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A method and apparatus for associating received pulses with one of a plurality of emitters emitting pulses at periodic intervals. Periodic pulse trains are detected by computing the difference in arrival times between each received pulse and a fixed number of previously received pulses. In the simplest embodiment, a periodic pulse train is detected when one of the computed differences is one-half of another computed difference. In other embodiments, further processing is performed to detect staggered pulse trains or other periodic patterns.
1. Apparatus for associating received pulses with one of a plurality of emitters producing pulses at periodic intervals, said apparatus of the type wherein each one of said pulses is represented by a pulse descriptor word including the arrival time of the pulse, said apparatus comprising:
(a) first means for determining the difference in arrival time of a selected one of said pulses and a plurality of said received pulses received before said selected one of said pulses; and
(b) second means for determining if the difference in arrival time between said selected one of said pulses and a previously received one of said pulses is twice the difference in arrival time between said selected one of said pulses and a second previously received pulse, said second previously received pulse being received at a time between the time of reception of the first previously received one of the pulses and said selected one of said pulses.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first means comprises:
(a) a circular buffer for storing a predetermined number of the pulse descriptor words, said circular buffer storing the most recently received pulse descriptor words; and
(b) an arithmetic logic means for computing the difference between the arrival time in the pulse descriptor word of said selected one of said pulses and the arrival times of each of the pulse descriptor words in the circular buffer.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the second means comprises:
(a) a memory, said memory organized into rows and columns, each column representing a time difference and one row with a column storing the arrival time of said selected one of said pulses when the arithmetic logic means computes a time difference represented by the column; and
(b) recognizer logic means for determining when the same arrival time is stored in two columns, one column representing a time equal to the periodic interval and the second column representing a time equal to twice the periodic interval.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 additionally comprising:
time filtering means for selectively, in response to a control signal, diverting the pulse descriptor words of received pulses to the second means or to a utilization device through a pulse tracker.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 additionally comprising:
means for providing said control signal for the time filtering means, said time filtering means further comprising means responsive to said control signal for diverting the pulse descriptor words to the utilization device through the pulse tracker at said periodic intervals.
6. The apparatus of claim 4 additionally comprising a plurality of means for generating control signals for the time filtering means.
7. The apparatus of claim 4 additionally comprising a plurality of means for generating said control signals at an interval when one of said pulses i expected from one of said plurality of emitters, said control signal having a first state for a window of time preceding and following the expected arrival time of the one of said pulses.
8. A method for associating received pulses with one of a plurality of emitters producing pulses at periodic intervals, comprising the steps of:
(a) computing for each of a plurality of received pulses, the difference in arrival times between the pulse and a predetermined number of previously received pulses;
(b) searching the computed differences for a first difference which is one half of a second computed difference; and
(c) associating pulses received at said first difference with said one of the plurality of emitters.
9. The method of claim 8 additionally comprising the steps of:
(a) predicting the arrival times of said received pulses belonging to said one of the plurality of emitters; and
(b) excluding from the plurality of received pulses those pulses arriving sufficiently close to a predicted arrival time of one of said received pulses.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of identifying pulses further comprises:
(a) searching the computed differences, when a match is detected between said first difference and one-half of said second difference, for a third difference which is one-quarter of the second difference; and
(b) selecting as the periodic interval one-quarter of the second difference.
11. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of identifying the pulses further comprises:
(a) searching the computed differences computed for successively received pulses when a match is detected between the first difference and one-half of the second difference, for a pulse producing:
(i) a fourth difference equal to the first difference plus the second difference;
(ii) the first difference; and
(iii) the second difference.
12. Method for determining the pulse repetition interval of a train of pulses, comprising the steps of:
(a) computing, for each pulse of said train of pulses, a difference in time between said each pulse and each of a predetermined number of previous pulses of said train of pulses;
(b) searching the computed differences for a first difference which is one half of a second computed difference; and
(c) assigning said first difference as the pulse repetition interval of said train of pulses.
This invention relates generally to signal processing and more particularly to a method of identifying which of a large number of received pulses was emitted by a particular signal source.
In certain signal environments, one receiver may be simultaneously exposed to pulsed signals transmitted by a plurality of signal sources, or "emitters". To obtain the maximum amount of useful information, the receiver must group the received pulses according to their source. This process, sometimes called "pulse sorting", allows the signals from each of the emitters to be processed separately. Such a technique is beneficial because it allows a reduction in the complexity of the processing performed by the receiver. Pulses associated with emitters which provide little information can be ignored. Spurious pulses not associated with any emitter need not be processed.
One known way to accomplish pulse sorting is called "histogramming". This technique takes advantage of the fact that most emitters which transmit pulsed signals transmit pulses at regular intervals. To perform histogramming, the receiver keeps track of the time of arrival of each pulse. For each received pulse, the difference between the time of arrival of that pulse and all preceeding pulses is added to the histogram. As a simple example, if a pulse is received from a particular emitter every 6 seconds, after one minute, the histogram will contain, among other entries, 10 entries associated with the time six seconds. The 10 entries likely represent a local maximum or peak in the histogram. Thus, to identify various emitters, a receiver searches for peaks in the histogram.
One drawback of this approach is that to produce accurate results, the histogram must be constructed from a sufficient number of pulses. Since it takes time to collect the required number of pulses, it takes a correspondingly long time to associate pulses with an emitter using histogramming. Further, some emitters produce pulses at rates up to a thousand times faster than others. Since, in the histogram, the peaks associated with pulses at the higher rate will be much larger than peaks associated with pulses produced at the lower rate, substantial processing is required to identify pulses at the lower rate. Searching through all the entries in the histogram can also require more processing than is desirable in some instances.
With the foreging background in mind, it is an object of this invention to provide a computationally simple method of associating a received pulse with one of a plurality of emitters.
It is also an object of this invention to provide a quick method of associating a received pulse with one of a plurality of emitters.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a simple hardware architecture for quickly associating a received pulse with one of a plurality of emitters.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a method of predicting the reception of pulses from selected ones of a plurality of emitters and to perform pulse thinning on the received pulse stream.
It is also an object of this invention to provide a method which allows initiation of the pulse thinning process immediately upon receipt of two pulse repetition interval patterns.
The foregoing and other objects are achieved by a system in which the time of arrival of each pulse is measured and stored in a circular buffer. As each pulse is received, the difference in arrival time between that pulse and each pulse in the circular buffer is computed. These time differences are recorded in a correlation memory. The memory is organized into a plurality of cells, each cell corresponding to a time difference. To record time differences in the memory, the arrival time of the received pulse used to compute the time difference is stored in the cell corresponding to that time difference. A periodic pulse train pattern is identified when one received pulse produces a time difference with a first pulse which is twice the time difference produced with a second pulse.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the system contains a time filter and a plurality of pulse repetition interval trackers For each pulse repetition period associated with an emitter, pulse repetition interval tracker produces a control signal when the next pulse from the emitter is expected. In response to the control signal, a time filter blocks any pulse received at that time from passing into the circular buffer. Rather, the pulse is identified as belonging to the associated emitter and may be sent to an external utilization device.
For a more complete understanding of this invention, reference is now made to the following more detailed description and accompanying drawings, in which
FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of a pulse sorting system constructed according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagram of a pulse stream;
FIG. 3 is a pictorial representation of information stored in the correlation memory of the system of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 4 is a diagram of a staggered pulse stream.
FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a system for sorting pulses according to the present invention. Each block in the diagram represents digital or analog circuitry constructed according to known design techniques for radio systems. One of skill in the art will recognize that standard components, such as power connections and control wiring, are not explicitly shown in FIG. 1. However, such elements are required for proper operation of the system.
Pulses from a plurality of emitters are received by radio receiver 52 which is of known construction. Receiver 52 represents each received pulse by a pulse descriptor word (hereafter "PDW") The PDW is a digital word broken into several fields. One field indicates the time when the pulse is received. Here, the time does not have to be referenced to any absolute time. For example, a digital counter could be used to generate the bits in the time field. Other fields of the PDW could include the frequency of the pulse, the angle of arrival of the pulse, or other information about the pulse commonly used in pulse sorting systems. The specific kinds of information contained in the other fields of the PDW is dictated by the operation of utilization device 50.
In a typical application, numerous emitters transmit pulses periodically. Thus, the output of receiver 52 is a stream of PDWs. This stream of PDWs is fed to pulse thinning circuit 22, the operation of which is described below. Suffice it to say here that pulse thinning circuit 22 eliminates unnecessary PDWs from the stream. The remainder of the PDWs are passed to circular buffer 12.
Circular buffer 12 is a digital memory for storing a fixed number of PDWs. If more than the fixed number of PDWs is written to circular buffer 12, the new PDWs are stored, but the PDWs stored in the buffer the longest are no longer stored. In this way, circular buffer 12 stores the most recent pulses.
Each new PDW is also passed to time difference generator 14. Time difference generator computes the difference between the arrival time of the newly received PDW and all PDWs stored in circular buffer 12. For example, FIG. 2 shows a stream of pulses P1 . . . P6 arriving at times TOA1 . . . TOA6 spaced uniformly ΔT apart. When pulse P6 is received, the PDWs for pulses P1 . . . P5 are stored in circular buffer 12. Time difference generator 14 computes the time differences. The difference of arrival time between P6 and P5 is ΔT. The difference between P6 and P4 is 2ΔT. The differences between P6 and the remaining pulses in circular buffer 12 are computed as 3ΔT, 4ΔT and 5ΔT.
