text:
Goldman, Sachs & Co. I am grateful for comments on earlier drafts by Peter Bernstein, Robert Merton, James Poterba, Richard Roll, Hersh Shefrin, Meir Statman, Lawrence Summers, and Laurence Weiss.
Article first published online: 30 APR 2012
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1986.tb04513.x
1986 The American Finance Association
The Journal of Finance
Volume 41, Issue 3, pages 529–543, July 1986
Additional Information
How to Cite
BLACK, F. (1986), Noise. The Journal of Finance, 41: 529–543. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1986.tb04513.x
Publication History
- Issue published online: 30 APR 2012
- Article first published online: 30 APR 2012
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
The effects of noise on the world, and on our views of the world, are profound. Noise in the sense of a large number of small events is often a causal factor much more powerful than a small number of large events can be. Noise makes trading in financial markets possible, and thus allows us to observe prices for financial assets. Noise causes markets to be somewhat inefficient, but often prevents us from taking advantage of inefficiencies. Noise in the form of uncertainty about future tastes and technology by sector causes business cycles, and makes them highly resistant to improvement through government intervention. Noise in the form of expectations that need not follow rational rules causes inflation to be what it is, at least in the absence of a gold standard or fixed exchange rates. Noise in the form of uncertainty about what relative prices would be with other exchange rates makes us think incorrectly that changes in exchange rates or inflation rates cause changes in trade or investment flows or economic activity. Most generally, noise makes it very difficult to test either practical or academic theories about the way that financial or economic markets work. We are forced to act largely in the dark.


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Woodland Lakes Lodges is part of our Evermore Lodge Holidays Collection, a luxurious retreat set around tranquil fishing lakes in a relaxed and picturesque setting close to the city of York. Perfect for the whole family to unwind and explore the wealth of lush countryside, quaint market towns and treasure troves of historic gems.These traditionally built lodges unite space, luxury and home comfort with fishing on the doorstep – the impressive, well-stocked lakes cater for pleasure and match angling for all ages and abilities. Hot tubs invite you to relax, especially after a delicious meal or sundowner at the contemporary on-site Watermill bar and restaurant!Ancient York truly has something for everyone, from the magnificent Minster to delightful cobbled shopping streets and fascinating museums – don't miss the sights (and smells!) of the Jorvik Viking Centre. Further afield the Vale of York is peppered with idyllic market towns boasting backdrops for TV's much-loved 'Brideshead', 'James Herriot' and 'Heartbeat'.
This park has:Watermill bar/restaurantWi-Fi access (in Watermill)Children's play area13 well stocked fishing lakes*Tackle shop
Real reviews, from customers like you.
Up to
10th - 26th APRIL
All breaks for all arrivals
T&Cs apply, click here for details
4th year in a row we have stayed here but 1st time in alders cabin, smaller then the others we've been in but still amazing inside, only downside was no dishwasher and no washing machine, also free wi-fi in the cabins would be great
Great weekend away. Definitely going back soon
Great place very very clean friendly helpful staff would definitely return if they changed that oven because really did not understand it. It was basically a microwave glad we took our George forman
Lovely weekend break in Thirsk. Lodges are large and modern with everything you need. Overlooking a pond full of ducks and geese.Nice hot tub included, Really peaceful and pretty. Nice bar and restaurant on site. Reception staff very helpfull and cheerful. Will be returning as soon as possible.
Had a wonderful 5 days in the birch lodge. The lodge was very spacious, clean, 3 bathrooms so no fighting over the shower or bath!! We used the hot tub morning, afternoon and evening, very relaxing and a lot of fun. Would recommend a lodge overlooking the ornamental pond as it was so peaceful and picturesque. We would definitely return.
Had a real nice time staff helpful and friendly would go again no proplem
Had an amazing four night stay in Chestnut VIP lodge. Staff were so friendly, happy to help & very welcoming! Would recommend to anyone who is willing to travel to surrounding areas- We had trips into Thirsk town centre, York, Ripon, Ripley & Patleybrige. Just enough to do for the four days we were there. Highly recomend- such a lovely place.
We really enjoyed our stay in the lodge,
Lovely peaceful setting..hot tub a delight. Lodge was really nice and very clean..My only critism is that there could be a bit more to do on site as there isn't really anything in the way of entertainment etc. Maybe bike hire or a gym area, pool etc. But if you are looking to just chill, then this is the place to go.
Great fishing lakes the main positive aspect.
Grounds well kept.
staff/ owners friendly and helpful.
Not much privacy, lodges very close together.
Hot tub seperate from decking area. Not ideal for us with a dog.
beds not good quality.
whilst staff were good we have stayed in better lodges and locations.
Was all good but we had noisy neighbours. On the first night we contacted the out of hours phone because it was midnight and the music was really loud but no one went to see them. I think its was about 1am when it went off. The second night it was about 2.45am when The music went off.
Lovely little place in a peaceful and relaxing setting. Perfect location for a short break and would definitely stay again.
It was perfect. Really relaxing and me and my oartner enjoyed our selfs. The staff where very helpful ☺ Will most certainly be returning. The only diws sidr is the oub in the site closed at 8 o clock in the night
Myself and my Fiancé stayed at woodland lake lodges for a short break away to get out of work and a few days relaxing. We stayed from Monday 1st June until Friday 5th June, a lovely 4 night mid week stay. (it was my birthday too) Could not fault the place, beautiful surroundings and lovely staff on arrival and departure. Our lodge was the chestnut VIP one, really nice, open plan, clean, and tidy. You are supplied with a dressing gown and slippers on arrival on your bed which I thought was a good touch. Hot tub was out of this world, we were never out of the thing. The watermill restaurant was lovely, food was top notch, catering for pretty much everyone, the outside garden was a sun trap as we had the lovely weather when we stayed. Staff would go above and beyond for you. Overall, we thoroughly enjoyed our stay and would return, a huge plus for us was the weather as its was scorching!! :)
Me and my boyfriend booked the lodge for a relaxing week away and that is exactly what we had! We got to the lodge early (which was fine because it meant we could have a short walk around the fishing ponds). When we went to book in we were offered an upgrade which was a great value for money and meant we had a bit more space which was lovely! The lodge was very nice and the hot tub was perfect. We had lovely views of the pond and fountains. The staff were very helpful answering any questions we had. Some of the lights weren't working when we first got to the lodge so I rang reception and someone came round straight away to sort them. We had a meal in the restaurant one of the nights which was a little pricey but good value for money! Thirsk was only a 5 minute drive and we got the train in to York on one of the days (Thirsk station is a 2 minute drive down the road). Only thing I was slightly disappointed about was we had planned on a visit to the onsite spa and had looked up the prices in the booklet in our lodge but when I asked at reception where we booked our massages we were told it had been closed down! However, it was the relaxing week away we both needed and we would definitely return, thankyou Woodland Lake Lodges!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
A winning view of Israel's wildlife
Having just held its first Local Nature Photography competition, the Eretz Israel Museum is also showcasing the winners of the international contest in a new exhibition. Here's your chance to get up close to Israeli nature.
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Curator Moran Shoub on the question, 'What does the animal see?'
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Awesome: 60.71%
Worth A Look: 22.14%
Average: 5.71%
Pretty Bad: 10%
Total Crap: 1.43%
5 reviews, 110 user ratings
Reckless (2015) by Charles Tatum
Terminator Genisys by Brett Gallman
Terminator Genisys by Peter Sobczynski
Magic Mike XXL by Brett Gallman
Magic Mike XXL by Peter Sobczynski
Maximum Force by Jack Sommersby
Kid by Jack Sommersby
Girl in a Swing, The by Jack Sommersby
L.A. Slasher by Rob Gonsalves
Ted 2 by Peter Sobczynski
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Interview: Sven Hansen-Love and Felix de Givry on "Eden"
Interview: Adam Scott on "The Overnight"
Films I Neglected To Review: Pass The Orange Juice
Films I Neglected To Review: Risky Business
Interview: Antonia Bogdanovich on "Phantom Halo"
Films I Neglected To Review: It's Not Worthy!
Films I Neglected To Review: Don't Be Afraid Of The Dark
Interview: Brian Wilson and John Cusack on "Love & Mercy"
Films I Neglected To Review: Lei Lady Lei
Films I Neglected To Review: Lions And Zombies And Arnie--Oh My!
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"A Nerve-Shattering Experience"
USA 02-Feb-1979 (R) DVD: 06-Sep-2005UK N/AAustralia 02-Jul-1979 (R)
Directed by
Michael Cimino
Written by
Michael Cimino
Robert De Niro
John Cazale
John Savage
Christopher Walken
Meryl Streep
George Dzundza


