale penetration of distributed smart grid assets do not currently exist. While many of the smart grid technologies proposed involve assets being deployed at the distribution level, most of the significant benefits accrue at the transmission level. The development of advanced smart grid simulation tools, such as GridLAB-D, has led to a dramatic improvement in the models of smart grid assets available for design and evaluation of smart grid technology. However, one of the main challenges to quantifying the benefits of smart grid assets at the transmission level is the lack of tools and framework for integrating transmission and distribution technologies into a single simulation environment. Furthermore, given the size and complexity of the distribution system, it is crucial to be able to represent the behavior of distributed smart grid assets using reduced-order controllable models and to analyze their impacts on the bulk power system in terms of stability and reliability. The objectives of the project were to: • Develop a simulation environment for integrating transmission and distribution control, • Construct reduced-order controllable models for smart grid assets at the distribution level, • Design and validate closed-loop control strategies for distributed smart grid assets, and • Demonstrate impact of integrating thousands of smart grid assets under closed-loop control demand response strategies on the transmission system. More specifically, GridLAB-D, a distribution system tool, and PowerWorld, a transmission planning tool, are integrated into a single simulation environment. The integrated environment allows the load flow interactions between the bulk power system and end-use loads to be explicitly modeled. Power system interactions are modeled down to time intervals as short as 1-second. Another practical issue is that the size and complexity of typical distribution systems makes direct integration with transmission models computationally intractable. Hence, the focus of the next main task is to develop reduced-order controllable models for some of the smart grid assets. In particular, HVAC units, which are a type of Thermostatically Controlled Loads (TCLs), are considered. The reduced-order modeling approach can be extended to other smart grid assets, like water heaters, PVs and PHEVs. Closed-loop control strategies are designed for a population of HVAC units under realistic conditions. The proposed load controller is fully responsive and achieves the control objective without sacrificing the end-use performance. Finally, using the T&D simulation platform, the benefits to the bulk power system are demonstrated by controlling smart grid assets under different demand response closed-loop control strategies.
Kalsi, Karanjit; Fuller, Jason C.; Tuffner, Francis K.; Lian, Jianming; Zhang, Wei; Marinovici, Laurentiu D.; Fisher, Andrew R.; Chassin, Forrest S.; Hauer, Matthew L.
Energy transfer kinetics in oxy-fluoride glass and glass-ceramics doped with rare-earth ions
An investigation of donor-acceptor energy transfer kinetics in dual rare earths doped precursor oxy-fluoride glass and its glass-ceramics containing NaYF{sub 4} nano-crystals is reported here, using three different donor-acceptor ion combinations such as Nd-Yb, Yb-Dy, and Nd-Dy. The precipitation of NaYF{sub 4} nano-crystals in host glass matrix under controlled post heat treatment of precursor oxy-fluoride glasses has been confirmed from XRD, FESEM, and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis. Further, the incorporation of dopant ions inside fluoride nano-crystals has been established through optical absorption and TEM-EDX analysis. The noticed decreasing trend in donor to acceptor energy transfer efficiency from precursor glass to glass-ceramics in all three combinations have been explained based on the structural rearrangements that occurred during the heat treatment process. The reduced coupling phonon energy for the dopant ions due to fluoride environment and its influence on the overall phonon assisted contribution in energy transfer process has been illustrated. Additionally, realization of a correlated distribution of dopant ions causing clustering inside nano-crystals has also been reported.
Sontakke, Atul D.; Annapurna, K. [Glass Science and Technology Section, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata - 700 032 (India)
Comments of New England Electric Transmission Corporation on...
out of time and comments of New England Electric Transmission Corporation, New England Hydro-Transmission Electric Company, Inc. and New England Hydro-Transmission Corporation and...
Oahu Wind Integration and Transmission Study (OWITS): Hawaiian...
Oahu Wind Integration and Transmission Study (OWITS): Hawaiian Islands Transmission Interconnection Project Oahu Wind Integration and Transmission Study (OWITS): Hawaiian Islands...
