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Latest Best Practice Identified Through Cruise Industry Operational Safety Review
Press Contacts
Sarah Kennedy
Manager, Public Relations & Marketing
Tel: 202-759-9313
Cell: 703-302-0053
Elinore Boeke,
Director, Public Affairs
Industry Policies/Regulatory
& Legislative Issues
Tel: 202-759-6773
Cell: 703-209-9155
WASHINGTON, DC - On behalf of the global cruise industry, Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA) and the European Cruise Council today announced that the cruise industry has adopted three new safety policies which are to be implemented with immediate effect. The announcement was made by Chairman of the European Cruise Council (ECC) and Member of the CLIA Executive Committee, Manfredi Lefebvre.
Speaking at a major European Commission-organized Passenger Ship Safety event in Brussels, he outlined how these policies have been agreed to by the industry and represent the third such announcement arising from the cruise industry's Operational Safety Review.
These three new policies, which go beyond even the strictest of regulatory requirements, address issues related to passage planning, personnel access to the bridge and lifejackets. Each of these three policies will be reported to the United Nations' International Maritime Organization (IMO) for consideration at their next session in May.
"As highlighted by these wide-ranging policies, we continue to take proactive measures to improve the safety of passengers and crew across the globe," said Christine Duffy, president and CEO of CLIA. "We look forward to working collaboratively to identify any additional operational issues that will achieve our longstanding goal of continuous improvement and innovation in shipboard operations and safety."
The three policies govern:
1) Passage Planning – Although cruise lines have followed IMO guidance on passage planning for many years, our policy now deems this to be a mandatory minimum requirement and enhanced by endorsement of the best practices contained in the International Chamber of Shipping's Bridge Procedures Guide. Furthermore, under this policy each passage plan is to be thoroughly briefed to all bridge team members well in advance of its implementation and it is to be drafted by a designated officer and approved by the master.
2) Personnel Access To The Bridge - To minimize unnecessary disruptions and distractions on the bridge, we have adopted a policy that bridge access is to be limited to those with operational functions during any period of restricted manoeuvring or when increased vigilance is required.
3) Lifejackets – In addition to the statutory requirement of carriage of lifejackets for each person onboard, we have adopted a policy of carrying additional adult lifejackets onboard each cruise ship in excess of these legal requirements so that the number of additional adult lifejackets to be provided must not be less than the total number of persons berthed within the ship's most populated main vertical fire zone. This ensures that the number of lifejackets carried is far in excess of the number of persons actually onboard the ship.
These policies were reviewed by CLIA's recently-announced panel of outside maritime and safety experts who are evaluating suggested policy improvements as part of the association's continuous efforts to review and improve safety measures by developing comprehensive best practices for industry-wide implementation and ultimately, formal submission to the International Maritime Organization, as appropriate.
Manfredi Lefebvre said: "Today's European Commission event is in perfect alignment with our industry efforts to improve cruise ship safety. I am pleased to be given a chance by European Commissioner VP & Transport Commissioner Siim Kallas to outline how the industry and the regulators can move forward together in our common goal of preventing future accidents."
He added: "The cruise industry is highly regulated and it is this regulatory regime, complied with onboard by our professional and committed officers and crews, that has given the cruise industry a truly remarkable safety record. But as the Concordia incident demonstrates, there is no such thing as perfect safety. We do strive for a perfect commitment to safety. And as part of our commitment to a safety culture, the industry – both individually as cruise lines and collectively through CLIA and the ECC – beginning January 27 launched an Operational Safety Review to learn the lessons from Concordia and to conduct a top to bottom safety review."
He continued: "By bringing forward voluntary initiatives such as these, we significantly and immediately improve safety standards. These initiatives are, we believe, fully supportive of the Commission's goal of re-launching their 'Quality Shipping Campaign' through voluntary partnership agreements with the shipping industry as set out in its Maritime Policy 2009-2018. Specifically, we very much hope that the results of the Operational Safety Review as they are delivered over the coming months will give us fertile ground to grow our partnership with the Commission"
He concluded: "We are convinced that this approach will achieve concrete, practical and significant safety dividends in the shortest possible time and fully reflects the measured and responsible progress on future safety initiatives by both the Commission and European Parliament following the Concordia tragedy."
The new policies follow the industry's announcement on January 27 of an Operational Safety Review in response to the Concordia incident and as part of the industry's continuous efforts to review and improve safety measures, and represent the third such announcement. The previous two related to the new Muster Drill Policy (February 9, 2012) and Enhanced Reporting Requirements to Ensure Consistency, Transparency of Marine Casualty Data (March 21, 2012).
About Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA) – One Industry, One Voice
Celebrating its 40th Anniversary in 2015, Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA) is the unified voice and leading authority of the global cruise community. As the largest cruise industry trade association with 15 offices globally, CLIA has representation in North and South America, Europe, Asia and Australasia. CLIA's mission is to support policies and practices that foster a safe, secure, healthy and sustainable cruise ship environment for the more than 23 million passengers who cruise annually, as well as promote the cruise vacation experience. Members are committed to the sustained success of the cruise industry and are comprised of the world's most prestigious ocean, river and specialty cruise lines; a highly trained and certified travel agent community; and other cruise industry partners, including ports, destinations, ship developers, suppliers, business services and travel operators. For more information, visit www.cruising.org or www.cruiseforward.org or follow Cruise Lines International Association on Facebook and Twitter pages.


