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The Valena Ankle Boot features a WoolBack lining for extra protection, moisture wicking and comfort. This hind boot has a durable vinyl exterior and closes with a sturdy VELCRO® brand strap.
Never struggle wrapping a hock again! Cashel® Boomer's Hock Socks™ are an easy way to wrap your horse's hocks. These hock wraps can be used over medication and liniments. Made in the USA.
Durable yet lightweight, the Cavallo Trek Boot provides support, protection and comfort for the horse and ease of use for the handler. A high-performance TPU outsole with all-terrain tread minimizes the build-up of debris to provide excellent traction. This hoof boot is designed to support the hoof wall while offering sole relief. Each.
A flow-through ventilation system makes Veredus® Carbon Gel Open Front Boots an exceptional choice for keeping your horse's legs cool yet protected from percussive force. Provides thermo-regulation that helps prevent heat buildup that can be damaging to soft tissue.
The Kentucky® Air Tendon Boot protects against impact with a strike zone filled with soft and flexible D30® energy-absorbing material. Ventilated to resist heat buildup, this anatomically-shaped horse boot has a tough PU exterior and a breathable neoprene lining.
The Acavallo® Ultimate Open Front Boot protects against concussion and impact. This front horse boot features an anatomical shape and a removable gel pad that can be cooled prior to use. A breathable strap is designed to ensure even pressure and a snug fit.
Protect your horse's hock completely with this Hock Shield Ultra. Designed for great coverage even if the horse twists hard when rising, this hock wrap can also be used to prevent chill on an arthritic hock. It's constructed for comfort to allow it to be worn full-time by horses with chronic or deep hock sores.
EquiFit T-Foam™ AgSilver™ StandingWraps have three layers of materials that provide therapeutic support and compression. Ideal after a workout, these standing wraps feature breathable T-Foam, silver-plated antibacterial fabric and thermally-conductive silver. No poultices or liniments required.
ICE-VIBE Cold Pack in standard size. These are replacement packs for standard ICE-VIBE boots. Store additional packs in the freezer so you'll always have cold ones on hand. Pair. Fit inside standard boot.
Shipping boots made by Pessoa
Horseware's Rambo® Ionic Stable Boots combine compression with negative ion therapy. These therapeutic horse boots feature an inner fabric with a powdered form of tourmaline, which releases negative ions and in turn increases blood flow. This results in more oxygen delivered to the cells of the leg, relaxed muscles and reduction of lactic acid build-up.
Woof Pro Fetlock Boots offer impact protection for your horse's hind fetlocks. These ankle boots have strong PU outer shells with 7 mm closed cell neoprene and a soft nylon jersey linings.
Kensington™ Splint Boots are made of neoprene with PVC splint guards and Textiline® mesh on the hook-and-loop closures. Lightweight and durable leg protection that stands up to daily riding.
Constructed with durable materials, Professional's Choice® VenTECH™ Ballistic Brushing Boots protect the vital parts of your horse's legs from impact and interference. VenTECH technology and breathable neoprene ensures that these rugged horse boots allow heat and moisture to escape.
The Easyboot Transition is designed to absorb shock and support your horse's hoof. Depressions within the outsole structure are filled with the softer midsole material to create an integrated cushion. A soft-weave fabric and leather upper combine to make it lightweight yet tough. Strong hook-and-loop straps keep it secure while allowing multiple fit adjustments. Each.
Attractive, durable and protective, the ThinLine® Sport Boot distributes shock and heat. This horse boot pairs a ThinLine lining with a soft vinyl leather-look outer and sturdy hook-and-loop closures. ThinLine material with antifungal and antimicrobial agents conforms to your horse's contours, then returns to its original shape for a perfect fit every time--even on multiple horses.
EquiFit T-Boot Originals® Open-Front Boots with Button feature lightweight, kick-resistant outers and water-resistant T-Foam™ for a precise fit. Constructed with traditional button closures, these shock-absorbing front horse boots allow freedom of movement and a comfortable fit.
Ideal for horses with big strides, the Equilibrium Tri-Zone® Overreach Boot offers tough protection for heels, coronary bands and horseshoes. These overreach boots have a no-turn design to eliminate chafes and rubs. Made of super tough materials with a shock-absorbent lining and sturdy VELCRO® brand closures.
Eskadron® Gel-Tec® High Ankle Boots offer the horse's hind legs added protection with a taller height. These ankle boots feature shock absorbing gel between the neoprene inner and protective outer shell.
Back on Track® Bell Boots increase the blood flow to your horses hooves.
The EquiFit T-Boot EXP2™ Front Boot with lightweight, leather-like outer has a cutout at the rear top to allow free movement. This shock-absorbent, open-front horse boot features resilient T-Foam™ for comfort and protection.
The Kentucky® Air Fetlock Boot shields your horse's hind fetlock from brushing and impact with a strike zone filled D30® material. D30 absorb and disperses the energy of a blow, then returns to its original, flexible state. This ventilated fetlock boot has a durable PU exterior and a breathable neoprene lining.
Kensington Shipping Boots feature durable and attractive Textilene® mesh over a protective inner foam core with hollow fiberfill to absorb vibration. Constructed with nylon linings, heavy-duty hook-and-loop closures and vinyl heel protectors, these plaid shipping boots are designed for to be both comfortable and long-wearing.
Eskadron® Fleece-Lined Ankle Boots protect the horse's hind fetlock joints. These ankle boots pair a hard, yet lightweight, outer shell with a sheepskin lining for added protection and comfort. Pair.
The Professional's Choice® VenTECH™ All-Purpose Horse Boot offers protection while allowing cooling airflow to the leg. This horse boot has a water-resistant exterior and a lightweight, breathable VenTECH interior. An extra-strong PVC padded strike patch and recessed stitching make it exceptionally durable.