Fact #850: December 8, 2014 Automatic Transmissions have closed...
Historically, manual transmissions have delivered better fuel economy than automatic transmissions. However, improvements in the efficiency of automatic transmissions have closed...
Planning considerations for the intermountain HVDC transmission system
Planning of an HVDC transmission system embedded into an existing ac network may require unique control and converter equipment capability in order to satisfy stability requirements of the network. The planning and design of the Intermountain Power Project HVDC transmission system are based on unique control performance features for power transfers during terminal ac faults, rapid power recovery following fault clearing and utilization of exceptionally high transient overload capability of 2 per unit during the post-fault period to maintain system stability. The Department, in its efforts to meet the Western Systems Coordinating Council's (WSCC) reliability criteria, developed and incorporated into its HVDC specifications very rigorous reliability and availability requirements. One objective of this project was to attain the unusually low bipolar converter system outage frequency goal of one outage in five years to achieve a bipole performance rating equivalent to two ac circuits of similar capability. The reliability goals of this project have provided one of the impetus for revisions to the WSCC Reliability Criteria for System Design. The reliability goals and other features adopted for the Intermountain HVDC transmission system are discussed in this paper and study results are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of various controls implemented as stability enhancement techniques.
Lee, R.L.; Beshir, M.J.; Gee, J.H.
Automated manual transmission shift sequence controller
A powertrain system for a hybrid vehicle. The hybrid vehicle includes a heat engine, such as a diesel engine, and an electric machine, which operates as both, an electric motor and an alternator, to power the vehicle. The hybrid vehicle also includes a manual-style transmission configured to operate as an automatic transmission from the perspective of the driver. The engine and the electric machine drive an input shaft which in turn drives an output shaft of the transmission. In addition to driving the transmission, the electric machine regulates the speed of the input shaft in order to synchronize the input shaft during either an upshift or downshift of the transmission by either decreasing or increasing the speed of the input shaft. When decreasing the speed of the input shaft, the electric motor functions as an alternator to produce electrical energy which may be stored by a storage device. Operation of the transmission is controlled by a transmission controller which receives input signals and generates output signals to control shift and clutch motors to effect smooth launch, upshift shifts, and downshifts of the transmission, so that the transmission functions substantially as an automatic transmission from the perspective of the driver, while internally substantially functioning as a manual transmission.
Lawrie, Robert E. (Whitmore Lake, MI); Reed, Richard G. (Royal Oak, MI); Rausen, David J. (Denver, CO)
Automated manual transmission mode selection controller
Lawrie, Robert E. (Whitmore Lake, MI)
Fuel transfer system
A nuclear fuel bundle fuel transfer system includes a transfer pool containing water at a level above a reactor core. A fuel transfer machine therein includes a carriage disposed in the transfer pool and under the water for transporting fuel bundles. The carriage is selectively movable through the water in the transfer pool and individual fuel bundles are carried vertically in the carriage. In a preferred embodiment, a first movable bridge is disposed over an upper pool containing the reactor core, and a second movable bridge is disposed over a fuel storage pool, with the transfer pool being disposed therebetween. A fuel bundle may be moved by the first bridge from the reactor core and loaded into the carriage which transports the fuel bundle to the second bridge which picks up the fuel bundle and carries it to the fuel storage pool. 6 figures.
Townsend, H.E.; Barbanti, G.
Pulse shaping with transmission lines
A method and apparatus for forming shaped voltage pulses uses passive reflection from a transmission line with nonuniform impedance. The impedance of the reflecting line varies with length in accordance with the desired pulse shape. A high voltage input pulse is transmitted to the reflecting line. A reflected pulse is produced having the desired shape and is transmitted by pulse removal means to a load. Light activated photoconductive switches made of silicon can be utilized. The pulse shaper can be used to drive a Pockels cell to produce shaped optical pulses.
Wilcox, Russell B. (Oakland, CA)
Wilcox, R.B.
