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United States Patent PROCESS FOR PREPARING FILAMENTS FROM DISPERSIONS CONTAINING GRAFT POLYMERS OBTAINED FROM ETHYLENICALLY' UNSATU- RATED MONOMERS Duane LuGreen, Potsdam, .N. Y1, a'ssignor ME; I; du
P0111118 Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DeL, a"
stage-processes involves t-he-additionof a second monomer at some "stage during the polymerization of a" first monomer-that is, while the'firstmonomer 'is still polymerizing. Polymerization is continued to produce a -copolymer. "It has been noted that copol-ymers'"pre pared in "this manner -have-'properties* which differ "from 4 those of- -'the usual random copolymer prepared a one-stage process which involves adding} all of the monomersto'gether at the beginningofflthe polymerization. In the prior two-stageprocesses a non-uniform productcontaminated with homopolymers of eachof the monomers has usually been obtained.
Accordingly, it is an object' "of this invention to, prepare non-random or graft 'copolymers which are substantially free of any homopolyin'er. Another object of this invention -is the prejap'aration of shaped articles, such as filaments;=fibers, and films, directly fromdhese dispersions without -'melting or dissolv g the polymers -prior-to"extrusion. 7
These objects are accomplished by carrying'outflthe polmerizationunder conditionssuch that astable dispersion is maintained after-addition of'the' finalmonomer. The polymerization oflthesuccessive monomer, such as the second or final monomer, is made to occurionly after: .the polymerization of previously added monomers is substantially complete ;;but while the polyn ie prepared from-the firstjor the previousnronorners isfstill 'polymerizable. A matrix-forming luateri'alg' is added; to the'dispersion. The modified dispersion is extruded into -a setting-medium which gels'or precipitatesfthe'fmatrixz and'immob'ilizes the particles of the' ';g raft copolym er. 'This gelfiber. is then; passed through a regio here it is "subjected to conditions .suitable flfor coales ngl the 'polymer" constituent 'whi'ch is "to contribute most: "to the tensile properties of the: final shaped ar ticle;
The invention can be readily understoodby reference to the'following examples. These 'examplesserve merely to illustratei'the invention, and are not intendedfto; limit 'itin' any'manner. Unless otherwise specified, all' pr'ocesses are carried out at room temperature (appioximately 25 C.) andalI parts-and percentagesare by ei A e t e o q mer :.:t ,i ;;i n- .vtionz have properties-which; areqquite distinct from those of. a. random :c opolymert'of the vsame composition; The
. .methodtwhich is used for preparing the bonded a s polymers of this-invention :has led 10,-} a different; system for designating thesecopolymers; to indicate their gnique preparation and properties. The first and second monomer Lcon ipositionsv .are written in that 3 order withgan arrow. placed betweenv them -tpointing f component back toward the 1 first, ,showing hat; the; secondrcomponent has,been graftdonto-Abe first. The composition of. the graftacopolyrner; is; given in; parenthesis Jafter the second.- coustituenL-the :.-vyeigh t pencentage of each composition. beingadesignated and. separated-by;
at s; ec
a colon. If eitherior both 50f the-gran icopolymer-icoifi-j ponents'is a copolymer, thisis indicatedgbymam both, mail, of the componentsflandseparating; m
bya diagonal line. a The weight ratio otithe 'componentss in this copolymerare indicated byianumei'iml wpreflx given i-intthe "same order and the numbers'iate'ialso arated by adiagonal-line; Fiber stick .temperaturexis also referred Wain amples. This is the itemperature' atwhich 10 will just'stick to "a-aheated' brassablock'after itahas heen pressed against the block tforlfivelsecondsi with 'gram weight.
' I Example I -to a three-neckedfiaslc equipped yv'itha s and nitrogen inlet tube. Thefiaskwas gen, and".0.4 part ,of ammoniuripers il Lo sad sm t b lfi' t r t 1,4 9?- l ture washeated to 40 CL-[and f ,was added to the well' sti'rred sollit o th ac t apn a-a t .of about "5.5 hours, '50 th ad an lpv y' sl'i sfl d tiona m-salmo- .4 91 i Oflthe? 1 coagulated-, filtered, washedland dried. Th ,mer' had the followingiptqpetfie'sz m: dim fl y i mami fl aim. moist ure =0,3 2 3 v From the nitrogen anal 'ysis',it was ,calculated rq yms was i qr vs t faa T of 39% @Pdof-jac'r onitrile to portion of thepol V and .extr actedfwi E mpl 11- A s a m w yn ep sdr d er i n-1 ffit ib z' w t ll W lutio -9 :sqdi mlals aa throughjia sand packland e tti'uded hole spinneret m'd'er. a pressure of spin was extruded into a 2% "sol x thio'cyanate. precipitated thel so calcium alginat e, which served" ask-the. ,fiber. The: gel: fiber was ,then .,dragg5 .a bath containing.,a 5 6 aqueous al l' in' Iass i i st ia iilsi it This was passedinto' a bath of ic ,ed.
These,filaments werethen drawn14x ans C. After Eiample 1,11"; 11,1." One hundred-sixtypartsof water"'anditwo"'partsf of 2 11 m r6 .-.we cha ged-:31 to-s azthreesneckedlflash Patented June 24; 8
equipped with .a stirrer, condenser, and. nitrogen .inlet tube. The flask was purged with nitrogen, and 0.2 part of ammonium persulfate ahd 0.1 part of sodium metabisulfite wasaddedi 't'Ihe mixture wasthe ated toAO? C. Fifteen parts of vinyl acetate was added to the well-stirred solution and.polymerized to apparent completion in 2.75 hdurslatMO Fifteen parts: offacrylonitrile; was then i g 'dipolymerizationi continued atithesarne temperafor 3.25'= hours. Measurement 'of theisolids .con-
tent. of an aliquot of the stableidispersion obtained indicatod that overall tconversion eto,polymer .was esaiiitially quantitativesi i After. .being precipitated, washed and dried, the polymer :was i found .to i be insoluble in ace-. 5
aqueous (solution of" calcium thiocyanate. After one foot otitravelin this bath the gel filament was transa 56% aqueous. solution ofcalcinm thiocyanate a y M B gfoot dftiaYelip thisfbath'the filament was rwoimd at126' per-minute. filament was subsequentlj'drawn at 165 C.tofourteentimesitsoriginal The drawn fiberhad the following properties:
i a I #73:] grams perfdenier and denier= 3.5. Thefil anientsprepared from the" graft copolymer' were I found tohavea fibersticktemperature of 166 C. Filal niehtsjarepared iii the samemanner 'from ai 50:5 0.mix-
to have a fiber stick temperature of 195 C. A filament prepared under similar conditions from a 30:70 mechanical mixture of polyvinyl acetate and polyacrylonitrile was found to have a .fiber stick temperature of 160 C.
Example 1 A polyvinyl acetate polyacrylonitrile copolymer containing 45% vinyl acetate and 55% acrylonitrile was prepared in a manner. similar to that described in Examples I and III. The polymer had an inherent viscosity in dimethylformamide of 4.2 and was insoluble -inacetone. The stable dispersion of] copolymer which was obtained contained about solids.
Fifty ml. of this dispersion was mixed with 50 ml. of a l. 1% solut on o i d ni t h mo fie di p j qn was fil r dthr u a. a d p a de t u i qm an d mil onefhole'spinneretunder a pressure of 7 p. s.;i. In one experimentthe. dispersionwas extruded intoa coagulating bath containing 2% aqueous, calcium thioa cyanate, fAfter o ne footgof t'ravel inlthis bath the gel fiberwas transferred to a coalescing bath containing 56% aqueous calcium thiocyanate heated to 90 C. After threefee Of Kaye l in this bath the coalesced fiber was washed in ice water and wound up at 12 per. minute. The filament s werepartially dried and drawn; 10X at 150 C. vThe drawn filaments were found to ha ve shrunk j 11% after being immersed for five minutes in boiling entwas'earriedfinto 'a'n ice'fwater washbath.1,.
68' grams f'per" denier"; jelbngation"=10.2%;
water. After being boiled oil and conditioned the filaments hadthefollowing properties: tenacity=32 grams per denier, elongation 1 9%, initial modulus-:40 grams per denier and denier; 5.4.. a y
Q In a separate experiment thematrix wasformed as before, but the polymer. particles were coalesced in dimethylformamideheated to 90 C. These filaments were washed partially dried and drawn 10X by passing over a bar he ated to 165 C. The drawn yarn shrank about a 5%. after b eing immersed in boiling water for fiveminutes. After boil-off the yarn was dried and conditioned and iound to have the following properties: tenacity: 3.0 grams per denier, elongation 17 initial modulus= 4j7 grams per denier and denier=7.
- ture'ofpolyvinylacetate aiidfpolyacrylonitrile were found,
' t o jhave fiber 'stick'temperjature's 'of only 94 C.
. A .vinyl acetate acrylonitrilegraft 'copolymer was ExamplaVII huiidred parts of water, 0.75 part of sodium "L'orolsulfate. and'0.75 part of Plur0nic F-68 were charged? to the reactor. The reactor was purged with prepared in a:manner similar to that described in Ex-.
amples l and III. The final polymer contained 30% polyvinyl acetate and-7075fpolyacrylonitrile bound to- ?gether. The disjpe'rsionwas concentrated andmixed with an-iequalfvolume ot"a"1%' solution 'of sodium alginate.
This; modified idispersion wasfiltered through a sand extruded through n .008'1 one-hole spinneret pressure of o p. s. i- "The matrix was formed {in a '%jaqueous.solutionlof calciumthiocyanatep After one dot of trayel through this bath"tlie"polyme;r parg the gelifiberwere coalesced ina156'% aqueous 'solutiqn'o fcaloiumthiocyanate heated to 90 C. Coa- "complete'after three feet of tr'avelin this ced filament was washed bypassing a n iiicewater'. f lt was wound up a'tffive r'ym n e- Ti f tabul The properties' at various draw ratios Tenacity Elongation Initlal (g./d.) (percent) Modulus Denier tFilamentsrpr'epared: from' this eopolyiner' were found partially driedfilanientsiwere "drawn'over a bar I nitrogen, andYOJO part-of ammonium persulfate andQlOS parrot sodiummetabisulfite wereadded. This mixture was heated toj40 1C. and 20 parts of betamethoxyethyl I acrylatefwas added. One hour later 30 partsof acrylo- U nitrile added; ,Heating was discontinued after. ap- 7 proximately, two more hours andfthe polymer dispersion filtered." Thefiltrate containedapproximately 20% solids.
"Aportioirof the polymer was isolated, washed, and
dried. Analysis of this polymer showed a moisture content of 0.29% andfa nitrogen content of; 14.81%. The
other. 60
polymer contained 40% :poly" (beta-methoxyethyl'acrylate) and,60%.polyacrylonitrile bonded directly to each Example V1 11 of the filtered'dispersion trorn Example VII "was mixed-with 50 ml. or a1% aqueous solution of sodiumalginate. Tl1e 'modified dispersion; was. filtered through a sand pack and extruded; through a 4 mil, onehole spinneret under a pressure of p 'p; s. i. 'The sodium alignate in the extruded dispersion was coagulated in a 2% aqueous solution of calcium thiocyanate; After one foot oi. travel through this bath the gel fiber was conducted over a weir intoa bath co'ntaini'ng a 56%. aqueous solutionof;calcium thiocyanatehatedto 90 C., which coalesced the'polymer particles. After traveling for three feet throughthis bath; thecoalesced filament was washed iniee waterandwoundon abobbin at a rate of 18. per
Qmiiiutef: T The "partially dried filaments were drawn to approximately-ten times their original length over a bar Example IX Four hundred parts of water, 1.5 parts of sodium Lorol sulfate, and 1.5 parts vof Pluronic F-68 were chargedto the reactor. The reactor was purged with nitrogen, and 0.2 part of ammonium persulfate and 0.1 part of sodium metabisulfite were added. This mixture was heated to 40 C. with stirring. An 80/20' copolymer was prepared by adding 40 parts of beta-methoxyethyl acrylate and parts of acrylonitrile and polymerizing at 40 C. Polymerization was found to be ready for the second component in two hours and after that time fifty parts of acrylonitrile was added and polymerizationwas continued for approximately two more hours at 40 C. Overall conversion to polymer was found to be about 93%. The graft copolymer wasfound to be 'swollenby, but insoluble in, acetone and dimethylformamide. Analysis of the isolated polymer showed a moisture content of 0.24% and a nitrogen content of 15.02%.
Example X One hundred ml. of the dispersion of the 80/20 betamethoxyethyl acrylate/acrylonitrile acrylonitrile (50:50)
graft copolymer from Example IX was mixed with 100 ml. of a 1% solution of sodium alignate. The modified dispersion was filtered through a sand pack and extrudedunder a pressure of 6.5 p. s. i. through a spinneret containing five 0.008" holes. The sodium alginate was coagulated afterone foot of travel through a bath containing 2% calcium thiocyanate. The gel fiber was transferred to a 56% aqueous solution ofcalcium thiocyanate heated to 90 C. This coalesced the polymer particles in the separate filaments. After three feet of travel through this bath, the fiber was washed in ice water and wound up at aproximately eight yards per minute.
Yarn drawn approximately 9 X over, a bar heated to- 165 C. had a tenacity of 2.5 grams per denier.
Example XI TWo hundredparts of water and two parts of sodium Lorol sulfate were charged to the reactor. The reactor 1 was purged with nitrogen, and 0.10 part of ammonium persulfate and 0.05 part of sodium metabisulfite were added. This mixture was heated to 40 C., and40 parts of acrylonitrile was charged to the well-stirred solution.
Polymerization of the acrylonitrile was complete at the end of 6 hours. Ten parts of ethylene bis-methacrylate was added to the dispersion. Polymerization was continued for another 14.5 hours at 40 C. At the end of that time all of the ethylene bis-methacrylate had polymerized and a stable dispersion containing approximately 20% solids was obtained. The isolated copolymer was swollen by dimethylformamide but was not soluble in it.
Example XII Seventy-ml. of the dispersion of the acrylonitrile -ethylaone-hole spinneret into a 2% solution of calcium thiocyanate. After one foot of travel through this bath, the gel fiber was transferred to a bath containing a 56% solution of calcium thiocyanate heated to 110 C. After five feet of travel through this bath, the polymer particles hadcoalesced to form a continuous filament.v This fila-.
This represents excellent form stability for an m s. w sh d, in e w terandwo nd p at a rate. of
y rd pc minu e.-