The Woof Smart Tendon Boot features Poron XRD material in the strike area for superior impact protection. Flexible until subjected to force, Poron XRD instantly forms a protective shield and then resumes its flexible state. This horse boot has breathable neoprene and a vented, flexible PU shell.
Eskadron® High Ankle Horse Boots are designed to offer that bit of extra coverage for your horse's hind legs. These tall ankle boots have lightweight but tough TPE outers and slip-resistant neoprene linings.
Made in America, Nunn Finer American-Style Hind Horse Boots have shatterproof cannon bone guards for superior protection. These horse boots fit comfortably with foam centers and neoprene-like interiors.
Made with the three-layer Tri-zone® system, the Equilibrium Tri-Zone® Impact X-Country Hind Boot has a stud-resistant exterior for great protection. A robust, tear-resistant Rotex outer layer allows heat, moisture and water to escape. The middle layer is a tough, flexible shield that protects the tendons. The inner layer is EVA™ formed into perforated pillows.
EquiFit T-Boot XCEL™ Short Height Hind Boots with T-Foam™ are designed to support optimal hind end movement and offer incredible shock absorption. VELCRO® brand closures keep them secure. 7".
The All-Purpose Front T-Boot™ from EquiFit provides all-around durable protection for daily exercise and turnout. This horse boot combines a Rhinotek™ outer shell with a shock-absorbing T-Foam™ liner.
Liquid Titanium Pastern Wraps from Fenwick Equestrian Products help reduce pain, aches and joint stiffness. In liquid titanium fabric with neoprene for stretch, these pastern wraps create far infrared rays when placed on the horse. This in turn helps increase metabolism, increase immune system response and rid the body's cells of toxins.
Get rid of the soaking bucket with the easy-to-use Giddyap Girl Soaking Boot! Made of ballistic nylon, this hoof boot goes on easily, holds water and comes off without fuss after treatment. It has a Comfort Disk™ bottom to cushion and stabilize the hoof. Each.
ICE-VIBE Cold Pack in long size. Fits extra large ICE-VIBE boots. Can be used as replacement packs or as extras to have on hand. Pair.
Kensington™ Bell Boots combine protection with the colorful durability of popular Textilene® mesh. Made of neoprene, these bell boots shield the coronet, heel bulbs and other vital areas of the hoove against strikes.
Pro Performance Air Shock Fetlock Boots from Professional's Choice® are designed with ventilated TPU outer shells that dissipate energy when the strike zone is hit. This ankle boot has a shock absorbing air cushion that acts like an air bag on impact. A perforated polyolefin copolymer foam lining and hook-and-loop fastener combine for a secure and comfortable fit.


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obtuseness in a sentence
Example sentences for obtuseness
The human inability to detect these chemical distress calls indicate nothing but our own obtuseness.
We should never underestimate the obtuseness of those who would politicize science.
Instead, a kind of emotional obtuseness that leads to all sorts of offputting behaviors.
From anger and the stress that weighed on me during that time, and from the obtuseness of the uninvited.
Mendelsohn's obtuseness at times suggests that he is in the grip of a predisposition struggling against disabuse.
But that obtuseness seems--finally and mercifully--to be changing.
And it also happens to be funny, which goes a long way toward making up for any underlying obtuseness or insensitivity.
Explore Dictionary.com
Nearby Words

subset: commoncrawl


text:
This Misfit Lucky Tie is made in collaboration with a maker in Fargo – Ashley who is artist and owner of Aendee with a desire to make old things new in her unique way with her one of a kind handcrafted ties made from up-cycled shirts. This very limited edition run of the Misfit Lucky Tie are handmade with the quote "Do it Anyways". It is the perfect reminder to us that fear may appear as wisdom or prudence when cloaked in a nice suit sitting across a conference table, but usually it's just a kid poking a hole in your balloon because he's mad he hasn't got one.
So, what do you?
Do it anyways.
And next time, know better than to ask for permission.
This quote comes from the essay by AJ Leon — Any Child Can Poke Holes in a Balloon.
Video by Grassfire Studios
Photos by J.Alan Paul Photography
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text:
View all available promotions
Overall score
would recommend to a friend.
Reviewer score
Would recommend
Good hotel and service in a bad area!
My over all experience was great. The staff treated us awesome, the food was good everytime we tried it, plus all of the free drinks you want are all included!! For the price you can not beat; but ,the location is somewhat of an eye sore. My
complains would be that the a.c units need work and the water preasure in the shower was not good. Also, I caution everyone that has never been to Santo Domingo to watch out for the street vendors that cross the beach all the time; just, simply say NO NO NO. Over all my wife and I enjoyed our stay and wouldn't hesitate to go again to Don Juan.
You will eat well, believe me, because we did and enjoyed every bit of it!
Would not recommend
Staff was rude, was not heplful in making arrangement to clean a room, found the swimming pool not clean and the food was over cooked.
Time away
It was nice would recommend as an average place to stay low budget food was average
Super terrible!
I checked in and when I got into the room there was water all over the bathroom floor. I tried to take a shower and had no water. I called the front desk and was told the whole hotel had not water. I asked for my money back but was told I had to
contact the booking site for a refund. I could get a live person on the phone at the booking site. The only good thing about this hotel is the food and the food staff. Everyone was smiling and very pleasing. The front desk needs to take some pointers from dining room people. I will not ever stay at this nasty place again!
good located, good staff and good food
Just stayed there in August, despite the storm Isaac went through had a great time.
Friendly waiters (besides 1 at the buffet restaurant) good service, and clean rooms, good food and good location.
Actually just booked again to return there in
So put those Presidente cold, be back soon!!
just a local shack right around the corner, had a great fresh snapper and cold beers for peanuts!