Relativistic tunneling and accelerated transmission
We obtain the solutions for the tunneling zone of a one-dimensional electrostatic potential in the relativistic (Dirac to Klein-Gordon) wave equation regime when the incoming wave packet exhibits the possibility of being almost totally transmitted through the potential barrier. The conditions for the occurrence of accelerated and, eventually, superluminal tunneling transmission probabilities are all quantified and the problematic superluminal interpretation originated from the study based on non-relativistic dynamics of tunneling is overcome. The treatment of the problem suggests revealing insights into condensed-matter experiments using electrostatic barriers in single- and bi-layer graphene, for which the accelerated tunneling effect deserves a more careful investigation.
Alex E. Bernardini
Electric Transmission Line Siting Compact
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel),Feet) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul(Summary) "ofEarly Career Scientists'Montana.Program - LibbyofThisStatement Tuesday,DepartmentTheandElectric Transmission
HIGEE Mass Transfer
HIGEE MASS TRANSFER R.J. Mohr and R. Fowler GLITSCH, INC. Dallas, Texas ABSTRACT Distillation, absorption, and gas stripping have traditionally been performed in tall columns utilizing trays or packing. Columns perform satisfactorily... transfer system which utilizes a rotating bed of packing to achieve high efficiency separations, and consequent reduction in size and weight. INTRODUCTION HIGEE is probably one of the most interesting developments in mass transfer equipment made...
Mohr, R. J.; Fowler, R.
MTAXX-XXX 1 MATERIAL TRANSFER AGREEMENT for Manufacturing Demonstration Facility and Carbon Fiber Technology Facility In order for the RECIPIENT to obtain materials, the RECIPIENT...
Bus transfer analysis
This paper discusses bus transfer schemes and the methodology used in modeling and analysis. Due to the unavailability of generic acceptance criteria, simulations were performed to analyze the actual fast bus transfer operations at four operating nuclear power generating stations. Sample simulation results illustrating the transient variations in motors currents and torques are included. The analyses were performed to ensure that motors and other rotating parts are not subjected to excessive or accumulated stresses caused by bus transfer operations. A summary of the experience gained in the process of performing this work and suggested bus transfer acceptance criteria are also presented.
Weronick, R.; Hassan, I.D. [Raytheon Engineers and Constructors, Lyndhurst, NJ (United States)
Technology Transfer Reports
Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) Oil & Gas Technology Transfer Initiatives USEFUL LINKS Association of University Technology Managers (AUTM) Federal Laboratory...
Facility Survey & Transfer
As DOE facilities become excess, many that are radioactively and/or chemically contaminated will become candidate for transfer to DOE-EM for deactivation and decommissioning.
History of wireless power transmission
The history of wireless power transmission at microwave frequencies is reviewed with emphasis upon the time period starting with the post World War II efforts to use the new microwave technology developed during the war. A nationally televised demonstration of a microwave powered helicopter at the Spencer Laboratory of the Raytheon Co., in 1964 was the result of these early efforts and broadly introduced the concept of wireless power transmission to scientific and engineering communities and to the public. Subsequent development efforts centered on improving the efficiency of the interconversion of d.c. and microwave power at the ends of the system to reach a demonstrated overall d.c. to d.c. system efficiency of 54% in 1974. The response to the requirements of applications such as the Solar Power Satellite and high altitude microwave powered aircraft have changed the direction of technology development and greatly expanded the technology base. Recent and current efforts are centered on examining the use of higher frequencies than the baseline 2.45 GHz, and in reducing the system costs at 2.45 GHz. 26 refs., 14 figs.
Brown, W.C. [Microwave Power Transmission Systems, Weston, MA (United States)] [Microwave Power Transmission Systems, Weston, MA (United States)
Software Tools for Technology Transfer manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor)
Software Tools for Technology Transfer manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Editorial W This marks the inaugural issue of the SpringerÂVerlag journal Software Tools for Technology Transfer (STTT. This aim goes hand in hand with the technology transfer support offered by the related Electronic Tool
Cleaveland, Rance
Wind Integration, Transmission, and Resource Assessment andCharacteri...