par a ly. dried yarn; was drawn over, abar he t to about 165 C. toapproxirnately 1.2times its original length. Even higher draw ratios were obtainable. This following properties were measured: tenacity.=5.1 grams per denier, elongation=20%, initialmodulus=36 grams per denied, denier=14 and fiber stick temperature=2l9 Example XIII One hundredtwenty parts :of water and four parts of sodium Lorol??:sulfate were-charged: to a reactor: "The system'was purged withnitrogen, and 0.10 part'of ammonium persnlfate and 0.05ipartof sodium metabisulfite were. added; Thismixture was heated 'to 40;5' C. and 10 parts of'vinylidene chloride and five partsof acrylonitrile were addedto the well-stirred'solution. The C0- polyme-r formed'was. ready for the further polymerization after five hoursat this temperature. A. mixture' 'of '10 parts of vinylidenechloride and 11 parts of acrylonitrile was then added to this'dispersion, and polymerization was continued fors'evenhours at 405 C. Analysis of a portion of the stabledispersion obtained showed that it contained 18.6% solids. The isolated polymerwasfound to contain 36.4% chlorine, which correspondsto an-overall composition of 50% polyvinylidene chloride and 50% polyacrylonitrile.
. Example XIV- A portion ofthe dispersion of the. vinylidene chloride/ copolynger'from Example XIII was mixed'with anequal volume of a 1% solution of sodium alginate; The modified dispersionwas filtered through sand and extruded from a one-hole spinneret into a 2,% solution of calcium thiocyanate. After one foot of travel through this bath, the gel vfiber wastransferred to a bath containing a 56% solution of calcium thiocyanate heated to C. The coalesced filament was washed, in ice water and was subsequently drawn 15 at 121 C.
The drawn filaments were boiled off," dried and-conditioned. The following-properties .were measured: tenacity=3.8 grams. per denier, elongation,=20.%, initial m odulus= 3 6 grams per denier, denier=12.and.fiber stick temperature=183 C. The fiber stick temperature. of-a filament prepared from a random copolymerofthe. same composition is approximate1y 150 C.v
Example XV 14.2 parts of vinylidene chloride was added to the wellstirred solution. Polymerization ofthe vinylidenelchloride. was continued for five hours at 405 C. Atjtheend of,this time 21.2 parts of acrylonitrile was added, and polymerization was continued for two hours at 40.5 C. The polymer isolated from the stable dispersion was found to contain 18.6% chlorine.
Example X VI 7 The, remainder of thedispersion ofthe polyvinylidene chloride -polyacrylonitrile (25:75) graft copolymer of Example XV was mixed with an equal volumeof a 1% solution of sodium alginate. The modifieddispersionwas filtered through sand and extruded from a one-holespinneret intoa 2%. solution of calcium thiocyanate. After one foot of 'travel through this bath, the gel fiber was transferred to a bath containing a 5 6% solution of calcium thiocyanate heated to 102 C. The coalesced filament was paring these results 40-50 c. for four hours.
28 partsrmethyl acrylate.
9 ice water and 'sub s'eciiientlyfdrawn 13.5X
at .165. (3.. The drawn filaments were boiled off, dried al ldiconditioriedi Thefollowing properties were measured: tenacity- 6.2 grams per denier, elongation=18%, iriit ial'imodulus- 5 8 ,grams'per denier and denier: 14. E x arr lple VII The. purpose of this example is to compare a random copoly'mer with a corresponding graft copolymer, specific ally that of Example One hundred sixty parts'of water, 1.5 parts of sodium Lorol sulfate, and 1.5 parts of Pluronic F-68 were charged to a reactor. The system was purged with nitrogen, and 0.2 part of ammonium 'persulfate 'and 0.1 part of sodium metabis'ulfite were added. The mixture was heated to 49.-.C.,.and 20 parts of vinyl acetate was addedto the well-stirred solution. Addition of acrylonitrile was started immediately, so that polymerization of both monomers was occur-ing simultaneously; a total of 20 parts of acrylonitrile was addedduring the course of oriehour. Because of the more rapid polymerization rate of acrylonitrile,.it .was necessary to combine these two :containing a 56% solution of calcium thiocyanate heated to 110 C. l The coalesced filament was washed in ice' water and was subsequently drawn 9X at 93" C. The
V driedand conditioned filaments had a fiber stick temperature of 101 C. The filaments shrank 80% upon being immersed for five minutes in boiling water.. Because 'of this high shrinkage, it, was not possible to measure the tensile properties of the. boiled-off filament. The advantages of this invention are illustrated strikingly by comwith those obtained in Example 11. Example XVIII ,The following ing redients were charged to a reactor: 160 parts water, 0.2 part ammonium perfiuorocaprylate,
0.1 part sodium metabisulfite and 20 parts methyl acrylate.
The reaction mixture was heated to 40 C. and polymerization was continued at that temperature with adequate stirring for three hours. Following this the dispersion 1 was evacuated to remove thelast traces ofunpolymerized shaker tubeand 0.2 part of ammonium persulfate and 0.1 part of sodium metabisulfite were added; The tube was evacuated, flushed with nitrogen, and tetrafiuoroethylene was admitted at 400 p. s. i. The tube was then heated at At the end of this time the pressure had dropped to approximately 200 p. s. i. The residual tetrafluoroethylene was released and the polymer collected. The composition of the polymer was found to be poly(methyl acrylate) polyetrafiuoroethylene (20:80). Tough translucent films could be prepared from this polymer. I Example XIX The following ingredients were charged to a reactor:
. 320 partswater, 3 parts sodium Lorol sulfate, 0.4 part ammonium persulfate, 0.2 part sodium metabisulfite and The reaction mixturewas heated to 40 C. and polymerization continued at that temperature with adequate stirring for2.5 hours. Vinylidene chloride (52 parts) was n the added to thestable dispersion and polymerization con- 'tinuedat'40." Cffor six hours. On the basis of the solids content, theyield of polymer was quantitative.
3 A portion of the polymer was isolated from the disper 'sion, in the usual manner and the following solubility properties observedzlt was soluble in tetramethylurea, dimethylformamide and cyclohexanone and 'insolublein,
but swollen by, dioxan.
The dispersion could be spun directly as was done in the preceding examples, using sodium alignate as the matrix-forming material and tetramethylurea as a coalescing agent.
The term graft copolymer is used in the specification and claims to designate a particular type of ordered copoly rner in which chains of a given polymer composition are attached at various points to a backbone or base chain of adifferent polymer composition. They are usually prepared by carrying out the polymerization in a stepwise fashion. The first monomeric constituent is polymerized to form the backbone or main polymer'chain. After the polymerization of the first monomer is substantially at an end, but while the polymer formed is in the nascent state, the second monomer is added and polymerized. The first polymer is still active, that is polymerizable,,even though all ofthe first monomer has disappeared. When the second monomer composition is added, polymerization is thought to be initiated at active centers remaining in the pre-formed polymer. Thus, the second polymer chain is grafted onto the first; hence the term graft copolymers.
It is not'necessary that either the backbone or the bonded chain be a homopolymer. Either the first, or the second, or both, of the two monomer compositions may be a mixture of monomeric materials, as is shown in the examples. It is also not necessary that this be limited to a two-step process. Theoretically, there is no reason why a third monomeric constituent cannot be added after polymerization of the second is complete. However, from a practical standpoint, this is seldom done because of the experimental ditficulties encountered in attempting to prepare a uniform product.
The time to add the second constituent varies widely, depending upon the nature of the first monomer and the reaction conditions such as temperature and catalyst. Generally, the polymerization of vinyl monomers as described above is substantially complete in about five hours, and the number of active centers remaining decreases quite rapidly after that time. In some cases the optimum times are shorter, being of the order of two or three hours. The times given here are based on polymerizing at temperatures below 50 C. using rcdox catalysts. The active centers are destroyed more rapidly at higher temperatures, and the optimum period for adding succeeding monomers will be proportionally shorter. Any catalyst generally used for vinyl polymerizations, e.. g., redox and, azo catalysts, as, for example, those disclosed in U. S. 2,471,959 and U. S. 2,491,471, may be used in this process. The persulfate-bisulfite system has been found to be particularly effective for preparing the dispersions of this invention.
For monomers which polymerize rapidly, the time at which the succeeding monomer is added is more critical. This is also true for certain catalysts which produce active centers with short lives. Consequently, it is quite difficult to prepare chemically bonded graft copolymers with certain combinations of monomers and catalysts. As has been indicated earlier, this is also true if the first poly- ,merizationis allowed to continue too long. However, using the preferred conditions which have been described, the dispersed polymer particle still serves as the point for initiating the second polymerization since there are so few free micelles left' in which polymerization to prepare homopolymer can start. Under these circumstances there is usually obtained a modified polymer particle in which the second monomer has formed a polymeric coating on the first polymer particle. These coated polymers possess many of the advantages of the prefer d polymers of this invention. However, there are indications that seesaw those of articles preparedbfextr idingdispersions pre- Vessel tinde'i 'con lt ioris', suchfthat giafffcopolym' ntsfornedt i r "Ffo'r'fi'the above examples it can be seen that'a wide variety 'ofiimsaturated ofiipoiunds'niay be used in this invention. T seniclude't o s'efcontaiiiingfvinyl,vinylene n'ylid ne roups as as cbfrb's'pbhding' gronps i'n which haloge torii's' repl e each orsoni'ofthe hydrogen ato s'. "'Onefof-"tlie' most frqiiri'tly used mana ers; is
v oijzitril and, this. rhdnor'nerf may. 'be-used in conjunctio'ir with "such monomers'r'efer edjto,i 'U. '5; Patents Nos, 2,4Q45,7.142,4 04,72,77. ,Useffinlai'rje "si lch monomers, j ,y. n nithyl vinyliketo e, esters oi inet a'rylic and acrylic acids; vinyl halides nd vinylid gl des, such as iyinyl chloride, v ny nuo ride "and"vinyliilemi ch!" butadiene, is'ob'ntylne, the. 3/1 pyridines; actylaihid, K mono-and, disubstitnt ryllic amide s, vifiyl ethers and thelike. Thus monomer'sfc ontaimng more than one ethylene double bond, su'chl as in 4 diyinylbenz ene, 'may be; employed, Cross-linking can 1 be tolerated because thefdispersioh shapingiprocessfdoes not. reqnire gr eat solnbilityi'n the polymers being shaped. Howeven'for the most part linear polymers areprodilced by this .-inyention and such polymers are generally preferred The polymers lqrepar et l by this invention are readily shapedinto filamentsyfilms, ribbons, ,rods', bristles, tubes and: similar articles. v 1 1 The prferriedtcopolymer s are those which are prepared under conditions s nch't hat: {stable dispersion is main t'airied.thtoilghoutthetprocess. In other prds, the first i on omer" composition is dispersedt in thev polymerization medium, which islusua lly aqneous, andapolymerized; under conditions such that a stable emnlsion; or dispersion of the polymeris obtained. whent -polymerization-of;the first monomer is complete :andlhe :polymer is in the nascent state, the second monomepcomposition-is added and, polymerized to, pr odi ce a'stable emulsion ordispersion -of the t copolymer; When preparing-bonded copolymersby this method,- it;is-essential that no emulsifying-fagent or soap.- be added-withthe second monomer composition ifsa true graft copolymer which is freetof homo'polymeris to be obtained. Itiscnstornalry to add' all; of. the, emulsifying-o1"dispersing,agent prior to the first; monomer composition. It'is-also preferredxnot-to add any additionalqcatalyst oractivatoralong w'ith the second monomer composition. Control of, thesezcomponents is not ash critical-as iscontrol of the soapmiclle concentration, but it is desirable to add all ofgthe, catalyst nzingi the Iwo 'rfionemers 'in the, same andactivator prior; toi thevvstart; of the polymerization to V minimize contamination of the copolymer with'homopolymer. i
' Itl-hasybeen recognized: that shaped. articles; such as fibers and films, prepared from'th copolymers of this invention are different fromcomparabl'e shaped articles preparedfrom mixtures'of polymers and -ffc gin "ratid o rn copolymers' of thasqme emmrs; i s'true even when; the shapedjrticles'fl are preparediby processes known to the art.' However, it is impossible to utiliie all of the nniquelpropertiesl of these new copolyrners by use of, the .-usual ,soli1 tidn; orfmelt processes. The
i -RlYthttWfhii eve i t was h thigh/l1 'me r se'd is boiling' -yvateffor Iive me es;
Eleven grams: of the which have been described previousl 1 some processes, 31' Iii this proces 'polyme copolymer and v'y'hich can be pr mam; temperatnr e-"yyater bath: The was then gshrinkage was 8.4%", I" Y a s ri kssew sz j T us h l a e s fs is nten ion has; y; a shrink ge i e sw'ptssq s qiithis. zxcmionip qdsmes..pro uctswhich are"diifere'nt'f oniand up'eriprfto, those y, an better" than s s h co enm'at'rixforming material" is incorporated in jthe h eo dispension-ofi the h Q ei dispq ion'i s shansd yi ek- I L H tojase'ttingmedinmfilflie gel structure obtained on"setting comprises; the substantially immobilized discrete bedded' in the df inat rix mer particles are thse piepa ed froni thefsarne prod];
ftoge'tli -w'it h m1 n 0! q 1l nutiess o forming material; x
The mania-forming material-comprisesja cationic 'or anionic polymeri m o a nu t'ra le polymeric material whifch' s s In in. si'onj of'the graft H v K 1 p1 While, most materials used to form" the (matrix r snppqrting str 'ttcture are 'i'fiber-fo fming,l"iff is not" essential, that they be initially fiber-forming Materials whibh are not of themselves fih'er formingt but" which upon 4 extrusion 7 into a setting medi 1m;are formed rinto fi bergcan b etuse d. '7
Spitable f anionic; polymeric materials contain a plurality of acidic groups, suchas carboxyl, su lfo'nic, and] or 7 As specific examples ma be mentioned; alginates,'. earboxylalkiylf cellnlo ses, carboxymethylhydroxyethyl' celluloses p ectinate s; pectates," polyacrylat es pdlymethacjrj sf Beth-carbonyethylmetha'cryla'te polymer," beta carboxyethylacrylaie polymer, water-soluble modified'styrene polymer resins, partially. hydrolyzed polyac copolymers of forming :material's. contain a plurality of basic groups,
