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Reproductive Biology
Morphological Variation of Primary Reproductive Structures in Males of Five Families of Neotropical Bats
Article first published online: 1 NOV 2012
DOI: 10.1002/ar.22613
Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Anatomical Record
Volume 296, Issue 1, pages 156–167, January 2013
Additional Information
How to Cite
Beguelini, M. R., Puga, C. C. I., Martins, F. F., Betoli, A. H. S., Taboga, S. R. and Morielle-Versute, E. (2013), Morphological Variation of Primary Reproductive Structures in Males of Five Families of Neotropical Bats. Anat Rec, 296: 156–167. doi: 10.1002/ar.22613
Publication History
- Issue published online: 15 DEC 2012
- Article first published online: 1 NOV 2012
- Manuscript Accepted: 13 SEP 2012
- Manuscript Received: 10 JAN 2012
Funded by
- São Paulo State Research Foundation (FAPESP). Grant Numbers: 2009/16181-9, 2009/03470-2
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- Chiroptera;
- epididymis;
- quiescence;
- testes;
- Vespertilionidae
Bats present unique features among mammals with respect to reproduction, and although neotropical bats do not have a hibernation period, many of their reproductive characteristics vary seasonally and interspecifically. Thus, this work aimed to examine the reproductive structures of 18 species belonging to five families of Brazilian bats. The gross anatomy of the testes varied little; however, the epididymis of Emballonuridae and Vespertilionidae showed exceptional structures with a large elongation of the caudal region. We observed a wide variation in the positioning of the testes: Phyllostomidae and Noctilionidae presented external testes; Emballonuridae and Molossidae presented migratory testes that may be in intra-abdominal or external positions; and Vespertilionidae displayed scrotal testes. In the histological evaluation, we observed a different pattern in vespertilionid species, with testicular regression and sperm retention/storage in the cauda epididymis in the five species analyzed. Similar testicular regression was observed in Molossops temminckii; however, sperm retention/storage was not observed in this species. These data suggest that although the species analyzed are tropical species that do not present a prolonged period of torpor (hibernation), they still maintain a period of seminiferous tubule regression and sperm storage very similar to that observed in hibernating bats. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The order Chiroptera is the second largest order of mammals, with approximately 202 genera and 1116 species widely distributed among all tropical and temperate regions, except for some remote oceanic islands and Antarctica (Reis et al., 2007). It is classically divided into two suborders: Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera. The first is found exclusively in the Old World and is composed of only one family (Pteropodidae), with approximately 42 genera and 186 species; while the second is cosmopolitan, with 17 families and 930 species (Simmons, 2005).
In Brazil, there are approximately 165 species of Microchiroptera, distributed into nine families: Emballonuridae, Furipteridae, Molossidae, Mormoopidae, Natalidae, Noctilionidae, Phyllostomidae, Thyropteridae, and Vespertilionidae (Reis et al., 2006). Of these families, Furipteridae, Mormoopidae, Natalidae, Noctilionidae, Phyllostomidae, and Thyropteridae are found exclusively in the Americas, while Emballonuridae, Molossidae, and Vespertilionidae are also found occurred in the Old World.
It has been a great effort by researchers aiming to study the characteristics of species of temperate and tropical regions. Although most emphasis has been to the temperate species, which are subject to abrupt changes in temperature, the results observed for tropical species, has been very interesting. The most studies in tropical species generally deal with aspects of female reproduction and pregnancy (Rasweiler, 1972, 1974, 1978, 1982, 1987, 1993; Quintero and Rasweiler, 1974; Badwaik et al., 1997; Rasweiler and Badwaik, 1997; Badwaik and Rasweiler, 2001; Komar et al., 2007; Nolte et al., 2009), and only a few examinations are focused on male patterns, and these are primarily based in ecological–behavioral perspectives (Wilson and Findley, 1971; Fabián and Marques, 1989; Heideman et al., 1992; Heideman and Bronson, 1994; Zortéa, 2003; Léon-Galván et al., 2005; Chaverri and Kunz, 2006; Costa et al., 2007; Ortêncio-Filho et al., 2007).
The characteristics exhibited by females are directly related to the specializations of males and anatomical, physiological, embryological, and behavioral specializations observed in females of some species with wide distribution and representation in the tropics constitute significant evidence that they have diverse reproductive patterns (Rasweiler, 1987; Rasweiler and Bonilla, 1992; Rasweiler and Badwaik, 1997; Rasweiler et al., 2000; Badwaik and Rasweiler, 2001; Rasweiler et al., 2011).
Despite all these observations, almost no evaluations of these species from a morphological/histological viewpoint have been made (Krutzsch et al., 2002; Krutzsch and Nellis, 2006; Beguelini et al., 2009; Duarte and Talamoni, 2010). Thus, this study aimed to analyze the male primary reproductive structures (testes and epididymis) of 18 species belonging to five of the great families of neotropical bats, to investigate the possible morphological differences.
Species, Aging, and Licenses
The primary reproductive structures (testes and epididymis) of 18 species of exclusively neotropical bats, which belong to five different families, Emballonuridae (two spp.), Molossidae (four spp.), Phyllostomidae (six spp.), Noctilionidae (one spp.), and Vespertilionidae (five spp.), were morphologically analyzed in this study. Most specimens were collected in northwest São Paulo state, Brazil (São José do Rio Preto: 49W 22′ 45″ 20S 49′ 11″); however, some species were obtained from captures in the central region of Goiás state, Brazil (Goiânia: 49W 15′ 14″ 16S 40′ 43″), and the more difficult-to-collect species were obtained from the Chiroptera collection at the São Paulo State University, UNESP-IBILCE (Table 1). The captures occurred from June 2008 to June 2010.
|São Pauloa
|Peropteryx macrotis
|Rhynchonycteris naso
|Eumops glaucinus
|Molossops temminckii
|Molossus molossus
|Molossus rufus
|Artibeus lituratus
|Artibeus planirostris
|Carollia perspicillata
|Glossophaga soricina
|Phyllostomus discolor
|Platyrrhinus lineatus
|Noctilio albiventris
|Eptesicus furinalis
|Histiotus velatus
|Lasiurus blossevillii
|Myotis albescens
|Myotis nigricans
Only adult males were used in this study. The bats were classified as adults based on their body weight, complete ossification of the metacarpal epiphyses, wear of the teeth (De Knegt et al., 2005), and the presence of spermatozoa inside the testes and/or the cauda epididymis. All of the studied animals were sexually mature adults; however, we were unable to determine whether the animals were in basal reproductive or peak breeding conditions or their social status, so our studies indicate a mixture of these cases, with animals collected during or outside of their peak breeding periods.
The capture and captivity of all specimens were authorized by the Brazilian institution responsible for wild animal care (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente, IBAMA, Process: 21707-1), and a proposal of this study was assessed and approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Experimentation (Document: Protocol. 013/2009 CEEA/IBILCE-UNESP).
The animals were treated according to the recommendations of the Committee on Care and Use of Laboratory Animals from the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Council, "Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals" (Committee on Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 1980), and after being sacrificed they were deposited in the Chiroptera collection at the São Paulo State University (UNESP-IBILCE).
Animal Processing and Documentation
The animals were euthanized by cervical dislocation and placed supinely on the dissection board. An incision was made in the abdominal region in the caudal direction, and the skin was moved to the sides. The locations of the testes and epididymis were documented, and these organs were then removed for future histological analysis. In animals with testes located inside the abdominal cavity, the subcutaneous tissue was cut, the area was exposed with forceps, the region was photographed, and the testes and epididymis were removed. The gross documentation was accomplished with a 7.0-mp HP Photosmart M627 camera (6.0–18.0 mm) with a 3x optical zoom and a 5x digital zoom.
Corporal and Testicular Weights, Gonad-Somatic Index, and Statistical Analysis
The animals and the testes were weighed on a balance with an accuracy of three decimal places. The specimens from the UNESP-IBILCE collection were weighed and their weights were increased by 33% to compensate for the weight lost during the fixation process, as described by Baker (1958).
The gonad-somatic index was calculated by dividing the weight of the testes by the corporal weight of the animal and recording the result to the fourth decimal place. The values were expressed using the mean value ± standard deviation.
All data were analyzed by a nonparametric multiple independent test (Kruskal–Wallis: P ≤ 0.05) using the Statistica 7.0 software (Copyright© Statsoft, Inc. 1984–2004).
The reproductive status of each specimen was evaluated histologically to confirm its sexual maturity. The presence of spermatozoa inside the testes and in the cauda epididymis was used as an indication of sexual maturity and activity. The testicular regression was characterized by the observation of only the spermatogonia and Sertoli cells in the seminiferous epithelium and by a relative decrease in epithelium height and increase of interstitial tissue.
