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E. J. JACOB RTICLES OF PRE Nov. 21, 1967 OF MANUFACTURE AND METHODS PARING THE SAME PLASTIC A Filed Jan. 28, 1963 2 Sheets-Sheet l INVENTOR. EZEKIEL J. JACOB 16/7 1 5 sinlier;
PLASTIC ARTICLES OF MANUFACTURE AND METHODS OF PREPARING THE SAME Filed Jan. 28, 1963 2 Sheets-Shet 2 FIG 4 A a" v W r: @PY
United States Patent 3,353,981 PLASTIC ARTICLES OF MANUFACTURE AND METHODS 0F PREPARING THE SAME Ezekiel J. Jacob, Brooklyn, N.Y., assignor of one-half to Michael S. Striker, New York, N.Y. Filed Jan. 28, 1963, Ser. No. 254,073 11 Claims. (Cl. 117-8) The present application is a continuation-in-part of my copending application Ser. No. 416,159, filed Mar. 15, 1954, and entitled, Plastic Articles of Manufacture and Methods of Preparing the Same, and now abandoned.
This invention relates to a new article of manufacture and a method of making the same.
More particularly this invention relates to a plastic coated fabric having plastic spheres embedded in the coating and a process for making such plastic coated fabric.
It is an object of this invention to provide a method for producing a light-weight plastic coated fabric.
It is another object of the invention to provide as a new article of manufacture a plastic coated fabric which is light in Weight, buoyant and non-porous.
It is another object of the invention to provide a plastic coated fabric which has a certain degree of resiliency and is useful as a shock-absorbing medium.
It is still another object of the invention-to provide a plastic coated fabric which is porous and has absorbent properties and a process for making the same.
A further object of the invention is to provide a plastic coated fabric which is Warm to the touch and has heatinsulating properties.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide a plastic coated fabric and a method for manufacturing the same which plastic coated fabric has a gripping surface and may be made either porous or non-porous as desired.
In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, there is provided a fabric, and a plastic coating located at at least one face of said fabric and penetrating the same, said plastic coating having embedded therein a plurality of discrete, hollow, spheres of a plastic substance. The plastic body may be either thermosetting or thermoplastic and preferably will be of organic material but it is also within the scope of the present invention to employ inorganic thermoplastic hollow spheres, e.g., glass spheres. According to the properties desired for the finished article, the spheres may be filled with a gas which is heavier than or lighter than air, and which may be chemically inert or not, as desired.
In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, the plastic coating which forms an integral part of the composite fabric of the present invention comprises a plurality of discrete, gas-filled, hollow plastic spheres of small size which are embedded in a plastic substance so as to form in the fabric a plastic coating having spheres incorporated therein, and then a surface layer of the plastic coating is removed so as to remove the portions of the plastic spheres projecting into the surface layer, the thus created edges of the partly removed spheres forming griping elements at the surface of the plastic coated fabric.
As will be described in more detail further below, the forming of the plastic coating can be controlled according to the present invention so as to have the major portion of the spheres located either in the immediate vicinity of the outer free face of the plastic coating, or spaced therefrom in the immediate vicinity of the fabric to which the coating adheres. In this manner certain important characteristics of the coated fabric, such as its thermal insulating effect, and its abrasion resistance, can be controlled and adjusted in accordance with the intended use of the coated fabric.
In accordance with a third embodiment of the invention, discrete plastic spheres. are embedded in the plastic coating of the fabric so as to obtain a plastic coated fabric as previously described, and then suflicient pressure is applied to the coated fabric so as to rupture the spheres and provide interconnecting passages therebetween and to the surface of the plastic coating.
The novel features which are considered as characteristic for the invention are set forth in particular in the .appended claims. The invention itself, however, both as to its construction and its method of operation, together with additional objects and advantages thereof, will be best understood from the following description of specific embodiments when read in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is an enlarged view of a cross-section through a plastic coated fabric according to the present invention which has the spheres of plastic incorporated in the plastic coating;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a cross-section through the plastic coated fabric which has been subjected to pressure so as to rupture the spheres;
FIG. 3 is a cross-section as shown in FIG. l with a surface portion of the plastic coating removed;
' FIG. 4 is a plan view of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of a cross-section through a plastic coated fabric according to another embodiment of the present invention having plastic spheres and fibers embedded in the coating;
FIG. 6 is an enlarged view of a plastic coated fabric according to the present invention with the major portion of spheres located in the immediate vicinity of the free .outer face of the coating; and
FIG. 7 is an enlarged view of a plastic coated fabric with the major portion of the spheres located in the immediate vicinity of the fabric.
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a fabric 10 coated with a plastic body 6 comprising a thermoplastic material such as polyvinyl chloride. Embedded in the plastic body are a plurality of hollow phenolic resin spheres 5 having a diameter of about .0002 to .004 of an inch. According to the properties desired for the finished product, the spheres may be made of plastic substances other than phenolic resin and may be filled with a gas such as air, helium, nitrogen or any other gaseous or liquid medium. The plastic spheres are conventional and well known in the art. These spheres and methods of manufacture thereof are described, e.g., in US. Patents Nos. 2,797,201, 2,797,138, 2,797,139, 2,799,140 and 2,799,141.
FIG. 5 shows fabric 10 coated with a plastic body 8 of a thermosetting casting resin such as diallyl phthalate in which are embedded hollow phenolic resin spheres 5 consisting of phenol-formaldehyde resin and formed with dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine as blowing agent in a manner known to those skilled in the art. The spheres are of a diameter of .0002 to .004 of an inch and short fibers of glass, textile or the like are incorporated in the coating.
It should be understood that although polyvinyl chloride is specified by way of example, many other thermoplastic materials are suitable for forming the coating embedding the plastic spheres. These include copolymers of vinylchloride containing a major portion of copolymerized vinylchloride, mixtures of polyvinylchloride with other thermoplastic resins, polyvinyl butyrate, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetals such as polyvinyl formal, polyvinyl butyral, etc., polyvinylidene chloride, copolymers of vinylidene chloride and vinylchloride, polyvinyl aromatic compounds such as polystyrene, polydichlorostyrene, polyalphamethylstyrene, etc., and acrylic compounds such as polymethylacrylate, polyethylacrylate, polymethylmethacrylate, etc. The thermoplastic resins may be used with or without plasticizers.
