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Ashley Olsen
The Olsen Olympics: Mary-Kate and Ashley Celebrate Their Birthday with Epic Outdoor Party
Originally posted 06/14/2015 03:50PM
It was literally all fun and games for Mary-Kate Olsen and Ashley Olsen's big birthday weekend.
Watch Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen Sing and Celebrate in These Hilarious Throwback Clips
Originally posted 06/13/2015 12:30PM
Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen turn 29 today!
Jodie Sweetin on Olsen Twins Skipping Fuller House: 'I Love Them No Matter What'
Originally posted 06/09/2015 05:35PM
Leave it to Bob Saget to provide a Full House.
Jodie Sweetin, John Stamos and Andrea Barber are just a few of the celebs who showed up to support Saget as he hosted the Cool Comedy Hot Cuisine charity event, benefiting the Scleroderma Research Foundation, on Friday night.
After news broke that TV's favorite family will be reuniting in a Netflix Full House reboot, the cast cannot seem to get enough of each other! Jodie Sweetin, for one, could not stop gushing about the upcoming reunion.
FIRST LOOK: See Who's on Board for The Unauthorized Full House Story
Originally posted 06/04/2015 01:00PM
What really went on behind the scenes at Full House? Lifetime says they have answers.
This Aug. 22, the network premieres The Unauthorized Full House Story and promises plenty of scoop from the 1987 family comedy that made megastars of John Stamos and Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen.
John Stamos Is '#Heartbroken' That the Olsen Twins Won't Appear in Fuller House
Originally posted 05/23/2015 01:00PM
The show must go on!
Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen Won't Be Joining Netflix's Full House Reboot
Originally posted 05/22/2015 07:25PM
Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen will not be joining the cast of Netflix's Full House reboot Fuller House, according to The Hollywood Reporter.
While much of the cast is set to return, the Olsen twins' participation has long been in question. Last month, the 28-year-old fashion powerhouses told Women's Wear Daily that they had no idea the show was happening until John Stamos broke the news.
"We just found out about it today," Mary-Kate told WWD. "I guess we're going to talk to the creators and see what's happening."
Flashback to Birthday Girl Megan Fox's Debut in 'Holiday in the Sun'
Originally posted 05/16/2015 12:05PM
Megan Fox turns 29 years old today!
Fuller House's Jodie Sweetin Sees Stephanie Tanner as the Family's 'Black Sheep'
Originally posted 05/08/2015 06:00PM
Stephanie Tanner was everyone's favorite middle child during the '90s run of sitcom, Full House, and now that Netflix has ordered the reboot, Fuller House, for 2016 focusing on the lives of DJ Tanner and Kimmy Gibbler, fans are dying to know what's happened to all of their favorite characters they grew up with.
Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen Skip Met Gala Theme, Go Gothic
Originally posted 05/05/2015 12:10AM
The sisters always make their own style rules. Are you loving their looks?
A Sister, Sister Reunion Is 'Probably' Going to Happen, Tia Mowry-Hardrict Promises
Originally posted 05/01/2015 03:50PM
Sister Sister, we never knew how much we missed ya.
With Full House fever in full swing, Meredith Vieira asked the tough question for '90s kids everywhere Friday: Will there ever be a reboot of the WB sitcom?
"I would love to," star Tia Mowry-Hardrict told the daytime host of her plans with sis Tamera Mowry-Housley. "It's just all about timing ... so we'll see. The fans, they really want it, so we'll give it to them, probably."
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Paul McCartney
A Life
By Peter A Carlin
(Touchstone, Hardcover, 9781416562092, 384pp.)
Publication Date: November 3, 2009
List Price: $26.00*
* Individual store prices may vary.
Shop Local
Enter your zip code below to find indies closest to you.
More than a rock star, more than a celebrity, Paul McCartney is a cultural touchstone who helped transform popular music as one half of the legendary Lennon-McCartney songwriting duo. In this definitive biography, Peter Ames Carlin examines McCartney's entire life, casting new light not just on the Beatles era but also on his years with Wings and his thirty-year relationship with his first wife, Linda McCartney. He takes us on a journey through a tumultuous couple of decades in which Paul struck out on his own as a solo artist, reached the top of the charts with a new band, and once again drew hundreds of thousands of screaming fans to his concerts. Carlin presents McCartney as a musical visionary but also as a layered and conflicted figure as haunted by his own legacy—and particularly his relationship with John Lennon—as he was inspired by it. Built on years of research and fresh, revealing interviews with friends, bandmates, and collaborators spanning McCartney's entire life, Carlin's lively biography captures the many faces of the living legend.
Peter Ames Carlin has been a senior writer for People, a TV critic for The Oregonian newspaper, and is the author of Catch a Wave: The Rise, Fall, and Redemption of the Beach Boys' Brian Wilson and Paul McCartney: A Life. Carlin lives with his wife and three children in Portland, Oregon.

subset: commoncrawl


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Apartments for Rent in Montana
We found 38 apartments for rent in Montana. Once you've selected the metro or city that you would like to search for an apartment in, use our customizable guide to narrow down options for apartments in Montana and find exactly what you want during your Montana apartment search or refine your search by using our search bar at the top of the page.
Western Montana Metro (20)
Central Montana Metro (18)
- Billings (9)
- Great Falls (1)
- Heath (1)
- Hesper (6)
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Christina Ricci to Star in AROUND THE BLOCK
Deadline.com reports that Christina Ricci will star in the upcoming Sarah Spillane Australian Indie film AROUND THE BLOCK. The film marks the feature debut for writer, director Spillane. Ricci recently made her Broadway debut in TIME STANDS STILL.
The film will be set in an inner-city during a period of rioting by Aboriginal residents. Ricci will portray an American drama teacher who helps out a troubled Aboriginal teenager. Hunter Page-Lochard will portray the teen who is pressured to participating in a revenge killing. Jack Thompson, executive producer on the film, will also star along with Damian Walshe-Howling.
Spillane's Kick Pictures and BrIan Rosen and Su Armstrong's Tree Films are set to produce. The producers will apply for funding from the agencies Screen Australia and Screen NSW.
Filming is set to begin this Monday, June 18th in Sydney.
About Author
- Casting Roundup: Sarah Chalke, Kim Raver Headline New Pilots
- ADVENTURE TIME Headed to the Big Screen?
- Pilot Season Roundup: Colm Feore, Daniel Stern, Dave Annable to Star in New Shows
- James Franco to Star in New Fox Comedy, WHY HIM?
- Christopher Meloni to Star in WGN America's Slave Drama UNDERGROUND
- Check Out Alex Dunphy's Full College Essay from Latest MODERN FAMILY Episode
- Photo Flash: HBO Reveals Key Art for GAME OF THRONES Season 5
- Syfy to Honor Leonard Nimoy with Special Programming This Sunday
- Grammy Winner Kelly Clarkson Exclusively Premieres New Music from New Album on MTV, VH1 & CMT First
- CONSTELLATIONS' Jake Gyllenhaal and Ruth Wilson Set for THEATER TALK This Weekend


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Amy Johnson
1 portrait of Amy Johnson
© National Portrait Gallery, London
Amy Johnson
by Howard Coster
half-plate film negative, 1937
Transferred from Central Office of Information, 1974
Photographs Collection
NPG x3570
Click on the links below to find out more:
Sitterback to top
- Amy Johnson (later Mollison) (1903-1941), Airwoman. Sitter in 26 portraits.
Artistback to top
- Howard Coster (1885-1959), Photographer. Artist associated with 9345 portraits, Sitter in 5 portraits.
Subject/Themeback to top
Exhibitions and displays
- Spotlight
Until 31 August


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Welcome to my world here you can find updates on what i'm up to! what i have found and what not so dont be shy!
Welcome to my world here you can find updates on what i'm up to! what i have found and what not so dont be shy!
Well, so much for having a boyfriend. He crushed me yesterday. I don't think he realizes how good he's got it. But what happens, happens I guess. I am going to go cry in my corner. Alone.
I excitedly get on every day hoping to see the rest of my secret Santa gift but I haven't at all. I got my Icons which where amazing! Thanks, I don't wanna sound selfish but my excitement is decreasing cuz I'm starting to think I will not get them.
I got Klassic as my icon Secret Santa! I did my best! I hope you like them! if you message me I can send you the files them selves! I did a little everything :D
Animal corssing Villagers.
Spirited away.
Howls moving castle.
Harvest moon (Any)
Nightmare Before Christmas.
Sugar rush. From wreck it Ralph. Any of the racers.
I am trying to get commissions lately because I am trying to save up in order to get a Cintiq, There 1,000-2,000 dollars, they are basically a tablet that can have apps and such on it but also for plunging into computers for using photoshop and what not. SO if anyone here would like a commission shoot me a message. I use Paypal and will give you rates. Thanks!


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Bob Deutsche of Intel discusses the third fundamental truth behind cloud strategy — Your cloud ecosystem is only as robust and adaptable as the sum of its parts. Read More
Bob Deutsche of Intel discusses the third fundamental truth behind cloud strategy — Your cloud ecosystem is only as robust and adaptable as the sum of its parts. Read More
Moving your organization to the cloud means more than a simple "flip of the switch" and thinking through the when, how and why these technologies is critical to success. Read More
The Open Data Center Alliance released a new usage model for I/O controls, which encourages the development of usage models to drive interoperability, flexibility, and industry standards for cloud and next-generation data centers. Read More
Unlike traditional data centers where there is one core layer and all of the resources are managed as a whole, modular data centers use a distributed core architecture. These containerized data centers can deliver flexibility, reliability, and scalability at a lower cost. Read More
A great deal of security work is focused on protecting the organization's essential data. But are you using information about sensitive data to plan and make decisions on data risk management? Read More
Viable and well-proven options exist within the wholesale data center space, including ones that offer top-notch technologies and energy savings. Read More
To run applications in a cloud environment, verification is needed. That can be challenging if you don't own and operate your own cloud assets. If you use hosted or public services, new ways to locate the survey markers will be required. Open Data Center Alliance has a security monitoring usage model which may help. Read More
You may wonder what a battle fought in the American Civil War has to do with cloud computing. The answer circles back to the second of eight fundamental truths of corporate cloud strategy that is described in this column. Cloud is a top-down architectural framework that binds strategy and solutions development. Read More
Disasters can hit hard – stats show that about 43 percent of businesses that close following a natural disaster never reopen and about 29 percent close down within two years. Disaster planning can be bare bones, but effective. This column lays out the crucial items to include in any plan. Read More
This column on data center migrations, second in a two-part series, explains the difference between "LAN away" and "WAN away" and the benefits and challenges in using V-2-V (virtual to virtual) copies. Read More


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
40 year old woman | Astoria, NY, USA | Seeking women 32-50 within 50 miles
Active within 5 days
hi , i am very down to earth , very honest ,looking for the same thing , someone that enjoy life. i am a funny , love to travel,.