Integration, Transmission, and Resource Assessment and Characterization Projects Wind Integration, Transmission, and Resource Assessment and Characterization Projects From 2006 to...
1 Copyright 2012 by ASME Proceedings of the ASME 2012 Summer Heat Transfer Conference
1 Copyright © 2012 by ASME Proceedings of the ASME 2012 Summer Heat Transfer Conference HT2012 July. INTRODUCTION Passive cooling is a widely preferred method for electronic and power electronic devices since, #12;2 Copyright © 2012 by ASME is convective heat transfer coefficient and is thermal conductivity
Bahrami, Majid
The transmission system as main actor in electricity market development in Romania
At the beginning of 1998, Romanian Electricity Authority (RENEL) was a fully integrated generation, transmission and distribution company, which managed all aspects of planning, design, and operation of Romania' s electricity sector. This form of vertically integrated organization has enabled to develop the high voltage transmission system in order to transfer electricity from the large power plants on indigenous coal (lignite) to the deficit electricity areas. An analysis based on specific characteristics of Romanian Transmission System allows the identification of a suitable model cost for transmission services evaluation. The transmission electricity tariff as a market tool has become a necessity for the heterogeneous Romanian power systems from the repartition of the generation against the demand location point of view. The experience of the power system development planner shows that the most suitable model for the transmission electricity system cost assessment is the rated zones in order to reflect the geographical imbalance of generation and demand and the ability of the transmission system to accommodate this imbalance. Setting principles for the cost evaluation has to be sustained by the service evaluation on the grid nodes at the interface between transmission system and distribution system. This cost evaluation under the form of incentives for new producers has to be reconsidered year by year taking into account the evolution in time both production side and demand side. The incentives have to be addressed directly to the producers and must be strong enough to provide an efficient reliable operation of the whole power system. Transmission planners have to develop new approaches to deal with the uncertainties of the market; a combination of market forces and regulation seems to ensure the best way for the quality and security of the power system beside of the efficiency of all actors from the electricity market.
Petrescu, A.M.; Mihailescu, F.
Superconducting transmission line particle detector
A microvertex particle detector for use in a high energy physic collider including a plurality of parallel superconducting thin film strips separated from a superconducting ground plane by an insulating layer to form a plurality of superconducting waveguides. The microvertex particle detector indicates passage of a charged subatomic particle by measuring a voltage pulse measured across a superconducting waveguide caused by the transition of the superconducting thin film strip from a superconducting to a non- superconducting state in response to the passage of a charged particle. A plurality of superconducting thin film strips in two orthogonal planes plus the slow electromagnetic wave propagating in a superconducting transmission line are used to resolve N/sup 2/ ambiguity of charged particle events. 6 figs.
Gray, K.E.
A microvertex particle detector for use in a high energy physic collider including a plurality of parallel superconducting thin film strips separated from a superconducting ground plane by an insulating layer to form a plurality of superconducting waveguides. The microvertex particle detector indicates passage of a charged subatomic particle by measuring a voltage pulse measured across a superconducting waveguide caused by the transition of the superconducting thin film strip from a superconducting to a non-superconducting state in response to the passage of a charged particle. A plurality of superconducting thin film strips in two orthogonal planes plus the slow electromagnetic wave propogating in a superconducting transmission line are used to resolve N.sup.2 ambiguity of charged particle events.
Gray, Kenneth E. (Naperville, IL)
Instrument Series: Microscopy Environmental Transmission
evaluation such as in situ observation of microstructural evolution during device operation (e.g., a battery nanoscale structure and properties correlation, local electronic structure, and chemical state with single  showcasing solid-liquid, solid-gas, and solid-solid interface structures Biogeoscience  detailing soft
Transmission Reassignment Reporting Requirement - April 2, 2014
CommitteesTeams Customer Training Interconnection Notices Rates Standards of Conduct Tariff TF Web Based Training Transmission Reassignment Reporting Requirement This notice...
Transmission and Generation Investment in Electricity Markets
Mar 4, 2015 ... The model incorporates investment decisions of the transmission operator and private firms in expectation of an energy-only market and ...