The plastic coating material may readily be manufactured by dissolving the thermoplastic material in a solvent, adding the plastic spheres, stirring so as to distribute the spheres throughout the solution, applying the coating material to the fabric, and then heating so as to harden the plastic coating. Some typical solvents which may be used to dissolve the thermoplastic material are acetone, methylethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, etc. Illustrative of the plasticizers that may be used are: dioctyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, tricresyl phosphate, etc. Any of these plasticizers or mixtures of them may be employed with the process.
Where it is desired to produce a plastic coating without the use of solvents, as for example where coatings of large cross-sectional dimensions are to be produced, solid or vesicular plastisols, polyurethanes, or thermosets such as the following thermosets are used:
The plastic spheres are stirred into the monomer, or pre-polymer of the resin utilized, i.e. the monomer of methyl methacrylate, with a small amount of catalyst. After coating the fabric with the thus-formed mixture, the resin coating can be polymerized by the action of ultraviolet light, heat, or the exothermic action of the catalyst or catalysts used to initiate polymerization, or by a combination of one or more of these well known methods of inducing and effecting polymerization.
Following are typical examples of components which may be used in the manufacture of the coating illustrated in the drawing. It is to be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to these specific examples.
Example I Mix 50 parts of polyvinyl chloride or a copolymer thereof with 50 parts of dioctyl phthalate and 20 parts of cyclohexanone and two parts lead stearate. Add 6 to 7 parts by weight of the plastic spheres. Stir the resulting mixture thoroughly so as to distribute the plastic spheres evenly and heat for about 2 to 4 hours at about 100-110 C. This period of heating, depending on the thickness of the section will evaporate the volatile solvent. The mass is then heated to 135 C. to cause the resin particles to dissolve in the high boiling solvent, or plasticizers, in this case dioctyl phthalate. Where an excess of volatile solvent is used, i.e. 4 parts ,per each part of resin, a solution will result and in this case mere evaporation of the volatile solvent will result in the cohesive sphere-containing plastic coating material. While the mass is still sufliciently soft it is applied to the fabric in per se conventional manner, by knife or doctor blade.
Example 11 form a coating having plastic spheres distributed evenly throughout.
Example III Mix 60 parts of a copolymer consisting of 40 parts polyvinylidene chloride and 20 parts of polyvinylchloride, with 40 parts of tricresyl phosphate and 20 parts of acetone and parts of an acid accepting stabilizer such as lead stearate. Add the plastic spheres in a sufficient amount so that the finished product contains about 5% by weight of plastic spheres. Stir the mixture thoroughly, apply to fabric adapted to withstand temperatures of 160 C. and heat to 160 for about 1 /2 hours. If desired, the coating may be rolled onto the fabric while stilll hot after about 1 /2 hours.
4 Example IV In the three previous examples, processes have been described for embedding plastic spheres in a thermoplastic medium. It should be understood, however, that the invention is equally applicable to a thermosetting plastic medium. For example, the plastic spheres may be incorporated in a phenolic resin by mixing 75 parts of a 40% solution of formaldehyde with parts of phenol, adding the plastic spheres to the above mixture, mixing vigorously, applying the mixture to the fabric, and heating to a temperature of C. for about 2 hours at a pressure of about 2 atmospheres. The over-pressure is then released and the coated fabric heated further at C. until all liquids have evaporated. The resulting coating is a hard, thermosetting plastic body which has evenly distributed therethrough the plastic spheres.
Example V To 100 parts of a liquid casting resin such as diallyl phthalate, or a pre-polymer of a polyester such as glyceryl phthalate, polybasic acid-polyhydric alcohol copolymers, or a liquid casting resin according to the published formula of the US. National Bureau of Standards and known as N.B.S. Casting Resin, is added a suitable catalyst such as benzoyl peroxide 1%, and plastic spheres-10%. This pie-polymer is used to coat and impregnate 60 parts of glass fiber or another fiber mat, or woven fabric or other filler. The impregnated layers are plied over a form and cured with heat or pressure or both.
The finished laminate, which is similar to the laminates from which plastic boat hulls and plastic automobile bodies are produced, has the added desirable qualities of buoyancy in water which is an advantage in boat hulls, and sound deadening qualities desirable in automobile bodies.
The laminates may also be used to produce radar domes with the additional advantage with respect to the dielectric constant and power factor caused by the presence of air cells occurring in the small plastic spheres.
The coated fabrics described in the above examples have numerous and important applications. The term fabric is to be understood broadly to include woven and non-woven fabrics of fibers of animal, vegetable, mineral and synthetic origin. For example, whereas a conventional vinyl plastic composition may have a specific gravity of about 1.3, the vinyl product described herein is light in weight and floats in water. It may thus be used as a coating and impregnating agent to provide buoyancy for boats, life preservers, ropes, nets, floats, tarpaulins, etc. Furthermore, the incorporation of the plastic spheres in a vinyl plastic medium makes the finished coating quite resilient. It is therefore particularly applicable for use as a coating in crash pads for the protection of aircraft personnel and in other shock-absorbing applications. The products of the present invention may also be used as a coating material for other sheet materials.
It has also been found that the herein described vinyl plastic product, particularly if the spheres are primarily located in the vicinity of the outer, free face of the coating, is both warm to the touch and has very good insulating properties. It is therefore particularly useful for clothing and other items of wearing apparel.
FIGS. 3 and 4 are cross-sectional and plan views respectively of the herein described product with a portion of the surface of the coating removed by abrading or in any other way. The coated fabric thus-formed has numerous projecting elements 7 which provide a gripping surface. It is especially useful for drive belts, brake band linings and other similar items. The product has the advantage that although the surface is rough, the product itself is not porous throughout, i.e., is substantially impervious. Also, continued wear does not smooth out the surface for new plastic spheres are constantly ruptured and provide a fresh rough surface.