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Hello everyone, I am here with the review of a fantastic tool for making your writing error free. The awesome tool is known as Grammarly. Before going into deep discussion, I would like to tell some basic things about this app. Grammarly is founded by Alex Shevchenko and Max Lytvyn in ...Read More »
Hide My IP VPN Service When Compared with Other VPN Providers
Providing you best service Hide My IP VPN service seems to be at top right now. They are best with this low cost (lifetime cost) and I would suggest you to take benefits of the service.Read More »
Top 5 Games for Android Devices
Smartphones categorized as Android phones, iOS phones and Windows phones do a lot more than just keeping you connected to the world. Apart from all the calling and social needs, these smartphones keep you going when you are all by yourselves. Be it the post break-up nights, the tiring metro ...Read More »
Top 8 Ways to Unblock Websites
Most of us suffer from the problem of blocked websites, which are blocked by either our ISP (Internet Service Provider), by college or at job place. It has been a common issue nowadays as there are many restrictions applied to the websites being visited in a particular place. Talking about ...Read More »
How to Make Your Own Web Proxy Server to Access Blocked Sites
Is your college, institute or workplace stopping you from opening some sites. Do you need any third party tool every time to visit these blocked sites? May be these tools are costly to you. So, what to do to make your own web proxy server? In this article, I have ...Read More »
Stream Online TV at Your Homes using Unotelly
Hello Friends, This is something different and new for you guys today, that you will surely like. Yes, title is saying what I am going to explain with you: Stream Online TV at your Home What is Unotelly and How to Stream Online TV Using It? To begin with, UnoDNS ...Read More »
Guest Blogging Contest by TechyWood
Hello all, I would like to tell you that I have participated in a guest blogging contest, that is run by the site TechyWood basically. I participated in this contest, not only because I want to win it, but also it will improve my writing skills as I will be ...Read More »
How to Add All Friends in Facebook Group
Facebook groups are a great medium to promote your brand. I am back with a great trick which will allow you to add all friends in Facebook group. Hence, this trick will basically save your time and your all friends will be added to the group in few seconds. This trick ...Read More »
Top 5 Online Rewriting Tools
The term "re-write" does not mean what it used to in the old days. It used to involve taking some text, cutting it apart, and removing the old, the stale and the outdated. It then meant applying new expertise to fill the gaps with new, updated and accurate information. After ...Read More »
Email Safety: Bitter Facts to Face Online
Email safety is being a dangerous issue day by day. Number of internet users have increased very rapidly in last few years and those are still increasing in some developing countries. Although, internet has proved to be life changing service, but how does it affect your life? Positively or Negatively? ...Read More »

subset: commoncrawl


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Topshop bosses bow to public pressure on Bangladesh factory safety
Sep 17, 2013 — The Arcadia Group – owner of brands including Topshop and Dorothy Perkins – has finally bowed to public pressure and committed to a binding agreement with trade unions to improve conditions in factories in Bangladesh.
The company joined the Bangladesh Safety Accord, a life-saving agreement already signed by over 80 major brands and retailers to finance factory improvements and guarantee labour rights to factory workers.
The Arcadia Group's announcement comes after months of pressure from campaigners and the public after the company failed to meet a deadline in May to join the agreement.
Over 7,000 of you signed our petition, activists staged a symbolic funeral for the victims of the Rana Plaza outside Topshop's flagship store and the company was shamed in the press for its failure to act.
Only after this huge wave of campaigning did Topshop's bosses sign the Accord and finally live up to their duties to the people who make their clothes.


