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Full text reading:http://en-financial.com 69 Arctic Human Development Report Chapter 4 o 80 o 70 Economic Systems o 60 Lead author: Gérard Duhaime, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada. Contributing authors: André Lemelin (Université du Québec á Montréal), Vladimir Didyk (Kola Science Centre), Oliver Goldsmith, (University of Alaska at Anchorage), Gorm Winther (Agio Greenland and University of Aalborg), Andrée Caron (Université Laval, Québec City), Nick Bernard (Université Laval, Québec City), and Anne Godmaire (Université Laval, Québec City). Economic activities create and distribute wealth that individuals, households, and societies can Area of study use in reaching different social and material The circumpolar area discussed in this chapter includes all political or goals. Therefore, economics is a fundamental administrative entities overlapping the Arctic for which relevant sets of data dimension of human development. In the are publicly available. They are: Arctic, subsistence activities have been impor- • Alaska tant to local economies, but the region is also in Canada: the Yukon, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Nunavik, and incorporated in the economies of the Arctic Labrador • Greenland nations and in the global economy. These con- • The Faroe Islands nections are becoming increasingly important. • Iceland Examples include exploitation of oil, gas, and • in Norway: Nordland, Troms, Finnmark, and Svalbard mineral resources but also harvesting of the vast • in Sweden: Västerbotten and Norrbotten biological resources in the region. Government • in Finland: the provinces of Oulu and Lapland or state supported public service illustrates the • in the Russian Federation: the republics of Karelia, Komi, and Sakha; the close connection to national economies. Taken oblasts of Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Tyumen, Kamtchatka, and Magadan; the autonomous okrugs of Nenets, Khanty-Mansii, Yamal-Nenets, as a whole, the Arctic economy is large enough Krasnoyarsk Krai, Taimyr (Dolgan-Nenets), Evenk, Koryak, and Chukchi. to be geopolitically important. The first part of this chapter looks at the Arctic Few regions of the Russian Federation extend beyond the Arctic, e.g. the as a whole and describes its economy by explor- Tyumen Oblast. These have nevertheless been incorporated in full, since the economic data published by Goskomstat Russia are not available on a ing three major characteristics: the large-scale smaller scale. The area covered in the chapter corresponds to that examined resource exploitation, the lack of manufacturing, in previous studies that are used to identify economic trends and changes and the prominent role of public service and (1, 2, 3). transfer payments. The second part identifies the principal similarities and differences amongst different parts of the Arctic, while the third part Map of Arctic discusses the most striking recent trends that Region will affect the future of the Arctic economy. The industrial distribution of the Arctic economy Three characteristics set the economic situation of the Arctic apart from that of other regions of the world (4, 5). First, the formal economy is 80 o mainly based on large-scale resource exploita- tion. Second, family-based commercial fishing o 70 or customary hunting, fishing, breeding, and gathering activities continue to be important. o Third, much consumption, in particular public 60 services, is supported by transfer payments to Arctic circle Arctic boundary: AMAP Compiled by W.K. Dallmann, regional governments and individuals from cen- Arctic boundary: AHDR Norwegian Polar Institute Full text reading:http://en-financial.com 70 Full text reading:http://en-financial.com Arctic Human Development Report Gross Product. Circumpolar Arctic, regions and countries, 2001 leading oil producer and exporter. It approaches (Millions of $US-PPP, 2002) the value of Belgium's entire economy, and it Circumpolar Arctic equals the entire economy of the Russian (230,156) 153,647 Northern Russian Federation Federation. It surpasses that of Sweden, a coun- try whose demographic weight is similar to that of the entire Arctic area and is among the most 28,581 Alaska industrialized countries in the world. 1,106 Faroe Islands What does this result mean? First and fore- 1,003 Greenland most, it means that the Arctic production is of 8,097 Iceland significant scale. It is based in large part on the 4,308 Northern Canada intensive exploitation of the vast natural 12,201 Northern Finland resources in the Arctic, and the formal economy 10,170 Northern Norway 11,045 Northern Sweden of the Arctic revolves around these large-scale, capital-intensive activities. $US-PPP – a definition tral governments. After placing the Arctic econ- The data used to describe and analyze the for- omy in a global context, this section describes mal economy come in different currencies and the different sectors of the Arctic economy. concern different years. To allow for compara- bility, two conversions must be made: the first A global view one converts the national currencies into a Considered as a whole, the production created common currency and the second one has the in the formal Arctic economy amounts to over data refer to a common year. In other words, the data must first undergo a conversion in $US-PPP 230,000 million. This would be the space, followed by a conversion in time. The gross domestic product of the circumpolar PPP makes it possible to obtain conversion Arctic. The following comparisons make it pos- rates between currencies that eliminate differ- Industrial Distribution sible to assess the Arctic's significance in the ences in price levels between countries (6). The of Gross Product, by world economy. method for calculating the PPP basically con- sectors. Circumpolar Arctic, regions and This production is equivalent to one-quarter sists of collecting data on the price of a repre- countries, 2001 of the entire Canadian economy and 80% of the sentative basket of goods and services for a (Millions of $US-PPP) entire economy of Saudi Arabia, the world's specific country and to compare it with a refer- ence basket. If, for example, the reference bas- ket costs 100 US$ in the United States in 2000 primary secondary and 947 Swedish kronor in Sweden, the PPP tertiary conversion rate is then 9.47 Kronors per US non-specified dollar PPP. By convention, published data are Alaska 0% expressed in $ US PPP. After "moving" all of 22% the data to the United States, a common year 8% is obtained by using the GDP Deflator, which 70% measures the price variations for all of the Northern 0% goods and services that are produced and used Canada 19% Northern in the economy of a region or a country. 13% Russian 10% 68% Federation 30% 51% 9% Large-scale resource exploitation is central to the Arctic economy 0%8% Arctic regions have long been considered vast Greenland o 80 Northern 29% Norway reservoirs of natural resources by the countries 63% 1% that encompass them. First exploited for fish, 17% 3% 7% Northern Finland 0% 8% 27% whales, and furs, these regions revealed sub- Iceland 14% 70o 74% 63% 20% 1% stantial diversity and enormous quantities of 66% 19% 0% 6% other resources, such as minerals and fossil Faroe Islands 28% 74% fuels. Today, the economic activity of Arctic o 60 62% 10% Northern countries is characterized by the large-scale Sweden Source: exploitation of metallic minerals, precious met- Arctic circle Arctic Map by W.K. Dallmann, AHDR Arctic boundary Norwegian Polar Institute als, hydrocarbons, and precious and semi-pre- Full text reading:http://en-financial.com Full text reading:http://en-financial.com Systems Economic 71 Chapter 4 cious stones, as well as fish from the coastal autonomous basis and have practically no eco- seas. Primary extraction represents $US-PPP nomic impact on the permanent communities 60,000 million. This is equivalent to the value of in the vicinity. In this situation, the entire eco- almost all of Saudi Arabia's exports, or the total nomic activity, as well as the extractive and sub- value of Brazilian exports. sidiary activities, brings benefits exclusively to The large-scale exploitation of minerals and the rest of the world. The phenomenon of eco- hydrocarbons is central to the national economy nomic decoupling, also characteristic of of several Arctic countries. This is especially true 'resource frontier regions,' represents the for Russia, where the Arctic regions have vast extreme case but is nonetheless not unusual in reserves of gold (Magadan, Chukotka), nickel the Arctic. (Murmansk, Krasnoyarsk), tin (Sakha, Large-scale resource exploitation has consid- Chukotka), and diamonds (Sakha). Also, petro- erable impact on the local natural and human leum and gas exploration is massive, especially environment. Examples are toxic discharges in the Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansii from gold and nickel mining operations, which Autonomous Okrugs (7,8). have caused problems that have yet to be In Canada, there is major exploitation of min- solved. In those cases where the residents eral resources and hydrocarbons in the inhabit or use land that borders on exploitation Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Nunavik. areas, which is common in Alaska, the Mineral exploitation is also a central economic Canadian North and northern Russia, the activity in Finnmark in Norway, and Norrbotten effects on the human environment are multiple and Västerbotten in Sweden. Alaska extracts and often poorly documented (11, 12, 13). These considerable quantities of oil from the Beaufort include poor health related to industrial dis- Sea and has one of the world's biggest zinc charges, as well as the subordination of local mines. governments and authorities of civil society While the industrial-scale natural resource (unions, associations). They can also entail exploitation creates considerable wealth, these forced changes in how people move over land in activities are mainly carried out to supply mar- fishing, hunting or trapping areas and can kets outside the Arctic regions. Moreover, the diminish the productivity of such traditional resources generally belong to sources of capital activities when the land is disturbed (14, 15, 16, outside the Arctic, which control the activities 17). Socially, there are often disparities in stan- and profits. A few large corporations dominate dard of living and social status between employ- the extraction activities, and some of them are ees of the industrial sector and the rest of the present in several Arctic countries. This fits well population, often correlated with ethnicity. with the concept of "Resource frontier regions," In summary, the way in which large-scale (9,10) where the massive riches are destined for resource exploitation is currently organized in export and only a fraction of the income and the Arctic is characterized by outside control profits remains. and resources moving out of the region. Industrial Complex Nickel, Sometimes, the resource exploitation gener- Generally, there is not much overlap with local Kola Peninsula, Russia. ates economic spin-off effects in local areas and regions (see also Chapter 8. Community Viability). In such cases, these large-scale activi- ties represent the very core of local and regional economies, around which a vast set of sub- sidiary activities gravitate, including the con- struction and operation of infrastructure (roads, ports, and airports) and the organization of services (transportation, retailing, and housing). Thus, even under these conditions when neither the direct income from sales of the extracted resources nor the profits remain in the affected region, there are still significant economic con- sequences. PHOTO G. DUHAIME In other cases, these large-scale activities are totally separated from the regional socio-eco- nomic environment. They are carried out on an Full text reading:http://en-financial.com 72 Full text reading:http://en-financial.com Arctic Human Development Report and regional economies, and it appears unlike- and all of northern Russia. For example, practi- ly that these activities will create