. FIG. 2 shows another embodiment of the invention. The article shown in FIG. 1 is run through wringer rolls or placed in a hydraulic press and suflicient pressure applied so as to rupture the plastic spheres and provide interconnecting passages 11 between some of the spheres and to the surface of the plastic medium without, however, without damaging fabric layer -10. In an article actually manufactured, it was found that a pressure of about 200 pounds per square inch applied to a coating of polyvinyl plastic having embedded therein phenolic resin spheres was suflicient to rupture the spheres. As can readily be seen from FIG. 2, this product is quite porous.
According to preferred embodiments'of the present invention,.the distribution of the plastic spheres in the coating iscontrolled so that the major portion of the spheres is either located in the vicinity of the free outer face of the plastic coating or in the vicinity of the fabric layer, as illustrated, respectively, in FIGS. 6 and 7 of the drawing.
Example VI A slurry is formed of 100 parts by weight of acrylonitrile ,butadiene rubber commercially available under the trade name Hycar #1571 Latex and 5 parts by weight of microballoons or plastic spheres. The plastic spheres are formed by spray drying an aqueous solution of a water-soluble partially polymerized phenol-formaldehyde resin and of a blowing agent, for instance 2 /2% of a blowing agent containing 40% dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine and 60% filler such as is commercially available under the trade name Unicel N. D. The The size of the spheres which are produced in this manner can be controlled so that individual spheres will have diameters of between about 2 and 60 microns and, on the average, diameters of between about 15 and 3,0 microns. Preferably the maximum diameter of the spheres will not exceed 100 microns. A more detailed description of the manner in which these plastic microspheres can be produced will be found in the patents mentioned above.
An 80 x 80 cotton fabric of the type known as balloon cloth is then coated With the above slurry by means of a knife or doctor blade, for instance in a conventional Scotch or knife-over roll type coating machine. The coating is applied to the upper face of the fabric and will sufliciently penetrate the fabric to be firmly anchored thereto. The plastic spheres in the freshly applied coating will rise due to their buoyancy, or lesser specific weight, towards the upper, free face of the coating and will remain there during the drying and hardening of the coating. Drying preferably is carried out at somewhat elevated temperatures such as 60 C. The thickness of the wet coating as applied to the fabric is about 0.020".
The thus prepared coated fabric havingas illustrated in FIG. 6most of the plastic spheres located in the immediate vicinity of the free outer face of the coating, makes the same particularly useful as an insulating fabric, for instance for thermally insulating wearing apparel. The thus-coated face of the fabric is warm to the touch due to the accumulation of plastic spheres in the immediate vicinity thereof.
Example VII The process of Example VI is repeated, however, the coating is applied in an upside-down position, i.e., to the lower face of the fabric. The fabric with the wet coating of an original thickness of 0.020" located at its underside is then passed in that position through a dryer. The plastic spheres will rise and thus increase their distance from the free, outer face of the coating and become located in the immediate vicinity of fabric 10. The thus-produced coated fabric, illustrated in FIG. 7, is particularly useful where a tough, abrasion-resistant skin or outer portion is required for better wear resistance on thermally insulating apparel fabric for outer wear.
It will be understood that each of the elements described above, or two or more together, may also find a useful application in other types of plastic coated articles differing from the types described above.
While the invention has been illustrated and described as embodied in a plastic-coated fabric, it is not intended to be limited to the details shown, since various modifications and structural changes may be made without departing in any way from the spirit of the present invention.
Without further analysis, the foregoing will so fully reveal the gist of the present invention that others can by applying current knowledge readily adapt it for various applications without omitting features that, from the standpoint of prior art, fairly constitute essential characteristics of the generic or specific aspects of this invention and, therefore, such adaptations should and are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalence of the following claims.
What is claimed as new and desired to be secured by Letters Patent is:
1. As a new article of manufacture, a coated fabric, comprising, in combination, a fabric layer; and an impregnating coating on said fabric consisting essentially of a plastic having cohesively embedded therein and distributed therethrough hollow synthetic resin bodies, said coating having one face in contact with said fabric and an opposite face further distant from said fabric, and the major portion of said hollow synthetic resin bodies being located closer to one than to the other of said faces.
2. A coated fabric as defined in claim 1, wherein the major portion of said hollow resin bodies is located in the vicinity of the outer, free face of said coating.
3. A coated fabric as defined in claim 1, wherein the major portion of said hollow resin bodies is located in the vicinity of said fabric layer spaced from the outer, free face of said coating.
4. As a new article of manufacture, a coated fabric, comprising, in combination, a fabric layer; and a coating adhering to at least one face of said fabric layer, said coating having a free outer face and consisting essentially of a resin body having cohesively embedded therein and distributed therethrough hollow synthetic resin bodies with the major portion of said. hollow resin bodies located in the vicinity of the outer, free face of said coating farther distant from said fabric layer.
5. A coated fabric as defined in claim 4, wherein said free outer face of said coating contains broken portions of said hollow synthetic resin bodies.
6. A coated fabric as defined in claim 5 wherein said resin is selected from the group consisting of plasticizerfree and plasticizer-containing polyvinyl chloride, copolymers of vinyl chloride containing a major portion of copolymerized vinyl chloride, mixtures of polyvinyl chloride and other thermoplastic resins, cellulose butyrate, polycinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetals, polyvinylidene chloride, copolymers of vinylidene chloride and vinyl chloride, polyvinyl aromatic compounds and acrylic compounds.
7. A coated fabric as defined in claim 4, wherein said hollow synthetic resin bodies are ruptured bodies forming interconnected passages therebetween.
8. A coated fabric as defined in claim 4, wherein said resin body is selected from the group consisting of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins.
9. As a new article of manufacture, a coated fabric, comprising, in combination, a fabric layer; and a coating adhering to at least one face of said fabric layer, said coating having a free outer face and consisting essentially of a resin body having cohesively embedded therein and distributed therethrough hollow synthetic resin bodies with the major portion of said hollow resin bodies located in the vicinity of said fabric layer farther distant from the outer, free face of said coating.
10. A coated fabric as defined in claim 9, wherein said hollow synthetic resin bodies are ruptured bodies forming interconnected passages therebetween.