Gr8 getaway
it was fun. Food was delicious & staff wad great! Everyday they had activities. The white sandy beach was breath taking and the locals were very friendly can't wait to return.
below average
The food was below average ...
The rooms are outdated and need upgrading ...
The power/electricity went out four to five times a day ...
The only thing going for it, is its location which cannot be beat !
Stay at a different hotel in a different city ........
no bueno
Ive been to different resorts in DR and this is by far the worst experience ever! The staff wasn't keen on customer service at all. The food was salty and not very tasty. The only thing I liked was the quite sandy beach. I will never go there again.
Weekend getaway
Even though the hotel is not responsible for lost items, guests should feel comfortable on leaving their personal belongings out without having it stolen by housekeeping.
Average at best
Wasn't looking for anything special because I had been to Boca Chica previously. Diving only adequate.Overall everything was best desribed as adequate. Had to wait over two hours to check in.
Staff in general were friendly. Would not take family
or children although there were many there. The pool was not maintained as well as my previous visit. Will go elsewhere even if returning to the DR.
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text:
2003 Pontiac Montana Q&A
2003 Pontiac Montana Question: Loose gas cap.
Will a loose gas cap cause the check engine light to come on. My CEL displayed shortly after our return trip from a vacation however upon my next gas fill up I noticed that my wife did not have the gas cap on tightly. After securing the gas cap after filling up the CEL still remained lite. I took to mechanic and they indicated that New Evap Vent Valve and Purge Valve needed to be replaced. My vehicle has only 62,000 miles. - dmcnealey
Answer 1
If the gas cap was loose, then that is likely what caused the light to come on. It's unlikely that both valves failed at the same time the gas cap was left loose. Have the shop note down the codes that were stored, have the codes reset, and if it comes back on, take it to a different shop if possible. - Bret Bodas
Related Items:
Illumination of the Check Engine Light can be caused by a loose or worn gas cap.
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Featured Ajmer hotels & deals
Ajmer hotel list
List of 71 available hotels in Ajmer. All Ajmer hotels can be booked online (click links below to sort hotels).
The Ambassador Ajmer
Map: Near Dargah Sharif
THE AMBASSADOR, Ajmer is a boutique business hotel which offers a melange of ethnic charm and modern facilities to make each stay, a comfortable one. The roof-top restaurant, Ambrosia, aptly
Avita The Hotel
Map: Vaishali Nagar
Designed for both business and leisure travel, Avita The Hotel is ideally situated in Vaishali Nagar; one of the city's most popular locales. The city center is merely 2 km
Badnor House - The Heritage Homestay
Map: Civil Lines
Badnor House-The Heritage Homestay, Ajmer is a magnificent heritage property in the historical city. Royal Rajasthani architecture and period furniture will take you back in the Rajputana era of Rathores
Country Inn & Suites By Carlson Ajmer
Map: Jaipur Expressway - 15 km from Ajmer
Country Inn & Suites is an impressive hotel with modern architecture and landscaped manicured lawns. Perfectly suited for leisure as well a business travellers, the resort offers an astonishing range
Haveli Heritage Inn
Map: Near Railway Station
Haveli Heritage Inn, Ajmer, initially, the headquarters of the Indian National Congress of Ajmer exudes a charm of its own. The traditional Rajasthani style decor with the range of contemporary
Hotel Ajmer Inn
Map: Near Railway Station
Hotel Ajmer Inn is a newly built hotel in Ajmer situated very close to railway station in Churi Bajar.It has 18 modern well furnished rooms providing all the basic amenities
Hotel Ajmeru
Map: Near Dargah Sharif
Hotel Ajmeru, Ajmer is a smart three storeyed structure offering basic range of facilities and services. It offers an ethnic feel with Rajasthani jharokhas in place of windows. With individualistic
Hotel Anand
Map: Near Railway Station
Hotel Anand, Ajmer, located centrally in the city, offers a prudent lodging option. Guest can expect a convenient stay with essential comforts at this hotel. The well-appointed rooms and the
Hotel Avtar Palace
Map: Walking Distance from Dargah
Hotel Avtar Palace, Ajmer, stands to offer comfort and quality service who desire for a simple, yet contemporary accommodation. Easily accessible, the hotel is located close to the bus stand
Hotel Chitvan
Map: Jaipur Road
Hotel Chitvan, Ajmer is a perfect boutique hotel for those who want to unwind while visiting the city. The hotel is the end of the search for the families who
Hotel Data Inn
Map: Shrinagar Road
Hotel Data Inn, Ajmer believes in the philosophy of offering the guests with world class conveniences and comforts to create a homely setting. Varied and excellent services, great attention at
Hotel Delhi Darbar
Map: Dargah Bazar
Hotel Delhi Darbar, Ajmer, is a decent resting place located close to the bus and railway station. This hotel ensures a restful and comfortable stay for travellers with its vital
Hotel Embassy By Akupara
Map: Near Dargah Sharif
Hotel Embassy, Ajmer is a modern, efficient hotel that emphasize on high standard, hygiene and warm hospitality. One of the best facilitated hotel in Ajmer, it provides suitable and comfortable
Hotel Hill Villa
Map: Vaishali Nagar
Hotel Hill Villa, Ajmer, is nestled amidst the vast Aravali ranges. With lush green landscapes and gardens, this modern accommodation that features a peaceful ambience. Enjoying proximity to the vantage
Hotel Kanak Sagar
Map: P.R.Marg
Ideal for both leisure and business travellers, Hotel Kanak Sagar, Ajmer, enjoys proximity to the railway station and other landmarks of the city. The simplicity of the room decor makes
Hotel Merwara Estate
Map: Near Dargah Sharif
Heritage in status, this beautiful property near to the famous Daulat Bagh landmark maintains 45 elegant rooms, offering the scenic views of the Ana Sagar Lake. A multi-cuisine fare can
Hotel Mittal Inn
Map: Dargah Bazar
Hotel Mittal Inn is nicely found in Ajmer. This budget hotel accommodates its guests in spacious rooms. Quick laundry service, 24-hour front desk for assistance, and doctor-on-call service are also
Hotel Moon Star
Map: Near Dargah Sharif
A budget class hotel where comfort, luxury and hospitality know no bounds. If convenience, comfort and reasonable price is what one is looking out for it is the one &
Hotel Neelkamal
Map: Near Railway Station
Hotel NeelKamal, Ajmer, is the most preferred hospitable domicile of peace and appeasement in the city. The confluence of business and leisure amenities, make it a preferred choice among business
Hotel New Holiday Inn
Map: Near Dargah Sharif
Hotel New Holiday Inn is one of the Best Luxury Hotels in Ajmer specially in a very budget prices . All spacious guest rooms and suites harmonize elegant decor, contemporary
*All prices displayed here are indicative, prices will vary based on your dates of travel.