economic cally every coastal Norwegian town or village alternatives that can enable the local communi- has its own fishing port. Furthermore, lake and ties to survive after the extractive activity is fin- river fishing is practiced everywhere in the ished. It is thus difficult to see how they can Arctic, and is significant to local economies. For contribute to sustainable development in the instance, both commercial and customary fresh- region. water fisheries have been and still are important among the Dene nation in the Canadian Fisheries remain a backbone of the Northwest Territories. economy Fisheries may be organized according to In almost all coastal and island areas of the many distinct systems of exploitation. Industrial Arctic, fisheries form one of the backbones of fisheries, based on factory ships, demonstrate the economy. In the Faroe Islands, this is the many similarities with large-scale extraction of most important industry, comprising more than mineral and hydrocarbon resources and can a fifth of the gross national product. The catch is involve importing both the capital and work- diversified and includes a substantial whale har- force from abroad, and taking both resources vest. Fisheries are likewise very important and and revenue out of the region. In such cases, the equally diversified in Greenland, whose shrimp generation of local economic wealth can be ten- catch makes Greenland the second largest uous at best. In several Arctic regions, regional exporter of shrimp in the world. Around authorities or entrepreneurs do own the factory Iceland, warm and cold currents come together ships themselves, and consequently can retain creating particularly rich fishing opportunities, the benefits (or what is called the "rent") with- and fisheries have long been important to the in the region, and hence favor the regional national economy of Iceland. In Greenland and workforce as well. Iceland, the production of the primary sector is Fisheries can also be organized in a way largely based on fisheries. where the captain-owner of a ship hires a small Coastal fisheries assume considerable eco- crew or takes care of all the work himself, some- nomic significance in Alaska, northern Norway, times with family members. This labor-intensive Benefit sharing agreements: a trend in Arctic big business Red Dog Mine, the world's largest producer of zinc concentrate, opment of the deposit. Under the agreement, Cominco financed, is located in the DeLong Mountains of Alaska's Brooks Range, constructed and now operates the mine and the mill, in addition approximately 144 kilometres north of Kotzebue and 88 kilome- to marketing the concentrates produced. NANA receives an tres from the Chukchi Sea. First discovered in 1953, initial mine annual royalty in the form of a payment, which is equivalent to development began in 1986 and by November 1989 construction 4.5% of the annual production value. This rate will remain in was complete. Operations and production began in December effect until Cominco recovers its capital investment with interest. 1989. With an open pit, truck/shovel operation, Red Dog has a Thereafter, NANA will receive a share of the mine's net profits; production capacity of over 600,000 tons per annum of zinc con- this share will be 25% and will increase by 5% per five-year peri- tained in concentrate. Facilities were expanded in 1998 and again od, up to 50%. Moreover, the agreement includes provisions for in 2001. In 2003, it produced 579,300 tons of zinc concentrate training and hiring NANA members, and first preference on all and 124,900 tons of lead concentrate. Concentrate from the mill Red Dog jobs goes to qualified Natives in the NANA region. As is trucked to a port facility at tidewater where it is stored prior to a result, more than 50% of the 365 jobs are held by NANA mem- loading onto vessels. Given its Arctic location, Red Dog has a bers. The agreement also includes provisions for contract and summer shipping season of 100 days, during which the concen- purchasing preferences, subsistence resources protection as well trate ore is shipped to markets in North America, Asia, and as various consulting and approval mechanisms. Europe. This is one of the first benefit-sharing agreements known in The interest in Red Dog Mine does not merely lie in its size, in the Arctic and illustrates an increasingly common way to maxi- its integration with large corporations or in the spatial distribu- mize benefits of resource development for Arctic residents rather tion of its operations. Rather, the interest lies in the relationships than continuing with the "decoupling" model of development. It between the mine and the Northwest Alaska Native Association is also used to attenuate negative impacts of resource develop- (NANA) Corporation. Native Alaska land claims against the ment, including making provisions for the bust cycle at the end United States were settled in 1971. The NANA Corporation is of the mine's life. Among other tools, such as environment and one of the corporations created in connection with the Alaska social impact assessments, this is one way to improve resource Native Claims Settlement Act. Cominco and NANA agreed in development from the perspective of increasing benefits for 1982 to a land lease with wide-ranging terms regarding devel- Arctic residents (18). Full text reading:http://en-financial.com Full text reading:http://en-financial.com Systems Economic 73 Chapter 4 G. DUHAIME AND A. MORIN system, widespread in the circumpolar North, is activity is limited. This sector has atrophied in Fishing trawlers in Nuuk, Greenland of the utmost importance not only economical- some areas and was never established in oth- ly but also from a social and political point of ers. In places where it remains important, it is view. It involves a significant number of jobs usually not very diversified. For example, in (more than 20% in Greenland, around 5% in Iceland and Greenland, it is primarily concen- Iceland and northern Norway). It entails mak- trated in fish processing, most of which is ing arrangements, negotiations and compro- exported. In some areas in northern Russia, mises between actors, such as commercial dis- mining activities have lead to a primary refin- cussions with local suppliers, local buyers and ing of the minerals. processing plants, participation with municipal, One of the few manufacturing activities in regional and national governments, concerning the Arctic area is the electronics industry regulations etc. And in contrast to industrial around Oulu in northern Finland. This sector is fisheries with factory boats, these fisheries con- very dynamic in development and production, tribute to local food supplies. Moreover, as long and includes companies such as Nokia that as fish stocks are not over-harvested, they pro- provides more than 3,000 jobs in the region. vide a guaranteed long-term activity. However, This is more than 5,000 jobs in the electronics the depletion of fish stocks is beyond the control industry, which represents some 10% of jobs in of the local fishermen and this activity, estab- the secondary sector (31, 32, 33). This situation lished for generations, is also subject to external is exceptional. The Oulu region is one of the influences that may even threaten its survival few that has managed to overcome the difficul- (19, 20, 21, 22). For further discussion of fish- ties of creating a manufacturing industry in the eries, see Chapter 7. Resource Governance and Arctic. Due to the geographical isolation of Chapter 11. Gender Issues. most Arctic regions, production costs are high. While specific raw materials can be found with- Manufacturing is very limited in the region, technology, qualified labor, and Aside from customary harvesting and food capital have to be imported most of the time. from commercial fisheries and reindeer herd- Transportation costs not only impact produc- ing, most food and other products consumed tion itself; they also affect costs for getting in the Arctic are imported. Manufacturing products to their markets which tend to be Full text reading:http://en-financial.com 74 Full text reading:http://en-financial.com Arctic Human Development Report located outside the Arctic. As a result, costs are other regions, excluding northern Russia, where often too high to successfully compete with it constitutes slightly more than half of the gross non-Arctic manufacturers who have more domestic product. access to resources (including cheaper trans- Retail and transport activities account for portation systems). It is therefore difficult to about 12 to 25% of the service sector. Within the generate sufficient economic benefits to sustain service sector, transport has an important place commercial activities. in the Arctic economy. It creates from 5 to 12% In general, the role of the circumpolar North of the production value, depending on the in the global economy is asymmetrical: it region. Facilitating long distance mobility, the exports raw materials on a large scale to devel- transport sector is important in exporting local oped regions and imports most finished prod- products and for importing goods on which ucts for its own domestic consumption. Only a northern consumers depend. It also encourages part of the food supply is locally produced. northern tourism. Tourism is well developed in a number of The service sector is dominated by regions and is of growing importance in the public service Arctic economy. It is almost impossible howev- The service sector is strongly developed in many er, at the present stage of economic statistics, to parts of the Arctic. This includes activities in put a number figure on this service industry. A fields such as retail, transport, and tourism as decade ago, and excluding Russia, the number well as education, health care, and administra- tion in the public sector. This so-called tertiary Tourists sector represents almost three-quarters of the Circumpolar Arctic, regions and countries, selected years economy of northern Sweden and Norway and Country or Region Number of Tourists approximately two-thirds of the economy of Alaska 1,074,800 Greenland 6,000 Iceland 129,000 Northern Canada 224,820 Subsistence activities still play a role Northern Scandinavia 529,000 Biological resources are also harvested in small-scale subsistence activities. Source: Margaret E. Johnston. Patterns and Issues in Arctic and Sub-Arctic Tourism. In Hall, C.M. and M.E. Johnston. Polar Tourism. Chichester, Wiley, In particular, rural and indigenous populations reinforce traditional prac- 1995, p. 31 tices outside the formal economy, which include fishing, hunting, and trap- ping, as well as gathering fruit, mushrooms and wild eggs. of visitors was estimated at 1.9 million, of This customary harvesting forms a significant part of the dietary intake of whom half were in Alaska and 500,000 were in households and communities in some parts of the Arctic (23, 24, 25, 26). In Alaska, recent studies indicate that rural villages have an annual production northern Scandinavia (34). There is no indica- that generally varies between 69.5 and 301.8 kg per capita (27, 28).For the tion that this industry has decreased in the last Canadian Arctic, the annual harvest in edible weight varies between 84 and decade. On the contrary, some regions are giv- 284 kg per capita (29).The latter value would be equivalent to the produc- ing high priority to tourism development. This tion before other sources of food were available. In Greenland, a majority of is the case in Iceland and Finland for instance, the households eat food of this type five times or more per week. The daily and in almost all regions where it is less devel- quantity consumed is estimated at 0.33 kg/day/person on average. When oped, efforts are being made to build up the "commodity production" intended for the market is taken into account, the industry. quantities produced in traditional harvesting activities vary from 1.21 to 3.50 kg/per capita/day, depending on paid employment and the level of involve- Nonetheless, public services account for the ment in the harvest (30). majority of the service sector. This includes pub- Customary harvesting practices are not only