usually amino and/'orxquaterna'r'y: ammonium group's.
Esamplt s oft useful; cationic," polymeri'c electrolytes are diethylaminoethyl methacrylatepolymeml hydi ol'yzed vinyl. pyridinegbl-vinyl r r 1'N'.(2, instituted. amino qu ternaryflammonium be u1y1oxymthy1- ih iq ammetrs .i su name wit titralj i se ataiaiai elii a; t
lulose; cel ulose acetate, cyanoethyl cellulose, polyacryl- .a n t d polyviny alcoho I forming I 'inaterial are T'r'equrred to prov de ac dic advantage; The iquantity used .rang es 'f rom 0.10% 30.10% by cweight of the disperisi 0,25%.to;5% being preferred. The spe- Qcific quantitypreferred. varies the matrix material. ThefmiiiingfoperationfrnayIbe carried out in any one Tet a number; of, .waysl. ,;For instance the fiely divided dry polymerlmay be addedto a solutionofithe; matrixitor'niing material 'or lth e dry polymeric matriigforming material may 1 be. ,added to, an" aqueous dispersion or j emulsionfot the polymer. It, is, also possible that the dryi polymer and dgy matrix#forming material may ,be miired and simultaneously incorporated inan aqueous me i m A Pr er ed. me d, t a a eso in itd ns m t al i hsn'aque us ish met-.1, t dispersio'ns' containing, the, matria forining e "flow'able, especially when the polymer concentrajt on less thangjabout,v 6 t)% ;by weight. Shaped objects are prepared from these dispersions, ,Which prefi'erably contai'nlfrom ;5,,60%.. by weight of the -polymer, by "extruding through a shaped orifice into a precipitating.0!.immobilizing.medium; During this first stage of the fprQcessQBroiwnian' motion, of the polymer particles j practi'cally stops. ai'id Zthe fmatrix forms a gel-like 'structure iwhiC hf 'suppo "the particles The precipitated V f ngth. The .iclioice, of matri oforming material will d end to some. cit tent onlthe dispersed copolymer. It" .is obvious that one willitise. a matrix-forming materialQwhicliiwillfnot' coagulate polymer inthe dispersion.priorto1shaping,, 1 be setting or immbb il'zing mediummay be any fluid of precipitating .Lor' gelling ,the matrix-forming Included are air. and lcornpounds such as volaleiand possesses a fair degree of.
etaem e ulose, hydroxyethyl. celtile istr o g ia ias; and aqueouisg solutions of inorganic "compounds {I ate r-miscible rorganic compounds. 'Preferabl'y, an aqueous solution containing a lowcon- ,c ntrefi n 9 t e.i re pi at ns g nt, emp oye In allf cases, pre tation is pi aetieally instantaneous,the time required be ng: of ,the order of 0.04 second.
Aqueous solutionsbf pblyvalent metal salts are particularly usetul "as 'p'recipitan'ts whengan anionic matrix- I fpijmitig material isused. Solutions containing from0.5 to 4.0% byfweightofthe following. salts are suitable precipitjatingfagents: calcium thiocyana'te, aluminum sulfate, potassium aluminumsulfate, barium thiocyanate; zinc chloride,"magnesium bromide, calcium iodide and chrofmou s nitratel Solu sulfates, 'di andr poly-sulfonic acidsandlheir salts iiiTaqueous;sol1itionare suitable precipitants for use j when thematrix-forming material is a cationic material. The following compositions have. been u sedas setting mediator non-ionic matrix-formingmate'rials; 50%, aque'ou's ammonium sulfate,- 40% aqueous calcium chloride, 30%; I aqueous; aluminum sulfate and 350% aqueous ammonium acetate. Many materialsgsuch as alginic acid,-;are insoluble; in :Water but aresoluble as salts. or ;in bases;v and aqueoussolutionsof acids 'such as hydrochloric, tsulfuricia'nd sulfamic acids can be used as precipitants. Similarly; matrix-forming materials which X are soluble lin, acids but {insoluble in (water, may be pre- Inthe second stageof the process, the substantially immobilized water-insoluble polymerparticles coalesce or flow togetherjwithout destruction of'the formed article. Coalescenceis achieved in various ways, the preferred method for anyone polymer depending upon the polymer itself. The modified polymer dispersion .may'be extruded into a setting medium which will precipitatethe matriX- jforniing materialbut which exerts little or no solubiliz ing action on the polymer particles. Thereafter theshaped structure is exposed to the coalescingaction of an agent which is capable of dissolving the polymer. In most cases this has beenfouncl to be the preferred method of operation. However, it is possible to eXtrude the polymer dispersion into a liquid medium which will precipitate the matrix-forming material and will also exert solvent action on the polymer particles in the p'recipitatedinatriX.
The exposure to this coalescing action of the solvent maybe accomplished by passing the coagulated structore through such a solvent or by air drying the shaped article which has occluded minor amounts of a solvent. In any case, the time of exposure to the solvent action is so regulated that the particles coalesce without destroying the shaped structure.
The polymer particles in the shaped article may be coalesced with the aid of organic liquids or concentrated aqueous, solutions of salts and mineral acids. For a low cost, ease of handling and safety in use, aqueous salt solutions are generally preferred for coalescing. The watersoluble salts used for preparing the solutions are preferably metal salts of inorganic acids. The salts should be sufiicicntly soluble in water to yield 10% solutions, and preferably, at least 30% solutions. Furthermore, concentrated aqueous solutions of the salt being usedshould be capable of dissolving thepolymer component being coalesced at some temperature up to the boiling point of the salt solution.
Organic compounds which are to be used as coalescing agents should, preferably, be capable of dissolving the polymer constituent at temperatures below their boiling points. However temperatures higher than the boiling pointof the liquid maybe used by conducting the process in the vapor phase or under pressure. "Organic compounds suitable for coalescing polymers include'dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, m-cresol, methyl 1 ethyl ketone, tetramethylurea, adiponitrile, cyclohexanone, acetophenone andmesityl oxide.
Certain salt solutions have a specific solubilizing action on some polymers and'will coalesce the bonded copoIy- -mers containing a sufficiently high percentage of these constituents. For example,,salts which are highly useful in coalescing acrylonitrile graft copolymers include the following: lithium thiocyanate, lithium iodide; lithium bromide, sodium thiocyanate, sodium iodide, potassium thiocyanate, magnesium thiocyanate, calcium thiocyanate, calcium iodide, calcium bromide, manganese thiocyanate, zinc thiocyanate,'cadmium iodide, and the chlorides bromides, and iodides of zinc, tin, iron and cobalt. Suitable organic liquids include dimethylformamide, m-cresol, xylene, methyl ethyl ketone, tetramethylurea and adiponitrile. In coalescing the polymer particles, room temperatures or lower can be used, but it is generally preferred that the coalescing bath be heated, since less time is needed.
Removal of the coalescing agent from the shaped polymer. is readily effected by washing. ln washingmultifilaments, it is generally preferred that cold water be .used. The resulting structure may then beQafter-treatedwith boiling water and, if desired, stretched to orient the molecules to elfect improvement in physical properties. On
the other hand, the coalesced structure may be partially or c om pletely oriented by. drawing prior to the washing p; 'f Q i p, In-additionto water, matrix-formingmaterial andpolyliner, the dispersion used for producing the shaped articles can contain iiispersingagents, plasticizersjpig'ment's, dyes,
13 clay, silica, alcohol, acetone and similar materials. Alternatively, these materials may be incorporated in the coagulating bath, in the coalesc ng bath or in separate baths or a combination of these. These substances may or may not appear in the final shaped articles. If desired, the coagulated articles may be passed through'a bath between the coagulating and coalescing media for Washing, filling, plasticization and the like prior to coalescing.
The shaping process of this invention can, of course, also be applied readily to graft copolymers prepared by previously known methods. Regardless of the source of graft copolymer, it is possible to prepare by this method shaped articles with unique properties. A particular advantage is realized when utilizing the previously described, preferred graft copolymers, i. e., those prepared under conditions Where a stable dispersion is maintained throughout the process and where no soap is added along with the second monomer composition. The polymer which is being coalesced may be' present as the first or second component of the graft copolymer, or it may be present in both components. For generally simpler operations it is preferred that the polymer which is being coalesced be present in the second component of the graft copolymer. In order to obtain a shaped structure having tensile properties approximating those of a shaped structure prepared in a similar manner from the homopolymer of the constituent being coalesced, it is required that either the first or the second component contain at least 40% of the polymer for which the coalescing agent has been selected. For practical reasons it is preferred that the graft copolymer has no more than four monomeric constituents and that the constituent which is to govern the tensile properties of the ultimate shaped structure comprise a least 40% of the total weight of the monomers.
The graft copolymers which contain acrylonitrile are a preferred species of this invention. Of these copolymers those which contain at least 60% by weight polyacrylonitrile are preferred, since they possess tensile properties which are substantially equivalent to those of an acrylonitrile homopolymer prepared and processed in a similar 'manner. The added constituents are selected and combined to obtain the desired modification in properties other than tensile properties. For example, the dyeability, drawability, glazing temperature, fiber stick temperature, flammability, hydrophilicity and many other properties can be modified while still retaining substantially all of the desirable tensile properties of acrylonitrile homopolymers. Shaped articles prepared from graft copolymers by this process possess a combination of properties which cannot be obtained in any other way. For example control of the elasticity and tackiness of articles prepared from synthetic elastomer compositions is possible. As a specified example of this type of application, a graft copolymer was formed in which the first component was a 70/30 copolymer of chloroprene and acrylonitrile, and the second component waspolyacrylonitrile. The film prepared from this dispersion was clear and elastic but not tacky. Also, it was found that the abrasion resistance of fibers prepared from acrylonitrile polymers would be improved .by use of graft copolymers in which the first component was polyacrylonitrile and the second component was a softer polymer, such as poly(ethyl acrylate) and poly(vinyl acetate).
Another particular advantage of this process is that polymers of high molecular weight maybe readily utilized. The preparation of filaments from solutions of the high molecular weight copolymers generally obtained in this process would be impractical because solutions" containing commercially useful concentrations of polymer have viscosities which are too high to be processed under reasonable conditions. However, in the process of this invention the viscosity of the dispersions is independent of the molecular weight, so that there is no upper limit to the molecular weight of the polymers which can be utilized.
' The dispersions can be, and preferably are, quite concentrated with respect to the amount of polymer present. A further advantage of the process is that isolation of the polymer is not required, since they are prepared and utilized in the form of aqueous dispersion-s. Finally, the temperatures employed in this process are generally low, in the vicinity of room temperature, and, if high temperatures are needed, only short exposure periods are required. As a result, the products are not discolored during formation and are essentially white.
Any departure from the above description which conforms to the present invention is intended to be included within the scope of the claims.
I claim:
1. The process of preparing filaments which comprises forming a dispersion of a polymer in particulate form by polymerizing an ethylenically unsaturated monomer in an aqueous medium, adding to the said dispersion after polymerization of the monomer is substantially complete but while the resultant polymer is still in the nascent state, a second ethylenically unsaturated monomer to obtain a particulate dispersion of a copolymer of the two said monomers, adding to the resultant dispersion a settable matrix-forming material which is soluble in the said dispersion, extruding the dispersion through a spinneret into a medium which precipitates the said matrix-forming material by rendering it insoluble, and thereafter coalescing the particles of the copolymer embedded in the matrix-forming material by contacting the same with a fluid which has a solvent action on the copolymer particles.
i 2. The process of claim 1 in which the copolymer has an acrylonitrile content of at least 60% by weight.
3. The process of claim 1 in which the second monomer is added without the addition of further emulsify- 7 ing agent. 7 p
4. The process of claim 1 in which the said fluid is a liquid.
5. The process of claim 1 in which the matrix-forming material is added in the amount of from about 0.10% to about 10% by weight of the dispersion.
6. The process of claim 5 in which the percentage is from about 0.25% to about 5%.
7. The process of claim 5 in which thedispersion contains from about 5% to about 60% by weight ofthe said copolymer.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Patent No, 2,840,44'7 June 24, 1958 Duane L], Green It is hereby certified that error appears in the printed specification of the above numbered patent requiring correction and that the said Letters Patent should read as corrected below.
001111111174, line 66, for "p pd. s, in" read 6 pa, 5,, in column *7, line 52, after "unpolymerized" insert F monomer, The polymer dispersion was transferred to a polymerization line '73,- for "the"; first occurrence, read then .m; column 9 line 27, after i'luoricle insert we vinylidene A Signed and sealed this 2nd day of September 1958.
A??? KARL H mm: ROBERT (J. WATSON Attesting Oflicer' Commissioner of Patents
Patent Citations
Referenced by
Original Image