text:
Day 1 August 4
Today is the day. I don't know why I think this day is any different from the countless other times I've decided to quit, but for some inexplicable reason, this time I really feel I can do it.
There isn't one single straw that broke the camel's back. However, with two casinos within an hour's drive, I am just sick and tired of feeling guilty and ashamed. I am not taking food away from my family, but the money lost over the years has been significant.
For the first time ever, I actually write down the pros and cons of gambling. Guess what? The pros side of the list is awfully short and the cons quite lengthy. Sure, winning is fun! But over time, I am definitely a loser and a loser I no longer want to be.
I know why I gamble – the same with most gamblers, I suppose. It's a brief escape from reality, a mini-vacation, the excitement and anticipation of a big win.
I take the casino membership cards from my wallet and throw them in the trash. Symbolic I know, as the cards are easily replaceable at the casino. Of course, I am not going back.
Day 2 August 5
Everyone who knows me also knows that I love to gamble. I see two good friends at the Y and they ask how I did over the weekend. One look at my face and they know. I tell them I am done and they can see that I am not my jovial self, but deadly serious.
I am a retired teacher but currently work part-time integrating disabled men and women into the community. The work is mostly enjoyable, sometimes stressful and basically low paying. Yet the little extra supplement I earn is wasted each week in the casino. Enough already!
I get a text message about a hold-em poker game this evening (an illegal one at that), just TWO minutes from my house. I text back and ask them to please take me off their list, I've quit playing. A return message advises me to let them know when I'll be back…
Day 3 August 6
I am feeling down today. I don't exactly know why, but I find myself forming tears for no particular reason.
In the mail I get an upgraded card from Hollywood Casino. Lucky me. I can get free valet parking Sunday – Thursday. It too goes in the trash.
Otherwise I have been having a busy day – two classes at the Y, delivering ten meals on wheels, lunch with my mom and then working on the community sign in the town park.
Day 4 August 7
Still feeling down and still forming tears. What's that all about? Am I grieving the loss of gambling? Too bad, time will help.
So far today I have asked to unsubscribe from three online casinos and have contacted the two local casinos to request they stop sending promotional flyers to my home.
Day 1 August 4


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Sam's ClubMay 18, 2014Warehouse Store • Tampa, United States
Visa is everywhere you want to be...except for Sam's. Epic fail. Oh, and no AMEX either.
Tampa, United States34 Tips
Visa is everywhere you want to be...except for Sam's. Epic fail. Oh, and no AMEX either.
A great place for conference calls
Well maintained tennis courts. Never anybody on them.
Really great Pad Thai. Nice outdoor seating in the fall.
The outdoor seating is amazing for working in the afternoons in the fall.
Small portions and less than mediocre food. Keep walking.
When the National Parks Director says, "America's 401 national parks are open for business," he may be mistaken. Call to double check.
Surprisingly great food. Best we have had on the Big Island.
Great luau pizza in a side of town with little options for good dinner.
Not much to eat in Volcano. This place is mediocre especially for the price.
Awesome farmers market. We had some amazing fresh baked blueberry muffins.
Good iced coffee. Convenient location.
Maybe the best Pad Thai I've ever had.
The ginger wasabi dressing they put on the fish burger is amazing.
Great boutique hotel with amazing beach access. The beach is beautiful and private. Great outdoor seating areas to enjoy morning coffee. If we ever come back to Maui we'll definitely stay here again.
Get the sandy beach gelato. Amazing.
Best fish tacos I've ever had. Pass on the "hand cut" chips and salsa. Rice is mediocre.
This place is amazing. Our favorite in Paia. The Hawaiian pork pizza is top-notch.


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Wow, this was the idyllic Wisconsin Bed and Breakfast. I think everything is organic and/or fair trade at this wonderful inn. The sheets on the best were like 2 million thread count and the pillows were just the right size.
Jean (the proprietor) was great: as a host, a cook and a tour guide. I love the fact that we ate fresh eggs from the chicken flock and that were laid the day before. Breakfast wasn't a small casserole with some coffee (like I have experienced at another B&B)- no- I stuffed myself with so much food that I did not have to eat until 5pm that evening. Jean cooked perfect soft boiled eggs and had the neatest egg cutter to maximize the enjoyment.
I enjoyed drinking the (complimentary) homemade wine and loved how Eco-friendly this bed & breakfast was! We will be back and spreading the word about this fabulous Inn.


text: Fly tipping It is illegal to dump unwanted items on any street or open area. This is known as fly tipping. Report fly tipping Fly tipping can include things like: washers and other electrical items beds, chairs and other furniture everyday rubbish that you would normally put in your grey wheelie bin Seen some fly tipping? You can report fly tipping using our online form. If you know who did it, it would be great if you could email us at email@example.com or give us a call on 01226 772468. If the fly tipping includes hazardous waste, like asbestos or chemical waste, then we'll pass all details onto a specialist contractor and ask them to remove it, which may take longer than 7 working days. Do you have large items you need to get rid of? Please don't dump them, look after your environment by disposing of them in the right way and arrange a special collection. � Thank you Thank you for your rating, all of your feedback is very important to us. Would you like to complete a quick survey to tell us what you think of our site? (opens in a new window) Close Launch the survey


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Arabic Bible (5.5 for Windows, or 4.11 for Mac)
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This property is no longer supported by Rent.com. Pricing and description information may not be up-to-date. Check out other great properties in the area, we're sure we can find you the perfect home.
Addison's Premier Apartment Community...Beautiful neighborhood setting...Attached Garages...Garden Tubs...Free Health Club Membership
Addison's premier community offers the exquisite design found in a custom home. The privacy afforded by our beautiful neighborhood setting is unsurpassed and residing at Addison's finest community provides easy access to fine dining and entertainment. Residents can enjoy one, two and three bed apartment homes that feature gourmet kitchens, patios and attached garages. Introducing premium upgrades in select apartment homes including color schemes, accent walls, brushed nickel hardware and lighting, side by side refrigerators, and more... Stop by Waterford Court today for a tour!
Lease terms are variable. Please inquire with property staff.
Pet Policy: 100 Pound Weight Limit. $10.00 pet rent. Restrictions: 2 Pet Limit, $375 Non-refundable fee for first pet, an additional $150 for second pet.No Aggressive Breeds
Dogs Allowed. Cats Allowed. Pets Accepted. Call for service animal policy.
196 units
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text:
That would be Dappy, showing off his hashtag tattoo (hashtat?) in a selfie he recently shared. He picked up the ink to be "trending forever," though nothing Dappy-related has popped up on Twitter's list of hot topics.
The best part? Dappy is best known for his song "No Regrets." We'll see how that turns out.
Try and say all of the words in this description in one second (it's sixteen words).
Did you do it? Great! Now try doing it again repeatedly for six minutes straight...