culturally but also economi- lic administration, health care, and education. cally important locally, though their role varies by region, ethnic group, Altogether, public services comprise the second urban or rural setting, and generation. This harvesting is important for its largest industry in all the Arctic regions, and contribution to food production and consumption. Food from the land is they represent a share of the gross domestic one of few substitutes to imports in the Arctic, and in several regions, its product that ranges from 20 to 25% (in regions contribution to food intake is central. It is also important for its contribution such as Alaska), up to 40% in Canada and to the meaning of life, because customary activities create links both Fennoscandia (35) (see box next page). between past and present and between people living together. They are termed customary, because they reproduce the past practices of the people living in the Arctic; but similarly and more generally, they are clearly Theme summary embedded into the modern world, as they put together heritage with capi- Three characteristics set the economic situation tal, modern technology, present-day know-how, and government regula- of the Arctic apart from other regions of the tions. world. First, the Arctic has been used as a large reservoir of resources to meet the energy needs Full text reading:http://en-financial.com Full text reading:http://en-financial.com Systems Economic 75 The spatial distribution of Chapter 4 of developed countries. Its formal economy is mainly based on large-scale exploitation and export of minerals, hydrocarbons, and marine the Arctic economy resources. Much of the remaining part of the Overall economic characteristics differ across formal economy revolves around these activi- the Arctic, with significant variations in both ties. In contrast to the Arctic countries, there is size and structure of the economy from one little manufacturing industry in the northern region to another. This section makes some regions. international and internal comparisons between Secondly, much consumption, in particular regions. It tries to assess the regions' contribu- public services, is supported by transfer pay- tion to the circumpolar economy as a whole, ments to regional governments and individuals and the difference between each northern from central governments. However, the trans- region and the countries they belong to. It sug- fers are small in comparison to revenues from gests ways for analysis of flows between the regional production, and if the Arctic regions Arctic and the rest of the world. had the political power to collect taxes from the large-scale exploitation of the Arctic's natural Regional variation in total production resources, the level of dependence on transfers The Russian Federation produces about two- would likely be different. thirds of the total wealth created in the circum- Thirdly, family-based commercial fishing or polar Arctic. This share exceeds by far the con- customary hunting, fishing, breeding, and gath- tribution of all other countries and regions. The ering activities continue to be important, both Russian North is the widest area in the circum- for the economy and for the identity of those polar world, and the most populated one. The involved. These activities are inextricably linked industrial exploitation of large non-renewable to the monetary economy. Therefore, the means resource reserves has been carried out on a very used to carry them out, their efficiency, and their large scale throughout the area for decades, and distribution methods are important for people's is a backbone of the Russian overall economy. income and their standard of living. Iceland, northern Norway, Sweden, and Public administration as an industry The tertiary sector accounts for between one-half and three- ical decision-making as it concerned their own affairs. The quarters of the total economic production in the Arctic, and restructuring and growth of the public administration ensued dominating this sector is public administration. In several from subsequent agreements: the Alaska Native Claims regions for which the data is available, public administration Settlement Act (ANCSA-1971), James Bay and Northern Québec services account for more than one fifth of the formal economy. Agreement (JBNQA-1975), Northeastern Québec Agreement In some regions, the majority of all paid jobs belong to this sec- (NEQA-1978), Greenland Home Rule (1979), Inuvialuit Final tor, which can legitimately be called an industry. Agreement (IFA-1984). This "over-development" of public administration compared The story is not altogether different in northwest Russia. to other sectors has a history that goes back at least 50 years. In Geological exploration carried out at the start of the 20th century Alaska, northern Canada, and Greenland, it can be explained by revealed the abundance of the region's ore deposits (36). The the policies of nation states to move the Inuit population into building of mining towns between 1900 and 1930 within the con- permanent settlements. These policies were especially promi- text of the centralized Soviet system led to major public expendi- nent during two different time periods. The first was with the tures. However, the indigenous peoples did not have the same militarization of the Arctic during World War II and the following influence as in North America. Saami and Komi reindeer breed- Cold War period which brought to the world's attention the ers gradually saw some of their pasturelands transformed, either material distress afflicting the Inuit, which followed the sharp by the building of mines, cities and roads, or by the pollution decline in the fur trade after 1929. States took responsibility for affecting the natural environment, forcing them to change areas building permanent villages and for assuming the recurrent and, in some cases, economic activity. The Komi were constituted operating costs. The second time period coincides with the fran- in a district in 1921, then in a Soviet socialist republic in 1936. tic growth in consumption in the 1960s, and the oil crisis of 1973. Since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1990, this jurisdiction has These developments fueled North America's appetite for the taken on the name of the Republic of Komi. As for the Saami, Arctic's fossil fuel resources. However, at that time, the indige- they are spread out across the northern countries (Norway, nous peoples opposed other's claims to these resources. They Sweden, Finland), as well as in the Russian Barents region. wanted guaranteed access both to the territory and to the use of In summary, the size of the public administration within the the resources, as well as compensation for the losses resulting Arctic economy is linked to the development of resources and to from the exploitation. They called for a significant place in polit- concerns raised by their exploitation. Full text reading:http://en-financial.com 76 Full text reading:http://en-financial.com Arctic Human Development Report Gross Product. Circumpolar Arctic, regions and countries, 2001 in the polar world and globally, with economic (Millions of $US-PPP and %) diversification being the most advanced in these Circumpolar Arctic areas. On the whole, these regions make an (230,156) important contribution to the entire economy of the circumpolar North, amounting to almost Alaksa: 28,581 (12.4%) one fifth of the total. In North America, the contribution to the Northern total Arctic economy varies considerably across Canada: 4,308 the regions. Alaska has the second most impor- (1.9%) tant contribution on the circumpolar scale. This Northern Russian Federation: 153,647 is due to the massive oil extraction and trans- (66.8%) portation from Prudhoe Bay south through the Alaska pipeline, and to a diversified economy, particularly in the southern and urban part of the state. By contrast, the contribution of the Greenland: 1,003 80 o Canadian North to global circumpolar wealth Northern (0.4%) creation is much more modest, with its popula- Norway: 10,170 (4.4%) Northern tion widely dispersed through vast territories, o 70 Iceland: 8,097 Finland: 12,201 and with regional economies much less diversi- (3.5%) Northern (5.3%) fied than those in northernmost Europe. Faroe Islands: 1,106 Sweden: 11,045 (0.5%) 60 o (4.8%) Disparities among and within Arctic circle Arctic boundary: AMAP Arctic map by W.K. Dallmann, countries Arctic boundary: AHDR Norwegian Polar Institute When looking at GDP relative to the per capita Finland are the most densely populated regions GDP in the different regions, some significant in the Arctic. Together, they represent three contrasts do appear. While northern Russia quarters of the Arctic population outside of the makes up more than 66% of the total GDP of Russian Federation. They display a number of the circumpolar Arctic economy, the per capita common characteristics. For example, their GDP in Russia is very low, in fact, uniquely so. communication networks, transportation infra- At the other end of the spectrum, the Alaska per structures (including extensive road systems), capita GDP is the highest among the Arctic commercial and personal services, and public regions, and far above the circumpolar average. services are remarkably advanced. Indeed, their Canada, whose contribution to the global Arctic tertiary sectors are among the most developed economy is modest, has the second highest Per Capita Gross Product. Circumpolar Arctic, regions and countries, 2001 50,000 45,107 45,000 39,915 40,000 $US-PPP (per-capita) 35,000 30,000 28,404 25,000 23,532 21,939 21,577 20,000 18,893 17,877 15,127 15,000 12,327 10,000 5,000 0 Circumpolar Alaska Faroe Greenland Iceland Northern Northern Northern Northern Northern Arctic Islands Canada Finland Norway Sweden Russian Federation Full text reading:http://en-financial.com Full text reading:http://en-financial.com Systems Economic 77 Chapter 4 Gross Product. Circumpolar Arctic, regions and countries, 2001 (% of national GDP, and per capita difference) Country or region Gross product as percentage Difference between GDP per capita of national GDP, 2001. of the region (or country) and the (% of national GDP in national level, 2001. $US-PPP) ($US-PPP per capita) Circumpolar Arctic 1.87 n.a. Alaska 0.29 10,787 Faroe Islands 0.71 -5,468 Greenland 0.65 -11,123 Iceland 100.00 0 Northern Canada 0.51 12,785 Northern Finland 9.63 -5,537 Northern Norway 7.61 -7,681 Northern Sweden 5.14 -2,603 Northern Russian Federation 14.95 5,227 Notes: n.a.: not applicable GDP per capita. These differences are the result opment relative to population size. Specifically, of multiple factors, including the scale of the the per capita GDP is higher in northern Russia Alaskan resource exploitation relative to popu- than in the federation as a whole, and the situa- lation. In Russia, the large population and the tion is similar in northern Canada and in Alaska. generally poor economic situation, including Northern territories can be seen as wealthy low prices are largely responsible. places relative to the national situation, and in More interesting are the internal differences fact, some of them with large-scale resource that may be extracted from these statistics. The exploitation are often perceived as such. economy of Northern Russia represents a sub- What the statistics do not reveal are the sig- stantial proportion of the economy of the nificant disparities that exist between regions of Russian Federation. This proportion greatly the same country. Within Russia for instance, exceeds the Arctic part of the economy for other massive economic activities are highly concen- Arctic nation states (except Iceland, which is the trated in certain regions: the Tyumen Oblast cre- only country which falls entirely within the ates as much wealth as the seven other Arctic Arctic region). This supports the conclusion pre- regions of the Russian Federation combined, viously drawn about the importance of the and the Krasnoyarsk Krai creates as much Russian economy in the circumpolar and global wealth as the State of Alaska. Within Canada economies, and importantly, highlights the the economic