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Because why wear thongs when you can wear comfier, more stylish footwear?
Best Beauty Buys at the Drugstore
We love salon-quality products just as much as the next woman, but hair professionals will agree that there's usually an affordable, effective option to be found right in your local drugstore. Our beauty editors scoured the aisles to find the best products around—flip through to see their hair treatment finds.
No time to shampoo and blow-dry? Massage in the oil-absorbing, odor-eliminating TRESemmé Fresh Start Waterless Foam Shampoo ($4.99). Bonus:
18 Stylish Winter Coats


text:
|ALGORYX SIMULATION AB Patent applications
|Patent application number
|METHOD, AN APPARATUS AND COMPUTER PROGRAM PRODUCT FOR SIMULATING DYNAMIC FLUIDS - The invention relates to a method for simulating dynamic fluids comprising a plurality of pseudo particles. The method comprising the steps of: defining a fluid mass density of the pseudo particle masses; defining a mass density constraint such that the mass density on each pseudo particle is constrained to a reference mass density of a real fluid, whereby an instant propagation of density fluctuations through the entire fluid system is enabled; performing constraint stabilization on said mass density constraint using a time stepping function, wherein said time stepping function is arranged to conserve global physical symmetries and is stable for violations of said mass density constraint; solving a linear system of equations for said mass density constraint in order to calculate density constraint forces; calculating new time discrete pseudo particle velocities from previous pseudo particle velocities with addition of velocity increments calculated from said density constraint forces; and calculating new time discrete pseudo particle positions from the previous pseudo particle positions with additions of the position increments calculated from said new pseudo particle velocities. The invention also relates to an apparatus for simulating dynamic fluids and a computer program product for the same.


text: In the heart of the beautiful and atmospheric Carouge area of Geneva this is a great restaurant. The food was not your usual fare and it was beautifully done: the Swiss wines were a brilliant accompaniment. Staff were friendly and helpful and the interior of the restaurant interesting yet... read more


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Flawed law won't stop boat people
- From: The Daily Telegraph
- November 22, 2012
THE Labor government's policies towards asylum seekers were mistaken from the very first minute they were put in place, and they continue to be dogged by mistakes to this very day.
Essentially, in 2007 Labor set out to solve a problem that no longer existed. The numbers of asylum seekers reaching Australian territory were by then so tiny as to be barely an issue. Many years of resolute effort by the previous government had persuaded asylum seekers against trying their luck at sea.
The allegedly "more humane" tactics of the Rudd government instead encouraged asylum seekers to take deadly risks. By earlier this year, the numbers of men, women and children to perish between Indonesia and Australia were so overwhelming that Labor finally had to act.
But even now, blunders just keep happening. Yesterday the first relocation of asylum seekers to Manus Island managed to leave out an entire family, thanks to a paperwork error.
Arguably, that wasn't the government's direct fault, but Prime Minister Julia Gillard's administration is undoubtedly to blame for the more general failures in asylum seeker policy. These failures have led to an armada of asylum-seeker vessels, many of them unsafe, and detention centres that are literally packed to overflowing.
The overwhelming impression now is that the government has no clear road forward to end the asylum seeker debacle. Ill-considered Labor policies that encouraged dangerous boat journeys to our shores were left in place for too long and clearly won't be easily amended.
And, of course, the government is yet again trying to bluster along as though there is no great need for urgent change.
We've seen all of this before, and nobody is buying it.
Along came a spider
CHANGE of weather, change of spiders. Back when we were suffering from prolonged drought, Sydney households became overrun with hefty huntsmen searching for water.
At least that type of spider, although scary-looking, is harmless. But now, with increased humidity, conditions are perfect for massive outbreaks of poisonous funnel web spiders.
Interestingly, the east coast of Australia is home to dozens of different funnel web species, each with their own slight regional distinctions. Naturally, Sydney funnel webs are the most venomous. Readers may make of that what they will.
Pool owners should be particularly vigilant in coming weeks, because the funnel web spider is extremely attracted to fresh water. Laundries, bathrooms and other damp areas are also possible funnel web haunts.
If you can't face the idea of running your own funnel web search-and-eradication program, call in some pest control experts.
Through a combination of caution and simple good fortune, since 1980 not a single person has died in NSW as the result of any spider bite. Let's keep it that way.


