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Democrats Embrace Citizens United in Defense of Clinton
Less than three weeks into her presidential campaign, Hillary Clinton has already accomplished a stunning feat: She appears to have unified large swaths of the Democratic Party and its activist base to support the core tenets of the Citizens United decision — the one that effectively allowed unlimited money into politics.
That 2010 Supreme Court ruling declared that, unless there is an explicit quid pro quo, the fact that major campaign donors "may have influence over or access to elected officials does not mean that these officials are corrupt." The theory is that as long as a donor and a politician do not agree to an overt bribe, everything is A-OK.
When the ruling was handed down, Democrats were outraged, and Hillary Clinton herself has recently suggested she wants it overturned. Yet with revelations that firms with business before Clinton's State Department donated to her foundation and paid her husband, Clinton's campaign and rank-and-file Democratic activists are suddenly championing the Citizens United theory.
In campaign statements and talking points — and in activists' tweets and Facebook comments — the party seems to be collectively saying that without evidence of any explicit quid pro quo, all the Clinton cash is acceptable. Moreover, the inference seems to be that the revelations aren't even newsworthy because, in the words of Clinton campaign chairman John Podesta, "there's nothing new" here.
To advocates for limiting the influence of money in politics, this pushback from Democrats is particularly rich (pun intended) coming from a party that spent a decade asserting that Republicans raking in cash from Big Oil and pushing oil-friendly policies was rank corruption. The Democratic defense of their presumptive presidential nominee registers as especially disturbing to campaign finance reform advocates considering the mighty efficiency of the Clinton fundraising machine.
Consider a few undisputed facts that we surfaced in our reporting at the International Business Times...
Alito and Scalia: Have You No Sense of Decency, Sirs?
Senator Joseph McCarthy. The end of the McCarthy red-baiting era began when Joseph Welch stood up to McCarthy after he attacked a young lawyer on his staff. Welch was appalled by McCarthy's callous disregard and despite McCarthy's power, challenged him by stating: "Until this moment, Senator, I think I have never really gauged your cruelty or your recklessness." He concluded by saying "You've done enough. Have you no sense of decency, sir? At long last, have you left no sense of decency?"In the 1940s and 1950s, countless people in the US were being bullied and brutalized by the anti-communist scare tactics and character assassinations of
In the recent marriage equality case, Supreme Court Justices Samuel Alito and Antonin Scalia argued that marriage equality opens the door to polygamy, underage sex, and incest between brothers and sisters. This is the modern equivalent of McCarthy red-baiting and deserves the same response.
The cruel, illogical, heartless and hateful arguments of Alito and Scalia give considerable support and inspiration to right wing groups who literally demonize our sisters and brothers and sons and daughters who seek only to marry their same sex partners just like the rest of us.
Alito and Scalia give comfort to the likes of Rush Limbaugh who stated marriage equality leads to incest. To Rick Santorum who compares same sex relationships to bestiality and pedophilia. To the head of ironically named American Decency Association who claimed that gay rights is a satanic attack on the US. And to legions of other people and groups who practice hostility and violence against our sisters and brothers.
Can Pope Francis Save the Day on Global Warming?
"Even though previous popes have spoken strongly against harming the earth and its inhabitants, one world renowned atmospheric scientist said it is going to be Pope Francis 'to save the day,'" the Catholic News Service recently reported.
Most of today's environmental activists are way too young to remember the Mighty Mouse Playhouse, which aired on Saturday mornings from December 1955 until September 1967. A mighty theme song kicked off each show. With Pope Francis getting ready to make what many environmentalists hope will be a game-changing statement on global warming, here's an updated version of the Mighty Mouse theme song: "Climate change deniers never hang around, when they hear this mighty sound. 'Here he comes to save the day.' That means Pope Francis is on his way. Yes folks, when there's a wrong to right. Pope Francis will join the fight. On the sea or on the land, he'll get the situation well in hand."
Veerabhadran Ramanathan, who in the 1970s helped discover that pollutants and other gases, in addition to carbon dioxide, were contributing to the greenhouse effect, told Catholic News Service (CNS) that Pope Francis would be "the savior on the environment."
Ramanathan said Pope Francis "has transcended Catholic religion and he's transcended Christianity. People of different followings, different nations admire this pope, they listen to his words so he has a global reach."
United Nations leader Ban Ki-moon recently spoke to an international gathering on the moral dimensions of climate change and sustainable development at the Vatican, sponsored by the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences, the Sustainable Development Solutions Network and Religions for Peace.
The Five-Step Process to Privatize Everything
Law enforcement, education, health care, water management, government itself -- all have been or are being privatized. People with money get the best of each service.
At the heart of privatization is a disdain for government and a distrust of society, and a mindless individualism that leaves little room for cooperation. Adherents of privatization demand 'freedom' unless they need the government to intervene on their behalf.
These privatizers have a system:
1. Convince Yourself That "I Did It On My Own"
The people in position to take from society seek to rationalize their actions, and many have accomplished this through the philosophy of Ayn Rand, the author of The Virtue of Selfishness. She rejected community values, saying "Any group...is only a number of individuals...If any civilization is to survive, it is the morality of altruism that men have to reject."
Post-Ayn-Rand, in the growing era of neoliberalism, with Ronald Reagan blurting "government is the problem" and Margaret Thatcher proclaiming "There is no such thing as society," once-respected institutions like public education and public transportation were demonized as "socialist" and "Soviet-style." The message has been repeated so often by the business-backed media that the general public began to believe it. Said The Economist with regard to product development, "Governments have always been lousy at picking winners, and they are likely to become more so, as legions of entrepreneurs and tinkerers swap designs online, turn them into products at home and market them globally from a garage. As the revolution rages, governments should stick to the basics...Leave the rest to the revolutionaries."
Jon Stewart Prepares for Life After "The Daily Show"
Article reprinted with permission from EcoWatch.
Jon Stewart is preparing for life after The Daily Show. If you're like me you're dreading the day he departs the show in August, but, of course, news has already broke of Stewart's next venture. He and his wife, Tracey, reportedly decided to purchase a farm in New Jersey to house their impressive amount of rescue animals and potentially many more, according to Ecorazzi. The Stewart clan already contains two children, four dogs, two horses, two pigs, three rabbits, two guinea pigs, two hamsters, one parrot and two fish. "All rescues," Tracey told USA Today of her enormous brood. "Except for the children."
The move should come as no surprise to Daily Show fans. Stewart has been a consistent animal advocate throughout his time on the air. Most notably, he skewered Gov. Christie on vetoing a popular gestation crate ban. He also recently hosted Gene Baur of Farm Sanctuary to discuss animal rescue and veganism and John Hargrove, the former SeaWorld employee who became a whistleblower on the company's animal cruelty.
Could Support for LGBTQ Rights Disrupt the Coalition of Jews and Evangelical Christian Zionists?
Some might say that the relationship between the conservative US Jewish community and Evangelicals is inviolable, with support for Israel being the cement that forever binds the two. However, a number of controversial social issues could threaten to alter a relationship that has historically been replete with questions about awkward, and not so secret, Christian objectives.
"Conservative Jews who make common cause with Christian Zionists are overlooking an inconvenient truth: Despite all of their talk about their love for Israel, religious right zealots are motivated primarily by a goofy end-of-the-world scenario cribbed from the mad scribbling of Hal Lindsey, Tim LaHaye and other 'End Times' prophets," Rob Boston, Director of Communications for Americans United for Separation of Church and State, told me in an email.
"In this scenario," Boston added, "Israel needs to do certain things so that the Apocalypse can be ushered in and the Book of Revelation will come to pass. Jews, in this vision of things, are merely cannon fodder who either convert to Christianity or get burned to a crisp in the final battle when Jesus confronts the Antichrist. I'm not seeing a lot of love and respect for the Jewish faith here."
US Tops for Income Inequality and Incarceration, but Near Bottom for National Health
When The New York Times starts posting articles warning of a dystopian future in the United States due to income equality, you know that the alarm bells are starting to sound even in the corporate mass media.
On April 28, the Times posted an analysis by reporter Eduardo Porter in its economy section. Porter bluntly stated:
But when it comes to the health, well-being and shared prosperity of its people, the United States has fallen far behind.
Pick almost any measure of social health and cohesion over the last four decades or so, and you will find that the United States took a wrong turn along the way.
Porter manages to find a glimmer of hope in the grim statistics about the real state of the union. However, his sliver of optimism is only due to the fact that the deterioration of the nation as a community is so bad that he believes it will ultimately force a political solution. "The silver lining in these dismal, if abstract, statistics," Porter writes, "is that they portend such a dysfunctional future that our broken political system might finally be forced to come together to prevent it."
That's not a lot to hang your hat on.
Bernie Sanders Will Bring Uncomfortable Truths to Presidential Debate
In case you didn't know it, Sen. Bernie Sanders is a socialist - and he doesn't try to evade the identification if you ask him. That alone makes him an unusual politician: he doesn't try to steer away from his principles in order to climb the political ladder.
Officially, Sanders is an independent who caucuses with the Democrats in the Senate. Now, he will be running for president as a Democrat, while robustly bringing up systemic problems with the US economic system, corporate media and ongoing injustices.