7 8 11. A coated fabric as defined in claim 9 wherein said 2,885,303 5/1959 Kaplan 260-2.5 body is selected from the group consisting of thermo- 3,143,436 8/1964 Dosmann 11'7'1 1 plastic and thermosetting resins.
ALFRED L. LEAVITT, Primary Examiner. References 5 RICHARD D. NEVIOUS, JOSEPH B. SPENC UNITED STATES PATENTS Examiners.
2,797,201 6/1957 Veatch et a1. 260-2.5 A. H. ROSENSTEIN, Assistant Examiner.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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This story was written by Staci D. Kramer.
Another ESPN (NYSE: DIS) story worth mentioning ... after 18 months of acquisitions and building, the Disney sports unit is launching its major online high school initiative aimed at 14-18 year olds. ESPNRise.com later today. (For now, it defaults to ESPNU's football recruiting site.) ESPNRise.com represents significant investment and a basket full of all of the company's high-school hopes. It's designed as "a complete source for national high school sports and lifestyle coverage" and a community that connects athletes, teammates, friends and families. The name comes from the acquisition late last year of School Sports Inc, publisher of RISE (now ESPN RISE) magazine and RISEmag.com, among others. Since 2006, ESPN also has acquired Hoopgurlz.com, Student Sports Inc., and what is now ESPN Scouts Inc.
Among other aspects, the site will:
-- emphasize coverage of high school sports with dedicated pages for every state, regional rankings, features and profiles on athletes and programs.
-- feature the usual bells and whistlesvideo, podcasts, photo sharing, dedicated blogs, widgets out the wazoo, Next month, users will be able to upload original video.
-- integrate and cross promote content with DyeStat.com (boy's and girl's track & field/cross country) and with regional sites CalHiSports.com (California) and MDVarsity.com (Maryland).
By Staci D. Kramer
By CBSNewsPaidContent.orgAugust 25, 2008, 5:33 PM
High School Sports Site ESPNRise.com Launches Today


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Mass for the Gift of Music: The Feast of St. Cecilia
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Beautiful, sung Mass at an Ann Arbor Catholic parish, followied by a reception for musicians of all faiths.
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Baby koala shot 15 times in cruel attack
- From: The Courier-Mail
- November 08, 2010
of 3
AN orphaned koala which was shot up to 15 times in a cruel attack is fighting for its after being found next to its dead mother.
The tiny joey recieved a fractured skull, gun pellets scattered throughout the body and damaged stomach and intestines in the attack which has shocked animal rescuers.
Vets say it is not clear yet whether the joey, which was blasted out of a tree with a shotgun on Queensland's Sunshine Coast hinterland, will survive.
The joey was found at Jimna on Friday next to its mother, which had died from her wounds.
Stomach and intestinal perforations have been repaired and three pellets removed, including from the skull, but a further 12 remain.
Veterinarian Amber Gillett said yesterday the joey - who staff named Frodo - remained in a critical condition.
If her condition can be stabilised, she will undergo further surgery to remove pellets and repair damage.
She is receiving intravenous antibiotics, fluids and pain relief and has had blood transfusions.
"Frodo's condition is extremely critical and will require intensive monitoring and care in the coming days," Dr Gillett said.
"We are stunned to see this kind of animal cruelty and cannot begin to fathom why somebody would want to shoot a koala that poses no threat to them."
RSPCA chief executive Mark Townend said his organisation would provide any help needed to find the culprit and would be happy to prosecute.
"If people think they can help, contact us, the police or the Environment Department," Mr Townend said.
"I just can't believe the ratbags we've had to deal with over the past 12 months. We've spent a lot of money on education about animal welfare. If people don't like animals, why don't they just leave them alone.
"They don't have to shoot them."
Sustainability Minister Kate Jones described the shooting as sick and cruel.
"I'm absolutely disgusted by this cruelty and hope the young koala can recover," she said.
Anyone with information should contact the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service on 1300 130 372.
Police are investigating the attack.
Ms Jones said the penalty for shooting a koala was a $225,000 fine or two years' imprisonment.
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Shorty of Sydney Posted at 9:50 AM November 08, 2010
Whoever shot the poor koala deserves a worse fate than that. This sickening. I was just reading about bear baiting in Pakistan. All these beautiful creatures suferring at the hands of sick people. How can we get rid of people like this...
A Kiwi of Sydney Posted at 9:46 AM November 08, 2010
I was at Symbio Wildlife Park where my 5 year old and I got to pat a Koala. The park staff informed us that there are only 100,000 Koala' left in the wild. Some estimate put the population as low as 50,000. All Australians should be outraged that a national icon has been treated in such manner. The culprit should be identified on public safety interest grounds as that person may grow up to be a serial killer!
HL Posted at 9:45 AM November 08, 2010
I really do hate it when this sort of thing happens. Karma does not seem to work with everyone. Though I certainly hope the coward who did this, has something just as horrible happen to him/her. I really do hope Frodo gets through it. Though it seems already a little trooper to survive so long already. xox


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Justin has 6 schools. Some of the best schools in Justin are Gene Pike Middle School with a GreatSchools rating of 8/10 and a parent rating of 4/5 stars, and W R Hatfield Elementary School with a GreatSchools rating of 7/10 and a parent rating of 5/5 stars. The average GreatSchools rating for Justin public schools is 7/10, with an average student/teacher ratio of 14:1.
School data provided by National Center for Education Statistics, Maponics, and GreatSchools. Intended for reference only. GreatSchools Ratings compare a schools test performance to statewide results. To verify enrollment eligibility, contact the school or district directly.
Property is in demand due to reduced inventory, as there are more potential buyers than sellers. Bidding wars with other buyers are possible, and listings begin to sell at greater than the asking price.
Rental property is in high demand and availability is low. Rent prices have increased by 2% over the past 3 months. This is 5% lower than the county average of $1,728 and 6% lower than the state average of $1,739.