This information is recorded in correlation memory 16. Correlation memory 16 is a digital memory of known construction. FIG. 3 shows the organization of information stored in correlation memory 16. The memory is divided into Columns C1 . . . C10 and rows r1 . . . r8. Each column corresponds to time difference. For example, Column C2 corresponds to time difference ΔT; Column C4 corresponds to time difference 2ΔT; etc. Each column contains a fixed number of rows, here eight rows. The type of information stored in each row is the same in all the columns. Row r1 stores the "hit count". Row r2 stores a pointer to one of the remaining rows r3 . . . r8. Rows r3 . . . r8 store times of arrival. When time difference generator 14 computes a time difference corresponding to a particular column, the time of arrival of the pulse for which that difference was computed is stored in that column. Each time a time of arrival is stored in a column, the hit count in row r1 of that column is increased by 1. Also, the pointer in row r2 is updated to contain the row number in which the time of arrival was stored.
Considering the pulse stream in FIG. 2 again as an example, when pulse P2 is received, the PDW for pulse P1 is in circular buffer 12. A time difference ΔT is computed by time difference generator 14. This time difference corresponds to Column C2. Thus, the time of arrival of pulse P2, TOA2, is stored in Column C2. Since that is the first information to be stored in Column C2, it is stored in row r3. The hit count is set to 1 and the pointer is set to contain the number 3, indicating row r3. When pulse P3 is received at TOA3, time difference generator 14 computes time differences ΔT and 2ΔT since the PDWs for pulses P1 and P2 are in circular buffer 12. These time differences are recorded by storing time TOA3 in Column C2 (corresponding to time ΔT) and Column C4 (corresponding to time 2ΔT). The hit count and pointer of each column is likewise updated. After pulse P6 is received, the entries in correlation memory 16 will be as shown in FIG. 3.
The information stored in correlation memory 16 is examined by emitter recognizer 18. Emitter recognizer 18 is constructed from known digital circuit elements and could even be microprocessor. Because of the way information is stored in correlation memory 16, identification of a periodic pulse stream can be relatively easily made. When pulse P3 is received, time TOA3 is stored in column C4 and in Column C2. This information is sufficient for emitter recognizer 18 to identify a pulse stream with a pulse repetition interval of ΔT. The entry TOA3 in Column C2 indicates a pulse, P2, arrived ΔT before pulse P3. The entry TOA3 in Column C4 indicates another pulse, P1, arrived 2ΔT before pulse P3 or ΔT before pulse P2. In other words, P1, P2 and P3 are spaced apart by ΔT.
This pattern for recognizing a periodic pulse train can be generalized into a simple algorithm. As each new pulse is received, time difference generator 14 generates the time differences from smallest to largest. This order is simply achieved by comparing the time of arrival of the new pulse to the time of arrival of the pulses in circular buffer 12 in the inverse order in which the pulses in circular buffer 12 were received. As each time difference is generated, it is stored in the appropriate column of correlation memory 16. As each new difference is entered in a column associated with a time difference, emitter recognizer 18 checks the last entry in the column associated with the time difference equal to one half of the time difference being entered. If the time of arrival of that entry "matches" the new difference, then at least two consecutive pulse pattern intervals have been received at a repetition rate equal to one-half of the new difference.
In some instances, knowing that two consecutive pulse pattern intervals with the same spacing have been received is adequate to identify a pulse stream and associate it with an emitter or a type of emitter. In other instances, further processing must be done.
Further processing to identify an emitter type could be performed by examing the other fields of the PDWs associated with the pulses whose times of arrivals produced the matching time differences. Alternatively, more pulses can be received to verify that pulses are being received at the periodic rate exhibited by the matching time differences. For example, if a pulse stream with repetition interval ΔT is actually being received, when a pulse is received which produces a time difference of 3ΔT, it should also produce a time difference of 2ΔT and ΔT. As seen in FIG. 3, there is a match of TOA4 in Columns C6, C4 and C2 corresponding to time differences 3ΔT, 2ΔT and ΔT, respectively.
Another way to do further processing is to examine the other entries in the columns where matches are found. For example, once a match is found with a column corresponding to half the time difference, the other entries in that column can be compared to find further matches For example, when pulse P5 is received, TOA5 is recorded in Column C4 corresponding to time difference 2ΔT. TOA5 is also recorded in Column C2 corresponding to one half of that time difference (i.e. ΔT). In Columns C2 and C4, there are also matches between TOA4 and TOA3. A total of three matches between the two columns indicates at least five pulses were received at the pulse repetition interval.
Regardless of which method of processing is used to recognize pulse streams, emitter recognizer 18 performs an additional function of associating several pulse streams with the same emitter. Using the above described technique, an emitter producing a pulse stream at a pulse repetition interval of ΔT will yield "matches" indicating a pulse stream of period ΔT and multiples of ΔT. Emitter recognizer 18 must associate all of the matches produced by the same pulse stream. For example, Columns C8 and C4 contain matches of TOA6 and TOA5. These matches might indicate a pulse stream with pulse repetition interval 2ΔT. However, these matching arrival times are also found in Column C2, indicating that these pulses are really part of a pulse stream with PRI of ΔT. These matching arrival times are not found in Column C1, indicating that they are not a part of a pulse stream with repetition interval 1/2 ΔT. Thus, to determine if an identified pulse stream is actually part of a pulse stream with smaller repetition interval, columns corresponding to time differences equal to one-half of the time difference of the column with matches are searched. If matches are found with those columns, then the pulse stream with the larger pulse repetition interval is actually a part of a pulse stream with the smaller repetition interval.
Emitter recognizer 18 also handles the more complicated case of a staggered waveform. FIG. 4 shows an example of a staggered waveform. The time between pulse P1 and P2 is T1 but the time between pulses P2 and P3 is T2. This pattern repeats every ΔT seconds. If emitter recognizer 18 is capable of performing only the functions described above, it will characterize the pulse stream of FIG. 4 as two separate pulse streams with pulse repetition intervals ΔT. These streams would contain pulses P1, P3, P5 . . . and P2, P4, P6 . . . Further processing can be performed on the entries in correlation memory 16 to recognize that these separate pulse streams are part of one staggered pulse stream.
TABLE I shows the entries that could exist in correlation memory 16 after pulses P1 . . . P6 were received. The Table indicates the time differences associated with the various columns rather than the column numbers.
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________TIME DIFFERENCEROW T1 T2 ΔT (2T1 + T2) (2T2 + T1) 2ΔT (3T1 + 2T2)__________________________________________________________________________r3 TOA2 TOA3 TOA3 TOA4 TOA5 TOA5 TOA6r4 TOA4 TOA5 TOA4 TOA6 TOA6r5 TOA6 TOA5r6 TOA6__________________________________________________________________________
As shown in Table I, both TOA5 and TOA6 in column 2ΔT have corresponding entries in the column ΔT. As described above, this arrangement cf pulses indicates two pulse streams with PRIs of ΔT. To determine whether two or more identified pulse streams are likely to be elements of a single staggered pulse stream, the contents of the higher numbered rows in columns that produce a match are examined by emitter recognizer 18.
When a match was made on TOA5, column ΔT also held times of arrival TOA4 and TOA3. Emitter recognizer 18 computes the difference between each of these additional times of arrival., in order, with the time of arrival that produced the match. In this example, first TOA5 - TOA4 and then TOA5 - TOA3. If the difference is less than the PRI of the pulse stream just identified, the additional TOA is a possible component of a stagger signal. In the example, TOA4 fits this criteria while TOA3 does not because the difference is equal to ΔT, the matching PRI. Once a difference equal to or greater than the matching PRI is found, the process may be stopped since all internal components of a staggered signal must have a spacing of less than the pattern repetition interval and the entries in each row will be at successively earlier times of arrival.
Emitter recognizer 18 next examines the rows in columns 2ΔT, the other column involved in the original match. In the example, TOA4 is not found in this column and the potential stagger match is rejected because not enough pulses have been received. The process is repeated by emitter recognizer 18 after pulse P6 is received. A second regular pulse stream is identified and TOA5 in column ΔT is identified as a possible component of a staggered signal. In this case, TOA5 is also present in column 2ΔT, indicating that it is a part of a pulse stream with the same PRI as the one just identified. The two streams are thus determined to be components of a staggered pulse stream from one emitter. The number of rows in the correlation memory 16 determine how many components of a complex emitter can be identified in two repetitions of the emitter pattern.
The above represents only one, simple embodiment of the process of stagger or patterned emitter recognition using the contents of the correlation memory 16. As in the case of identification of simple, regular pulse streams, the method can be extended to additional received pulses to improve the accuracy of pattern identification. Pulse thinning 22 can employ either a single, simple pulse tracker for each element of a staggered signal, a complex tracker that tracks the complete pattern or any other means that removes the identified pulse stream from the input to the circular buffer 12.
Once emitter recognizer 18 has recognized a pulse stream, it is no longer necessary for more pulses in that stream to be processed. It is even desirable to remove those pulses from the pulse stream processed by emitter recognizer 18. Removing pulses reduces the memory requirements of correlation memory 16 and reduces the required processing speed of emitter recognizer 18.
To eliminate pulses associated with an emitter, emitter recognizer 18 passes information to a pulse tracker. In FIG. 1, two pulse trackers 201 and 202 are shown, but it will be realized that at least one pulse tracker is necessary for each emitter to be recognized. More pulse trackers are necessary for emitters which transmit more complex pulse patterns such as the staggered waveform described above. The information passed to pulse tracker 201 describes the pattern associated with an emitter. It also indicates arrival time of the last pulse from that emitter. This information allows pulse tracker 201 to predict the times when the next pulse from the same emitter will be received.
