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The Body Politic
Counter to the rape narrative are consensual sexual relationships between foreign soldiers and local women. For the home population, these relationships challenge cries for sovereignty by suggesting that women, and thereby the country, are submitting willingly to outside control. In liberated France, as Roberts describes, French women accused of having sexual relations with the German occupiers were publicly punished by French men. Members of the French Forces of the Interior (FFI)—Resistance fighters—brutalized women with what was known as the tonte ritual. After liberation, they seized alleged female "collaborators" and, in public spaces, stripped them, beat them and shaved their heads. Then they paraded the humiliated women through the streets, flaunting the repossession of territory that had been temporarily lost.
"What do you give a shit if I have declared my ass an open city?" Roberts quotes one French woman, about to be subjected to the tonte ritual. The historian imagines that the FFI member holding the shears "might have answered that, in fact, he cared a great deal. In his mind an open city and an open set of legs amounted to the same thing." To French men, relationships between French women and US soldiers were potentially as menacing—"they threaten to cut the girls' hair if they go out with Yanks," one GI said—but to the US military, these relationships were primarily an opportunity for good PR.
In What Soldiers Do, Roberts illustrates how the military worked to present its mission in France as a joyful heterosexual romance, with America as the strapping male partner. These sexualized domestic terms, which played upon American fantasies of an erotic, hedonistic France—a land overflowing with wine and wanton women—were useful because they indicated international unity, naturalized America's dominance and motivated weary troops.
The US military created this myth in large part through photojournalism, just then becoming a highly successful tool of propaganda that signaled authenticity but permitted manipulation. Photographs in Life magazine and Stars and Stripes, the military newspaper, showed the liberating GIs showered with kisses from ecstatically grateful French women. A photograph published in Stars and Stripes in September 1944 below the headline "Here's What We're Fighting For" depicts attractive French women crowded together, waving and elated. Roberts exposes the falseness of this image, which is actually a "clumsily pasted together" composite of photographs and drawings: "Stars and Stripes was clearly determined to create a happy female crowd, even if one did not exist."
Stars and Stripes still uses stories of romance to quell larger anxieties about the military's presence abroad. In Okinawa, I attended a baby shower for a local woman whose husband had been killed recently in Iraq. At 25, Hotaru Nakama Ferschke was fresh-faced and striking, with black hair and faint glitter around her large eyes. Before coming to the party, I had learned about her and her late husband, Michael Ferschke Jr., by reading Stars and Stripes. According to the paper, Hotaru had met her husband-to-be—a 21-year-old white Marine sergeant from Tennessee—at a party on Camp Schwab the previous year. When he asked her out, she replied no; with their cultural differences, she thought it would never work. But he persisted. "We discussed the different environments and cultures we grew up with and the difficulties we may face," the paper quoted Hotaru as saying. "After a good talk, we both were convinced that we would be able to overcome any differences."
A few months later, the relationship was serious: Hotaru spent Christmas with Michael in his hometown, a rural environment Hotaru "instantly liked" because it called to mind her own hometown in Okinawa. "I knew that I would fit in the town. And more than anything else, his family and relatives all accepted me so warmly." Back in Okinawa, Michael decided to extend his re-enlistment another four years. His mother told the newspaper he'd said "he had not done his job yet. He said he was a team leader and he had to go with his men." He knew that, by extending, he would be deployed to Iraq.
A month after he'd left, Hotaru realized she was pregnant. Michael pronounced the baby a miracle and the couple quickly arranged to marry by proxy. In July 2008, the couple wed. In August, Michael was killed in a firefight while clearing abandoned houses in the desert north of Baghdad.
At the baby shower, Hotaru stayed mostly quiet, one hand on her belly, her expression at once knowing and uneasy. Stars and Stripes had reported that she planned to move with the baby to Tennessee to live with her late husband's parents. "I realized that it was best to raise him in the environment where his father grew up, so that he would feel his father's presence and be proud of him," the paper quoted her. When a guest at the shower asked about the move, Hotaru admitted that she was terrified. She was scared to live with near-strangers. She was scared she'd miss Japanese food. She was scared about the language barrier; she didn't speak much English. Stars and Stripes hadn't mentioned these fears, which echoed her initial concerns about navigating a cross-cultural relationship.
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As Roberts points out, Stars and Stripes emerged as a propaganda vehicle during World War II. Michael and Hotaru's story, like the American soldiers receiving appreciative kisses from French women, makes good military publicity: his passionate patriotism and ultimate sacrifice, her allayed worries, their international love story, the swelling embrace of the military community. "I have received tremendous support from the Marine Corps," Hotaru was quoted in Stars and Stripes. Through her story, the paper hints at popular Okinawan concerns about the American presence—that the co-existence of local people and the US military is irreconcilable—and shuts them down. The soldier, standing in for his nation, kindly but firmly asserts that this is just another battle to be won. And America is proved right—a loving union results, with Okinawa a happy and devoted subordinate to a paternal if mostly moribund United States.
"The history of war," Roberts writes, "cannot be separated from the history of the body." Beyond combat, the bodies involved—the ones that physically connect, flesh upon flesh—are usually those of male soldiers, arrived from a foreign land to liberate, destroy or occupy, and those of female civilians, attracted or yanked into the military world. The interactions between them are intimate yet iconic, private yet political. A rape by an American soldier threatens to expose harsh realities about American hegemony; another GI's part in an international romance suggests an entire country's willing deference to benevolent US control. Harnessed for propaganda and protest, tangled in injustices like institutional lynching, these sexual relationships are essential to understanding war and its aftermath.
In Normandy, interactions between US soldiers and French civilians, which Roberts so meticulously and rivetingly details in What Soldiers Do, began on D-Day in 1944 and ended when the last troops departed a few years later. In Okinawa, US military-civilian relations began with the Battle of Okinawa in 1945 and persist to this day, playing out in the early morning hours in nightclubs and fast-food joints across the island.
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text:
Jeremy Nakache
Senior Associate
Private Equity / France
Jeremy joined 3i's Paris office as an Associate in 2012.
He has been involved in both buyout and minority transactions; in particular Vedici (French private acute care provider), Loxam (European leader in rental equipment) and recently EURO-DIESEL (the leading provider of Diesel Rotary Uninterruptable Power Supply systems).
Before joining 3i, Jeremy worked in IBD at Citi in London focusing on technology, telecom and media transactions. Jeremy gained M&A experience at HSBC and private equity experience at UI Gestion.
He holds an MSc from ESSEC Business School.
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subset: commoncrawl


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- A Place & Date Depicted Melbourne, Australia
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Negative - Melbourne Observatory, South Yarra, Victoria, circa 1935 Reg. No: MM 7982
- Description Of Content:
- View of Melbourne Observatory from the Shrine of Remembrance, circa 1935. Governmetn House and Botanic Gardens also visible.
- Acquisition Information:
- Copied from G. Taylor, 1990
- Acknowledgement:
- The Biggest Family Album of Australia, Museum Victoria
More information
|Tagged with:
|government houses, motor cars, observatories, public gardens, shrines
|Themes this item is part of:
|Buildings at Melbourne Observatory, Melbourne Observatory, 1863-1944, Melbourne Observatory Collection, Images & Image Making Collection, Public Life & Institutions Collection, Transport Collection, Positional Astronomy at Melbourne Observatory, Weights & Measures at Melbourne Observatory, Melbourne Observatory & Standard Time in Victoria, Astrographic Catalogue, Transits of Venus, 1874 & 1882, Star Observations & Personal Equation, Meteorology at Melbourne Observatory, 1863-1908, Geodetic Survey of Victoria, 1858-1872, The Biggest Family Album in Australia Collection
|Primary Classification:
|Secondary Classification:
|Tertiary Classification:
|Negative: Black & White; 35 mm
|Place & Date Depicted:
|Melbourne Observatory, South Yarra, Victoria, Australia, circa 1935
|Place & Date Depicted:
|Victoria: Government House, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, circa 1935
|G Taylor, circa 1935
This item is part of the following themes:
- Buildings at Melbourne Observatory
- Melbourne Observatory, 1863-1944
- Melbourne Observatory Collection
- Images & Image Making Collection
- Public Life & Institutions Collection
- Transport Collection
- Positional Astronomy at Melbourne Observatory
- Weights & Measures at Melbourne Observatory
- Melbourne Observatory & Standard Time in Victoria
- Astrographic Catalogue
- Transits of Venus, 1874 & 1882
- Star Observations & Personal Equation
- Meteorology at Melbourne Observatory, 1863-1908
- Geodetic Survey of Victoria, 1858-1872
- The Biggest Family Album in Australia Collection
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David Beckham has sung the praises of best mate and former team mate, Gary Neville, after he announced he retirement yesterday.