Grimm Veronika
2009 National Electric Transmission Congestion Study - Oklahoma...
- Oklahoma City Workshop 2009 National Electric Transmission Congestion Study - Oklahoma City Workshop On June 18, 2008, DOE hosted a regional pre-study workshop in Oklahoma City,...
Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline Siting Act (Florida)
This Act establishes a centralized and coordinated permitting process for the location of natural gas transmission pipeline corridors and the construction and maintenance of natural gas...
Transmission Expansion Planning Using an AC Model ...
Western Interconnection" under contract DOE-FOA0000068. ... problem to determine locations for placing new transmission ... KNITRO and BONMIN are de
SunZia Southwest Transmission Project Comments
Transmission Project Comments Provided to the US Department of Energy Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability Request for Information Relating to the Permitting...
2012 National Electric Transmission Congestion Study: Preliminary...
Meyer Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability U.S. Department of Energy 2012 National Electric Transmission Congestion Study Preliminary Findings Stakeholder...
Energy Department, Arizona Utilities Announce Transmission Infrastruct...
project that will serve the state's growing electrical energy needs, attract renewable energy development to the area, and strengthen the transmission system in the Southwestern...
Exploring the Business Link Opportunity: Transmission & Clean...
Jennifer Weddle, Greenberg Traurig LLP Rapid Response Team for Transmission: Laura Smith Morton, DOE Energy Storage: Michael Stosser, Day Pitney LLP Centennial West Clean...
Transmission Line Security Monitor: Final Report
The Electric Power Transmission Line Security Monitor System Operational Test is a project funded by the Technical Support Working Group (TSWG). TSWG operates under the Combating Terrorism Technical Support Office that functions under the Department of Defense. The Transmission Line Security Monitor System is based on technology developed by Idaho National Laboratory. The technology provides a means for real-time monitoring of physical threats and/or damage to electrical transmission line towers and conductors as well as providing operational parameters to transmission line operators to optimize transmission line operation. The end use is for monitoring long stretches of transmission lines that deliver electrical power from remote generating stations to cities and industry. These transmission lines are generally located in remote transmission line corridors where security infrastructure may not exist. Security and operational sensors in the sensor platform on the conductors take power from the transmission line and relay security and operational information to operations personnel hundreds of miles away without relying on existing infrastructure. Initiated on May 25, 2007, this project resulted in pre-production units tested in realistic operational environments during 2010. A technology licensee, Lindsey Manufacturing of Azusa California, is assisting in design, testing, and ultimately production. The platform was originally designed for a security monitoring mission, but it has been enhanced to include important operational features desired by electrical utilities.
John Svoboda
New England Outlook: Smart Grid is About Consumers," Apr. [Transmission in the Smart Grid By Kory Walter Hedman ATransmission in the Smart Grid by Kory Walter Hedman Doctor
Detonator comprising a nonlinear transmission line
Detonators are described herein. In a general embodiment, the detonator includes a nonlinear transmission line that has a variable capacitance. Capacitance of the nonlinear transmission line is a function of voltage on the nonlinear transmission line. The nonlinear transmission line receives a voltage pulse from a voltage source and compresses the voltage pulse to generate a trigger signal. Compressing the voltage pulse includes increasing amplitude of the voltage pulse and decreasing length of the voltage pulse in time. An igniter receives the trigger signal and detonates an explosive responsive to receipt of the trigger signal.
Elizondo-Decanini, Juan M
TransWest Express Transmission Project
of the Anschutz Corporation. The Project consists of an overhead transmission line extending approximately 725 miles from south-central Wyoming crossing Colorado and...