indicators vary widely between great role of the North in the overall Russian regions with substantial large-scale mineral economy. exploitation, such as the Northwest Territories, The economy of the northern regions of and regions where this sort of development is Fennoscandia also represents a substantial pro- more limited, as in Labrador. This suggests portion of the economies of each of these coun- severe regional disparities that should be prop- tries. This may be seen as evidence of the key erly analyzed with more disaggregated data. role of some specific industries to the respective national economies (e.g. minerals and fisheries Import and export in northern Norway, manufacturing and com- The balance between imports and exports is merce in northern Finland, etc.). It is also a sign poorly documented. However, it is still worth of economic diversification and the fact that the examining from an explorative point of view. service sector is comparatively well developed. As discussed earlier, the Arctic is exporting Moreover, the northern parts of these countries raw materials, such as minerals, gas and oil, fish, are much more integrated in their national and sea food, in order to satisfy the energy economies. In other parts of the Arctic world, needs of industrial development and mass con- the contribution to the country's national econ- sumption. The presence of extractive industries omy is much more humble, even though it may on a large scale in several Arctic regions gener- be strategically very important, for instance as ates considerable wealth. It also increases geo- part of the nation's resource supplies. graphical differentiation: regions where it oper- When calculated on a per capita basis, the dif- ates are generally wealthier, and regions with- ferences between countries reveal another aspect out such resources (due to insufficient quantities of the Arctic economic reality, namely the high or exhaustion from previous exploitation) are value of production in large-scale resource devel- generally poorer. Finally, it increases social strat- Full text reading:http://en-financial.com 78 Full text reading:http://en-financial.com Arctic Human Development Report ification between well-paid workers and con- own demands, by virtue of its own food indus- tracting entrepreneurs in these export sectors, try. The Arctic imports petroleum products for and less-paid workers in other sectors. machinery and motors even in regions produc- In this type of industry, not only resources but ing crude oil, and electricity even in regions pro- also benefits are exported. Most of the time, ducing hydroelectricity. It imports capital and these enterprises are subsidiary companies of technology for all purposes, including for some national or transnational corporations, which customary herding, hunting, and fishing prac- provide them with the capital, technology, and tices. Such activities are therefore embedded in know-how that ultimately lead to sales on the the market logic. The extent of this is so signifi- world market. They generally pay royalties and cant that the withdrawal of state support for taxes to central governments in whose jurisdic- reindeer herding generated a dramatic setback tion they operate. Finally, they pay dividends to in northern Russia. In general, the geographical the shareholders. isolation brings higher costs for producers and In sharp contrast, and because of limited consumers, as transportation and work force manufacturing activity, the Arctic imports goods costs are higher in the Arctic. Importers use and services on a large scale to meet internal south-north channels in a way that links the demands. Food is one of the few commodities northern economy of a given country closely where the Arctic is sometimes able to meet its with the metropolises. Consequently, most The gaps between standards of living are significant throughout the Arctic The standard of living is uneven throughout the circumpolar Arctic regions. According to Syrovatski (37), a reindeer herder's Arctic. In the following paragraphs, the formal incomes of indi- salary is usually less than 600 US$ a year. In other words, the viduals are compared, whether from paid jobs, transfer pay- gaps between incomes in different economic domains are espe- ments, or investments. cially significant, and the majority of the population have lower incomes than the national or the Arctic average elsewhere. The Personal Income and Personal Disposable Income economy of a few other regions, such as the Yamal-Nenets and Circumpolar Arctic, regions and countries, 2001 Khanty-Mansii Autonomous Okrug, is driven by mega-scale oil Country or Region Personal income Disposable Income and gas exploitation. In these regions, personal incomes are ($US-PPP per capita) ($US-PPP per capia) about four times the average personal incomes in the poorest Circumpolar Arctic n.a. n.a. regions of Russia. Alaska 31,027 27,099 The situation is somewhat different in Fennoscandia, in Faroe Islands n.a. n.a. Iceland and in Greenland. In a circumpolar comparison, the Greenland 14,802 10,547 personal incomes fall in the middle range. The standards of liv- Iceland 18,068 n.a. Northern Canada 26,166 21,253 ing in Iceland and in Greenland are higher than in Russia. Northern Finland n.a. n.a. Generally in these regions, the standard of living is also indi- Northern Norway 22,171 14,608 rectly supplemented by considerable contributions from public Northern Sweden n.a. 11,448 services. This is however less the case in the Russian North Northern Russian Federation 5,843 n.a. nowadays, which may help explain the widening gap between Note: n.a. : Original data not available the different regions of the Arctic. However, regional disparities do exist in Fennoscandia as well. Some central areas provide The Russian standard of living is the weakest in the Arctic. highly paid jobs, while salaries in the northern periphery are Moreover, some regions of northern Russia have much lower generally lower (38). Differences between urban centers and personal incomes than the national average, and dramatically rural areas are also important, both there and in Greenland, lower than the circumpolar average. This is the case for the with large contrasts between the big municipal centers and the Republic of Karelia, and the region of Arkhangelsk, the Taimyr small settlements (39). Autonomous Okrug, as well as the regions of the Far East: The standard of living is the highest in the North American Kamtchatka and Magadan, and the districts of Koryak and Arctic with Alaska ranked top. Here again, significant differences Chukchi Autonomous Okrug. Even in regions that are relatively internally do exist. For instance, in the Canadian Northwest rich in mineral resources, such as the Republic of Sakha, the Territories workers get high salaries from the mining industry, average personal income may fall below the average for the rest and, as a result, the income per capita is quite high. In Nunavut, of the Arctic. Although salaries are generally high in the extrac- the best paid jobs are in the government sector, and the average tive industry, these are only enjoyed by a small segment of the is lower than elsewhere in the Canadian Arctic. In Nunavik, population. In the Republic of Sakha for instance, about 16% of recent work from Chabot (40) shows that more than 55% of the the workforce is employed in the mining industry where the Inuit households, representing 68% of the total population, were salaries are higher. For the vast majority of workers in other living below the low-income threshold. Longitudinal studies industries, salaries are lower when compared to the mining have shown that the Nunavik Inuit earn less than the non-Inuit industries, and most of the time, lower when compared to other workers in this region, but the gap is very slowly narrowing (41). Full text reading:http://en-financial.com Full text reading:http://en-financial.com Systems Economic 79 Chapter 4 investments in the Arctic result in spin-offs fur- ther south, since they generally generate new Trends and forecasts imports. With increasing connections between the Arctic This disequilibrium between exports (of raw and the rest of the world, the future of the Arctic materials, as well as economic rents) and economy is highly dependent on global eco- imports, is a new element of the asymmetrical nomic and political trends. These include the relations between the Arctic and the rest of the continued importance of mineral and hydrocar- world. One of the main implications is that it is bon resources, as well as the increasing influ- almost impossible for the regions themselves to ence of private ownership. cover the costs of public services given the limi- tations of their fiscal capacity. Most of the time, Continued role as reservoir of they cannot benefit from large corporate profits, resources because the corporations are outside of their Most of the economic characteristics of today's jurisdiction. Also, in Arctic regions with limited Arctic were already apparent in 1978 when or no large-scale resource exploitation, costs of Armstrong, Rogers and Rowley (42) published public services must be covered by the capital their work on the geography, politics and eco- regions. nomics of the circumpolar region. For example, Transfer payments are another kind of import, there was resource exploitation and export on a which in many cases are an indispensable large scale, and this had been the case for a long source of funding needed in order to maintain a time in many regions. Sugden's historic model minimal level of public services. This is the case of development in successive waves based on in the Russian Far East for instance. In certain one key product (43, 44) also continues to be cases, however, this is the price to be paid for pertinent. The two major types of regions he maintaining the capacity for exploitation of described, "Resource Frontier Regions" and resources of a given territory. This is the situa- "Downward Transitional Areas," are still visible tion in certain areas where large scale resource today (45). These economic phenomena consti- exploitation has generated substantial profits, tute basic trends in the Arctic and are insepara- and where the central powers wish to maintain ble from the role of the region and its resources jurisdiction over the territories. Transfer pay- in the global economy. Therefore one can confi- ments also exist in places where the democratic dently predict that they will persist. setting allows the residents to assert their rights Furs and whales are still used in customary to be part of the deal. Negotiations of so-called economy to a great extend, but they are no "benefit-sharing agreements" would fall under longer the most sought-after resources. For this category. more than a century, the vast quantities of min- eral resources, especially hydrocarbons, have Theme summary taken over that role in the Arctic. This exploita- Overall, economic characteristics differ across tion is likely to continue in years to come, sub- the Arctic with significant variations in both size ject to the conjunction of three principal factors. and structure of the economy from one region Firstly, the exploitation would be contingent on to another. While the Russian contribution to the rising prices of metals that are abundant in the circumpolar economy is the highest, the the Arctic, such as nickel and gold, which would population's standard of living there is the low- render exploitation of distant deposits prof- est. In Fennoscandia, the economy is generally itable, notwithstanding generally high costs of more diversified than in other parts of the production and transportation (46). This pre- Arctic. Across North America, the contribution supposes that, in the long run, the demand for to the circumpolar economy is highly variable. these metals should remain strong. The greatest concentration of relative wealth is Secondly, despite the weak increase in in Alaska. The gaps between wealthy and poor demand for petroleum over the past few years, regions appear everywhere but are most economic and geopolitical factors have given extreme in Russia and North America. Finally, non-OPEC countries a new