text:
After 54 years of building only commercial vessels, Gladding-Hearn Shipbuilding, Duclos Corporation, has delivered its first high-speed patrol boat for the federal government. The 64-foot screening escort vessel, with the mission of securing high-value Naval assets, will be operated by the U.S. Coast Guard.
The all-aluminum boat features a C. Raymond-Hunt-designed deep-V hull, with a CPI Marine fender system, and is powered by twin MTU diesel engines and connected to water-jets. Top speed is over 30 knots.
The pilothouse on a flush deck, with forward-leaning front windows, leads to the forecastle, equipped with a head, galley, berths, and lockers. Recessed rescue platforms are located port and starboard at the vessel's mid-ship. On the foredeck is a gun mount.
The interior is outfitted with Shockwave heavy-duty suspension seats, shock-absorbing floor matting, and a heating and air-conditioning system. Equipment includes integrated navigation systems and crew communications radio and imaging systems.
Fincantieri has been awarded the contract with the Bangladesh Coast Guard (BCG) for the supply of four Italian Navy "Minerva" class corvettes to be upgraded and
The Swedish Defence Materiel Administration (FMV) has awarded contracts worth Skr8.6bn ($1.03bn) to Saab AB for the construction of two new Type A26 submarines
Shipbuilder Austal Limited announced it has delivered Cape Wessel, the seventh of eight Cape Class patrol boats being supplied to Australian Border Force under a $330 million design,