Sanders says that he hasn't changed his political positions on fundamental systemic change in the US since he was mayor of Burlington, Vermont years ago. Sanders isn't a politician who watches the polls; he keeps his eye on the prize of social and economic justice.
I know because when BuzzFlash started in 2000, we began interviewing Sanders and working with his press secretary, who was then David Sirota (now a progressive columnist and author). Sanders was also a regular reader of BuzzFlash, as he would tell us when we ran into him at venues such as the first Free Press conferences. The egregious flaws in the current US financial, media and political system were the ones he focused on back when we first talked with him.
Video Visitation: Ripping Off Prisoners and Their Families One Minute at a Time
Since the mid-1980s, prison privatization – a reality from the time of the American Revolution – has experienced unprecedented growth. Totally absorbed with profit making, it is safe to say that daily life for prisoners has not been enhanced. One of the few bright spots for many prisoners has been the face-to-face family visit. Now, along comes something called video visitation, the latest profit-making venture trying to suck up to strapped county jail systems, and suck money out of the pockets of prisoners and their families.
Video visitation is a phenomenon that "has been quietly sweeping the nation's state prisons and county jails," a report by the Prison Policy Initiative (PPI) pointed out. "Currently, more than 500 facilities in 43 states and the District of Columbia are experimenting with video visitation," according to the non-profit, non-partisan PPI.
Earlier this year, the Prison Policy Initiative (PPI) released Screening Out Family Time: The for-profit video visitation industry in prisons and jails, "its first comprehensive national survey of the video visitation industry." Maya Schenwar, Truthout's editor-in-chief and the author of Locked Down, Locked Out: Why Prison Doesn't Work and How We Can Do Better, discussed the report in a mid-February piece.
Bernadette Rabuy, Policy and Communications Associate with PPI, and co-author of the report (along with Peter Wagner, Executive Director of the Prison Policy Initiative, and a co-author of the Prison Policy Initiative's oft-cited previous expose Please Deposit All of Your Money: Kickbacks, Rates, and Hidden Fees in the Jail Phone Industry), told The Real News Network's Eddie Conway that while video visitation has its upside – allowing family members living far from their imprisoned relatives to stay in touch – it also is "being implemented to replace traditional visits."
There's Nothing Funny About Adam Sandler's Demeaning Portrayals of Indigenous People
According to an April 23 Indian Country Article, "Approximately a dozen Native actors and actresses, as well as the Native cultural advisor, left the set of Adam Sandler's newest film production, The Ridiculous Six."
Allison Young, a Navajo woman and former film student from Dartmouth, protested the film's demeaning portrayals of Indigenous people. She talked with Indian Country about the situation:
"When I began doing this film, I had an uneasy feeling inside of me and I felt so conflicted," she said. "I talked to a former instructor at Dartmouth and he told me to take this as finally experiencing stereotyping first hand. We talked to the producers about our concerns. They just told us, 'If you guys are so sensitive, you should leave.' I was just standing there and got emotional and teary-eyed. I didn't want to cry but the feeling just came over me. This is supposed to be a comedy that makes you laugh. A film like this should not make someone feel this way."
"Nothing has changed," said Young. "We are still just Hollywood Indians."
"Just Hollywood Indians" is a resounding lamentation, considering the Tinseltown legacy of disseminating negative images of Indigenous people.


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MONTREAL - The U.S. women's soccer team marched its way into the finals of the FIFA Women's World Cup Tuesday night. The Americans defeated Germany 2-0 in the semifinals. Carli Lloyd and Kelley
BESSEMER CITY, N.C. - Former Watauga High football coach Tim Pruitt has been named the interim Athletic Director at Bessemer City High School in Bessemer City, N.C. Pruitt, who came to WHS from
The Texas Rangers made a roster move on Tuesday, activating Josh Hamilton from the disabled list and demoting Joey Gallo to Triple-A Round Rock (TX) Express of the Pacific Coast League. Gallo appeared
MOBILE, Ala. – University of South Alabama Director of Athletics Dr. Joel Erdmann announced Tuesday the start time for the Jaguar football program's season-opening match-up with Gardner-Webb. The
The 2015 North Carolina football team will host the annual "Meet The Heels" day on Saturday, August 8, at the Eddie Smith Field House from 4-6 p.m. As in the past, the team will be divided into two different

subset: commoncrawl


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Original recipe yields 24 servings
Amount per serving ({{servings}} total)
Based on a 2,000 calorie diet
Ready In
Light, crispy and simple. These go great with a cup of tea. I pulsed the coconut in my food processor. Made for a better texture. Thanks Nan.
Wow. I LOVE this dough. It's easy to work with, it shapes nicely, and you can vary it to no end. I never had a problem with it not being coconutty enough, but I do toast my coconut first. Re...
I loved these cookies. I had to make something with a coconut theme and they did great. To add a little flavor to the mixture I added crushed macadamia nuts and when they were out of the oven I ...


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It never ceases to amaze me how far and wide myths and rumours circulate, especially concerning my photographic club WIGAN 10.
On my travels I have met fellow photographers in all corners of the world. On the Galapagos Islands, in Japan , Australia, regularly on the plains of the Massai Mara in Kenya and even inside the Arctic circle and whenever the topic of club photography comes up someone always says to me Oh! You are from Wigan 10! You have to be invited to join that club.
This happened to me again recently, so I have decided to write this short blog to clarify some Myths and Rumours regarding WIGAN 10 Foto Club, the current FIAP Club's World Cup Champions. (The Little Owl image shown with this post was awarded 2nd place and a FIAP Silver medal in the 2014 World Cup competition).
WIGAN 10 – Membership is by invitation only. WRONG – JUST APPLY. I applied back in December 2007 and joined the club in January 2008.
WIGAN 10 – Is a club with only 10 members. WRONG – We currently have 11 members and since I joined we have had as many as 15 at any one point in time. Meeting room size is a limiting factor and our current venue could accommodate around 15 people.
WIGAN 10 – Is a club for creative photographers. WRONG - I am not known for my creative photography and I am a member! I contribute wildlife and sports images and my pictures are valued just as much as any other members.
WIGAN 10 – Is based in WIGAN, Lancashire. WRONG – We currently meet in the village of Croft, near Warrington, which is in Cheshire.
Please spread this message far and wide so that the next person I meet understands that WIGAN 10, all 11 of us, are a club currently based in Cheshire. We welcome photographers of all genres including creative, wildlife and sports. Should our membership expand, we would not rename our club WIGAN 12, 13, 14 or even WIGAN 15. And, last but not least, NO invitation is necessary to join us, you just apply.
Thanks in advance for spreading the word…
WIGAN 10 Foto Club – FIAP Club's WORLD CUP CHAMPIONS 2012, 2013 and 2014 . Myths and Rumours explained…April 22nd, 2015
SEO = Short-eared Owl season…March 31st, 2015
The first quarter of each calendar year sees me turn my attentions to photographing Short-eared Owls.
The combination of this over wintering Owl and the low setting winter sun makes for an ideal image in my mind. Well that is the theory… In practise I spend countless hours hiding in fields, waiting for the Owl, hoping for some sunshine and praying that the wind direction is favourable to capture "that" image. With so many variables it is little wonder that on many occasions I come back home "empty handed".
When the elements do all fall in to place however, it is very rewarding and the hours spent freezing my feet and hands are soon forgotten. This 2015 SEO season, despite a poor and frustrating start, has ultimately produced some of my best images of this beautiful Owl.
BIRDGUIDES — PHOTO OF THE YEAR 2014February 26th, 2015
I am delighted to announce that my image of a Kestrel has been awarded
PHOTO OF THE YEAR 2014 by BIRDGUIDES.
There were around 325,000 bird images uploaded to www.birdguides.com over the last year, so for mine to be chosen from such a large pool is personally very rewarding.
Well done to all of the runners up and Highly Commended photographers and thanks to Birdguides and their judges for organising this competition. Full details can be found here:- http://www.birdguides.com/webzine/article.asp?a=4847
This image was in fact one of the very first images I took whilst testing and fine tuning my Canon 7D MK2 camera . It was coupled to a Canon 800mm lens when this picture was taken.
Barn Owl season begins…January 31st, 2015
There is one bird of prey that is an instant favourite. The Barn Owl.
It is a privilege and pleasure to see these birds at any time of the year. Over the last twelve months I have found a number of birds locally. Some are very much night hunters and I never see them during the day. Others are a little more confident and will occasionally put in an appearance when the sun is still shining. I have found them to be very difficult to predict. Their patterns of behaviour change almost daily which results in many "wasted" hours hoping for a glimpse of this elegant bird.
When one does come out during the day and hunts within "photographic" range, then all of that "wasted" time becomes irrelevant.
Testing a Canon 7D MK2 on Kestrels…November 30th, 2014
Canon recently released the Canon 7D MK2 camera, aimed squarely at wildlife and sports photographers. A few days after it started to arrive in the UK stores, this new DSLR was firmly in my hands.