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Summer Dance Intensive
You are hereHome/ Extension Programs/ High School and Collegiate Intensive Programs/ Summer Dance Intensive
June 21 - July 11, 2015
2015 Schedule
Who Should Apply
Application Requirements
Live Audition Dates
Application Tips
2015 Tuition and Fees
Three innovative artists, one extraordinary program!
Are you ready to take your dancing to the next level? Study with our world-renowned faculty and guest artists in an immersive summer program that will transform your technique, ignite your artistry and inspire your spirit!
During this three-week intensive, you will study with Conservatory faculty and acclaimed guest artists in a program that offers the trademark Boston Conservatory combination of rigorous classical training and a cutting-edge approach to contemporary dance.
2015 Schedule
Week One: Dance: Radically Re-defined
ZOE SCOFIELD, Co-Artistic Director of Zoe/Juniper (Seattle)—An award-winning choreographic prodigy, Scofield is re-defining dance for the 21st century through blending her own unique movement language with video and visual art.
Week Two: Falling and Flying
BRIAN BROOKS, Artistic Director of Brian Brooks Moving Company (NYC)—Known for rapid fire off-balance choreography that has dancers soaring, spiraling and pushing the limits of their physicality, Brooks is a Guggenheim Fellowship recipient and is currently touring his duet work with ballet superstar Wendy Whelan.
Week Three: Modern/Hip Hop Hybrid
EBONY WILLIAMS (B.F.A. '05), Principal dancer, Cedar Lake Contemporary Ballet (NYC), Back up dancer for Beyoncé (Single Ladies video)—A Boston Conservatory alumna, Williams exemplifies the versatility and range of Boston Conservatory-trained dance artists. Her virtuosity as a performer and generosity as a teacher create an unforgettable experience for her students.
Who Should Apply
Students and professionals between the ages of 15-25 who possess a strong technical background in ballet. Applicants must also have an interest in expanding into contemporary ballet, modern dance and improvisation.
Application Requirements
Applications open December 1, 2014
Applications received before February 15, 2015: $65
Applications received after February 15, 2015: $100
- Online application fee submitted through DecisionDesk
- Live audition (preferred) OR video audition to be uploaded onto DecisionDesk:
- Video audition to be no longer than ten minutes. Please include: Barre work one side only, center Adagio and Grand Allegro, pointe work during class or variation, solo of choice in any style, highlight movement quality and artistic choices.
Supplemental materials, to be submitted via DecisionDesk:
- One letter of recommendation from a dance teacher
- One headshot
DecisionDesk accepts the following file formats:
- Video (MPEG, MPG, MP4, OGG, MOV, AVI, WMV, M4V, VOB)
- Audio (MP3, M4A, OGG, AIFF, WMA, WAV, AAC)
- Image (JPEG, JPG, PNG, GIF)
- Document (PDF, TXT, RTF, DOC, DOCX, XLS, XLSX, PPT, PPTX, SIB, MUS)
There is no charge to submit your materials, and we receive it instantly. Individual files can be as large as 5GB, but keep in mind that larger files may take some time to upload. For technical support with your DecisionDesk application, please visit http://support.decisiondesk.com/ or contact email@example.com.
Application Tips:
- Applicants submitting video should be sure the recordings are appropriately lit and are in focus.
- Applicants who choose to submit a recorded audition should make every effort to have the best possible recording made of their audition performance.
- Applicants are encouraged to introduce themselves and provide any information they would like to convey to the faculty.
2015 Tuition and Fees
Scholarships available for Boston Public School students. More information forthcoming.
2015 Tuition: $2,250
Housing and Meals: $1,900
Meals Only: $750
- High School and Collegiate Intensive Programs
- Adult Enrichment
- Application & Registration Information
- Autism Spectrum Programs
- Music and English Intensive Program (MEIP)
- Professional Development Workshops
- Trombone Day
- Youth Programs


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Body Electric
Acapulco, MexicoSeries Website »
Episode Guide »
Jane, Berneice, and Margaret lead you through a spirited workout poolside at the Mayan Hotel in tropical Acapulco.
Vermont PBS educates, informs, entertains and inspires Vermonters to be lifelong learners and engaged in their community.
Original series, specials, documentaries and web shows produced by Vermont PBS
Learn about our second HD broadcast service offering alternative programming and more content from local and regional producers.
Our weekly email newsletter highlighting upcoming shows and important station news. Sign up today!
Vermont PBS Announces First Recipient of Public Media Ambassador Award