"Not only is Gary a great person, he is one of the best defenders ever to have played the game," said Beckham. "It was an honour to play with him at United and for England. He deserves all the praise and recognition."
Made in Manchester is available for just £3. Some of the best football writers take a player each, from Sir Bobby Charlton to Ryan Giggs, George Best to David Beckham, Duncan Edwards to Paul Scholes, and many more, with 30 articles in total. All profit goes to Trafford Macmillan so please support this fantastic cause.


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2007 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiac Evaluation Are Usually Incorrectly Applied by Anesthesiology Residents Evaluating Simulated Patients
ABSTRACT The 2007 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiac Evaluation and Care for Noncardiac Surgery is the accepted standard for perioperative cardiac evaluation. Anesthesiology training programs are required to teach these algorithms. We estimated the percentage of residents nationwide who correctly applied suggested testing algorithms from the ACC/AHA guidelines when they evaluated simulated patients in common clinical scenarios.
Anesthesiology resident volunteers at 24 training programs were presented with 6 scenarios characterized by surgical procedure, patient's risk factors, and patient's functional capacity. Scenarios and 5 possible recommendations per scenario were both presented in randomized orders. Senior anesthesiologists at 24 different United States training programs along with the first author of the 2007 ACC/AHA guidelines validated the appropriate recommendation to this web-based survey before distribution.
The 548 resident participants, representing 12% of anesthesiology trainees in the United States, included 48 PGY-1s (preliminary year before anesthesia training), 166 Clinical Anesthesia Year 1 (CA-1) residents, 161 CA-2s, and 173 CA-3s. For patients with an active cardiac condition, the upper 95% confidence bound for the percent of residents who recommended evaluations consistent with the guidelines was 78%. However, for the remaining 5 scenarios, the upper 95% confidence bound for the percent of residents with an appropriate recommendation was 46%.
The results show that fewer than half of anesthesiology residents nationwide correctly demonstrate the approach considered the standard of care for preoperative cardiac evaluation. Further study is necessary to elucidate the correct intervention(s), such as use of decision support tools, increased clarity of guidelines for routine use, adjustment in educational programs, and/or greater familiarity of responsible faculty with the material.
- European Heart Journal 01/2015; 36(13). DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu527 · 14.72 Impact Factor
Article: Effect of a Cognitive Aid on Adherence to Perioperative Assessment and Management Guidelines for the Cardiac Evaluation of Noncardiac Surgical Patients[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The 2007 American College of Cardiologists/American Heart Association Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiac Evaluation and Care for Noncardiac Surgery is the standard for perioperative cardiac evaluation. Recent work has shown that residents and anesthesiologists do not apply these guidelines when tested. This research hypothesized that a decision support tool would improve adherence to this consensus guideline. Anesthesiology residents at four training programs participated in an unblended, prospective, randomized, cross-over trial in which they completed two tests covering clinical scenarios. One quiz was completed from memory and one with the aid of an electronic decision support tool. Performance was evaluated by overall score (% correct), number of incorrect answers with possibly increased cost or risk of care, and the amount of time required to complete the quizzes both with and without the cognitive aid. The primary outcome was the proportion of correct responses attributable to the use of the decision support tool. All anesthesiology residents at four institutions were recruited and 111 residents participated. Use of the decision support tool resulted in a 25% improvement in adherence to guidelines compared with memory alone (P < 0.0001), and participants made 77% fewer incorrect responses that would have resulted in increased costs. Use of the tool was associated with a 3.4-min increase in time to complete the test (P < 0.001). Use of an electronic decision support tool significantly improved adherence to the guidelines as compared with memory alone. The decision support tool also prevented inappropriate management steps possibly associated with increased healthcare costs.Anesthesiology 04/2014; 59(1). DOI:10.1097/ALN.0000000000000251 · 6.17 Impact Factor
Article: A Practical Approach to Echocardiographic Assessment of Perioperative Diastolic Dysfunction[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The Doppler assessment of diastolic dysfunction (DD) is not part of a standard comprehensive intraoperative echocardiographic examination. Although the reasons may be many, the lack of a simplified algorithm for the assessment of DD specific to the perioperative arena, the implications of this diagnosis on clinical care, and the absence of therapeutic options are some of the commonly cited reasons. In this article, the authors address these possible reasons for the lack of routine application of Doppler indices to assess perioperative DD. The authors have chosen to highlight some of the most common conceptual questions, which often have been raised by anesthesiologists, and attempted to suggest answers. Drawing from their experience and data, the authors propose a simplified algorithm for the application of Doppler to assess and diagnose DD with an individualized and a mechanistic approach. The proposed algorithm is from within the premise of the published guidelines and attempts to simplify the perioperative approach. The authors hope this approach will be simple enough for routine application to affect therapy and a tangible change in outcome. The authors suggest that knowledge of left atrial size is valuable as a marker for persistently increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and its possible role in risk stratification.Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia 12/2012; 26(6):1115-23. DOI:10.1053/j.jvca.2012.07.012 · 1.48 Impact Factor


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Joseph M Rodriguez Photographer
Ashley Nicole SullivanModel Female Denver, Colorado, US My MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/JollySullivan
Mayhem # 1609298
About MeI need to shoot for 2011 Hooters calendar auditions, our submissions must be in by Jan 20 2011. TF only, asap! Also would love to expand my portfolio.
Joseph M Rodriguez Photographer
ARIN JAMES FOTO Photographer
PG Colorado II Photographer
J W Photo Skill Photographer
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text:
Five Reasons to Follow The Following
BY Christopher Rudolph
January 21 2013 8:01 AM ET
You're probably asking yourself, "Why should I watch The Following when Drag Race is on at the same time?" Well, for one, there's DVR. Another, The Following just may be the gayest horror series that's ever graced network television. Here are some reasons why:
1. The game between cop and killer can become stale at times, but when the two in question are Kevin Bacon and James Purefoy you realize there hasn't been this much chemistry between a cat and a mouse since Tom and Jerry. Kevin Bacon plays Ryan Hardy, an FBI agent who was responsible for capturing serial killer Joe Carroll (played by Rome's James Purefoy), who escapes prison and alerts his cult of followers to do his bidding. There is so much eye-lingering during the prison interrogation scenes you wonder if the episode will turn into a deleted scene from Oz. Even if the kiss never happens on-screen, Bacon and Purefoy have already locked lips at least once recently.
Tags: television
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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
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36 year old woman | Aurora, CO, USA | Seeking men 30-41 within 50 miles
Lets start a few adventures of our own!
Hello! Well a little about myself. Im a Colorado native. Grew up near the Four Corners area. I really never appreciated our beautiful state until I was an adult. There are so many places to explore. I hiked my first Fourteener last Summers. (MT. Evans). And met a few mountain goats along the way. I like to get outside and let the sun kiss my face. I have the traveling bug. Even a quick trip to the mountains makes me happy. Im always looking for my next adventure. I enjoy photography. And sharing new experiences with the ones I love. Thats what is really about for me. I love to explore new restaurants and try new food that gets me out of my comfort zone. Although I do have my limitations. I also like to stay in and cook a good meal together. Family, I have 3 awsome kids. 14,10 & and 6. ( I share/ co parent time with their dad.) They challenge me daily to be a better person and show love. I love my career and do well at it. Treating people kindly are my main priorities. And look for the same in a friend. I love to laugh. I enjoy Backyard bbq's. Wash Park the Highlands A mountain trail. Nature the ocean kissing in the rain concerts festivals live music, movies, drinks happy hour. Taking pictures. And the list goes on. Looking for my partner in crime. A friend great conversationalist, loves food, exploring, trying new things. Makes me laugh is a HUGE turn on!! And has fun wherever the road takes us.