Pulse tracker 201 predicts the arrival time of the next pulse from the emitter. At the expected arrival time of the pulse, pulse tracker 201 sends a control signal to time filter 10. In response to the control signal, time filter 10 diverts any pulses received to pulse tracker 201. That pulse is then passed from pulse tracker 20, to utilization device 50 as part of a pulse stream from an identified emitter.
In many practical systems, pulses will not be received at precisely periodic intervals. There is some "jitter" in the times when pulses are transmitted by an emitter. To compensate for jitter, pulse tracker 201 produces a control signal which causes time filter 10 to divert pulses to pulse tracker 201 for a short amount of time before a pulse is expected and for a short amount of time after a pulse is expected. The control signal thus defines a "window" in time. The width of the window depends on how much jitter a particular emitter has.
To set the time window appropriately, pulse tracker 201 starts with an initial window of a fixed duration. The duration has to be large enough to accommodate the maximum amount of jitter expected from any emitter. As each pulse is received, the difference between the arrival time of the pulse and the center of the window is determined. This difference is related to the probability that the pulse actually came from the emitter being tracked by pulse tracker 201. For example, a pulse received in the exact center of the window might be assigned a probability of 100%. A pulse at the very edge of the window might be assigned a probability of 5%. A pulse arriving at some time in between would be assigned a probability inversely proportional to its distance from the center of the window.
The probability assigned to any pulse is an indication if it was transmitted by the emitter whose pulses are predicted by pulse tracker 201 (i.e. an "emitter under track"). If the probability that the pulse is from an emitter under track exceeds a certain threshold, say 95%, that pulse is passed through the time filter 10 and pulse tracker 20, to utilization device 50 as shown in FIG. 1. Conversely, if the probability is below the threshold, the pulse is stored in circular buffer 12. As described above, pulses in circular buffer 12 are processed in an attempt to associate groups of pulses with a particular emitter.
This threshold can be varied in response to the rate at which pulses are received. If pulses are arriving so quickly that utilization device 50 cannot process them all, the threshold could be raised. The pulses that are then diverted to utilization device 50 through pulse trackers 201 and 202 as shown are thus more likely to be associated with a specific emitter. Moreover, fewer pulses will be passed to utilization device 50 through pulse trackers 201 and 202.
As shown in FIG. 1, the system contains two pulse trackers 201 and 202. Thus, the system could keep two emitters under track. More pulse trackers could be included to track more emitters or emitters with more complicated pulse patterns. Time filter 10 must, however, respond to the control signals from all the pulse tracks. Each received pulse is compared by time filter 10 to each control signal from each pulse tracker 201, 202. The probability that the pulse is associated with any emitter under track is computed. This combined probability is compared to the threshold to determine whether the pulse is passed to utilization device 50 through pulse trackers 201 and 202.
It should be noted that signal processor 100 breaks up a pulse stream containing numerous pulse streams into several pulse streams containing fewer pulses. Ideally, each pulse stream would correspond to pulses transmitted by one emitter. However, when pulses are received from many emitters, some of the pulse streams may contain pulses from more than one emitter or pulses from spurious sources. Also, signal processor 100 may not associate all the pulses from one emitter. Therefore, utilization device 50 may perform processing on the pulse streams provided by pulse trackers 201, 202. However, the processing performed on these separate pulse streams produced by pulse tracker is less than the processing which would be required to process the pulse stream from receiver 52. The amount of processing is generally proportional to the square or cube of the number of pulses in the pulse stream. Since the pulse streams from pulse tracker 201 and 202 have much few pulses than the pulse stream directly from receiver 52, use of signal processor 100 simplifies the processing needed in utilization device 50.
Having described one embodiment of this invention, numerous variations could be made. For example, FIG. 3 shows that correlation memory 16 contains a row for a pointer and a row for hit count. The value of the pointer can be determined from the hit count. To reduce the amount of memory required, the pointer or the hit count could be eliminated. Furthermore, both could be eliminated if each column in FIG. 3 were loaded as a stack with the most recently received data occupying the top of the stack. A stack provides the added benefit that only a set number of times of arrival are stored in each column. The most recently received information is always available.
As another variation, the columns in correlation memory 16 need not correspond to equally spaced time differences. As shown in FIG. 3, the value assigned to each successive column increases linearly by 1/2 ΔT. It may be advantageous to have the values increase logarithmically. In this way, good resolution would be provided for small time differences while less memory would be needed for large time differences.
The circuitry used to construct signal processor 100 might also be varied. A general purpose digital computer could be programmed to perform all of the described functions. However, specially constructed circuitry could equally well be used.
In other variations, the amount of processing performed by emitter recognizer 18 could be varied. As described, emitter recognizer 18 determines that certain pulse streams make up one pulse stream. It also determines the minor periods of a staggered pulse stream. It is not necessary that emitter recognizer 18 perform these functions. It may, in some instances, be desirable for utilization device 50 to perform these functions instead.
Various modifications could also be made to the hardware shown in FIG. 1.
In another processing variation, the length of the window in pulse tracker 201 could be changed adaptively. For example, if pulse tracker 201 consistently identifies pulses with a very high probability, the length of the window could be decreased. Conversely, if pulse tracker 201 identifies pulses with a low probability, indicating a pulse train with large jitter, the length of the window could be increased.
It is felt, therefore, that this invention should be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
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A stack of flexible record disks is peripherally accessed following a peripheral identification procedure. A magnetic sensing means disposed in close proximity to the outer circumference of the stack senses a magnetic record track on the respective disk for identifying axial position such that the record surface of a predetermined disk can be accessed. For example, one of a plurality of frequencies particularly identify a disk within a group of disks. A given storage apparatus may have a plurality of such groups.
1. A flexible record disk type record apparatus having a coaxial stack of commonly rotatable flexible record disks,
the improvement including in combination:
a track having given recorded disk identifying magnetically sensible signals including a recorded given wavelength component on each of said disks in immediate juxtaposition to the outer peripheral edge thereof; and
a magnetic sensing apparatus disposed in immediate proximity of and spaced radially outwardly a distance other than said given recorded wavelength of said given wavelength component in said track, from the outer periphery of said disks and having a transducing gap facing said edge for sensing said given recorded disk identifying signals for identifying axial position of the magnetic sensing apparatus.
2. The subject matter set forth in claim 1 further including in combination:
a plurality of said disks forming a band with a plurality of bands in the stack; and
each disk in each band having a unique given one of said given recorded disk identifying signals whereby each disk in each band can be uniquely identified by sensing said unique given one recorded disk identifying signal in respective ones of said tracks.
3. The subject matter set forth in claim 1 wherein unique one of said given recorded disk identifying signals in each said disk in a band of disks has a unique predetermined frequency component.
4. The subject matter set forth in claim 1 wherein said magnetic sensing apparatus includes circuit means for supplying a differential signal indicating relative axial position to a given disk with a null differential amplitude when in a predetermined axial position to said given disk.
5. The subject matter set forth in claim 1 wherein said magnetic sensing apparatus includes two axially spaced-apart transducing gaps.
6. The subject matter set forth in claim 5 wherein said gaps lie in a plane substantially perpendicular to the plane of said record disks.
7. The subject matter set forth in claim 5 wherein the axial spacing between said two sensing gaps is less than the nominal axial spacing between two adjacent ones of said record disks.
8. A magnetic recording storage device having a stack of a plurality of coaxial flexible record disks mounted on a spindle for rotation therewith about an axis of rotation means for accessing a record surface from the outer periphery of said stack of record disks and being axially movable along the axis of said stack of disks at the outer periphery thereof,
the improvement including in combination:
means axially movable along the outer periphery of said stack of disks and being spaced radially outwardly therefrom a predetermined distance and including magnetic sensing means including a sensing portion facing said stack transversely to said axis of rotation for sensing magnetization along the outer periphery of said record disks, said predetermined distance being such that the spacing between peripheral edges of said flexible record storage disks and said magnetic sensing means is a first distance;
each of said record disks having a peripheral record track in juxtaposition to said peripheral edge and with an identifying magnetically sensible signal therein which is sensible by said magnetic sensing means and including signals having wavelengths other than said first distance;
a plurality of said record disks having a unique signal component recorded in said peripheral second tracks, respectively for identifying the respective disks; and
said magnetic sensing means having means capable of identifying said disks whereby said disks are uniquely identified from outside the outer periphery of said stack.
9. The subject matter set forth in claim 8 wherein said magnetic sensing means includes a pair of transducing gaps being axially spaced apart; and
a given disk identifying wavelength on said record disk's outer track being greater than said first distance.
1. Documents showing structure of magnetic sensing means;
U.s. pats. Hardart et al., No. 3,611,557 and Morrison et al., No. 3,479,663, show preferred head constructions of laminated metal heads usable with the present invention.
U.s. pat. No. 3,217,305 shows a ferrite head suitable for use in the illustrated sensing means.
U.s. pat. No. 3,813,692 shows a magneto resistive head suitable for use with the present invention.
2. Documents showing structure for coarse positioning sensing means;
U.s. pat. Forrester et al., No. 3,069,608, shows a numerically controlled positioning system of a type usable with the present invention.
U.s. pats. Morin et al., No. 3,020,460, and U.S. Patent Kelling No. 3,248,622, shows a coarse-fine positioning system.
U.s. pats. Butterman No. 3,130,393, Bowdle, 3,158,844, and Dickinson, 2,994,856, all show axial positioning apparatus for record storage apparatus.
U.s. pat. McIntash et al., No. 3,924,268, shows a "piggy back" positioner for coarse-fine positioning.
The present invention relates to magnetic storage apparatus, particularly of the mass store type employing a plurality of flexible record disks and particularly to means for identifying which disk is in juxtaposition for transducing access.