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Originally written on The Colts Authority | Last updated 10/22/12
The Colts were able to overcome a handful of key injuries and some inconsistent play to defeat the Cleveland Browns 17-13 and move their record to 3-3. The game was a tale of two halves, and it played out in an odd, somewhat surprising manner. The first half went somewhat to script, with both offenses dominating their defensive counterparts. At the time the Colts took a 14-6 lead in the second quarter, neither team had failed to convert on a 3rd-down attempt, and you got the sense that this game would be won by whichever team had the ball last. Something funny happened on the way out of halftime, however, and the second half saw the game turn into a "defensive struggle." We use quotes because, to most people who watched the game, it felt more like poor execution by the offenses than some amazing halftime adjustments by the defenses. Still, the Colts were able to make enough plays on both sides of the ball to secure a victory, and really, that's all that matters. After the jump w...
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John Hughes is on LMTmag.com!
Already a member? Log In
LMTmag.com is an online network from LMT dedicated exclusively for members of the Dental Laboratory community. Join free to connect with John.
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LMTmag.com is an online network from LMT dedicated exclusively for members of the Dental Laboratory community. Join free to connect with John.
A year ago, Whip Mix Corp. promoted its Vice President of Manufacturing, Jim Myers, to President of the company, succeeding Allen Steinbock, the grandson of Whip Mix Founder Edmund Steinbock, Sr. This promotion makes Myers the first non-family member President in the company's history. LMT travelled to Louisville, KY, to talk with Myers about his new position and where the company is headed.
LMT: As President, how has your role changed?
Myers: For 11 years, my priority was our manufacturing processes; now, it's more focused on customer needs and opportunities. I have much more interaction with...
6 topicsDigital Fabrication
Social Media
Whip Mix Corp.
Read More 4 minute read
I've been in the marketing profession for 27 years. For the last 15 years I've been Marketing Communications Manager for Whip Mix Corporation.
Transitioning from a traditional lab to a digital one is a big step for any size lab. This forum is an extension of our Survive or Thrive program and is for open discussion about why become a digital...
Louisville, KY
Founded in 1919, Whip Mix created the first complete dental inlay investment casting unit - with a mechanical spatulator that whipped and mixed better...
The number of labs giving year-end, production/sales or merit bonuses has jumped by 12% in the past two years, according to LMT's 2012 Wage Survey.
LMT Original Research © 2010 - 2015
84 South Main St., Newtown CT 06470
203-426-4LMT · 203-491-2300 (fax)
LMT Communications delivers the business strategies, information, dental laboratory news and education that dental laboratory decision-makers need to succeed. Through LMT Magazine and our LAB DAY shows, LMT works to advance excellence in dental technology, enhance the products, services and communication of dental technicians, and give dental laboratory owners and managers the tools they need to flourish. Learn More »


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The Top 10 In Action Sports
01Brick By Brick: Camping Lego Style
02Booze and Bikes: 14 Tours That Let Combine Two of the Best Things in the World
03Who Needs Hollywood? These Incredible Videos Were All Filmed on the Simplest Cameras
04Sam Pilgrim vs. The World: The Champion Aiming To Reclaim His Crown In A New Era Of Biking
05Eccentric Adventures Episode 2: Britain's Most Brutal Illegal Event is All About Cheese
06A Journey Into Darkness: We Went Mountain Biking in the Abandoned Mines of Slovenia
07After the Apocalypse: Inside The World's Most Breathtaking Ghost Towns
08Debate: Let's Stop Hating On Parents Who Want To Raise Adventurous Kids
09Guns, Roses, And Eating Insects: Adventure Cycling in Vietnam
10From Intense Trails to Intensive Care: Dicing with Death In a Mountain Biking Paradise
Red Bull: 'Feelin' Minnesota - Part 1 Winter
A Skateboarding video by gotmilk - 19,400 views
As a Skater in Minnesota we deal with a lot of different things. Spring, it's rain. Summer, it's humidity. Fall, doesn't last long enough. It's way too short. Winter, what can you say about Winter. It's cold, there's snow. It's almost unskateable, but instead of stayin at home complaining about it why not go out and make something happen."
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text:
Unsure whether Christoph Waltz can pull off a Bond villain? This new minute-long TV spot should shed a teeny amount of light onto that question, with the first look. OK, it's not so much a look, as it is a sound. Waltz, who plays Franz Oberhauser, remarks "Welcome James. It's been a long time. And finally, here we are." A shadowy figure can be seen sitting at a table, where we presume evil schemes are hatched in lieu of lavish dinners.
Click through to see the trailer. Read More »