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I'm trying to retrieve a value of a TextField as is showed bellow:
item.add(new TextField("description", new Model[String]() {
override def getObject(): String = {
customer.description = ??? // I don't know how I can get the value here
return ...
I have this TextField inserted in a ListView and I need to use the TextField value to set it in a property model.


text:
Saath Nibhaana Saathiya
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2015)
|The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. (July 2015)
|Saath Nibhaana Saathiya
Saath Nibhaana Saathiya opening sequence
|Indian soap opera
|Created by
|Rashmi Sharma Telefilms
|Written by
|Ved Raj
Bhavna Vyas
Gautam Hegde[1]
Jyoti Tandon[1]
|Creative director(s)
|Rashmi Sharma
|See below
|Opening theme
|Saath Nibhaana Saathiya
|Country of origin
|Original language(s)
|No. of seasons
|No. of episodes
|1445 as on 4th July 2015
|Rashmi Sharma
|Santosh Singh
|Running time
|Approx. 21 minutes ( maha episode of 45 min. Approx. )
|Production company(s)
|Rashmi Sharma Telefilms
|Original channel
|STAR Plus
|Picture format
|1080i (HDTV)
|Original release
|3 May 2010– Present
|External links
Saath Nibhaana Saathiya is an Indian television drama broadcast worldwide on Star Plus. Time slot 7:00 to 7 : 30 P.M. . It is the no. 1 show of india from last several weeks . Saath Nibhana Saathiya is a popular hit show airing on Star Plus. Saath Nibhana Saathiya has some amazing cast like Devoleena battachargee , rucha hasabnis, lovey saasan , Mohammad Nazim ,Vishal Singh and Rupal Patel who are showing as the lead actors .. To know more about this show you can visit hotstar.com . Although set in Rajkot, Gujarat, the serial is filmed in Mumbai, Maharashtra.[2] Saath Nibhaana Saathiya has spawned several different language variants including Pudhcha Paul (Marathi), Deivam Thandha Veedu (Tamil), Chandanamazha (Malayalam), Kodala Kodala Koduku Pellamaa (Telugu) and Bodhuboron (Bengali).
The storyline took a leap of eight years in February 2014 and a further leap of a decade in March 2015.
- Present
- Devoleena Bhattacharjee as Gopi Ahem Modi
- Loveleen Kaur Sasan as Paridhi Jigar Modi
- Mohammad Nazim as Ahem Parag Modi
- Vishal Singh as Jigar Chirag Modi
- Rupal Patel as Kokila Parag Modi
- Tanya Sharma as Meera Ahem Modi
- Sonam Lamba as Vidya Ahem Modi
- Hiteeka Ruchchandranas Rashi Jigar Modi (Junior)
- Paras Babbar as Tolaram Jigar Modi(Tolu / Sahir)
- Pratap Hada as Mulchand Jigar Modi(Molu / Samar)
- Swati Shah as Hetal Chirag modi
- Vandana Vithlani as Urmila Shah
- Firoza Khan as Kinjal Desai
- Ashish Sharma as Dhaval Desai
- Manish Arora as Parag Modi
- Neeraj Bharadwaj as Chirag Modi
- Aparna Kanekar as Janko "Baa" Modi
- Karan Khandelwal as Sanskar
- Former
- Rucha Hasabnis as Rashi Jigar Modi
- Gia Manek as Gopi Ahem Modi
- Ira Soni as Anita
- Anas Khan as Umang
- Pooja Welling as Tripti
- Manoj Chandila as Anurag Joshi
- Bhavini Purohit as Radha Jigar Modi
- Sanjeev Bhatt as Jayanti Kapadia
- Jaya Ojha as Madhu Kapadia
- Deepak Dutta as Jeetu Shah
- Kajal Pisal as Mansi Rangwal
- Mazel Vyas as (Junior) Meera Ahem Modi
- Eklavya Ahir as Samar Jigar Modi (Junior)
- Ishant Bhanushali as Sahir Jigar Modi (Junior)
- Palak Panchal as Vidya Ahem Modi (Junior)
- Paras Tomar as Prateek Dhaval Desai
- ^ a b "Keep It Simple". Indian Express. 27 January 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
- ^ "Tragedy of being an actor: Mohammad Nazim". The Times of India. 26 March 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
External links[edit]
Ashik Gurung


text:
The Columbus City Schools have a new superintendent for the next year - Dr. J. Daniel Good, former head of the Westerville School District. Alison Holm has more on the decision
The Columbus City School boards last night voted to suspend the search for a permanent replacement for superintendent Gene Harris, who is stepping down in June, and to put that task in the hands of a new committee to be headed by the Board president and Mayor Michael Coleman. The resolution passed – but not without controversy. Alison Holm has more.


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50 clivepower 49 europe 45 england 44 uk 41 london 36 europeanunion eu 35 greatbritain 2005 unitedkingdom britain 33 gb 14 urban newham city 13 2006 11 street 9 blackandwhite bw 6 camden 5 penwith seaside cornwall 4 manorpark stratford cityoflondon portrait 3 westminster bloomsbury eastham beach riverthames thames towerhamlets southwark essex stives sand redbridge londonbridge hackney stratfordstation 2004 sea couple britishmuseum
35 england,europe 34 europe,uk clivepower,uk clivepower,england 33 england,uk 29 london,uk england,london 26 europe,greatbritain 25 clivepower,greatbritain 2005,europe clivepower,london
Clive Power 50
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"Made Her Think" is both an anagram of founder/designer Meredith Kahn's name, and a clever reference to the ingenuity and intelligence that defines Kahn's jewelry collection. With influences as wide-ranging as punk and Art Deco, Kahn's costume, semiprecious and fine jewelry pieces are striking for their intricacy and depth. Surprises abound: rich brown diamonds grace wedding rings, bracelets feature spiky black rhinestones, neon ribbons dangle from multi-chain necklaces, graphite-colored stud earrings are fashioned out of oxidized silver, and row of pearls make for the most ladylike knuckle rings around. The unusual Jaws of Life ring, one of Made Her Think's top-selling designs, features two conjoined bands studded with Swarovski rhinestones. Angelina Jolie and Mary-Kate Olsen are fans of the line, which also offers handbags and leather accessories.
Keepsake meets contemporary in this beautiful collection by Rachel Leigh, a former publicist known for her unique way of melding vintage-inspired pieces with today's runway trends, and other top names. This collection is all about juxtaposition: Brass and silk necklaces; crystal and enamel earrings; and stone, glass and pearl chain necklaces are just a few of the charming offerings here. Pick one up to brighten up your summer — or give one to someone special as a timeless treat.
Sultry summer nights are the perfect time to test-drive a sexy new look, and our sale has all you need to pull together one that stuns. We've got everything from curve-hugging LBDs and flirty tops—sequined, lace, and beyond—to high-heeled sandals and statement necklaces, plus clutches and evening bags specially selected to not interfere with your dancing.
Made Her Think designer Meredith Kahn's influences range from Art Deco to punk, and statement pieces abound in this lineup like bejeweled skull rings and dainty bullet earrings. Pyramid studs and chunky gems in elegant settings are a couple of this brand's favored themes, proving that tough and tender can coexist gorgeously.
Channel your inner wild child with this edgy selection of tough-girl earrings, bracelets, rings, and more. Your skinny jeans will love Made Her Think's crystal pointed earrings and knuckle buster rings. Or take an LBD from the office to the club with a head-turning bead and safety pin statement necklace by Tom Binns. Snap up these super-cool picks before Rihanna and Gaga do first.


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PALM BEACH, Fla.—Chatham Lodging Trust, a hotel real estate investment trust (REIT) focused on investing in upscale, extended-stay hotels and premium branded, select-service hotels, announced that it has acquired the 180-room Hilton Garden Inn Denver Tech Center for a purchase ...Read More »
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Hotel Market Insight: Cleveland
Cleveland's population has suffered declines over the past decade, but industry abounds along the city's Waterfront district and technology corridors. Leisure attractions that opened in 2012, including Ohio's first casino and the Greater Cleveland Aquarium, are expected to draw hundreds ...Read More »
Mesa West Capital Originates $84 Million on Two Colorado Hotel Deals
LOS ANGELES—In separate transactions Mesa West Capital has funded two loans totaling $84 million in non-recourse first mortgage debt for the acquisition of the Hyatt Regency Denver Tech Center in Denver, Colo., and the refinancing of the Park Hyatt Beaver ...Read More »
Inside Finance: Takeaways from The Lodging Conference
Anyone recently attending The Lodging Conference in Phoenix had a great opportunity to take the temperature of the Lodging Industry. Although there were probably few or no radical epiphanies, there were a number of common threads to the various conversations ...Read More »
Inland American Acquires Two Andaz Hotels
OAK BROOK, Ill.—Inland American Lodging Group ("IALG"), a wholly owned subsidiary of Inland American Real Estate Trust ("Inland American"), and Hyatt Hotels Corporation announced that IALG has acquired a portfolio of two Andaz hotels for approximately $115 million. The hotels, ...Read More »