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Business networking , Cooking , Dining out , Gardening/Landscaping , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Performing arts , Travel/Sightseeing , Volunteering , Wine tasting
Aerobics, Baseball, Bowling, Cycling, Dancing, Other types of exercise, Skiing, Swimming, VolleyBall, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines, Yoga
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Dogs, Fish, Horses
Some other viewpoint
Anywhere making memories. Highlands Wash Park Pagosa Springs. My backyard. In a garden getting dirty. Mexico Moab Dominican Republic. Big Sur. A road trip. Farm to table dinners.
God. Creating memories with the ones I love. Family friends a good meal. Music I could never live with out it. Nature.
Suprise me. Im up for almost anything.
Take the Leap Four Hour work Week Becoming a Day Maker Dr Seuss- Theres a Wocket in My Pocket.
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|What she is looking for
|5'3" (160cms)
|6'0" (182cms) to 8'11" (271cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|No preference
|Dark brown
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Self-Employed / Entrepreneur
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|$50,001 to $75,000, $75,001 to $100,000, $100,001 to $150,000, $150,001+
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home (3)
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|I'll tell you later
|No, No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
|Christian / Other
|Christian / Catholic, Christian / Protestant, Christian / Other
|Associates degree
|High school, Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


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Double defeat ends club's cup hopes and league run
Posted: November 08, 2012|
I THINK the score flattered them but we still got beaten 3-0 and all the circumstances that go with that. I would get a heavy fine if I said what I thought of one of the circumstances (Ed Upson's dismissal).
But I thought we started off alright and we created two or three good opportunities before they got their first one. Their small crowd were quiet and a bit disappointed with their team. Then a few fouls came in and a few bits and pieces were going on.
The two goals that they scored were quality goals. They were two good moves but the impetus was given to them at a certain point and we weren't professional enough to just stick with that.
We've got to be a lot better in certain circumstances and certain situations, especially when we come to these places and there's pressure from all over against the opposition. You've got to be big enough and strong enough to deal with it and actually on the day we weren't. That's what we've got to be a lot better at.
I have more complaints than just the red card. I thought the officials affected the game today and it was very difficult to go beyond that and get our game going. Not only were we not playing well but there was another team not playing well either and that wasn't Preston.
GOALS: Preston - Byrom 37, Amoo 41, Robertson 71.
PITCH: Good.
WEATHER: Dry but bitterly cold.
BOOKINGS: Yeovil - Marsh-Brown (foul), Hinds (foul). Preston - Monakana (foul), Keane (foul), Huntington (foul).
DISMISSAL: Yeovil - Upson (serious foul play).
VERDICT: Another FA Cup afternoon for the Glovers to forget. Once again they travelled to Preston and failed to stand up to the challenge in front of them. The Glovers initially attacked with verve but were toothless in the final third. All three of Preston's goals were easily avoidable as Yeovil capitulated at the back on three separate occasions.
REF WATCH: Andy Haines (Tyne and Wear) - Ed Upson's red card was harsh considering a similar tackle from the home team had gone unpunished, but the official's mediocrity cannot gloss over the visitors' disappointing performance.
WESTERN GAZETTE MAN OF THE MATCH: Chris Robertson (Preston North End) - A near impossible choice in a game that lacked any real quality. However, Robertson was relatively solid in defence and took his goal well to ensure his team deservedly progressed to the next round. Coupled with a clean sheet, the centre half will have been pleased.
STAR RATINGS (out of ten) are not given to Yeovil players making an appearance of fewer than 20 minutes. YEOVIL TOWN (4-4-2) - Stech 6; Blizzard 5, Burn 7, Hinds 6, McAllister 6; Marsh-Brown 5, Upson 4, Foley 5, Williams 6; Hayter 5, Madden 5. Subs: Ayling (unused), Reid (for Marsh-Brown, 63) 6, Stewart (unused), Haynes-Brown (for Hinds, 87), Agbo (unused), Brundle (unused). PRESTON NORTH END (4-4-2) - Simonsen; Keane, Huntington, Robertson, Cansdell-Sherriff; Monakana, Wroe, Byrom, Laird; King, Beavon. Subs: Stuckmann (unused), Amoo (for Cansdell-Sheriff, 11), Cummins (unused), Holmes (for Byrom, 72), Sodje (unused), Procter (for Monakana, 72), Beardsley (unused).
Shots on target 7 6 Shots off target 4 7 Corners 6 5 Offsides 2 3 Fouls 9 10 Free-kicks 13 11
IT was a game of two halves, that's for sure. It was unfortunate that we came in at 1-1 at half time as we were disappointed with their first goal. We had created chances, we looked quite strong and we had plenty of running in the game.
But when Stevenage came out they made that one change and they brought on the centre forward who changed their game a bit. It allowed them to get up and put us under more committed pressure, which they didn't do in the first half.
We were aware that they were going to do that and we did explain that to the players but unfortunately there is still too much inexperience in our group to take that all on board.
They are having to have all of these experiences whilst they're learning and it is costing us a lot. We didn't create any real goalmouth instances and we didn't create anything to get the albeit small crowd behind us.
We didn't get shots and we just didn't get the opportunities which was really disappointing because we were getting those in the first half.
We didn't tell them to go out and play like that, we asked them to go out and do the same with another five or ten per cent on top to win the game. Unfortunately they weren't able to do that.
GOALS: Yeovil - Madden 8. Stevenage - Morais 3, Akins 50, Dunne 64.
PITCH: Good.
WEATHER: Mild.
BOOKINGS: Yeovil - Johnson (foul), Williams (foul). Stevenage - none.
VERDICT: Yet another match where Yeovil Town fans left Huish Park wondering just what had happened to their team in the second half. The opening 45 minutes was an encouraging improvement on the defeat to Preston North End. The team changes seemed to make a difference and the hosts edged an even period. However, after the break they fell to pieces. More alarming defending contributed to their downfall and attacking fluency went out the window. Dreadfully disappointing.
REF WATCH: Mark Brown (East Yorkshire) - The Glovers have not had much luck with referees of late. Mr Brown was incredibly inconsistent, but thankfully often kept his cards in his pocket.
WESTERN GAZETTE MAN OF THE MATCH: Marcus Haber (Stevenage) - The substitute striker changed the game for Boro, making an immediate impact after his half-time introduction and proving a key factor in his team's second half dominance. Lively, strong and nippy, the Canadian proved a real menace.
STAR RATINGS (out of ten) are not given to Yeovil players making an appearance of fewer than 20 minutes. YEOVIL TOWN (4-4-2) - Stech 6; Edwards 5, Webster 5, Burn 6, McAllister 6; Marsh-Brown 5, Smith 5, Johnson 6, Foley 7; Madden 6, Hayter 5. Subs: Ayling (unused), Hinds (unused), Williams (for Marsh-Brown, 69) 5, Reid (for Hayter, 69) 6, Stewart (unused), Haynes-Brown (unused). STEVENAGE (4-4-2) - Arnold; Gray, N'Gala, Roberts, Charles; Tansey, Grant, Dunne, Morais; Akins, Agyemang. Subs: Day (unused), Hills (unused), Haber (for Agyemang, 46), Freeman (for Grant, 85), Rogers (unused), Lopez (unused), Risser (for Morais, 90).
Shots on target 6 4 Shots off target 5 2 Corners 3 3 Offsides 2 3 Fouls 13 8 Free-kicks 11 15


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1997 Mercedes-Benz E320 Q&A
1997 Mercedes-Benz E320 Question: The trunk will not open on my 97 E320.
I have tried using the release button inside the car as well as the key remote. Nothing works. One day while driving, it opened all by it self (I hadn't tried to open it in days). - natney10
Answer 1
ck all fuses to start with - globalhelper
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my antifreeze will not hold...it is either leaking really bad somewhere or it is evaporating quickly.. got really hot yesterday have not driven it yet... needs more antifreeze.. also brake lights dont work.. i checked bulbs they are fine.. the center brake light works but the the left and right brake lights do not work.
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1990 Audi V8 Quattro Question: antifreeze
snowjunky, Birmingham, AL, September 29, 2009, 11:39
2 Answers
Best Answer
Bret Bodas September 29, 2009, 13:04Master
I would focus on the coolant loss first. Engine Coolant doesn't evaporate, so you are looking at an internal or external coolant leak. Do you see coolant leaking onto the ground? If the engine is overheating then that will cause the coolant to boil over and leak out of the coolant cap.