**Hotel ratings powered by TripAdvisor


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I grew up in Bingham, and have since traveled the world. I'm now living
in exile in Oklahoma. Every once in a while we find some lobsters and
have a feast. Our son and daughter-in-law gave us one of your dinner
for two gift certificates for Christmas.... more
Our chocolate covered Maine Blueberries and Cranberries are a delicious way to complete any meal.
The Berries are dipped in milk chocolate by a local chocolate maker and packaged in 3 oz. servings for a perfect gourmet treat!


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Well see ya ladies later!
Posted 12/07/2012
I had oreo balls today. You ladies should try them. Smashed oreos with cream cheese dipped in chocate. Omg. Yummy!!!
Posted 12/07/2012
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What?! Where do you get Oreo balls from?
Mom to Raju 3/29/13 and Diya 02/28/13
Posted 12/07/2012
I haven't had strawberry pie in years. It is perhaps the best pie, next to banana cream
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Maan..I always miss the good stuff.
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Without music life would be a mistake -Friedrich Nietzsche
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Estab. 2005 N+M = Roe, March 2010
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Posted 12/07/2012
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I ate a whopper. A nice, yummy whopper.
Posted 12/07/2012
This sign makes me happy.....
Posted 12/07/2012
I <3 krispy kreme!
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Split Pea Minestrone
23 Feb 2011
|Sliced zucchini
|2 Cup (32 tbs)
|Sliced mushrooms
|1 1⁄2 Cup (24 tbs)
|Chopped onion
|6 Ounce
|Diced celery
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|Ham stock/Chicken stock
|3 Cup (48 tbs)
|Cooked dried split peas
|1 Pound
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Black pepper
|To Taste
|Peeled cooked potatoes
|12 Ounce, diced
In a large saucepan combine zucchini, mushrooms, onions, and celery.
Cook about 5 minutes.
Add remaining ingredients, except potatoes.
Simmer stirring occasionally about 45 minutes or until soup thickens.
Add water to adjust consistency if necessary.
Add potatoes, if desired.
Cook 10 minutes.
Divide evenly.
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Split Pea Minestrone Recipe


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American Indians experience high rates of type 2 diabetes. The impact of low-intensity interventions on diabetes risk among young American Indian women is unknown.
Randomized controlled trial
Community-based; participants were 200 young urban American Indian women who were block-randomized on fasting blood glucose (FBG) into intervention and control groups. Inclusion criteria included self-reported identity, aged 18–40 years, not pregnant, willingness to stay in urban area for 2 years, and not having type 2 diabetes. Measures were taken at baseline, 6, 12, and 18 months. Data were gathered 2002–2006 and analyzed 2006–2007.
Five discussion group sessions (one meeting per month for five months) were held focusing on healthful eating, physical activity, goal-setting, and social support..
Primary outcomes included dietary fat and vegetable consumption and self-reported physical activity. Secondary outcomes included cardiorespiratory fitness, insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, lipid profiles, percent body fat, BMI, intake of fruit, total sugar and sweetened beverages, FBG, and television viewing.
Mean vegetable and fruit intake increased significantly more in the intervention group than in the control group over time (group by visit interaction, p=0.02 and p=0.002, respectively). Both groups had significant increases in percent body fat and decreases in waist circumference, insulin sensitivity, blood cholesterol, LDL, television viewing, and total intakes of energy, saturated fat, sugar, and sweetened beverages.
A culturally influenced, low-intensity lifestyle intervention can improve self-reported intakes of vegetables and fruit over 18 months in young, urban American Indian women.