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Extension Educators' Fact Sheet America Saves Week 2010: February 21-28, 2010 Why should I participate in the America Saves Week? Market and strengthen your financial education programs and activities Increase visibility and motivate communities to make positive behavioral changes related to money issues Use this as an opportunity for creativity and teamwork for youth and adults Highlight local events conducted prior, during, and after the week Action Goals of the America Saves Week Integrate America Saves Week into existing or new financial education efforts to motivate youth and adults to save money and reduce debt Partner with financial institutions to provide no-fee accounts with low minimum deposit Partner with employers and organizations to encourage emergency savings accounts, direct deposit, and new or in- creased participation in 401k, 403b programs Enroll youth and adults as American Savers Check out these valuable online resources to learn more about the America Saves Week America Saves Toolkit for Extension Educators: www.csrees.usda.gov/nea/economics/fsll/edu_saves.html www.americasavesweek.org, www.americasaves.org, and www.tennesseesaves.org Try some of these activities or be creative and come up with your own Offer worksite workshops, posters, flyers Distribute paycheck flyer and Saves Week handouts to city, county, school, company employees Collaborate with financial institutions to conduct special promotion (e.g., "Save Your Change" event), products, givea- ways, drawings to encourage opening or contribution to saving accounts Distribute press releases highlighting financial literacy program impact and promoting events Use legislative events for proclamations, exhibits, provide impact, or introduce partners or program participants Organize "Piggy Bank Pageant" or money-themed poster or essay contest with adult and youth categories Organize "Saves Night" at basketball game or other event to distribute savings related giveaways Collaborate with Earned Income Tax Credit/VITA tax preparation promotion by distribution posters and flyers Need Help? Check out these small grants Consumer Federation of America will offer small grants to assist in planning and implementing Saves Week activities. Deadline for proposals is in early November. Check the americasavesweek.org website for details. Proposals will require: Description of activities, number of participating organizations, number of savers to enroll, number of people to be reached directly and indirectly through marketing efforts, projected number of people taking financial action Time line and line item budget How will I report outcomes? Enter your Saves Week report on-line (watch for the URL announcement). Information will be compiled for state and national reports. Information to be collected: Characteristics of target audience, number of Savers enrolled, number of Savers opening new accounts or adding additional accounts, total amount of monthly savings goals pledged, type of savings incentives offered to Savers Distribution of branded Saves Week flyers, number of direct and indirect PR methods used, number of contacts Number of collaborating partners, volunteers, amount of sponsorship, grant funding, and in-kind contribution Questions? Contact the National Extension America Saves Week Leadership Team: Jane Schuchardt, USDA-CSREES, firstname.lastname@example.com (lead); Elaine Courtney, Uni- versity of Florida Extension, email@example.com; University of Tennessee Extension, email@example.com; Patti Wooten-Swanson, University of California Extension, email@example.com; Carol Young, Kansas State University, firstname.lastname@example.com; Lisa Leslie, Florida Extension, firstname.lastname@example.com; Betty Neilson, Tennessee Extension, firstname.lastname@example.com: Jim Terry, USDA, CSREES, firstname.lastname@example.com
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S. Korea's Hynix bids for Japan's Elpida
SK Hynix, the world's second largest microchip maker, said Friday it has submitted a preliminary bid for its struggling Japanese rival Elpida Memory.
SK Hynix, the world's second largest microchip maker, said Friday it has submitted a preliminary bid for its struggling Japanese rival Elpida Memory.
Japan's Elpida Memory, one of the world's top microchip makers, is set to be delisted from the Tokyo Stock Exchange Wednesday in the biggest corporate failure in Japanese manufacturing history.
It's like the '90s never left: Billy Crystal hosted the Oscars. Internet IPOs are back. And NetZero is returning with free Internet service -only this time it's wireless.
In the developing world, 96 percent of all households have no internet access. Even in Germany, many regions are still without broadband connectivity. But in future, a revolutionary new technology for wireless ...
Elpida Memory, the world's third largest Dynamic Random Access Memory manufacturer, today announced that it has begun sample shipments of 4-gigabit Wide IO Mobile RAMTM and 4-gigabit DDR3 Mobile RAM (LPDDR3).
Elpida Memory, Dynamic Random Access Memory ("DRAM") manufacturer, today announced that it has developed an advanced 30nm process 4-gigabit DDR3 Mobile RAMTM (LPDDR3). The new chip can achieve a high-speed data transfer rate ...
Elpida Memory, the third largest Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) manufacturer in the world, today announced that it had developed the industry's first 4-gigabit next-generation mobile memory chips for ...
A Chinese government agency is investigating two telecommunications giants for allegedly monopolising Internet broadband services, state media said Wednesday, in an unusual public spat.
As smart phones increasingly take over, mobile data traffic is surging, a study by Swedish telecom equipment maker Ericsson showed on Monday, saying such traffic is set to increase 10-fold over the next five ...
India on Wednesday launched its long-awaited "computer for the masses", unveiling a $46 tablet device designed to bring the information technology revolution to tens of millions of students.
India is set Wednesday to launch its long-awaited low-cost computer, a $45 tablet device designed to bring the information technology revolution to tens of millions of students.
University of Missouri-Columbia students arrived on campus this fall with a slew of new electronic toys and immediately wrought havoc with the school's wireless network.
If a patient of Arlington, Texas, physician Ignacio Nunez shows up at the emergency room when the doctor is not at the hospital, he doesn't have to wait long to start investigating what might be wrong.
Virgin Media said on Wednesday it had agreed a deal with Sweden's Spotify to offer music streaming services for the British company's television, mobile phone and Internet subscribers.
Sony has released an app making its Music Unlimited online streaming available on smartphones running Google's Android system, amid growing competition from Amazon and Apple in cloud-based services.


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As I contemplated writing about the romance in my book, Legacy and Love, I remembered the premise that blossomed into the story, The Prayer Shawl. What if my heroine was a devoted Christian who comes face to face with a prodigal? And, suppose my hero is attracted to the heroine but resists due to his strayed position?
The Prayer Shawl's hero is named Sean. He has experienced what I have witnessed many college students doing. He was raised in a Christian home but somewhere between attending classes where professors want nothing more than to disillusion and watching as his so-called Christian friends destroy their witness, he strays. Sean seemingly rejects all of his upbringing.
Enter our heroine, Hope. Her life has been anything but rosy, but still her faith is intact and a vital part of her everyday existence. She freely shares her witness, even in tangible ways through making prayer shawls.
The reporter and magazine writer in Sean can't resist a story about Hope and her shawls. He finds it hard to resist Hope in every way.
Hope finds Sean attractive but struggles with the idea that she doesn't want to be unequally yoked with an unbeliever.
You'll have to check out the story to see how it all works out.
But, I still think about those around me who have prodigals in their lives. Being a pastor's wife, I hear so many stories from grieving parents, grandparents, husbands, and wives who have prayed for long periods of time for their loved one to return to their Christian upbringing.
My dear friend and fellow author, Andrea Merrell, just released a book called Praying for the Prodigal. In this book she shares about her prodigal son and daughter as well as gives encouragement for those facing the grief of waiting on a prodigal to return.
When a prodigal does return, it is a love story in itself. The person is returning to his or her first and most important love, Jesus Christ.
Through our Lord is the only way we can have true romance. We are told in the Word that God is love and He is the one who instituted marriage, the bringing together of a man and a woman.
Through Hope and Sean's story I hope readers can catch a glimpse of true romance and love.
Her latest book, Legacy and Love, can be purchased here.
About Paula
Paula Mowery is a published author, acquisitions editor, and speaker. Her first two published works were The Blessing Seer and Be The Blessing from Pelican Book Group. Both are women's fiction, and their themes have been the topics of speaking engagements. Be The Blessing won the Selah Award in 2014 in the novella category. In November of 2013, her first romance released in the anthology, Brave New Century, from Prism Book Group. This book went to number five on Amazon's bestseller category, historical Christian romance. Legacy and Love was her first solo romance.
Reviewers of her writing characterize it as "thundering with emotion." Her articles have appeared in Woman's World, The Christian Online Magazine, and the multi-author devotional blog, Full Flavored Living. She wrote a section for Join the Insanity by Rhonda Rhea. She has devotionals included in several collaborative books.
As an acquisitions editor for Prism Book Group, Paula particularly looks for romance stories with Christian values at its core. She's especially attracted to those manuscripts that leave the reader mulling over the story long after turning the last page.
Having been an avid reader of Christian fiction, she now puts that love to use by writing book reviews. She is a member of ACFW and is on the author interview team. She was a member of the 2014 Blue Ridge Mountains Christian Writers Conference faculty.
Paula is a pastor's wife and mom to a college student. She homeschooled her daughter through all twelve years, and they both lived to tell about it. Before educating her daughter at home, she was an English teacher in public school.
You can follow Paula at www.facebook.com/pages/Paula-Mowery/175869562589187. Learn more about Paula at her blog at www.paulamowery.blogspot.com or enjoy her monthly columns on www.christianonlinemagazine.com. You can also check out her blog for Christian writers at www.ccwcu.blogspot.com.