Trend data coming soon.
|For Sale: 66
|New: 9
|Recently Sold: 116
|Reduced: 17
|Average Home Price
|Average Sold Price
|Property Records: 4,387
|Foreclosed: N/A
The average home price in Justin is $337,664, which is 184.4% higher than the average sold price in Justin ($118,723) . The average home price per square foot in Justin is $133 and about 3% of all homes in Justin sold in the last 6 months. For Justin home values, real estate prices, and city market trends, research the 4,387 property records or search our 116 recently sold or 66 homes for sale listings. The listings and properties in Justin are only a part of the 7,493,079 properties and 131,138 homes for sale in Texas. Because of this, the average home price and average home value of Justin also influence the average home price $157,289 and average sale price $128,227 of Texas. Listing counts, Justin home prices and home values in Justin are sourced daily from listing and property data on realtor.com®, which is the most up-to-date and accurate aggregation of real estate listings in the industry and includes approximately 800 regional MLSs and is the official website of the National Association of Realtors®.
|Median Age
|Median Household Income


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How Good People Make Tough Choices Rev Ed
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$12.99It is startling and it is shaming: in a country that prides itself on being among the most enlightened in the world, 25 million American adults cannot read the poison warnings on a can of pesticide, a letter from their child's teacher, or the front page of a newspaper. An additional 35 million read below the level needed to function successfully in our society. The United States ranks forty-ninth
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$8.69From a historical perspective, we argue that since the beginning of time, males have done a very poor job as leaders of societies. Since recorded history, more than fourteen thousand wars have been fought on this planet, and the level of destruction, waste, and human suffering is incalculable. We believe that by replacing most of the male world leaders with female leaders, we could solve or


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Congratulations to Chapter Championship Winners
Championship Flight: Raylene Teel 1st Low Gross
Diana Quintana 1st Low Net
First Flight Tracy Moy 1st Low Gross
Elizabeth Hardy 1st Low Net
Second Flight Kim Chan 1st Low Gross
Bernita Russo 1st Low Net
Third Flight Jan Adams 1st Low Gross
Leah Petkas 1st Low Net
Scramble Team Eva Jansson, Robin Famiglietti, Susan Thorne, Becky Romero
Next stop is Semi Finals in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, on July 11, 2015. Good luck to all of our Houston qualifiers!!!
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What a lovely path for a nice long walk! It must have been so peaceful and relaxing there SuperSteve! Great light, shadows, lines and curves! I like it!
Smiles from cold, grey and rainy Ontario, GG:)
Hiya GG :-) We had a four-day break here in the UK... Friday and Monday were bank-holidays and all four days were glorious.
So NER!!
No.. I can't gloat... not for too long anyway. Besides, I reckon the Ontario Spring and summer and fall are fabulous in their own right and soon enough you will remind me as such when things go cold and wet here!
This photo was taken on a great walk Annya and did on Sunday.. About 5 or 6 miles though gentle hills, woods and open fields. No roads could be heard here.. just birds and in the middle distance, sounds of cattle.
You have described this place perfectly :- )
I hope those grey skies clear soon...
A picture from my own heart. Great stuff, well done.
Cheers, Herb
Hi there Marion :-) ANZAC day.. I knew there was a big bash going on down-under... We had a 4-day break last week and since no-one can remember it, we are having another 4-day break over this coming weekend. Soemthing to do with a wedding or Registry office do....
Hi there Marion and Herb
This is a tiny wood... but the path through it is lovely. Conifer plantations are usually so dense that nothing else can grow between the trees but here, there is space between the conifers. Consequently, all sorts of other trees and shrubs have flourished.
Seriously chuffed you both liked this..
Beautiful walking path Steve, nothing like it when you can only hear nature uninterrupted, LIKE, LOZ
Hi Steve,
looks like a path for perfect walk just your own thoughts and sounds of silence around you!
Worth my Y*.
Best wishes, Timo
Hi there Loz - OH, you have that right! About 2 miles from this place is the A14 - a trunk route that runs from the east coast to the midlands of the UK. Although it is a busy road, you can barely hear it in these woods. As you so eloquently put it, only nature is evident here..
Thanks for the like :-)
Hiya Timo! Described perfectly! As you can see in the mapping detail, this is a small and narrow piece of woodland but so lovely to walk through...
So glad it warrants a YS :-) Thank you
Photo taken in Thurston, Suffolk, UK


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Originally written on The Majors Detroit | Last updated 10/23/12
After the Lions loss to the Chicago Bears 13-7 on Monday Night Football, things got worse for an already stumbling offense as Nate Burleson was lost for the season with a broken leg. Lions head coach Jim Schwartz announced the injury to Burleson further reiterating that the veteran wide out would be out for the remainder of the year. The injury to Burleson occurred when he landed awkwardly when catching a 16-yeard reception on Detroit's first offensive possession in the second half. After the play Burleson tried to get up on his own before eventually being carted off the field. With the loss of Burleson, young receivers such as Titus Young and Ryan Broyles (who scored his first career touchdown) will be forced to step up opposite of Calvin Johnson. To further rub salt on the wound Burleson was tied for the lead on the team with the most receptions. h/t: NBC Sports
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Back to School Fashion for Fall 2011
- 6 Homemade herbicides: Kill the weeds without killing the Earth
- Build a $300 underground greenhouse for year-round gardening (Video)
- The 'No Shampoo Experiment,' six months later
- Why You Shouldn't Buy Ladybugs for Natural Pest Control in your Garden
- Change your shopping habits to reduce food waste
- 8 homemade salt and sugar body scrubs
- Nature Blows My Mind! Seahorses are one of the deadliest creatures in the sea. Yes, seahorses.
- LED night light outlet covers install in seconds, use just 5 cents of power per year
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- "The savings are insane": Denver couple share their experience of going car-free


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I keep getting the error "The number of slider images does not match the number of accordion sections.."
I have the standard full width slider and a Decker plugin by Nick Haskins. I cannot determine which is the culprit. Does anyone else have a clue what this could be? I also found that this was supposedly a Jquery issue that may be built into the DMS basic sections.
I am on an earlier version of DMS because the later versions somehow cause me a great amount of grief with the fixed menu.
Thank You ahead of time.


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Woody Harrelson Is a Big Draw Late Addition to BFI London Film Festival Lineup
The actor is scheduled last minute to deliver a Screen Talk event during the festival.