Rates of type 2 diabetes are increasing at an alarming rate throughout the United States and other developed countries. American Indians are among those at highest risk; the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among American Indians and Alaska Natives across the U.S. aged 18 and older is 13.6%, compared with 7.4% for the overall U.S. population.1 Depending on the tribe, prevalence of type 2 diabetes is two to five times higher than among non-Hispanic whites.2 Type 2 diabetes is now recognized as a major public health problem among young American Indians and Alaska Natives, as prevalence among those aged <35 years has increased by 46% in under a decade.3
Risk factors for type 2 diabetes in both the general population and among American Indians and Alaska Natives include overweight or obesity, physical inactivity, and family history.4 For reasons not yet understood, populations with higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes (including Pima Indians) may have higher glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and lower insulin sensitivity, even among individuals with normal glucose tolerance.5 Regular physical activity and consuming diets lower in fat and added sugars and higher in plant-based foods are associated with reduced prevalence of obesity.6 Studies assessing risk factors among American Indians and Alaska Natives have reported a high prevalence of overweight and obesity among men and women7–9 and a consumption of diets relatively high in fat, fast foods, and sugared beverages.10–14 Many American Indian women report physical activity levels lower than current recommendations.9,15–17
A significant amount of research on type 2 diabetes has been conducted with American Indians living in rural reservation communities.18–21 However, as American Indians migrate to urban centers, there is a pressing need to gather information and develop prevention programs for American Indians living in urban environments since there are few preventive services available for these culturally diverse urban American Indians. A rural program based in a tribal reservation community can be designed to fit the cultural traditions of the specific tribal nation. However, cities attract American Indians from a variety of tribes, who then live and work alongside urban residents of other cultures, indicating a need for programs that address the strengths and challenges of this cultural diversity. Currently, 56% of the 2.5 million people identifying themselves exclusively as American Indian/Alaska Native live in cities, and this number increases to 66% for those identifying themselves as American Indian/Alaska Native or as American Indian/Alaska Native in combination with some other racial category.22 It is critical that information on the risk factors of urban American Indians is assessed and utilized to guide the development and implementation of prevention and treatment programs for this population.
The aim of this paper was to describe the effects of a culturally influenced intervention on behavioral risk factors for type 2 diabetes among asymptomatic American Indian women recruited from the general urban community. The main research hypothesis was that intervention participants would improve one or more of the following primary outcomes in the intervention group compared to the control group over 18 months of follow-up: decreased dietary fat, total energy intake, increased vegetable consumption, self-reported leisure-time physical activity or percentage of participants who meet physical activity recommendations. The secondary hypothesis was that intervention participants would improve on fruit and sweetened beverage intake, body composition, insulin sensitivity, fasting blood glucose (FBG), resting blood pressure or lipid profiles in the intervention group compared to the control group over the 18-month follow-up period.
Two hundred American Indian women aged 18 to 40 years were recruited without regard to weight, FBG, or other risk factors for type 2 diabetes from a southwest U.S. city to participate in this RCT. Inclusion criteria included age 18–40 years on recruitment into the study; self-reported identity as American Indian; not pregnant per self-report during screening, verified with a pregnancy test at baseline, and not planning a pregnancy over the subsequent 2 years; willingness to stay in the urban area for 2 years; and not having type 2 diabetes. Human subject approval was obtained from the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Human Research Review Committee June 27, 2001, after prior approval from the Institutional Review Board of the regional Indian Health Service office.
Volunteers were recruited through flyers, word-of-mouth, and local print and television media. Interested volunteers were screened via telephone for eligibility. If eligible, an in-person meeting was scheduled for further explanation and formal consent before scheduling baseline clinical measurements to determine eligibility of FBG ≤6.94 mmol/L (126 mg/dL).23
To optimize participant retention, transportation was provided to intervention sessions and clinic visits as needed. Participants were reimbursed for child care and sent clinic visit reminders by mail, e-mail, and telephone. Each intervention session was offered three times per month at times participants indicated as convenient. A 5-month schedule was mailed during the month prior to the start of the intervention, and staff called each participant during the week of each session to determine potential attendance. Intervention-group women received educational materials and incentives at each session (e.g., cutting boards to support increased vegetable intake), and all participants received $50 cash after each completed clinic visit.
A team of Native and non-Native professionals from diverse health professional and research training backgrounds adapted a curriculum previously used with rural Pueblo Indian adults with type 2 diabetes.24 The intervention targeted specific dietary and activity behaviors (Table 1). All strategies were based on achieving behavior change via social cognitive theory (SCT).25 A theory matrix was developed listing specific facilitator and participant actions related to each SCT construct within the intervention.26 Revisions of cultural content were based on feedback from pilot testing with urban Native women.26,27 Cultural content in the final intervention included didactic and discussion support of American Indian physical activities and dietary cultural strengths, examples of diabetes prevention approaches by tribal nations across the country, and graphics of Native women in the target age group.
The final intervention consisted of five discussion-format group sessions (one per month for five months) facilitated by two trained female American Indian health educators. Both facilitators helped design the intervention. Facilitator training included review of SCT constructs, objectives, and didactic materials for each behavioral strategy and session. Sessions lasted 2 to 2.5 hours and included learning to read food labels, strategies for choosing healthier foods when eating out or snacking, taste-testing of healthy meals, and dissemination of inexpensive recipes for at-home preparation of foods to increase vegetable and fruit intake and decrease saturated fats (see Table 1). Weather permitting, the facilitator led a 15-minute outdoor walk at the beginning of each session. Goal-setting was emphasized in all sessions to provide practice in self-selecting behavior-change goals, taking feasible action steps, developing strategies to address barriers, and enhancing facilitators of behavior change with emphasis on nonfood rewards. Each session included discussion of how strategy implementation proceeded during the previous month. An independent evaluation team member observed each session and coded the extent to which each session objective was met. For missed sessions, intervention-group participants received didactic materials and a brief review of content prior to the subsequent session. Additional information about intervention development and evaluation is described elsewhere.26
Primary outcome measures included dietary fat and energy intake, vegetable consumption, self-reported leisure-time physical activity, and percentage of participants who met the current recommendations for physical activity (150 minutes/week of moderate/vigorous physical activity).28 Secondary outcome measures included: cardiorespiratory fitness; percent body fat; BMI; dietary intake of fruit, total sugar (g/day), and sweetened beverages (oz/day); FBG; time spent viewing television; insulin sensitivity; and resting blood pressure and fasting lipid profiles.