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Originally written on Angelswin | Last updated 2/1/13
By David Saltzer, AngelsWin.com Senior Writer One of the things that I most enjoy about AngelsWin.com is the entire community that we have developed. When Chuck Richter started the website in 2004, I doubt he had any idea of what it would become—a vibrant community that supports and cares for one another. It's that community that makes AngelsWin.com special. In our community, there are many angels—people who have gone above and beyond to help someone else in need. These angels can do things ranging from praying for someone who is sick to comforting someone through the loss of a loved one. I know many who have given others free tickets to games to actually driving out, getting someone, and bringing that person to a game. And, all of this happens because of our love for our team and our connection through the website. Besides those who have been generous and kind with their time and work, there are other angels on our website. These are real Angels, many of whom come he...
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Sherman Jobs
Looking for jobs in Sherman? Snagajob has great opportunities with the area's leading companies. And applying for Sherman jobs has never been easier. Look at the job listings below, click on a job title that interests you and hit the "apply now" button. Part-time jobs, teen jobs, student jobs and summer jobs are now just a click away. Start your job search now.
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text:
Your Very Next Step newsletter for May 2014
By Ned Lundquist
"Memories are hunting horns whose sound dies on the wind."
– Guillaume Apollinaire
"The journey of a thousand miles begins with one step."
– Lao Tzu
"Your Very Next Step" adventure/outdoors/conservation newsletter, published by Ned Lundquist, is a cooperative community, and everyone is invited, no…encouraged, no…urged to participate. Share your adventures with the network today! Send to email@example.com.
This issue of YVNS comes to you from Denver International Airport.
*** To subscribe for free: http://bit.ly/JOTWSubscribe
Send us your comments, questions, and contributions to email@example.com.
Contact Ned at email@example.com.
*** In this issue:
*** Ned's upcoming travel
*** 10 Mouth-Watering Culinary Tours Around the World
*** Washington Monument reopens after repairs
*** Anacostia Watershed Society
*** Freedom to Float
*** Anacostia Paddle Night
*** America's 10 Best State Parks
*** Reviewer Bill "Laughing Dog" Garlinghouse Wins Old Town Kayak Package
*** Here's Bill's winning review:
*** Hammock Camping 101
*** The Ultimate Hang
*** National Rail-Trail of the month:
Trail of the Month: May 2014
Wisconsin's Shoreland 400 Rail Trail
*** Trail/Outdoor/Conservation volunteer opportunities:
1.) Volunteer & Stewardship, Anacostia Watershed Society, Bladensburg, MD
*** Travel/Adventure/Outdoors/Conservation employment opportunities:
1.) Social Media Manager, The North Face, Alameda, CA
2.) Sports Marketing Coordinator, The North Face, Alameda, CA
3.) Deputy Vice President of Communications, National Parks Conservation Association, Washington, DC
4.) Media Relations Summer Intern, National Parks Conservation Association, Washington, DC
5.) Fish Hatchery Superintendent, State of Wyoming, Dubois, WY
6.) Fisheries Technician 1- Tagging Trailer Assistant, Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, Lewiston, ID
7.) Coho Fisheries Monitoring Intern, Turtle Island Restoration Network, Olema, CA
8.) Bicycle Technician, Marriott Vacations Worldwide, Hilton Head Island, SC
9.) Field Bike Technician – Bay Area Bike Share, Alta, San Francisco, CA
10.) Party Bike Tour Driver, The Thirsty Pedaler, Louisville, KY
…and much more…and it's all FREE!!!
*** Do you have a travel adventure, conservation or outdoor update to share?
Send me your stories and I'll post in the "Your Very Next Step" and on the YVNS website (http://www.yourverynextstep.com/).
*** Ned's upcoming travel, maybe, perhaps:
May 11-16, Seattle / Bellingham / Bremerton
June 9-10, Abu Dhabi, UAE
June 11-12, Bahrain
August 18-19-22, Tacoma, Wash.
August 22, 23, 24, San Diego, Calif.
October 28-29, Nassau, Bahamas
*** 10 Mouth-Watering Culinary Tours Around the World
*** Washington Monument reopens after repairs
Steve Hendrix
Washington Post
Visitors can go inside the obelisk for the first time since it was damaged by an earthquake nearly 3 years ago.
*** Anacostia Watershed Society
The mission of the Anacostia Watershed Society is to protect and restore the Anacostia River and its watershed communities by cleaning the water, recovering the shores, and honoring the heritage. The vision is to make the Anacostia River and its tributaries swimmable and fishable, in keeping with the Clean Water Act, for the health and enjoyment of everyone in the community.
*** Freedom to Float
The Chesapeake Bay watershed has a storied history and great natural beauty, but it can be difficult to explore because of limited shoreline access. A new coalition is working to help more people enjoy these remarkable waters.
*** Anacostia Paddle Night
Friday, June 6: Join NPCA and Anacostia Watershed Society for a free night of paddling along the Anacostia River. We'll launch from the Ballpark Boathouse and explore the new Anacostia Water Trail. Learn more about Anacostia Paddle Nights and register online at: anacostiaws.org/calendar.
*** America's 10 Best State Parks
PlanetExplore is an on-line community designed to help individuals and families learn about and participate in outdoor activities and events in their area. Powered by partner organizations that share our passion, PlanetExplore is a portal to the outdoors designed to inspire and enable people of all ages to become regularly active outside, and to develop the benefits gained through a connection to nature.
We have teamed up with a host of like-minded partners to deliver a calendar brimming with local events for you and your family to become involved. Using PlanetExplore, you can find local outdoor events, become a PlanetExplore member to receive updates based on your interests, explore local parks and outdoor spaces using our Urban Nature Guides, and be inspired by our partner and visionaries blogs, videos and podcasts.
We at The North Face® love the outdoors. It's in our DNA, and it defines us as a company. That passion and our desire to share this is the catalyst behind PlanetExplore. Our collective goal is to inspire the next generation of enthusiasts and increase outdoor participation among people of all ages.
Join us at PlanetExplore to get connected, get involved, and get outdoors! This is your first step to define for yourself what it means to Never Stop Exploring™.
*** Reviewer Bill "Laughing Dog" Garlinghouse Wins Old Town Kayak Package
*** Here's Bill's winning review:
*** Hammock Camping 101
*** The Ultimate Hang
Hammock camping tips, reviews and illustrations
*** National Rail-Trail of the month:
Trail of the Month: May 2014
Wisconsin's Shoreland 400 Rail Trail
By Laura Stark
"At all levels of government—local, county, state and federal—everybody was really interested in this project."
Sheboygan County is rural, small-town America—no doubt about it. This is Wisconsin dairyland, situated halfway between Milwaukee and Green Bay, where the county seat is the Bratwurst Capital of the World. It's not the type of place that one would expect a thriving walking and biking culture, which made it the perfect candidate for a grand, national experiment that began in 2005. And in Sheboygan, the county's largest city, the Shoreland 400 Rail Trail was a little trail designed to have a big impact on changing modes and minds on transportation.
"We're not like larger cities," says Chad Pelishek, the City of Sheboygan's director of planning and development. "We don't have traffic jams or difficulty finding parking. Walking to downtown is something new because it's so easy for us to get in our cars and go."
The Nonmotorized Transportation Pilot Program (NTPP) has a long name but a simple premise: What happens to a community when people-powered transportation is made a priority? To find out, the federal government gave four communities across the country, including Sheboygan County, $25 million to invest in walking and biking infrastructure. A report detailing the results of the NTPP is expected to arrive by the end of this month.
"Sheboygan County is 500 square miles in size, so our municipalities are fairly spread out," says Emily Vetting, associate planner for Sheboygan County's planning and conservation department. "Because it's so spread out, there are a lot of barriers to biking and walking, so we directed the focus of the NTPP in Sheboygan County on short trips within those communities that could be made by biking and walking."
The Shoreland 400 Rail Trail is short—less than two miles—but according to the county's website, within one mile of the corridor lies approximately 31 percent of the county's population, 10 of the 16 Sheboygan public schools, 53 churches and approximately 80 manufacturing/production employers.
Not only does the trail thus provide a prime opportunity for walking and biking to work and school, less than a mile away lies the grand jewel of the city, sparkling Lake Michigan. Perhaps surprisingly, blue-collar Sheboygan—where nearly half the jobs are in the manufacturing sector—is known as the "Malibu of the Midwest" for its exceptional freshwater surfing. With the rail-trail so close to the shoreline, the city's well-loved beaches are only a short stroll or ride away. Topping it off, less than three miles in the other direction, a connection can be made to the Old Plank Road Trail, which offers a 17-mile journey west through tranquil countryside.
This is quite a comeback story for what was once an eyesore for the city. "The rail corridor was a blighted area," says Pelishek. "People were dumping junk there, and it was overgrown with brush. It's really a night-and-day difference with what it looks like now."
And it will just keep getting better. A new landscaping plan will add greenery all along the trail's winding black path. "We really dreamed big with it," says Vetting. "We're aware that logistically we may not be able to fund everything at once, so we'll do it in phases." This summer will see the completion of the plan's first phase, and future phases will roll out as funds become available.
"The chosen plants will tie into the neighborhood's identity," says Vetting. "For example, there's a bar along the trail that brews its own beer, so hops will be planted there, and next to an Asian food market there will be trees native to that area that are also sustainable in a Midwestern climate. An area near a pizzeria will get shrubs and flowers with Italian feeling."
Says Vetting, "Once you have these landscaping facets in place, it helps to ensure the trail's longevity. People take ownership of it. Success is more guaranteed when neighborhoods take pride in it."
Although rail-trails have been around since the 1960s, including Wisconsin's famed Elroy-Sparta State Trail, this was the city's first, and the NTPP funding was essential to it being built. Vetting estimates that about $1.3 million for the trail came from the program. The first shovel was turned at the trail's groundbreaking ceremony last summer, attended by Congressman Tom Petri (R-WI), who campaigned the NTPP through Congress, and Marianne Fowler, Rails-to-Trails Conservancy's senior vice present of federal policy.
"At all levels of government—local, county, state and federal—everybody was really interested in this project," Fowler recalls. "There was more public engagement in Sheboygan than in any of the other pilot program communities."
By the fall of 2013, the trail was complete, but being that Wisconsin was itself on the cusp of winter, the trail's usage is just getting off the ground this spring. In fact, the trail's official dedication will take place this coming June 2.
"The trail opened in the fall, and just a day or two after it was finished, it snowed," says Bob Esler, a retired high school teacher who has lived in Sheboygan since 1967.
Esler, a railroad buff, was so enthused about the project that he wrote a small book—160 pages—on the area's railroad history and designed historical signage that will be placed along the trail this summer. The trail will also sport a new logo he designed, inspired by the logo of the Chicago and North Western Railway, which once utilized the rail bed. The trail's name itself comes from the bright yellow trains that once whistled down the tracks from Chicago to Minneapolis, a trip that was 400 miles and took 400 minutes.
"The 400 was a streamliner," says Esler. "Its first car was a tavern lunch-counter car with a soda fountain and a short order cook. They used them from 1942 to 1971 when the trains stopped running."
Esler himself was once a passenger. "As a kid, I grew up in Milwaukee, so when I went to college in Chicago, I rode the 400 to visit home," says Esler. "It was a nice way to go. I'd sit in the parlor car and, after I turned 21, I'd get a drink!"
When RTC spoke to Esler last week, the weather had finally taken a turn for the better. It was 70 degrees after a long, cold winter, and he was airing up his tires for his first ride down the rail-trail. Perhaps an echo of the community's sentiment, he enthusiastically exclaimed, "I haven't been on the trail yet, but I plan to go on it soon!"
*** Trail/Outdoor/Conservation volunteer opportunities:
1.) Volunteer & Stewardship, Anacostia Watershed Society, Bladensburg, MD
If you are looking for a good cause that deserves your time and effort, look no further! Here at AWS no contribution is more valuable to us than your hard work. We offers a variety of volunteer opportunities that will engage your hands, your head, and your heart in the protection and restoration of our local lands and water. Volunteers are accommodated individually and in groups.
Volunteer Outdoors!
Interested in hands-on environmental restoration work? Help us with one of these outdoor stewardship projects—
• River & Community Trash Cleanups
• Non-native, Invasive Plant Removals
• Native Plant Restoration
• Meadow Restoration
Regularly scheduled volunteer events are listed on our event calendar at http://www.anacostiaws.org/calendar.
Please see the calendar for complete event details and participation instructions. Other types of activities, including native wetland plantings, may be available from time to time. AWS will arrange special projects for organized groups of volunteers. Please see A Note About Volunteer Groups below for more information.
Attention Students! Community service hours are available when you volunteer with AWS! Ask us for details, or bring your community service form with you.
Photographers and Videographers are also needed to document our restoration work along with capturing the beauty of the wildlife and the river. Contact our Communications Manager at 301-699-6204 x117 or email email@example.com.
A Note About Volunteer Groups
Does your business, organization, church, or school want to volunteer with AWS? Volunteering in a group is simple and easy. All you have to do is contact an AWS volunteer project coordinator to make arrangements. We will match the size and capacity of your group to a fun and rewarding volunteer activity that everyone will enjoy! Visit the links under
Stewardship Projects above for descriptions of all our volunteer activities.
AWS tries to accommodate all special requests for group volunteer events. Dates and times for special group projects depend upon availability of AWS staff and project resources. All volunteer events are subject to rescheduling or cancellation in the event of severe weather or emergencies.
AWS volunteer projects are funded, in part, through government grants. In compliance with the terms of those grant awards, AWS maintains the right to invite members of the general public to participate in all volunteer events, scheduled or arranged independently.
Anacostia Watershed Society
The George Washington House, 4302 Baltimore Avenue, Bladensburg, MD 20710
phone: 301-699-6204 fax: 301-699-3317
*** Travel/Adventure/Outdoors/Conservation employment opportunities:
1.) Social Media Manager, The North Face, Alameda, CA
At The North Face, we push the boundaries of innovation with our product design and development of premier apparel, equipment and footwear to enable and inspire athletes and enthusiasts to Never Stop Exploring. We remain deeply proud to
be the first choice of the world's most accomplished climbers, mountaineers, extreme skiers, snowboarders, endurance runners, and explorers. If you have a passion for the outdoors and enjoy a fast-paced environment, this is the place for you!
The key responsibility of the Social Media Manager is to manager all TNF social media efforts across Facebook, You Tube, Twitter, activity-specific social media sites, and other emerging media to deliver key brand messaging and content.
Leverage end-to-end creative, copy, and sports marketing content across relevant sites to drive awareness, tnf.com database growth, and traffic for tnf.com. The Social Media Manager will be the internal champion and evangelist for social media across the organization. Establish control-related standards and procedures.
Years of Related Professional Experience: 5.
BA/BS in Marketing, Digital Marketing, Communications, or Design or equivalent years of education and experience. 5 years experience in digital marketing. Strong preference for a background in the outdoor and/or apparel industry.
· Demonstrated social crisis management experience.
Prior management of agencies, freelancers, and/or direct reports.
Proven ability to grow communities, in terms of engagement rates, raw growth in
follower numbers, and rank vs. brand competitors.
Competency in coordinating programs with distributed global teammates.
Organized, flexible, and collaborative.
Advanced knowledge of digital media (search, email, affiliate, mobile, etc).
Knowledge of web development.
Strong project management skills.
Ability to lead cross functional digital marketing projects for on-time
in-budget delivery.
Strong written and verbal communications and negotiations skills.
Special Requirements:
Travel – 10%
Key Responsibilities
1. Direct team of coordinators to manage the daily tasks of sourcing and publishing social media content, maintaining a daily dialogue with the brand's fans and followers, and moderating, monitoring, and measuring the flow of both fan and brand content.
2. Coordinate with the content development and production teams to devise both paid and organic content distribution strategies.
3. Set the path and POV for the brand's social media editorial voice, purpose, and short-term and long-term calendars.
4. Broaden social media access and tactics beyond the marketing function to other areas of the business, including customer service, retail, sales, and product.
5. Advise brand and media planning teams on the newest and most effective paid social media placements.
6. Devise brand-accurate strategies for consumer engagement, including user-generated content, sweepstakes, and contests.
7. Communicate with VF sister brands on social media wins, campaigns, tactics, pitfalls, agencies, and toolkits.
8. Determine and continuously adjust the brand's social media software toolkit for publishing, monitoring, and quantifying the impact of social media content and communication.
9. Contribute to both seasonal and go-to-market campaigns with innovative social media strategies.
10. Collaborate with corporate communications to establish and refine or crisis management monitoring and response protocols.
2.) Sports Marketing Coordinator, The North Face, Alameda, CA
3.) Deputy Vice President of Communications, National Parks Conservation Association, Washington, DC
Spearheads the development and implementation of integrated media and marketing campaigns to support our programmatic priorities and raise the visibility of our brand with key audiences. Determines the overall content of, and coordinates
operations for, all earned media, including digital, print, radio, and television. Works closely with the Vice President of Communications to ensure coordination and integration of ongoing communications campaigns, including media, online, and design. Participates in organizational messaging, and provides strategic guidance to media team and policy leads in developing talking points and collateral materials to support those messages.
Seeks opportunities to raise the organization's visibility through marketing initiatives tied to our strategic Communications efforts, working closely with staff in Communications, Development, and Membership. Monitors the media landscape to keep tabs on issues that could potentially harm the organization, and alerts the VP of potential crises communications issues. Oversees the media team and the media budget, including related consultants.
· Provides strategic direction for the organization's integrated media campaigns, working in concert with policy
staff and the media team to develop targeted, integrated campaigns, including related materials such as radio campaigns and Public Service Announcements. 30 percent
· Develops and maintains relationships with key national media reps, including bloggers; oversees creation and implementation of all media campaigns (regional and national) and activities. 20 percent
· Manages media relations staff, interns, and consultants, and the media budget. Seeks opportunities through marketing initiatives to raise the organization's brand visibility. 20 percent
· Provides support for creation of tactics such as policy position papers, testimony, congressional letters, reports, and other materials, which support organizational priorities. 15 percent
· Serves as an integral member of the Communications management team. 10 percent
· Monitors landscape for potential crises communications issues. 5 percent
TOUR OF DUTY: 9:00 to 5:00, Monday – Friday
SCOPE OF POSITION: Some interaction via telephone with donors and members, members of the Board of Trustees, NPCA staff, outside groups, and vendors. Interacts with all departments as well as regional directors.
•Demonstrated experience and leadership in managing a comprehensive strategic communications, media relations, and marketing program to advance mission and goals.
•Innovative thinker and creative implementer of strategic communications campaigns.
•Demonstrated experience in designing and implementing strategic communications campaigns to support programmatic work.
•Demonstrated expertise using social media in a strategic, creative way to support integrated communications campaigns to
enhance brand recognition and programmatic priorities.
•Demonstrated skill in proactively building relationships with top tier reporters and editors and successfully positioning subject matter with the media (traditional and digital) to achieve high-impact placements.
•At least 5 years of experience in a management role.
•At least 7 years of experience engaged in strategic communications
•Experienced in conservation policy
•Exceptional written, oral, interpersonal, and presentation skills
•Proven ability to manage an efficient, effective team.
•Demonstrated attention to detail and accuracy.
•Ability to work under pressure and meet deadlines.
•Baccalaureate degree in communications, journalism, or related field, master's preferred.
Core Values
Live, honor, and own the organization's Core Values:
1. Commitment to Mission: Commitment to the national parks is essential to our success.
2. Empowerment: Having the tools, skills, facts and inspiration to advocate on behalf of the national parks.
3. Teamwork: Teamwork, built on a fundamental trust in and respect for each other, is integral to our success.
4. Accountability: Being accountable to each other, our members, and the public, as well as to the excellence, timeliness, and integrity of our work, and the implementation of these core values.
5. Innovation: Exercising insightful creativity, perseverance, and strategic risk-taking to successfully complete our work.
6. Diversity: We believe in and celebrate the diversity of cultural backgrounds, community traditions, and political perspectives at NPCA and in the National Park System. By integrating such diversity into our work, we will most effectively accomplish our mission.
4.) Media Relations Summer Intern, National Parks Conservation Association, Washington, DC
Join the media team that successfully works to protect America's national Parks! National Parks Conservation Association media relations interns research, develop, implement, and evaluate campaigns, including writing press materials and pitching and placing news stories. College juniors, seniors, or recent graduates with an interest in public relations and national parks are encouraged to apply. Candidate must be a strong writer who can juggle multiple tasks. Preferred candidate has background in public relations, public affairs, social media, or communications
*** From Mark Sofman:
5.) Fish Hatchery Superintendent, State of Wyoming, Dubois, WY
6.) Fisheries Technician 1- Tagging Trailer Assistant, Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, Lewiston, ID
7.) Coho Fisheries Monitoring Intern, Turtle Island Restoration Network, Olema, CA
8.) Bicycle Technician, Marriott Vacations Worldwide, Hilton Head Island, SC
9.) Field Bike Technician – Bay Area Bike Share, Alta, San Francisco, CA
10.) Party Bike Tour Driver, The Thirsty Pedaler, Louisville, KY
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Here is a look at some of the world's deadliest air disasters in recent years:
March 24, 2015| Paris: A passenger jet carrying 150 people crashed Tuesday in a remote area of the French Alps as it flew from Barcelona to Duesseldorf, authorities said. As search-and-rescue teams raced to the region, France's president warned that no survivors were expected.
Feb 8, 2015: Indonesia: The AirAsia plane went missing with 162 people aboard after it lost contact with air-traffic control.
Feb 5, 2015 | Taiwan: Flight 235 with 58 people aboard, many of them travelers from China, banked sharply on its side on Wednesday shortly after takeoff from Taipei, clipped a highway bridge and then careened into the Keelung River. Rescuers in rubber rafts pulled 15 people alive from the wreckage during daylight. After dark, they brought in the crane, and the death toll was expected to rise once crews were able to search through submerged portions of the fuselage, which came to rest a few dozen meters (yards) from the shore.
July 25, 2014 | Algeirs: A flight operated by Air Algerie and carrying 116 people from Burkina Faso to Algeria's capital disappeared from radar, the plane's owner says. Air navigation services lost track of the Swiftair MD-83 about 50 minutes after takeoff from Ougadougou, the capital of Burkina.
July 23, 2014 | Taiwan: Taiwan's TransAsia Airways plane ATR-72, carrying 58 passengers and crew, crashed into a residential neighborhood on Penghu in the Taiwan Strait between Taiwan and China on July 23. The plane was on a flight from the city of Kaohsiung in southern Taiwan. The twin-engine turboprop crashed while making a second landing attempt.
The crash of Flight GE222 was Taiwan's first fatal air accident in 12 years and came after Typhoon Matmo passed across the island, causing heavy rains that continued into July 23.
July 17, 2014 | Ukraine: A Malaysia Airlines Boeing 777 — Flight MH17 en route from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur — with 298 people aboard crashed in eastern Ukraine near the Russian border on July 17. The Boeing 777 was carrying 298 people, including 28 Australians, when it was shot down by a surface-to-air missile over rebel-held territory in Ukraine. The …continued »