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Fredericks Company - Televac
Fredericks Programmable Tilt Switch is a combination Microprocessor based electronics and TrueTiltTM dual axis tilt sensor in a compact, high-impact plastic case. This design provides the user with a non-mercury, field settable switch solution for many applications. The assembly can be easily custom configured for a wide variety of angle range trip points. It avoids the wide hysterisis e... Read more...More Product Announcements from Fredericks Company - Televac
Comus International
Tilt switches are used to sense movement (tilt) of a device above and below a horizontal axis. A typical use is in a thermostat. Read more...More Product Announcements from Comus International


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Forget Jamie, Gordon and even Heston Blumenthal, try out out these recipes devised by a supercomputer called Chef Watson
Here, in her exclusive Five-Week Bikini Body Plan, Davina reveals how you could lose up to 10lbs to get beach body confident this summer – while still enjoying foods you and your family will love.
With temperatures rising - summer's on its way and it's as good a time as any to start eating healthy
We show you how easy it is to make six chocolatey treats
Pasta doesn't have to be off the menu with this low-fat, spicy dish
Want a healthy dinner that fills you up? Try this Wild West-inspired dish
Salads don't have to be boring with this super satisfying recipe
On a diet and want to eat burgers? With Slimming World, you can still get your fix
Craving dessert but want to stick to your diet plan? Try making this healthy crumble to satisfy your sweet tooth
This healthy curry marinates while you kick back on the couch
Healthy, quick and easy - perfect for helping you to get slim for spring!
This healthy yet effortlessly yummy will make it easy to stick to your diet plan
Adam Holcroft, 37, believes dishes including bug burritos and bamboo worm fudge ice cream can be a major protein source
From bacon wrapped sausages to Stilton, this is an ode to fantastic Christmas food
If you want to wow your family and friends with festive treats fit for a king, look no further than these delicious recipes
There's no better present than one you've made yourself, and this easy-to-make festive tipple has Christmas written all over it…
These brilliant burgers are inspired by the classic cocktail!
This melt-in-the-mouth roast will have guests coming back for more.
Smoked cheese adds flavour to this homely bake.
This flavoursome dish is perfect for a speedy supper.
The Mirror


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Childe Harold's PilgrimageThe Floating Press 2009; US$ 4.99
Childe Harold's Pilgrimage was the poem which brought Lord Byron public recognition. He himself disliked the poem, because he felt it revealed too much of himself. In it a young man (called childe after the medieval term for a candidate for knighthood) travels to distant lands to relieve the boredom and weariness brought on by a life of dissipation.... more...
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Andersen, M. E., Meek, M. E., Boorman, G. A., Brusick, D. J., Cohen, S. M., Dragan, Y. P., Frederick, C. B., Goodman, J. I., Hard, G. C., O'Flaherty, E. J., and Robinson, D. E. (2000). Lessons learned in applying the u.S. EPA proposed cancer guidelines to specific compounds. Toxicol Sci 53(2), 159-72.
Beckman, D. A., and Feuston, M. (2003). Landmarks in the development of the female reproductive system. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 68(2), 137-43.
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Be warned: This is a question born in the world of dramatic overreaction within the internet community. But here goes.
Is Jonathan Papelbon going to be the Red Sox closer for the rest of the season?
This is what it is -- Papelbon is not what he was two or three years ago. We've seen way too many blasts of mortality in the last year and a half, the latest coming vs. the Tigers on Sunday. His days of challenging Mariano Rivera for the top spot on the ninth-inning food chain are long gone.
Look at the numbers. He's just isn't overpowering anymore, or hasn't been for most of this season. Since he took over as closer in 2006 his worst K per nine innings ratio was 9.9 in 2006. This season? 7.7. In 2008 Papelbon averaged 9.6 strikeouts for every walk. This season? Just 2.47. From 2006-08 Papelbon had the ability to strike people out -- seemingly at will -- while walking almost nobody. In those three seasons he had a total of 36 walks in 195 innings. Since then, in 112.1 innings? 39 walks. An alarming drop from historically good to just good.
But there is zero chance -- zero -- that Terry Francona is going to install Daniel Bard as the closer and put Papelbon in the setup role. I know you'll be hearing it on EEI the next couple of days (from just callers, I hope) but forget it. Makes no sense. First, why put Bard in that spot now? He's as good as any eighth-inning guy in baseball and there is a workload concern. Let him take over the closer job when Papelbon is gone in 2011 or 2012 or whenever it happens (and it will happen-- better chance of Theo Epstein and Larry Lucchino recording a remake of "To All The Girls I've Loved Before" than there is of the Sox paying someone $15 million a year to pitch 60 innings). Plus there is this: Does it make sense to risk losing Papelbon? He would go "Oil Can Boyd left off the All-Star Team" crazy if a switch ever happened. And since he's one of exactly two relief pitchers on the team that you should any faith in it might be best to leave him alone.
10.1 IP, four hits, 0 ER
That was Papelbon in July. Until Sunday he hadn't given up an earned run since June 24. June 24 is a long time ago. Mike Lowell went on the DL on June 24. If, on June 24, you had walked up to me and said "Rick Pitino 15 seconds" I would have thought you were making a Chauncey Billups joke. Point is it's been a little while. Papelbon had been very, very good for the last six weeks. So to read the level of vitriol thrown at Papelbon on Twitter and Facebook and some message boards after blowing the save Sunday was a little surprising. This is still one of the six or seven best closers in baseball. Put it another way: If Jonathan Papelbon had been traded in the offseason and the Red Sox had brought in Closer X and Closer X had the same exact numbers that Papelbon has put up so far in 2010 people would love the guy.
But that's the thing with Papelbon, of course. Fans aren't going to accept the 2010 version. The 2006 guy -- only the second time in history a pitcher had an ERA under 1.00 with more than 30 saves, an ERA+ of 515 -- made that impossible. Papelbon did it backwards. He peaked too soon. If he took over the ninth-inning job in 2006 and was a good-to-very good closer but never any better or worse I think people would be fine with him today. But the bar was set so high that it was always going to come to this. Toss in his personality (which I get can be grating after a while) and this is where we are.
And Bard is still at the new toy stage. It's still an event when he pitches, there is a buzz around the whole thing that isn't there with Papelbon anymore. (Aside: I read Bill Simmons' "The Red Sox are boring" column last week. I guess I was OK with most of it, but the idea that the Sox don't have a pitcher or hitter that -- in Simmons' words -- passes the "Remote Control Test" is way off base and reeks of a guy that lives in LA and checks in on the team once or twice a week. Bard is exactly that guy. If you know he's coming into the game are you flipping to "According to Jim" reruns? Of course not. And I'm pretty sure the same is true about a Youkilis at-bat or Lester start. The whole premise seemed a reach to me is all.) And Bard has done nothing to suggest that he isn't worth the entirety of the hype. The numbers he's putting up are insane, video game kind of stuff. Just look at what he's held right-handed hitters to this year:
.188 batting average, .228 OBP, four HR allowed in 93 plate appearances.
You see that and understand quickly why the "Make Bard the closer now" crowd get so worked up. But here's the thing -- righties have been Bard's weak spot in 2010.
Bard vs. LH: .122 BA, .234 OBP, .134 slugging, zero HR in 95 PA
Basically, left-handed hitters have been Kevin Cash (Marc Sullivan redux) against Bard in 2010. In fact Cash (.149 slugging) has been a little better than the lefties vs. Bard. Forget "one of" -- for me he's the best eighth-inning guy in baseball.
And that's where he should stay for now. Why mess with it? Does anyone really think that the ninth inning is more important than the eighth? How would switching the two have any impact at all? Is Bard going to be better in the ninth inning than he has been in the eighth? Is Papelbon going to be demoted to the eighth inning and suddenly remember how to do all the things he used to do?
No, the Red Sox problem is getting to Bard and Papelbon. Unless there is an injury or Papelbon blows four or five saves in a row nothing is going to happen. Enjoy the two, because it's more than likely that you'll never have a better duo getting the last six outs for the Red Sox. Let's put the brakes on a closer controversy. Just doesn't make sense for now.
That's why we have the offseason.
The guys react to what Don Banks had to say and get into some more thoughts on Deflategate. Are McNally and Jastremski ever going to break their silence and give their side of the story? Price says yes ... eventually.
Don Banks talks with the NFL Sunday boys about his reaction to Brady's appeal, where we go from here and the NFL's motives and decisions throughout the process. He also gets into the Pats offseason so far and their weakness at CB. Don gives his take on the AFC East this year and how some of the Pats' rivals have improved.
Greg and Price discuss their thoughts on some of the reports that have leaked after Tuesday from Brady's appeal hearing. The boys talk about what the reaction will be if Brady decides to accept a 1-game suspension. Fans want a complete exoneration, but there's a good chance that they won't get that - how will they react? They also talk with Mike Petraglia and get his thought on the appeal and more.
Sam is joined by Jared Weiss from The Garden Report and CLNS Radio to breakdown game 4 of Cavs-Warriors, preview game 5 on Sunday, and analyze the Celtics needs this off-season.
Greg Dickerson and John Tomase discuss the amazing season for the Celts and if they have any chance against Lebron and the Cleveland Cavs in a seven game series. If they do, HOW ... how do they get it done?
Brian "White Mamba" Scalabrine joins the guys to talk about the Celtics playoff push, the development of Marcus Smart and James Young, and the prospect of Brad Stevens leaving the Celtics for a college job.
Joe & Dave talked to the Sox third baseman, who hit a homer and knocked in two runs in the win in Tampa Bay.
Joe & Dave talked to the Sox center fielder, who was a single short of the cycle in the blowout win in Kansas City.
Joe Castiglione talked to Justin Masterson and Bob Kendrick after the annual team trip to the museum.
Don Sweeney, who was hired as the Bruins general manager yesterday speaks with Dale and Holley about his new position and where the Bruins go from here.
The awesomely knowledgeable Fluto Shinzawa calls DJ, Naoko and Pete to talk about his thoughts on the future of the B's. He discusses his column from earlier this week on Cam Neely wanting to give Claude the ax earlier in the season but not getting the ok. Fluto shares his thoughts on Chiarelli's firing, the future for Claude and where the Bruins should go from here. He also gives his opinion on potential moves the team can make, who would fit in here, his thoughts on the NHL playoffs so far and more.
In the final hour of the "midseason finale" as DJ likes to call it, the crew discuss more about the future of the Bruins franchise, the possible power struggle in the front office and who should be the head coach going forward. They talk to intelligent and talented Fluto Shinzawa about all of these thing and more in an excellent interview, and finally, DJ says THANK YOU!
The top stories of the day as recounted by Gary Tanguay.
The guys discussed Jim Bowden's column on trade possibilities for the Red Sox and Hanley.
The guys discussed a brutal weekend for the Boston Bruins.
The show opens up talking about the Bruins going from "re-tooling" to "re-building" very quickly as they traded away Milan Lucic and Dougie Hamilton and drafted 3 guys in the first round that are years away from contributing.
Pierre McGuire joined the show to talk about Doug Hamilton and Milan Lucic being traded, the 3 picks the B's made in the first round, Adam McQuaid, and generally what the front office may be thinking with this approach.
Greg Wyshynski talk about the negative reviews of the Lucic and Hamilton trades, and the subsequent draft picks on Friday.
They're the topic of the town again, and probably for the wrong reasons. Dale, Michael and Jerry discuss where the Bruins went wrong, what direction they may be heading, and how it may or may not get better.
We wrap up the day with some of the best in sound that you may have missed throughout the weekend.
We go north of the border and try and find out what the heck the Bruins are doing with John Shannon of Rogers SportsNet
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I love the fact that the wait times aren't that long. They seem to stay on schedule and its easy to get a same day appointment. Jackie the women's health provider is easy to talk to and very informative. Over all it's always a great experience and would recommend this clinic to anyone looking to change their doctor.