About me ,what i could say about me.I love what do , work for the airline business ,wow has been 16yrs, and gives me a chance to see the world, and learn different cultures. I'm very easy going , down to earth , kind ,funny, honest . I'm very close to my family, and friends.
Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Playing cards , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Video games , Volunteering , Watching sports
Baseball, Basketball, Cycling, Football, Golf, Martial arts, Soccer, Swimming, Tennis / Racquet sports, VolleyBall, Walking / Hiking
I exercise 1-2 times per week.
I like Dogs
i like dogs , i just lost my little an angel of 16yrs, last year
i do not have a favorite place. I think every places , that I've been to it, has they own unique way.
play soccer for fun, traveling , watching sports, drive away for the weekend. Hang out with friends, go out to restaurants ,
I like to hang out with friends, family members, traveling somewhere , or just hang out in the city
Well books , i like to read meditation books , keeps me focus daily basis. , to believe they can do it, one day at a time, and when this happen , gives me such a gratitude , to be able to help other
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'3" (160cms)
|5'7" (170cms) to 5'8" (172cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned, A few extra pounds
|No preference
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way, Occasionally, Yes, but trying to quit
|Never, Social Drinker
|Travel / Hospitality / Transportation
|No preference
i work for a major airline business for 16yrs, i love it, the good part of it , i can see the world
|$50,001 to $75,000
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|Probably not
|No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|Latino / Hispanic, Other
|Asian, Black / African descent, East Indian, Latino / Hispanic, Middle Eastern, Native American, Pacific Islander, White / Caucasian
My background is Brazilian , other . I do speak Portuguese
|Spiritual but not religious
|English, Portuguese, Spanish
|Some college
|No preference


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17300 Ozark Ave
Tinley Park, IL 60477
Tinley Park, IL 60477
Tel: (708)802-9050
Easter Seals Metropolitan Chicago provides comprehensive services for individuals with disabilities or other special needs and their families to improve quality of life and maximize independence.
The goal of the Easter Seals Adult Vocational Program is to provide meaningful employment opportunities to individuals with severe developmental disabilities.
In addition, the adult vocational program will maximize each client's ability to perform the essential functions necessary to become productive members of society.
School Overview
|School Type
|Special Education School
|Grades Offered
Student Body
|Total Students
|108 students
|Student Body Type
|% Students of Color
State avg.: 32%
|Students by Grade
Academics and Faculty
|Total Classroom Teachers
|14 teachers
|Student : Teacher Ratio
National avg.: 13:1
Nearby Schools:
All Schools | High Schools | Elementary Schools | Preschools | Public Schools
Show me:
- School Location Miles Students Grades
Tinley ParkBobbie Noonan's Child Care
17051 Grissom Dr
Tinley Park, IL 60477
(708)532-5566Daycare / Preschool0.5 mi | 68 students | Gr. PK-KG
Tinley ParkSouthwest Chicago Christian School-tinley Park
17171 84th Avenue
Tinley Park, IL 60477
(708)429-7171(Christian)0.8 mi | 356 students | Gr. K-8
Tinley ParkBobbie Noonans Child Care
7901 167th St
Tinley Park, IL 60477
(708)532-7676Daycare / Preschool (Non-sectarian)0.8 mi | 109 students | Gr. K
Tinley ParkAntico Academy
7012 W 171st St
Tinley Park, IL 60477
(708)532-2880Daycare / Preschool (Non-sectarian)1 mi | 10 students | Gr. PK-KG
Tinley ParkZion Lutheran Early Childhood Center
17100 69th Ave
Tinley Park, IL 60477
(708)532-1656Daycare / Preschool (Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod)1.1 mi | 73 students | Gr. PK-KG
School Reviews
Area Statistics
Rental Market Monitor
Recent Articles
Updated June 28, 2015
When it comes to choosing a private school, there are so many choices to consider that the project can be a huge challenge to most of us. We offer some help and advice to help you get started.
Sending your child to a foreign language school makes good sense when you have been posted to this country from abroad and in other circumstances as well.
Do you need financial aid? Not sure? Confused by how financial aid works? Here are some answers.


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2 / 788
This is a dress I made to wear to a PTA ball at my daughters school. The bodice is sewn using Vogue 8998, and made from guipure lace. The high low skirt is cut from McCalls 6987 and cut from crinkled chiffon georgette fabric. Full details on this project including where I sourced the diamante belt and lace on my blog: https://sewmanju.wordpress.com/2015/06/28/vogue-8998-mccalls-6987-diy-guipure-lace-chiffon-georgette-embellished-ball-prom-dress/#comments


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High School Sports
Baseball: Well-placed single lifts Mesquite past O'Connor
Mesquite baseball coach Jeff Holland is used to tight games this season so it was no surprise his Wildcats engaged in another such contest on Monday afternoon.
Mesquite managed only five hits -- three of them infield hits -- but that final one was good enough to plate the game-winner in the bottom of the eighth in the Wildcats 3-2 victory over visiting Sandra Day O'Connor.
Mesquite third baseman Josh Webster looped a two-out hit -- just over reliever Nicko Ortega's head that landed softly on the infield grass behind the mound as middle infielders converged with no play. It scored Nick Daley, who doubled to open the inning, from third.
Webster had a full day with the plusses bettering the minuses. Webster started a 5-4-3 double play in the first, made two do-or-die barehand plays to first to nip runners on bunt attempts and he made an error in the sixth that figured in SDO's two-run rally that tied the game at the time. He also reached on a error in the second, but was doubled off second when he strayed too far on liner to center field.
"We're in one-run games all the time," Holland said. "It was nice to get one. That ball wasn't hit well, but at this point,we'll take any win."
Sandra Day O'Connor (18-6 overall, 10-4 power-ranking games) was the only team in last week's Division I top-10 to escape without a loss. The Eagles, in fact, moved up from ninth to fourth. Mesquite (16-10, 10-6) bowed twice a week ago and fell out of the top-10 when the latest rankings appeared Monday morning. Mesquite dropped from seventh to 12th.
The game was well-pitched on both sides. Sandra Day O'Connor had to go with sophomore Colby Wyatt as staff ace Cameron Ming was back home battling illness. Wyatt went five innings. He allowed three hits, one walk and two runs (both unearned). His opponent was Mesquite senior James Harrington, who has found a special groove of late. Harrington allowed four hits, fanned six and both runs he allowed were unearned. Harrington is 6-0 for the year with an ERA right around 3.00.
"He's figured it out the last two times out," Holland said. "He's not throwing to guns or scouts. He's been dealing. He beat Mountain Pointe last week (3-2), and pitched his butt off today."
Mesquite scored one run in the fourth and one in the fifth. A passed ball plated the fourth-inning run and a wild pitch helped advance Harrington, who reached on an infield hit and scored the run. A sacrifice fly by Cole Valletta in the fifth brought home the second run. The runner that scored reached on a pair of outfield errors.
SDO's only extra-base hit scored its two runs. It was a long double to left by clean-up hitter Degan Harte that nearly was a ground-rule double and would have cost the Eagles a run had it bounced over the fence.
"I think every run in this one scored because of a misplay, a walk or something," SDO coach Jeff Baumgartner said. "(Wyatt) pitched well. The pitching was good enough to win. We just have to score a few more runs."
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- Arizona State Head Basketball Coach Bobby Hurley Bobby Hurley talks about coming to Arizona State and what it's like recruiting in Arizona.
- Verrado High School Alum and Washington Nationals 2nd Round Pick Blake Perkins Blake Perkins talks about being drafted 69th overall by the Washington Nationals in the MLB draft.
- AIA Executive Director Dr. Harold Slemmer Dr. Slemmer talks about the AIA's plans moving into next year's athletics season.
- Corona Del Sol Star Basketball Player Marvin Bagley III Marvin Bagley talks about winning the state title, recruiting, and shows off his musical talent.
Arizona Sports Preps 365
- June 13, 2015 - Hour: 1Arizona Sports Preps 365 holds it's annual High School Sports experts roundtable to discuss next season.
- June 13, 2015 - Hour: 2Arizona Sports Preps 365 is your source for all of Arizona's High School athletics headlines and stories.
- June 6, 2015 - Hour: 1Marvin Bagley joins the AZ Preps 365 radio show to talk about winning the state title, college's, the USA team, and shows off some rapping talent.
- June 6, 2015 - Hour: 2Arizona Sports Preps 365 is your source for all the news and stories from around AZ's high school sports scene.
- May 30, 2015 - Hour: 1Arizona Sports Preps 365 is your home for all of AZ's High School sports news and stories.


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7th April 2015: This is a joint press release by FedEx Corporation and TNT Express N.V., pursuant to Section 5 Paragraph 1 of the Decree on Public Takeover Bids (Besluit openbare biedingen Wft,the Decree) in connection with the intended public offer by FedEx Corporation for all the issued and outstanding ordinary shares in the capital of TNT Express N.V. Read more.
10th February 2015: TNT launches a large marketing campaign this week designed to support export shipments of parcels and freight to the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Italy. Read more.
21st January 2015: TNT today announces a major upgrade of its international delivery service to Germany. TNT now provides guaranteed next-day delivery to all postal codes in country1 as well as an optional delivery before 12:00 nationwide. Read more.


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To back up, you should connect your Lumia phone to a PC and copy the JPG and corresponding NAR files to your PC.