ROTATING DISK TYPE ELECTRONIC MEMORIES HAVE BEEN USED FOR THE LAST SEVERAL YEARS. While most of these memories have employed the so-called rigid record disk, later developments have shown that the utilization of flexible record disks may provide increases in volumetric efficiency; that is, more recording can be achieved in less volume when apparatus employs flexible record disks than when employing rigid record disks. Such flexible record disks are employed in a coaxial stack of such disks having a spacing less than that required for transducing access. Apparatus is employed for splitting the stack, that is, partially axially separating a selected two of the flexible disks to provide a transducing access opening. An example of such apparatus, no limitation thereto intended, is shown by Barbeau et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 3,852,820.
One of the problems of peripherally accessing a stack of flexible record disks is caused by the dynamics of the disk rotation, particularly the changes of axial position of the disk edge with rotation such as caused by flutter, wow, and changes in fluid dynamics within the stack of disks called "stack breathing." Additionally, eccentricities and individual disk dynamics combined with the close spacing of the disks create problems in precisely identifying the disk to be selected Accordingly, a precise peripheral disk locator for selected. accurate record surface accessing is desired for improving throughput, that is, reducing the number of unsuccessful recording accesses into a stack of flexible record disks.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a facile, low-cost, and effective peripheral disk identifier suitable for a stack of flexible record disks which are rotating in unison.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a low-density signal is recorded at the outer peripheral edge of each recording surface, i.e., at a maximum diameter. This signal may be a constant frequency signal or may contain coded information. Magnetic sensing means are disposed in peripheral adjacency to a stack of disks and are axially movable for sensing the signals recorded at the outer edge of each of the disks. The magnetic sensing means may include one or more transducing gaps which may be phased or otherwise interrelated for determining direction and accurate location of any given disk edge, or for reading the coded information for identifying the axial position of the disk. In one embodiment, a single frequency is recorded in each of the disks. The disks in each stack are arranged into groups or bands with each disk within a given band having its own unique frequency for identification.
The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following more particular description of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawing.
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic showing of a record storage apparatus with which the present invention may be advantageously employed.
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic showing of a single record disk from the FIG. 1 illustrated apparatus and showing the location of the data tracks, the disk identification track, and edge sensing apparatus.
FIG. 3 is a combined schematic and diagrammatic showing of apparatus employing the present invention.
Data storage apparatus 10 includes a coaxial stack of flexible record disks 11 having a stabilizing plate 12 and mounted for rotation on frame 13. Motor 14 rotates the stack 15 of disks 11 at a constant angular speed. An air supply 16 supplies stabilizing air through tubular spindle 17 for radial outward flow between the disks 11, which further tends to stabilize the outer edges 18 of disks 11. See U.S. Pat. No. 3,867,723 for construction of such an apparatus.
Peripheral access to a record surface on the disks 11 is achieved by an axial movable carriage 20 mounted on the upper side of frame 13. Carriage 20 carries a radially movable carriage 21 having a disk separator 22 which integrally mounts a transducing head 23. Separator 22 partially axially separates two adjacent disks 11 for providing transducing access to a record surface thereon by transducer 23.
In accordance with the present invention, the axial position of carriage 20 and, hence, splitter 22, is enhanced by providing a disk identification recording in one track along the outer periphery of each disk 11. Referring now to FIG. 2, record disk 11, record surface 24, consists of a magnetic coating for receiving data signals in a radially extending area 25. Additionally a disk identification track 26 is located at the outer peripheral edge 27 of each disk 11. The signals in track 26 are recorded on the magnetic coating and are designed to identify the disk 11 using magnetic sensing means 30.
In one embodiment of the invention, coded signals are recorded in each of the identification tracks, the coding representing an axial address of the disk; hence, by sensing the recording in disk identification track 26, each disk is uniquely identified. In another embodiment, as particularly shown in FIG. 3, the stacks of disks are divided into bands of disks; for example, each band having five disks. The size of the band is selected such that the band can be identified using known axial positioning techniques. Each disk within a band of disks is then identified by a unique frequency recorded in the corresponding disk identification tracks 26. It is preferred that the frequency relationships within each band are nonharmonic such that second, third, fourth, etc., harmonics do not cause ambiguities in disk identification. Further, it is preferred that a magnetic sensing means 30 suitably mounted on a carriage 31 for axial movement along the stack of disks 15 identifies the axial position by sensing the frequencies F1-F5 for each band of record disks 11. Carriages 31 and 20 may be the same or may be separate and synchronously actuated. The radial spacing 32 of magnetic sensing means 30 from the outer edges 27 of record disk 11 may be in the order of 0.001 to 0.035 inch, no limitation thereto intended. With such a range of spacing between magnetic sensing means 30 and the edge 27 of the disk, this yields a track 26 to sensing means 30 spacing of up to 0.200 inch. It is desired for maximum signals from magnetic sensing means 30 that longer wavelengths be employed in recording identification indicia in track 26. For example, typical wavelengths in a tested embodiment of the present invention included 0.028 inch, 0.056 inch, 0.112 inch, and 0.280 inch. The amplitude at the lower wavelength, 0.280 inch (2 kilohertz) was higher than at the shorter wavelengths. However, the ratio of peak amplitude to average amplitude was greater at the shorter wavelengths of 0.028 inch or 20 kilohertz. The gap spacing 32 should always be different than the recorded wavelength. If the spacing and the wavelength are identical, then the output of magnetic sensing means 30 approaches zero. It is preferred that the wavelength recorded in track 26 always be greater than the spacing 32. In some applications where the flutter or axial perturbations of the disk edges 27 is at a high frequency, then the higher frequency (shorter wavelengths) recordings in track 26 are necessary. In a five-frequency band, the frequencies which may be used for practicing the present invention are:
11.2 KHz
10.6 KHz
10.0 KHz
9.4 KHz
8.8 KHz
Magnetic sensing means 30 preferably consists of a pair of magnetic transducers 35, 36 which are axially spaced apart more or less than the nominal spacing between two of the adjacent disks 11. Each transducer 35, 36 has a transducing gap 37, 38 disposed perpendicular to the planar extent of the record disks 11. When gaps 37 and 38 are bracketing a selected disk, such as disk 11A having frequency F3, a minimum differential signal travels across the leads 40 and 41 to detection apparatus, to be described.
The detector in FIG. 3 is a differentially connected superheterodyned detector responsive to the frequencies F1-F5 as determined by a phase-lock loop 42 and adjusted for the five frequencies by a frequency divider 43 to supply a position indicating signal through isolating amplifier 44 to motion and positioning control circuits 45. When heads 37 and 38 bracket the desired disk 11A, output on line 62 is nulled. Off-center toward F2 results in a positive signal, and a negative signal indicates off-center toward F4.
Circuits 45 can be of the usual positioning servo type and are not further described for that reason. Control circuits 45 have a mechanical connection to carriage 31 and are suitably mounted on frame 13 for positioning carriage 31 axially of stack 15. A tachometer 46 operatively connected to tubular spindle 17 indicates speed of rotation of stack 15. Tachometer 46 supplies its signal fm to phase compare circuit 47 through low-pass filter 48, thence, amplifier 49 to VCO (variable frequency oscillator) 50. The VCO output signal is supplied through frequency divider 51 to phase compare 47 to complete the phase-lock loop 42 which operates in a known manner. By adjusting frequency divider 51 and frequency divider 43 to ratio m/n, the appropriate frequency F1-F5 is selected. VCO 50 has a frequency fV. In any event, the reference frequency fn, which in the illustrated positioning of carriage 31 equals f3, is supplied to two separate superheterodyned modulation circuits 54 and 55, which also receive signals through a pair of amplifiers 56 from leads 40 and 41, respectively. The demodulated signals are supplied through intermediate frequency filters 66 and 57 tuned to the superheterodyned intermediate frequency. A pair of diode detectors 58 and 59 are oppositely poled and connected through a pair of current summing resistors 60 and 61 to a current summing node 62, which supplies its signal through amplifier 44 to control circuits 45. When sensing means 30 is symmetrically disposed with respect to disk 11A outer edge 27, the minimum amplitude signal is supplied to positioning controls 45 which position carriage 31 to a null condition.