Don't let the engine overheat, this will damage the engine! Get it checked out and fix the cause of the overheating and/or the coolant leak. Then have an electrical diagnosis of the brake light system performed.
Answer #2sinautoscan.com September 29, 2009, 18:22Master
check the brake light switch on the pedal, the coolant may be leaking and if is consuming it you may need a new head gasket
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Katherine Heigl and husband Josh Kelley have listed their Los Feliz family home on the market for $2.7 million. The 10,000 square feet estate features 4 bedrooms and 4 bathrooms.
I once spent my Friday night stalking Chrissy Teigen's mom.
You know it's a going to be a good week when Chrissy Teigen is getting naked on a Monday.
Magic Mike XXL is almost here! In honor of the movie's upcoming release date, we've picked Channing Tatum as Celebuzz's #ManCrushMonday!


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DEFINITION of 'New Zealand Stock Exchange (NZE) .NZ'
The securities market in New Zealand. The New Zealand Stock Exchange (NZX), based in Wellington, consists of the New Zealand Alternative Market, the New Zealand Stock Market and the New Zealand Debt Market. Together their purpose is to offer secure, liquid investments and opportunities to grow capital to individuals and companies alike.
INVESTOPEDIA EXPLAINS 'New Zealand Stock Exchange (NZE) .NZ'
The NZX originated in New Zealand's 1870s Gold Rush, when the country's four biggest gold mines served as financial centers and each had its own exchange. It wasn't until 1974 that these entities merged to form the contemporary New Zealand Stock Exchange. In 2003, the NZX officially became a limited liability company, with its new name being the New Zealand Exchange Limited.
Stock MarketThe market in which shares of publicly held companies are issued ...
ShareholderAny person, company or other institution that owns at least one ...
Listed SecurityA financial instrument that is traded through an exchange, such ...
ExchangeA marketplace in which securities, commodities, derivatives and ...
Gold StandardA monetary system in which a country's government allows its ...
InvestmentAn asset or item that is purchased with the hope that it will ...
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text:
The 35-year-old was only tied to the Serie A club until June, but he has now put pen to paper on a new agreement until 2014.
"I've renewed for one more season," the former Italian international told Mediaset Premium. "I'm very happy that I will be able to continue my adventure here.
"Milanello is my home."
Abbiati featured in 28 of the Rossoneri's 38 league games this season. He also appeared in seven Champions League matches and one Coppa Italia game.
Abbiati joined Milan in 1998 from Monza. He spent loan spells at Juventus, Torino and Atletico Madrid in the mid 2000s, before returning to the Rossoneri in 2008.
Read the original article on Football Italia - The ultimate website for English-speaking fans of Italian football
- Sports & Recreation
- Soccer


text:
World Premieres and Timeless Masterpieces Highlight Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra's 2015-16 SeasonPosted by s21concerts in Concert Announcement
Among the featured artists, Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra (LACO), one of the nation's premier orchestras as well as a leader in presenting wide-ranging repertoire and adventurous commissions, announces its 2015-16 season, led by Music Director Jeffrey Kahane, featuring a mix of timeless masterpieces and genre-defying world premieres by Music Alive: New Partnerships Composer-in-Residence Derrick Spiva, Gernot Wolfgang, and LACO 2016 Sound Investment Composer Matthew Aucoin; a West Coast premiere by Timo Andres; and a Los Angeles premiere by Mason Bates. LACO also presents a range of internationally acclaimed and rising guest artists and virtuosic LACO principals who appear on seven "Orchestral Series programs, a "Discover" concert, five "Baroque Conversations" concerts and three "Westside Connections" evenings. Other season highlights include five "LACO à la carte" fundraising salons pairing international cuisine with exclusive musical performances in spectacular international residences and LACO's annual concert gala as well as partnerships with the contemporary classical music ensemble and LACO Education-Artists-in-Residence wild Up, and LACO Composer-In-Residence Andrew Norman. many in their LACO debuts, are guest conductors Peter Oundjian, music director, Toronto Symphony Orchestra and Royal Scottish National Orchestra; Matthias Pintscher, music director, France's Ensemble Intercontemporain; and Matthew Halls, artistic director, Oregon Bach Festival; and guest artists Michael Barenboim, violin, in his West Coast debut; Richard Goode, piano; Joshua Roman, cello; Marc-André Hamelin, piano; Stefan Jackiw, violin, in his Los Angeles debut; Teresa Wakim, soprano; Colin Ainsworth, tenor; Andrew Craig Brown, bass; USC Thornton Chamber Singers; and Los Angeles Children's Chorus. LACO Principals Wade Culbreath, timpani/percussion; Joshua Ranz, clarinet; David Shostac, flute; Allan Vogel, oboe; Kenneth Munday, bassoon; and recently retired LACO Principal Horn Richard Todd, are also spotlighted. LACO performs its "Orchestral Series" on Saturdays at the Alex Theatre in Glendale and on Sundays at UCLA's Royce Hall; its "Discover" concert at Pasadena's Ambassador Auditorium; "Baroque Conversations," which spotlights repertoire from early Baroque schools through the pre-classical period, with four concerts at Zipper Hall in downtown Los Angeles and the final performance at USC's Bovard Auditorium; and "Westside Connections," designed to illustrate the connections between music and other aspects of our lives, at the state-of-the-art Moss Theater in Santa Monica.
Kahane, one of the world's foremost conductors and pianists, marks his 19th season as the Orchestra's music director. Hailed by critics, Kahane, who continues his artistic leadership through the 2016-17 season, conducts four of seven "Orchestral Series" concerts from the podium or keyboard, serves as conductor and musical tour guide of the popular "Discover" concert at Pasadena's Ambassador Auditorium and appears on the "Baroque Conversations" and "Westside Connections" series.
He conducts the world premieres of Spiva's Prisms, Cycles, Leaps, a joyous percussive work influenced by traditional West African drumming that opens the season; Wolfgang's Sinfonia Concertante for Four Winds, showcasing LACO Principals Shostac, flute, Vogel, oboe, Munday, bassoon and Todd, horn; and a new work by Matthew Aucoin, a gifted composer, poet and the Metropolitan Opera's youngest-ever assistant conductor who is "one of the most sought-after young voices in classical music" (The Wall St. Journal). Aucoin's piece, which he is conducting himself, is presented in conjunction with the Orchestra's unique and highly successful "Sound Investment" commissioning program, initiated during Kahane's tenure 15 years ago to engage LACO audiences in developing new works. "Sound Investment" gives members not only the rare opportunity to create a legacy in music but also to observe first-hand the development of a new work from the composer's earliest ideas to the finished composition. Participants invest $300 or more for a membership, which includes intimate salons throughout the season featuring in-depth discussion with the composer about the creative process and previews of the final work.
Additionally, Kahane leads the West Coast premiere of Brooklyn-based composer Timo Andres's Word of Mouth on a program that also features LACO Principal Timpani/Percussion Wade Culbreath performing Emmanuel Séjourné's Concerto for Marimba and Strings. He conducts from the keyboard Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 20 in D minor, K. 466, one of three of Mozart's "Golden Period" piano concertos being presented this season, and leads LACO's popular annual "Discover" concert, providing an in-depth examination of the creation and significance of Bach's popular Cantata No. 140, "Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme," ("Sleepers Awake").
Guest conductors making their LACO debuts include German conductor Matthias Pintscher, heralded "for making the creative process behind music come to life" (Ottawa Citizen), presenting a program of Beethoven, Ravel and Schoenberg, and "consistently illuminating" (Gramophone) conductor Peter Oundijian, who leads Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto in E minor, Op. 64, featuring the Los Angeles debut of Stefan Jackiw, a "heart-stopping" (Fort Worth Star-Telegram) violinist, YouTube sensation and "legend in the making" (Chicago Tribune). Guest conductor Matthew Halls, heralded for his "ironclad command" (Toronto Star), makes his third LACO appearance, leading the Los Angeles premiere of Mason Bates's Cello Concerto, written for and performed by Joshua Roman, "a cellist of extraordinary technical and musical gifts" (San Francisco Chronicle), in his LACO debut.