After surgical excision, the testes and epididymis were immersed in Bouin fixative solution for at least 24 hr, dehydrated in a graded ethanol series, embedded in glycol methacrylate (Historesin, Leica Instruments), and sectioned (1 μm thickness) using a Leica RM 2155 microtome. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (Ribeiro and Lima, 2000) and analyzed using an Olympus BX60 microscope with Image-Pro-Plus for Windows computer image analysis software.
Position of the Testes–Epididymis Complex
The position and the framework support complex of the testes and epididymis widely varied in the five families analyzed.
The testes–epididymis complex (TEC) of all specimens of the six species of phyllostomid bats analyzed were found outside the abdominal cavity, located laterally to the abdomen (Fig. 1A, arrows), in the proximity of the inguinal canal (Fig. 1D, arrow). Its dislocation to a more caudal position, laterally to the base of the penis (parapenial), was observed in all species (Fig. 1B), with this movement apparently subject to the control of the animal and able to be performed within a few minutes. The TEC was located between the skin and muscles, with only a thin and transparent tunica vaginalis covering it (Fig. 1C). The presence of a true scrotum was not observed in these animals, but only a relaxation in the skin-muscle connection that allows the movement of the TEC (Fig. 1A,B).
Similar to phyllostomid bats, the TEC of Noctilio albiventris (Noctilionidae) was also observed outside the abdominal cavity, laterally to the abdomen; however, it is enclosed in an unusual pocket-like pouch that is directly associated with a true scrotum (Fig. 1E–H). The scrotum presents no hair on its surface and can be clearly distinguished by having a thin layer of skin with numerous scattered short barbs and long barbs in its periphery (Fig. 1F). The pocket-like pouch was constituted by a thick layer of tunica vaginalis surrounded by large amounts of adipose tissue (Fig. 1G,H). The dislocation of the TEC of the fold into the scrotum is easily observed (Fig. 1E,F and 1G,H).
The position of the TEC in Molossidae specimens varied as follows: (i) both TECs located outside the abdominal cavity, between the skin and muscles, inside a small scrotum (Fig. 1I) or dislocated to the vicinity of the inguinal canal (Fig. 1J, arrow); (ii) a TEC located outside and another inside the abdominal cavity (Fig. 1K); or (iii) both TECs located within the abdominal cavity, dorsally arranged below the kidneys (Fig. 1L–M).
The TEC position in the emballonurid bats was unique, with each cauda epididymis always externally located in the lateral of the base of the penis (parapenial), within a subcutaneous pouch (Fig. 1O), whereas the testes varied in position from the parapenial (Fig. 1O) to an intra-abdominal position (Figs. 1P–Q). When the testes were externally located, the epididymis made a loop around them (U-shaped), with the caput and cauda epididymis close to each other (Fig. 1O). When within the abdominal cavity, the testes were located behind the prostate complex, arranged caudally to the kidneys (Fig. 1P–Q), and the caput epididymis was joined with the testes. Additionally, in these cases, the corpus epididymis elongates a great deal (Fig. 1Q), and the cauda epididymis remained enclosed in the pouch. The maintenance of the cauda epididymis position is due to the presence of suspensor ligaments (connective tissues) that attach it directly to the subcutaneous pouch. Despite the presence of an external pouch, we do not observe a true scrotum in these species (Fig. 1N).
We observed that the testes of all five vespertilionid species studied were external and permanently scrotal (Fig. 1R–U). The maintenance of their position is achieved by suspensor ligaments (connective tissues) that connect the prolonged cauda epididymis to the caudal skeleton and the juxtaposition of the cauda epididymis between the two interfemural membranes (uropatagium). The length of the cauda epididymis seems to vary seasonally and, at the apex of its elongation, it may be observed in the living animal (Fig. 1R, arrow).
Morphology of the Testes and Epididymis
The gross anatomy of the testes varied little, being more rounded in the Phyllostomidae species (except P. discolor, which had bean-shaped testes) (Fig. 2A–F), oval in the Emballonuridae (Fig. 2M–O), and more elongated in the Molossidae (Fig. 2I–L), Noctilionidae (Fig. 2G–H), and Vespertilionidae species (Fig. 2P–T).
The epididymis in all species analyzed was formed by a long and highly convoluted tubule that can be divided into three main regions: (i) caput, the initial portion that is juxtaposed with the confluence of the "rete testes network; (ii) corpus, the medial part of the epididymis; and (iii) cauda, the end portion of the epididymis that communicates directly with the deferens ducts (Fig. 2). In contrast, the size and positioning, especially of the cauda epididymis, varied considerably.
The epididymides of Phyllostomidae, Molossidae, and Noctilionidae were connected laterally to the testes for their entire extension. Phyllostomidae had a low degree of adhesion to the testis and a highly developed caudal region, which remained fully attached to the testis in all species (Fig. 2A–F), except in G. soricina, where the caudal region appeared to be free (Fig. 2D), and in P. discolor, where it formed a lateral elevation (Fig. 2E). Molossidae presented the highest degree of adhesion to the testis and the smallest size of the caudal region (Fig. 2I–L). Unlike the other families, Noctilionidae presented a further development of the caput than the cauda epididymis (Fig. 2G–H).
In Emballonuridae and in the four genera of Vespertilionidae analyzed, the epididymis showed a large elongation of the caudal region that was not attached to the testes. The size of this elongation varied individually and in some specimens was larger than the testis itself. In all of the emballonurid specimens analyzed, the cauda epididymis remained enclosed inside the scrotum, forming a loop around the testes (Fig. 2M–N), when it was external or had an elongated shape (Fig. 2O) when it was internal. However, in Vespertilionidae, it extended parallel to the caudal skeleton, with its position being maintained by filaments that connected it to the caudal skeleton and by juxtapositions between the anterior and posterior interfemural membranes (uropatagium). It was not directly attached to the testes, but, in most specimens, remained near them because both were covered with a highly pigmented fascia (black) (Fig. 2P–T).
Corporal and Testicular Weights, Gonad-Somatic Index, and Statistical Analysis
The corporal and testicular weights and the gonad-somatic index of all analyzed species and the statistical analysis are shown in Figure 3. Because of an inability to acquire data from M. albescens and R. naso, they are absent from the figure. The Phyllostomidae family presented the highest values and the largest variation in the corporal weights, presenting significant differences among all species (Fig. 3A). The Molossidae family also presented a large variation; however, their corporal weights were intermediate between those of the Phyllostomidae and Vespertilionidae families. In contrast, the Vespertilionidae species presented the lowest corporal weights values and the smallest variation between species. The corporal weight of N. albiventris closely approximates that of the medium-sized Phyllostomidae species and that of the large Molossidae species, whereas the corporal weight of P. macrotis approximates that of the Vespertilionidae species (Fig. 3A).
The Phyllostomidae family also presented the highest testicular weight values (Fig. 3B) and high gonad-somatic index values (Fig. 3C). Phyllostomus discolor, although not the largest species, presented the largest gonads and also the highest index. The smallest species of Phyllostomidae, C. perspicillata and G. soricina, also had the smallest gonads (Fig. 3B); however, their indexes were greater than those of larger species, such as A. lituratus (Fig. 3C).
The Molossidae family presented intermediate gonad weights, with the exception of M. temminckii (Fig. 3B). Again, we observed that smaller species have higher indexes (M. temminckii and M. molossus; Fig. 3C). Vespertilionidae presented the lowest gonad weights (Fig. 3B). Lasiurus blossevillii presented the lowest index, whereas E. furinalis and M. nigricans presented high indexes. Noctilio albiventris presented a testicular weight and gonad-somatic index near those of the molossids, and P. macrotis (Emballonuridae) presented values near those of the vespertilionids (Fig. 3A–B).
Histological Evaluation
The histological evaluation of all the analyzed species of Phyllostomidae (Fig. 4A–L), Noctilionidae (Fig. 4S–T), and Emballonuridae (Fig. 4U–Z) and of the molossid species E. glaucinus (Fig. 4M–N), M. molossus (Fig. 4O–P), and M. rufus (Fig. 4Q–R) corroborated the sexual maturity of their specimens and indicated that no cases of reproductive latency was presented in these species.
The analysis of Vespertilionidae showed a different pattern, with testicular regression and sperm retention in the cauda epididymis in the five species analyzed. In E. furinalis, we observed normal spermatogenesis in three specimens, regressed testes in two specimens (Fig. 5A) and sperm retention in the cauda epididymis in all specimens (Fig. 5B). In H. velatus, we observed normal spermatogenesis in two specimens, regressed testes in four specimens (Fig. 5C) and sperm retention in the cauda epididymis in all specimens (Fig. 5D). The testicular epithelium was regressed in all specimens of L. blossevillii (Fig. 5E) and M. albescens (Fig. 5G), with sperm retention in their cauda epididymis (Fig. 5F,H, respectively). In M. nigricans, we observed normal spermatogenesis in the majority of specimens, regressed testes in five specimens (Fig. 5I) and sperm retention in the cauda epididymis in all specimens (Fig. 5J).