role in production. the asymmetrical relations between Arctic In particular, supply is rising in Russia (which regions and the rest of the world should be sta- has become the second largest exporter in the tistically documented, in order to support defi- world), in Canada, and in the United States (47). nite conclusions. A considerable portion of the reserves under development is situated in the northern parts of Full text reading:http://en-financial.com 80 Full text reading:http://en-financial.com Arctic Human Development Report these countries: in Western Siberia, in the nomic turmoil of the 1990s, especially in the Far Northwest Territories and the Mackenzie River East, many villages, abandoned by public Delta, in Alaska, and in the Beaufort Sea. authorities, were deserted and became ghost Thirdly, world gas consumption has been towns (50). growing. In the coming decades, more new gas The implementation of privatization policies pipeline projects transporting this fuel from the has had a profound effect on the economic Arctic to markets, including southern Canada, practices of many communities, in particular in the United States, Western Europe, and the very the northeastern regions, including Yakutia, fast growing market of China, would intensify Chukotka, Magadan, and Kamchatka. These this type of exploitation. Taken together, these communities specialize in breeding reindeer. As trends, if realized, will perpetuate the Arctic's a result of the central government's disinvest- global economic role as a vast reservoir of ment, the domestic reindeer population fell by resources. more than one-third between 1991 and 1999, from 2.2 million head to 1.4 million (51). One Privatization will affect the form of result of the reduction of this economic activity economic development has been a more settled way of life, instead of Privatization is a general trend that also following the reindeer. applies to the Arctic. This trend in itself will not When the supply networks that supported alter the Arctic's economic structure. production and ensured distribution were cut Nonetheless, it will affect the forms of eco- off or became intermittent, people also had to nomic development taking place, including make greater investment in hunting, fishing and those in the metal and energy sectors. This is trapping activities. (52, 53). Among the Dolgan especially true for Russia but it also applies to and the Nganasan, more isolated now than in other parts of the Arctic. the past thirty years, the main source of protein Since the break-up of the Soviet Union in comes from subsistence hunting, fishing and 1991, northern Russia has undergone profound harvesting (54). Prior to the dismantling of the changes. From a political perspective, territorial Soviet Union, reindeer and fish were obtained restructuring and the pushing by republics and through local markets, state businesses, and regions have led to an evolution of the union stores in urban centers. Nowadays the impor- towards a confederate system (48). The tance of the domestic and community informal increased power in the regions and republics sectors has increased, and non-market distribu- has laid the groundwork for dynamically devel- tion of food products has developed. As local oping regional economies. Yet, at the same time residents no longer have money for modern privatization of the economy has led to signifi- technology, the diversity of prey has increased cant economic declines in northern regions. For while the distance covered has declined (55). In example, in less industrialized cities, the sale of short, activities that comprised the major state enterprises to private interests was used as exploitation of biological resources amongst an opportunity to shed social responsibilities indigenous peoples in the past have re- inherited from the former regime. This led to emerged. privatization expanding even further to also Privatization does not only affect northern include services, such as healthcare and daycare. Russia. Greenland has proceeded with a These services were seriously affected, if not restructuring of its state company in the food completely abandoned. These phenomena distribution sector, for instance. The operations imposed new burdens on the citizens and of the Greenland state company formerly called harmed their quality of life. KNI, Kalaallit Niuerfiat or Greenland Trade, Many cities in northern Russia experienced were dismantled, and two distinct enterprises waves of emigration, an exodus of hundreds of were created in which private interests will be thousands of people (49) (see also Chapter 2. heavily involved from now on. One is expected Arctic Demography). Such was the case in to supply key market centers. The other, which Murmansk, for example. Some of the richest is responsible for supplying less populous com- cities were affected. This emigration was partly munities, will receive financial subsidies. The supported by the central government, whose government-supported policy of uniform pric- new political framework favored freedom of ing throughout Greenland, aimed at diminish- movement and was no longer aimed at prevent- ing regional disparities due mainly to distance, ing such emigration. In the midst of the eco- has been modified (56). Full text reading:http://en-financial.com Full text reading:http://en-financial.com Systems Economic 81 Chapter 4 Other aspects of neo-liberal policies have Social stratification can increase both within a affected northern regions across the Arctic. For community and between communities and example in the Canadian North, restrictions regions, however, depending on who benefits have been imposed on employment insurance from development and who does not (see and social assistance. There have also been cuts Chapter 8. Community Viability for further dis- in governmental services such as healthcare, cussion). Also, the economic activity encour- education and subsidized housing. As a result, aged by this apparent convergence increases places such as Nunavut and Nunavik have been, competition for resources. In regions lacking and still are, experiencing a severe shortage of independent political power, local vulnerable proper housing. In coastal regions where sea- populations will feel the effects of competition sonal fishing provides the bulk of monetary more keenly. Examples of such situations may income, the tightening of admissibility criteria be the Saami reindeer breeders, faced with for social benefits is having significant conse- severe competition from the forest industry in quences. In other words, forces that promote Finland, and the mining industry in Murmansk. globalization by means of privatization and Another is the Nenets reindeer breeders facing neo-liberal policies are affecting the Arctic today competition from the petroleum and gas indus- and will influence future development. try in Arkhangelsk. Partnerships and competition The North is experiencing diversification of the Conclusion economy, particularly in Iceland, Fennoscandia, Considered as a whole, the formal economy of and in parts of Alaska, where the economies are the Arctic is of fundamental geo-political not as centered on large-scale exploitation of a importance. Indeed, it permits the production of single resource. Examples include tourist devel- raw materials that contribute to meeting the opment, especially ecotourism or "green needs of the industrialized world. tourism," where the north of Finland and However, the natural resources are distrib- Iceland serve as models. uted unevenly in the circumpolar area and the A significant diversification is taking place conditions of their exploitation vary greatly. In among agents involved in the northern econo- regions that are rich in mineral resources and my, where privatization has opened up where civil society exerts a real influence in the resources to new investors. International part- public arena, exploitation activities are super- nerships, for example between Russian and vised. For example, big companies must guar- Norwegian enterprises in the energy sector, are antee through tangible measures that the envi- more numerous than ever. ronmental impacts will be minimized or that the In certain regions residents have concerned economic spin-offs for the local populations will themselves in development and are receiving a be maximized. portion of the accrued profits, or at least some of However, this type of supervision is recent the benefits. This is particularly true in regions and does not exist everywhere. On the contrary, that are rich in resources and have enough there are numerous large-scale mineral and political power to enable residents to defend hydrocarbon production operations that have their demands with respect to planned develop- been carried out – and that continue to be car- ment. This phenomenon can be observed in the ried out – with little concern shown for the nat- region of Yamal-Nenets and Khanty-Mansii, ural and human environment. These situations where political reforms and the abundance of are most common in regions where local resi- strategic energy resources have allowed for the dents have little say vis-à-vis central govern- emergence of regional power. Similarly, this has ments or big industry, for example in one- been witnessed in regions where large compa- industry towns where the dominant industry's nies have reached agreements with local and considerable power allows for the virtual impo- regional authorities, usually in terms of a bene- sition of conditions on employees, their families, fit-sharing agreement. In some cases, the local and other residents. authorities or residents' associations themselves Another conclusion from reviewing the eco- become investors or entrepreneurs. This active nomic systems of the Arctic is the central role local participation limits the most adverse played by the state. Accounting for the greatest effects of exploitation, because residents' con- number of jobs in several regions, the state is a cerns are taken into account. very important economic agent. The state also Full text reading:http://en-financial.com 82 Full text reading:http://en-financial.com Arctic Human Development Report plays an important mediation role between pri- results. Such an initiative could be beneficial to vate interests and civil society, for example to Arctic regions that are experiencing economic ensure that the expectations of civil society are and social changes, where few models exist for reflected in the practices of enterprises. State comparison. A major research initiative should intervention has occasionally been decisive in be launched to help shed light on the wide allowing Arctic residents to play a larger role in range of practices available. This could be a spe- the market economy, not only as employees, but cific focus for a follow up AHDR. One complica- also as entrepreneurs. tion in undertaking such an endeavor is the dif- A global trend reflected also in the Arctic is ficulty of acquiring the appropriate data sets. state withdrawal and privatization. In can be Indeed, difficulties in acquiring statistical drastic as in Russia after the fall of the Soviet data sets for the Arctic region that would allow Union or partial as in Greenland. In many cases, for rigorous comparisons have been experi- the withdrawal has divided residents and con- enced in creating this report. The AHDR would tributed to making the Arctic's economic future have benefited significantly from a proper more uncertain. Social policies may need to be a access to circumpolar statistics. Our capacity to priority in order to counterbalance this uncer- deepen our understanding of the economic and tainty. social situation in the different regions of the Arctic is highly limited by the non-availability of statistics. Gaps in knowledge Resource developments in the Arctic are based on a wide variety of practices. Some are based Chapter summary on a pure market ideology, while others make The formal economy of the Arctic is mainly room for social and environmental concerns. based on large-scale exploitation of natural The scope of this chapter did not allow for an resources (e.g. mineral, oil and gas, and fish), in-depth analysis