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affect bone health
"If you have a thyroid problem, avoiding fluoride may be a good preventive health measure for you," writes Drs' Richard and Karilee Shames in "Thyroid Power."(F)
Over, 900 Physicians, Dentists, Scientists, Academics and Environmentalists urge Congress to stop water fluoridation until Congressional hearings are conducted. They cite new scientific evidence that fluoridation is ineffective and has serious health risks. (http://www.fluorideaction.org/statement.august.2007.html)
Please sign the petition and Congressional letter to support these professionals http://www.FluorideAction.Net
"Fluoride can harm bones, teeth, kidneys, the brain and more," says lawyer Paul Beeber, President, New York State Coalition Opposed to Fluoridation.
References: http://tinyurl.com/39d3q8
Contact: Paul Beeber, 516-433-8882, firstname.lastname@example.com
|SOURCE NYS Coalition Opposed to Fluoridation
Copyright©2007 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


text:
- Plaintext email only
- No
NEW! Build the world you want to see
Irresistible block set for adults when placed on a coffee table or desk, and great fun for kids.
Prepare for the AICP* Exam
Join the thousands of students who have utilized the Planetizen AICP* Exam Preparation Class to prepare for the American Planning Association's AICP* exam.
Starting at $245
Unsprawl: Remixing Spaces as Places
Explore visionary, controversial and ultimately successful strategies for building people-centered places.
Starting at $12.95
City Necklaces
These sweet pendants are engraved on a cedar charm with a mini map of selected cities. The perfect gift for friends and family or yourself!


text:
Robot Lawn Mower
Favorite thing: Not far from our encounter with the cat, we came across a curious sight: a robot lawn mower. It was contentedly driving about the lawn, munching on grass. We didn't wait for long, but it seemed to be working fairly well. I wonder how it interacts with the cat? ...
- Beer Tasting
- Sailing and Boating
- Hiking and Walking
Bavarian Cat
Favorite thing: Wherever we travel, we seem to be quite popular among the four-legged locals. This one was quite eager to greet us while we were walking through town. He was quite happy to see us... I think...
- Hiking and Walking
- Family Travel
- Beer Tasting
- 1
Instant Answers: Herrsching am Ammersee
Get an instant answer from local experts and frequent travelers