LONDON – Woody Harrelson is one of two banner late additions to this year's BFI London Film Festival lineup with the actor scheduled to deliver a Screen Talk event during the festival.
Harrelson is lined up to discuss his role in Oren Moverman's Rampart, unspooling during the festival and his career to date.
Woody Harrelson in "Rampart": Exclusive Clips
Harrelson plays a corrupt cop struggling to cope with family commitments and relationships while under intense scrutiny from the LAPD and local officials in Moverman's movie.
Festival organizers also said they have added documentary filmmaker Lucy Walker's The Tsunami and the Cherry Blossom to this year's lineup and will host an "in conversation" event with Walker.
The documentarian traveled to the north of Japan in the immediate wake of the tsunami in March this year to meet survivors in the hardest hit areas.
Walker, Oscar nominated for documentary Wasteland this year, is expected to talk about her latest work and aims to provide an insight into interviewing techniques for doc work.
The 55th BFI London Film Festival runs Oct. 12 through 27.
Never miss a story. Stay up-to-date with THR's Daily Headlines.
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My first time seeing the EK A380. Looks great! Shot while on finals into 27L.
Close up.
First time I get this plane with a blue sky, its truly a graceful giant.
The chunky one on short final for 09L from Dubai. Canon 400D Canon 100-400L IS.
On final runway 23.


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An on-board oil quality sensor for use in an internal combustion engine formed of a pair of resisitve elements mounted on a common substrate, wherein one of the resistive elements is exposed to the oil for corrosion as the oil contaminants increase and the other resistive element is protectively sealed from the oil contaminants. Both resistive elements are exposed to the oil temperature and are suitable for monitoring by a bridge type circuit to determine the level of corrosive contaminants in the oil.
1. A sensor for use in an internal combustion engine to measure the corrosive effects of lubricating oil, comprising:
a substrate having a thermally conductive and electrically insulative surface;
a first electrically resistive copper element mounted on said substrate surface, having a surface of said copper exposed;
a second electrically resistive element mounted on said substrate, having a thermal coefficient of resistance equal to that of said first resistive element; and
a protective coating of a material that is impervious and inert with respect to the corrosive effects of said lubricating oil, deposited over a portion of said substrate and said second electrically resistive element to seal said second element and prevent its corrosion by said oil;
said first and second resistive elements being immersed in oil of said internal combustion engine so that said first resistive element is exposed to said oil and the resistance value of said first resistive element increases due to corrosion as said oil deteriorates from usage;
said sensor further includes a four leg Wheatstone bridge, in which said first and second resistive elements are electrically connected to define first and second legs, for comparing the resistance values of said first and second resistive elements and outputting an electrical signal corresponding to the difference in said values; and
said Wheatstone bridge further includes third and fourth resistors electrically connected to define third and fourth legs of the bridge and physically remote from said first and second resistive elements, and one of said third and fourth resistors is adjustable so as to provide a balanced bridge when said oil is changed or said substrate, bearing said first and second resistive elements, is substituted with a new one.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to the field of systems for detecting the degradation of quality in oil used as a lubricant in internal combustion engines and more specifically to an on-board sensor used in such a system.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Conventionally, the manufacturers of internal combustion engines and vehicles which employ such engines have advised the purchasers of such products to remove and replace the lubricating oil at prescribed use intervals based upon hours or mileage accumulation. In addition, the manufacturers have also advised that more frequent replacement of the oil may be necessary when the engines are used under severe loading or environmental conditions.
In general, the oil used for lubricating an internal combustion engine should be changed before it loses its ability to prevent engine component wear. Three types of wear mechanisms have been identified as occurring when engine oil is degraded. The first wear mechanism is defined as corrosion caused by chemical attack. The second wear mechanism is erosion which is caused by metal-to-metal contact. The third wear mechanism is abrasion, caused by particles in the oil.
Corrosion does not occur if the oil contains sufficient additives, such as surface protecting compounds like zinc dithiophosphate and detergents, and antioxidants and alkalies to neutralize the corrosive contaminants formed by combustion. However, as the oil ages, these additives are depleted and contaminants such as hydroperoxides and acids, buildup in the oil. Corrosion begins when the peroxides and acids react with the metal surfaces.
Erosion does not occur if a sufficiently thick oil film remains between moving surfaces. The film thickness is controlled by its viscosity. If the oil is too viscous to be pumped throughout the engine, the film disappears where no oil is available. If the oil is too fluid, it is squeezed from between the bearing surfaces and metal-to-metal contact occurs. As fresh oil ages, its viscosity decreases at first due to the destruction of oil thickening additives; later the viscosity increases as oxidation causes polymerization. Erosion can occur if either mechanism causes the oil's viscosity to exceed safe limits. In addition, wear can occur when the antiwear compounds, such as zinc dithiophosphate, are depleted.
Abrasion is due to the accumulation of insoluble particles in the oil, such as airborne dust, carbon, degradation products from the oil and fuel, engine wear debris and corrosion products. Usually the oil suspends these particles and carries them to the oil filter. Fully-formulated oils contain detergents to help suspend these contaminants. However, when the oil loses its dispersive ability through aging, these particles are deposited throughout the engine, and rapid wear begins.
All three mechanisms appear to cause wear in modern engines, but it is usually very difficult to determine if one is responsible for more wear than the others. Indeed, many additives inhibit two wear mechanisms. When they are depleted, both wear mechanisms begin. For example, zinc dithiophosphate and its products adsorb on surfaces protecting them from corrosion and erosion. It also prevents corrosion by removing peroxides from the oil. Another example is detergents which protect surfaces from corrosion and suspend insoluble particles to reduce abrasion.
In general, two separate sensor techniques have been used to measure oil performance: analysis of engine wear and analysis of oil. Assuming that sensors to measure wear and oil are equally feasible to build, monitoring oil appears more desirable than monitoring wear. First, by monitoring engine wear one guarantees that wear of one or more components must begin be#ore the oil change indication is given. One would rather avoid wear, which, perhaps, could be done by making the sensor very sensitive, but this becomes increasingly difficult. Second, wear can occur in many different locations in the engine, such as at the cam shaft, followers, cam shaft bearings, rings, cylinders, main bearings,etc. Each would need a sensor, unless wear in all areas were correlated, which seems doubtful. On the other hand, the oil is well mixed so that measurement or analysis of oil properties in one location is sufficient.