All data were collected from 2002 to 2006 at the university-based National Institutes of Health (NIH)–funded General Clinical Research Center (GCRC). Measurements were conducted at baseline and post-intervention at 6, 12, and 18 months. Participants arrived at the outpatient GCRC in the morning following an overnight fast. GCRC research staff was blinded to the group status of participants. Fasting blood samples were taken via venipuncture using standard procedures and analyzed for serum glucose, insulin, and blood lipids. Serum glucose was assessed using an enzymatic assay. Serum free insulin was determined using a chemiluminescent immunometric assay. Blood lipids (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL [measured], and LDL [calculated]) were analyzed. Total cholesterol and triglycerides were analyzed using spectrophotometry. Direct HDL-cholesterol was determined using an elimination enzymatic assay. The LDL value was calculated from total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL (LDL = CHOL−[(TRIG/5) + HDL]). Insulin sensitivity was estimated using the log-transformed equation QUICKI.29 Based on FBG values, participants were classified as having normal FBG (<5.55 mmol/L or <99 mg/dL) or impaired FBG (5.55 to 6.94 mmol/L or 100 to 125 mg/dL).23 FBG status was used to randomize participants so that participants with impaired fasting glucose were spread equally among intervention and control groups.
Height was measured using a stadiometer, a beam scale was used to measure body weight, and a tape measure was used to assess waist circumference.30 BMI was calculated (kg/m2) and participants classified as normal weight (BMI <25 kg/m2); overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2); or obese (BMI≥30 kg/m2). Body composition was measured using bioelectric impedance analysis, applying a prediction equation validated with American Indian women.31 Digital monitors with automated cuffs were used to measure resting blood pressure.
Self-reported physical activity and hours per day of television viewing were assessed using the Modifiable Activity Questionnaire, which has been validated with Pima Indian women and men.32 Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2 peak) was estimated using the YMCA submaximal bicycle ergometer test.33 Women who were unable to complete the bicycle test were retained in analyses for all other outcome variables. Past-year (at baseline) and previous 6-month (at the three follow-up measurements) average total energy intake (kcal/day); total fat intake (g/day); saturated fat intake (g/day); and fruit and vegetable intake (servings/day) were assessed using the Block 98 quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with the addition of regional foods (Block Dietary Data Systems).34 The composite Southwestern foods have been validated in New Mexico with Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women,35 and they contain foods that are commonly available in New Mexico and are reported to be consumed by American Indian youth and adults.36–38 FFQ data were reviewed for completeness, and study staff obtained and recorded participants' missing responses. Research dietitians administered a standard 24-hr dietary recall at each visit using Nutrition Pro, version 1.0 software for nutrient computations. Values reported here for total sugar and sweetened beverage intake are from the 24-hour recall, as these data are not available from FFQ analysis.
All data were analyzed in 2006 and 2007. Because of concerns about potential bias from missing data due to dropout, participants' last values for each measure were carried forward from the point of dropout for an intent-to-treat analysis.39 Reasons for dropout included pregnancy, moving out of the geographic area, or reporting being too busy to continue. The remaining missing values were interpolated by averaging the adjacent values. Missing values were due to skipped clinic visits, skipped fitness tests, or invalid data. Invalid data consisted of failure to complete at least two stages of the YMCA protocol for the bicycle fitness test, or an invalid FFQ per the Block 98 computerized internal validity checks. All analyses were performed using SAS, version 9.1.
Descriptive statistics were generated for all outcome variables. A 2 × 4 (group by visit) repeated measures ANOVA (RM ANOVA) using PROC MIXED was used to determine effects of the intervention over follow-up. For nonsignificant group by visit interactions, higher order interactions were excluded and results were reported for the reduced models. For categoric variables, Fisher's exact test was used to determine between-group differences.
Between January 2002 and February 2006, 473 potential volunteers contacted the research office about the study, 333 expressed interest and met telephone screening eligibility criteria, 257 scheduled a consent appointment, 228 completed the consent process, and 211 participants attended the baseline clinic measures appointment (Figure 1). On baseline screening, four participants were ineligible due to a positive pregnancy test and all measures were halted. Seven women completed baseline measures but were ineligible due to FBG levels indicative of type 2 diabetes. Ineligible participants were informed of their status and referred to their healthcare provider for appropriate follow-up. The seven ineligible participants with baseline information differed from the 200 eligible participants only in FBG. The sample of 200 volunteers who entered this study is an estimated 6.6% (200 of 3050) of American Indian and Alaska Native women aged 20–39 years residing in the catchment area as of 2005 census figures.40
Eligible participants were block-randomized according to fasting glucose status (normal versus impaired) into the intervention group (n=100) or the control group (n=100) by two computer-generated lists to ensure equivalent numbers of participants with impaired fasting glucose in each group. The study was designed to offer a delayed intervention to women in the control group, as informal discussions held with young urban American Indian women during study development indicated this would improve recruitment and retention in the study, and would indicate a commitment to the community beyond the life of the research study. During the 18-month study period, control-group participants received mailings of a Native health magazine, address change postcards, clinic visit reminders, and phone calls to schedule clinic visits.
As shown in Table 2, there were no significant differences at baseline between intervention and control participants in regards to age, BMI, family history of type 2 diabetes, personal history of gestational diabetes, education level, number of children, number of women working outside of the home, and stage of change for lifestyle behaviors. Additional baseline data describing participants are published elsewhere.41
Fifty-three of the 100 women (53%) in the intervention group attended three or fewer of the five intervention sessions. Retention at the 6-month clinic visit was 164/200 (82.0%), and was 154/200 (77.0%) and 135/200 (67.5%) at 12- and 18-month visits, respectively. Analyses indicated dropout was random between the groups. Reasons for dropout included moving out of the area, pregnancy, or self-reporting being too busy to continue (see Figure 1).