of different practices of their most of which are exported. The service sector is importance in the Arctic world. This should be well developed in many parts of the Arctic, one of the topics for a follow-up of the AHDR. whereas manufacturing plays a relatively minor In most regions of the Arctic, economic devel- role. Public services are often supported by opment is viewed as the best way to promote transfer payments from central governments social advancement. However, relationships but overall, more money is flowing out of the between economic and social development are Arctic than into the region. not a given, nor automatic or unidirectional. In The large-scale exploitation of Arctic some regions for instance, the domination of a resources is important to the national market ideology has created major social prob- economies of several Arctic countries, as well as lems, be it in decreasing social programs, or be it in the global economy. This is especially true for in harming the social and natural environment the Russian Arctic. of the Arctic residents. There is a clear need to The size and structure of the economy differ deepen the relationships between economic between and within countries. The gaps development and human development in the between wealthy and poor regions appear Arctic, rather than to assume that what is good everywhere but are most extreme in Russia and for companies is good for societies. This model North America. should be challenged empirically within the con- The Arctic is likely to continue to play a role as text of the Arctic, and by jointly analyzing data a reservoir of resources for the rest of the world. sets on both economic and social development. New trends are privatization of resources and In some regions, economic rents from new forms of economic partnerships. resource exploitation are so important that they could cover the costs of public services, if only regional authorities could control the rent. In References and notes other regions, economic rents have been re- 1. T. Armstrong, G. Rogers, G. Rowley, The directed toward regional authorities, but few Circumpolar North (Methuen, London, 1978). assessments have been made of the results of 2. S. Chatuverdi, The Polar Regions (Wiley, New such arrangements. Research initiatives should York, 1996). be launched to analyze this, and to study the 3. O. R. Young, Arctic Politics (Univ. Press of New regional government arrangements and their England, Hanover, 1992). Full text reading:http://en-financial.com Full text reading:http://en-financial.com Systems Economic 83 Chapter 4 4. In such a geographic area, where varying political chain. The informal economy data come from a systems and diversified economic practices can be broad range of scientific literature and mono- found, it is necessary to employ a number of graphs, since the transactions of the informal sources and complementary methods. The sys- economy have not given rise to any systematiza- tem of national accounts measures transactions in tion on the circumpolar scale. the formal economy, namely legal currency trans- 6. P. Schereyer, F. Koechlinn, Parités de pouvoir actions subject to taxation. The system is useful d'achat: mesure et utilisations. Cahiers statistiques for it enables us to describe very meticulously the OCDE (Organisation de coopération et de size and structure of transactions and economic développement économiques, no. 3, March flows, as well as compare the standard of living 2002). that may differ considerably amongst countries. 7. T. Armstrong, G. Rogers, G. Rowley, The The application of the system of national Circumpolar North (Methuen, London, 1978). accounts to the Circumpolar Arctic has never 8. J. Newell, The Russian Far East (Daniel & Daniel, been done before and constitutes a major compo- McKinley Ville, 2004). nent of this chapter. The data dealing with the 9. J. Friedman, Regional Development Policy (MIT formal economy have been taken from national Press, Cambridge, MA, 1966). statistical organizations. They were processed to 10. D. E. Sugden, Arctic and Antarctic (Barnes, make them rigorously comparable: they were Totowa, 1982). converted into 2001 US$, and modified to reflect 11. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, purchasing power differences (which is referred AMAP, Human Health in the Arctic, http//www. to as PPP, Purchasing Power Parity). amap.no/ (2002). 5. The informal economy represents all of the eco- 12. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, nomic activities that are not encompassed in the AMAP, The Influence of Global Change on national accounts. It includes four activity sec- Contaminant Pathways, http//www.amap.no/ tors. The domestic and community sector produces, (2002). distributes and consumes goods and services, in 13 Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, the home or in the community, without resorting AMAP, Arctic Pollution 2002, http//www.amap.no/ to monetary transactions. It is characterized by a (2002). limited number of intermediaries and a set of 14. J. L. Jernsletten, K. Klokov, Eds., Sustainable tacit rules based on the underlying motivation Reindeer-Husbandry (Centre for Saami Studies, and ties that unite people involved in a transac- Univ. of Tromsø, 2002). tion. The actual informal sector, is often associated 15. A. Pika, Neotraditionalism in the Russian North with traditional activities, (C. Godfroy, Thesis, (CCI Press, Edmonton, 1999). Université Montesquieu-Bordeaux (1997)), 16. Human Role in Reindeer/Caribou Systems the activity of a single producer, or of micro- Workshop, Proceedings of the Human Role in enterprises involved in the production of goods Reindeer/Caribou Systems Workshop, Rovianemi, or services, commerce, transportation or pro- Finland, 10-14 February 1999 (Norwegian Polar curement. This sector's transactions are not Institute, Tromsø, 2000). included in the national accounts; nevertheless, 17. T. Tuisku, in Social and Environment Impacts in the they all employ currency, and hence are legal or North, R. O. Rasmussen, N. E. Koroleva, Eds. simply tolerated (C. Michaud, Thesis (MBA), (Dodrecht, Kluwe, 2003), pp. 449-461. Laval University (1994)), or encouraged (A. 18. Shared Values, Common Goals, Exceptional Results. Portes, M. Castells, L. A. Benton, Eds. The The Red Dog Mine Story. (Northwest Alaska Informal Economy (Hopkins Univ. Press, Native Association & Cominco Ltd., n.d), 26p. Baltimore, 1989)). The irregular sector and the Myers, Heather. Changing Environment, criminal sector are characterized by the failure to Changing Times. Environmental Issues and comply with existing state regulations. Because Political Action in the Canadian North. In this study is based on available data and is Environment (43 (6), 2001) pp. 32-44. attempting to achieve a systematic analysis, it 19. G. Duhaime, R. O. Rasmussen, R. Comtois, Eds., does not refer to the irregular and criminal sec- Sustainable Development in the North (Gétic, Laval tors of the informal economy. Moreover, it does Univ., Québec, 1998). not focus on all of the activities of the actual 20 L. C. Hamilton, in Arctic Economic Development and informal sector, or the domestic and community Self-Government, G. Duhaime, N. Bernard, Eds. sector. Indeed, available data concerning the (Gétic, Laval Univ., Québec, 2003), pp. 49-61. informal sector and the domestic and communi- 21. C. Neil, M. Tykkyläinen, Eds., in Local Economic ty sector generally deal with food-producing Development (U. N. Univ. Press, Tokyo, 1998), pp. activities, the production, distribution and con- 309-317. sumption of food associated with hunting, fish- 22. E. Varis, in Local Economic Development, C. Neil, ing, trapping, breeding and gathering; they only M. Tykkyläinen, Eds. (U. N. Univ. Press, Tokyo, exceptionally concern activities such as women's 1998), pp.154-170. domestic work, including their role in this food 23. I. Krupnick, Polar Research 19, 1 (2000). 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(Kikimora Publications, Helsinki, 1998) pp. 28. R. C. Wolfe, paper presented to the Institute of 231-264. Medicine, National Academy of Sciences 50. G. Smirnov, M. Litovka, D. Naumkin in The Committee on Environmental Justice, 13 August Russian Far East, J. Newell, Ed. (Daniel & Daniel 1996. Publishers, McKinleyville, California, 2004), pp. 29. M. Chabot, thesis, Laval University (2001). 300-307. 30. R. A. Caulfield, Greenlanders, Whales, and Whaling, 51. K. B. Klokov in Proceedings of the Human Role in (Univ. Press of New England, Hanover, 1997). Reindeer/Caribou Systems Workshop: Rovianemi, 31. H. Ylinenpää, http://www.ies.luth.se/org/ Finland, 10-14 February 1999 (Norwegian Polar Rapporter/al2001-48.pdf (12 September 2001). Institute, Tromsø, 2000), pp. 39-47. 32. A. Kasvio, http://www.info.uta.fi/winsoc/engl/ 52. E. Varis, in Local Economic Development, C. Neil, lect/REGION.html (8 December 2000). M. Tykkyläinen, Eds. (U. N. Univ. Press, Tokyo, 33. A. Kasvio, http://www.uta.fi/~ttanka/finland.htm 1998), pp.154-170. (9 May 1997). 53. K. B. Klokov in Proceedings of the Human Role in 34. M. E. Johnston, in Polar Tourism, C. M. Hall, M. E. Reindeer/Caribou Systems Workshop: Rovianemi, Johnston, Eds. (Wiley, Chichester, 1995). Finland, 10-14 February 1999 (Norwegian Polar 35. Except in Iceland, were they are third, after per- Institute, Tromsø, 2000), pp. 39-47. sonal and commercial service 54. J. P. Ziker, Research in Economical Anthropology 19, 36. Regina and Kozlov, 2000: 37. 191 (1998). 37. D.I. Syrovatsky, Organizatsia i ekonomika 55. E. Varis, in Local Economic Development, C. Neil, olenevodcheskogo proizvodstva (Organization and M. Tykkyläinen, Eds. (U. N. Univ. Press, Tokyo, Economy of the Reindeer Husbandry Production) 1998), pp.154-170. (Yakutsk, 2000, quoted in Sustainable Reindeer- 56. G. Winther, Ed., Arctic Research Journal 1, 1 Husbandry, J. L. Jernsletten, K. Klokov, Eds. (2001). (Centre for Saami Studies, Univ. of Tromsø, 2002)). 38. A. Kasvio, http://www.uta.fi/~ttanka/finland.htm (9 May 1997). Acknowledgements 39. Statistics Greenland, Greenland 1998 Statistical Statistics on the formal economy and data on the Yearbook (Greenland Home Rule Government, informal sector have been extracted from ArcticStat, Nuuk, 1999). the core infrastructure of the Canada Research Chair 40. M. Chabot, Kaagnituuruma! As long as I am not on Comparative Aboriginal Conditions, Gérard hungry. Socio-economic status and food security of Duhaime chair holder. Their compilation and pro- low-income households in Kuujjuaq (Nunavik cessing were made possible thanks to the financial Regional Health Board of Social Services & support of the Canada Research Chairs Secretariat, Corporation of the Northern Village of Kuujjuaq, the Louis-Edmond-Hamelin Chair and the Kuujjuaq & Pontiac 2004). M. Chabot in The Department of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 41, The authors are grateful to Pierre Fréchette of Laval 2 (2004). University, Eric Guimond of the Department of 41. G. Duhaime, P. Fréchette, V. Robichaud, The Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Finn Economic Structure of Nunavik Region (Canada): Christensen of Statistics Greenland, Rein Billström Changes and Stability (GÉTIC, Université Laval, and Eva Lundström of Statistics Sweden, Ulla-Maarit 1999), http://www.chaireconditionautochtone. Saarinen of Statistics Finland, Heidi Ryan of the fss.ulaval.ca/extranet/doc/73.pdf (2004). Newfoundland Statistics Agency, and Heather Tait, 42. T. Armstrong, G. Rogers, G. Rowley, The Marc Pagé and Robert Aubé of Statistics Canada. Circumpolar North (Methuen, London, 1978). 43. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, AMAP, Human Health in the Arctic, http//www. amap.no/ (2002). 44. D. E. Sugden, Arctic and Antarctic (Barnes, Totowa, 1982). Full text reading:http://en-financial.com
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University of Kentucky scientists are helping answer research problems half-a-world away. Through a partnership with The Research Council of Oman, entomologists from the UK College of Agriculture, Food and Environment are looking at sustainable ways to control the dubas bug, a major pest in Oman and other Middle Eastern countries.