How do I back up my files created by Nokia Smart Cam app?
Recommended for you
- I cannot edit the smart sequence again or revert back to original after editing it in Creative Studio, why?
- How do I remove a NAR file created by the Lumia Refocus app?
- I cannot find a .gif file in the Lumia phone for the cinemagraph I just created. Why?
- Why shortcut icons are created in app list after installing more than 45 applications and cannot be deleted later in my Nokia Lumia?
- What if I do not have enough space in my Lumia for the software update?
- Use Cortana


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Anaheim, CA (SportsNetwork.com) - Ryan Getzlaf posted a goal and two assists as the Anaheim Ducks took a 6-3 victory over the San Jose Sharks to close a home-and-home set.
Matt Beleskey and Nick Bonino each posted a goal and an assist for the Ducks, who dropped the opener of this set in San Jose, 3-1, on Sunday that saw a franchise-best 10-game winning streak stopped. Jonas Hiller made 33 saves in the win.
Dan Boyle, Bracken Kearns and Logan Couture all scored for the Sharks, who had won four straight coming into the game.
Antti Niemi was pulled in the third period as he gave up five goals on 34 shots. Alex Stalock allowed a goal on four shots the rest of the way.
"We had a good push, and then nothing would come out of it and boom they score, but I think we came out with early energy, but the second period we just got out played, it killed the game plan," said San Jose center Joe Thornton.
Kyle Palmieri's tip-in at 16:24 of the first period accounted for the only goal of the frame to give Anaheim the lead, but San Jose tied the game 35 seconds into the second on Boyle's power-play goal, a tip-in of a Joe Pavelski shot in front.
Francois Beauchemin made it a 2-1 game for the Ducks at the 11-minute mark with his first of the season, but Couture answered 1:35 later with his 12th of the season.
Anaheim, though, took a 4-2 lead into the third on a power-play goal from Bonino at 14:59, and Beleskey's backhander from in front at 18:30.
"We came out with a one-goal lead after one against a pretty good hockey team," said Getzlaf. "We caught a break at the end of the period, and that was good for our group. We came out the way we wanted to in the second period."
The Ducks scored two more goals in quick succession to start the third as Getzlaf got one through on a slap shot at 1:14, and a shorthanded goal by Andrew Cogliano just 1:11 later.
Kearns scored on the same power play at 3:16 off a feed from Matthew Irwin to cap the scoring in the game.
San Jose hosts Edmonton on Thursday ... Anaheim welcomes Edmonton on Friday
... San Jose had won four straight in the series, including two matchups this
season ... Anaheim was 1-for-3 on the power play while San Jose went 2-for-5.
Former Heisman Trophy winners Matt Leinart, Eric Crouch and Rashaan Salaam are among 76 Football Bowl Subdivision players on the ballot for election into the 2016 class of the College Football Hall of Fame.
The regular season in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series has reached its midpoint, with 13 races completed and 13 to go before the championship Chase begins.
The Houston Texans have signed defensive lineman Brandon Deaderick, who played last season with the New Orleans Saints.
The Toronto Blue Jays activated catcher Dioner Navarro from the 15-day disabled list following a 2-0 loss to the Washington Nationals in the opener of Tuesday's doubleheader.
Sacramento Kings forward Carl Landry underwent surgery on Tuesday to repair a torn ligament in his right wrist, the team said.
The Montreal Canadiens revealed on Tuesday that defenseman Jeff Petry has agreed to terms on a six-year contract extension.


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Session 115 What's New with FAFSA on the Web, the PIN, and FAA Access Online? 2 FAFSA on the Web Home Page Easy to Follow As simple as 1, 2, 3 3 Help Text and FAQs Frequently Asked Questions – Find the category – Find your question – Search capability Help Text – Find the topic of the question – Search capability 4 Step 1- Before Beginning a FAFSA Documents Needed Pre-Application Worksheet Plan how to sign your FAFSA Establish your eligibility Important Deadlines 5 Step 2- Filling out a FAFSA First Time Renewal Corrections to a submitted FAFSA Open a Saved application 6 New Features! Incorporation of Auto- Zero EFC functions – States will have the capability of skipping Auto Zero and SNT skip logic Re-ordering of the questions If eligible, skip the following questions: – student and parent income taxes and exemptions – student and parent Worksheets A, B, and C – student and parent assets 7 New Features! (cont) Auto Zero EFC skip logic conditions – Requires a re-ordering of the questions – Enhanced Skip-logic based on auto-zero eligibility – Re-ordering clearly explained prior to starting app – Simplified Needs Test Pre-Application Worksheet – Updated to reflect order of web application questions 8 Save for Later Save the FAFSA, work on it later Continue working on the saved FAFSA Automatic session expire save Subsequent save reminders 9 Application Updates Question text differentiates between 'student' and 'parent', where applicable W-2 form box numbers added to questions Pre-population of fields – "Number in College" • If Independent and "Household Size" equals '1' – "Were you Born Before 1/1/1980?" • Based on "Date of Birth" – "Are you Married?" • Based on "Marital Status" 10 Application Updates (cont) Personalized confirmation of submit page – Student's First Name Bar Code added to Signature Page – consists of Student's SSN and name ID 11 Step 3- FAFSA Follow-Up Check Status of a Submitted FAFSA Student Access Corrections on the Web instructions 12 Check Status of a submitted application Ability to check right after submitting the FAFSA. Once processed, view your data! 13 Student Access Computed Information Entered Data SAR Comments NSLDS information and link Print the SAR Corrections Option 14 Student Access/SAR on the Web "Make Corrections" button included in the SAR on the Web comment text, where applicable SAR PDF and HTML printouts include the same fields as the paper SAR Referral to NSLDS web site for up to date loan information 15 Corrections on the Web Easy to follow instructions Shopping Cart format View Current answers Web Chat 03-04 Corrections on the Web will be real-time corrections 16 Electronic SARS Meets 4 criteria Social Security Number Match Not a Subsequent application Email Address No Signature errors Links to Student Access 17 PIN Home Page PIN Request and Information Change Internet Access Contact Us Security Links to other sites 18 PIN Link Sent Via Email Two options U.S. Postal Mail Email 19 PIN Request sent via Email Apply for PIN Request for PIN via Email Change PIN information 20 Security Pass-Phrase Enter a Security Pass-Phrase Remember the Pass-Phrase 21 PIN changes for 2003-2004 Importance of PIN reinforced – New infrastructure – Network message will be sent to FAAs to remind students to update e-mail and mailing addresses, prior to creation of renewal files in the Fall. – Reminder will also be posted on the Web site. 22 http://www.fafsa.ed.gov/ FAA/faa.htm 23 FAA Main Menu Student Inquiry – Access via DRN Batch Status Duplicate Renewal Print (will be removed) Application Correction Entry Restore a Saved Application FAA Signature Hold File Request added 24 What can I do with FAA Access ? View student SAR data Check batch status Enter a FAFSA/Renewal –Same save functionality as student –Student verses FAA restores Make Corrections 25 What do I need for FAA Access? A PIN (http://www.pin.ed.gov) – Identity's you as an individual not a FAA The Destination Point Administrator for your TG # must grant you permission by using FAA Administration on http://sfawebenroll.ed.gov 26 Ways to ensure successful FAA access! Must have permission for the year in which you're working DPA must have given permission to use FAA Access A PIN alone does not give you permission to use FAA Access Read/Write permission (DPA determines) 27 FAA FAFSA Entry Page 2003-2004 FAFSA Different Steps for the different sections Fill in the answers 28 FAA Correction Entry 2003-2004 FAFSA Corrections – real-time Different Steps for the different sections Correct the answers 29 FAA Access to the CPS Online Forms Improved Application Selection Format of forms simplified – Less text – Less on-screen help text – Less skip-logic – Fewer Pages – Direct entry Dependency Override field grouped with Dependency questions 30 FAA Access to the CPS Online Student Inquiry Academic Year displayed on all pages Student SSN and Name ID on all pages FAA Information included in the printouts Instead of codes, spell out: – Application flags – Financial Aid flags – Match flags – Comment Code text 31 Increased Volume for Web Applications 4000000 3500000 3000000 2500000 2000000 1500000 1000000 500000 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Year 01-02 Year 02-03 32 FAFSA on the Web Milestones 1 Million Web Applications Received 02-03 February 26, 2002 01-02 March 19, 2001 2 Million Web Applications Received 02-03 April 4, 2002 01-02 June 14, 2001 3 Million Web Applications Received 02-03 May 30, 2002 01-02 October 9, 2001 33 How are the Applications submitted? ROTW Paper FAFSA's 23% 24% EDE FAFSA's 8% FAFSA Express Less than 1% Paper Renewals 24% FOTW 21% 34 Questions? Any Questions? 35 SFA Tech Slide We appreciate your feedback and comments. For FAFSA on the Web questions/Student questions Phone: 1-800-4FEDAID (433-3243) Email: email@example.com For FAA Access questions Phone: 1-800-330-5947 Email: email@example.com 36 37
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A method and an apparatus that reduce the burden on routers by removing the aggregation and physical Wide Area Network (WAN) interface functions from the router are provided. The aggregation and physical Wide Area Network interface transparently forwards traffic and routing information to and from the WAN without becoming a router. The disclosed forwarding technique and apparatus is applicable to IP protocol as well as other protocols. As provided, the routing device is connected to a forwarding device via the Local Area Network (LAN) and the IP Multiplexer forwards data packets to one or more physical WAN links.
1. A data forwarder to forward data on a computer network, including:
at least one input interface;
a plurality of output interfaces, each output interface having an actual address;
means for matching the actual addresses of the output interfaces with virtual addresses of the output interfaces, the virtual addresses actually associated with the data forwarder but only virtually associated with the output interfaces;
means for receiving data over the input interface, the received data including information content and also having one of the virtual addresses included therein; and
means for matching the virtual address in the data to one of the output interfaces, using the matching means, and for transmitting the information content of the data over the output interface to which the address in the data has been matched by the matching means.
2. The data forwarder of
3. The data forwarder of
4. The data forwarder of
5. The data forwarder of
6. The data forwarder of
7. The data forwarder of
a table of indications of the output interfaces, the table being indexable by the virtual addresses in the received data.