To select a band of disks, each frequency F1 may be detected in each band. Counting the number of F1 disks detected indicates the axial position of sensing means 30. Upon reaching a desired band, the individual disk is selected as stated above. Each disk may also have a unique combination of recorded frequencies. The two head structure of means 30 is replaceable by and equivalent to a single gap head using a center-tapped read winding.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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text:
Are you Jose Luis Sarasa?Claim your profile
Publications (3)4.14 Total impact
- SourceAvailable from: Maria A Saornil[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare tumor, with an annual incidence of 4.3 cases per million children. Even thought, it is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in childhood, with a mean age of 6 to 8 years at diagnosis. A 4 year-old boy presented with a history of a fast growing (1-month) nodular lesion in the caruncle of his left eye. Slit lamp examination showed a vascularized solid nodular lesion in the semilunar fold. The lesion was surgically removed obtaining infiltrated edges with tumoral cells. A second surgery was performed with free tumour edges. The diagnosis of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, botryoid type, of intermediate differentiation was made. The treatment for botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma is basically surgical with the combined use of adjuvant polychemotherapy. In adolescent or adult patients (not in infants where growth bone disturbances can occur) external beam radiotherapy can be combined with chemotherapy. Rhabdomyosarcomas of the conjunctiva without orbital extension are rarely reported. We presented a case of a child with a rare tumor which we had a high suspicion of malignancy and early diagnosis and treatment and child is free of systemic disease 6 and half years later. Our research group believes that the key in these tumors is the high index of suspicion and early treatment.Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia 06/2012; 75(3):207-9. DOI:10.1590/S0004-27492012000300012 · 0.44 Impact Factor
Article: Isolated metastasis of gastric adenocarcinoma to the retina: first presentation of systemic disease.Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 03/2004; 82(1):86-8. DOI:10.1046/j.1600-0420.2003.00206.x · 1.85 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To report a case of extramedullary plasmacytoma of the orbit. A 71-year-old patient presented with diplopia eyelid fullness and limitation of ocular motility in the left eye. Visual acuity was counting fingers, intraocular pressure 34 mmHg and fundus eye examination showed choroidal folds in the involved eye. CT scan showed a mass filling the superior and external left orbit without bone destruction. A biopsy was performed revealing that the tumour was composed of plasmacytoid cells positive with immunohistochemical stains for Kappa light chains and epithelial membrane antigen. Systemic work up was negative. The diagnosis of extramedullary orbital plasmacytoma was made. The patient was treated with external beam radiotherapy (40 Gy) and has remained disease free for four years (49 months). Extramedullary plasmacytomas of the orbit are extremely rare tumours. Accurate and early diagnosis is essential for the therapeutic approach. Extensive medical work up to rule out multiple myeloma or other malignant lymphoproliferative conditions involving the orbit is needed when the diagnosis of orbital extramedullary plasmacytoma is suspected because treatment and prognosis are very different.Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 11/2000; 78(5):601-3. DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0420.2000.078005601.x · 1.85 Impact Factor
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Universidad de ValladolidValladolid, Castille and León, Spain


text:
200-315 - Caikote Conductive Coating Key Pad Repair Kit
Conductive Carbon Coating for most surfaces (rubber, epoxy, glass, plastic). It is ideal for repairing membrane buttons, keyboard buttons, and other carbon based surfaces. It may also be used as a coating for shielding (EMI) of electronics.
Similar products on ...
Mfr Name: Caig Laboratories
Mfr Number: K-CK44-G
See all items in Conductive Coatings
20-3890 - Rubber Keypad Repair Kit - Small
Restores electrical conductivity to worn carbon contacts
Forms a tough, flexible, wear-resistant surface
Repairs over 50 rubber button contacts
Repairs tested to 500,000 keystrokes
Mfr Name: Chemtronics
Mfr Number: CW2605
72-750 - Non Contact AC Voltage Detector Pen 90V ~ 1KV AC
Non Contact AC Voltage Detector
Auto ranging pocket tester provides audio and visual verification of the presence of high voltages. Simply hold the non–conductive plastic tip near AC outlets, wiring, power cords, or circuit breakers, and the unit will provide in...
Mfr Name: Tenma
Mfr Number: 72-750
See all items in Voltage Testers/Detectors
200-175 - CircuitWriter Pen with Precision Conductive Ink
Silver based solution makes instant traces on epoxy, glass, plastic, metal Repair defective traces/circuit boards/rear-window heater traces; as well as jumpers/prototype circuits; and shieldingelectronics Use with companion product, CircuitSealer Conformal Coa...
Mfr Number: CW100P
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22-13910 - Micro Precision Cutting Pliers
Designed for fine assembly and adjustment operations on electronic circuits. Made from high carbon steel with a conductive handle.
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Mfr Number: PA-101
See all items in Precision Cutters
21-3453 - No Clean Paste Flux
The same flux used in CHIP QUIK® SMD-1. Ideal for all rework solder & desolder.
Mfr Name: Chip Quik
Mfr Number: SMD291
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200-205 - DeoxIT FaderLube Spray, 5% solution - 5 oz
Precision lubricant for conductive plastics and carbon-based controls (faders, slide potentiometers, conductive membranes- mouse pads and other mechanisms with sliding surfaces).
Replenishes lubrication lost on surfaces that have been cleaned with solvents or ...
Mfr Number: F5S-H6
See all items in Contact Cleaner Lubricant
21-2955 - Non Conductive Precision Screwdriver Set
A high quality set of precision metal-tipped drivers with easy-to-identify color-coded plastic handles
Mfr Name: Distributed By MCM
Mfr Number: 10NW034
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20-4435 - Arctic Silver 5 12g Syringe
Arctic Silver 5 is optimized for use between modern high-power CPUs and high performance heatsinks or water-cooling solutions.
Mfr Name: Artic Silver
Mfr Number: AS5-12G
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83-14686 - Passive Copper Raspberry Pi Network Heatsink
Keep your Raspberry Pi running cool with passive heatsinks.
Mfr Number: HTC-MOS-C10
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200-206 - DeoxIT FaderLube Spray, 100% solution, 2 oz Can
Precision lubricant for conductive plastics and carbon-based controls (faders, slide potentiometers, conductive membranes- mouse pads and other mechanisms with sliding surfaces).
Replenishes lubrication lost on surfaces that have been cleaned with solvents or o...
Mfr Number: F100S-L2
21-2185 - Micro Tip Conductive Pen
Use Micro Tip conductive pen for your most intricate work Makes instant silver conductive traces on most surfaces Use Micro Tip to draw traces on circuit boards, repair defective traces, make smooth jumpers and shield delicate electronics D...
Mfr Number: CW2200MTP
83-14687 - Passive Copper Raspberry Pi Power Heatsink
Mfr Number: HTC-MOS-C1
28-18050 - Flora Arduino Wearable Controller
The FLORA is small (1.75" diameter, weighing 4.4 grams). We wanted the smallest possible board for our wearable platform. In the FLORA family we also have the best stainless steel threads, sensors, GPS modules and chainable LED pixels, perfect accessories for the ...
Mfr Name: Adafruit Industries
Mfr Number: 659
See all items in Wearable LEDs
20-4434 - Arctic Silver 5 3.5g Syringe
Mfr Number: AS5-3.5G
Ordering was easy and parts were received very quickly.


text:
Journey ends too early
Gothenburg falls to Ogallala in C1-11
NORTH PLATTE—The girls wanted it all.
The coaches wanted it all.
The fans wanted it all.
With the best-ever season of Gothenburg volleyball already achieved, the Swede girls aimed for more.
"When we look back on our journey, and it has been a journey, we have come so far," said coach Mary Clark. "It's just that we wanted so badly to go farther."
The Swedes ended their season with a 23-7 record, the best in school history, after falling to Ogallala in the C1-11 sub-district final at North Platte on Oct. 30.
"There's no doubt they gave it all they had," Clark said.
The Swedes got into the finals after defeating Chase County in the opening round 25-18, 20-25, 25-22, 21-25 and 16-14.
"We were pretty much forced to fight for every single point," Clark said.
The Swedes started out in a hole, allowing the Longhorns a 6-0 lead in the first set before working their way back to a set win.
"Chase County was a very scrappy team," Clark said. "They did a good job of picking up what we gave them."
Gothenburg allowed Chase County a 6-0 lead again in the fourth set, struggling to find a rhythm.
Even in the final frame, the Swedes went point for point with the Longhorns.
"We missed a lot of serves," Clark said. "At one point, we missed three in a row and you just can't do that."
Gothenburg had hoped to conserve energy by beating Chase County in three sets.
As it was, with 16 total missed serves Clark said the Swedes were lucky to come out with a win.
Sophomore Tiani Reeves finished with 18 kills and eight blocks, including three stuffs.
Senior Jacey Wiggins had 17 kills and junior Regan Geiken finished with 12.
Junior Aryn Meisinger offered 28 set assists and picked up 22 digs.
Clark said after five close sets with Chase County, fatigue was an issue against top-seeded Ogallala in the final match.
The Swedes didn't find much of a rhythm until the second set and even then struggled with serve receive.
"Ogallala has aggressive serves," Clark said. "We didn't do a good job of passing so the rest of our game didn't fall together."
The Indians took the sub-district championship with a 25-13, 27-25, 25-15 victory.
"I think if we just could have gotten that second set we might have built some momentum," the coach said.
Reeves led the way at the net again with nine kills and five blocks, including one stuff.
"I'm just so proud of these girls," Clark said. "They pulled together as a team and they had a great attitude all season. What they learned together they can take and apply to every area of their lives. It's been a very special year."
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- City council forced to go with gut over escaped dog


text:
1998 Nissan Pathfinder Q&A
1998 Nissan Pathfinder Question: Clutch
When starting off in 1st gear, shifting into 2nd and 3rd, the engine revs higher than it normally should, and the vehicle doesn't go any faster. Once into 4th and 5th gears, it drives fine. - LJWix95
Answer 1
Most likely your clutch is worn out or you need to replace your fluid. Replace the fluid first b/v it's way cheaper. Find your master cylinder. On the firewall driver side looks like a small brake master & takes brake fluid. If it's low then your clutch is worn or you are leaking. If it's black you might get away with replacing the fluid. Follow the line to the slave cylinder on the side of the bellhousing. Open the bleeder screw on it, take the cap off the master, & fill it up as it gravity bleeds until you have used about a bottle. Usually clutch slippage is more pronounced in lower gears because they apply more power. Good Luck. - certified.ase.tech
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(1) How do I clear out the SERVICE ENGINE SOON light? (2) Is there a change-out option for a NOISY RADIATOR COOLING FAN BLADE?
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text:
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Twitter Profile: Geza Hosszu Legocky (gezalius)
Location: Lausanne / Virtuoso violinist and multiway artist, currently living in Switzerland. 2 Grammy awards with M.Argerich and with his gypsy group The 5 DeViLs.