Among other featured artists presented this season, Michael Barenboim, a "superb" violinist (Chicago Tribune) hailed for his "technical precision and a breezy sweetness" (The Guardian) and son of legendary conductor Daniel Barenboim, makes his highly anticipated West Coast debut performing Beethoven's Violin Concerto in D major, Op. 61, considered one of the supreme achievements in classical music. Also making their LACO debuts are Richard Goode, an "unforgettable" pianist with "keen imagination, intelligence and sensitivity" (Washington Post), featured on Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 18 in B-flat major, K. 456; and piano "avatar" Marc-André Hamelin, whose "legend will grow…there is no one like him" (The New Yorker), showcased on Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 17 in G major, K. 453.
Kahane, Roman, Munday and Iranian-born harpsichord virtuoso Mahan Esfahani curate and host performances of LACO's enlightening five-concert "Baroque Conversations" series, of which the first four programs are at downtown LA's Zipper Hall. The series finale, a program of cello concertos at USC's Bovard Auditorium, is a featured event in the Piatigorsky International Cello Festival, a 10-day cello extravaganza co-hosted by LACO, USC and the LA Phil featuring 25 international artists representing 15 countries and four continents. "Baroque Conversations" concerts spotlight repertoire from early Baroque schools through the pre-classical period. In signature LACO style, the artists share their insights into the music and invite questions from the audience, which provides audiences with an in-depth look at the music being presented as well as an opportunity to get to know LACO artists on a deeper level.
LACO's innovative "Westside Connections" series at the state-of-the-art Moss Theater at New Roads School in Santa Monica continues to step outside the proverbial "music box" with a thought-provoking exploration of connections between music and the mind, revisiting a fascinating topic the Orchestra examined five years ago to further examine and also shed light on rapid advancements in neuroscience. The inter-disciplinary, three-concert chamber music series, designed to illustrate the myriad ways music is woven into society and our lives, is curated by Concertmaster Margaret Batjer, who selects chamber works to complement the presentations of the special guests. In previous seasons, Westside Connections has explored the connections between music and such disparate topics as architecture, poetry, the culinary arts, stories and the influences of Los Angeles on creativity.
The Orchestra also hosts several musical fundraisers, including LACO's annual "Concert Gala" and five "LACO à la carte" salons pairing delectable international cuisine and exclusive musical performances by LACO artists in spectacular international residences.
Contemporary classical music ensemble wild Up marks the second of a three-year residency as LACO Education-Artists-in-Residence, participating in the Orchestra's "Meet the Music" performances for 3,200 LAUSD Elementary school students annually. These performances reach younger students on a fundamental level through four live programs at professional concert halls, funded by LACO, often including student transportation.
LACO recognizes the generous support of Jerry and Terri Kohl and two anonymous donors for major contributions that further strengthen the Orchestra's fiscal standing, and ensure its continued artistic advancement and key role in the community; Carol and Warner Henry for "Baroque Conversations"; The Colburn Foundation; and Bloomberg Philanthropies. The Orchestra also receives public funding via grants from the City of Los Angeles Department of Cultural Affairs, and the Los Angeles County Arts Commission.
Comments Off on World Premieres and Timeless Masterpieces Highlight Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra's 2015-16 Season


text:
Clinton to Jewish donors: "I will be a better president to Israel than Obama"
US only country to stand with Israel as UNHRC approves Gaza resolution
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Golden Globe winner Ruth Wilson to star in Avi Nesher's new movie
Born to the keyboard
Digging deep
Beitar opens continental campaign with goalless deadlock
Lenskiy, Presiado capture sprint doubles at nationals
Beitar begins European quest with road trip to Kazakhstan
Heartbreak for Sanford at national championships
Four Palestinians killed in West Bank crash
UN Human Rights Council adopts resolution on 2014 Gaza war
Projectiles launched from Sinai hit southern Israel
Poll: Majority wants to remove leniencies on Palestinians
Ariel Sharon's son: My father would have responded to Gaza rocket fire with full force
Analysis: West Bank unrest may not be an intifada, but it poses a serious threat nonetheless
EJC head Moshe Kantor honored by France
Polish museum returns controversial gas chamber installation
German NGO organizes 'Rent a Jew' program
Netanyahu: The Jews owe an eternal debt of gratitude to the 'British Schindler'
Jewish groups brief MEPs on Hamas's anti-Semitism
ISIS affiliate in Egypt claims rocket fire toward Israel
Senior Western diplomat: No plan to continue Iran nuclear talks long past July 7
In major crackdown, Palestinian forces arrest dozens of Hamas men in W. Bank
Is Muslim Brotherhood going jihadist?
Iran says it will comply with UN protocol on access
Fertility and perinatal loss
Trade away trans-fats
Netanyahu comes to hail mental health reform
Unions demand collective agreement to ensure vocational conditions
Delek, Noble executives: We commit to developing Leviathan
Members of the public can submit reactions to gas outline until July 21
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Israel's Elbit Systems wins $150 mln Benelux contract
Apps for finding jobs are among Microsoft Venture's latest start-up
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אֲנָשִים טוֹבִים
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Will pope chew coca leaves in Bolivia?
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NGO seeks to seize N. Korean ship to pay off $330 m. US judgment for killing of priest
ISIS purportedly threatens to 'slaughter' Christian Arabs living in Jerusalem
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08/23/2012 15:20
NYT Executive-Editor Jill Abramson 370.
(photo credit:REUTERS/Kena Betancur)
At least nine Jews, mostly from the US and one from Israel, made it onto the
Forbes 2012 list of the Most Powerful Women in the World, which was published
online Wednesday.Three of the Jewish women made it into the top 20, with
Jill Abramson, executive editor of The New York Times, reaching the No. 5 spot.
Abramson was only beaten in the rankings by three world leaders – German
Chancellor Angela Merkel (at No. 1), US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and
Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff and Melinda Gates, wife of billionaire Bill
Gates and co-chairwoman of the Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation.Abramson, who took over as New York Times executive editor in
2011, was the first woman to be appointed to the position in the newspaper's
160-year history and Forbes credits her for successfully leading the influential
newspaper's online edition behind a paywall.Following Abramson in the
top 20 is Sheryl Sandberg, the Jewish chief operations officer of Facebook, who
was ranked at No. 10 and who beat out celebrity entrepreneur Oprah Winfrey (11)
and musician Lady Gaga (14).Also highly recognized for her power and
influence is Irene Rosenfeld (13), chairwoman and CEO of Kraft Foods. Both women
have appeared previously on the Forbes list.The only Israeli on the
list, investor and philanthropist Shari Arison, appears in the 64th spot. With
an estimated net worth of $3.9 billion, Forbes describes Arison as Israel's
richest woman after inheriting stakes in Carnival Cruises, Bank Hapoalim, and
infrastructure and real estate giant Shikun & Binui from her father, Ted
Arison.Shari Arison's philanthropic efforts, including the launching of
online social platform Goodnet.org aimed at supporting volunteer work and
community services, are also noted.The magazine highlights her recent
partnership with MTV in order to expand her annual initiative "Good Deeds Day,"
which is meant to inspire people around the world to do a good deed for the
benefit of others.Another Jewish woman who appears on the Forbes list is
Safra Catz, president and chief financial officer of the Oracle Corporation, who
is listed at No. 48.Catz, who was born in Holon but moved to the US as a
child, is the software company's longest-serving president and CFO and,
according to Forbes, under her leadership the firm could "post the highest
operating margins in its history."Mary Schapiro, chairwoman of the US
Securities and Exchange Commission, who Forbes describes as one of the world's
most powerful regulators, comes in at No. 65 and Bonnie Hammer, chairwoman of
cable entertainment at NBCUniversal, is ranked at 73.Hammer is said to
be "one of the most powerful women in television."Also featured for her
role in revolutionizing TV is the "nice Jewish girl from Long Island," Mindy
Grossman, CEO of the Home Shopping Network, who is listed at No.
96.Rounding out the list is Judith Rodin, the first female president of
the New York-based Rockefeller Foundation, a post she has held since 2005, and
previously the first woman to head an Ivy League institution in the US at the
University of Pennsylvania.Responding to the list, Marcie Natan,
national president of Hadassah, the Women's Zionist Organization of America,
said: "We are proud of Jews and of Jewish women in particular when they have
high achievement."After 100 years of a Zionist leadership, we are not
surprised of the capacity of Jewish women and we are most proud when they also
serve the Jewish people," she continued.Hadassah is the largest women's
membership organization in the US.While there is little doubt that the
Jewish women and all the others who appear on this list wield large amounts of
power, only one of the Jewish women – Jill Abramson – appears on the Forbes list
of the "World's Most Powerful People."On that list, which was published
earlier this year, Jews include Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg, New York Mayor
Michael Bloomberg and Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu.