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OK guys, I need some input with this. It's my first client Android app in a while, and I know there are bits that will need to be tweaked, such as font sizes (not sure they're quite right yet).
Any other thoughts?
Sorry about picture quality, but trying to picture of an Android screen, using an iPhone 4S camera doesn't always bring out the best results!!
Real Pixels attached.
More Mike Beecham
keyboard shortcuts: ← previous shot → next shot L or F like Z toggle zoom


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VIEWS: 170 PAGES: 7 CATEGORY: Emerging Technologies POSTED ON: 3/14/2011 Public Domain
(IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 9, No. 2, February 2011 A Quantization based blind and Robust Image Watermarking Algorithm Mohamed M. Fouad Electronics and Communication Department- Faculty of Engineering- Zagazig University- Egypt firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract—Security and privacy issues of the transmitted data multi-media object. The embedding process is guided by use have become an important concern in multimedia technology. of a secret key, which decides the locations within the Watermarking which belong to the field of information hiding multimedia object (image) where the watermark would be has seen a lot of research interest recently. Watermarking is used embedded. Once the watermark is embedded it can experience for a variety of reasons including security, content protection, several attacks because the multimedia object can be digitally copyright management, trust management, content authentication, tamper detection and privacy. Recently many processed. The attacks can be unintentional (in the case of watermarking techniques have been proposed to support these images, low pass filtering or gamma correction or applications but one major issue with most of the watermarking compression) or intentional (like cropping). Hence, the techniques is that these techniques fail in the presence of severe watermark has to be very robust against all these possible attacks. This has been a major threat to content providers attacks. When the owner wants to check the watermarks in the because if the digital content is dramatically changed then it possibly attacked and distorted multimedia object, s/he relies would be difficult to prove the existence of a watermark in it and on the secret key that was used to embed the watermark. Using consequently its ownership. To tackle this security threat towards the secret key, the embedded watermark sequence can be ownership issues in this paper, we propose a computationally extracted. This extracted watermark may or may not resemble efficient and secure two quantization based watermarking algorithms which offer incredible performance in presence of the original watermark, because the object might have been malicious attacks which try to remove ownership information. attacked. The performance of the proposed techniques is compared with Hence, to validate the existence of a watermark, either the that of other watermarking techniques and it gives a very good original object is used to compare and ascertain the watermark perceptual quality especially at lower bit rates. We present experimental results which show that the proposed techniques signal (non-blind watermarking), or a correlation measure is outperform many techniques for multimedia over wireless used to detect the strength of the watermark signal from the applications. The proposed schemes are backed up with excellent extracted watermark (blind watermarking). In correlation results. based detection, the original watermark sequence is compared with the extracted watermark sequence, and a statistical Keywords-component; Watermark Detection; Watermarking; DCT; DWT; Quantization correlation test is used to determine the existence of the watermark. I. INTRODUCTION A. Requirements of Digital Watermarking Watermarking is a method of hiding proprietary There are three main requirements of digital information in digital media like photographs, digital music, or watermarking. They are transparency, robustness and digital video. The ease with which digital content can be capacity. exchanged over the Internet has created copyright infringement issues. Copyrighted material can be easily Transparency or Fidelity, The digital watermark should exchanged over peer-to-peer networks, and this has caused not affect the quality of the original image after it is major concerns for those content providers who produce these watermarked. Cox et al. (2002) defines transparency or fidelity digital contents. In order to protect the interest of the content as 'perceptual similarity between the original and the providers these digital contents can be watermarked. watermarked versions of the cover work' [1]. Watermarking should not introduce visible distortions because if such The process of embedding a watermark in a multimedia distortions are introduced it reduces the commercial value of object is termed as watermarking. A Watermark can be considered as a kind of a signature, which reveals the owner of the image. the multimedia object. Content providers want to embed watermarks in their multimedia objects (digital content) for several reasons like copyright protection, content authentication, tamper detection etc. A watermarking algorithm embeds a visible or invisible watermark in a given 241 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ ISSN 1947-5500 (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 9, No. 2, February 2011 Robustness, Cox et al. (2002) defines robustness as the slice has a width that is inversely proportional to its height. 'ability to detect the watermark after common signal The number of these slices is equal to the number of processing operations' [1]. Watermarks could be removed quantization levels. intentionally or unintentionally by simple image processing 2. On the horizontal axis of the sliced histogram, each slice operations like contrast or brightness enhancement, gamma has start and end points. The midpoint value (on the width) correction etc. Hence watermarks should be robust against a of each slice is considered as a quantization level. variety of such attacks into four basic categories, attacks that try to remove watermarks totally, attacks that try to remove 3. In this way, we get a non-uniform quantization in which the synchronization between the embedder and the detector, the density of the quantization levels increases in cryptographic attacks and protocol attacks. proportion to the probability of occurrence of the pixel value. Capacity or Data Payload, Cox et al. (2002) define capacity or data payload as 'the number of bits a watermark 4. All the pixel values that lie within the width of a slice are encodes within a unit of time or work' [1]. This property mapped to the quantization level that is represented by the describes how much data should be embedded as a watermark midpoint of this slice. to successfully detect during extraction. Watermark should be The resultant compression ratio and signal-to-noise ratio able to carry enough information to represent the uniqueness vary depending on the chosen number of quantization levels. of the image. Different applications have different payload requirements [1]. This technique is irreversible, i.e. the quantized values can't be converted back to their original values leading to Security, according to Kerckhoff's principle the security information loss. of a cryptosystem depends on the secrecy of the key and not on the cryptographic algorithm. Same rule applies to water- III. DCT PROPOSED WATERMARKING TECHNIQUE marking algorithms, i.e. the watermarking algorithms must be public but watermark embedding should base on a secret key The first proposed watermarking scheme is a blind [2]. quantization based scheme [4]. A block diagram detailing its steps is shown in Fig. 1. The input N*M image; an image To prevent image manipulations and fraudulent use of assumed to be a matrix has length of N rows and width of M modified images, the watermark should survive modifications columns, is first converted into single vector by concatenating introduced by random noise or compression, but