The impact of the intervention on primary outcomes is reported in Table 3. RM ANOVA analyses found a significant group × visit interaction for vegetable intake, indicating that the intervention group reported a significantly higher intake of vegetables as compared to the control group over the course of the study (p=0.02). No other significant group × visit interactions for primary outcomes were found. The RM ANOVA analyses also indicated an effect of visit, in that both groups showed significant decreases over time in intakes of total energy, total fat, and saturated fat. Leisure-time physical activity did not significantly change over time. At baseline, 64.0% of the intervention group and 70.0% of the control group met the current recommendations for at least 150 minutes of moderate or 60 minutes of vigorous activity per week. Among those in the intervention group who did not meet recommended levels at baseline, 38.9% did meet criteria by 18 months, compared to 33.3% in the control group (p=0.80).
Table 4 shows the impact of the intervention on secondary outcomes. RM ANOVA analyses showed a significant group × visit interaction for fruit, indicating a significantly greater increase in reported fruit intake for the intervention group as compared to the control group. There were no significant group × visit interactions for any other secondary variables. However the group × visit interactions for BMI and diastolic blood pressure approached significance, indicating a trend toward a decrease in BMI in the intervention group and an increase in BMI for the control group over time (p=0.08), and a trend toward a decrease in diastolic blood pressure for the intervention group and an increase in this variable for the control group at 6 months post-intervention (p=0.06). At 6 months, 49.0% of the intervention group versus 34.0% of the control group had lost weight compared to baseline (p=0.04), with a mean percentage loss of 2.1±3.2% and 1.7±3.9% of baseline body weight, respectively. At 18 months, 59.0% of the intervention group and 52.0% of the control group had lost weight compared to baseline (p=0.39), with a mean percentage loss of 4.7±4.2% and 4.8±4.0% of baseline body weight, respectively (data not shown). There was a significant effect of visit indicating increases in percent body fat and HDL for both groups over time, and decreases for both groups for dietary intake of total sugar and sweetened beverages, television viewing, insulin sensitivity, waist circumference, total cholesterol, and LDL.
Results of this trial demonstrated that the culturally influenced intervention resulted in significant increases in self-reported intake of vegetables and fruit. These changes were maintained for 1 year following the intervention. Immediately following the intervention, significantly more women in the intervention group lost weight compared to the control group, but by the end of the follow-up period there was no difference in the percentage of women who lost weight or the mean percentage of baseline body weight lost by treatment group.
Enrollment in the trial resulted in improvements in select diabetes factors for both treatment groups. However, both groups showed a small but significant increase in percent body fat (≤1%) and a small but significant decrease in insulin sensitivity (0.006–0.008). The increase in percent body fat appears contradictory to the significant decrease in waist circumference experienced by both groups. These small changes in percent body fat and insulin sensitivity are within the margins of error and normal variability ranges for these methods and are not considered clinically significant.30,42,43 In addition, no significant changes in fasting blood glucose occurred in either treatment group. The decrease in waist circumference experienced in both groups was accompanied by decreases in blood cholesterol; LDL; hours spent viewing television per day; and self-reported intakes of total energy, total fat, saturated fat, total sugar, and sweetened beverages. The decrease observed in saturated fat intake for both groups is particularly relevant, as there is increasing evidence that higher saturated fat intakes may be more important in the development of insulin resistance and resulting type 2 diabetes than total fat intake.44,45 Sweetened beverage intake also has been linked to weight gain and development of type 2 diabetes.44,46,47 Thus it appears that these study participants, regardless of group assignment, had reduced the time they spent doing a sedentary behavior and made changes in food intake that resulted in decreasing their waist circumference and improving their lipid profile.
It is recognized that people who are willing to enroll and participate in interventions may be more ready to make lifestyle changes, and many will do so despite being assigned to a control group and being asked to maintain their current dietary and physical activity behaviors.48–50 Stage of change was assessed in the current trial and data related to stage of change and intervention attendance are published elsewhere51. As reported in Table 1, almost all of the participants in the current trial were either thinking about making, were preparing to make, or had already made dietary or activity lifestyle changes on entry into the study, which was likely an important contributor to both groups experiencing improved health benefits as a result of participation.
Despite the substantial research that has been conducted concerning the effects of diabetes in American Indian communities,5,18–20,24 there are few community-based lifestyle prevention interventions available.21 The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) demonstrated that an intensive lifestyle intervention successfully stimulated lifestyle modifications that reduced risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, specifically in overweight adults with impaired glucose tolerance.52–55
In contrast to the DPP, the current trial was designed as a low-intensity intervention so that it might reduce costs and meet the needs of diverse urban American Indian women. Thus, we intervened much earlier in life with women who are considered higher risk due to their genetic background, family history, and general tendencies toward higher rates of obesity and physical inactivity. It is not surprising that the intervention implemented in the current trial had less of an impact on diabetes risk than trials like the DPP, as it was less intensive and also because the women in the current trial were younger and at lower average risk for type 2 diabetes than the DPP participants. To our knowledge there are no published studies indicating the intensity level necessary to intervene effectively in individuals who are at genetically higher risk but do not have impaired glucose tolerance.
Determining the best time to intervene to reduce chronic disease risks is an important challenge facing researchers and healthcare professionals, with recent calls to combine high-risk and community-based approaches.21,56 When attempting to implement diabetes prevention interventions in communities, it is difficult to justify excluding people because they may not yet be obese or have impaired glucose tolerance. They are given the message from healthcare professionals that they are at high risk due to family history and less-healthful lifestyle behaviors, but then they do not qualify for interventions because their risk is not considered high enough according to predefined clinical or research standards. It is recognized that the chances of finding significant changes due to an intervention are substantially increased when intervening with high-risk individuals. The results of this current trial indicate that having trial participants who attend clinic visits every 6 months and get feedback about their body weight and general health can lower diabetes risk without receiving a formal intervention. These results are encouraging as they suggest that intense interventions may not be necessary for change among these young women, and receiving regular feedback on their health status may be enough of an intervention to effect sustained changes. Recent research has indicated that high-normal levels of FBG are predictive of increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease,57,58 thus it appears important to intervene as early as possible. As resources are limited in both healthcare and community settings, this could indicate that more intense (and costly) interventions be prioritized for those at highest risk, while less intensive options made available for those who do not yet exhibit obesity or impaired glucose tolerance.