8. The data forwarder of
means for determining, from a table and using at least a portion of the virtual address in the input data, the indication of the output interface that corresponds to the input address in the input data.
9. The data forwarder of
10. The data forwarder of
11. The data forwarder of
means for receiving a request, via one of the input interfaces, for an actual input address corresponding to a particular one of the output interfaces; and
means for responding to the request via the one input interface with the virtual input address associated with the data forwarder and matchable by the matching means to the particular output interface.
12. The data forwarder of
13. The data forwarder of
14. A process of forwarding data on a computer network, including:
a first matching step, of matching actual addresses of output interfaces with virtual addresses of the output interfaces, the virtual addresses actually associated with a circuit implementing the data forwarding process but only virtually associated with the output interfaces;
receiving data over an input interface, the received data including information content and also having one of the virtual addresses included therein; and
a second matching step, of matching the virtual address in the data to one of the output interfaces, using the result of the first matching step, and transmitting the information content of the data over the output interface to which the address in the data has been matched in the second matching step.
15. The forwarding process of of
16. The forwarding process of
17. The forwarding process of
18. The forwarding process of
19. The forwarding process of
20. The forwarding process of
providing a table of indications of the output interfaces, the table being indexable by the virtual addresses in the received data.
21. The forwarding process of
determining, from the table and using at least a portion of the virtual address in the input data, the indication of the output interface that corresponds to the input address in the input data.
22. The forwarding process of
23. The forwarding process of
24. The forwarding process of
receiving a request, via one of the input interfaces, for an actual input address corresponding to a particular one of the output interfaces; and
responding to the request via the one input interface with the virtual input address associated with the data forwarder and matchable by the second matching step to the particular output interface
25. The forwarding process of
26. The forwarding process of
[0001] This application claims priority from provisional application no. 60/076,094, filed Feb. 26, 1998 and entitled IP Multiplexing Packet Forwarding.
[0002] The invention relates to forwarding data, such as packets and, in particular, to forwarding data both efficiently, and transparently to routers.
[0003] The Internet is undergoing explosive growth in order to support a dramatic increase in users, applications and services. This growth is resulting in network congestion as the existing Internet infrastructure struggles to handle the increased load. Internet service providers and their customers are looking for ways to cost effectively upgrade the existing infrastructure to handle this growth and be positioned for continued growth in the future. Faster and more affordable Internet access techniques are required.
[0004] Some background of how networks conventionally operate is briefly discussed. Conventionally, separate computing devices are connected to one another through networks that forward information based upon the destination IP address provided in the Internet Protocol. Devices in the same geographical proximity are typically connected by Local Area Networks (LANs) such as Ethernet networks. These computing devices learn the IP address (identity) of other computing devices on the same LAN by broadcasting an address resolution request to all computing devices on the LAN. Computing devices that are not on the same LAN require assistance in locating each other and typically communicate with an intermediary device whose purpose is to determine a path between the two devices and forward information onto this path. These intermediate devices typically use routing protocols to determine this path and are frequently referred to as routers or route switches.
[0005] In short, routers are devices that direct traffic between hosts, typically by building routing tables that contain information on the best paths to all destinations that they know how to reach. Routers use a hop-by-hop mechanism to keep track of the next-hop information in order to forward packets to their ultimate destination.
[0006] As networks have become more complex, routers have been asked to perform several other functions, besides routing. Some routers can be used to enable computing devices to transfer information to and from other computing devices in different geographical areas. These networks are called Wide Area Networks (WANs), and routers connect computing devices on LANs to one or more WAN links via physical WAN interfaces integrated into the router or provided by an external WAN access device. These routers perform routing, aggregation of WAN links and provide physical connections to the WAN links, as shown in FIG. 1A. Link aggregation is the bonding of multiple channels into a single, higher speed connection.
[0007] The increase in transfer of electronic information over the Internet is putting an increased burden on routers. The current Internet infrastructure depends on highly integrated routers or a combination of router and data service units (DSU) products to provide high speed access to the Internet.
[0008] It is desired to provide a method and apparatus to forward data (such as IP datagrams) across a network without invoking routing. Existing alternatives for forwarding IP datagrams across a device without forcing that device to become another router on the network are inadequate for this objective. For example, bridging and static forwarding are two standards-compliant vendor interoperable solutions in use today, but both solutions were unable to meet the objectives for forwarding.
[0009] One possible alternative is IEEE 802.1d: Transparent bridging (switching), which is widely deployed in interconnecting Ethernet switched Local Area Networks. A transparent bridge operates in promiscuous mode, accepting every frame transmitted on all the LANs to which it is connected. When a bridge is first plugged into the network, its tables are empty. So it uses a flooding algorithm and outputs every frame on the LANs to which the bridge is connected, except for on the LAN the frame came on. The bridge then uses an algorithm called "Backward Learning". Since the bridges operate in promiscuous mode, they look at the source MAC address to determine which machine is accessible on which LAN. They use this information to build their forwarding table. It uses this table information to forward subsequent packets to the host whose address it had learned previously.
[0010] Bridging has several severe disadvantages when considered for use between heterogeneous network links. Bridging is not feasible on such links because frames on the WAN links do not have data link layer MAC headers, while frames on the LAN segments do. Therefore, a bridge would be unable to perform the backward learning algorithm on WAN links. If a bridging solution was used, then all LAN traffic would have to be flooded on all the WAN links. This is extremely wasteful of bandwidth and prevents scaling to levels demand by service providers. Further, bridging does not support load balancing and multi-homing. To summarize, bridging makes inefficient use of WAN links; broadcast messages waste expensive bandwidth; and bridging does not support efficient load-balancing in multi-homing applications.
[0011] Another potential alternative is static forwarding, which refers to routes being manually entered into the routers. Network reachability is not dependent on the state of the network itself. Whether a destination is up or down, the static routes would remain in the table and traffic would be sent towards the destination. Static forwarding is a less than optimal solution for WAN aggregation and forwarding. Since the ISP community is organized in a tiered manner, most Tier 1 ISPs have smaller ISPs as customers. Therefore, using static addresses, when a customer ISP adds or removes customers, routes must be manually added or removed, as shown in FIG. 3. This can become quite cumbersome and unmanageable. Additionally, without running dynamic routing protocols, intelligent route selection can not be made. Network problems can not be bypassed and service interruptions can occur. To summarize, static forwarding does not scale to higher-tier ISP's; higher-tier ISP's have other ISP's as customers, and static forwarding requires manual updating even when the other ISP's customers change; and static forwarding does not provide for intelligent routing.
[0012] The invention provides a method (IP Multiplexing, in one embodiment) and apparatus (IP Multiplexer, in one embodiment) that reduces the burden on routers by removing the aggregation and physical WAN interface functions from the router. The aggregation and physical WAN interface transparently forward traffic and routing information to and from the WAN, as shown in FIG. 1B, without becoming a router. Although the present disclosure is in terms of IP protocol, the forwarding technique/apparatus of the invention may be equally applicable to other protocols. With the method in accordance with the invention, the routing device is connected to a forwarding device via the LAN and data packets are forwarded to one or more physical WAN links by the IP Multiplexer, as shown in FIG. 2B.
[0013] The WAN functions are separated from routing functions. The method and apparatus provide a fast packet forwarding technology to forward traffic and routing information to and from the WAN, while being transparent to the other devices on the network. The wide area network (WAN) aggregation and physical layer functionality are performed, while connecting over a LAN to any device performing routing.
[0014] By moving to this new paradigm of Internet access, Internet Service Providers can decrease the cost of their networks by reducing the number of routers required for Internet aggregation, again referring to FIG. 2B. Any router (even less sophisticated—less expensive—routers) can act as an access router. Significantly, the capacity and speed of routers are increased by freeing the routers from performing complex WAN aggregation and forwarding processing functions. With the invention, Service Providers have a scaleable platform and the flexibility to move from routers to high speed switching infrastructures in the future. At the same time, investments in existing access equipment are protected.
[0015] There are several basic advantages to separating the WAN interface and link aggregation functions from the router: cost, performance, scalability, and preservation of investment. The cost of the router, required to perform routing in a network, is lower. Performance of the router for routing functions is increased by allowing the router to concentrate on routing. Data throughput of networks can be scaled without installing new routers, and network's investment in existing equipment is preserved.
[0016]FIG. 1A shows the functions of a conventional router, and FIG. 1B shows a breakdown of functions between a conventional (or other) router and an IP Multiplexer.
[0017]FIG. 2A shows how WAN functions are conventionally handled by a router, and FIG. 2B shows how WAN functions are offloaded from a router by an IP Multiplexer.
[0018]FIG. 3 shows a conventional "static forwarding" method, as applied to WAN functions.
[0019]FIG. 4 shows the broad steps of IP Multiplexing.
[0020]FIG. 5 shows tables employed within an IP Multiplexer.
[0021]FIG. 6 shows the flow of one data packet in an IP Multiplexing example.
[0022]FIG. 7 shows illustrates proxy ARP processing by an IP Multiplexer.
[0023]FIG. 8 illustrates packet forward processing by an IP Multiplexer, where the IP Processing Module represents conventional operations of a TCP/IP host.
[0024]FIG. 9 illustrates an example of how adds, moves and changes to the WAN configuration of a network is transparent to IP Multiplexing.
[0025]FIG. 10 illustrates an example of multihoming, load balancing and redundancy with IP Multiplexing.
[0026]FIG. 11 illustrates BGP transparency with an IP Multiplexer.
[0027] One embodiment in accordance with the invention, IP Multiplexing, is a technique for data forwarding (data packets, in one embodiment) between multiple Local Area Networks and Wide Area Networks links. An IP Multiplexer is a device with both LAN and WAN ports, implementing IP Multiplexing as a forwarding technique between the two.
[0028] An IP Multiplexer forwards IP packets without utilizing a routing protocol or maintaining a routing table. Instead, it allows the routers in the network to make all the routing decision and forward packets on the route chosen by them.