should not be successive rows beside each other to form a long row that detectable from non-authentic regions of the image. The contains all the image pixels using matrix to vector converter. original image cannot be used by the watermark detect or to This vector is exposed to DCT [5]-[7] to transform the image verify the authenticity of the image. In this paper, we from spatial domain into frequency domain in which energy of investigate the application of a recently developed the image information is concentrated in a few number of quantization based watermarking scheme to image coefficients. The output of the DCT process is a vector that authentication. The two proposed watermarking techniques has the same length of the image) number of pixels in the allow reliable blind watermark detection from a small number image), but with many values approximated to zeros. After of pixels, and thus enable the detection of local modifications applying the DCT the output coefficients are arranged in a to the image content. descending order according to the pixels probabilities. The output vector of the DCT is now ready to be processed by the II. HISTOGRAM EQUAL AREA DIVISION histogram equal area quantization technique to choose the QUANTIZATION TECHNIQUE appropriate values used in the watermark embedding process, quantization levels. The watermarked coefficients vector is The technique calculates the quantization levels using a reshaped and returned back to the spatial domain using IDCT. method that is dependent on the image content (hence the word "adaptive") and then round off the pixels values to the nearest quantization level. In this way, the number of transmitted values is reduced. The quantization scheme provides a wide range of compression ratios (CRs) with a very slight degradation of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). HEAD is a quantization technique in which the transmitted values are reduced by mapping the values of Figure 1. The first proposed image watermarking scheme. image pixels to a finite number of quantization levels. A. Watermark Embedding The HEAD quantization procedure can be listed as follows: 1. The area under the histogram of the image pixels is divided The steps of watermark embedding can be summarized as into a number of vertical slices with equal areas. Thus each follows: 242 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ ISSN 1947-5500 (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 9, No. 2, February 2011 1. The host image is transformed into the DCT domain; the No watermark was inserted into the low-pass sub-band. Unlike transformed coefficients are watermarked using HEAD some non-blind watermarking schemes [9][10], this scheme quantization using 4 quantization levels t0, t1, t2, and t3. allows a watermark to be detected without access to the 2. A binary watermark of the same size as the image of original image. It performs an implicit visual masking as only interest is created using a secret key, which is a seed of a wavelet coefficients with large magnitude are selected for random number generator. watermark insertion. These coefficients correspond to regions 3. Each s wij of the selected DCT Coefficients is quantized. of texture and edges in an image. This scheme makes it difficult for a human viewer to perceive any degradation in the The quantization process can be summarized as follows: watermarked image. Also, because wavelet coefficients of 's If xij = 1 and s wij > 0, then wij = t2, large magnitude are perceptually significant, it is difficult to remove the watermark without severely distorting the 's If xij = 0 and s wij > 0, then wij = t1, watermarked image. The most novel aspect of this scheme was 's the introduction of a watermark consisting of pseudorandom s If xij = 1 and wij < 0, then wij = -t3, real numbers. Since watermark detection typically consists of s 's a process of correlation estimation, in which the watermark If xij = 0 and wij < 0, then wij = -t0. (1) coefficients are placed in the image, changes in the location of ' the watermarked coefficients are unacceptable. The Where xij the watermark is bit corresponding to wij , and s wijs watermarking scheme proposed by Dugad et al. is based on is the watermarked coefficient. After all the selected adding the watermark in selected coefficients with significant coefficients are quantized, the inverse discrete cosine energy in the transform domain in order to ensure the non- transform (IDCT) is applied and the watermarked image is erasability of the watermark. This scheme has overcome the obtained. problem of "order sensitivity". B. Watermark Detection Unfortunately, this scheme has also some disadvantages. It embeds the watermark in an additive fashion. It is known that 1. The possibly corrupted watermarked image is transformed blind detectors for additive watermarking schemes must into the DCT domain as in the embedding process. correlate the possibly watermarked image coefficients with the 2. The extraction is performed on the coefficients. known watermark in order to determine if the image has or has 3. All the coefficients of magnitude equal to t1, t2, - t3 and - t0 not been marked. Thus, the image itself must be treated as 's are selected; these are denoted wij .The watermark bits noise, which makes the detection of the watermark exceedingly difficult [8]. In order to overcome this problem, it are extracted from each of the selected DCT coefficients is necessary to correlate a very large number of coefficients, with Eq.2. Fig. 2 illustrates the watermark detection which in turn requires the watermark to be embedded into process. several image coefficients at the insertion stage. As a result, the degradation in the watermarked image increases. Another drawback is that the detector can only tell if the watermark is present or not. It cannot recover the actual watermark. The scheme in [11] is another example of wavelet-based watermarking schemes. A noise-like Gaussian sequence is Figure 2. Watermark detection in the proposed scheme. used as a watermark. To embed the watermark robustly and 's imperceptibly, watermark components are added to the If wij = t2 or t3, then the recovered watermark bit is a 1. significant coefficients of each selected sub-band by 's considering the human visual system (HVS) characteristics. If wij = t0 or t1, then the recovered watermark bit is a 0 Some small modifications are performed to improve the HVS (2) model. The host image is needed in the watermark extraction 4. The recovered watermark is then correlated with the procedure. original watermark in the watermark file, obtained via the secret key. This allows a confidence measure to be V. PROPOSED DWT WATERMARKING TECHNIQUE ascertained for the presence or absence of a watermark in an image. Discrete wavelet transform is a technique using which a 2D image can be transferred from spatial domain to frequency IV. DWT WATERMARKING TECHNIQUE domain. The input N*M image; an image assumed to be a matrix has length of N rows and width of M columns, is Dugad et al. presented a blind additive watermarking exposed to wavelet transform. After one level DWT an image scheme operating in the wavelet domain [8]. Three-level I is decomposed into four subbands LL, HL, LH, and HH. LL wavelet decomposition with Daubechies 8-tap filters was used. is called the approximate band and it contains most of the 243 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ ISSN 1947-5500 (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 9, No. 2, February 2011 energy. In the algorithm we decompose the image into four 4. After all the selected coefficients are quantized, the levels and embed the watermark in HL, LH sub-bands. Here inverse discrete wavelet transform (IDWT) is applied and we assume the size of the watermark logo is in multiple of the the watermarked image is obtained. sub-band size. In the second proposed a quantization based B. Watermark Detection watermarking algorithm, we incorporate implicit visual masking by embedding the watermark in the LH, HL sub- bands. The output vector of the wavelet is now ready to be 1. The possibly corrupted watermarked image is processed by the histogram equal area quantization technique transformed into the wavelet domain using the same to choose the appropriate values used in the watermark wavelet transform as in the embedding process. embedding process, quantization levels. The watermarked 2. The extraction is performed on the coefficients in the first coefficients vector is reshaped and returned back to the spatial level wavelet transform (excluding the LL1 subband). domain using IDWT. 3. All the coefficients of magnitude equal to t1, t2, - t3 and - t0 's are selected; these are denoted wij .The watermark bits are extracted from each of the selected DCT coefficients with Eq.4. Fig. 4 illustrates the watermark detection process. Figure 3. The proposed image watermarking scheme. Figure 4. Watermark detection in the proposed scheme. 