text:
Richie Faulkner (left) breaks the law with Glenn Tipton.
Replacing a longtime member of a legendary band is never easy, but when Faulkner replaced K.K. Downing in 2011, he faced having to hold up his end of one of the most iconic dual-guitar teams in metal with Judas Priest's Glenn Tipton. Here, Faulkner—who appears on Priest's new live DVD Epitaph [Legacy]—details how he navigated the tricky waters of being "the new guy." —DF
Obviously, I want to seamlessly and cleverly inject my own style into Priest's music, as well. This can often happen naturally, because no matter what type of music you're playing, your style will start to come through the more you play the tunes. You will gain different insights, get inspired, and find little spots where you can improvise and bring your own personality into the music. Hopefully, this makes the music more exciting for you and for the audience.
Wampler Pedals Unveils the Low-Blow Bass Overdrive/ Distortion
Wampler Pedals Announces the Latitude Standard Tremolo
Jazz Bassist Hal Gaylor Dead at 86
Video QuickTip: Repairing Out-of-Tune Vocals With Celemony Melodyne
Mark McGrath Joins with PledgeMusic to Release Debut Solo EP
Dan Deacon Shares New 'Meme Generator' Video
Roger Linn, Tom Oberheim, and Dave Smith full panel at Sweetwater GearFest 2015
Read about Ableton Live 9.2 and get a free finger-drumming patch from Mad Zach
Meet Bruce Levingston, one of today's most adventurous forces in new piano music
Chris Squire's Greatest Bass Moments | VIDEO
Prince Releases His Latest Track, "HARDROCKLOVER" | AUDIO
Willie Dixon at 100: 11 Must-Hear Willie Dixon Covers | Video
Cattle Decapitation Premiere New Song, Mammals in Babylon"
The Sword Premiere New Song, "High Country"
Conquer Divide Premiere Part 1 of Behind-the-Scenes 'Making of' New Album [Video]
Enter to Win Tickets to an Intimate Interview with Joe Satriani
Betcha Can't Play This: Eric Johnson-Inspired Blues Shred in A Minor by Elliott Klein
Get a Free 'Mastering Arpeggios Part 2' Lesson at the 'Guitar World Lessons' Store — Video
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A dental product in the form of chewable plastics in the form of strip or foam, capsule or cloth. The plastics includes a biologically acceptable adhesive and being masticatable to provide dental care. The dental product may also carry remineralizing, immunological and anti-bacterial agents.
1. A method of dental treatment comprising flossing between the teeth with a dental product that comprises chewable plastics tape carrying a biologically acceptable adhesive containing one or more of remineralizing, immunological and anti-bacterial agents, chewing the tape to allow the adhesive to control release into saliva of the agent or agents, and rubbing the gum margins of tooth surfaces with the masticated fibres of the tape, the chewing and rubbing steps causing adhesive to coat the teeth and gum margins to inhibit the attachment of plaque.
2. A dental product for carrying out the method of claim 1 comprising chewable plastics tape carrying a biological inert adhesive containing one or more of remineralizing, immunological and anti-bacterial agents.
3. A dental product according to claim 2 wherein the chewable plastics tape is polyethylene tape that carries the biologically acceptable adhesive by any one of the following means:
in a lamination,
in a coating, or
4. The dental product according to claim 2 wherein the immunological agent is lysozym and the anti-bacterial agent is chlorohexidine.
5. The dental product according to claim 2 wherein the remineralizing agent is fluoride in the form of sodium fluoride or sodium monofluorophosphate.
6. The dental product according to claim 2 wherein the biologically acceptable adhesive is high molecular weight polyisobutylene.
7. A dental product for carrying out the method of claim 1 comprising polyethylene tape coated with high molecular weight polyisobutylene containing fluoride.
8. The dental product of claim 7 wherein the polyethylene tape is a tear off portion of packaging material for edible products.
This invention relates to a dental product and a method of dental treatment and particularly relates to a dental aid that is conveniently able to clean all tooth surfaces, particularly pits and fissures which are most susceptible to decay and cannot be cleaned by brushing or flossing. It helps control plaque and deliver optimum levels of dental agents like dietary fluoride at optimum topical concentration and apply a protective coating to teeth.
Dental disease is due to accumulation of bacterial plaque on tooth surfaces producing toxins that inflame gums and acids that decay teeth when sugars which increase plaque growth, are present.
Dental diseases are prevented by reducing attack by avoiding sugars and by mechanical, dietary, chemical and immunological plaque control and by increased resistance to attack. To prevent acid formation and attack it is necessary to remove plaque from all surfaces of teeth before eating, clean teeth after eating to avoid the early return of plaque; avoid sugars particularly between meals, treat the tooth surface to stop plaque reattachment, strengthen tooth surfaces or inactivate the bacteria in plaque. The toothbrush like dental floss and other common tooth care aids is often inconvenient to use after eating at times of attack and cannot clean between teeth or into grooves on chewing surfaces where most holes develop.
In my Australian Pat. No. 511,285, I disclose a dental product that comprises a chewable fin and stem composed of a plastic film and cellular foam of cell wall thickness 0.0125 mm to 0.03 mm thick, which is ideally proportioned to clean all tooth surfaces thoroughly without damaging the hard and soft tissues of the mouth. The fin passes through the contact points between adjacent pairs of teeth in close arrangement with proximal surfaces of the teeth; the stem cleans around gum margins and the whole is chewable to force saliva inside the grooves in chewing surfaces as well as controlling delivery of dental agents. The disclosure of my early patent is incorporated herein.
According to the present invention there is provided a dental product comprising a substrate carrying a biologically acceptable adhesive. The term "biologically acceptable" as used herein refers to a product or composition that can be introduced to the human digestive system orally and can be processed by the system for eventual discharge without reacting with or damaging the skin, saliva or organs of the body.