I use a full frame Canon 1DX for nearly all of my photographs these days. That camera consistently gives me high quality images time after time. However, being full frame, there are times when I wish that my camera and lens combination had a little more "reach". Therefore, the 1.6 crop factor offered by the Canon 7D MK2 was the prime reason why I added this camera body to my kit bag. Sometimes, when I am photographing small birds for example, the birds can still be a little too small in the frame on my 1DX camera. Having some extra "reach" is also advantageous when photographing larger but more "nervous" species. Birds like this Kestrel have a natural comfort zone, and it doesn't like coming too close to my hide. By connecting the 1.6 crop camera to my lens it allows me to place the hide much further away from the bird, allowing the Kestrel to be more relaxed.


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Skin Recipe: David Parker's Pumpkin Enzyme Face Mask
Pumpkin isn't just for pies on Thanksgiving. It contains naturally occurring enzymes and beta carotene — a source of vitamin A — as well as other anti-aging antioxidants, according to David Parker, co-founder and "Cosmetic Chef" of The Body Deli."We also use pumpkin seed oil in many of The Body Deli's products for its naturally occurring omega-3 fatty acids," says Parker. "The lemon juice acts as a mild exfoliant and skin brightener."Ingredients:
- 1 can pumpkin pie purée
- 2 tsp fresh lemon juiceӬ
- 1 tsp pumpkin seed oilӬ
- a pinch cinnamonӬ
- Pinch nutmeg


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J. William Sharman, Jr., Chairman and CEO of the Lancaster Group in Houston, has been re-elected as Chairman of the Board of Trustees of St. Edward's University, a 128 year old institution of 5,000 students in Austin, Texas.
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UFO Observes Traffic Over Toll Plaza on July 5th
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[quote:Anonymous Coward 42712059:MV8yMjg3MTg3XzM4OTQ4MzU3XzUzRTA0RjhG] [quote:Anonymous Coward 25374084:MV8yMjg3MTg3XzM4OTI4MjQ1XzJBNzc4MDc1] [quote:Anonymous Coward 27996207:MV8yMjg3MTg3XzM4OTI4MDA3X0EzOTFGMDMz] [quote:Anonymous Coward 25374084:MV8yMjg3MTg3XzM4OTI3OTQxXzc5MkNCQkRC] [quote:Anonymous Coward 27996207:MV8yMjg3MTg3XzM4OTI3OTAxXzFENDA3RURG] [quote:Anonymous Coward 25374084:MV8yMjg3MTg3XzM4OTI3ODI1XzI5RDlCMjcz] [quote:Anonymous Coward 43012759:MV8yMjg3MTg3XzM4OTI3ODEyXzlDOTA3NDEz] A lot of shills on this thread [/quote] also a lot of people who don't know how to pause a video to investigate it further. [/quote] The only thing I did was bring up the highlights and darken the shadows. I also cropped the shot. What you see is something physical flying in the sky hovering above the traffic. If baffles me probably just as much as you. I'm only sharing this amazing experience with the rest of the world because I think everyone should know. [/quote] Everything looks legit up till the toll booth. For some reason the lights are seen under the roof of the toll and in front of the sign at the pause starting @1:29 That's the part that I called out. The lights before that point were passing behind sign posts and looked legit. [/quote] I'd be more than happy to upload the unedited version. In that shot I used final cut to freeze frame the video because that's the closest and clearest shot of the object. [/quote] OP, I'm going to share something with you because you and everyone else needs to know. As you know, there have been many sightings around Florida as well as many other states through the years, but near Florida there have been quite a bit more, especially near Gulf Breeze , right? Well... some of these are legit extraterrestrial craft. Many years ago one of these legit craft were taken down. The craft was benevolent and their tech was ran on a perpetual energy source. The engine actually created its own power source and was alive. Yes, ALIVE. The craft's engine and entire ship was conscious and communicated with the pilots. There was no need to steer, it knew what to do through the pilot's thought. The power that it used is called "Symbiotic energy". Now here comes the weird part that may help explain the ramp up in sightings around Florida. There's a company that is located right there in Gulf Breeze that happens to be working on none other than "Symbiotic energy" , Yes, the same tech that some of the true extraterrestrial ships use. I don't expect you to believe what I say here, but I assure you, it is true. I know. Here's the company that is working on the similar tech. http://www.algastar.com/company/ Maybe you did see one, I was just thrown off by the editing and processing in your video. Keep your eyes on the sky, they're here. [/quote] UFOs use biodiesel? Who knew? You do understand you are a fruitcake right? [/quote]
Original Message
I'm not sure if this was something out of this world or if it was just a military drone but I've never seen anything like this. On July 5th around 11:30PM I was traveling home from downtown Tampa when I noticed some bright lights in the sky shining down on the traffic below from what looked like a plane coming in for a landing. At first I didn't think anything of it because I was driving next to the Tampa International Airport. As I moved closer to the UFO I noticed it wasn't moving and it was hovering about 20 feet off the ground in front of a billboard. Astonished by what I just saw, I decided to turn my car around to go film it.
As I was passing the billboard from the opposite side of the road I noticed the UFO was no longer there. At this point I thought my mind was playing tricks on me. I turned my car back around at the next exit to head home. I passed the billboard again and it was still gone. I noticed another set of lights shinning down on the traffic up ahead at the next toll plaza and that is when I pulled out my phone and started recording.
Here is the video
After the video ends I had pulled over my car. I looked out my window and back at the toll plaza but the UFO had already moved again. I took a few more looks and notice it was flying low over the trees across the expressway heading back in the opposite direction. My chase ended here but I wanted to know if anyone knows anything about this or has seen something like this themselves. The best view I witnessed myself was when I came out the other side of the toll plaza and looked up as I drove underneath it. The UFO was dark and had three lights I could make out that if connected would create a triangle. The UFO didn't make a sound and I could clears see that it wasn't a helicopter. As always, you decide.
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VIEWS: 261 PAGES: 31 CATEGORY: Emerging Technologies POSTED ON: 3/9/2011 Public Domain
Seminar report '05 Utility Fog 1. INTRODUCTION Imagine a microscopic robot. It has a body about the size of a human cell and 12 arms sticking out in all directions. A bucketful of such robots might form a "robot crystal" by linking their arms up into a lattice structure. Now take a room, with people, furniture, and other objects in it it's still mostly empty air. Fill the air completely full of robots. With the right programming, the robots can exert any force in any direction on the surface of any object. They can support the object, so that it apparently floats in the air. They can support a person, applying the same pressures to the seat of the pants that a chair would. They can exert the same resisting forces that elbows and fingertips would receive from the arms and back of the chair. A program running in the Utility Fog can thus simulate the physical existence of an object. Although this class of nanotechnology has been envisioned by the technocracy since early times , and has been available to us for over twenty years, the name is more recent. A mundane scientist, J. Storrs Hall provided an important baseline examination of the issues involved in the application and design of Utility fog. He envisioned it as an active polymorphic material designed as a conglomeration of 100-micron robotic cells or foglets, built using molecular nanotechnology. An appropriate mass of Utility Fog could be programmed to simulate, to the same precision as measured by human senses, most of the physical properties, such as hardness, temperature, light, of any macroscopic object, including expected objects such as tables and fans, but also materials such as air and water. The major exceptions would be taste, smell, and transparency. To users, it would seem like the Star Trek Holodeck except that it would use atoms instead of holographic illusions. It is an indication of the degree to which our science and technology have permeated society that a non-member could so accurately describe and visualize the way in which "Utility Fog" operates. The color and reflectivity of an object are results of its properties as an antenna in the micron wavelength region. Each robot could have an "antenna arm" that it could manipulate to vary those properties, and thus the surface of a Utility Fog object could Seminar report '05 Utility Fog look just about however you wanted it to. A "thin film" of robots could act as a video screen, varying their optical properties in real time. Rather than paint the walls, coat them with Utility Fog and they can be a different color every day, or act as a floor-to-ceiling TV. Indeed, make the entire wall of the Fog and you can change the floor plan of your house to suit the occasion. Make the floor of it and never gets dirty, looks like hardwood but feels like foam rubber, and extrudes furniture in any form you desire. Indeed, your whole domestic environment can be constructed from Utility Fog; it can form any object you want (except food) and whenever you don't want an object any more, the robots that formed it spread out and form part of the floor again. You may as well make your car of Utility Fog, too; then you can ,have a "new" one every day. But better than that, the *interior* of the car is filled with robots as well as its shell. You'll need to wear holographic "eye phones" to see, but the Fog will hold them up in front of your eyes and they'll feel and look as if they weren't there. Aithough heavier than air, the Fog is programmed to simulate its physical properties, so you can't feel it: when you move your arm, it flows out of the way. Except when there's a crash. Then it forms an instant form fitting "seatbelt" protecting every inch of your body. You can take a 100-mph impact without messing your hair. But you'll never have a 100-mph impact, or any other kind. Remember that each of these robots contains a fair-sized computer. They already have to be able to talk to each other and coordinate actions in a quite sophisticated way (even the original nano- assemblers have to, build any macroscopic object). You can simply cover the road with a thick layer of robots. Then your car "calls ahead" and makes a reservation for every position in time and space it will occupy during tIle trip. Seminar report '05 Utility Fog 2. THE STUFF THAT DREAMS ARE MADE OF In the late twenty-first century, the "real" world will take on many of the characteristics of the virtual world through the means of nanotechnology "swarms." Consider, for example, Rutgers University computer scientist J. Storrs Hall's concept of "Utility Fog". Hall's conception starts with a little robot called a Foglet, which consists