The generalizability of these results is limited due to the fact that participants were a convenience sample of volunteers; it is possible that women who perceived themselves at higher risk for type 2 diabetes and who were more motivated to change behaviors were willing to participate. The tribal affiliation of this sample was primarily Navajo and Pueblo tribes of the southwest, which could limit applicability to other tribal groups. In addition, self-reported measures of nutrient intake and physical activity are subject to recall bias,48,59 and the bicycle test may have been unable to detect any changes in cardiorespiratory fitness as the most common activity performed by the participants was walking. High variability in women's responses at follow-up, especially among those with normal clinical values, and dropout reduced statistical power and made it difficult to detect significant differences between groups. Lower intervention attendance than anticipated also may have diminished possible effects of the intervention.
In conclusion, the results of this randomized controlled trial indicate that a culturally influenced, less-intensive lifestyle intervention can result in improvements in mean self-reported intakes of vegetables and fruit over an 18-month period in young, urban American Indian women. Both intervention and control groups experienced beneficial changes—in waist circumference; blood cholesterol and LDL; television viewing; and total intakes of energy, total fat, saturated fat, total sugar, and sweetened beverages—suggesting that less-intensive interventions may be effective in reducing risk for type 2 diabetes in this group.
This study and paper are dedicated to Janette Carter, MD (1952–2001), who passionately devoted her life's work to the prevention and management of diabetes among Native Americans. All aspects of this work were funded by a grant from the National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (grant # R01 DK 047096); this agency had no influence on the design of the study or evaluation and reporting of the study data. Statistical analyses and interpretation support were funded by a DHHS/NIH/NCRR-GCRC Grant #M01 RR00977.
All authors report no other conflicts of interest relevant to the subject matter discussed in this manuscript. We heartily thank the women who participated in this study. We also would like to acknowledge the GCRC nursing and dietetic outpatient staff for assistance with data collection, and Novaline Wilson, MPH, Georgia Perez, and Brenda Broussard, MPH, RD, for their contributions to intervention design and implementation and participant recruitment and retention in this study. All of these individuals were financially compensated for their time and contributions to this study.
Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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29 year old woman | San Francisco, CA, USA | Seeking men 26-35 within 15 miles
Loving life and everyone I choose to be in it!
Don't feel like reading anything below? Here's the basics 1. Music 2. Live music 3. Friends and family I am currently working as a nurse living in SF and loving life! I grew up in the bay area, went to school in san diego and now have migrated my way back up to the city. I love: Learning, I am always on a an endless expedition to expand my ever growing knowledge (that was almost an alliteration). Music, it's a huge part of my life, whether its going to shows, discovering new music or sharing my favorites with my friends. And I hope its a big part in your life too :) Traveling, I backpacked through Europe by myself and recently went to Belize and am hoping to plan a new trip very soon. I am honest (sometimes to a fault), driven and a jokester who doesn't take life or myself too seriously. I am looking for: Someone who loves music, spending time outside (not necessarily playing sports), and who is as outgoing or more outgoing than me (I have a hard time with quiet people, and sometimes I just need that little push to do crazy things). You should be assertive, driven, with a little edge and can plan a great date!
Alumni connections , Camping , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Gardening/Landscaping , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Political interests , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Bowling, Dancing, Running, Skiing, Swimming, Walking / Hiking, Yoga
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Dogs
As for SF: Zekis, north beach, zeitgeist, dolores park, tourist club, sam's, berkeley hills, pretty much anything outside when its nice. As for outside the bay area: Spain (Seville and Granada), San Diego, Tahoe, Belgium, Belize (San Ignacio)
San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
As for music, in no particular order, Andrew bird, arcade fire, Beirut, local natives, Bon Iver, Radiohead, broken bells, LCD soundsystem, little dragon, I could go on and on, if you really want to know more, ask.
Gardening has also become a new interest of mine! I love to spend time with friends and family, soaking up the sun, listen to music/podcasts, going to live shows and watching a good game on TV Also I am really good at crosswords and jeopardy.
Currently lone survivor
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|What she is looking for
|5'1" (154cms)
|5'7" (170cms) to 6'4" (193cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|About average, Athletic and toned
|Blue, Brown, Green, Hazel
|Dark brown
|No preference
|No Way, Occasionally, Yes, but trying to quit
|Social Drinker, Regularly, Moderately
|Medical / Dental / Veterinary / Fitness
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|$75,001 to $100,000, $100,001 to $150,000, $150,001+
|Never Married
|Never Married
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|Definitely, Someday, Not sure
|Asian, White / Caucasian
|White / Caucasian, Other
I am half Japanese, half Irish
|Spiritual but not religious
|No preference
|English, Spanish
|Bachelors degree
|Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


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Jul 8, 2012
the first month of wedded bliss, the honeymoon continues at home.
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Jul 8, 2012
tooo cute! thanks for including me....
Totally great!! thanks!!
So sweet! Love the gingham aprons. Thanks for including my vintage illustration!
Lovely! Thanks a lot for incl my linen bedding
Great treasury! Thank you so much for including our table linens!
Looks great! Thank you for including the picnic basket.
great stuff, fun theme!
thanks so much for including some of my vintage pink lingerie ♥
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