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The first edition of our electronic newsletter comes out July 1st. Highlighting the wide variety of programs and materials we offer, it's a great way to keep up with the latest happenings at NPL.
Sign up here and Newport Public Library News will land in your inbox once every two months!
Information collected at signup will be used for the newsletter only. The Library respects your privacy and will never sell or share your email information with a third party.


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Diego Fazio is a 22 year old self-taught artist living in Italy. He began his career designing tattoos and perfected his photorealism technique over a period of several years.
In his home country, he won an award in 2011 for Best New Artist and has been gaining fame and accolades every since. With art like this, it's easy to see why.
Thanks to Google for translating Diego's Deviant Art biography.
3. Photos Of The Drawing As A Work In Progress
Preview Your Response
Here Are The Top Stories
- Two people on a civilian airplane were killed in a mid-air collision with a military jet in South Carolina. The F-16 jet pilot was ejected and is "in good shape."
- Subway has suspended Jared Fogle, the weight-loss guy from their commercials, due to an FBI investigation.
- Bounce TV and BET will no longer air series featuring Bill Cosby after court records showed he admitted to buying sedatives to give to women.


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Original recipe yields 4 servings
Amount per serving ({{servings}} total)
Based on a 2,000 calorie diet
Ready In
I make a similiar version to this. I use more cranberries and add slivered almonds and chopped onion. I don't use any dill at all. Makes a tuna sandwich a more interesting.
Really good! A nice change from regular tuna sandwiches. I don't care for dill weed, so I just left it out.
I love tuna salad for lunch and when I came across this recipe it sounded different so I thought I'd give it a try. I used only one 6 oz. can of tuna with 2 Tbsp. of Hellman's light mayo and cur...