of a human-ceIl-sized device with twelve arms pointing in all directions. At the end of the arms are grippers so that the Foglets can grasp one another to form larger structures. These nanobots are intelligent and can merge their computational capacities with each other to create a distributed intelligence. A space filled with Foglets is called Utility Fog and has some .interesting properties. First of all, the Utility Fog goes into a lot of trouble to simulate its not being there. Hall describes a detailed scenario that lets a real human walk through a room filled with trillions of Foglets and not notice a thing. When desired (and it's not entirely clear who is doing the desiring), the Foglets can quickly simulate any environment by creating all sorts of structures. As Hall puts it, "Fog city can look like a park, or a forest, or ancient Rome one day and Emerald City the next." The Foglets can create arbitrary wave fronts of light and sound in any direction to create any imaginary visual and auditory environment. They can exert any pattern of pressure to create any tactile environment. In this way, Utility Fog has all the flexibility of a virtual environment, except it exists in the real physical world. The. distributed intelligence of the Utility Fog can simulate the minds of scanned (Hall calls them "uploaded") people who are recreated in the Utility Fog " Fog people." In Hall's scenario, "a biological human can walk through Fog wails, and a Fog (uploaded) human can walk through dumb-matter walls. Of course Fog people can walk through Fog walls, too." The physical technology of Utility Fog is actually rather conservative. The Foglets are much bigger machines than most nanotechnology conceptions. The software is more challenging, but ultimately feasible. Hall needs a bit of work on his marketing Seminar report '05 Utility Fog angle: Utility Fog is a rather dull name for such versatile stuff. There are a variety of proposals for nanotechnology swarms, in which the real environment is constructed from interacting multitudes of nanomachines. In all of the swarm conceptions, physical reality becomes a lot like virtual reality You can be sleeping in your bed one moment, and have the room transform into your kitchen as you awake. Actually, change that to a dining room as there's no need for a kitchen. Related nanotechnology will instantly create whatever meal desire. When you finish eating, the room can transform into a study, or a game room, or a swimming pool, or a redwood forest, or the Taj Mahal. Seminar report '05 Utility Fog 3. MODES OF OPERATION The Nano-constructs operate in two modes - "native", and "fog". In "native" mode, individual foglets move into different positions and perform certain mechanical operations depending on what object it is forming. For example, if it forms part of a table, then it would be motionless and locked. If the object was a fan, men most of the structure would remain locked, and only the foglets between the two parts would need to move. With a suit made of Fog, you might wrestle alligators, cheating a little by having the suit amplify your movements as it protects you from the alligator's teeth. In "fog" mode, the foglets do not move, but act more like pixels on a television screen - they "pixelate". The foglets vary other properties according to which part of the object they are representing, generally transmitting information and sound. A Fog- filled room would contain 90% air, and surround its occupant with a display screen with 100 micron resolution. Meanwhile, each litre of foglets behind the display would contain about a billion times the processing power of a 286 PC, making possible some pretty impressive virtual reality simulations. The Utility Fog which is simulating air needs to be impalpable. One would like to be able to walk through a Fog-filled room without the feeling of having been cast into a block of solid Lucite. It is also desire-able to be able to breathe while using the Fog in this way! To this end, the robots representing empty space constantly run a fluid-flow simulation of what the air would be doing if the robots weren't there. Then each robot does what the air it displaces would do in its absence. How can one breathe when the air is a solid mass of machines? Actually, it isn't really solid: the Foglets only occupy about 10% of the actual volume of the air (they need lots of "elbow room" to move around easily). There's plenty of air left to breathe. As far as physically breathing it, we set up a pressure- sensitive boundary which translates air motions on one side to Fog motions on the other. It might even be possible to have the Fog continue the air simulation all the way into the lungs. Seminar report '05 Utility Fog To understand why we want to fill the air with microscopic robots only to go to so much trouble to make it seem as if they weren't there, consider the advantages of a TV or computer screen over an ordinary picture. Objects on the screen can appear and disappear at will; they are not constrained by the laws of physics. The whole scene can shift instantly from" one apparent locale to another. Completely imaginary constructions, not possible to build in physical reality, could be commonplace. Virtually anything imaginable could be given tangible reality in a Utility Fog environment. Why not, instead, build a virtual reality machine that produces a purely sensory version of the same apparent world? The Fog acts as a continuous bridge between actual physical reality and virtual reality. The Fog is universal effector as well as a universal sensor. Any (real) object in the Fog environment can be manipulated with an extremely wide array of patterns of pressure, force, and supported, measured, analyzed, weighed, cut, reassembled, or reduced to bacteriasized pieces and sorted for recycling. Utility Fog can act as a transparent interface between "cyberspace" and physical reality. Seminar report '05 Utility Fog 4. STRUCTURE OF UTILITY FOG Most currently proposed nanotechnological designs are based on carbon. Carbon is a marvelous atom for structural purposes, forming a crystal (diamond) which is very stiff and strong. However, a Fog built of diamond would have a problem which nanomechanical designs of a more conventional form do not pose: the Fog has so much surface area exposed to the air that if it were largely diamond, especially.on the surface, it would amount to a "fuel-air explosive". Therefore the Foglet is designed so that its structural elements, forming the major component of its mass, are made of aluminum oxide, a refractory compound using common elements. The structural elements form an exoskeleton, which besides being a good mechanical design allows us to have an evacuated interior in which more' sensitive nanomechanical components can operate. Of course, any macroscopic ignition source would vaporize the entire Foglet; but as long as more energy is used vaporizing Seminar report '05 Utility Fog the exoskeleton than is gained burning the 'carbon-based components inside, the reaction cannot spread. Each Foglet has twelve arms, arranged as the faces of a dodecahedron. The arms telescope rather than having joints. The arms swivel on a universal joint at the base, and the gripper at the end cart rotate about the arm's axis. Each arm thus has four degrees of freedom, plus opening and closing the gripper. The only load-carrying motor on each axis is the extension/retraction motor. The swivel and rotate axes are weakly driven, able to position the arm in free air hut not drive any kind of load; however, there are load-holding brakes on these axes. The gripper is a hexagonal structure with three fingers, mounted on alternating faces of the hexagon. Two Foglets "grasp hands" in an interleaved six-finger grip. Since the fingers are designed to match the end of the other arm, this provides a relatively rigid connection; forces are only transmitted axially through the grip. When at rest, the Foglets form a regular lattice structure. If the bodies of the Foglets are thought of as atoms, it is a "face-centered cubic" crystal formation, where each atom touches 12 other atoms. Consider the arms of the Foglets as the girders of the truss work of a bridge: they form the configuration known as the "octet truss" invented by Buckminster Fuller in 1956. The spaces bounded by the arms form alternate tetrahedrons and octahedrons, both of which are rigid shapes. The Fog may he thought of as consisting of layers of Foglets. Three layers, and the shear planes they define, lie at 4 major angles (corresponding to tire faces of the tetrahedrons and octahedrons) and 3 minor ones (corresponding to tire facecentered cube faces). In each of the 4 major orientations, each Foglet uses six arms to hold its neighbours in the layer; layers are thus a 2-dimensionally rigid fabric of equilateral triangles. In face-centered mode, the layers work out to he square grids, and are thins not rigid, a slight disadvantage. Most Fog motion is organized in layers; layers slide by passing each other down hand-over-hand in bucket brigade fashion. At any instant, roughly half the arms will lie lurked between layers when they are in motion. Seminar report '05 Utility Fog The Fog moves an object by setting up a seed-shaped zone around it. The Foglets in the zone move with the object, forming a fairing, which makes the motions around it smoother. If the object is moving fast, the Fog around its path will compress to let it go by. The air does not have time to move in the Fog matrix and so the motion is fairly efficient. For slower motions, efficiency is not so important, but if we wish to prevent slow-moving high-pressure areas from interfering with other airflow operations, we can enclose the object's zone in a self-contained convection cell which moves_Foglets from in front to behind it. Each moving layer of robots is similarly passing. the next layer along, so each layer adds another increment of the velocity difference of adjacent layers. Motors for arm extension can run at a gigahertz, and be geared down by a factor of 100 to the main screw in the arm. This will have a pitch of about a micron, giving a linear extension/retraction rate of about 10 meters per second. We can estimate the inter-layer shear rate at this vel09ity; the foglets are essentially pulling them selves along. Thus for a 100-micron interlayer distance Fog can sustain a 100 meter-per-second shear per millimeter of thickness. The atomically precise crystals of the Foglets' structural members will have a tensile strength of at least 100,000 psi (Le. high for steel but low for the materials, including some fairly refractory ceramics, used in modem "high-tech" composites). At arms length of 100 microns, the Fog will occupy 10% of the volume of the air but has structural efficiency of only about 1 % in any given direction. Thus Utility Fog as a bulk material will have a density (specific gravity) of 0.2; for comparison, balsa wood is about 0.15 and cork is about 0.25. Fog will have a tensile strength of only 1000 psi; this is about the same as lowdensity polyethylene (solid, not foam). The material properties arising from the lattice structure are more or less isotropic; the one exception is that when Fog is flowing, tensile strength perpendicular to the shear plane is cut roughly in half. Without altering the lattice connectivity, Fog can contract by up to about 40% in any linear