In fields across Hopkins County, a University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service agent is using technology to help farmers increase their bottom line.
"Extension agents look for ways to help producers stay profitable and literally deliver the information they need right to their fingertips," said Curtis Dame, the county's agriculture and natural resources extension agent.
BrAg Week is March 30-April 3 on campus.
Consumption of large numbers of caterpillars by pregnant mares precipitated staggering foal losses in the Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome outbreak that peaked in 2001.
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Printers have been around for a very long time. Unlike some of the other types of computer peripherals, they haven't really evolved all that much in terms of technologies and features. But that doesn't mean that printers lack variety because there are certainly plenty of types of printers to choose from. Essentially, cheaper printers have a few select features while the pricier multifunction printers go beyond printing by adding other related functions like scanning. Some printers are coloured while others print output faster by utilising a laser and toner. If you want to combine all of the good features of a printer, you will probably end up looking for a colour laser multifunction printer. These types of printers are very versatile because of these common features.High Speed Colour PrintingAll laser printers are faster than the inkjet printers because the printer does not have to move an ink cartridge back and forth to spray and mix the different ink colours. The precision of the laser greatly assists when it comes to printing speed. Depending on the colour laser multifunction printer that you choose, you may be able to notice some extra speed benefits because of processor and RAM specifications. Manufacturers openly show their processor clock speeds, available RAM, and estimated number of printed pages per minute to show just how much of an advantage you get over using a standard inkjet printer.Multifunction CapabilitiesColour laser printers can be faster than inkjet printers as well, but colour multifunction laser printers have key multifunction benefits that can save you time in doing repetitive tasks and can save a lot of office, home, or desk space. Even if the colour laser multifunction laser printer is large in size, having a separate laser printer, scanner, and fax machine each consume power and take up a connection port. A single multifunction printer gives you all the controls over one cable. Many of these models can function by themselves too. It is already getting more common for colour laser multifunction printers to have USB ports for flash drives and external hard drives and/or memory card slots so you can copy recognizable files like PDFs to these external storage devices so the printer can read them..Enhanced Paper ManagementMany multifunction printers have a rather boxy look because they need to store more paper. Multifunction printers is all about having the convenience of printing documents at high speeds so having a lack of paper management pretty much defeats the point. The exact number of sheets can vary but it usually involves over 200 sheets. Some of these printers have different trays for different paper sizes making them much better in terms of paper management.Printer UpgradabilityNobody likes to buy a new multifunction printer just because their existing multifunction printer simply isn't performing fast enough especially when trying to print very large documents. Fortunately, many of the multifunction colour laser printers offer some expansion options such as the ability to add RAM. Other printers that lack networking functionality may offer an upgrade for adding wireless capability. Some printers may support additional trays if these trays are purchased.These are just the basic features that are found in most multifunction colour laser printers available today. Be sure to check the features list of other models that fall in this category as you may discover something new.
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Don't Miss
- McKenna takes on new position
- Amodio to serve as new athletic director
- University to request to build 300 beds
- McDonald to serve as UNE director of athletics
- Students to lose Internet for part of finals weekend
- Speaking up for the misrepresented
- Professors, students find course evaluations helpful
- Grilling for a good cause
- Evan Conti signs with professional agent
- More than your average intern
Juniors can help with senior week
By Katherine Rojas on January 30, 2013
The Junior Crew (J-Crew) applications are out for interested students to help the Senior Week Committee 2013. The J-Crew consists of working with organizing events and helping to make them run smoothly. Applications are due Friday, Feb. 22 by 5 p.m. and can be completed on qu.collegiatelink.net. Any questions may be forwarded to 2013 Senior Week Co-Coordinators, Tim O'Rourke and Caitlin Ziegler.


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I find designing for IOS to be fun and challenging at the same time. The goal here was to challenge myself to think out of the box and create. Apply better use of textures and gradient elements. Here's a preview of a medical app that allows you find local doctors.
The inspiration of this design comes from House MD. Love that show!
Feedback is welcome and greatly appreciated.
» None of the photos used in the this design are owned by me.
» Time frame: 2.5 hours
Special thanks to @Brankic1979 for the freebie icons Here
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no one belives this warmongering regime anymore, they just want more money from the US congress.
If selected for publication, it will appear as soon as possible on Haaretz.com.
U.S. President Barack Obama held a meeting with a 50-member delegation of Jewish leaders at the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations at the White House on Tuesday, stressing Washington's support for Israel and its security.
A White House statement defined the meeting as "productive," citing the President emphasizing "America's unshakable support for Israel's security, opposition to any effort to de-legitimize it or single it out for criticism, and commitment to achieve a peace that will secure the future for Arabs and Israelis alike."
The delegation was led by Conference of Presidents Chairman Alan Solow and Executive Vice Chairman Malcolm Hoenlein, who thanked the President for "the extraordinary session."
"The open lines of communication with President Obama and his Administration are highly valued and provide us with the opportunity to articulate the views of American Jewry on issues that face our country," they said.
During the meeting that lasted about one hour, Obama shared with his guests his view on the turbulence in the Middle East; the recent veto of the resolution at the United Nations Security Council that condemned settlements construction, and prospects of peace between Israel and its neighbors.
The delegation also met with Dan Shapiro, Senior Director for the Middle East and North Africa at the National Security Council, who usually briefs the Jewish leaders on the current administration's positions vis-à-vis Middle Eastern issues, Dennis Ross, Special Assistant to the President, who addressed J Street's annual conference as the administration's representative; and David S. Cohen, the Department of Treasury's Acting Under Secretary for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence, who spoke about sanctions against Iran.
Tuesday was a busy day for Jews in Washington; not only was there the meeting at the White House, and the final day of the J Street annual conference, but the leftist pro-Israel lobby's activists held 240 meetings on the Hill.


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Albuquerque - I-25 Corridor
Nexus Brewery
4730 Pan American Fwy NE Suite DI-25 Corridor)
Albuquerque NM 87109
(505) 242-4100www.nexusbrewery.com
Sun- Thu 11:00 am-10pm; Fri-Sat 11: 00 am-11pm Kitchen hours: Closes at 9 p.m. Sun-Thu and 10 p.m. Fri-Sat (hours can change without notice)
Nearby Theater: Century Rio (See Film Times)
Cuisine: Brewery, Bar and Grill/Pub, American, Barbecue/Soul Food
$$ • Booze Served • Craft Beer • NM Beer • Live Music • Outdoor Patio • Dog-Friendly
Read more: ABQ Beer Geek: Tractor taps Nob Hill, Nexus makes neighbors near I-25 (9/8/2011)
Read more: On the Hunt for Chicken and Waffles (2/20/2014)
Nexus Brewery This brewery has quite a following, both for the beer and as a "New Mexican soul food" gastropub. The menu offers specialties of Southern-fried po'boys and the delicious marriage of chicken and waffles. It's just the place to take your corn-bread-and-Frito-pie-craving friends while still getting your craft beer fix. And there's live music too. Nexus has bands booked several nights a week. Voted Best Comfort Food for 2014. (Alibi Staff, July 12, 2011)
Albuquerque - University
Quarters BBQ
801 Yale Blvd SEUniversity)
Albuquerque NM
(505) 843-6949www.thequartersbbq.com
Mon-Fri: 9am-9pm Sat: noon-9pm Closed Sunday (hours can change without notice)
Cuisine: Barbecue/Soul Food, Bar and Grill/Pub
$$ • Booze Served • Full Bar • Wine Bar • Catering • Take Out / To-Go
Quarters BBQYou'll probably have to battle full parking lots and at least a moderate wait, but these delays, annoying as they may be, are one of the best "reviews" a restaurant could hope for. Inside, the dim lighting and rustic décor fade away when an enormous pile of tender, saucy meat appears before you and your family. The low-heat sauce is tangy and sweet, but mellow enough to go down nice and easy without a pucker. Fans of old-school kitsch will appreciate the round barroom; it was the main dining area of a sombrero-shaped restaurant in the 1950s. (Alibi Staff, August 11, 2010)
Tomorrow's Events
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Kim Lenz • 8.9.2015
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Sears to spin off Lands' End business
Sears Holdings Corp. said on Friday that it will spin off its Lands' End clothing business as a separate company by distributing stock to the retailer's shareholders.