[0029] How does IP Multiplexing work? In one embodiment, IP Multiplexing uses IEEE MAC addresses as tags to direct traffic unto the appropriate WAN link. IP Multiplexers assign a separate virtual MAC address to each WAN link from a pre-assigned (by IEEE) range of MAC addresses. In addition, the service providers configure IP addresses on each of the WAN links. The tables associated with IP Multiplexing, in one embodiment, are illustrated in FIG. 5. Whenever any router on the Ethernet segment wishes to communicate with another station across the WAN on the far side of the IP Multiplexers, it sends an ARP request to obtain the next hop router's MAC address. ARP request is broadcast when a host A wishes to communicate with a host B and A knows B's logical Internet address but does not know B's physical address. An ARP request is broadcast for the unknown physical address, and the host that has the required Internet address responds with a reply that includes the desired physical address. This is just as the router would do in a conventional routing environment, because the router is not aware of the presence of the IP Multiplexer and believes that the remote router is present on the same LAN.
[0030] The IP Multiplexer responds with the unique MAC address assigned to the WAN link on which the remote router is connected. This is labeled as "Assigning the MAC address" in FIG. 4. The Router on the LAN then prepends the Virtual MAC address to all IP packets that transit through the WAN Router B. The IP Multiplexer forwards the packet by just examining the Destination MAC address in the MAC header. This is referred to as "Phase II Forwarding the packets" in FIG. 4.
[0031] IP Multiplexers maintain transparency because, in one embodiment, IP Multiplexers do not participate in IP routing protocols; the Time to Live (TTL) Field in the IP header is not decremented so the IP header checksum is not recomputed; and IP Multiplexers do not generate ICMP unreachable, ICMP redirect and other ICMP control messages that an IP router would generate.
[0032] The Local Area Network interface on an IP Multiplexer can be, for example, the following LAN media: Ethernet; Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps); Gigabit Ethernet (1 Gbps); Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI); and Token Ring. IP Multiplexing is applicable to all of the above LAN media because the Address Resolution Protocol is used on each of these LAN media to resolve a host's MAC address. For simplicity in this description, Ethernet is used synonymously with the LAN interface. IP Multiplexing may also be used with other LAN media, not listed, so long as they employ an ARP-type address resolution mechanism.
[0033] The WAN interface on an IP Multiplexer can be, for example, the following: Physical WAN interfaces such as DS1, DS3, OC-3; Virtual WAN interfaces such as Frame Relay Permanent Circuits, Virtual Circuits, Frame Relay Permanent Virtual Circuits, Switched Virtual Circuits, and Asynchronous Transfer Mode Virtual Circuits.
[0034] The IP Multiplexing process can be used for forwarding both IP version 4 traffic, as well as IP version 6 traffic, since the IP Multiplexing forwarding process is Layer 3 header independent.
[0035] As for IP Address Configuration, the service provider can configure the IP address of the IP Multiplexer on each WAN link. Alternatively, the IP Multiplexer can determine the remote router's address automatically through the Point to Point Protocol. The service provider can configure an IP address on the Ethernet interface as well.
[0036] IP Multiplexing is now described in greater detail. The first part of this detailed description describes the flow of information across an IP Multiplexer-based network (a so-called "out of the box" description). The second part of this detailed description describes the flow of information within an IP Multiplexer (a so-called "in the box" description).
[0037] One way to understand IP Multiplexing is to take a step by step tour of its operation, which is now done with reference to FIG. 6. Let us consider the path of a packet from workstation A in San Francisco as it makes it way across the Internet to another workstation F in New York. There are two IP Multiplexers in the path of the packet, one at the customer premise (IP Multiplexer B) and another at the ISP POP (IP Multiplexer C).
[0038] We assume that the following have been completed before the packet flow. Routers have established paths to various destination networks using standard routing protocols—for example Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), Open Shortest Path First (OSPF). Both the IP Multiplexers B and C in FIG. 6 assign a unique virtual MAC address to each WAN interface. The assignment of MAC address to WAN link is preferably made automatically and does not need any user intervention. In this example, Workstation A on the LAN has the Router G configured as its default router.
[0039] Workstation A broadcasts an Address Resolution Protocol request packet to determine Router G's MAC address. IP Multiplexer B responds to the ARP request by providing a MAC address that it associates with the WAN link through which Router G is reachable. IP Multiplexer C responds with MAC address mB for WAN link 1 in the Address resolution reply packet. Thereafter, workstation A inserts MAC address mB in the MAC header of all IP packets transiting through router G and transmits it on the Ethernet segment. The IP Multiplexer listens to all packets on the Ethernet interface by putting itself in promiscuous mode. It receives the packet with mB as the destination MAC address. It sends the packet on WAN Link 1 by looking up the MAC address mB in its IP Multiplexing table as shown in FIG. 6. The IP packet travels across WAN link 1 and reaches IP Multiplexer C. IP Multiplexer C sends the packet over the Ethernet to its next hop, Router G. Router G consults its dynamic routing tables, determines the next hop router to reach workstation F and forwards the packet to the next hop. The previous step is repeated until the packet reaches the router to which F is directly connected, which delivers the packet to recipient workstation F.
[0040] The internal view of the IP Multiplexer is now discussed. Two main components of an IP Multiplexer, in one embodiment, are the Proxy ARP engine which responds to ARP requests on the LAN at address resolution time; and the IP Forwarding engine which forwards all IP datagrams received both on the LAN and the WAN.
[0041] The proxy ARP engine of this embodiment is now discussed. The IP Multiplexer module proxies ARP messages. More specifically, in one embodiment, the IP Multiplexer responds to ARP requests on its LAN interfaces for any IP host that it can reach through its WAN interfaces. As WAN interfaces are created, the IP Multiplexer assigns a virtual MAC address to each WAN link from a range of MAC addresses pre-assigned to the IP Multiplexer. When responding to ARP requests on behalf of the remote WAN routers, the IP Multiplexer uses a unique MAC address (from the pre-assigned range) assigned to the WAN interface through which the IP address in the ARP packet can be reached.
[0042] Data Flow through the Proxy ARP Module of the IP Multiplexer is illustrated in FIG. 7 as follows:
[0043] 1. An ARP packet enters the IP Multiplexer over the Ethernet interface.
[0044] 2. The Ethernet Driver passes the ARP packet up to the IP Multiplexer Proxy ARP engine
[0045] 3. If the target IP address in the ARP packet can be reached through one of the WAN interfaces, the IP Multiplexer Module builds an ARP response. The MAC address used in the ARP response is the one assigned to the WAN interface through which the target IP address is reachable.
[0046] 4. The ARP response packet is sent on the same interface the request came in on.
[0047] 5. If the target IP address in the ARP request is that of the IP Multiplexer itself or if the packet is an ARP response the packet is passed up by the IP Multiplexer Module to the ARP Module.
[0048] 6. If the ARP request is for determining the MAC address of the IP Multiplexer itself, the basic ARP processing module responds with the MAC address assigned to the Ethernet interface.
[0049] 7. If the packet is an ARP response, the basic ARP processing module caches the MAC address of the replying host in its ARP table.
[0050] The forwarding engine is now discussed with reference to FIG. 8, which shows the connectivity among various modules in an IP Multiplexer. The portions shaded in gray do not constitute part of the IP Multiplexer and perform the normal operations of a TCP/IP host. It is used to process IP packets sent to the IP Multiplexer's IP address.
[0051] In one embodiment, the IP Multiplexing forwarding engine employs a different approach for forwarding packets from the LAN to the WAN versus forwarding packets received on the WAN. They are described separately in following sections.
[0052] A WAN interface using PPP encapsulation is considered. However, with IP Multiplexing, any Layer 2 WAN protocol can be used—PPP, HDLC and Frame Relay routers, for example. In addition, the link is assumed to be in the open state after having negotiated the link parameters.
[0053] Data flow across the IP Multiplexer while forwarding a packet received on a LAN interface to the WAN is described in this section. The Ethernet interface operates in promiscuous mode so that the IP Multiplexer can receive packets that are addressed to a range of MAC addresses, and not just one MAC address.
[0054] The following steps are taken.
[0055] 1. The Ethernet driver receives every packet transmitted on the Ethernet segment, since the Ethernet driver is operating in promiscuous mode.
[0056] 2. The Ethernet driver passes the packet up to the IP Multiplexer.
[0057] 3. The IP Multiplexer matches the first three bytes of the Destination Address in the MAC header with the range of MAC addresses pre-assigned to the IP Multiplexer. If a match is not found, the IP packet is discarded.
[0058] 4. If the MAC address is within the range of MAC addresses assigned to the IP Multiplexer, the last three bytes of the MAC address are used to compute the WAN interface to forward the packet on
[0059] 5. The IP Multiplexer uses the result of the lookup to determine which WAN interface to forward the IP packet on. If the packet is addressed to the IP Multiplexer, the packet is passed up to the TCP/IP stack.
[0060] 6. If the packet needs to the forwarded on a WAN interface, it sends the packet to the downstream WAN Layer 2 module if it is in an active state.
[0061] 7. The PPP Module [or any Layer 2 WAN protocol] prepends the appropriate Layer 2 encapsulation to the IP packet and sends it out the WAN interface.
[0062] Data Flow across the IP Multiplexer while forwarding a packet received on a WAN interface to the LAN is described in this section. While the description below illustrates the forwarding of a packet from the WAN to the LAN, the algorithm set forth here may also be used to forward packets from one WAN interface to another WAN interface.
[0063] Referring now to FIG. 8,
[0064] 1. An unicast IP packet arrives on a WAN interface.
[0065] 2. The WAN Driver passes the packet up to the PPP Multiplexer module
[0066] 3. The PPP Multiplexer processes the received packet since the given link is in the open state. It verifies that this is a valid data packet and passes the packet up to the IP Multiplexer layer after removing the Layer 2 encapsulation. If the packet size exceeds the Link's Maximum Receive Unit size the packet is dropped.