Technology transfer 1994
This document, Technology Transfer 94, is intended to communicate that there are many opportunities available to US industry and academic institutions to work with DOE and its laboratories and facilities in the vital activity of improving technology transfer to meet national needs. It has seven major sections: Introduction, Technology Transfer Activities, Access to Laboratories and Facilities, Laboratories and Facilities, DOE Office, Technologies, and an Index. Technology Transfer Activities highlights DOE`s recent developments in technology transfer and describes plans for the future. Access to Laboratories and Facilities describes the many avenues for cooperative interaction between DOE laboratories or facilities and industry, academia, and other government agencies. Laboratories and Facilities profiles the DOE laboratories and facilities involved in technology transfer and presents information on their missions, programs, expertise, facilities, and equipment, along with data on whom to contact for additional information on technology transfer. DOE Offices summarizes the major research and development programs within DOE. It also contains information on how to access DOE scientific and technical information. Technologies provides descriptions of some of the new technologies developed at DOE laboratories and facilities.
Abstract--Electric energy transmission is essential for the operation of competitive energy markets. Transmission
1 Abstract-- Electric energy transmission is essential for the operation of competitive energy markets. Transmission expansion planning has been defined as a complex combinatorial optimization problem. The model proposed generates expansion plans under the Pareto optimality approach. It shows acceptable
Report.pdf Midwest ISO (MISO). 2003. Midwest TransmissionConference September 2007 MISO. 2007. Midwest Transmission2006 SDG&E Midwest ISO (MISO) ISO/RTO February 2007 MISO '06
Mills, Andrew; Wiser, Ryan; Porter, Kevin
2006. Transmission and Wind Energy: Capturing the Prevailingand Renewable Energy (Wind & Hydropower Technologiesand Renewable Energy Wind & Hydropower Technologies Program
Interconnectivity.degree of network interconnectivity; and the level of studyof Transmission Network Interconnectivity A number of the
NREL/CP-500-35969. Global WindPower Conference. Chicago,Transmission Projects. " Windpower 2007 Conference. Los
Technology Transfer Office November 2009
Technology Transfer Office November 2009 INVENTION AGREEMENT In consideration of my employment in writing to Dartmouth through the Technology Transfer Office any such discovery or invention and identify
Myers, Lawrence C.
Ames Lab 101: Technology Transfer
Ames Laboratory Associate Laboratory Director, Sponsored Research Administration, Debra Covey discusses technology transfer. Covey also discusses Ames Laboratory's most successful transfer, lead-free solder.
Covey, Debra
VOLUNTARY LEAVE TRANSFER PROGRAM LIST Name Organization Fairbanks, Mary H. AU Garnett-Harris, Deborah A. AU James, Debra A. AU Johnston, Robyne AU May, Melanie P. AU Pickens,...
Tag: technology transfer
property"rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype"">NASA, transfer" typeof"skos:Concept" property"rdfs:label skos:prefLabel"...
Renewable Energy Transmission Initiative Phase 1A
Renewable Energy Transmission Initiative Phase 1A DRAFT REPORT MARCH 2008 RETI-1000-2008-001-D #12;RETI Stakeholder Steering Committee Renewable Energy Transmission Initiative Phase 1A DRAFT REPORT B are registered trademarks of Black & Veatch Holding Company #12;RETI Stakeholder Steering Committee Renewable
RFC: 793 TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL DARPA INTERNET PROGRAM PROTOCOL SPECIFICATION September 1981 Admiralty Way Marina del Rey, California 90291 #12;#12;September 1981 Transmission Control Protocol TABLE ........................................... 12 2.9 Precedence and Security ...................................... 13 2.10 Robustness Principle
McBrien, Peter
Executive Forum on Solutions to Transmission Investment
. California ISO CenterPoint Energy Duke Energy Entergy EPRI Exelon FirstEnergy GE Energy Institut de recherche Transmission Co. MidAmerican Energy Midwest Independent Transmission System Operator (MISO) National Grid USA National Rural Electric Coop. Assn. New York ISO New York Power Authority Pacific Gas and Electric PJM
Electric Transmission Line Flashover Prediction System
Center since 1996 PSERC #12;Power Systems Engineering Research Center Electric Transmission LineElectric Transmission Line Flashover Prediction System Ph.D. Thesis and Final Project Report firstname.lastname@example.com Power Systems Engineering Research Center This is a project report from the Power Systems Engineering