Molossops temminckii also showed signs of testicular regression; we observed normal spermatogenesis in four specimens (Fig. 5K), testes in regression in two specimens (Fig. 5M) and regressed testes in two specimens (Fig. 5O). This pattern was similar to that observed in the vespertilionid species; however, it was different in that the sperm storage in the cauda epididymis was observed only in the specimens that were active (Fig. 5L) or in regression (Fig. 5N), with regressed individuals having only a few spermatozoa in their epididymides (Fig. 5P).
The period in which the specimens with regressed testes were captured varied from species to species: for E. furinalis, the captures were in December; for H. velatus, the captures occurred in July–August; for L. blossevillii, they occurred in November; for M. albescens, they occurred in June; for M. nigricans, they occurred in June and November; and for M. temminckii, they occurred in November–December.
Many species of Chiroptera share with other mammalian species, some reproductive characteristics that are observed commonly in the temperate species, such as enter into hibernation and present a regression in the seminiferous in which only spermatogonia and Sertoli cells can be observed (Racey, 1974; Fuentes et al., 1991; Lee et al., 2001; Kurohmaru et al., 2002; Lee, 2003; Lee and Mori, 2004). Possibly to adapt to the hibernation period, the mammals species have developed unique characteristics, such as prolonged sperm storage in the cauda epididymis in males and in the oviducts and/or uterine cornua in females, asynchrony between spermatogenesis and the mating period and late ovulation, fertilization and implantation in the female reproductive tract (Anand-Kumar, 1965; Racey, 1979; Rasweiler, 1993; Crichton and Krutzsch, 2000; Lee et al., 2001; Encarnação et al., 2004; Sharifi et al., 2004, Beguelini et al., 2009, 2011).
Although neotropical bats do not have a hibernation period, many of their reproductive characteristics vary interspecifically. According to Krutzsch (2000), the location of the TEC varies interfamiliarly and interspecifically and may also vary seasonally or daily. According to the authors, the position can be classified into four classes: (i) permanently abdominal; (ii) permanently inguinal or scrotal; (iii) migratory, in which they migrate (seasonally or daily) from the abdomen into the scrotum via the inguinal canal; and (iv) external, where they remain outside the abdominal cavity.
In the present study, we observed variation in the positioning of the TEC among families. We observed that Phyllostomidae and Noctilionidae have external TECs, with their position varying from the base of the penis to the vicinity of the inguinal canal in phyllostomids and from the vicinity of the inguinal canal to the scrotum in noctilionids. Emballonuridae and Molossidae presented migratory TEC, and Vespertilionidae presented permanently scrotal TECs, with the scrotum enclosing only the testes and the caput and corpus epididymis.
These data from Phyllostomidae are similar to those described by Crichton and Krutzsch (2000) in Macrotus californicus and by Krutzsch and Nellis (2006) in Brachyphylla cavernarum, but differ somewhat from the findings of Orsi et al. (1990) in Desmodus rotundus, in which the TEC can migrate within the abdomen at will. Thus, despite the small number of species analyzed, we propose that the preferential localization of the Phyllostomidae TEC is external, outside the abdomen, near the crest of the pubis, lateral to the base of the penis (parapenial), or near the vicinity of the inguinal canal, with this dislocation subject to the control of the animal. Although the intra-abdominal condition was not observed in this study, it cannot be neglected in relation to other species of this family. Similarly, the observation of the dislocation of the TEC of N. albiventris from the pocket-like pouch to the scrotum agrees with the observations of Dunn (1934).
Migratory TECs in Molossidae were also observed in Mormopterus planiceps (Krutzsch and Crichton, 1987), Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana (Krutzsch et al., 2002), T. condylurus, T. pumila (Happold and Happold, 1989), and T. hindei (Crichton and Krutzsch, 2000). In all these species and in all species studied herein, we observed that the TEC might migrate seasonally from an intra-abdominal to an external position. We also note that, as observed in T. condylurus (Mutere, 1973; Happold and Happold, 1989) and in the species studied herein, the testicular position (intra-abdominal or external) did not provoke a significant variation in sperm production, differing from T. hindei (Marshall and Corbet, 1959), which intra-abdominal testes tend to be regressed.
Elongation of the cauda epididymis of vespertilionid bats was also observed in Pipistrellus kuhlii (Sharifi et al., 2004), P. pipistrellus (Racey and Tam, 1974), P. subflavus (Krutzsch and Crichton, 1986), Myotis daubentonii (Encarnação et al., 2004), Corynorhinus mexicanus (León-Galván et al., 2005), and Neoromicia nanus (Van der Merwe and Stirnemann, 2007), all of which are hibernating vespertilionids. Thus, we conclude that most vespertilionid bat genera already studied, including the four nonhibernating genera analyzed herein, present this elongation. A similar elongation of the cauda epididymis of P. macrotis was also observed in other species of emballonurid bats such as Taphozous georgianus (Jolly and Blackshaw, 1988).
The variation in the positioning of the testes and epididymis of eutherian mammals seems to be linked to a balance between the production, capacitation, and storage of spermatozoa (Bedford, 1978, 2004, 2008). The exposure of the testes to deep body temperatures (intra-abdominal condition) seems to directly influence the sperm production; however, it is not incompatible with normal spermatogenesis. Although body temperature does not suppress sperm maturation in the epididymis, it dramatically influences the storage capacity and the support of sperm viability and maturation in the cauda epididymis (Bedford, 2008).
It is known that the sperm production is directly correlated with the size of the testis (Short, 1997; Bedford, 2008) and to the number of germ cells nursed by each Sertoli cell in the seminiferous epithelium (Russell and Griswold, 1993; Hermo et al., 2010a, b). According to several authors, the lower epididymal temperatures facilitate sperm maturation and storage (Foldesy and Bedford, 1982; Djakiew and Cardullo, 1986; Jolly and Blackshaw, 1988), thereby clarifying that the positioning of the testes and epididymis directly influences the reproductive success of each species, with their positioning representing a balance between sperm production and storage. Optimizing sperm storage may enable lower sperm production by the testis without compromising male fecundity (Bedford, 2008), while saving energy in small animals that show great metabolic stress. In the same way, it seems that the sperm storage serves to ensure that adequate amounts of sperm are available at the peaks of reproductive activity, mainly in species that form harems.
The elongation of the cauda epididymis in Emballonuridae and Vespertilionidae was associated with the small size of their testes and was contrasted by the absence of elongation in others species (Molossidae, Phyllostomidae and Noctilionidae families). The fact that these species have larger testes seems to corroborate the trade-off between sperm production and storage.
Our data show similarities between the phyllostomid and noctilionid bats. This fact is not surprising because they belong to the same superfamily and present many other very similar features, such as characteristics of the female reproductive system and function and of early developmental biology (Bleier, 1975; Rasweiler, 1972, 1978; Rasweiler et al., 2011).
Male Reproductive Activity
The absence of cases of reproductive latency (regressed testes) in the six species of Phyllostomidae corroborated the observations of others authors: Hollis (2005) described the presence of scrotal males and pregnant females of A. planirostris in many months and predicted that this species may be able to produce young at any time throughout the year; Costa et al. (2007) described a similar pattern in P. lineatus; and Cloutier and Thomas (1992), Alvarez et al. (1991), and Kwiecinski (2006) observed a bimodal polyestry with great reproductive activity during the year for the species C. perspicillata, G. soricina, and P. discolor, respectively. However, in contrast to the postulation by Oliveira et al. (2009), the presence of a period of gonadal regression in A. lituratus was not observed.
Similarly, other studies also indicated the absence of regressed testes in E. glaucinus (Best et al., 1997) and M. molossus (Fabián and Marques, 1989), but no clear literature is available for M. rufus and N. albiventris.
Studies of the reproductive cycle of emballonurid bats are scarce for neotropical species. Plumpton and Jones Jr. (1992) postulated that the number of pregnancies per R. naso female of ranges from 0 to 2 per year, and Yee (2000) described that P. macrotis breeds during almost the entire year. These data along with our own observations suggest that both species may have active males during almost the entire year.
The Case of Vespertilionidae
Our data indicate the presence of a reproductive period of quiescence (regression of the seminiferous tubules) and sperm retention in the five species of neotropical Vespertilionidae analyzed that is very similar to that observed in hibernating bats. Other studies performed at latitudes, such as those by Van der Merwe and Rautenbach (1987) in Nycticeius schlieffenii at a latitude of 22°S, Van der Merwe and Rautenbach (1990) in Pipistrellus rusticus at a latitude of 24°S, and Van der Merwe and Stirnemann (2007) in Neorimicina nanus at a latitude of 25°S, also demonstrated a period of testicular regression in these vespertilionid bats.