[0067] 4. The IP Multiplexer uses the following precedence rules in forwarding the packet from the WAN to the LAN:
[0068] If the packet is to a directly connected host, for example, on the Ethernet segment, it forwards the packet to the directly connected host after resolving the host's MAC address using ARP or by looking up its ARP cache
[0069] If source interface forwarding is configured, the packet is sent to a default gateway configured for that WAN link
[0070] If neither of the above conditions exist, the IP Multiplexer looks up the Destination IP address in its "Longest Match" IP Forwarding Table which is based on static routes configured by the user. If a match is found, the IP Multiplexer sends the IP packet to the appropriate output interface. This can be either the Ethernet interface or the WAN interface.
[0071] If forwarding out the Ethernet interface the IP Multiplexer must pass the source MAC address corresponding to the WAN interface it was received on. This is because the source MAC address must be that of the WAN interface the packet was received on.
[0072] 5. If the packet size exceeds the Maximum Transmission Unit of the outgoing interface, the IP Multiplexer fragments the packet as per IP fragmentation procedures and transmits multiple packets out the outgoing interface.
[0073] 6. If a matching forwarding entry is not found for a particular IP address, the packet is forwarded to the default router for the IP Multiplexer. If a default router is not configured and the lookup fails, the packet is dropped.
[0074] To summarize, IP Multiplexing is an innovative packet forwarding technique with the advantages of performance and transparency.
[0075] Regarding performance, it is very efficient to forward a packet with IP Multiplexing for the following reasons:
[0076] An IP Multiplexer looks up the Layer 3-destination address only at address resolution time. After that, IP datagrams are forwarded using the layer 2 LAN address as a forwarding tag.
[0077] The IP Multiplexer employs an exact match algorithm to determine the output interface whereas an IP router uses a longest match algorithm. The first three bytes of the MAC address of every packet the IP Multiplexer needs to forward are ensured to be within the pre-assigned range of MAC addresses for the IP Multiplexer. Therefore, e.g., only the last three bytes need to be indexed to find the matching route. This makes for very fast look up and forwarding. In comparison, the lookup performed by other forwarding techniques "the Longest Prefix match" is very compute intensive. According to this "Longest prefix" rule, in order to forward a given packet, the router must pick the most specific route in its table or the route with the greatest number of bits that match an IP address in its table.
[0078] The IP Multiplexer does not modify the IP header when forwarding the IP packet.
[0079] As for transparency, IP Multiplexing works transparently between existing IP routers, including transparency to adds, moves and changes; transparency to routing protocols; and transparency to multihoming, redundancy and load balancing.
[0080] The IP Multiplexer maintains information about the routers that are directly connected to it on the WAN side. Therefore, it is not affected by adds, moves and changes to routers that are multiple hops away from it, as shown in FIG. 9. As a result, IP Multiplexing does not suffer from the shortcomings of static forwarding where the forwarding table needs to be manually added whenever a customer's IP address changes or a new customer comes online.
[0081] IP Multiplexing is transparent to IP Routing Protocols, including BGP, OSPF and RIP. For example, the Border Gateway Protocol employs the same IP unicast traffic to setup its TCP control connection and exchange routing updates. Therefore, a BGP peering session between two routers with IP Multiplexers in between works transparently as it does for normal IP traffic.
[0082] Let us consider the example of a Router A at Customer Premise exchanging BGP information across an IP Multiplexer with Router D at a Service Provider Point of Presence, as shown in FIG. 11. The following steps are taken:
[0083] 1. Firstly, Router A and D establish a TCP connection on which to exchange BGP updates.
[0084] 2. Router A informs Router D of all the networks it provides reachability to, behind it and Router D does likewise
[0085] 3. After connection setup, the routers exchange "keepalive" messages
[0086] 4. If there should be a change in the state of any network, Router A & D inform each other to keep their routing tables in sync.
[0087] We illustrate with an example how IP Multiplexing transparently supports Multihoming, redundancy and load balancing. Consider the case of a customer who has multiple T1 connections to the Internet one going to a service provider in San Francisco and another one in Virginia as shown in FIG. 10. Both the customer and the Service provider use the IP Multiplexer for WAN access and WAN Aggregation respectively. The CPE router transparently peers with POP routers in Virginia and San Francisco. It picks the T1 connecting to the Virginia as the primary path based on the metrics advertised for both the paths by the POP routers. Should the router in Virginia fail, the CPE router transparently switches over to the backup path through the SFO router. It detects the failure through the routing protocol. Since IP Multiplexers transparently pass the routing protocols, the failover also happens transparently. Similarly, IP Multiplexing transparently supports load balancing over multiple WAN links should the routers discover multiple paths with equal cost.
[0088] IP Multicast Transparency with IP Multiplexing is now discussed. IP Multicast is a mechanism whereby a single packet can be delivered to multiple recipients. It provides a standards-based way of grouping users for audio and video applications. It eliminates the need for a packet to be replicated when it needs to be delivered to multiple destination hosts.
[0089] The Internet Group Membership Protocol (IGMP) is an integral part of the IP Multicast standard. It is a protocol for discovering IP Multicast hosts. IP Multicast capable hosts send IGMP Join messages on joining a Multicast group. Multicast routers send IGMP Queries periodically on all the interfaces they are connected to find out if there are any Multicast capable hosts. End stations respond to the query by sending IGMP Reports indicating the Multicast groups of which they are members. Routers remove entries for membership on a given interface on seeing a IGMP Leave message.
[0090] Multicast routers discover Multicast sources and receivers across the Internet by exchanging Routing messages amongst themselves. These routers build a Multicast-spanning tree, which includes the Multicast source and has the receivers present at the leaves of the tree. Examples of IP Multicast Routing Protocols include Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) and Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP).
[0091] IP Multicast Forwarding with IP Multiplexing is now discussed. IP forward IP Multicast datagrams without participating in both the IP Multicast Group Membership Protocols and the IP Multicast Routing Protocols. This method works transparently regardless of the IP Multicast routing protocol used. It also does not flood packets on all the interfaces, as a bridge would. It discovers where are the recipients for a IP Multicast group, as well as the routers. It does this by "listening" to and learning from IP Multicast control messages. The IP Multiplexer learns which interfaces Multicast routers and hosts are present on by listening to:
[0092] IGMP Join to discover Multicast hosts to the Multicast forwarding table
[0093] IGMP Leave to remove Multicast hosts from the forwarding entry for the group
[0094] IGMP Query Messages to discover Multicast routers
[0095] PIM Join, Graft and Prune Messages to discover IP Multicast routers
[0096] PIM Prune Messages to remove IP Multicast routers from the forwarding table entry
[0097] An example is used to illustrate how an IP Multiplexer builds a forwarding entry for a Multicast group. Let us consider the example of an IP Multiplexer which has 8 WAN interfaces and 1 LAN interface numbered WAN1-WAN 8 and LAN1 respectively. The Multicast Group M used in this example is assumed to have the IP address 18.104.22.168. When the IP Multiplexer starts up it assumes it has no forwarding entries. It sees an IGMP Join on WAN1 for Multicast Group 18.104.22.168 on WAN1; it adds WAN1 to the forwarding entry for 126.96.36.199. Similarly, When it sees a IGMP Join for Multicast Group 188.8.131.52 on WAN2 it adds WAN2 to the forwarding table entry for Multicast Group 188.8.131.52. When it receives a Multicast data packet for Multicast Group 220.127.116.11 on the LAN interface LAN1, it forwards it out on WAN1 and WAN2. Similarly, when it sees a PIM Join Message or IGMP Query on the LAN it marks the LAN interface as a router interface. Any Multicast data packet for the Multicast Group 188.8.131.52 received on WAN interface WAN1 is forwarded out the LAN interface LAN1 since it is a router port. In addition, it forwards it out on WAN interface WAN2.
[0098] To summarize, the IP Multiplexer uses the following algorithm to forward Multicast datagrams. Interfaces that have routers present on them are marked as the "uplink interfaces", whereas interfaces that have IP Multicast hosts present on them are designated as "member" interfaces. IP Multicast packets received on the uplink are sent on all the member interfaces. IP Multicast data packets received on the member interfaces are forwarded on all the remaining member interfaces as well as on the uplink. IP Multiplexing provides a efficient yet simple means of transporting IP Multicast.
[0099] A number of acronyms have been used in this specification. For convenience, the acronym definitions are compiled below.
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WATCH: Chiwetel Ejiofor in 'Secret in their Eyes' Trailer
Chiwetel Ejiofor's latest movie is a tense, hard-boiled affair, a three-handed crime and revenge story that puts him alongside Julia …Read Now
Chiwetel Ejiofor's latest movie is a tense, hard-boiled affair, a three-handed crime and revenge story that puts him alongside Julia …Read Now
Do you find yourself feeling guilty because you sometimes secretly cheer for the villainous Moriarty in Sherlock? We don't blame …Read Now
Series historical adviser, Daniel Czitrom, discusses the lives of freed slaves in 1865.
The destruction of slavery by the Civil War meant liberation for the nearly four million Southern black people held in bondage. Freedom arrived in various ways in different parts of the South. In many areas slavery had collapsed long before Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox, as hundreds of thousands of slaves made their way to Union armies, volunteering their services as cooks, laborers, spies, and eventually soldiers. Regardless of specific local circumstances, the deep desire for independence from white control formed the underlying aspiration of newly freed slaves. Many emancipated slaves tested their freedom first simply by leaving home and moving about. Some returned soon afterward, seeking work in the general vicinity or even on the plantation they left. Others moved away altogether, seeking jobs in nearby towns and cities. Freed people could now engage with the market economy, go shopping, save money, send their children to school, build their own churches, and attend political conventions that debated the key issues of the day: passage of the Thirteenth Amendment, voting rights for former slaves, and the right to own land.
For many former slaves, freedom meant the opportunity to find long lost family members. To track down these relatives, freed people trekked to faraway places, put ads in newspapers, and sought help from Freedmen's Bureau agents. Searches often proved frustrating, exhausting, or ultimately disappointing. Some "reunions" ended painfully with the discovery that spouses had found new partners and started new families. Many thousands of African American couples who had lived together under slavery streamed to military and civilian authorities and demanded to be legally married. By 1870 the two parent household was the norm for a large majority of African Americans.
With Alfre Woodard set to make her 'Copper' debut this Sunday (July 28th at 10/9c) we asked series writer Kevin Deiboldt to share insight into Woodard's character, freed slave Hattie Lemaster.