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By Jim Meyers |
Tuesday, 02 Jun 2009 04:19 PM
As President Barack Obama prepared to leave on a trip to the Middle East, a new nationwide poll revealed that only one in five Americans has a favorable view of Muslim countries.
On the other hand, 46 percent of the people questioned in the CNN/Opinion Research Corporation survey said they have an unfavorable opinion of Muslim countries — an increase of five percentage points from 2002.
Three in 10 said they have a neutral opinion of Muslim countries.
The poll also disclosed that nearly eight in 10 respondents believe people in Muslim countries have an unfavorable opinion of the U.S., with 14 percent saying Muslims hold a favorable view.
But 47 percent of those polled said Muslim opinions of the U.S. don't matter very much or at all.
More than six in 10 respondents don't think the U.S. is at war with the Muslim world, while 36 percent indicated that the country is at war with Muslim countries.
And six out of 10 think that the Muslim world considers itself at war with the U.S.
"The feeling seems to be mutual," said CNN Senior Political Analyst Bill Schneider. "We distrust Muslims. They distrust Americans."
Obama departs Tuesday night for a meeting with King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, then heads to Egypt where he'll deliver a speech on American relations with the Muslim world.
The trip will also include stops in Germany and France.
© 2015 Newsmax. All rights reserved.
Friday, 04 Jan 2013 13:06 PM
Tens of thousands of Fatah supporters rallied in the Hamas stronghold of Gaza on Friday for the first time since they we . . .
Tuesday, 17 Jul 2012 18:11 PM
. . .
Friday, 13 Jul 2012 12:27 PM
Pretty sure the Supreme Court has never had to debate the legal impermissibility...
Roberts and Kennedy once again betrayed the Constitution....
I dis agree, the darkest day was when Obama, John Boehner and Mitch McConnell...
Everyone in the District of Criminals is responsible for Killing America !...
Clearly the executives at NBC live in a rarified atmosphere if they think NO...
Newsmax, Moneynews, Newsmax Health, and Independent. American. are registered trademarks of Newsmax Media, Inc. Newsmax TV, and Newsmax World are trademarks of Newsmax Media, Inc.


text:
Copyright, Permissions, Terms & Conditions, Privacy Policy, Ethics policy - Copyright ©2015, Chattanooga Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved. This document may not be reprinted without the express written permission of Chattanooga Publishing Company, Inc.
Mark Anthony Taylor Sr., 44, of Chattanooga, passed away Monday, Jan. 6, 2014, in a local hospital. Funeral at 1 p.m. today in the chapel of Taylor Funeral Home with Pastor Jeffrey Wilson as the eulogist. Burial: Highland Memorial Gardens.


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Fairly new to jquery so I might be making a simple mistake but I just cant seem to find it. At the moment I have a select drop down that I want to send the user to the url that is built from the option they choose. At the moment I have this for my jquery:
$('#sizeSelect').change(function () {
var singleValue = $(this).find('option:selected').val();
var singleUrl = '/products/length' + '~' + escape(singleValue);
alert('/products/length' + '~' + escape(singleValue));
window.location = $(this).find('option:selected').attr('href', 'singleUrl');
I have my alerts in there for me to see how everything was being put together. When I get to my actual window.location the url that is built has [object%20Object] in it . So any help would much appreciated to a a somewhat new jquery user.


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Difference between revision 2 and current revision
Summary: Tags: Gadgets.No diff available.
GreyWulf explains how to optain a Linux to go, on a shoestring and gives us 101 uses for a $50 Linux laptop. Spread the word!
I use the smallest and cheapest iBook – a 14" thing with a 30GB harddisk, upgraded with some RAM (1.25GB). It does everything I want it to do – any many things I could do with much less. Specially that often enough I have my laptop hooked up to my radio on my bedside table (2006-01-14 Gadgets).
Tags: Gadgets
Difference between revision 4 and current revision
Summary: Rollback to 2011-01-23 19:28 UTCNo diff available.
Hi, Alex. Glad you liked the posts Thanks for stopping by.
– greywulf 2006-04-17 21:41 UTC


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by BOY
- Record Label: Gronland
- Release Date: Sep 2, 2011
- Summary: The debut album from the Swiss-German pop duo of Valeska Steiner and Sonja Glass was produced by Philip Steinke.
- Record Label: Gronland
- Genre(s): Britpop, Pop/Rock, Alternative/Indie Rock, International, Western European Traditions, British
- More Details and Credits »
Score distribution:
Positive: 5 out of 5
Mixed: 0 out of 5
Negative: 0 out of 5
Jun 20, 2012Mutual Friends, a loose song-cycle, is entirely winning.
Jun 18, 2012'Mutual Friends' is an album that just gets better and better with every listen.
Jun 18, 2012Boy manage to tease something close to pop perfection.
Mar 26, 2013With the combination of these instruments and intimate vocals (not to mention some single-digit counting on "Waitress"), it would be odd not to notice that the album can sound a touch Feist-y. Yet the delicate and intricate progressions the songs present make this record Glass and Steiner's very own.
Jun 20, 2012Their debut LP Mutual Friends, despite getting bogged down in the middle stretch, is as an album undeniably catchy and, somewhat surprisingly, experimental.
Score distribution:
Positive: 2 out of 2
Mixed: 0 out of 2
Negative: 0 out of 2
Jul 12, 2014An album of truth for different tastes, you feel different things listening to him, even euphoric calm. A true masterpiece. If it wereAn album of truth for different tastes, you feel different things listening to him, even euphoric calm. A true masterpiece. If it were possible to give more than ten note, I would, but the site does not allow us.… Expand
Oct 17, 2013Saw them live in Montreal and they were nothing short of amazing! Had the opportunity to meet them, talk to them for about 15 minutes, etc.Saw them live in Montreal and they were nothing short of amazing! Had the opportunity to meet them, talk to them for about 15 minutes, etc. They are extremely nice and down to earth!
As for their album, I do not have enough things to say about it it is nothing short than amazing! The percussion, the guitar, the vocals, the LYRICS, the flow, everything about it is great. Whether you want a slow ballad song, or a song which makes you sing loudly and dance in your car, you've got it!
A great band that will make it far in the near future (much like Daughter did!)… Expand
|Sticky Fingers [Deluxe Edition] - The Rolling Stones
|Physical Graffiti [Remastered] - Led Zeppelin
|To Pimp A Butterfly - Kendrick Lamar
|The Smithsonian Folkways Collection [Box Set] - Lead Belly
|Bouquets from a Cloudy Sky: The Complete Pretty Things Collection [Box Set] - The Pretty Things
|Carrie & Lowell - Sufjan Stevens
|No Cities to Love - Sleater-Kinney
|G Stands For Go-Betweens, Vol. 1 [Box Set] - The Go-Betweens
|Apex Predator - Easy Meat - Napalm Death
|Hand.Cannot.Erase. - Steven Wilson
|The Fade in Time - Sam Lee
|The Mindsweep - Enter Shikari
|Summertime '06 - Vince Staples
|Sometimes I Sit And Think, And Sometimes I Just Sit - Courtney Barnett
|Choose Your Weapon - Hiatus Kaiyote
|Complicated Game - James McMurtry
|Remembering Mountains: Unheard Songs By Karen Dalton - Various Artists
|From Kinshasa - Mbongwana Star
|Ten Love Songs - Susanne Sundfør
|Vulnicura - Björk