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Solar Power Panel Auto Car Battery Charger
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Battery Power Desktop Charger Dock for Samsung Galaxy S3 i9300 - White (DC 5V)
- Quantity: 1
- Color: White
- Material: ABS
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- Input Voltage: DC 5 V
- Output Voltage: 5 V
- Output Current: 1000mAh
- Packin
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Universal 1 x 18650 Battery Box Power Bank Case Enclosure - Green (USB 5V)
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SingFire USB Powered 5V Single-Slot 18650 Battery Charger - Black
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Dste MB-D11 Multi-Power Battery Pack grip for Nikon D7000 Digital SLR Camera
Color: Black Brand: DSTE Model: D7000 Material: ABS + Steel Quantity: 1Piece Compatible Brand: NIKON Compatible Models: D7000 Battery Type: AA , Li-ion battery
Solar Powered External 2200mAh Emergency Battery Charger w/ Micro USB Port for Cell Phone - Black
- Color: Black
- Environmentally friendly solar powered emergency mobile battery
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- Input: 5V, 800mA
- Output: 5V, 500mA
- Interfaces: 1 x Micro USB
2280mAh Li-po Power Bank Battery for GoPro Hero3+ / Hero3 - Black
Color: Black Model: A-BB Material: Plastic + Li-on polymer Quantity: 1Set Compatible Brand: GoPro Compatible Models: Hero3+ Hero3 Battery Actual Capacity : 2280mAh
S-What Universal 5V "13800mAh" Li-ion Polymer Battery Solar Power Charger - Black + White
,Solar Powered
Solar Powered "4000mAh" External Battery Power Bank - Black
Color: Black Brand: N A Model: S01 Quantity: 1Piece Material: Aluminum alloy Compatible Models: IPHONE, Samsung, HTC, Nokia, Sony ericsson, MP3, MP4, etc. Battery Type
789-1 Garden Solar / Battery Powered Panel w/ Emulated Butterfly - Green
Model 789-1 Quantity 1 piece s per pack Color Green Material PVC + ABS + solar battery panel Shape Style Butterfly style Compatible Devices Powered directly by solar
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Lithium 8800mAh USB and AC Universal External Power Battery Set
4800mAh Li-Polymer Battery Power Bank for IPHONE / Samsung / Xiaomi - Black
Color: Black Quantity: 1Piece Material: Frosted Plastic Compatible Models: All devices with USB charging cable Battery Type: Li-polymer battery Nominal Capacity: 4800mAh
Universal Waterproof + Shockproof + Dustproof 4000mA Solar Powered Li-ion Battery Power Bank
Indicator , Flashlight , Solar Powered Certification: CE, FCC, ROHS Other Features: Capacity: 5000mAh.
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Color: green and black
(3 Reviews)
AC Powered Battery Charging Dock + EU Plug Adapter + Retractable USB Cable for HTC Sensation G14
- Color: Black
- Input: AC 100~240V 50 60Hz
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- 2-flat-pin plug
- With USB charging port
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9V Battery Holder Case Box with Leads
- Model: 05080006
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External "4200mAh" Power Battery w/ Protective Case for HTC One Max - Black
Color: Black Brand: N A Model: N A Material: PU + ABS Quantity: 1Piece Battery Type: Li-polymer battery Compatible Models: HTC ONE MAX Nominal capacity: 4200mAh Battery
SOA-011 Portable Solar Panel Powered "30000mAh" Li-ion Battery Power Bank - Blue
Color: Blue Brand: N A Model: SOA-011 Quantity: 1Set Material: ABS + zinc alloy Compatible Models: Universal Battery Type: Li-ion battery Nominal Capacity: 30000mAh
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Solar Powered "4000mAh" External Battery Charger Power Bank
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S-What 3800mAh Portable Solar Battery External Battery Charger Power Bank - Black
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2 x 18650 Powered Backup Battery Case w/ 1-LED / USB Port for Cell Phone + More - Black
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- With 1-LED white light
D-Type Battery Holder Case Box with Leads
- Color: Black - Material: PA66 - Holds single D-type battery - Cable length: 10cm - Great to be used as a perfect external power source
MB-D10 Multi-Power Battery Grip for Nikon D300 / D300s / D700 - Black
access to the camera
- Includes the shutter button, Main command dial, Sub-command dial, Multi selector, AF-ON button, 1 4" Tripod screw mount
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3000mAh Power Bank Battery Case w/ Holder for Samsung Galaxy S4 i9500 - White
Color: White Model: N A Material: PU leather + plastic Quantity: 1Set Battery Type: Li-polymer battery Compatible Models: Samsung Galaxy S4 i9500 Nominal Capacity: 3200
» Plastic Cases
Universal Connection Board for Multi-Copter R/C Helicopter Power Battery ESC - Blue (3 PCS)
Quantity 3 Piece s pack Color Blue Material Fiberglass Compatible device R C helicopter Functions Distribute current. Can connect 1~8 ESC Other Feature Compatible with MK
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Mercedes-Benz S430 4MATIC Problem Report
Mercedes-Benz S430 4MATIC The Differential May Develop Leaks From the Seals or Cover
(7 reports)
High mileage or older vehicles commonly develop leaks from the differential seals and/or cover. Our technicians recommend a complete reseal of the differential unit whenever these leaks are repaired.
leaking seals found during routine maintenance, no fluid loss at this point. - Visitor
Same problem, had to replace rear differential oil seals costed me around 1100$ with the dealership @ new country mb hartford - Visitor
Told on 2000 Mercedes E430 fourmatic "found valve covers, rear differential and transfer case leaking". How long can I wait before repairing? - Visitor


text:
Geographic Range
Sumatran orangutans inhabit the island of Sumatra, in Indonesia. These orangutans have been restricted to the northern tip of Sumatra in fragmented forest. Logging has severely limited the range of this species. (Rijksen, 1978; Singleton and van Schaik, 2002; "Sumatran orangutan", 2007)
- Other Geographic Terms
- island endemic
Sumatran orangutans are found in primary tropical lowland forests, including mangrove, swamp forests, and riparian forests. They live almost completely in the trees, building nests in which they nap or sleep for the night. Preferred elevations are 200 to 400 m, the area in which their preferred fruiting trees occur, but Sumatran orangutans can be found up to 1,000 to 1,500 m. (Rijksen, et al., 2003)
- Habitat Regions
- tropical
- terrestrial
- Terrestrial Biomes
- rainforest
- Wetlands
- swamp
- Other Habitat Features
- riparian
- Range elevation
- 200 to 1,500 m
- 656.17 to ft
Physical Description
Sumatran orangutans are the largest non-human primates in Asia and the largest arboreal primates. They have long, fine red hair on their bodies and faces. Males have large cheek pads that are covered in a fine white hairs.The arm span, from finger tip to finger tip, is 2.25 m. The legs are small and weak compared to their muscular arms. There is sexual dimorphism between males and females. Female weights range from 30 to 50 kg and they can reach 1.3 m tall. Male weights range from 50 to 90 kg and reach a height of 1.8 m. Some old males may get too large to move around in trees easily and may have to resort to walking on the ground. (Maple, 1980; Rijksen, et al., 2003; Sumatran Orangutan Society, 2007; "Sumatran Orangutan- Population & Distribution", 2007)
Sumatran orangutans may be distinguished from Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) by their longer fur, more slender build, white hairs on the face and groin, and long beards on both males and females, but molecular characters are considered most definitive. (Cocks, 2003)
- Other Physical Features
- endothermic
- homoiothermic
- bilateral symmetry
- Sexual Dimorphism
- male larger
- sexes shaped differently
- ornamentation
- Range mass
- 30 to 90 kg
- 66.08 to 198.24 lb
- Range length
- 1.3 to 1.8 m
- 4.27 to 5.91 ft
The primary mating tactic involves "harassment" of female Sumatran orangutans by sub-adult males and adult males. Most harassment involves sub-adult males; females are less likely to mate with them, as compared to large adult males. Females are cornered by sub-adult males and may be raped by them; these sub-adult males may also take a female's young from her if they think it will make her more willing or available to mate.