BBCAmerica.com: Were you excited to work with Alfre Woodard?
Kevin Deiboldt: Excited, with a smidgeon of anxiety and terror. It's not every day you get to work with someone who's been nominated for a bajillion (alright, eighteen) Emmy awards. Truthfully, though, I couldn't wait to see Alfre, Tessa and Ato work together. Talk about an abundance of riches.
What can you tell us about Alfre's character, Hattie Lemaster?
I can tell you she's Sara's mom. Other than that, I don't want to give anything away…
Seriously? That's all? We already know that from her bio on the Copper website.
Fine. I can also tell you that she's lived her entire life as a slave in the South… so, to go from that existence – never knowing if she'll see her family again – to suddenly having freedom and living in not just New York City, but Five Points… Daunting, to say the least.
Will there be any tension between Hattie and Doc Freeman?
The tension isn't so much between Doc and Hattie, as it is with the overall difficulty of being inserted into the Freemans' new lives up North. Of reconnecting with a daughter who is, in many ways, very different from the girl Hattie raised back in Virginia. (Wait… were you setting me up for a mother-in-law joke? Damn. I think you were. I totally missed that.)
Did you know Alfre had the part before you wrote the character?
We didn't. She was obviously our pie-in-the-sky hope for Hattie, but you never know how these things will work out. Thankfully, she's known Tom (Fontana) since back on 'St. Elsewhere,' and the stars of scheduling aligned. Alfre arrived with such passion – brimming with questions and thoughts about the character – she really helped shape Hattie, infusing her with life.
What can viewers expect for the second half of the season?
A continuation of what we've seen in the first half – exploring our characters, challenging them, seeing how they handle the hardships that come with life in this time… and in this neighborhood. Some manage to overcome it, some are undone, and some don't make it at all.
Have questions or comments for Kevin? Leave them below! And for more of Kevin's 'Copper' musings, check out his personal blog, Ithaca Mafia, and follow him on Twitter at @Kluv32.
Settle in, and make a cuppa – it's 3 Questions, 2 Biscuits and 1 Cup of Tea with Tom Weston-Jones!
Hear from Detective Corcoran about where – and when – he'd go if he had a TARDIS, his wish to face off against a zombie (but only a slow one) – and why all he really needs is a puddle and a stick!
Series historical adviser Daniel Czitrom explores the hostility the New York Police Department faced during the Civil War.
The shocking attack upon the Sixth Precinct police takes the murder and blood off the Five Points streets directly into the station house. As the ensuing hostage crisis unfolds, we get a visceral sense of just how violent Civil War New York could be. No one understood better than the police the tight connection between the war on the battlefields and the increasingly brutal reality on city streets.
As the 1865 Annual Report of the Metropolitan Police Board noted, "A state of war is a school of violence and crime…. During the war there has been a marked tendency to crimes of violence towards persons, and other crimes of the graver character…Probably no city in the civilized world is human life so lightly prized and subjected to as great hazards from violence as in New York." The city swarmed with soldiers on their way to and from battle, along with thousands of men who had been discharged, many of them armed. Police noted more and more criminals carrying concealed weapons. And, as the commissioners put it, "The practice of taking human life on slight or no provocation has fearfully increased."
The NYPD's heroic actions fighting rioters during the cataclysmic Draft Riots of 1863, featuring the effective deployment of small groups of cops against large crowds of rioters, laid to rest lingering questions about the force's discipline, devotion to the job, and its ability to maintain order. But fighting organized gangs of violent criminals presented different challenges. The sense of police under siege helps explain the extremely insular job culture among New York police. Station houses by necessity served as dormitories, where men on reserve slept in spartan quarters and ate bad food, squeezed in among prisoners, homeless lodgers, and the endless bustle of precinct routine. New men learned the job from the accumulated experience and knowledge of veterans, who honored physical courage and loyalty to other cops above all and subjected recruits to extreme forms of hazing. The shared risk of death and injury, the feeling of isolation among hostile citizens and unreliable politicians, the sense that they were forever misunderstood—all these shaped the policeman's identity and the unique job culture of the force.
Series historical adviser Daniel Czitrom details a new type of criminal emerging in Five Points during the late 19th century – professional counterfeiters.
Episode Four introduces the highly intelligent, charismatic, and utterly ruthless counterfeiter, Philomen Keating. Keating's character personifies a new type of criminal that emerged in the Civil War era: professional counterfeiters who exploited the new Federal "greenback" currency as a route to fortune.
Manufacturing counterfeit money had a long history dating back to Colonial times. Creating bogus coins was often the best ad hoc solution to personal debt, especially in rural areas where currency was often scarce. By the mid nineteenth century American commerce increasingly depended upon paper money, printed notes issued by some 1,400 banks chartered by states. This chaotic profusion of bank notes and the reliance upon local law enforcement made counterfeiting quite easy to get away with. As much as half the money in circulation by 1860 was counterfeit.
In 1862, as one means of financing the cost of the Civil War, Congress passed the Legal Tender Act, authorizing the Union government to print $150 million in legal tender notes, good for the payment of all debts. The new federal currency carried the full faith and credit of the national government, even though it was not backed by gold specie. Some $450 million in "greenbacks" were in circulation by the war's end.
The new federal currency presented enormous opportunities for professional counterfeiters. "Shoving the queer" — slang for passing counterfeit money — became a specialized part of the urban underworld. Successful counterfeiting gangs were highly skilled operations combining fine art work, entrepreneurship, and maintaining regional networks of customers. New York City, the financial center of the country, became the capital of counterfeiting. In 1865 Congress created the Secret Service to suppress counterfeiting and protect the integrity of the federal currency. Establishing a federal currency, along with the new law enforcement regime to guard it, were two important examples of the how the Civil War expanded the role of the national government in American life.
We have sweet Copper swag to give to fans this Sunday, but you gotta WATCH to WIN.
That's right. WATCH. TWEET. WIN. So easy, a frolicking deer from Five Points could do it.
WHEN TO WATCH: Park yourself in front of the TV this Sunday, July 14th at 10/9c for an all-new episode of Copper, I Defy Thee to Forget.
HOW TO PLAY: ANY TIME the hashtag #CopperTV appears on your screen during the episode, tweet the hashtag, and you're automatically entered to win! (We also encourage you to make up your own unique, fun hashtags during the show…because you're a funny bunch.)
PRIZES: ONE lucky fan will score this official Copper poster, signed by the cast!
FIVE lucky fans will win a Copper prize pack, including the Copper Original Soundtrack (with music by genius composer Brian Keane), a mini-Copper flask, and a Copper sticker!
FOLLOW US ON TWITTER: To win, you have to be following @CopperTV on Twitter. So go follow us!
See you this Sunday!
OFFICIAL RULES: http://www.bbcamerica.com/terms-and-conditions/#twitter-rules
Settle in, and make a cuppa – it's 3 questions, 2 biscuits and 1 cup of tea, with Copper's Donal Logue!
Hear from the Tammany Hall-backed ward leader General Donovan about the danger when he meditates ("It's really powerful, it generates a lot of something. Not inner-peace, that's for sure!") – and his favorite childhood toy that predicted his future role on the 1865 historical drama.
Pus, discover why DONAL always thinks about an old girlfriend every time he brews a fresh cup of tea. "To the British army!"
Learn more about the bounty brokers who caused trouble for the detectives in 'Copper' from the series historical adviser, Daniel Czitrom.
Detective Corcoran is under great pressure to find who is responsible for the kidnapping and murder of many young Five Points men. He discovers that the culprits Tim Doman, and later Brogan McGrath, are "bounty brokers," men who receive a payment for every new recruit they provide for the Union army.
Raising the manpower to sustain a drawn out, bloody war had become increasingly difficult. The violent Draft Riots of July 1863 had been sparked by President Lincoln's announcement of the first draft in U.S. history. The so-called "substitute" provision allowed a man to buy his way out of the draft if he could pay $300 for another to take his place. This "class legislation" enraged many poor and working class New Yorkers, as $300 represented roughly a year's wages. To help maintain social peace after the Draft Riots, the city created a Volunteer Committee. Its goal was to fill as much of the city's draft quota as possible through the recruitment of volunteers and substitutes, each of whom received a bounty payment of up to $700. The money was provided by a city bond issue and contributions from wealthy New Yorkers eager to avoid a replay of the Draft Riots.
The Volunteer Committee (dominated by the rising Tammany power William M. Tweed) relied heavily upon an informal network of bounty brokers who received large profits from a share of the bounties. Some New York brokers made small fortunes of between $50,000 and $200,000, and they were often ruthless in their efforts. Men were sometimes drugged or kidnapped from ships and saloons. The naïve were often persuaded that they were signing up for civilian employment. Immigrants could be enlisted before even landing at Castle Garden. By 1865 the system based on the profit motive rather than patriotism had become so corrupt that Colonel Lafayette C. Baker, chief detective of the US Secret Service, was sent to investigate the situation, concluding that a "vast machinery of bounty-swindling" existed in the city. By the war's end the Volunteer Committee had raised nearly 100,000 men to meet draft calls, saving many New Yorkers from enforced service in a war they did not want to fight.
Series historical adviser Daniel Czitrom offers a closer look General Brendan Donovan's career, and "ward bosses" of the mid-nineteenth century.
General Brendan Donovan embodies the successful and popular Tammany Hall politician of the day. Tammany Hall was the dominant faction of the city's Democratic Party. It attracted votes from recent immigrants and the city's working classes, largely in exchange for services. In the harsh urban world of the mid-nineteenth century—before Social Security, Medicare, unemployment insurance, food stamps, welfare—the local "ward boss" could provide some relief for families who needed it. Unemployed laborers looking for work, parents whose teenager ran afoul of the law, a widow desperate for coal to get through the winter, saloon keepers and other small businesses needing help with the city bureaucracy—these became the base of Tammany's support. Donovan career first as policeman, then as building contractor, was a typical Tammany success story. His military service in the Mexican War and then the Civil War reminds us that not every Irish immigrant supported the Draft Riots or refused to fight. Indeed a large number of Irish, most notably the 69th Regiment, fought with distinction for the Union. For many, this proved the best path to citizenship. Donovan was what was known as a "War Democrat," someone who supported the Civil war as the only way to force return of the Confederate states to the Union.