dimension, reducing its overall volume (and increasing its density) by a Seminar report '05 Utility Fog factor of five. (This is of course done by retracting all arms but not letting go.) In this state the fog has the density of water. An- even denser state can be attained by forming two interpenetrating lattices and retracting; at this point its density and strength would both be similar to ivory or Corian structural plastic, at specific gravity of 2 and about 6000 psi. Such high density Fog would have time useful property of being waterproof (which ordinary Fog is not), but it cannot flow and takes much longer to change configuration. Selective application of this technique allows Fog to simulate shapes and flow fields to a precision considerably greater than 100 microns. An appropriate mass of Utility Fog can be programmed to. simulate most of the physical properties of any macroscopic object (including air and water), to roughly the same precision those properties are measured by human senses. The major exceptions are taste, smell, and transparency. The latter an be overcome with holographic "eye phones" if a person is to be completely embedded in Fog. Seminar report '05 Utility Fog 5. A FOGLET Seminar report '05 Utility Fog 6. THE GRIP Seminar report '05 Utility Fog 7. FOGLETS IN DETAIL Foglets run on electricity, but they store hydrogen as an energy buffer. We pick hydrogen in part because it's almost certain to be a fuel of choice in the nanotech world, and thus we can be sure that the process of converting hydrogen and oxygen to water and energy, as well as the process of converting energy and water to hydrogen and oxygen, will be well understood. That means we'll be able to do them efficiently, which is of prime importance. Suppose that the Fog is flowing, layers sliding against each other, and some force is being transmitted through the flow. This would happen any time the Fog moved some non-Fog object, for example. Just as human muscles oppose each other when holding some thing tightly, opposing forces along different Foglet arms act to hold the Fog's shape and supply the required motion. When two layers of Fog move past each other, the arms between may need to move as many as 100 thousand times per second. Now if each of those motions were dissipative, and the fog were under full load, it would need to consume 700 kilowatts per cubic centimeter. This is roughly the power dissipation in a .45 caliber cartridge in the millisecond after the trigger is pulled; i.e. it just won't do. But nowhere near this amount of energy is being used; the pushing arms are supplying this much but the arms being pushed are receiving almost the same amount, minus the work being done on the object being moved. So if the motors can act as generators when they're being pushed, each Foglet's energy bud get is nearly balanced. Because these are arms instead of wheels, the intake and outflow do not match at any given instant, even though they average out the same over time (measured in tens of microseconds). Some buffering is needed. Hence the hydrogen. I should hasten to add that almost never would one expect the Fog to move actively at 1000 psi; the pressure in the column of Fog beneath, say, a "levitated" human body is less than one thousandth of that. The 1000-psi capability is to allow the Fog can simulate hard objects, where forces can be concentrated into very small areas. Even so, Seminar report '05 Utility Fog current exploratory engineering designs for electric motors have power conversion densities up to a billion watts per cubic centimeter, and dissipative inefficiencies in the 10 parts per million ranges. This means that if time Empire State Building were being floated around on a column of Fog, time Fog would dissipate. less than a watt per cubic centimeter. Moving Fog will dissipate energy by air turbulence and viscous drag. In the large, air will be entrained in the layers of moving Fog and forced into laminar flow. Energy consumed in this regime may be properly thought of-as necessary for the desired motion no matter how it was done. As for the waving of the arms between layers, the Reynolds number decreases linearly with the size of the arm. Since the absolute velocity of the arms is low, i.e. 1 m/s, the Reynolds number should be well below the "lower critical" value, and the arms should be operating in a perfectly viscous regime with no turbulence. The remaining effect, viscous drag (on the waving arms) comes to a few watts per square meter of shear plane per layer. There will certainly be some waste heat generated by Fog at work that will need to be dissipated. This and other applications for heat pumps, such as heating or cooling people (no need to heat the whole house, especially since some people prefer different temperatures), can be done simply by running a flow of Fog through a pipe-like volume which changes in area, compressing and expanding tire entrained air at the appropriate places. Seminar report '05 Utility Fog 8. FOGLETS - INTERNAL SCHEMATIC Seminar report '05 Utility Fog 9. THREE LAYER OF FOGLETS Seminar report '05 Utility Fog 10. COMMUNICATIONS AND CONTROL In the macroscopic world, microcomputer-based controllers (e.g. the widely used Intel 8051 series micro controllers) typically run on a clock speed of about 10 MHz. They emit control signals, at most, on the order of 10 kHz (usually less), and control motions in robots that are at most 10Hz, i.e. a complete motion taking one tenth of a second. This million-clocks-per-action is not strictly necessary, of course; but it gives us some concept of the action rate we might expect for a given computer clock rate in a digitally controlled nanorobot. Drexler's carefully detailed analysis shows that it is possible to build mechanical nanocomputers with gigahertz clock rates. Thus we can immediately expect to build a nanocontroller, which can direct a 10-kilohertz robot. However, we can do better. Since tire early micro controllers were developed, computer architecture has advanced. The 8051' s do 1 instruction per 6, 12, or 18 clock cycles; modem RISC architectures execute 1 instruction per cycle. So far, nobody has bothered to build a RISC microcontroller, since they already have more computing power than they need. Furthermore, RISC designs are efficient in hardware as well as time; one early RISC was implemented on a 10,000-gate gate array. This design could be translated into rod logic in less than one tenth of one percent of a cubic micron. , Each Foglet is going to have 12 arms with three-axis control each. In current technology it isn't uncommon to have a processor per axis; we could fit 36 processors into the Foglet but it isn't necessary. The tradeoffs in macroscopic robotics today are such that processors are cheap; in the Foglet timings are different. The control of the arms is actually much simpler than control of a macroscopic robot. Much simpler controllers that take commands like "Move to point X at speed y" can manage them. Using a RISC design allows a'single processor to control a 100 kHz arm; using auxiliary controllers will let it do all easily. Seminar report '05 Utility Fog But there is still a problem: Each computer, even with the powerreducing reversible logic designs, is going to dissipate a few nanowatts. At a trillion foglets per cubic meter, this is a few kilowatts per cubic meter. Cooling for such dissipation must needs he sonic-where between substantial and heroic. As long as the computers can go into a standby mode when the Fog is standing still, however, this is quite workable. Concentrations of heavy work, mechanical or computing, would still require cooling circulation to sumac degree, but, as we have seen, the Fog is perfectly capable of doing that. What about all the other computing overhead for the Fog? Besides the individual control of its robotic self, each Foglet will have to run a portion of time overall distributed control and communications algorithms. We can do another clock-speed to capability analogy from current computers regarding communications. Megahertz-speed computers find themselves well employed managing a handful of megabit data lines, Again we are forced to abandon the engineering tradeoffs of the macroscopic world: routing of a message through any given node need theoretically consume only a handful of thermodynamically irreversible bit operations; - typical communications controllers take millions. Special-purpose message routers designed with these facts in mind mnst be a part of the F oglet. If the Fog were configured as a store-and-forward network, packets with an average length of 100 bytes and a 1000-instruction overhead, information would move through the Fog at 50 meters/second, i.e. 110 mph. It represents a highly inefficient use of computation even with special-purpose hardware. It will be necessary to design a more efficient communication protocol. Setting up "virtual circuits" in the Fog amid using optical repeaters (or simply mechanically switching the optical waveguides) should help considerably. Seminar report '05 Utility Fog 11. SYNERGISTIC COMBINATION WITH OTHER TECHNOLOGIES The counterintuitive inefficiency in communications is an example, possibly the most extreme one, of a case where macroscopic mechanisms outperform the Fog at some specific task. This will be even more true when we consider nano-engineered macroscopic mechanisms. We could imagine a robot, human-sized, that was formed of a collection of nano-engineered parts held together by a mass of Utility Fog. The parts might include "bones", perhaps diamond-fiber composites, having great structural strength; motors, power sources, and so forth. The parts would form a sort of erector set that the surrounding Fog would assemble to perform the task at hand. The Fog could do directly all subtasks not requiring the excessive strength, power, and so forth that the special-purpose parts would supply. The Fog house, or city, would resemble the Fog robot in that regard. The roof of a house might well be specially engineered for qualities of waterproof ness, solar energy collection, and resistance to general abuse, far exceeding that which ordinary general purpose Fog would live. (On the other hand, the Fog could, if desired, have excellent insulating properties.) Of course the roof need not be one piece-it might be inch-square tiles held in place by the supporting Fog, and thus be quite amenable to rearrangement at the owner's whim, incremental repair and replacement, and all the other advantages we expect from a Fog house. Another _major component that would be special-purpose would be power and communications. Working on more-efficient protocols such as suggested above, the Fog would form an acceptable communications link from a person to some terminal in the same building; but it would be extremely inefficient for long haul, high bandwidth connections such as that needed for telepresence. Seminar report '05 Utility Fog Power is also almost certainly the domain of special-purpose nano-engineered mechanisms. Power transmission in the Fog is likely to be limited, although for different reasons from data transmission. Nanotechnology will give us an amazing array of power generation and distribution possibilities, and the Fog can use most of them. The critical heterogeneous component of Fog is the Fogproducing machine. Foglets are not self-reproducing; there is no need for them to be, and it