text:
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Furinno Pine 34" Bookcase
Furinno Pine 34" Bookcase
Weights & Dimensions
|Product Type: Standard
|Style: Modern
|Frame Material: Wood
|Number of Items Included: 1
|Solid Wood Construction: Yes
|Shelving Included: Yes
|Doors Included: No
|Drawers Included: No
|Orientation: Tall
|Back Panel: Open
|Foldable: No
|Handpainted: No
|Mobile: No
|Wall Recessed: No
|Commercial Use: No
|Eco-Friendly: Yes
|Country of Manufacture: China
|Assembly Required: Yes
|Installation Required: No
|Additional Parts Required: No
|CARB Compliant: Yes
About the ManufacturerFurinno (Furniture-Innovation) introduces the new trend of RTA (Ready To Assemble) modern furniture to the consumer in the Americas, providing quality and an affordable price. Furinno has grown to be one of the world's largest RTA manufacturers, exporters and suppliers. Focused on innovation, quality and consumer cost, Furinno is a category leader in RTA home office furniture and storage.
Furinno Pine 34" Bookcase
Questions & Answers (3)
"Hi, what is the weight capacity of each shelf?" asked by Janice
"Hi, what is the height of the bottom shelf?" asked by Roberta
"Hi, are the shelves adjustable in height?" asked by Agustin
Still have questions about this product? We're here to help
Customer Reviews
|5 star
|4 star
|3 star
|2 star
|1 star
Couldn't ask for a better shelving unit at a better price!
MEREDITH from BALLWIN, MO – Verified Buyer
I ordered 2 of these. They arrived in a timely fashion. I paid $38 for each one. They were simple to assemble, but are definitely sturdy. I use 1 of them to hold most of my cookbooks, in a little nook in my kitchen. It is an attractive design, that looks good in my house. The knob on the shelves is a removable slider. You don't have to use it, but it's great for partially full bookshelves, to use as a bookend! Please note: I originally intended for 1 of the units to go in a space with a height restriction of about 1/2" shorter than the official height of the shelves. I planned to do this by not using the feet. This is not a good plan! Without the feet, the shelves are much less stable. I put the feet on and used the unit in another part of my house instead. That being said, the next time I need bookshelves, I will definitely buy more of these!
This is a good little bookcase
Paula from SOUTH HADLEY, MA – Verified Buyer
This is the 5th one I have purchased and so far I am happy with my choice. Hopefully I will someday stain the pieces to match the rest of my furniture... right now I am content with having them lined up against the wall and stuffed with reading material. Thanks for this item. This is not the folding version, which I was afraid might not be as sturdy... easy to assemble as well.
Caren from Prescott Valley, AZ – Verified Buyer
This is a nice little, unobtrusive, inexpensive bookcase. I've got two in my guest room to hold the overflow of books from other rooms. Once the books, magazines, etc. are in, you see them, not the bookcase. Not bad to put together (though my dog tried to eat one of the dowels!). Sturdier than it looks.
Great Price
Donna from Moncks Corner, SC – Verified Buyer
Delivery was quick. Bookshelf was easy to assemble although you may need glue to make a slightly more sturdy. It is very light weight, and small, so beware if you are planning to stack these shelves with heavy books. Look at something more sturdy, heavier. We bought this to store my son's schoolbooks. So far it is working out well.
Lightweight but pretty sturdy.
Cat H from USA – Verified Buyer
These are very handy...the size was just right to stack in my closet for some shoe storage space (I leave my shoes in boxes) and they work perfectly for the job. Not a bad price for the extra storage. If I were using these in a more public place instead of for private storage, I would definitely paint them; otherwise they'll have a fruit-crate feel. Perfect for a dorm or closet insert, tho!
Truely an excellent addition.
Jennifer from Pittsfield, MA – Verified Buyer
This piece was easy to build and it looks quite attractive in our children's reading corner. Great size and the divider/bookends are a great asset as well. Only downfall was that when I opens it one of the bookends were broken in half. No need to worry though! A little wood glue fixed it up right as rain again. This item is both light weight and durable, once the boys acquire more books than it can hold then I will purchase an additional one.
Like it
Lynne from RI – Verified Buyer
I would have given this 5 stars if the vertical spindles had all been the same. Unfortunately a few weren't stained completely and one was broken - but I was able to bend it to look OK. A bit tricky to get started with the assembly but once the first couple of pieces are secure the rest goes together quickly. Looks nice. Pros: Sturdy.
Does its Job
Sandra from Newberry, FL – Verified Buyer
This product was easy to assemble, even though the color stain I prefer wasn't available and I bought the item planning to strip the finish and re-stain the bookcase. It is shorter and not as wide as I was expecting, but that's my bad for not using the product details to measure the dimensions out where I was planning to put the item.
James from INDIANAPOLIS, IN – Verified Buyer
Very nice bookcase for the money. Easy to assemble. Quick delivery. Very happy. Pros: Simple inexpensive solution. Fits in with almost every style of furniture. Cons: None, really. Maybe more color options?
Good for price
PJB from TX, USA – Verified Buyer
The color says expresso but I would say chestnuts... Not as dark brown as the general idea of expresso color. It is because the wood is not painted solid and glazed smooth but more like thinly stained on natural wood. I like it this way though!
OUR SKU # FVD1096Pine 34" Bookcase is also sometimes listed under the following manufacturer numbers: FNCJ-33001, FNCL-33001-C1


text:
Member since Oct 2012
1 Curated Comments,
5 Total
The major political obstacle for any new healthcare insurance reform is the new class of government dependents who receive the …
With significant uncertainty, the theory is more guess work and politics, than scientifically substantiated.
Having any scientific confidence in measuring and reporting the temperature of Earth's biosphere to the nearest 0.01 deg F is …
Papa Johns and Applebees are just the most vocal restaurants, the tip of a huge iceberg. The "mob" can …
Everyone LOSES if these tariffs are enforced.
Who's running the Commerce Department? Another Obama appointee or a benchwarmer?


text:
Individuals and companies involved in the development of learning material.
Members: 580
Latest Activity: Jun 27
Click on a discussion title to add your own comment
click on "add a discussion" (below the discussion forum) to start a new topic or conversation.
Remember to click "view all" to see all the discussions.
Started by David Loubser. Last reply by Annette Loubser Jun 27. 5 Replies 3 Likes
Started by Seiso David Shasha. Last reply by Annette Loubser Jun 27. 1 Reply 1 Like
© 2015 Created by Alan Hammond.


text:
Practical Conversation Course
Course Description
The Practical Conversation Course is a conversation course for learners from complete beginner to intermediate level (CEFR, A1 to lower B1). The emphasis of this course is on the immediate use of the language by developing communication skills in Japanese. The course has 5 levels. The curriculum is constructed with units of a week and students can complete the level by finishing 4 units.
Benefits for students of Practical Conversation Course
A lot of optional services come with Practical Conversation Course as the benefits. Please experience each of them on this occasion.
"Free review class" (Optional.)
Prior to your lesson every day, a teacher supports your self-study based on the needs of each student at our study room for an hour. You can review the lessons, study kanji, do the homework and/or do your workbook. If you have any questions, ask the teacher anytime.
"Chatting salon" (Optional. 300 JPY each time.)
You can talk about any topics you want with a Japanese who're specialized in talking with foreigners. It's a very good opportunity to try your Japanese you have learned in the classroom.
"Free talk" (During the class)
On the last day of the course, some Japanese guests visit your class and have group conversations. It's a grand sum of your 4-week study. You can surely feel how much your Japanese have improved.
"Kanji Experience " (Optional. 1,000 JPY each time.)
KAI offers 7 optional kanji experience activities during the session. You can learn kanji appearing at stations, stores and signboards which you often encounter during your stay in Japan.
"Cultural Activity " (Optional. 1,000 or 1,500 JPY each time.)
You can experience Japanese culture such as origami, calligraphy, sushi roll making and tea ceremony.
Course Information
|1 Lesson
|50 minutes
|Lessons per week
|Class size
|Max 10
9:00 - 11:50 or 13:00 - 15:50 or 16:30 - 19:20
The starting time of your class is confirmed 3 months before the start date.
|Early Bird
|1 to 4
|5 to 8
|9 or more
- The early bird discount is applicable only when the booking is completed 3 months prior to the session (level) start date.
- The Practical Conversation Course material is in digital format. If a student doesn't require printed material, the material price will be free.
- Each session (level) of the Practical Conversation Course completes in 4 weeks.
Level 1 - Experience Tokyo -
This level is for complete beginners. In this level, students learn basic Japanese communication skills that can be used for sightseeing in Tokyo. They can use what they've learned that day immediately in town. They practice conversations for the situations such as fastfood restaurants, restaurants, shopping, etc.
Level 2 - Enjoying Tokyo Life -
In this level, students learn Japanese communication skills that will make their life in Tokyo more comfortable. They learn conversations to make the quality of life in Japan higher The topics include inviting friends for concerts and asking for explanations of dish, etc.
Level 3 - Expanding the places of communication -
In this level, students learn Japanese communication skills so that they can talk appropriatly depending on the situations and people to talk with. The situations include talking with Japanese friends and people they meet on a trip, etc.
Level 4 - Talking about my thoughts and feelings -
In this level, students learn to express their ideas, opinions or feelings about various topics of daily life. They also learn to broaden the conversation so that they can explain the situation and to make a proposal.
Level 5 - Having a better conversation -
In this level, students learn to build smooth personal relationships using Japanese. They practice to understand the feelings and situations hidden in the context of the conversation for deeper communication. And they learn the expressions to make the other person understand including their feelings and situations.
A variety of extracurricular tours and experience programs are offered throughout the entire school program. Those interested in such programs may contact the reception area. (Optional)
- Origami (1,000 JPY)
- Tea Ceremony (1,000 JPY)
- Calligraphy (1,000 JPY)
Please note that activity content may change depending on the seasons.
|Start Date
|End Date
|Jan. 19
|Feb. 13
|Feb. 16
|Mar. 13
|Mar. 16
|Apr. 10
|Apr. 13
|May 10
|May 11
|Jun. 5
|Jun. 8
|Jul. 3
|Summer Courses
|Aug. (3 weeks)
|Summer Courses
|Aug. (1 week)
|Aug. 24
|Aug. 28
|Aug. 31
|Sep. 25
|Sep. 28
|Oct. 23
|Oct. 26
|Nov. 20
|Nov. 23
|Dec. 18


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Homeless Fan Accepts Miley Cyrus' 2014 MTV VMA [VIDEO]
Say what you want about Miley Cyrus -- but what she did tonight at the 2014 MTV VMAs was pretty outstanding.
Say what you want about Miley Cyrus -- but what she did tonight at the 2014 MTV VMAs was pretty outstanding.
Miley Cyrus in undoubtedly the reigning icon of the MTV VMAs, and when she showed up to the 2014 red carpet, she looked lovely in matching leather separates.
Sorry, Dominican Smilers: The Miley Cyrus concert scheduled for Sept. 13 is now banned by the government.
Because no family is complete without an adorable baby pig, Miley Cyrus recently adopted too-cute-for-words piglet Bubba Sue and took to Instagram to show off her brand-new pet.
Miley Cyrus doesn't go camping — she goes glamping.
Celebrities can run, but it seems they can no longer hide from the scarily omniscient presence of the paparazzi.
Miley Cyrus got two new pieces of ink the same day that news broke that the FCC is reportedly investigating her NBC Bangerz Tour special.
Miley Cyrus is back on the road, making up previously cancelled Bangerz Tour shows as a result of her hospitalization in April. This time, however, she's not doing it alone: She's bringing her new puppy Emu with her for the ride!
Miley Cyrus can now add "tattoo artist" to her resume, tatting her BFF/assistant Cheyne Thomas over the weekend in a process that was well-documented on Instagram, of course.