These data suggest that, although the species analyzed are tropical species that do not present a prolonged period of torpor (hibernation period), they still maintain a period of seminiferous tubule regression and sperm retention/storage, a trait probably retained from the common temperate vespertilionid ancestor. The maintenance of these traits in a tropical environment is interesting and is worthy of further study.
The Case of M. temminckii
Although no clear data were observed for the reproductive patterns of M. temminckii, Krutzsch and Crichton (1987) and Krutzsch et al. (2002) observed a period of testicular regression in the molossid bats Mormopterus planiceps and Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana. The former study occurred in Southeast Australia (36°S) and the latter was in Texas (USA ∼ 30°N). Thus, these data indicated that the occurrence of testicular regression in molossid bats might occur in both hemispheres. However, the fact that only one species of the four Brazilian molossid bats analyzed presented this pattern was intriguing and deserves future investigation.
The authors are grateful to Luiz Roberto Falleiros Junior for technical assistance. The scholarships awarded to Mateus Rodrigues Beguelini by the Brazilian Research Foundation (CAPES) and to Cintia Cristina Isicawa Puga and Fabiane Ferreira Martins by the São Paulo State Research Foundation (FAPESP) are also gratefully acknowledged.
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- 2002. Seasonal changes in spermatogenesis of Japanese Lesser Horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus cornutus from a morphological viewpoint. Okajimas Folia Anat Japonica 79: 93–100. , , , , , , .
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- 2001. Seasonal reproductive activity of male Formosan wood mice (Apodemus semotus): relationships to androgen levels. J Mamm 82: 700–708. , , , .
- 2003. Cell differentiation and ultrastructure of the seminiferous epithelium in Myotis macrodactylus. Korean J Electron Micros 33: 25–39. .
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- 2003. Reproductive patterns and feeding habitats of three nectarivorous bats (Phyllostomidae: Glossophaginae) from the Brazilian Cerrado. Braz J Biol 63: 159–168. .


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Preseason softball rankings - 0 Comments
1. St. Mary's (20-6): Reloaded for another run at a Div. 3 state title.
2. Greater New Bedford Voke (12-8): Bears reap the benefits by playing in a demanding South Coast Conference.
3. East Bridgewater (13-6): Vikings move down a division and figure to be an instant contender.
4. Carver (13-9): Lots of quality players back for the Crusaders.
5. Bristol-Plymouth (19-5): No one will be surprised if the Craftsmen make a long run once again.

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The Seraph Vendor only accepts crystals as payment. Sound familiar?
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So now I realize why everyone forgets about me.
If Only Disney Princesses Had Mothers
Brace Yourself — The Many Faced One True God is Coming
Ed, Edd, n Eddy All Grown Up
Childhood Ruined: Classic Cartoons Go to College
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- 553 Amsterdam Avenue Northeast, Atlanta, GA, 30306
The VaudeVillains CD Release Party
Red Light Cafe
Saturday, June 8, 2013 at 8:00 PM (EDT)
Come celebrate the release of the first album by The VaudeVillains at Red Light Café! This overdue (their words!) debut of Cody Jung's and Kris Anderson's newest guitar escapade explores the boom-chick thumb-style of Merle Travis and Chet Atkins with an all original lineup of nine self-authored instrumental songs. Every song on this twang-driven record harkens back to some of The VaudeVillains' greatest icons and influences; the entire time never forgetting their own personal touch!
The VaudeVillains will take the stage at 9pm, with additional performances throughout the evening by Chad Shiver (8pm), Alias, Smith & Owens (10pm), and Bennie Gray & The Trailer Park Cowboys (11pm).
Red Light Cafe is a comfortable, familiar place to enjoy food, drink, and live music & entertainment with friends. We're located between Midtown and Virginia Highlands in Atlanta, GA. Visit our website for more events, our food & drink menus, booking info and more: redlightcafe.com
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Back to Previous Page
The Boss 302 returns to the road after 42 years.
Shaking Hands With The Devil
Watch as a Cobra Jet lines up with a Super Cobra Jet!
Make Your "Five-Oh" Go Faster and Smoother
If you love Ford performance, this is the place for you!
We put together some of our favorite articles about the Ford Mustang!
King of the Road
A Race Car For The Streets
Born on California's highways, the Mustang SSP offered police a high-performance alternative.
How to get up-close and personal to find the finest Ford Mustang you can afford.
A visual guide to telling one vintage Pony Car from its model-year stable mates.
Mustang's third body style emerges.
A visual feast for Mustang lovers.
A Real Jekyll & Hyde Ride
Upgrading a 1966 Mustang's Baer system from two-piston PBR caliper to six-piston Baer caliper.
A fitting end to the S-197 Mustang era.
Daytona Speedway was a fitting corral for these ponies.
Tulsa Raceway Park thundered with Ford power!
Carving corners with Ford power!
Walking around the paddock at Hallett Motor Racing Circuit
The Ultimate Ford Family Reunion
Fords invade downtown Tulsa's Brady Arts District
Walking around Tulsa Raceway Park
The capstone of a great event.
Families, fun and Mustangs at Myrtle Beach.
Are these cars the next great collectibles? Only time will tell...
The Turkey Run is back for a second helping!
Steel may be real, but fiberglass has class!
AutoTrader Classics takes a look at the upcoming exhibit at the High Museum.
Listen to Randy Grubb talk about the first time he drove the tank engine powered Blastolene Special!
Some Show Cars Defy Description
Camaros are always a SEMA favorite, and this year was no different.
I once traded a girlfriend for a car. True story!
Back for a second year this early Saturday morning event brought an amazingly diverse group of vehicles.
Chopped, channeled, sectioned, slammed and more!
This year's motorcycle display was an amazing showing of original early two-wheel transportation.
A fine group of fourth gen Corvettes.
Henry Ford's own "Ferrari assassination squad" left an indelible mark on the racing world.
While the old school Cobra was loud, the Cobra Jet even louder!
The heart of the beast. Check out the cool custom touches that make these powerplants unique!
Pro Driver Steve McCarley pilots a bone stock 2013 Ford Focus ST around Hallett Motor Racing Circuit.
The Brady Arts District was once again flooded with Fords!
AutoTrader Classics walks the show early for a sneak peak
A shortened Mustang? One-off customs? A mid-engine Corvette? Just what were they thinking!?
Back To The 50s isn't just for American iron.
Taking a walk around the pits at Tulsa Raceway Park.
Learn how to pump up the volume in your pony.
The Firebird That Never Was
The big show was anything but routine this year.
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Thursday, May 9
Dear Editor,
Yes I walked out of the council meeting. I should not have even sat there to begin with as I had told them I would not play their childish game and then I did. This was a planned rehearsed orchestrated attempt to discredit me with the voters. I wonder how many if not all of the council members discussed this with each other prior to the meeting.
DODGE CITY - The Western Athletic Conference track and field meet was not kind to Great Bend High School on Thursday evening.
JUNCTION CITY - The Great Bend High School girls' soccer team finished their regular season with a 4-0 loss against Junction City on Thursday evening.
BALTIMORE - Jeremy Guthrie's incentive to win had nothing to do with beating his former team.
Kansas Highway Patrol
CONCORDIA - Rep. John Edmonds, R-Great Bend, has signed the Civility Pledge, a spokesman for the Concordia Year of Peace committee announced.
Louis Brandeis, who served on the United States Supreme Court from 1916 to 1939, once warned, "Our government teaches the whole people by its example. If the government becomes the lawbreaker, it breeds contempt for law; it invites every man to become a law unto himself; it invites anarchy."
HOISINGTON -On April 29 and April 30, the Hoisington Middle School vocal group performed its play "School Daze" at Roosevelt and Lincoln Elementary Schools. The vocal group is made up of 7th and 8th grade students from Hoisington Middle School.
HOISINGTON - As part of our Jostens "Something to Believe In" Commitment to Graduate (C2G) program, the Hoisington Cardinals started a new tradition "Cardinal Graduates Walk with Pride."
On April 26, Barton County was declared eligible for Public Assistance from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) due to a snowstorm that occurred Feb. 20-23, 2013. An Applicants' Briefing for township officials, cities, county, school districts and certain non-profits organizations within Barton County has been scheduled for 3 p.m. on Tuesday, May 14 at the Barton County Courthouse, Room 101, Great Bend. This meeting is for public officials and officers from these agencies and organizations. Elected officials from these entities may be in attendance.
Great Bend High School Variety Show tickets are still available in the high school vocal music room. Please use the east front doors of the school.
Each year, 4.5 million people in this country are bitten by dogs and 885,000 of those require medical attention, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Among children, the rate of dog bite–related injuries is highest for those ages 5 to 9 years, and children are more likely than adults to receive medical attention for dog bites than adults. Children, because of their inexperience and size, are particularly prone to serious injury from animal attacks. Dogs are also more prone to biting children more so than adults because they sense that they are being challenged ...