would complicate their design enormously to give them fine atommanipulating capability. One imagines a Fog machine the size of a breadbox producing Fog for a house, or building- sized machines filling cities with Fog. The Fog itself, of course, conveys raw materials back to the machine. Seminar report '05 Utility Fog 12. GENERAL PROPERTIES AND USES As well as forming an extension of the senses and muscles of individual people, the Fog can act as a generalized infrastructure for society at large. Fog City need have no permanent buildings of concrete, no roads of asphalt, no cars, trucks, or busses. It can look like a park, or a forest, or if the population is sufficiently whimsical, ancient Rome one day and Emerald City the next. It will be more efficient to build dedicated machines for long distance energy and information propagation, and physical transport. For local use, and interface to the worldwide networks, the Fog is ideal for all of these functions. It can act as shelter, clothing, telephone, computer, and automobile. It will be almost any common household object, appearing from nowhere when needed (and disappearing afterwards). It gains certain efficiency from this extreme of polymorphism; consider the number of hardcopy photographs necessary to store all the images one sees on a television or computer screen. With Utility Fog we can have one "display" and keep all our physical possessions on disk. Another item of infrastructure that will become increasingly important in the future is information processing. Nanotechnology will allow us to build some really monster computers. Although each Foglet will possess a comparatively small processor- which is to say the power of a current-day supercomputer-there are about 16 million Foglets to a cubic inch. When those Foglets are not doing anything else, i.e. when they are simulating the interior of a solid object or air that nothing is passing through at the moment, they can be used as a computing resource (with the caveats below). Seminar report '05 Utility Fog 13. LIMITATIONS OF UTILITY FOG CAPABILITY When discussing something as far outside of everyday expenence as the Utility. Fog, it is a good idea to delineate both sides of the boundary. The Fog is capable of so many literally amazing things, we will point out a few of the things it isn't capable of: Anything requiring hard metal (cold steel). For example, Fog couldn't simulate a drill bit cutting through hardwood. It would be able to cut the hole, but _the process would be better described as intelligent sandpaper. Anything requiring both high strength and low volume. A parachute could not be made of Fog (unless, of course, all the air were filled with Fog, in which case one could simply fly). Anything requiring high heat. A Fog fire blazing merrily away on Fog logs in a fireplace would feel warm on the skin a few feet away; it would feel the same to a hand inserted into the "flame". Anything requiring molecular manipulation or chemical transformation. Foglets are'simply on the wrong scale to play with atoms. In particular, they cannot reproduce themselves. On the other hand, they can do things like prepare food the same way a hit- man cook does-by mixing, stirring, and using special-purpose devices that were designed for theta to use. Fog cannot simulate food, or anything else that is destined to be broken down chemically. Eating it would be like eating the same amount of sand or sawdust. Fog can simulate air to the touch hut not to the eyes. The best indications are that it would look like heavy fog. Thus the Fog would need to support a pair of holographic goggles in front of the eyes of an embedded user. Such goggles are clearly within the capabilities of the same level of nanotechnology as is needed for the Fog, but are beyond the scope of this paper. Seminar report '05 Utility Fog 14. OTHER DESIRABLE LIMITATIONS In 1611, William Shakespeare wrote his final play, "The Tempest." 445 years later, an obscure science fiction writer named W. J. Stuart updated the Tempest's plot into a story called "Forbidden Planet," and created a modern myth. Forbidden Planet, more precisely the movie" version, has become the classic cautionary tale for arty scenario in which people become too powerful and control their environment too easily. In the story, the Krell is an ancient, wise, and highly advanced civilization. They perfect an enormous and pcwerful machine, capable of projecting objects and forces anywhere in any form, upon the mental commands of any Krell. The machine works "not wisely but too well," manifesting all the deeply buried subconscious desires of the Krell to destroy each other. Utility Fog will provide humans with powers that approximate those of the fictional Krell machine. Luckily, we have centuries of literary tradition to guide us around the pitfalls of hubris made reality. We must study this tradition, or we may be doomed to repeat it- a truth that is by no means limited to the Utility Fog, or indeed to nanotechnology in general. The first thing we can do is to require fully conscious, unequivocal commands for the Fog to take any action. Beyond that, we can try to suggest some of the protocols that may be useful in managing the Fog in a situation where humans are interacting in close physical proximity. Even if we have solved the problem of translating one's individual wishes, however expressed, into the quadrillions of sets of instructions to individual Foglets to accomplish what one desired, the problem of who gets to control which Foglets is probably a much more contentious one. We can physicalize the psychological concept of "personal space". The Foglets within some distance of each person would be under that person's exclusive control; personal spaces could not merge except by mutual consent. This single protocol could prevent most crimes of violence in our hypothetical Fog City. Seminar report '05 Utility Fog A corollary point is that physically perpetrated theft would be impossible in a Fog world. It would still be possible by informational means, i.e. fraud, hacking, etc; but the Fog could be programmed to put ownership on the level of a physical law. Not that it really makes any sense to think of stealing a fog-mode object, anyway. Ownership and control of the Fog need not be any more complex than the bundles of rights currently associated with everything from land to corporate stock. Indeed, much of the programming of the Fog will need to have the character of physical laws. In order for the enormous potential complexity to be comprehensible and thus usable to human beings, it needs to be organized by simple but powerful principles, which must be consonant with the huge amount of hard wired information processing our sensory systems per form. For example, it would be easy to move furniture (or buildings) by manipulating an appropriately sized scale model, and easy to observe the effects by watching the model. However, the Fog could just as easily have flooded the room with 100 kHz sound, and frequency scaled the echoes down into the human auditory range. A bat would have no trouble with this kind of "scale model", but to humans its just noise. It will be necessary, in general, to arrange the over all control of the Fog to be extremely distributed, as local as possible, robust in the presence of failure. When we realize that a single cubic inch of Fog represents a computer network of 16 million processors, the concept of hierarchical control with human oversight can be seen to be hopelessly inadequate. Agoric distributed control algorithms offer one Possible solution. Seminar report '05 Utility Fog 15. ADVANTAGES OF AN UTILITY FOG ENVIRONMENT Another major advantage for space-filling Fog is safety. In a car (or its nanotech descendant) Fog forms a dynamic form-fitting cushion that protects better than any seatbelt of nylon fibers. An appropriately built house filled with Fog could even protect its inhabitants from the (physical) effects of a nuclear weapon within 95% or so of its lethal blast area. There are many more mundane ways the Fog can protect its occupants, not the least being physically to remove bacteria, mites, pollen, and so forth, from the air. A Fog-filled home would no longer be the place that most accidents happen. First, by performing most household tasks using Fog as an instrumentality, the cuts and falls that accompany the use of knives, power tools, ladders, and so forth, can be eliminated. Secondly; the other major class of household accidents, young children who injure themselves out of ignorance, can be avoided by a number of means. A child who climbed over a stair rail would float harmlessly to the floor. A child could not pull a bookcase over on itself, falling over would not be among the bookcase's repertoire. Power tools, kitchen implements, and cleaning chemicals would not normally exist; they or their analogues would be called into existence when needed and vanish instead of having to be cleaned and put away. Outside the home, the possibilities are, if any thing, greater. One can easily imagine "industrial Fog" which forms a factory. It would consist of larger robots. Unlike domestic Fog, which would have the density and strength of balsa wood, industrial Fog could have bulk properties resembling hardwood or aluminum. A nanotechnology- age factory would probably consist of a mass of Fog with special- purpose reactors embedded in it, where high-energy chemical transformations could take place. The Fog would do all the physical manipulation, transport, assembly, and so forth. Seminar report '05 Utility Fog 16. APPLICATIONS - SPACE EXPLORATION The major systems of spaceships will need to be made with special- purpose nanotechnological mechanisms, and indeed with such mechanisms pushed much closer to their true capacities than anything we have talked about heretofore. In the spaceship's cabin, however, will be art acceleration couch. When not accelerating, which is most of the time, we'd prefer something useful, like empty space, there. The Utility Fog makes a better acceleration couch, anyway. Fill the cabin with Utility Fog and never worry about floating out of reach of a handhold. Instruments, consoles, and cabinets for equipment and sup plies are not needed. Non-simulable items can be embedded in the fog in what are apparently bulkheads. The Fog can add great structural strength to the ship itself; the rest of the structure needs not much more than a balloon. The same is true for spacesuits. Fog inside the suit manages the air pressure and makes motion easy; Fog outside gives extremely fine manipulating ability for various tasks. Of course, like the ship, the suit contains many special purpose non-Fog mechanisms. Surround the space station with Fog. It needs radiation shielding anyway (if the occupants are long-term); use big industrial Foglets with lots of redundancy in the mechanism; even so they may get re cycled fairly often. All the stock problems from SF movies go away: humans neyer need go outside merely to fix something; when EVA is desired for transfer or recreation, outside Fog provides complete safety and motion 'control. It also makes a good tugboat for docking spaceships. Homesteaders on the Moon could bring along a batch of heavy duty Fog as well as the special-purpose nanotech power generation and waste recycling equipment. There will be a million and one things, of the ordinary yet arduous physical task