It is the latest move by the struggling retailer to turn around its results as it deals with increasingly displeased investors.
Sears had said in October that it was considering separating the Lands' End and Sears Auto Center businesses from the rest of the company. It did not mention Sears Auto Center in the latest announcement.
Belus Capital Advisors analyst Brian Sozzi said the move shows Sears was unable to get a buyer at the right price for Land's End. The move might raise questions about how much other well-known brand names Sears owns, such as Craftsman, are worth, he said.
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text: Gamification development requires precise objectives, planning By Jon VanZile. Published on August 29, 2012. Reprints Reprints Ad Age LookBook Weekly Feature 2015 Programming Roundup Learn more THE CONVERSATION (add your response in the comments): How is gamification integrated with your marketing goals and KPIs? In this article: BtoB Advertisement Comments (0)


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Author, Artist and Creative Soul, I live on the crossroads of art, image, words, politics and the power of story to illuminate, heal and inspire.
My books are about love, sex, liberation, body, being, beauty, power, spirituality, the creative life - and everything in between.
Photography has taught me to see. I specialize in transformational photo adventures for women, portraits and personal branding.


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Sixt rent a car
By Sixt
Open iTunes to buy and download apps.
Completely revised version with new design, more features and better performance now available!
Reserve your Sixt rental car via your iPhone. Get an overview of the most important features of the new SIXT rent a car application:
• Select your rental out of all vehicle categories, including vans, trucks and convertibles
• Adjust your vehicle search by using our improved filter methods
• Book at Sixt Express or Sixt Corporate rates
• Find the nearest Sixt branch via GPS or free text search
• Keep track of your reservations on the go: have a look at your reservation history and current reservations or rentals
• Check your rental contract within the app
• Speed up your pickup by showing the barcode / using Passbook
• Cancel your reservation on the go if your plans have changed
• Feedback is welcome: questions on reservations, customer service and technical support
• Passbook: use Apples Passbook to have your reservation and the matching barcode always within reach. We improved the push-notifications – they will only be shown in short time span before pickup time now (a reservation with a complete profile or a finished Online Check-in is required, additionally the pickup branch must be equipped with a barcode reader).
• Vehicle choice: choose your favorite car 30 minutes prior pickup time - only available in the iPhone app! You'll get additional information for the available models in your selected group: brand, model, color, motorization, mileage in kilometers, type of transmission (a reservation with a complete profile or a finished Online Check-in is required – you'll find the link in your booking confirmation email).
• Apple Watch: Find Sixt stations around you, browse the latest best deals and have the countdown to vehicle selection at a glance.
• iPhone 5 and 5S supported: App is optimized for 4" screen
• optimized for iOS7
Please reach out to us at email@example.com with any issues or suggestions
What's New in Version 6.5.0
• Apple Watch: Be one of the first, who is using the Sixt App on the new Apple Watch! Just in time with the launch of Apple's latest gadget, we made the app ready for your wrist.
• Currency Converter: Convert prices to your preferred currency.
Apple Watch
Customers Also Bought
- Free
- Category: Travel
- Updated: 29 April 2015
- Version: 6.5.0
- Size: 40.5 MB
- Apple Watch: Yes
- Languages: English, Arabic, Bokmål, Norwegian, Chinese, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Korean, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Simplified Chinese, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish
- Developer: Sixt AG
- © Sixt
Compatibility: Requires iOS 7.0 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch. This app is optimised for iPhone 5, iPhone 6, and iPhone 6 Plus.


text: TOP 10 Top 10 Entertainment Top 10: Guys You're Allowed To Have A Man Crush On Back to Top ▲ Top 10: Guys You're Allowed To Have A Man Crush On 7 Bear Grylls Share on Facebook Share on Twitter 0 Shares A former United Kingdom Special Forces trooper, the star of the legendary Man vs. Wild show and this year's Get Out Alive with Bear Grylls has made a name for himself showing viewers how to survive on elephant crap in the wild -- and still manages to look good doing it. He's an adventurer at the highest level: mounting Everest; circumnavigating the UK on a jet ski; crossing the North Atlantic in an open, rigid inflatable boat; paramotoring over the Himalayas; and setting the record for longest indoor free-fall. Guys love him because he can handle any situation, whether it's kicking someone's ass -- he's a second-degree black belt (Dan) in Shotokan karate -- or kite skiing in Antarctica. That's macho epitomized and makes him one of the guys you're allowed to have a man crush on. Next Page TOP 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Comments Show Comments More Like This Life Commentary Who Really Influences Us? Read More Professional Life Revealed: The Men Who Are Really Running The World Read More Top 10 Better Man 10 Manly Tom Cruise Roles That Will Make You Forget How Wanky His Real-Life Persona Is Read More Life Commentary Let's Watch Obama Cry And Then Talk About It Read More Entertainment and Celebrities Discover the Most Influential Men of 2012 & More! Read More Career and Money The POwer Of Influence In 2012 Read More Promoted Around the Web Special Features Special Feature 50 Stupid-Simple Ways To Pull Off Summer Style Read More Special Feature 100 Ways To Look Better Than You Do Now. Smooth Up, Man. Read More Special Feature 25 Quotes That Will Reduce You To Tears Right Now Read More Special Feature From Dating To Fitness, Over 75 Ways Men Are Winning 2015 Read More Special Feature 25 Rules For Becoming A Man Your Friends Admire Read More ad


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Strong facing uphill recruiting battle at Texas
FEB 05, 2014 9:16p ET
Texas spends its days on the recruiting trail chasing players who could go anywhere. When you can go anywhere, a fractured relationship is naturally more prone to end a recruitment.
That was the challenge Charlie Strong faced in replacing Mack Brown. He had just 30 days to hold together Texas' class and lost high-profile commits like OLB Otaro Alaka and DL Brandon Garrett to rivals Texas A&M and Oklahoma, respectively. He lost three more defensive linemen since taking over, including Sione Teuhema and his brother Maea, one of the top prospects in the 2015 class. Sione signed with LSU on Wednesday and his 346-pound brother is expected to follow next season.
Strong faced plenty of questions about the losses after introducing his 23-man recruiting class on Wednesday, but he preferred to point to Texas' late successes like grabbing Poona Ford, a four-star, 275-pound tackle who ranked No. 24 nationally at his position and Chris Nelson, the nation's No. 39 defensive tackle.
"You can't be concerned and worried about the ones you didn't get, you have to be worried about the ones you do have because those are the ones that could get you beat," Strong told reporters on Wednesday. "With the ones that decommitted, if they decided that the other place is the best for them, there isn't much you can say because you recruited them and it just didn't happen."
Despite the focus nationally on Texas' late drop in the recruiting rankings because of the decommitments, the Longhorns did hang on to their two top recruits who could make an early impact: Quarterback Jerrod Heard (No. 2 QB) and defensive end Derick Roberson (No. 9 DE).
"Jerrod is an outstanding player and once he made a commitment, he stuck to it," Strong said. "What we tried to do as a staff to make sure the guys that we had committed was to bring them in the last weekend so those guys that hadn't had a chance to meet our staff had a chance to meet the staff."
Regardless, Texas (No. 16 class nationally) finishing below rivals Texas A&M (No. 7) and Oklahoma (No. 13) is never welcome, and the Aggies recent rise, highlighted by Johnny Manziel's Heisman Trophy and a half-decade of surging on the recruiting trail gives Strong a clear task moving forward, even if he doesn't concede that Texas has been passed up as the state's most prominent program.
"We're still the University of Texas," Strong told reporters. âWe will always be the flagship university of this state."
Texas signed just two of Texas' top 15 players. Texas A&M signed three, Baylor signed two and even LSU grabbed a pair, not including Teuhema, who was the No. 40 player in Texas. The Longhorns signed six players from outside Texas.
"What's going to be key is we have to control this state," Strong said. "If we do decide to go out-of-state, we will go out-of-state for a specific need. You can't make a living in those other states. You've got to take care of this state."
Strong also took a shot at Texas A&M when he suggested he won't be copying Aggies coach Kevin Sumlin's "Swagcopter" strategy. Texas A&M's head coach sometimes spends Friday nights flying around high school fields in Texas to visit prospects.
"The university speaks for itself," Strong said. "We don't need gadgets. We're not going to be a gadget program."


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TV Stars Reunited!Long after parting ways on the small screen, the casts of Beverly Hills, 90210, Full House and more reunite in real life
Credit: Eugene Mim/PatrickMcMullan/Sipa; Inset: ABC/Getty
Updated: Tuesday May 01, 2012 | 06:00 AM EDT
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Mother's Day gift ideas: Make Mom happy with ... new SPANX shapewear for moms-to-be
SPANX has revolutionized shapewear from a hush-hush uncomfortable subject (and undergarment) to a must-have for celebs and average women alike.
Just in time for Mother's Day, the brand has released its Power Mama shapewear (pictured above), designed especially for moms-to-be. The chest-to-thigh fit smooths women's mid-section and upper legs, while cradling growing bellies. The fabric stretches, allowing for the shapewear to continue to fit as pregnancy progresses. It comes in nude and black for $32 at www.spanx.com. There also are full-length pantyhose styles for $28.
For moms past the pregnancy stage, SPANX has a full line of shapewear to help ladies look their best for any occasion. Some popular styles are the all-around bra, shaping compression knee-length pants (great for layering with activewear), a comfy corset and swimwear. Find it all at www.spanx.com.
Check back tomorrow for a Mother's Day gift idea sure to put a pop of color into her wardrobe.