ICQ User Geza Hosszu-Legocky (DevilViolin2009)
375218756, Male, Age: 27, Lausanne, Country: Switzerland, German, English
© Andrej Grilc by Andrej Grilc / 500px
Geza Legocky. More. #Andrej #Andrej Grilc #Grilc #Musician #Violin. More. Details / Location. Camera: —. Lens: —. Focal Length: —. Shutter Speed: —.
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Geza Hosszu-Legocky (). 1 known movies: [The Red Violin]
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Newburgh Jobs
Looking for jobs in Newburgh? Snagajob has great opportunities with the area's leading companies. And applying for Newburgh jobs has never been easier. Look at the job listings below, click on a job title that interests you and hit the "apply now" button. Part-time jobs, teen jobs, student jobs and summer jobs are now just a click away. Start your job search now.
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I received my order today. Not only was it three days ahead of the estimated delivery date, the packing was carefully done. Your service is the best I have encountered is my years of painting. You have gotten a life-long customer. Thank you and keep up the great work.
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text:
A controller for manipulating icons on a video display is provided to reduce or substantially eliminate perspiration on the user's hands during extended use. The controller includes a housing with finger operated buttons that control the video game. The housing includes ventilation holes to allow air to circulate through the controller and between the housing and the user's hands. The housing encloses electronic components that are contained in a protective package that can be removed from the housing so that it can be easily and thoroughly cleaned. The ventilation holes may be located over the entire housing or may be located only at locations on the housing that are intended to be grasped by the user.
1. A hand-held remote control device for controlling images on a video screen, comprising:
a housing containing electronic components for controlling the images on the video screen, the housing having first and second sections that are separable to provide access to the electronic components, the first and second sections having an outer surface for gripping and an inner surface adjacent the electronic components and ventilation holes to promote air flow, and a membrane material located on the inner surface of the first and second sections between the inner surface of the first and second sections and the electronic components to prevent dirt and other build-up due to use from passing through the ventilation holes to the electronic components.
2. The hand-held device of claim 1 wherein the membrane material allows air to flow through the housing and ventilation holes.
3. The hand-held device of claim 1 wherein the membrane material is removable for cleaning.
4. A hand-held remote control device for controlling images on a video screen, comprising:
a housing containing electronic components and control elements for controlling the images on the video screen, a detachable handle having ventilation holes to permit air flow, and
a device within the housing to promote air flow through the handle.
5. The hand-held device of claim 4 wherein the device to promote air flow through the handle is a fan located within the housing.
This application claims benefit of Provisional Application 60/087,100, filed May 28, 1998.
This invention is directed to hand-held controllers such as controllers used to manipulate icons on a video screen and, more particularly to a controller that is ventilated to keep a user's hand dry and prevent perspiration.
There are many types of hand-held controllers for electronic video games and portable electronic games. For example, one type of remote control is one which includes a housing with finger controls and is generally connected to a television or video screen by a cable. The housing is typically rectangular or square and is held so that the control buttons are within easy reach of the user's fingers and/or thumbs. Some remote controls may include handles or trigger grips. Most of the current controllers are usually made of hard plastic and may have a smooth surface. Alternatively, they may have a textured surface to enhance the gripping. Examples of such controllers can be seen in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,645,277, 5,046,739, Des. Pat. No. 362,692, Des. Pat. No. 342,762, and Des. Pat. No. 335,150.
However, users often hold the controllers for extended periods of time causing the hands to perspire. Perspiration may reduce the user's grip and may cause the controller to slip. Additionally, perspiration may simply create an uncomfortable feel for the user, promotes dirt build-up and contributes to the overall uncleanliness of the controller. Some controllers have attempted to overcome this problem by providing an absorbent material to wrap around or cover the controller. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,501,458 discloses such a cover for an electronic game controller. The cover is attached to the controller by a hook and loop fasteners. However, while this cover may be effective for absorbing perspiration it does nothing to prevent the hands from perspiring.
The present invention provides a controller that substantially eliminates the above-described problems by reducing or preventing perspiration build-up. The remote controller includes a housing with finger operated buttons that transmit signals to a video screen. This may be accomplished by wireless transmissions or through a cable. The controller may also be in the form of a computer mouse or a controller typically used with video games. The controller may further be in the form of a joy stick. In order to reduce perspiration build-up, the remote controller of the present invention includes ventilation holes to allow air to circulate through the housing. The ventilation holes may be located over the entire surface of the housing so that no matter where the user holds the housing the ventilation holes will be adjacent the users' hands. The housing encloses electronic components that are contained in a protective package that can be removed from the housing so that it can be easily and thoroughly cleaned. Alternatively, the ventilation holes may be located only at locations on the housing that are intended to be grasped by the user.
In another embodiment, the controller includes detachable handles that the user grips during use. The detachable handles include ventilation holes to allow air circulation as described above. The controller is preferably interchangeable with various detachable handles having ventilation holes that can be used for special marketing or handles of various sizes that can be adapted to the user's hand. For example, handles adapted for standard adult-sized hands may be attached to the controller housing for use by adults or teenagers. For smaller children, smaller handles adapted for standard child-sized hands may be attached to the controller housing. The detachable handle includes a portion that fits over or covers a part of the controller housing, such as a bottom portion. The detachable handle can be attached to the controller housing by any number of ways, including a snap-on attachment, friction fit or screws. This type of handle is especially adapted for controllers that have control buttons on a side of the housing facing away from the user. With this type of remote controller housing the user will typically hold the handles and wrap his or her hand around the remote controller housing to reach the control buttons. Thus, the detachable handles prevent perspiration build-up by providing air flow between the remote controller housing and the user's hand. In order to ensure adequate air flow a fan may be provided within the handle or cover portion. The fan may be connected to a power source within the controller housing.
Another aspect of the invention is that a membrane material may be located at an inner surface of the controller housing or the handle and cover portion to protect the electronic component package from dirt and other contaminants.
Additional objects and advantages of this invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments thereof which proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the controller of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a view similar to FIG. 1 showing the controller opened.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 4 is a side view of the controller of FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is an exploded perspective view of the controller of FIG. 3.
A controller 10 for manipulating an icon on a video screen is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 comprising a housing 12 with control buttons 14. The user manipulates the control buttons 14 which act through electronic components 16 to send signals through a cable 18 to a video screen (not shown). The controller may also be in the form of a computer mouse. Furthermore, although the controller 10 is shown with cable 18 the controller may be a wireless type of controller or a joy stick. The user may hold the controller 10 in any convenient manner so that the control buttons 14 are easily accessible. The housing 12 includes ventilation holes 20 over the entire surface to allow air to circulate through the housing 12 and between the user's hands and the housing 12.
The housing 12 is preferably made of a durable plastic and is separable into plural sections. The controller 10 as shown has a top section 22 and a bottom section 24 that are separable. The top and bottom sections 22 and 24 have tabs 26 that allow the top and bottom sections 22 and 24 to snap together and easily unsnap to separate. The top and bottom sections 22 and 24 have a notch 28 for accommodating the cable 18. The top section 22 includes openings or cutouts 30 for the control buttons 14 that extend above the surface of the top section 22 when the top and bottom sections 22 and 24 are connected. If desired, the top and bottom sections 22 and 24 can be further held together by a clip 32. The controller 10 may be separable in various ways and may be separable into more than two sections.
Therefore, the ventilation holes 20 prevent the user's hands from perspiring during extended use by promoting air flow between the user's hands and the housing 12. Over time the controller 10 may become dirty due to, for example, dirt or food residue. At this time the housing 12 may be disassemble and the electronic components 16 removed so that the housing sections can be washed and thoroughly cleaned. After cleaning, the electronic components 16 can be replaced in the housing 12 which is then re-assembled so that the controller 10 is ready for use.
The controller housing 12 is shown as being rectangular but it is contemplated that it could be in a variety of shapes. Furthermore, the ventilation holes 20 are shown as being located over the entirety of the housing 12. However, the ventilation holes 20 could be located only at areas intended to be held by the user. For example, in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 the ventilation holes 20 may be located only at the left and right sides of the housing 12 since that is the most likely place the user will hold the housing 12. Additionally, the electronic components 16 are shown as being enclosed within a protective covering 34 such as plastic. If desired, the electronic components 16 can be further protected by a membrane material placed on the inside surfaces of the housing 12. This material allows air flow and is removable so that it can be cleaned.
FIGS. 3-5 show another embodiment of the invention in which the controller is composed of a housing 36 and a detachable handle section 38. The housing 36 includes control buttons 40 on the top surface and may include similar buttons on a back side of the housing 36. A cable 42 connects the housing 36 electronically to a video screen (not shown) in a manner similar to that described above. The handle section 38 has a cavity 44 within which the housing 36 is placed. The housing 36 includes tabs 46 that cooperate with tabs 48 of the handle section 38 to allow the housing 36 to be connected to the handle section 38 through a snap fit. The handle section 38 has ventilation holes 50 over its surface to promote air flow between the user's hands and the handle section 38 as described above to prevent perspiration build-up during extended use. The housing 36 may include a fan 52 connected to a power source within the housing 36 to promote air flow. If the handle section 38 becomes dirty from use the housing 36 can be unsnapped from the handle section 38 so that it can be cleaned.
It will be obvious to those having skill in the art that many changes may be made to the details of the above-described embodiment of this invention without departing from the underlying principles thereof. The scope of the present invention should, therefore, be determined only by the following claims.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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2 Chainz Opens Up About His Father's Death & How It Influenced "B.O.A.T.S. II" Sep 17, 2013 at 07:55pm
While the majority of 2 Chainz' new album B.O.A.T.S. II: Me Time is focused on bangers and hilarious punchlines, the last third of the record becomes more introspective.