Oil analysis techniques conventionally either determine the depletion of additives or the buildup of contaminants. Additives improve oil by enhancing important functions, such as antioxidation, viscosity, antiwear, anticorrosion and detergency, but in doing so they may undergo chemical reactions. Often intermediate reaction products still perform the original functions, but the final products do not. Unfortunately, laboratory analytical techniques are needed to measure the additives and their reaction products. Sensors that are sufficiently inexpensive and rugged enough for on-board use have not yet been developed, so that the analysis techniques can be used on a vehicle. Even, if such sensors were developed, each active compound must be analyzed, which may possibly require several sensors. Therefore, since it is considered impractical to provide a system that will determine oil quality on-board by analyzing the used oil additive concentration, one is forced confine measurements to the contamination of the oil.
Tests for the buildup of contaminants such as metals, insolubles, acidity and alkalinity have been established. Each test has been correlated to oil or engine performance. For example, insolubles are often correlated to engine cleanliness and wear, total acid numbers are also correlated to wear, and total base numbers to rust and varnish. Viscosity increase is often used as a indicator of oil oxidation. Silicon, which is aspirated into the engine as sand, is commonly correlated to wear.
The concentration of iron clearly results from wear of the iron parts of the engine. Much of the iron remains soluble in the oil as the salts of organic acids. Concentrations of 20 to 100 ppm iron are typical in oil used for 7,500 miles. Iron particles may be present in the oil when rapid wear is occurring, but they should be trapped by the associated oil filter. Copper concentration results from bearing wear when lead and copper bearings are used. Again, much of the copper remains soluble. Lead burned in the fuel can collect in the oil and thereby mask the lead-to-bearing wear correlation.
Results of contaminant tests generally show that large displacement engines cause a higher concentration of oil contamination than small displacement engines. This can be explained for oil oxidation degradation products in that they result from oxidation of the thin film of oil present on the cylinder wall. Large engines have more surface area in the cylinders than small engines so the rate of oxidation is higher. This affect is only somewhat offset by the fact that large engines also have more oil and rotate more slowly than small engines. Overall, the result may be a 20% slower decay of antioxidants in a 2.5 L engine compared to a 5.0 L engine.
Generally, on-board oil change indicators for automotive vehicles are based upon indirect measurements of engine oil condition by monitoring other parameters of the engine.
For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 4,533,900 describes a system which measures the distance traveled by the motor vehicle and, utilizing a preset service interval, modifies the interval to an earlier time based upon historical operating parameters such as engine speed, coolant temperature, oil temperature and/or fuel consumption rate on a weighted basis.
Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 4,506,337 simulates engine oil wear by sensing the number of engine revolutions per time and the load on the engine. Those factors are used in calculating the amount of soot suspended in the lubricating oil.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,497,200 and 4,525,782 also describe similar systems for simulating or estimating oil degradation.
The present invention provides a unique sensor that directly measures oil performance and changes in the oil condition. The unique sensor employed measures oil corrosivity as a direct indication of oil condition and performance because corrosion of the sensor is a direct result of the aging of oil additives and the buildup of oil contaminants.
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a direct, low cost sensor that is suitable for on-board operation in an internal combustion engine to measure the condition of the engine lubrication oil.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a sensor and associated circuitry by which the measurement of oil corrosivity may be communicated to an associated signaling device to indicate when the oil should be changed.
The oil quality sensor used in the present invention includes a thermally conductive and electrically insulative substrate onto which a first electrically resistive copper element is mounted so as to have one of its copper surfaces exposed to the circulating engine oil. This sensor also includes a second electrically resistive element that is mounted on the substrate having a thermal coefficient of resistance that is substantially equal to that of the first resistive element. That second electrically resistive element is protectively sealed from the corrosive elements of the engine oil and functions as a standard comparative resistance.
FIG. 1 is a plan view of the sensor employed in the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the sensor taken along lines II--II in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a circuit employed to be used with the sensor of the present invention.
Through experimentation, copper was determined to be the preferred material for use as a sensor to detect corrosion properties of oil. In addition, copper was found to be a material which barely corrodes in fully-formulated fresh oils but has measurable corrosion when the oil quality deteriorates. Therefore, even if an inferior oil is introduced into the crankcase of the engine that contains formulations which can corrode copper/lead bearings, the sensor employed in the present invention would appropriately be corroded and allow the associated circuit to provide an indication that the oil should be changed.
In FIG. 1, the sensor of the present invention is illustrated. A substrate 10, which would normally be formed from a thermally conductive but electrically insulative surfaced material such as silicon, provides support and thermal balance for the resistive sensors. In some installations it may be desired to increase the thermal conductivity between the resistive sensor elements by providing a substrate having a laminate structure with a copper or aluminum core sandwiched between electrically insulative layers.
Electrical terminal pads 12, 13 and 14 are shown distributed on one surface of the substrate 10 to provide interconnection to the resistive elements 15 and 16 which makeup the sensor. The first resistive element 15 (R1) is shown deposited on the upper surface of the substrate 10 and electrically connected between terminal pads 12 and 13. The resistive element 15 is formed of copper and is exposed to the corrosive components of the oil when immersed in an associated oil pan of an engine (not shown). A second resistive element 16 (R2) is indicated in phantom lines as being interconnected between terminal pads 12 and 14 and deposited on the upper surface of the substrate 10, adjacent the first resistive element 15. Resistive element 16 is protected from corrosion by the deposition of an inert coating 20. Both the exposed resistive element 15 and the protected element 16 have resistance values that are approximately equal and above 10 ohms in order to minimize power consumption of the sensor. The purpose of placing the two resistive elements 15 and 16 on the same substrate is, of course, to provide thermal compensation to the sensing circuit since both elements are immersed in the same liquid and are therefore at the same temperature. Accordingly, the thermal coefficient of resistance in each o#the resistive elements 15 and 16 must be substantially equal so the compensation will be achieved. Of course, the thermal coefficients of expansion for both the substrate 10 and the resistive elements 15 and 16 should be approximately equal so the the resistive values won't changed due to thermal stresses.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, both resistive elements are formed of a thin metal copper foil glued to the substrate. However, other conventional methods of film deposition may be employed to deposit the copper resistive elements onto the substrate. The chemically inert layer 20 used to protect the resistive element 16 may be any suitable source such as polyimide, enamel, glass or ceramic. That material is selected to be suitable for the purpose of preventing corrosion of the resistive element 16. Each of the resistive elements 15 and 16 are, in the described embodiment, 10 ohms in value and made up of a copper ribbon having a 0.5 by 1.0 mil cross-section and a length of approximately 11 cm.