By 1860 the Democratic Party consistently controlled most NYC elections. But the Republican Party, founded in 1854, had risen rapidly with the national crisis over slavery. They elected Abraham Lincoln president in 1860, and they also controlled the state government in Albany. Republicans there had forced through creation of the city's Metropolitan Police Force, replacing the old Municipal Police, in an effort to weaken Tammany's power. The appointment and promotion of police had long been a key source of patronage and influence. Lincoln won re-election in 1864, but New York City voted overwhelmingly for his Democratic opponent, General George McClellan.
Frederick Douglass, a former slave who became a leading abolitionist in the 1840s and 1850s, was now an important ally of the Republicans. For Douglass, as for most African Americans, the Civil War was fundamentally a struggle to destroy slavery and to make former slaves into American citizens. His powerful oratory and influential writing offered a sharp rebuke to the white supremacist views held by the great majority of Democrats and Americans.
Read a speech written by General Brendan Donovan during his tour as a brigadier general in the Union Army.
I know you are tired, weary Our feet ache, blistered. Our stomachs yearn for something more satisfying than hard tack and desiccated vegetables. Sleep is a commodity in short supply, almost as much as bath powder with the only item more desired being Lieutenant Wilson's supply of home-stilled liquor… Yet, through all our pains, we continue to grow stronger endure. Against all odds, we push forward in the midst of such madness. How?
It is at this point where my superiors expected me to suggest that our communal drive stems solely from a sense of duty. To our country. Our nation. And while that may be true – on occasion – as I've come to learn I suspect the realities are much more varied: a paycheck… revenge… fidelity.
As a young soldier, I learned an important invaluable lesson from my commanding officer: the motivations for our drive matters not. Whatever fuel fills the engine in your belly chest: cultivate it. Rely on it. Consume it in massive quantities. For that flame will often likely be the only force keeping one foot in front of the other. It will keep and sustain you throughout the trying times ahead.
When those times arrive, we will, each of us, be forced to lean upon one another. Brother to brother. And so, until those days arrive, I simply ask two things of you:
Keep your eyes ahead, free of distraction. Tend to the fires in your chest. Do this, and victory will be ours.
Don't miss Donal Logue as General Brendan Donovan, Sundays at 10/9c on the all-new season of 'Copper.'


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Friday, 3 July 2015
Film Friday: Obvious Child
Plot Obvious Child stars Jenny Slate as aspiring comedian Donna who is dumped by her boyfriend in a Brooklyn bar toilet after one of her shows. She goes through a bit of a late twenties crisis, and ends up with an unwanted pregnancy to deal with.
Guest appearances Gaby Hoffman (Girls) plays her best friend (who seems to pop up in everything right now!)
Fun facts Jenny Slate is the creator of the strangely addictive internet sensation Marcel the Shell with shoes on...
Overall I really enjoyed Obvious Child, actually one of the few films I've seen that deals with sex and abortion in a straight talking manner, without copping out. It is sharply written with a lot of funny moments.
Posted by Laura at 08:00 2 comments
Labels: film friday, films, jenny slate, obvious child
Thursday, 25 June 2015
Life Lately...
A little life update as I've been rather slack at blogging lately!
+ Tom turned 30! I managed to surprise him with a piano for his birthday (which was harder to arrange than I initially thought!)
+ I had a reunion with some uni friends in Leeds - can't believe it's been ten years since we graduated (but everyone was still the same!)
+ A few weeks ago I explored The Park Garden Trail. For those not familiar with Nottingham, The Park is a fancy area of Nottingham behind the castle filled with beautiful (mostly huge) houses. Hugh Grant used to live there don't ya know... once a year people open up their gardens for the public to explore and the entry fee goes to charity. There were some amazing ones - I had serious garden envy
+ And finally - we have booked flights to New York in the autumn. A friend of mine is moving there soon, I'm very excited about this! If you have any tips on where to stay, hit me up in the comments!
Listening to Obama (!!) on Marc Maron's WTF Podcast
Watching the final season of Mad Men (yes, I cried at the end), Orange is the New Black
Buying various hayfever drugs
Testing out a new cafe in Beeston for brekkie, Rye. Yum!
Exploring Nottingham's new computer game centre, the National Videogame Arcade
Reading Girl in a Band by Kim Gordon
Posted by Laura at 21:30 0 comments
Friday, 19 June 2015
Film Friday: Under the Skin
Plot In Under the Skin, Scarlett Johansson plays a mysterious seductress who kidnaps hitch-hikers in Scotland.
Guest appearances Many of the men featured weren't actors and were captured by hidden cameras so a lot of the dialogue was improvised.
Fun facts Apparently the film took ten years to complete and originally featured a married couple (the husband of which was going to be played by Brad Pitt which would be a very different film!)
Overall I'd wanted to watch Under the Skin for a while as I loved the poster artwork, and the film is directed by Jonathan Glazer (a Nottingham Trent graduate turned filmmaker who's directed lots of music videos). I enjoyed the film - although I did doze off for a few minutes halfway through (I was sleepy, and the plot was quite mesmerising without much dialogue!) I thought Scarlett was really good, and it was interesting seeing her interacting with everyday Glaswegian men.
Posted by Laura at 21:16 1 comments
Labels: film friday, films, review, scarlett johansson, under the skin
Thursday, 4 June 2015
Made: Fabric lampshade cover
This is a pretty easy make as I cheated a bit and used a lampshade making kit kindly given to me by a friend just before we moved. But making your own (with or without a kit) is a fantastic idea as it means you can use whatever fabric your heart desires, you could even match it to another print in the room if you wanted to.
The kit was pretty straightforward to follow (if you'd like to have a go, you can buy a range of them here), I used some Mount Fuji Japanese fabric I ordered, along with my cushion fabric recently from Etsy.
You cut a piece of fabric to fit the piece of sticky backed plastic provided which makes the shade itself. This can be a bit fiddly and reminded me of covering school books with plastic, without leaving any bubbles! You then attach some double sided sticky tape to the lampshade rings, and roll the shade around it to stick it together. Finally you push in the rough edges under the rim with the tool provided. That's about it. I put up the lampshade in our spare room and think it looks pretty dandy!
Posted by Laura at 08:09 4 comments
Labels: DIY, fabric, lampshade, lampshade kit, make
Sunday, 24 May 2015
A weekend in a Welsh cabin
To celebrate my birthday last weekend Tom and I headed for a couple of nights in the Welsh countryside. I found a cute little cabin in mid-Wales (via Canopy & Stars) without TV or internet (hurrah!) with a log burner and only sheep for company.
Caban Coch (aka 'Red Cabin' as I found after checking a Welsh dictionary!) was decorated in a quirky vintage style and despite its small size was very well equipped with a cooker, mini fridge, double bed and shower. Plus the view from the window was beautiful, so it made for a really relaxing break.
We spent a day at Aberdovey beach before heading to Dolgoch waterfalls. I had been here as a kid so it was really fun to go back and explore this Welsh 'rainforest' again.
We bought some Welsh-cakes, played board games and cosied up in front of the log burner. Even when it rained on our final evening it just made us feel even cosier so it was a perfect mini getaway.
Posted by Laura at 18:52 2 comments
Labels: Aberdovey, Caban Coch, Dolgoch, log cabin, mini break, wales, Welsh getaway
Friday, 22 May 2015
Film Friday: Far from the Madding Crowd
Plot Thomas Hardy's story is set in the fictional Wessex, and revolves around Bathsheba, a strong independent woman whose uncle leaves her his farm to manage. She is pursued by three very different men - Gabriel Oak, a sheep farmer, Frank Troy, a mischievous soldier and William Boldwood, a wealthy bachelor. But Bathsheba doesn't want to be any man's property!
Guest appearances Carey Mulligan is great as Bathsheba, and Michael Sheen is also strong as Boldwood, although I wasn't quite as struck on the other male leads.
Fun facts Carey Mulligan was allowed to ride her own horse in the film and ended up getting concussion which lasted throughout 6 weeks of filming.
Overall I really enjoyed FFTMD; of course being a Hardy story there's a fair amount of tragedy (the film kicks off with a sad moment right at the beginning involving a flock of sheep!) The countryside scenes were beautiful and I have to admit I did do a fair share of 'aww'-ing when Gabriel gave her a pet lamb at the beginning- how can you say no to that, Bathsheba?!
Posted by Laura at 08:18 4 comments
Labels: far from the madding crowd, films, review
Sunday, 10 May 2015
Made: Cushion covers
This blog was originally started as a way of documenting my creative projects and inspirations, but over the years I have let the 'make & do' aspect slip a little to the wayside. But moving house has meant the perfect chance for me to get creating again.
Since buying our burnt orange coloured armchair I wanted to make some cushions that were grey and orange to complement it, to go on our sofa opposite. I looked far and wide but couldn't find any fabric I really liked until a friend sent me a link to Miss Matatabi's fabric shop on Etsy. So many pretty patterns! And the postage was pretty cheap too. In the end I chose this Japanese fabric which I love.
I bought the cushions at Primark a few years ago for about £1 each - this was the original tartan cushion cover, slightly naff ... but it took me a while to get around to replacing them!
I followed this tutorial to make cushions with an envelope seam, perfect if you want to use two contrasting fabrics for the front and back. Last week my neighbour April (who has a lovely sewing blog, Thimbles & Teapots) kindly gave me some spare fabric to use on the back of the cushions so I was all set!
My sewing machine was given to me by my Nan who used it back in the '70s, and I'm happy to say it's still going strong! Although I did have to replace the thread in the bobbin to begin with, which took me forever as I'd forgotten how to do it (a YouTube tutorial helped!).
My sewing soundtrack was the new Sufjan Stevens album, perfect listening for a rainy evening.
I'm really happy with the final cushions (although I may invest in a rotary cutter next time as I found it hard to get straight lines when cutting the fabric). I'm glad I'm back in the creative loop and excited about more sewing projects now that I've dusted off my machine again!
Posted by Laura at 16:26 2 comments
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