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- Aquarius
- Arbomar
- Banyan Bay Club
- Bay Harbour
- Bay Isles
- Bay Isles, Harbour Oaks
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- Beach Castle Resort
- Beach Harbor Club
- Beachcomber
- Beachcomber II
- Beachplace
- Cabana Beach Club
- Casa del Mar
- Castillian
- Cedars Tennis Resort
- Cedars West
- Club Longboat
- Covert II
- Covert III
- Diplomat
- Fairway Bay
- Grand Bay
- Gulf Tides
- Inn on the Beach
- Islander Club
- Islands West
- La Playa
- Little Gull Cottages
- Longbeach Condominiums
- Longboat Arms
- Longboat Bay Club
- Longboat Harbour
- Longboat Harbour Towers
- Longboat Key Club
- Longboat Key Towers
- Longboat Key Yacht & Tennis Mark I
- Longboat Key Yacht & Tennis Mark II
- Longboat Landing
- Longboat Terrace
- Neptune
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- Pierre
- Portobello
- Private Homes
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- Private Homes, Cannons By The Sea
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- Sands Point
- Sea Club I
- Sea Grape Inn
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- Sea Pines
- SeaHorse Beach Resort
- Seaplace
- Silver Sands
- Spanish Main Yacht Club
- Sunset Beach
- Sutton Place
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This property allows you to book online with a credit card. After submitting a reservation request, the owner or manager has 24 hours to accept, at which time your card will be charged and you will receive an email confirmation
Other areas nearby to Longboat Key:
Recent Longboat Key reviews
"Owners are excellent to deal with, and keep you informed. Unit is very comfortable, clean, and the location is excellent. Short walk to the beach; property has nice walking paths. Gated property, and nicely maintained. We are looking forward to our next visit. We spend two months at the property."Guest: Jim Date of Stay: October 2014 Review Submitted: October 18, 2014View listing
"Can't give this condo enough accolades..great location, well equipped, well managed and much more! Efficient maid service as well as punctual, great office staff and wonderful owners to deal with. Loved, loved, our stay and can't wait to go back..hopefully to same condo!"Guest: Mimi Date of Stay: May 2015 Review Submitted: May 23, 2015View listing
"This is Our 2nd time at this condo and nice improvements in the furniture have been made. We just spent 6 weeks here and love it and are coming back. Great view of gulf, good fishing, privacy, nice beach, walking distance to the grocery store and a lot warmer than Minnesota this time of year. What more can you say."Guest: kevin n. Date of Stay: February 2015 Review Submitted: April 7, 2015View listing
"We truly loved our two month stay at the rental at IMG. So much, we have requested the same villa for a four (4) month stay starting Jan. 2016. We were in close proximity to golf, beach, shopping, and restaurants, the things we spent our vacation doing. I personally loved the fact it was right on the golf course. I almost felt like a 'marshall' at a PGA event! The owners were very helpful in attending to our needs immediately upon request. Both my wife and myself enjoyed the fact that we had cleaning service every two weeks. That was very helpful to us."Guest: TTH Date of Stay: January 2015 Review Submitted: March 17, 2015View listing
Featured Destinations: Dauphin Island, Isle of Palms, Bald Head Island, Destin Condo Rentals


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Reebok »
Watch Kendrick Lamar's LA Mobile Concert (Video)
Two weeks ago, Kendrick Lamar did a surprise concert in Hollywood as he celebrated the release of his sophomore album, To Pimp A Butterfly. The TDE rapper performed on a moving truck as partRead More »
Kendrick Lamar Stars In Reebok's New "I Am" Commercial
Kendrick Lamar teams up with Reebok for their new "I Am" ad campaign for the Fall/ Winter 2015 line. Here is the new commercial directed by Anthony Mandler who decided to shoot it inRead More »
Throwback Thursday: Allen Iverson & Jadakiss "Reebok A5″ (Video)
It wasn't long ago that former Philadelphia 76er all-star was shaking up the NBA and the hip-hop world. Reebok and A.I. dished out one of the greatest sneaker commercials ever when the combined Iverson'sRead More »
Nike Cancels The Release Of The Nike Air Zoom Flight 96 "Allen Iverson"
Nike had plans of honoring the career of former Philadelphia 76er Allen Iverson but those plans have been shut down. Nike was set to release the Nike Air Zoom Flight 96 "Allen Iverson" however IversonRead More »
Reebok Allen Iverson "Answer 14″ (Photos)
Allen Iverson isn't still giving defenders hell on the court, yet A.I. and Reebok are set to drop off something special for basketball players around the globe. On November 1st, the Reebok "Answer 14″Read More »
Reebok "Question Pump" (Photos)
Hybrid kicks have been the new wave since the early 2000's and Reebok is joining the movement. Combining Allen Iverson's classic with the Reebok classic "Pump", I would like to introduce you toRead More »
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Harlem native/ DipSet captain Cam'ron hits the West 4th Street Courts in NYC to ball in the Reebok Blacktop Retaliate.Take your game outside and check it up with the Blacktop Retaliate, the latestRead More »
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Many have had their opinions on the relationship between Reebok and MMG captain Rick Ross but none of us truly know what that relationship entails. Recently Rick Ross has been spotted in numerous pairsRead More »


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Our Pro-Assitant Championship kicked off this morning at River Landing Country Club in Wallace, NC. With that, we've already seen a hole-in-one! Brian Phelps of the Dunes Club claimed the epic shot on his first hole of the day (#10) - 144 yards, 9 iron. It's certainly one for the books - congratulations, Brian!
We're wishing all players the best of luck today and tomorrow as they compete for the title as champion. As you can see, it's already a very exciting tournament!
Additional Information
Congratulations to our very own Charles Frost, PGA one of our eleven competitors in this week's PGA Professional National Championship event at Philadelphia Cricket Club. Charles Frost made the final cut this afternoon as he tied for 12th place with an overall score of 284 (+2). We just so happened to catch him on an interview with The Golf Channel as he finished his final round.
We're thrilled to see that Frost will have the chance to participate in the PGA Championship. A job well done!
Event leaderboard
Happy July! The latest issue of On the Fringe is available for viewing today and you won't want to miss it. Not only was June a busy month but the past few days alone brought some major developments to the Section. On Monday, June 29, 2015 the CPGA Section's Executive Director, Ron Schmid, PGA announced his plan to retire at the end of the year. We're wishing him and his family the best on their new endeavors.
Please join us in congratulating Ron on his hard work and great contributions to the Section over the past 16 years and to the industry over the past 45. A great leader and dedicated golf professional who will undoubtedly be missed!
Read the full cover story and more in our new issue - CLICK TO READ
We're excited to announce that four of our PGA Professionals have made it to the third round of the PGA Professional National Championship presented by Club Car, Mercedes-Benz USA and OMEGA this week at the Philadelphia Cricket Club.
As of Monday evening, the following CPGA Members were set to move forward as the event continues:
Follow the scores with us - the leaderboard can be found here. Best of luck to Charles, Chris, Greg and Jerry who compete today as the third round takes place!
Blake Taylor of Atkinson, NC and Victoria Husky of Greenville, SC won the 2015 Carolinas Junior PGA Championship presented by Under Armour and Genesis Networks Saturday and Sunday, June 27-28 at The Hackler Course at Coastal Carolina University in Conway, SC.
By winning the boys' and girls' divisions respectively, Taylor and Husky qualified for the 40th Junior PGA Championship presented by Under Armour and Genesis Networks, Aug. 3-6, at Miramont Country Club in Bryan/College Station, Texas. Taylor, 17, posted a final-round 68 for a two-day total of 136 and a 1-stroke victory over Nicholas Lyerly of Salisbury, NC. Husky, 17, had a final-round 74 for a two-day total of 144 and a 1-stroke victory over Kasidy Beckel of Okatie, SC.
The Junior PGA Championship, Presented by Under Armour and Genesis Networks, is open to one boy and one girl champion from each of the 41 PGA Sections, champions of the nine PGA Junior Series events, select national junior tournaments conducted throughout the year and special invitees who have yet not reached their 19th birthdays as of the final round of the championship.
The Junior PGA Championship has traditionally been a stepping-stone for many of today's PGA and LPGA Tour professionals as well as current collegiate stars. Past Junior PGA Championship competitors who have gone on to successful professional careers include: Inbee Park, Luke Guthrie, Trevor Immelman, Cristie Kerr, Justin Leonard, Hunter Mahan, Michelle McGann, Phil Mickelson, Grace Park, Dottie Pepper, Jordan Spieth, Lexi Thompson, David Toms, Michelle Wie and Tiger Woods.
Click here for complete tournament results
The 2015 CPGA Junior Championship kicks off tomorrow at the Hackler Course at Coastal Carolina University. For pairings and additional information, see here. Best of luck to all of those competing in our most popular junior golf event of the year!
We have been in communication with John Derr's daughter (Cricket Gentry) since his passing and she has decided to have a celebration of her father's life on Tuesday, August 18th, 3:00PM – 6:00PM at the Pine Needles Conference Center in Southern Pines, NC. Speaking should begin around 3:00PM followed by a gathering to tell stories of John's life. There will be light snacks and non-alcoholic beverages. Please respond to Liz Muroski (firstname.lastname@example.com), Carolinas PGA Media and Promotions Director, by Friday, August 7 if you plan to attend. We want to be able to pass along a head count so they will have an idea of how many to expect. Thank you!
This weekend marks the 48th PGA Professional National Championship and, with that, 11 Carolinas PGA members will make their way to Philadelphia Cricket Club to compete! Following are those who qualified from the CPGA Professional Championship last year at Duke University Golf Club. We're wishing the best of luck to all of our golfers.