kind, which must be done to set up and maintain a self-sufficient household. Seminar report '05 Utility Fog 17. CONCLUSION U sing the mass computing power contained in these trillions of foglets they could be programmed with a wide spectrum of behaviors that mimic materials of different mass, motion, appearance, and function which will enhance the capabilities of human race in the forthcoming generations. The illusions, which we see in films and we have dreamed of, can be implemented using the capabilities of the utility fog, for which researches are being done on a high pace. Utility fog embodies one of the most dramatic promises of molecular nanotechnology, the next step in downsizing the machine age. Utility fog is definitely expected to become the "Machines of Future". Seminar report '05 Utility Fog 18. REFERENCE http://www.aeiveos.com/-bradbury/Authors/Computing/Hall JS/UF AUPS.html http:// discuss.foresight.org/ -j o shlUfog.html nanotech-now.com/utility-fog.htm Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing and Computation by Eric Drexler Utility Fog: The Stuff that Dreams are Made Of @ Rutgers Seminar report '05 Utility Fog ABSTRACT Nanotechnology is based on the concept of tiny, self – replicating robots. The Utility Fog is a very simple extension of this idea. Utility Fog is highly advanced nanotechnology which the Technocratic Union has developed as the ultimate multi- purpose tool. It is a user friendly, completely programmable collection of nanomachines that can form a vast range of machinery, from office pins to space ships. It can simulate any material from gas, liquid and solid and it can even be used in sufficient quantities to implement the ultimate in virtual reality. With the right programming, the robots can exert any force in any direction on the surface of any object. They can support the object so that it apparently floats in air. They can support a person applying the same pressure that a chair would. A programme running in Utility Fog can thus simulate the physical existence of any object. Utility Fog should be capable of simulating most everyday materials, dynamically changing its form and forming a substrate for an integrated virtual reality. This paper will examine the basic concept, and explore some of the applications of this material. Seminar report '05 Utility Fog CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. THE STUFF THAT DREAMS ARE MADE OF 3 3. MODES OF OPERATION 5 4. THE STRUCTURE OF UTILITY FOG 7 5. A FOGLET 11 6. THE GRIP 12 7. FOGLETS IN DETAIL 13 8. FOGLETS-INTERNAL SCHEMATIC 15 9. THREE LAYER OF FOGLETS 16 10. COMMUNICATIONS AND CONTROL 17 11. SYNERGISTIC COMBINATIONS WITH OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 19 12. GENERAL PROPERTIES AND USES 21 13. LIMITATIONS OF UTILITY FOG CAPABILITY 22 14. OTHER DESIRABLE LIMITATIONS 23 15. ADVANTAGES OF AN UTILITY FOG ENVIRONMENT 25 16. APPLICATION- SPACE EXPLORATION 26 17. CONCLUSION 27 18. REFERENCE 28 Seminar report '05 Utility Fog ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I owe a great deal to the senior faculty of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, MES College of Engineering,Kuttipuram for the successful completion of this seminar and its report. I am indebted to Mr. Alex Bernard V.K, Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering who guided me throughout this seminar. His overall guidance and direction has been responsible for the successful completion of this seminar. I also express my thanks to our respected Head of the Department, Prof. T.C.Peter for all the assistance he rendered. I also thank my friends for their constructive criticism and their doubts and questions helped me a lot. Last but not the least I express my sincere thanks to them whom I inadvertently failed to mention.
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We are delighted to announce that Miss Squibb and Miss McQuirk have achieved The Quality Mark for the Early Years!
To achieve a Quality Mark a provider must undergo an assessment, carried out by an external accredited assessor, against the 10 'Elements' of the Quality Mark for Early Years framework. These include reviewing young children's learning needs and planning their 'next steps, providing safe, stimulating resources and equipment – both indoors and outdoors - and having skilled early years practitioners. Positive partnerships with families and effective monitoring and evaluation are also required - particularly to achieve renewal when continuing development must be demonstrated.
Banks St Stephens C of E
Primary School
is a 'GOOD' School
Ofsted 2014
Welcome to our brand new website. Over the coming school year it will evolve into a source of useful information for both parents and children alike.
Head Teacher: Mrs S Kenny
For Directions click here: Map of the School
Our Mission Statement
At Banks St Stephens C of E Primary School we are commited to providing a happy and safe learning environment in which each member of the school is encouraged to achieve the highest possible standard in all aspects of school life. We aim to do this with a provision of a wide range of stimulating and enjoyable learning activities within a Christian ethos.
Click here to view our latest RE Inspection Report.


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Cole Haan Hart Wedges 3 3
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BAE Systems signs agreement to use Command
It is now official. BAE Systems is using Command for professional purposes.
A crucial appreciation of these efforts is now coming from experts at defense, security and aerospace multinational BAE Systems. In particular, real time wargame Command: Modern Air/Naval Operationshas been chosen to start a collaboration with Slitherine and its development partners.
News of this deal was first circulated during the HoW-15 opening address, and since then we have received a lot of questions on the details of the deal. Naturally there is a limit to what we can divulge due to the sensitive nature of the defense sector, but we can say that BAE's end users have been delighted with their experience on using Command for their needs and are looking forward to making the most of it with the cooperation of the WarfareSims staff.
Command has been recently been made available officially for professional use, and a collaboration with a top-tier defense contractor right out of the gate further strengthens the simulation's position in the demanding professional gaming & analysis arena.
Back from HoW-15 – A few thoughts
Well, we're back from Home of Wargamers 2015. And what a terrific event it was.
Within less than 3 hectic days we were presented with, and discussed, the full gamut of seismic developments taking place in the strategy/wargaming market and what they mean for our hobby. We were aware of most of them, but seeing them all presented together and most importantly in proper context and with analysis of their repercussions was a real eye-opener. We are already busy in absorbing the implications of what we saw, and in fact a last-minute tweak on Command v1.08 (final version) was the direct result of one of the points hammered home (bonus points to the first one to spot it upon v1.08′s official release).
Even more than that, however, this was a rare opportunity to interact with fellow wargaming developers, journalists and publishers. Marco called the event "The Bilderberg of Wargaming" and that's a particularly apt description. We stood in awe of veterans of the genre and gleamed golden nuggets from their experience. We shared war stories, tales of woe and moments of triumph with devs just like us – and were elated to find out they like and play our game just like we with theirs. We talked with press, fans, hobbyists and simple gamers – and they gave us the best, most honest feedback we could ask for. We all looked together at the future, and how to flourish in it. Roger, Gregor, Joel, Richard, David, Hubert, Daniel, Johan, Matthew, Mario, Owen, James, Frank and all the others, we salute you and look forward to catching up with you anytime, anywhere.
Our thanks go to Matrix Games for hosting this event, inviting us and most importantly _making it happen_. Every single staff member present from CEO to yeoman went above and beyond, pure and simple. We'd be unpardonable to not offer special recognition to Marco "The Superman" Minoli – quite literally the beating, pulsing heart of the event. Marco, we have no words.
More tidbits after we catch our breath
Summer sale! Command 25% off until June 22nd
That's right folks, Command is right now on a 25% off sale on Steam and on MatrixGames until June 22.
If the normal price has kept you at bay, here's your chance to see why everyone else is raving about it. If you already have it, grab a copy for your parent / child / SO / overlord / underling / alien abductor. Show them your love!
MOBs, anti-torps, superfrags, gunships and much more: Command v1.08 Release Candidate now available
Regular forum denizens are aware that for a while now we have provided an unofficial "service release" update to v1.07, available at the MatrixGames forum. This update has now been fleshed out considerably and become worthy of a new official update, designated v1.08.
And the first Release Candidate of this new update is now available on the Matrix forum.
Some of the big new items:
- New weapon types: Anti-torpedo torpedoes (this used to be science fiction but now they're entering service), erhanced fragmentation warheads (aka "superfrag"), and contact explosive – sabotage & suicide subtypes (think USS Cole).
- New ship type: Mobile Offshore Base (aka "Battle Island", aka how to make a CVN captain feel puny). Contrary to aircraft carriers, a MOB can also operate land-based aircraft (e.g. large transports).
- Selectable display of weapon engagement arcs.
- Improvements on sub AI & battery-recharge logic.
- Side-firing gunships now maneuver properly (and huge fun to watch).
- Lots of UNREP fixes & tweaks.
- Numerous tweaks to sensor models (speed-dependent IR signatures, no-scan-while-track limits on older radars etc.), snap-up/down restrictions on anti-air weapons and and ASW torpedo logic.
- Several UI and simulation speed improvements.
Plus a mile-long list of fixes, tweaks and of course countless database additions as you've come to expect from the crazy folks at WarfareSims.
Give it a go and let us know what we can do even better. Your feedback matters!
Summer scenario storm! Fourteen new Command scenarios available
The summer is upon us, and Command's creative community is in full swing. Miguel Molina has posted a new revision of the community scenario pack, featuring a blistering fourteen new scenarios!
- Busy Day in Burundi, 1976: Widespread unrest has followed a sudden coup in the country, with rebel groups gaining control of military equipment. With the toll of civilian deaths increasing, an international coalition led by France and the United Kingdom has positioned itself to take action. SAS teams on the ground must cooperate with air support to hunt down rebel strongpoints.
- Homerun, 1956: From 1952 onwards, RB-47 recon variants of the new B-47 Stratojet bomber started overflying the north of the Soviet Union in photo-recon and ELINT missions. By the mid-50s these flights were getting to be really hazardous as Soviet air defences were becoming both more capable and more aggressive. This is such a mission.