Page 1032 of 2309
Average retail gasoline prices in Kansas have risen 7.3 cents per gallon in the past week, averaging $2.63 per gallon earlier this weekly, according to GasBuddy's daily survey of 1,329 gas outlets in Kansas. This compares with the national average that has increased 5.5 cents per gallon in the last week to $2.81.
St. Rose Health Center is taking its mission to improve community health and wellness to the streets – one employer at a time.
An Ellsworth woman died when the vehicle she was driving collided with another vehicle on K-156, 14 miles northeast of Great Bend at 4:19 p.m. on Tuesday. A 2000 Mazda protege driven by Teresa Mehl, age 45, was travelling east on K-156 and crossed into the westbound lane, colliding with a 2012 GMC Sierra 2500 driven by Andrew Kirkpatrick, 31, from Ellinwood.
MILWAUKEE- Chris Young produced on the mound and at the plate, firing seven scoreless innings and driving in three runs as the Royals rolled to a 7-2 win over the Brewers on Tuesday night to take both games of the Interleague set.
CLEVELAND (AP) - As the final seconds ticked off and the Warriors began bouncing in celebration on their bench, Stephen Curry looked up and saw LeBron James coming at him.
Craig Ranch North Community Pool in McKinney, Texas was not a "whites only" pool, but it might as well have been. Before Eric Casebolt shoved a black girl's face into the ground and pulled a gun on her two unarmed friends, white neighborhood residents at the pool assumed that all those black teenagers were in the wrong place. They didn't see the invited guests of a black neighbor getting a little rowdy at an end-of-school pool party. They saw black people who didn't belong in the mostly white neighborhood.
Rich people with too much time and money on their hands often seem to get bored with the hum and drum of their gold-filigreed existences. In response they turn to egalitarian enterprises, such as feudal kings commissioning alchemists to turn base metals into gold, because a lot of stuff back then needed to be filigreed.
The American Red Cross urges eligible donors to give blood in the weeks surrounding Independence Day to help ensure a sufficient blood supply now and throughout the summer.
Wilson State Park will hold its annual O.K. Kids Event on Saturday. O.K. Kids is a program sponsored by Kansas Wi1dscape. Outdoor Kansas for Kids (O.K.Kids) offers kids and their families an alternative to sedentary lifestyles. It gives children the opportunity to learn about nature and wildlife, and try new outdoor recreation adventures. This year's activities will qualify for Wildlifer Challenge which is another Kansas Wildscape opportunity geared toward promoting the outdoors. Parents should bring cameras and take photos of their children participating in the events. They can download photos to the Wildlifer Challenge website ...
Nicole Kennedy, a broker with Dave Neal & Associates, has bought the agency from Neal and is renaming it Metro Real Estate Group.
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Registered AQHA 1999 Grey Stallion 15.2 hh Air In Time American Paint Horse Association Listed Own Son of JAG IN TIME -AAAT si 101…Stud Fee: $650
Great stud, throw tons of bone and gentle, easy to handle colts that are pretty and talented. Pasture breeding as well as hand breeding multiple mare…No Price Listed
Young's Country Brat Registered Section B Welsh Handsome bay, standing 12.2hh Brat has personality, temperament, conformation and a proven show…Stud Fee: $250 CAD
Freckle is a son of the legendary ' Strait From Texas' ! 8 time world champion in heading, heeling, tie down, cowhorse, and reining ! Freckle stands…Stud Fee: $600 CAD
Proven own son of Dual Pep, Dualy has the pedigree and the build that any breeding operation could use, We have been able to produce about a dozen of…No Price Listed
Montrose, CO
Whitesboro, TX


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Mel Gattis Photography Photographer
Tanaisha BrownModel Female South Orange, New Jersey, US
My Website: TbonitaMy MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/Tbonita123
Mayhem # 3223382
About MeI am an artist. I am very personable and easy to work with. I am always looking to grow, learn, and experience. I have a very eclectic style. I am interested in most types of modeling but I am focusing on Print/Editorial. You will see me in a magazine or maybe a billboard one day....who knows?
CreditsAkbar photography
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Mel Gattis
Mel Gattis Photography Photographer
Derrel Anthony Photographer
MASCKO Photographer
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It may look like the Camaro has the upper-hand in this quarter mile battle with a C7 Corvette Stingray, but that Stingray isn't quite stock either. Check out this epic clash of Chevrolet performance from the Palm Beach International Raceway.
It may look like the Camaro has the upper-hand in this quarter mile battle with a C7 Corvette Stingray, but that Stingray isn't quite stock either. Check out this epic clash of Chevrolet performance from the Palm Beach International Raceway.
Corvette enthusiasts know that perhaps the easiest way to get more power from an engine is to add a supercharger and some other go fast parts. But that may not necessarily be the best way if you're planning on turning your Corvette into a dedicated racer.
Katech Performance is showing a different route performance junkies and dedicated racers can take with the Stingray's Gen 5 LT1 V8 by going back to the naturally aspirated 427 "stroker" design which Katech says its capable of producing upwards of 703 horsepower and 625 lb-ft on 93 octane fuel.
Corvette fans know that the 2015 Corvette Stingray is one of the great bargains of all time when it comes to performance per dollar, even at the manufacturers suggested retail price. The National Corvette Museum (NCM) will give someone the most incredible bargain of all—the performance of a 2015 Stingray coupe for $10. That's right, for a mere $10 some lucky person will get the keys to a Torch Red Corvette Stingray coupe in what must be the best performance bargain ever.
If that 650 horsepower Corvette Z06 isn't powerful enough for you, you might want to check out this upgrade from the folks at Late Model Racecraft.
They've just released a video showing this beautiful Velocity Yellow Z06 that they have upgraded to coax out 743 wheel horsepower, making it what might be the most powerful C7 Corvette Z06 tested on a dyno so far.
Have you seen the Gold Digger videos where a guy stands next to a really expensive car and asks women if they want to go for a ride? Those that say yes are assumed to be "gold diggers" as they think the guy has some deep pockets. But put that same guy next to a beat up Honda Accord and he gets rejected every time.
That's the premise of this video only with a twist. A pretty girl is the protagonist and the bait car is new Torch Red C7 Corvette Convertible.
1/4 mile drag racing at Palm Beach International Raceway! All electric Tesla Model S P85D with all wheel drive and dual electric motors that pack a monstrous 691-hp / 687 lb-ft torque vs a 2014 C7 Corvette Stingray with a N/A V8 making a solid 455 hp and 460 lb-ft torque.
Visit CorvetteVideos.TV for the best selection of hand-picked Corvette videos.
Sometimes a sad story does have a happy ending.
You may recall the poor fellow whose 2015 Corvette Z06 suffered a blown engine the day after Christmas, of all days, after he had enjoyed driving the supercar for just 891 miles.
But don't fret any longer for Lawdogg149, as he is known on Corvette Forum.
The 2014 Corvette Stingray and the 2015 Corvette Z06 have won plenty of awards over the past few months.
The Z06 added to that stack of trophies this week by being judged the "Sexiest Vehicle" in the Detroit News' Readers' Choice awards for the 2015 North American International Auto Show.
Come follow us along as we tour the GM Engine Plant in Tonawanda, NY where they build the 650hp LT4 V8 and many other engines.
Visit CorvetteVideos.TV for the best selection of hand-picked Corvette videos.
While modding Corvettes is pretty common here in the States, it's also a phenomenon that happens across the globe as owners search for more power. One such tuner located in western Austria is O.CT Tuning who recently went to work on the C7 Corvette Stingray.


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girls soccer
Chugiak 1, East 0
Holly Brehmer scored the match's lone goal midway through the second half Tuesday to lift Chugiak girls soccer to a 1-0 Cook Inlet Conference win over visiting East at Tom Huffer Sr. Stadium.
boys soccer
Chugiak 4, East 1
Brady Sanders scored a hat trick to lead host Chugiak past East 4-1 in boys Cook Inlet Conference soccer action Tuesday. Sanders also assisted on Chugiak's other goal, scored by Tanner Chandler.
All five goals were scored in the second half.
Anchorage Daily News


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Wealhtheow's Reviews > Point of Hopes
Point of Hopes (Astreiant, #1)
by Melissa Scott (Goodreads Author), Lisa A. Barnett
by Melissa Scott (Goodreads Author), Lisa A. Barnett
Wealhtheow's review
bookshelves: queer-characters, fantasy
Jul 02, 09
bookshelves: queer-characters, fantasy
Read in July, 2006
Set in a fictional fantasy world similar to seventeenth century England. The main difference is that astrology is real--and not only can it be used to accurately predict the future, it can be used to change it as well. The premise and plot are pretty good, but it gets bogged down in minutia. I know what the two main characters had for literally every meal of the week the story covers. I know how they hang their jackets, I know where they buy their ale--every single conversation, meal, and clothing-buying expedition is documented in detail. Very boring. The most disappointing aspect was, however, the relationship between the main characters. One a mercenary, the other a police officer (or "pointsman"), they're supposedly highly attracted to each other. They even move in together and declare lemanry (a fictional version of a civil union). And yet, not a single kiss between them. No moments of passion, no thoughts on how sexy the other looks--nothing.