Female orangutans have learned strategic ways to avoid or reduce harassment. The first method is a social tactic, where females form non-mating parties with adult male orangutans that reside in their area, reducing attacks from sub-adult males. Another is female-female bonding, where females alone form alliances to protect themselves against sub-adult males.
Harassment has also increased in the last decade due to habitat loss from illegal logging. More orangutans are forced into too small of an area, increasing agonistic interactions. (Fox, 2002)
- Mating System
- polygynandrous (promiscuous)
Most mating occurs in the heaviest fruiting months. There is large variability in the amount of fruit from season to season. Highest fruiting periods happen during rainy seasons (December to May). Mast fruiting years, in which most of the trees of a single species fruit synchronously, occur every 2 to 10 years. Sumatran orangutan breeding is most intense in mast years. Any female who is not currently caring for offspring (pre-weaning) is available to mate. Females normally mate with the adult male whose large territory they live in, but chance encounters can happen in high fruiting seasons when many orangutans gather to feed. Females give birth to one young, twinning occurs rarely. (Wich, et al., 2004; Fox, 2002; Wich, et al., 2004)
Adult female Sumatran orangutans become sexually active at the average age of 12.3 yrs and will produce their first offspring soon after. Male Sumatran orangutans are fully mature at an average age of 19 years. (Fox, 2002; Wich, et al., 2004)
- Key Reproductive Features
- iteroparous
- seasonal breeding
- gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
- sexual
- viviparous
- Breeding interval
- Interbirth intervals are 3 to 4 years.
- Breeding season
- Rainy seasons: December and May
- Range number of offspring
- 1 to 2
- Average number of offspring
- 1
- Range gestation period
- 227 to 275 days
- Average weaning age
- 48 months
- Range time to independence
- 8 to 9 years
- Average time to independence
- 9.3 years
- Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
- 9 to 15.5 years
- Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
- 12.3 years
- Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
- 15 to 24 years
- Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
- 19 years
After a female orangutan has given birth, her next 8 to 9 years are devoted to her offspring's survival. Infant and juvenile orangutans must learn everything (feeding, social behaviors, etc.) from their mothers. Mothers provide young orangutans with food until they have learned to distinguish different types of food. Males do not play a role in offspring care. Once fully developed, a male will leave his mother to find his own territory. A developed, independent young female will either disperse or take up residence near her mother's territory. (Fox, 2002; Wich, et al., 2004)
- Parental Investment
- altricial
- female parental care
- provisioning
- female
- female
- female
- provisioning
- female
- female
- provisioning
- female
- female
- provisioning
- post-independence association with parents
- extended period of juvenile learning
Female life spans range from 44 to 53 years in the wild. There have been no reports documenting the onset of menopause and females seem to be capable of giving birth up to 51 to 53 years old. Male life spans are slightly longer, 47 to 58 years. Males are still considered healthy at these late ages by the tightness of their cheek pads and absence of bald spots. A captive female Sumatran orangutan lived to 55 years at the Miami Zoo. (Rijksen, 1978; Rijksen, et al., 2003)
- Range lifespan
Status: wild
- 44 to 58 years
- Range lifespan
- Range lifespan
Status: captivity
- 55 (high) years
- Range lifespan
- Typical lifespan
Status: wild
- 58 (high) years
- Typical lifespan
Wild orangutans are almost completely arboreal except for occasional forays on the ground. Exceptionally large males spend more time traveling on the ground, possibly because many trees cannot sustain their weight. Sumatran orangutans are active during the day and build new nests in trees each night in which to sleep. Nests are built with bent branches, sticks, and leaves. Young orangutans use brachiation extensively, but older, larger orangutans tend to use hand over hand motion. Sumatran orangutans are more social than Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), spending more time in small groups. (Maple, 1980)
Grooming is a major source of social interaction in most primates, but there are few grooming techniques used by Sumatran orangutans, which are more solitary. Females occasionally scratch and preen each other. Social grooming has only been documented on the upper part of the body. Mother-offspring grooming has only been seen in zoos. In this case, most mothers have to hold down their offspring once the young are capable of independent locomotion. They also cut toenails and fingernails with their teeth. Most mother-offspring grooming is done by mouth; hands are rarely used. When grooming, they normally use one finger, moving it in one direction. The same technique is used for itching, but the whole hand or arm is used. When self-grooming, orangutans flip through their hair with their lips and mouth. They only attend to areas they can see and reach. (Maple, 1980)
Play is either non-social or social and has been recognized in adults and juveniles. Juveniles exhibit a surprisingly high amount of playful interactions, such as non-aggressive biting. Actual contact is not always necessary, sometimes simple body language is used as play. Compared to all other great apes, orangutans are capable of the most facial expression, due to their very flexible lips. Sumatran orangutans are exceptionally intelligent and capable of learning complex tasks and language. (Maple, 1980)
- Range territory size
- 5 to 25 km^2
Home Range
Males and females share overlapping home ranges. Females range from 500 to 850 ha areas that overlap with each other. Male territories have a minimum range of 2,500 ha that will cover up to three female territories. (Fox, 2002; Maple, 1980; Singleton and van Schaik, 2002)
Communication and Perception
Male Sumatran orangutans are capable of long, exceptionally loud calls (called "long calls") that carry through forests for up to 1 km. The "long call" is made up of a series of sounds followed by a bellow. These calls help males claim territory, call to females, and keep out intruding male orangutans. Males have a large throat sac that lets them make these loud calls. They may also pull small trees and limbs down to add a crashing sound along with the call. Sumatran orangutans vocalize with grunts, grumbles, and squeaks when they meet each other, and young orangutans squeak, bark and scream. Both adults and young make a variety of sounds with their lips and throats, including sucking, burping, and grinding their teeth. (Maple, 1980)
Food Habits
Sumatran orangutan food choices vary seasonally. Most fruits are only available seasonally and within a limited range. Orangutans follow the fruiting season of local trees, feeding when they are ripe. Figs are one of the most important components of the Sumatran orangutan diet. During dry seasons, when fruit is less available, Sumatran orangutans will consume other vegetation. Fruit makes up about 60% of their diet, with the remainder being young leaves (~25%), flowers and bark (~10%), insects, mainly ants, termites, and crickets (~5%), and an occasional egg. (Sumatran Orangutan Society, 2007)
- Animal Foods
- eggs
- insects
- Plant Foods
- leaves
- wood, bark, or stems
- seeds, grains, and nuts
- fruit
- flowers
The primary predators currently of Sumatran orangutans are humans (Homo sapiens). Hunting of orangutans has decimated their populations. Natural predators of Sumatran orangutans are clouded leopards (Neofelis nebulosa) and Sumatran tigers (Panthera tigris sumatrae). These predator species are also under threat of extinction due to hunting by humans. (MacKinnon, 1974)
- Known Predators
- clouded leopards (Neofelis nebulosa)
- Sumatran tigers (Panthera tigris sumatrae)
- humans (Homo sapiens)
Ecosystem Roles
Sumatran orangutans play a critical role in the lowland rainforests of Sumatra and are considered a keystone species. As widely ranging fruit eaters, orangutans are important in dispersing seeds and maintaining diversity of rainforest woody plants. They also prune and aid in regenerating plant growth because they only choose to eat green leaves and stalks. ("Sumatran Orangutan- Population & Distribution", 2007; "Sumatran orangutan", 2007)
- Ecosystem Impact
- disperses seeds
- keystone species
- dipterocarp trees (Dipterocarpaceae)
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
Sumatran orangutans are important in seed dispersal. The protected status of orangutans make them an umbrella species. As umbrella species, if orangutans are protected, so is the rainforest they inhabit and all of its associated biodiversity.
There is still an active illegal trade in orangutans as pets. (Thompson, 2007)
- Positive Impacts
- pet trade
- research and education
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
There are no known negative affects of orangutans on humans. They are susceptible to many of the same diseases as humans, and thus can carry and transmit them as well, including tuberculosis, meliodosis, influenza, cholera, and intestinal parasites.