The circuit employing the oil quality sensor of the present invention is shown in FIG. 3, wherein resistors R1 and R2 respectively corresponding to resistive elements 15 and 16 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, are connected in separate legs of a Wheatstone Bridge circuit. Remotely located resistors R3 and R4 are electrically connected so as to form the other two legs of the bridge. Resistors R3 and R4 are substantially equal in value while resistor R4 is adjustable in order to compensate for the eroded resistor R1 in the event the bridge needs to be nulled after an oil change. An electrical DC power source "B" is connected between terminal pads 13 and 14. A differential amplifier 30 is connected between the terminal pad 12, at the junction of resistors R1 and R2, and the junction between resistors R3 and R4 to measure the offset voltage when the bridge becomes unbalanced due to corrosion of the resistor R1. Corrosion of the resistor R1, due to the increase in contaminants of the oil, causes the resistance value thereof to increase. The increase in R1 resistance compared to that of R2 and the other resistors in the bridge causes less current to flow in the leg of the bridge and an increase in the offset voltage. The signal output produced by the differential amplifier 30 can be employed in a conventional manner to provide a warning signal when the output thereof reaches a predetermined threshold corresponding to a sufficiently degraded oil quality.
It will be apparent that many modifications and variations may be implemented without departing from the scope of the novel concept of this invention. Therefore, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such modifications and variations which fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
Patent Citations
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Terry Crews PecPop Player
Become mesmerized of the syncopated pulsating pec-popping of the muscle manipulating entertainer Terry Crews.
Intensity controller
The PecPop Player comes with a 3 settings (Hi-Med-Lo) intensity controller.
- High settings are best suited for muscle above 130 bpm. (Techno, house and dub step etc.)
- Medium settings are best suited for mid-tempo music around 100 bpm (Hip-hop, rap tracks)
- Low settings are best suited for slower type music or music without heavy drums.
Regular updates
- We will make regular updates for both dance moves and usability.
Share Music
Share what you are listening to with your friends on your favorite social site.
You must have music on your device for the PecPop Player to work!
Next Update: December 2013
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30 year old woman | Austin, TX, USA | Seeking women 21-40 within 50 miles of Euless, TX
Active within 24 hours
Do you have what it takes?
I am a fun loving, energetic, free spirit with many interests and hobbies. It is rare that you will see me without a smile on my face. Life is too short to focus on the negative things. I love to sing and dance even though it's not always very well, but it tends to put a smile on the faces of the people around me when I get a little goofy, and I do love to make people laugh and smile. My friends and family are everything to me, and I love to spend as much time with them as possible. In my free time I can either be found at my mom's, spending time with her and my sister; at the gym; running or riding the trails around my house; or out and about, having fun with my friends. I enjoy going to comedy clubs, concerts, museums, the Opera/Symphony, musicals... Karaoke is always fun, but I tend to get nervous at new places. There is so much more to learn about me but I'd like to save some room for conversation later. If you like what you see and would like to know more, message me and I'll be more than happy to answer any questions you may have.
Alumni connections , Camping , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Fishing/Hunting , Gardening/Landscaping , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Performing arts , Playing cards , Playing sports , Religion/Spiritual , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Video games , Volunteering , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Aerobics, Baseball, Basketball, Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Cycling, Dancing, Football, Hockey, Inline skating, Martial arts, Other types of exercise, Running, Skiing, Soccer, Swimming, Tennis / Racquet sports, VolleyBall, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines, Yoga
I exercise 5 or more times per week.
I have Cats
I have a cat named Squirrel. I was not always a cat person but when I met Squirrel she kind of changed how I felt. We had an instant bond. ;)
I have several, it just depends on my mood, the people I'm meeting, and what events are going on.
Lilies, sushi, music of all kinds, beer and wine tastings, hot pink, road trips, spending time with my friends and family, cooking, concerts and many other things.
In my free time I enjoy spending time with my friends and family, going to sporting events and concerts, working out, cooking and so much more.
The last book I really enjoyed reading was "Other Girls" which is a lesbian romance/drama. I don't do a lot of reading because it's hard for me to sit still long enough to read one.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'1" (154cms)
|3'0" (91cms) to 7'11" (241cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|No preference
|No preference
|No preference
|No Way
|No preference
|Social Drinker
|No preference
|Retail / Food services
|Administrative / Secretarial, Artistic / Creative / Performance, Executive / Management, Financial / Accounting / Real Estate, Labor / Construction, Legal, Medical / Dental / Veterinary / Fitness, Political / Govt / Civil Service / Military, Retail / Food services, Retired, Sales / Marketing, Self-Employed / Entrepreneur, Student, Education / Teacher / Professor, Technical / Science / Computers / Engineering, Travel / Hospitality / Transportation, Other profession, Nonprofit / Volunteer / Activist, Law enforcement / Security / Military, Fashion / Model / Beauty, Architecture / Interior design
|$25,001 to $35,000
|No preference
|Never Married
|No preference
|Have kids:
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
I call myself a big mutt. I have a bit of just about everything in me from what I've been told. I know I have German, Irish, Italian... When you taste my food you should be able to tell which ones stick out more. LOL.
|Christian / Other
|No preference
I am a Christian and have been most of my life. I do not go to church on a regular bassis but my faith is very strong.
|Some college
|No preference