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text:
Uber accused in report of limiting new drivers to pump surge pricing
Uber Technologies was on the defensive again about its surge pricing Tuesday following a report on The Verge about a San Diego customer who accused Uber of artficially limiting the number of new drivers in that city on Valentine's Day in order to fuel its controversial surge pricing and increase earnings.
San Francisco-based Uber, which connects passengers with drivers-for-hire via a mobile phone application, denied the accusation, which was made by a man identified as Anthony Lane, who reportedly said he heard the following text message read aloud by an Uber driver's Ford Sync system while he was getting a ride: "UberX is very close to SURGE. It's Valentine's Day! People will be out all night and we didn't activate new drivers to make earnings even higher this weekend."
Uber spokesman Andrew Noyes acknowledged the text message and said it featured a "poor choice of words" written by someone on Uber's local team in San Diego.
Bizspace Spotlight
But the message's intent, he insisted, was to get as many of Uber's already activated drivers onto the road for Valentine's Day as possible, which in turn would keep prices as low as possible.
"The message was a poor choice of words by the local team but its clear purpose was to get more supply on the system, not less — to keep surge pricing down and the numbers speak to that," Noyes said.
Only 3.1 percent of all Valentine's Day trips in San Diego had surge pricing, and the average Valentine's Day trip price in the city on average was just 2 percent higher, or $0.26 more expensive, he said.
A total of 306 drivers were activated on Uber's system in the two weeks leading up to Valentine's Day, though the pace slowed during the week right before the holiday, Noyes said.
Uber says its surge pricing is designed to raise and lower price based on the level of demand with the goal of making as many cars available as possible when demand is high.
Responding to complaints about very high fares — including from comedian Jerry Seinfeld's wife, Jessica — Uber has sought to make it abundantly clear on its mobile application before anyone orders a ride exactly when surge pricing is in effect. It tells how many times more expensive rides will be (like 6.5X) and advises users to wait if they want a cheaper ride.
As rational as that setup may sound, surge pricing has drawn repeated criticism from people who were surprised by big bills, or thought Uber was price gouging at inappropriate times, such as when New York City was socked in by a massive snowstorm.
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Fire Control Tower No. 23
Fire Control Tower No. 23
|Sunset Boulevard, Lower Township, New Jersey
|38°56′36″N 74°58′3″W / 38.94333°N 74.96750°WCoordinates: 38°56′36″N 74°58′3″W / 38.94333°N 74.96750°W
|less than one acre
|Architectural style
|Fire Control Tower
|Governing body
|NRHP Reference #
|Significant dates
|Added to NRHP
|November 17, 2003
|Designated NJRHP
|May 29, 2003
Fire Control Tower No. 23 is a NRHP-listed tower located in Lower Township, Cape May County, New Jersey, United States. The tower was built in 1942 as part of Fort Miles, the system of harbor defenses of the Delaware Bay. It was one of 15 towers from North Wildwood, New Jersey to Bethany Beach, Delaware used to aim coastal batteries at German ships and submarines. It is located near Sunset Beach in Cape May Point State Park.
The tower was added to the New Jersey Register of Historic Places on May 29, 2003 and to the National Register of Historic Places on November 17, 2003. About this time the tower was renovated under the direction of architect Robert Russell. Spiral staircases, lighting and safety features were installed, allowing the public to climb to the top of the tower and a wooden walkway was built to Sunset Avenue.[3]
See also[edit]
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Cape May County, New Jersey
- Battery 223
- Fire Control Tower
- ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2009-03-13.
- ^ "New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places - Cape May County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection - Historic Preservation Office. January 10, 2010. p. 12. Retrieved March 27, 2010.[dead link]
- ^ "World War II Lookout Tower". Mid-Atlantic Center for the Arts & Humanities. Retrieved September 21, 2011.
|This article about a property in New Jersey on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
- Government buildings completed in 1942
- Lower Township, New Jersey
- Buildings and structures in Cape May County, New Jersey
- Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
- National Register of Historic Places in Cape May County, New Jersey
- New Jersey Registered Historic Place stubs


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Seeing red? Sensitive skin that's prone to redness and rosacea can be, well, sensitive to chemicals and other harsh ingredients. Happily, derma e® has cooked up the perfect no-harm cleanser for even the most irritable skin. The all-natural blend of vitamins, botanicals, and superantioxidant Pycnogenol® creates a pH-balanced, sulfate-free lather that gently lifts away impurities, dirt, and oil—plus any lingering makeup. Color us impressed.
I received this product as a sample with birchbox; all I can say is WOW! I usually stick to my normal skin cleansing routine and don't venture into the unknown. With winter coming I knew my face was going to need some TLC, so I decided to give the sample a try. First of all, it has a very clean citrus smell so it wakes you up in the morning. There aren't any waxy residues left and my skin wasn't all shiny and tight. It gave me just the right amount of moisture without leaving my face oily. I would definitely recommend this product for one reason...it's SIMPLE!5
I received this sample in my November box. The first couple of days I loved it. After cleansing I felt my skin was squeaky clean. That hard to continue scrubbing feeling after rinsing. But then after the first couple of washes I noticed that not all my eye makeup was being removed. Then I broke out in a rash. The product says it is for all skin types. I have used better and will be returning my full product I purchased, unfortunately. I really wanted this one to be it.1


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We will have a conversation group every other Saturday at the Whole Foods Market in Milwaukee. We will meet in the cafe area on the south side of the store.
All levels are welcome. The goal is to get together and learn, practice, and improve our Spanish together!
Hope you can join us.
If you have questions, please contact Rosa, the co-organizer of this group.
I decided to start Reno Motorcycle Riders Group because I wanted to be part of a group of people who enjoyed my passion... I was excited and nervous. Our group has grown by leaps and bounds. I never thought it would be this big.
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(based on 96 reviews)
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Most Liked Positive Review
Has been a great tool
I bought the predecessor to this unit more than 10 years ago in my local store on sale. I have used it regularly both at home for projects and professionally in an auto service...Read complete review
I bought the predecessor to this unit more than 10 years ago in my local store on sale. I have used it regularly both at home for projects and professionally in an auto service center. It has been a reliable and efficient tool up until this past week. It fried the control board while doing an exhaust. I am looking into weather or not they can get me replacement parts for it and if it would be more economical for me to repair this unit or replace it with a new one. My only issue with this welder was the length of the leads (they are quite short) and I may replace it with the upgraded unit so I can have shielding gas. I would definitely recommend this unit. For the money it is a great tool for both the beginning welder, the hobbyist or the professional for light duty use. It exceeded my expectations.
Most Liked Negative Review
Basic value for DIY repairs
A value on sale. Runs on 110 so no 220 required, no gas, regulators or bottles. I'm not much of a welder but learned to strike an arc years ago. Tried a...Read complete review
A value on sale. Runs on 110 so no 220 required, no gas, regulators or bottles. I'm not much of a welder but learned to strike an arc years ago. Tried a bead right out of the box with settings given under the hood and got a poor bead with lots of spatter. Looked on line for suggestions and replaced the flux core wire with a reputable brand. Tried again and got a fine bead with some expected spatter since this is AC not DC. This model seems to have fixes for some complaints about earlier models. Still many mods can be done to improve the unit as DIY projects if you have the time and some money. If you really want more performance you need to spend more money or adjust your expectations.
Reviewed by 96 customers
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By welder
from New Jersey
About Me Professional
Comments about 90 Amp-AC, 120 Volt, Flux Cored Welder:
This is a GREAT Flux welder. I am ALWAYS cautious when buying anything more than a throw away product from HF. However, at this price, I figured why not? Turns out it has easily more than paid for itself. I have used it working on cars and with several products around the house. It will even weld half inch rebar nicely if you preheat the rebar and have a clean welding surface. There are no replacement parts for this welder. However, at the price you cam buy a new one for...not a big deal. If you bought a red or blue welder it would cost you at least what this one does just for a replacement part. I ALWAYS USE QUALITY WIRE and threw away the wore it came with...its horrible. Very inconsistent.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
An excellent value!
By That One Guy
from Oregon
About Me Avid Do-It-Yourselfer
This is an EXCELLENT tool to get into welding. For light repair and fabrication, this unit can't be beat. It has it's limitations, but it's more than enough for the average garage-dweller and shady-tree mechanic. As long as you follow the duty cycle (of 10% use to 90% rest) you'll never have an issue. I've used this on a standard 120v/15amp circuit with no issues before I had my shop set up. All in all, you should certainly get this if you're wanting to do light repair and fab work. It's also an excellent (and inexpensive) way to get into the welding field or to sharpen your skills.
paid for itself in 3 minutes
By maintenancemark
from Chandler AZ
I bought this welder to weld a pully back on the clutch for my washing machine when I found out the part cost almost twice as much as this welder I figured this was a good excuse to get a better welder. It took longer to get the welder out of the box than it did to weld the pully back on. It didn't make the prettiest weld but it is more than strong enough to hold the pully back on. I was suprised how easy it was to use for such a cheep unit. I've used mig welders and stick welders this feels like a mig welder just without the gas bottle.