- Negative Impacts
injures humans
- carries human disease
Conservation Status
Critical orangutan habitat is rapidly being lost through illegal and legal logging in Sumatra. Their habitat has decreased over 80% in the last 20 years. Hunting orangutans for meat and killing adult females to obtain infants for the illegal pet trade has also caused an estimated decline in the orangutan population of 30 to 50% in the last 10 years. Uncontrolled forest fires have also harmed orangutan habitat. ("Sumatran Orangutan", 2006; Thompson, 2007; "Sumatran Orangutan- Population & Distribution", 2007; "Sumatran orangutan", 2007)
- IUCN Red List
Critically Endangered
More information
- US Federal List
- Endangered
- Appendix I
- State of Michigan List
- No special status
Other Comments
Sumatran and Bornean orangutans were previously considered subspecies of Pongo pygmaeus. They were recently split into two species, Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) and Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii).
In 2006, a subadult female that was captive-born was released into the wild from Perth Zoo in Jambi, Sumatra. This is the first attempt to release a captive-born orangutan into the wild. (Cocks and Bullo, 2008; Singleton, et al., 2007)
Fossil evidence suggests that Sumatran orangutans once occurred throughout Sumatra and the island of Java. (Wich, et al., 2004)
Tanya Dewey (editor), Animal Diversity Web.
Kelle Urban (author), Radford University, Karen Powers (editor, instructor), Radford University.
- acoustic
uses sound to communicate
- altricial
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth/hatching. In birds, naked and helpless after hatching.
- arboreal
Referring to an animal that lives in trees; tree-climbing.
- bilateral symmetry
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.
- chemical
uses smells or other chemicals to communicate
- diurnal
- active during the day, 2. lasting for one day.
- endothermic
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.
- female parental care
parental care is carried out by females
- frugivore
an animal that mainly eats fruit
- herbivore
An animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants.
- island endemic
animals that live only on an island or set of islands.
- iteroparous
offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes).
- keystone species
a species whose presence or absence strongly affects populations of other species in that area such that the extirpation of the keystone species in an area will result in the ultimate extirpation of many more species in that area (Example: sea otter).
- motile
having the capacity to move from one place to another.
- native range
the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.
- nomadic
generally wanders from place to place, usually within a well-defined range.
- oriental
found in the oriental region of the world. In other words, India and southeast Asia.
- pet trade
the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets.
- polygynandrous
the kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males, each of which also pairs with several different females.
- rainforest
rainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. Epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. Precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal.
- riparian
Referring to something living or located adjacent to a waterbody (usually, but not always, a river or stream).
- seasonal breeding
breeding is confined to a particular season
- sexual
reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female
- sexual ornamentation
one of the sexes (usually males) has special physical structures used in courting the other sex or fighting the same sex. For example: antlers, elongated tails, special spurs.
- solitary
lives alone
- swamp
a wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water, often dominated by woody vegetation.
- tactile
uses touch to communicate
- terrestrial
Living on the ground.
- territorial
defends an area within the home range, occupied by a single animals or group of animals of the same species and held through overt defense, display, or advertisement
- tropical
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south.
- visual
uses sight to communicate
- viviparous
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female.
Zoological Parks and Gardens Board of Victoria. 2004. "Sumatran Orangutan" (On-line). Accessed October 17, 2007 at http://www.zoo.org.au/education/factsheets/mam-sum_orang.pdf.
WWF. 2007. "Sumatran Orangutan- Population & Distribution" (On-line). World Wildlife Foundation. Accessed September 26, 2007 at http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/species/about_species/species_factsheets/great_apes/orangutans/sumatran_orangutan/sumorangutan_population_distribution/index.cfm..
Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust. Sumatran Orangutan. 69. Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust: Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust. 2006. Accessed November 26, 2007 at http://www.durrell.org/Animals/Sumatran-Orangutan/.
WWF. 2007. "Sumatran orangutan" (On-line). WWF. Accessed October 17, 2007 at http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/species/about_species/species_factsheets/great_apes/orangutans/sumatran_orangutan/index.cfm.
Cocks, L., K. Bullo. 2008. The processes for releasing a zoo-bred Sumatran orang-utan Pongo abelii at Bukit Tigapuluh National Park, Jambi, Sumatra. International Zoo Yearbook (OnlineEarly Articles), 42: XXX-XXX. Accessed January 09, 2008 at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1748-1090.2007.00031.x.
Cocks, L. 2003. Orangutans: And Their Battle for Survival. Claremont, West Australia: University of Western Australia Press.
Fox, E. 2002. Female tactics to reduce sexual harassment. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 52/2: 93-101.
Lovell, N. 1990. Patterns Of Injury and Illness in Great Apes. United States of America: Smithsonian Institution.
MacKinnon, J. 1974. In Search Of The Red Ape. Ballantine Books; A Division of Random House, Inc. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Maple, T. 1980. Orang-utan Behavior. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
Rijksen, H. 1978. A field study on Sumatran oran utans (Pongo abelii): ecology, behavious and conservation.. WAU Dissertation Abstracts, Dissertation no. 710: 1-2. Accessed September 26, 2007 at http://library.wur.nl/wda/abstracts/ab710.html.
Rijksen, , Meijaard, Van Schaik. 2003. "DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT" (On-line). Accessed November 29, 2007 at http://spot.colorado.edu/~humphrey/fact%20sheets/orangutan/orangutan.htm.
Singleton, I., S. Wich, M. Griffiths. 2007. "Pongo abelii" (On-line). IUCN 2007. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.. Accessed December 11, 2007 at http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/39780/summ.
Singleton, I., C. van Schaik. 2002. The Social Organisation of a Population of Sumatran Orang-Utans. Karger Journals, 73: 1-20. Accessed September 26, 2007 at http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?typ=pdf&doi=60415.
Sumatran Orangutan Society, 2007. "Orangutan Facts" (On-line). Sumatran Orangutan Society. Accessed December 11, 2007 at http://www.orangutans-sos.org/faq.php.
Thompson, G. 2007. "Orangutans sacrificed in palm oil boom" (On-line). ABC News. Accessed December 04, 2007 at http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/12/04/2108675.htm.
Wich, S., S. Utami-Atmoko, T. Mitra Setia, H. Rijksen, C. Schürmann. 2004. Life history of wild Sumatran orangutans ( Pongo abelii ). Journal of Human Evolution, 47/6: 385-398.


text:
2006 BMW 330i Q&A
2006 BMW 330i Question: Why is my car overheating after driving on the interstate for an hour?
After driving on the interstate for an hour the overheating signal comes on and the car dies. The first time it happened I had it towed to a shop and they looked at it the next morning and found nothing wrong. The second time, again after an hour on the interstate, I left the car parked in a lot and returned the next day and it ran fine without showing the overheating alert. - annilu
4 Answers
Answer 2
Have a specialty shop equipped with a GT1 check your BMW DME...there is an issue with its cooling system control - your.mechanic
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The stretch skirt from Banana Republic is a trending style for the fashion forward woman.
Stretch Skirt Banana Republic Collection
You'll love the gorgeous selection of stretch skirts from our designers. Find skirts in a variety of lengths and in the subtle colors of the season. Find solids and geometric patterns that will complement the sweaters, tops and jackets that we offer. Our style assortment includes pencil skirts in styles that range from slim to tapered.
Stretch Skirt Features
The skirts in this collection are made from a fabric that has just enough stretch to give a comfortable, non-constricting fit. You'll find designer details that included banded waists, invisible back zippers, rear welt pockets and more. Our skirts are made from a specially blended fabric that is stretchy, comfortable and yet retains its shape.
Banana Republic Stretch Skirt Style Tips
Fall in love with the skirts from our latest fashion selection because of their beautiful and perfectly fitting design. Try our pencil skirt version for any season. Wear them in warm weather with high heel sandals or for cold weather with a jacket or sweater and a pair of boots. These skirts are great with or without a belt. The not-too-far above the knee length of our skirts is fabulous with tights. One of the latest trends in fashion is wearing a long sweater or top with these skirts to give you a slenderizing, long lean look. At last you've found a skirt with which you can wear flats or high, high heels and know that it looks amazing. Choose from skirts with wide or ultra-thin stripes or in solids. This is the perfect skirt to wear for casual, office or dressy occasions.
A stretch skirt from Banana Republic is the ultimate in versatility for the woman who wants a great fit and flattering look.


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