Jerry Haas Winston Salem, NC, Wake Forest University
Chris Haarlow Greensboro, NC, Precision Golf School
Charles Frost Kiawah Island, SC, Kiawah Island - River
Greg Boyette Awendaw, SC, Bulls Bay GC
Rick Lewallen Kannapolis, NC
Blair Smith Huntersville, NC, Birkdale Golf Club
John Thompson Charlotte, NC, Carolina Lakes Golf Club
Mitch Adams Troy, NC, Denson's Creek
Adam McLaughlin Greensboro, NC, Alamance CC
Dale Ketola Little River, SC, Potential Golf
Kris Cappuzzo Charlotte, NC, Raintree CC
The 2015 PGA Professional National Championship Field as of June 24, 2015 can be found here: http://www.pga.com/nationalchampionship/news/2015-pga-professional-national-championship-field?cid=pgacomsocial_tw_sf10226313
Registration is underway for two out of three of the 2015 CPGA Professional Championships. Make sure to sign up before the deadlines as they are firm and determine how many qualifying spots we receive in the respective national championships.
Fee: $180
Deadline: July 21
**Condition of Competition for Grooves & Punch Marks
Please be aware that this condition of competition WILL BE in effect. For the Senior Championship, it will be for all professionals competing from the championship tees, whether qualifying or not**
The team of Mike Benner, PGA, and Bob Potter from Coosaw Creek CC captured the Club Car CPGA Pro-Official Championship Presented by Greg Norman Collection & Dunning Golf at Trump National GC - Charlotte. They combined to fire an impressive round of 62 (-10), three strokes clear of the competition.
>>> Scores & team prize amounts
Click to Follow!
View the Current Issue!
CPGA Pro-Assistant
Presented by PING,
Greg Norman, Dunning Golf,
& Yamaha Golf Cars
River Landing CC
Wallace, NC
July 6-7
Assistants' Association
Individual Stroke Play
The Cliffs at Keowee Springs
Sunset, SC
June 29
Tidewater CPGA Senior Open
Tidewater Golf Club
North Myrtle Beach, SC
July 13-14


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River Walk passerby discovers body floating in river
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Erin Brady, of Connecticut, was crowned Miss USA 2013 in Las Vegas.
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Twitter tweaks its site and mobile apps to make conversations easier
Twitter is updating its site and mobile apps to make it easier for users to carry out conversations on the site and share them with others outside of Twitter.
Twitter is updating its site and mobile apps to make it easier for users to carry out conversations on the site and share them with others outside of Twitter.
What do bitcoin, emoji and selfies have in common? They're all now official words, at least according to the Oxford dictionary.
On the surface, Bitcoin seems to be a great way to hide cash. Actually, it's a terrible way to launder money.
Yahoo has redesigned its Sports, Movies, Music, TV, omg, Games and Weather sites with a more consistent look and some personalized tools, the company said Tuesday.
Facebook received more than 25,000 requests from governments about its users during the first half of 2013, with nearly half of those requests coming from U.S. law enforcement and related agencies, the company said.
Oracle CEO Larry Ellison typically uses his annual OpenWorld conference keynotes to deliver the company's biggest announcements and strategic positioning, and this year they will apparently involve an in-memory database and Oracle's PaaS (platform as...
A U.S. judge has put a stamp of approval on a US$20 million fund for Facebook to settle a class-action advertising suit, despite objections from groups representing minors on the site.
A Bitcoin trade group met with representatives of several U.S government agencies Monday as regulators debate whether the online currency should comply with currency rules.
As of this past May, 70 percent of U.S. residents ages 18 and older access the Internet via high-speed broadband, although the rate of broadband adoption has been sluggish, according to survey results released Monday by the Pew Research Center's Inte...
Salesforce.com's next CRM (customer relationship management) software release will contain a slew of new features, with many focused on the Chatter collaboration and messaging tool as well as customer service, according to a set of official release n...
Amazon Web Services resolved service problems on Sunday that caused issues for several websites, including Airbnb's booking site and Twitter's Vine video application, which rely on its computing platform.
Technology companies may be hiding behind legal jargon to avoid being more forthcoming in their responses to new documents on government surveillance that were disclosed Friday, some experts say.
Creative Commons co-founder Lawrence Lessig has filed a complaint in a U.S federal court after he was forced to take down a YouTube video of his lecture which included clips that depicted groups of people dancing to a copyrighted song.
Apple is reportedly acquiring mapping app developer Embark, in a move that could lend more real-time navigation features for public transit to Apple's own Maps app.
The current generation of teenagers seems willing to share anything on social media, but cares more about privacy than you think, according to a recent Pew study.
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First impression on unpacking the Q702 test unit was the solid feel and clean, minimalist styling.
For work use, Microsoft Word and Excel programs pre-installed on the device are adequate for preparing short documents.
The Fujitsu LifeBook UH574 allowed for great mobility without being obnoxiously heavy or clunky. Its twelve hours of battery life did not disappoint.
The screen was particularly good. It is bright and visible from most angles, however heat is an issue, particularly around the Windows button on the front, and on the back where the battery housing is located.
My first impression after unboxing the Q702 is that it is a nice looking unit. Styling is somewhat minimalist but very effective. The tablet part, once detached, has a nice weight, and no buttons or switches are located in awkward or intrusive positions.


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Best iPhone and iPad apps of the week Phoenix Wright, Hanx Writer, and more!
Once again we've gathered together the best iPhone apps and best iPad apps and games released this week! We'll regularly dig up the best, freshest social, music, photography and productivity apps for iOS, not to mention action games, shooter games, puzzle games, and anything in between. Come on and dig in to see our favorite App Store releases over the last seven days!
Have something to say about this story? Leave a comment! Need help with something else? Ask in our forums!
Reader comments
Best iPhone and iPad apps of the week Phoenix Wright, Hanx Writer, and more!
Looks interesting, fun and much more useful than that iAwriter
i bought this summer...
Phoenix Wright trilogy isn't new this week. It's been out for awhile. I think you meant Phoenix Wright Dual Destinies.


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Key things you need to know aboutDr. Ficklin:
Dr. Ficklin's Experience
Research training, expertise and qualifications
Dr. Ficklin's Specialties
- Internal Medicine
- View 1 specialty
More About Dr. Ficklin's Background
Hospital Quality
The right hospital is as important as the right doctor
9 Facts About Hospital Quality
Patients' risk of dying during a hospital stay for heart bypass surgery could be 85.2% lower, on average, at a hospital rated 5 stars compared to a hospital rated 1 star for that procedure. Choosing the right hospital is critical to your health. View Slideshow
Patient Satisfaction
Patients' feedback on their experience with Dr. Ficklin
Likelihood of recommending Dr. Ficklin to family and friends is 4.7 out of 5 5 1 6
See More Survey Results
8 Facts About Patient Satisfaction Surveys
Patient satisfaction surveys provide a standardized way of reporting about healthcare experiences. But there can be more than meets the eye when reviewing scores. Here's what you should know
Appointments & Offices
Check insurance plans, locations and make an appointment
Accepting new patients?
- Yes
- Diagnostic Center Of Medicine
- Diagnostic Center Of Medicine
- 861 Coronado Center Dr Ste 100
- Henderson, NV 89052
7 Tips to Prepare for Your Appointment
The key to a successful appointment is communication. To get the most out of your visit, prepare ahead of time so you can lead the conversation with your doctor. These 7 tips will get you ready
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Castel Marie Louise - Loire-Atlantique (department)
A restaurant, dry cleaning/laundry and an elevator (lift) are offered at this hotel. Guests can also enjoy drinks as there is a bar/lounge.
First of all I'd like to recommend the restaurant in the Hotel. We had a big trip in…
This is a quaint luxury hotel that stands out from the rest for being beautifully…
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: 1-844-302-2248from $246
- Superior Room, Sea View
- Deluxe Room, Sea View
- Classic Non Refundable
- Junior Suite (Family)
- Classic Room
- Superior Room
- Superior Suite, Sea View
- Superior Suite, Terrace
Recommended hotels
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 31 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 3 floors
- Check-in time starts at 3 PM
- Check-out time is noon
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Babysitting/childcare
- Pets allowed *
- WiFi in rooms *
- Train station pickup *
- Valet parking *
- Accessible parking
Other information
- Smoke-free property
In the hotel
- Breakfast daily (surcharge)
- Restaurant
- Bar/lounge
- 24-hour room service
- Number of meeting rooms - 2
- Conference space
- 24-hour front desk
- Concierge services
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Luggage storage
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Year Built 1912
- Elevator/lift
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Garden
- Disabled parking
- Accessible path of travel
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
In the room
- Minibar
- Private bathroom
- Shower/tub combination
- Hair dryer
- Pay movies
- Cable TV channels
- Desk
- WiFi (surcharge)
- In-room safe
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
Special features
On Site
- Bicycle rentals on site
- Personal motorized watercraft on site
- Golfing nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Scooter/moped rentals nearby
- Surfing/boogie boarding nearby
- Water skiing nearby
- Windsurfing nearby
Awards and affiliations
- The property is a member of Relais & Chateaux.
Castel Marie Louise - Loire-Atlantique (department)'s small print
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
For transfers, guests must contact the property before arrival at the number on the booking confirmation.
Mandatory fees
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at check in or check out:
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 2.50 per person, per night
Optional extras
Self parking costs EUR 15 per night
Valet parking costs EUR 15 per night
Rollaway beds are available for EUR 60 per night
Breakfast is offered for an extra charge of EUR 26 per person (approximately)
Pets are allowed for an extra charge of EUR 26 per night
WiFi is available in guestrooms for EUR 15 per day (rates may vary)
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.