Bought, used it and sold it. Worked fine for me.
By BD the Mech
from Atlanta, GA
I used it on everything from a go-cart frame, to a backyard grill wheel mount, to another yet to be disclosed exhaust job on my car.I'm going to give this thing 5 stars even though I wasn't experienced enough to use it, I did recoup my investment a year later when I sold it; and the buyers were very happy. It's a very dependable welder.On high amps it will cause a normal outlet (15 amp) to trip after a bit of use. It works best on a dedicated 20 amp circuit.
Thin metals for home use mainly
By TAG
from Birmingham, Alabama
About Me Casual Do-It-Yourselfer
Good price for the quality. Ordered on-line and received it promptly. Have used it twice so far with no diffulculties. I am not a welder, but this thing is easy to use with very little practice. I would recommend this to a friend.
Great Value
By JoeLA
from Los Angeles
About Me Beginner
This was my first welder purchase and I pulled the trigger based on the reviews here and on youtube. Performed well out of the box but it worked even better when I upgraded the flux-wire. I've only gone through 3lbs of wire but the welder never overheated. Spatter was pretty minimal once I got the wire feed speed dialed in.
Great Welder
By Mater
from Gastonia, NC
Just purchased this welder a few days ago. I will say that the Item#61849 is the newer "updated" unit. The wire feed has been upgraded and the trigger is thicker. Although this is still a AC welder for everything around the house and small repairs this is great. It states that the welder is just good up to 3/16", but this will weld and get good penetration on 1/4" pieces. Couple changes to make as already stated, change out wire to name brand for less spatter, you can upgrade the ground clamp but not really needed, I personally replaced the mig tip with a flux tip on trigger.All in all welds great, this is a great DIY welder for the homeowner and for hobbies.
Great product for the price
By Mick
from Streator, IL
I purchased this welder to repair a sagging door on my truck and it did the job perfectly. There will be a lot of spatter to clean up with the grinder/files but that is to be expected with flux core. I would definitely recommend this welder for jobs with thick steel.
(3 of 3 customers found this review helpful)
Great Buy!!! Good product too!
By Aaron
from Twin falls, ID
I am new to welding and this does an amazing job. It is also simple to setup and use even if you have never welded before. I would recommend the auto darkening helmet to go with this as it is much easier to concentrate on what your sticking together.
Great Buy
By Hootie
from Ayden, NC
I cant get over what a great buy this was. Kicking myself in the butt for not buying one sooner! I have only had it for a week and it has already paid for itself. I have welded my bush hog back together and did some work on my tractor. The Thing really does the job. Buy it you wont be disappointed.
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(Multiple foci of FLAIR signal hyperintensity seen within the periventricular and deep white matter represents the sequel of moderate chronic small vessel ischemic changes, such as....)
What was most important?
How can I accomplish what I need with what could and probably will eventually happen.
If you look up each of those possibilities, they all have challenges of their own. After all that testing, to be left with nonspecific myopathy, progression will be needed for a more definite diagnosis, landing me in a trial for IBM, I walked away when I could. No medication was going to cure it, or stop what was happening. I continued filling out my research papers each year for that study, but I have not been back for further testing or evaluation. Over that time, with outside help for physical and occupational therapy, along with some great spiritual therapy, I am where I am today!
Some might say I wasted time!
A detour along any journey is most likely a possibility, in fact, I really did expect it sooner, so with that, as we (I am not alone on this journey) approach it, my tummy does get all tangled up inside.
Guilty, and for good reason.
3. Complete details haven't been worked out or resolved.
4. Sometimes I just like cliff hangers.
5. Not everything needs to be black or white, I like color sometimes.
I don't like letting all the cats out of a bag after they have been collected.
|One thing is certain, a trip I had planned for almost a year needed to be canceled. Something better is taking it's place and that trip will be rescheduled at a different time, for a different reason, and even go to a different place. With planning, I can take a train trip anytime to anywhere I want, and New Orleans really was never on my bucket list. So this is where we need to be to celebrate with our family, our way. In fact I'm kind of happy it's been removed, along with the anxiety!
That last test will also be sending us on another journey come the fall. I was asked last August if I wanted to be referred and my answer at that time was "No, not really. We've been on that road before!" I have decided that come my next appointment, I am asking for that referral. I am not looking for a different outcome, it's just time to get some medical assistance in the direction is all.
So in between now and then, I am filling the time with things that matter.
Time on Our Journey Through LIFE!


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The Florida Bar News
The July 1 Bar News is now available with stories including:
- The International Law Section's trip to Cuba.
- The court system's 2015-16 budget.
- More women serving on Florida Bar Committees.
Pay Annual Fees Online
Florida Bar members may now pay 2015-16 fees, join sections and report pro bono online.
The Florida Bar Journal
The July issue of The Florida Bar Journal is now available online, featuring articles on:
- Ramón A. Abadin: President of The Florida Bar
- Navigating Florida's Autonomous Vehicle Statute
- Comparative Fault in Florida
Judicial Vacancies
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Improved Find a Lawyer search and Member Profile features
Check out the Find a Lawyer search upgrades and review our instructional flyer about the changes. You will notice that more information is included in the search results. Members, login to update your profile and add a photo. Updates are easier and you have the opportunity to set a personal URL link to your Member Profile. The new Find a Lawyer has a new link - please update your bookmarks to the new URL - http://www.floridabar.org/wps/portal/flbar/home/directories/MBR.
2015 Bar President Speeches
The installation speeches of President Ramón Abadin and YLD President Gordon Glover are now posted.
Email Scam Alert
Florida Bar members are receiving emails from a "potential client" requesting assistance in collecting the last two payments due for architectural services rendered. The sender was allegedly in England and claimed to have provided the services for a large home. For more information, the Sarasota County Bar Association has posted a fraud alert.
2015 Legislative Session
Florida's courts system escapes with no reductions to the operating budget as the special legislative session draws to an end.
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SUPREME COURT DISCIPLINES 24 ATTORNEYSThe Florida Bar announced that the Florida Supreme Court in recent court orders disciplined 24 attorneys -- disbarring one, revoking the lic...
CENTRAL FLORIDA COURT CLERKS STRIVE TO WEATHER CUTBACKS WITHOUT SLASHING SERVICESCentral Florida clerks of courts face possible furloughs, layoffs and diminished services as they struggle with a 5-percent spending reducti...
BRAVO FOR FLA. SUPREME COURT'S JUSTICE FOR JUDGESThe editorial praises the Florida Supreme Court for upholding Florida's Code of Judicial Conduct. From the editorial: "Public confidence in ...


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Arizona State Sun Devils
NBC pulls 'Do No Harm' after 2 low-rated episodes
LOS ANGELES (AP) - NBC is pulling the drama series "Do No Harm" after two low-rated episodes.
The show is a take on the story of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and stars Steven Pasquale of "Rescue Me." He plays a respected neurosurgeon who turns into a dangerous alter ego each night. Other cast members include Alana De La Garza and Phylicia Rashad.
"Do No Harm" started with a historically small audience for a major network debut and then dropped further in its second Thursday airing.
NBC will replace "Do No Harm" with reruns of "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit" for the next two weeks.
(Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)
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- Rick Neuheisel, CBS AnalystNeuheisel talks recruiting with Diddy and ASU's chances in the PAC-12
- Arizona State Head Basketball Coach Bobby Hurley Bobby Hurley talks about coming to Arizona State and what it's like recruiting in Arizona.
- Corona Del Sol Star Basketball Player Marvin Bagley III Marvin Bagley talks about winning the state title, recruiting, and shows off his musical talent.
- Ray Anderson, ASU athletic directorRay Anderson discusses the importance of scheduling major football opponents.
- Glenn Parker, Pac-12 Football AnalystGlenn Parker discusses the upcoming Pac-12 football season.


text:
Penalty Costs Eddie MacDonald
Chance to Win in ACT Race at White Mountain
The Race: The Casey�s General Stores
150 marks the 12th NASCAR K&N Pro Series East-West combination
race at Iowa Speedway, and the first event at the track in 2015.
It�s the fourth of 14 races overall on the 2015 K&N Pro East
schedule, and the fourth of 13 races overall for the K&N Pro
The Procedure: The race will be 150
laps (131.25 miles) and will be run in two segments with a
midway break at or near the conclusion of Lap 75. The starting
field is 36 cars, including provisionals. The first 28 cars will
qualify through two-lap time trials. The remaining eight spots
will be awarded through the provisional process. Note: Each
driver will be credited with a finish and points respective to
the series they've designated.