's If wij = t2 or t3, then the recovered watermark bit is a 1. A. Watermark Embedding 's If wij = t0 or t1, then the recovered watermark bit is a 0 The steps of watermark embedding can be summarized as (4) follows: 1. The host image is transformed into the wavelet domain; one 4. The recovered watermark is then correlated with the level Daubechies wavelet with filters of length 4 is used. original watermark in the watermark file, obtained via the The coefficients (excluding the LL1 and HH1) secret key. This allows a confidence measure to be coefficients are watermarked using HEAD quantization ascertained for the presence or absence of a watermark in using 4 quantization levels t0, t1, t2, and t3. an image. 2. A binary watermark of the same size as the subbands of 5. The recovered watermark is then correlated with the interest is created using a secret key, which is a seed of a original watermark in the watermark file, obtained via the random number generator. secret key, only in the locations of the selected 3. Each s wij of the selected wavelet coefficients is quantized. coefficients. This allows a confidence measure to be ascertained for the presence or absence of a watermark in The quantization process can be summarized as follows: an image. s 's If xij = 1 and wij > 0, then wij = t2, VI. PERCEPTUAL QUALITY METRICS s 's If xij = 0 and w > 0, then wij = t1, ij Two metrics for ascertaining the quality of a watermarked s 's image are highlighted in this section. These metrics are the If xij = 1 and w < 0, then w = -t3, ij ij Mean Square Error (MSE), and the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio ' If xij = 0 and s wij < 0, then wijs = -t0. (PSNR). The MSE measures the average pixel-by-pixel difference between the original image (I) and the watermarked (3) ˆ image ( I ) [12]. 1 (5) s Where xij the watermark is bit corresponding to wij , and MSE = ∑ (I m,n − Iˆm,n )2 MN m,n ' wijs is the watermarked wavelet coefficient. Figure (3) 2 I (6) shows the watermark embedding in a positive wavelet PSNR ( dB ) = 10 log 10 peak coefficient. MSE 244 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ ISSN 1947-5500 (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 9, No. 2, February 2011 Where Ipeak is the peak intensity level in the original image (most commonly 255 for an 8-bit grayscale image), M and N are the dimensions of the image. The original and recovered messages or watermarks can be compared by computing the Normalized Correlation (NC) [12]: m * .m (7) NC = * m . m * Where m is the original message and m is the recovered message. For unipolar vectors, m ∈ {0, 1}, and for bipolar vectors, m ∈ {−1, 1}. VII. SIMULATION RESULTS For all the tests in this paper, MATLAB is used. All tests are performed upon the 8-bit grayscale 256 × 256 cameraman image. To simulate the watermarking schemes on the cameraman image, the four quantization levels are T0=113; T1=124; T2=156; T3=159. Results of the two schemes for the cameraman image are shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, respectively. The comparison of fidelity is shown in Table I. The numerical evaluation metrics for all schemes in the absence and presence of attacks are tabulated in Tables II. From Table II, we notice that the proposed watermarking scheme achieves the lowest distortion in the watermarked image in the absence of attacks we find that the proposed using wavelet give the image with fidelity better than the tech using DCT. From Table II it gives the comparison between our technique using DCT and wavelets, we notice also that a percentage of around 50% of the input watermark bits can be extracted in the proposed scheme with most of the attacks. In the case of DCT we find that we can detect watermark at the presence of blurring, Gaussian or compression attack, in the case of wavelet we can detect the watermark at the presence of Gaussian, resizing, blurring or compression attack. Figure 5. Watermarked image using proposed technique with DCT We compare our results to daugads [8], LSB technique [9] and with and without attacks. the technique in [4]. In the case of LSB technique, we find it is difficult to detect the watermark at the case of attacks applied to the watermarked image. The technique in [4] gives better result than the existed technique and the proposed one in the case of compression. 245 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ ISSN 1947-5500 (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 9, No. 2, February 2011 TABLE II. COMPARISON OF NC OF THE EXTRACTED WATERMARKS FOR OUR SCHEME FOR THE CAMERAMAN IMAGE AND THE OTHER EXISTING TECHNIQUES. VIII. CONCLUSION This paper presented a blind DCT –DWT based image watermarking schemes. These schemes depend on the quantization of coefficients within certain amplitude ranges in a binary manner to embed meaningful information in the image. Experimental results have shown the superiority of the proposed schemes from the host image quality point of view and the blindness point of view. References [1] Cox, IJ, Miller, ML & Bloom, JA 2002, Digital Watermarking, Morgan Kaufmann Publisher, San Francisco, CA, USA. nd Figure 6. Watermarked image using the proposed DWT technique [2] Schneier, B., 'Applied Cryptography', WILEY, 2 Edition. with and without attacks. [3] Shaimaa A. El-said, Khalid F. A. Hussein, and Mohamed M. TABLE I. EVALUATION METRICS VALUES FOR ALL Fouad, "Adaptive Lossy Image Compression Technique," SCHEMES FOR THE CAMERAMAN IMAGE. Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering Conference (ECSE'10), 2010. [4] Mohiy Mohammed hadhoud , Abdalhameed shaalan, hanaa Scheme PSNR NC abdalaziz abdallah "A Modified Image Watermarking Using DCT proposed technique 42 1 Scalar Quantization in Wavelet Domain" UbiCC Journal, DWT Proposed technique 52.7 1 Volume 4, Number 3, August 2009 LSB scheme blind 51.64 1 [5] A. S. Khayam, The Discrete Cosine Transform :Theory and daugad Scheme blind 38.42 0.39 Application, Michigan State University ,March 10th 2003 . Quantization Tech in [4] 47.29 1 [6] A. B. Watson, Image Compression Using the Discrete Cosine Transform, Mathematica Journal, 4(1), 1994 ,p. 81-88. [7] D.A. Huffman, A method for the construction of minimum- redundancy codes. Proc. Inst. Radio Eng. 40(9), pp.1098-1101, 1952. [8] K. Dugad, R. Ratakonda, and N. Ahuja, "A New Wavelet-Based Scheme for Watermarking Images," Proceedings of 1998 International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP 1998), Vol. 2, Chicago, IL, October 4-7, 1998, pp. 419-423. [9] M. Corvi and G. Nicchiotti, "Wavelet-based image watermarking for copyright protection, Scandinavian Conference on Image Analysis," SCIA '97, Lappeenranta, Finland, June 1997, 157- 163. 246 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ ISSN 1947-5500 (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 9, No. 2, February 2011 [10] P. Meerwald, Digital image watermarking in the wavelet [11] S. Voloshynovskiy, S. Pereira, V. Iquise, and T. Pun. "Attack transform domain, Master thesis, Department of Scientific modeling: Towards a second generation watermarking Computing, University of Salzburg, Austria, 2001. benchmark" Journal of Signal Processing,80 (6) , May 2001. http://www.cosy.sbg.ac.at/˜pmeerw/Watermarking/ [12] C. Shoemaker, Rudko, "Hidden Bits: A Survey of Techniques for Digital Watermarking" Independent StudyEER-290 Prof Rudko, Spring 2002. 247 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ ISSN 1947-5500
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