- Indonesian War #1 – Convoy Lion, 1995: In the 1990s Indonesia became increasingly aggressive about protecting its territorial rights, hunting down rebels in various provinces etc. Its occupation of Timor has been marked by increasing reports of violence and oppression. This includes an effective blockade of the island, which has led to shortages of food and medicine. The British Parliament voted to support "all reasonable efforts including the use of force to compel Indonesia to allow humanitarian aid to reach Timor." The Australian government passed a similar measure the same day and Australia has been given operational control of the mission. A hastily organized convoy escorted by British and Australian naval units is now en route to the island of Timor. Indonesia has responded by stating that attempts to enter its territorial waters without permission will be treated as an act of war.
- Indonesian War #2 – Air Battle Over Java, 1995: Indonesia attempted to stop the joint Australian-UK convoy and hostilities took place on April 17, 1995. As a result, the British and Australian governments have decided to eliminate Indonesia's ability to attempt further attacks against their ships and aircraft. The first and perhaps most important step in achieving this goal is to cripple Indonesia's air force.
- Indonesian War #3 – Spartan Goes Hunting, 1995: After inflicting serious losses on Indonesia's navy and air force, the governments of Australia and the United Kingdom have decided to employ commerce raiding to put economic pressure on Indonesia and force them to sue for peace. As part of this, the nuclear submarine HMS Spartan been given a free hand.
- Better Bullets (AMRAAM), 1987: With development of the AMRAAM missile undergoing the all-too-common teething problems, an exercise is being held to justify its importance. This is an exercise presenting the possibility of a hostile air power using a similar missile against the USAF. The opponent is armed with advanced AMRAAMs and crewed by expert pilots, so expect a brutally difficult fight.
- Better Bullets (SARH), 1987: With development of the AMRAAM missile undergoing the all-too-common teething problems, an exercise is being held to justify its importance. In this variant the opponent is armed with SARH weapons only (like the AIM-7 and AA-10) and crewed by expert pilots, so expect a difficult fight.
- Kuril Islands, 1999: Japan has established a major seabed-mining operation 20 nmi west of the island of Kunashiri. Hostilities between Japanese Maritime Defense Force (JMDF) and Russian forces have broken out over economic rights concerning the Kuril Islands. Russian Naval forces have established a formidable blockading surface and submarine units also supported by several squadrons of long range strike aircraft based out of airfields. You are in tactical control of all U.S. forces which include USAF land-based aircraft and JMDF forces in the area. You must defend your forces against attack and take control of as much territory as possible, until a United Nations settlement can be negotiated.
- Offensive CAP Belarus, 2015: Backed by Russia, Belarus has invaded Poland's eastern provinces in force. Further Russian forces will be brought into action when the Belorusian Army's offensive stalls. The USAF 555th Fighter Squadron (555 FS, 24 F-16C) and the Polish 40th Tactical Squadron (40.ELT, 24 Su-22M4) have been tasked to strike key logistic and support sites in Belarus to complicate enemy reinforcement efforts. They will be supported by a NATO E-3 Sentry and four EA-18Gs from the US Navy's VAQ-139. Your task is to provide air cover for the operation using the 18 Typhoon FGR.4s of 1 Sqdn RAF. Enemy air activity is expected to be heavy.
- Bay Of Bengal, 1999: India has mobilized amphibious assault forces again Sri Lanka. The US embassy in Sri Lanka is urging all Americans to leave the country. The Indian CVBG is operating in the Gulf of Mannar. Russia and China have deployed naval bombers to India. Indian submarine activity in the region is significant. Sri Lanka fears Indian military buildup in preparation to final invasion force and collapse of the government. The United Nations has requested that a U.S. CVBG be sent to the area to stabilize the region. All Indian naval forces are considered hostile.
- Operation Black Buck 1, 1982: The Falklands conflict begins in earnest. As the Royal Navy Task Force arrives to enforce a 200nm exclusion zone around the islands, RAF Vulcans fly the longest-range bombing mission in history to date, to fire the opening shots of the war.
- April Storm #1 – The New Eastern Front, 1996: Boris Yeltsin was removed from power in late 1995. His replacement, a former general in the Red Army, has set an aggressive tone for the new Russia. In the first week of April 1996, Russia and Belarus invaded parts of eastern Poland. About one quarter of Poland is now under Russian control. The UN has been unable to effect any change. NATO has warned Russia that the current situation is intolerable and that it must withdraw from Poland or face serious consequences.
- French Forces in the Gulf of Sidra, 1981: France frequently skirmished with Libya in various flashpoints in northern Africa (e.g. Chad) during the 1980s. In this hypothetical scenario, Libya raises the stakes by directly attacking a French naval task group in the Gulf of Sidra.
- Boston's Brawl, 1963: Hostilities broke out between NATO and the Warsaw Pact in late 1963. A small force centered on the missile cruiser Boston is tasked with prosecuting all WP forces in its patrol area, between the Falkland islands and Argentina.
As always, the community scenario pack is available for download at the WarfareSims download section: http://www.warfaresims.com/?page_id=1876
With the new additions, the number of total released scenarios now stands at 262!


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iHerb Customer Reviews
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2015-16 Theatre DirectorsJun 17, 2015 It is with great excitement that Skutt Catholic announces... Read More.
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text: on Apr 21, 2014 @ 12:48 PMApr 21, 2014 @ 12:48 PM PublishedUS stocks most higher at the start of another major week for corporate earningsNEW YORK, N.Y. - U.S. stocks are moving higher at the beginning of another big week for company earnings.Halliburton rose 3 per cent after the oil exploration company posted a profit for the first quarter, bouncing back from a loss in the same period a year ago. Athenahealth, a provider of online services for the health care industry, slumped after its earnings fell short of analysts' forecasts.The Standard The Dow Jones industrial average rose 25 points, or 0.2 per cent, to 16,434.Bond prices rose. The yield on the 10-year Treasury note fell to 2.70 per cent.


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Espresso Machine and Coffee Maker Accessories
Brewing great coffee or pulling that perfect shot of crema starts with a great machine, perfectly roasted beans and pure water, but - as with all great things - the devil's in the details. That's where accessories from Seattle Coffee Gear come in!
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Rattleware Espresso Shot Pitcher - 3 ounce - Set of 2Keep your pours precise and your espresso making measured with the help of these glass pitchers. The heavy glass shot pitchers each feature a handle and two pour spouts. Graduated marks read in ounces and milliliters, with ounces measured at every 1/2 ounce increment and milliliters are marked at every 10ml. Learn More$13.99
Adagio Teas Teapot WarmerThe heat is on! Well, the heat is under...your teapot! Adagio Teas has made a simple and beautiful glass teapot warmer. Use a votive candle and the included stainless steel rack to set your teapot up for a little added warmth. Learn More
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|Information 702-732-5755
|Elvis Exhibition Hall
|ELVIS: The Exhibition Your Vegas central for all you need to be close to the King of Rock. See Elvis' Graceland artifacts finished with a 26-min film. Exciting and stimulating! Opens daily 10am - 10pm with last entrance at 9pm Tickets $22.00 +tax & fee. All ages.
|Elvis Presley Theater
|Elvis Experience The ultimate Elvis Experience presented by Graceland takes the audience into a journey like no other, where modern day meets the early 1970's! Starring Martin Fontaine and featuring a 24-piece band and 8-chorus singers. Go back in time with the "good times" when "The King" returned to the stage with his opening show at the newly opened International Hotel on July 31, 1969 and headlined until 1976. 7:30pm Tue.- Thur & Fri-Sat. 8pm Tickets Tickets $49.00-$80.00 +tax & fee. DARK Sun. & MOn.
|Shimmer Cabaret
|Purple Reign The Prince Tribute Show starring Jason Tenner sets the stage for one unbelievable evening of pure unadulterated "Prince" with all your favorite songs! 8:15pm Thur-Sun. Tickets $49.00 & VIP $69.00, Purple Velvet Pkg. $89.00(incl. autographed pic & T-shirt), Locals $19.00 +tax & fee. DARK Mon-Wed.
|Sexxy The newest tantalizing topless review starring creator, producer, and choreographer, Jennifer Romas will take audience's into a journey of sensual and sexy like no other in Las Vegas. A cast of seven female dancers in an array of gorgeous costumes will interact intimately with the audience adding a tasteful shock element not quite like any other topless review show. 10:30pm Tickets $29.95 - VIP $39.95 +tax & fee. DARK Mon & Tue. 21+
|Suzanne Sizzles Spend an intimate evening with the incomparable Miss Suzanne Somers as she does what she does best and that's entertain with her new residency exclusively at the Westgate Hotel. Well Known for her comedian role as Chrissy Snow of the 70's hit sitcom Three's Company, she's come along way since those wonderful years writing many books, singing and her latest with Dancing with the Stars. 7pm Tickets $65.00, VIP $85.00, Ultra VIP $350.00 (meet n greet) +tax & fee. DARK SUN. & Mon. Find Suzanne Sizzles Tickets


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Betraying my sisters? Why I took my husband's name
Sharing a name with my partner isn't an act of power of one side over the other. For me, it's a unifying act.
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My great-great-aunt was a suffragette. She never married. She probably turned in her grave when I took on my partner's name when I got married.
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