The Track: Iowa Speedway is a
.875-mile paved oval with the turns banked 12-14 degrees, four
degrees of banking in the backstretch and 10 degrees in the
frontstretch. The track opened in 2006 and the first
NASCAR-sanctioned race was a K&N Pro Series combination event on
May 20, 2007 won by Joey Logano. NASCAR XFINITY and NASCAR
Camping World Truck Series events were added in 2009.
The Records: The one-lap series
qualifying record at Iowa was established by Kyle Busch on May
17, 2009 at 135.484 mph (23.250 seconds). The 150-lap race
record was set by Ben Rhodes on May 17, 2014 at 93.287 mph (1
hour, 24 minutes, 25 seconds)
� Iowa held one East-West combination race
each season from 2007-2011 and has had two each year since 2012.
� The K&N Pro Series West had a standalone
event at the track in September 2009 won by David Mayhew.
� The Casey�s General Store 150 will be
telecast on NBCSN Thursday, May 21 at a time to be determined
next week.
� Kyle Busch and Cole Custer are the only drivers to win the
East-West at Iowa from the pole. Chase Elliott started the
furthest back and won, coming from 15th on the grid in May 2012.
� The most cautions for an East-West
combination race at Iowa is 11 in June 2013 while the fewest is
four in May 2009 and August 2014. The most caution laps (68)
came in the inaugural 2007 event and the fewest was 24 on May
2009 and August 2014.
� In the 11 combination events, the lead
has changed hands an average of 13.7 times with a high of 18 in
the 200-lap May 2007 race.
� The average starting position for the
winner is 6.09 while the pole sitter has an average finish of
9.63.� Three of
the 11 East-west combination races at Iowa were extended by a
late-race caution for a green-white-checkered finish, the last
occurring in June 2013.
� Chevrolet has gone to Victory Lane in
seven East-West events at Iowa, while Toyota has three wins and
Ford has one.
Race #:
4 of 14 � East; 4 of 13 � West
Track Layout:
.875-mile asphalt tri-oval
Race Length:
150 laps (131.25 miles)
12-14 degrees
10 degrees
Four degrees
Qualifying/Race Data
2014 Pole Winner:
Brodie Kostecki, Toyota, 133.102 mph (23.666 seconds)
2014 Race Winner:
Ben Rhodes, Chevrolet, 93.287 mph (1 hour, 24 minutes, 25
1-Lap Qualifying Record:
Kyle Busch, 135.484 mph (23.250 seconds), May 2009
150-lap Race Record:
Ben Rhodes, Chevrolet, 93.287 mph (1 hour, 24 minutes, 25
Eddie MacDonald (No. 71 Grimm
Contracting Chevrolet)
� Ranked 25th in the East standings after
one start at Bristol.
� In 10 starts at Iowa, his second place
finish in August 2013 is his best.
� Has an average finish of 9.4 and an
average start of 18.4 at Iowa.
� Has earned seven wins, 34 top fives, 90
top 10s and two poles in 183 starts.
Eddie Runs for the Governor's
Cup Title at Lee USA Speedway on Sunday
DAYTONA BEACH, Fla. � The NASCAR K&N Pro
Series East will head to Bristol (Tenn.) Motor Speedway
Saturday, April 18 for the PittLite 125, the season�s third of
14 events. Below is a look at the performance of the series and
selected drivers at Bristol, as well as some other statistical
Race Setup� The fop four drivers are within
five points of each other headed in to Bristol. Austin Hill
leads with 88 points, followed closely by William Byron with 85
points. Dalton Sargeant and Gray Gaulding are two points behind
Byron with 83 apiece.� Defending
race winner Eddie MacDonald will be making his season debut at
Bristol this weekend.� Thirteen out of the
31 drivers on the entry list will make their first K&N Pro
Series East start at Bristol for the PittLite125.
Motor SpeedwayHistory
� Bristol Motor Speedway opened in 1961 and hosted its first
NASCAR Sprint Cup Series race on July 30 of that year. Jack
Smith picked up the win and led 243 of the 500 laps.� To
date, the track has hosted 108 Sprint Cup Series races, 65
NASCAR XFINITY Series races and 17 NASCAR Camping World Truck
Series events. Kyle Busch leads all drivers with 16 Bristol
victories and Darrell Waltrip tops the charts with 12 Sprint Cup
Series triumphs.� The .533-mile concrete oval hosted its
first NASCAR K&N Pro Series event in March 2012 with Nelson
Piquet Jr. collecting the win.
Notebook� This is the series�
fourth visit to the legendary Tennessee track.� The PittLite
125 will air on NBCSN on Thursday, April 23 TBA.� For two
previous Bristol winners � Nelson Piquet Jr. (2012) and Dylan
Kwasniewski (2013) � it was their first K&N East victory.
� The most cautions for a K&N East race at Bristol is eight
(2013) while the fewest is six (2012). The most caution laps
were 40 in 2014 and fewest were 33 in 2012.� In three races,
the lead has changed hands an average two times of with a high
of four changes in 2012.� The average starting position for
the winner is 6.3 while the pole sitter has an average finish of
2.6.� Bristol is one of three half-mile tracks on the series
schedules joining South Carolina's Greenville Pickens Speedway
and Florida's New Smyrna Speedway.
DataRace: #3 out
of 14 (4/18/15)Track Layout:
.533-mile concrete ovalRace Length:
125 laps (66.625 miles)Banking/Corners:
Variable (24-28 degrees)
Qualifying/Race Data:2014 Pole
Winner: Ben Rhodes
2014 Race Winner: Eddie
MacDonald1-Lap Qualifying
Record: Michael McGuire, Toyota, 15.898 seconds,
120.694 mph, March 16, 2013125-Lap Race Record:
Nelson Piquet Jr., Toyota, one hour, two minutes, six seconds,
65.402 mph, March 17, 2012
Eddie MacDonald (No. 71
Grimm Contracting Chevrolet)� Will be
making his season debut and 183rd K&N East start this weekend.
� In three starts at Bristol, has finished 28th (2012), seventh
(2013) and first (2014). � Has an average finish of 12 and
an average start of 22 at Bristol.� In 182 starts as earned
seven wins, 24 top fives, 86 top 10s and two poles.� Has
competed in one NASCAR Camping World Truck Series race and
finished 30th.� In two NASCAR XFINITY starts, he finished
41st (2007) and 22nd (2009).� Competed in one NASCAR Sprint
Cup race at New Hampshire and finished 35th.� In two NASCAR
Whelen Modified Tour races he finished 37th (2005) and 39th
Fast Facts
The Race: The PittLite125 is the third event of
the season for the NASCAR K&N Pro Series East. It�s the third of
14 oval track events and 14 races, overall, on the 2015
schedule. This is the series� fourth visit to the iconic
high-banked Tennessee oval.
The Procedure: The starting field is 36
cars, including provisionals. The first 32 cars will qualify
through two-lap time trials while the remaining four starting
spots will be awarded through the provisional process. The race
will be 125 laps covering 66.625 miles with a break at or near
the conclusion of lap 65.
The Track: Bristol Motor Speedway opened in
1961 and hosted its first NASCAR Sprint Cup Series race on July
30, 1961 won by Jack Smith. The .533-mile concrete oval has
600-foot straightaways with five to nine degrees of banking on
the frontstretch and four to eight degrees on the backstretch.
The turns are progressively banked from 24 to 28 degrees. The
racing surface is 37.5 feet wide.
The Records: The one-lap qualifying record
for the series at Bristol of 15.898 seconds (120.694 mph) is
held by Michael McGuire and was established on March 16, 2013.
The 125-Lap race record of one hour, two minutes and six seconds
(65.402) was set on March 17, 2012 by Nelson Piquet Jr. in a
race that was extended to 127 laps.
BRISTOL RACE NOTESTeam To
WatchDaniel Hemric and Brandon Jones will be
behind the wheel for NTS Motorsports Saturday. Hemric will be
making his second series start after winning the pole and
finishing fifth at Greenville. Jones will be making his season
debut, but is no stranger to the K&N Pro East. Jones won the
NASCAR K&N Pro combination race at Iowa last August and finished
eighth at Bristol last March.
Veterans ReturningK&N
Pro Series veterans Eddie MacDonald and
Jesse Little will be making their season debut Saturday.
The defending race winner,
MacDonald will be making his 183 K&N Pro Series East start. He
has earned seven wins, 34 top fives and 89 top 10 finishes.
NASCAR Next driver Jesse Little will be making his 38th series�
start and looks to redeem himself at Bristol where he finished
13th last year.
Eddie Wins American Racer Challenge Cup
Eddie Wins ACT 100 in Sunny Florida
Bowman Gray Stadium
NASCAR Hall of Fame
Langley Speedway
Columbus Motor Speedway
Richmond International