The substrate may be a strip of maleable plastic or aluminium that covers and adapts to the shape of tooth surfaces, a chewable plastics strip, plastics foam shape, chewing stick, capsule or cloth; an encapsulated cleaning stick or toothbrush bristle containing many fine parallel fibres so the bristle ends conform to the shape of tooth surface for better cleaning, or a fibre chewing gum.
The substrate may carry the biologically acceptable adhesive by impregnation, in a lamination, by coating adhesively or in the case of a capsule or lozenge by encapsulation.
The biologically acceptable adhesive preferably contains one or more agents considered advantageous in reducing tooth decay and improving tooth and gum care. Such agents should have remineralizing, immunelogical, enzyme, lysozym or anti-bacterial properties. Such a preferred material is sodium fluoride or sodium monofluorophosphate although any dental fluoride material may be used. The product is preferably arranged to control delivery of optimal dietary fluoride, (1 mg/day in non-fluoride areas or 0.1 mg/day in fluoride areas) at optimal topical concentration (5-1000 ppm) at tooth surfaces. The agents may also include suitable flavouring compounds and additives and suitable breath fresheners. However it is better to remove food from teeth immediately after eating before it breaks down to cause bad breath.
The biologically inert adhesive is preferably high molecular weight polyisobutylene in "chewy" or liquified form with suitable flavouring solvents. The adhesive enhances the ability to remove plaque, and can impart a glossy cosmetic skin when applied to the tooth surfaces which is moisture, acid and plaque resistant.
According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of dental treatment comprising applying to the teeth a dental product of the kind described above. Preferably the application is by flossing between teeth, chewing the product, then rubbing the gum margins of tooth surfaces with the masticated fibres of product.
According to a further aspect of my invention there is provided a dental product comprising packaging material for edible products, said material comprising masticatable plastics.
The purpose of my invention is to make it convenient to control delivery of dietary or topical agents and or to remove plaque and food, sugars and acid from all tooth surfaces immediately after eating, particularly after eating sugary foods between meals when most attack usually occurs undisturbed e.g. when eating a candy bar. If the confection is partly wrapped in about 15 micron film like linear low density food grade polyethylene (LLDPE) this material can be used to floss between teeth, chewed to force saliva into grooves in chewing surfaces to dilute sugars and acids that may be present and remineralize damaged surfaces of initial lesions. The resulting masticated fibre can wipe plaque from gum margins under tongue or finger pressure in the same way as the stem of my previous invention or a specially prepared dental tape, but fluoride should not be included in the wrapping. In similar ways existing product packaging can be modified to give this facility for tooth care. For example perforating the top fold of a plastic sandwich bag 12 mm from the end so it is readily removed for tooth care after eating.
Packaging in rolls is more suitable for school or display use. Personal packs are best in booklet form while for handicapped people and young children foam plastic pieces are more suitable, particularly those described in the previous Australian Pat. No. 511,285.
Examples of the invention will now be described by way of example only.
A 552 mm wide coil of low density polyethylene film tubing 0.0127 mm is slit into 12 mm strips, coated on one side with fluoridated flavoured polyisobutylene (Mol. wt. about 50,000) and runs of 50 metres rolled onto 25 mm diameter cores. The fluoride may be either sprayed or blown onto the strips of polyethylene or applied as fluoridated adhesive by rollers. When strips about 10 cm long are wound off for use, the flavoured fluoride "gum" is laminated inside the plastics film. In use, fluoride is released slowly as the dental tape cleans between teeth like dental floss. The tape is then chewed to a pulp, forcing fluoride at controlled optimum concentration (5-1000 ppm) into pits and fissures where most holes develop. The saliva dilutes sugar concentration, inactivates and buffers acid production and remineralizates initial lesions especially with fluoride, so forming a less soluble fluorapatite or tougher tooth surface and may seal off pits and fissures. The fluoride and adhesive with the pulped fibres is then wiped on labial, buccal and lingual tooth surfaces under tongue or finger pressure. Some fluoride is swallowed but this is less than 0.1 mg which makes little difference to daily dietary intake. However in non-fluoride areas it is possible to lift this to optimal dietary fluoride intake of 1 mg/day.
Young children and handicapped people usually have a highly developed masticatory mechanism which is checked and improved in this way to better control the food bolus and reduce the risk of accidental swallowing or inhalation as well as help achieve correct jaw development. Although manual skills can be improved by flossing, chewing is much easier so foam plastic units are ideal for beginners and affords a high level of protection to grooves in chewing surfaces that develop up to 80% of cavities even with fluoridation and good brushing.
The system described above is particularly compact. One pocket sized roll of tooth cleaning film or dental tape is enough for every child in a school to clean its teeth. Larger rolls can be used to place a strip of dental tape in sweet or food wrappings on automatic packaging machines, in books or magazines for advertising or educational purposes. Preferably, small rolls or booklets of tape are used for every day personal manual operation or class tooth care after lunch at school. It is understood that the tape may be impregnated with suitable flavourings or mouth fresheners and may be multi-coloured to further enhance the aesthetic appeal to children. By the use of the dental tape described above, all tooth surfaces can be simply, conveniently and effectively cleaned whilst delivering optimal dietary fluoride and other agents at optimal topical concentration. The film can also be packaged singly or in booklet form with or without the adhesive. Strips can also be part of the packaging or wrapping of food for catering facilities. For example sandwich bags can have one side perforated 12 mm for edge of fold in the bag. A strip could also be sealed under the flap. Other examples embraced carry the biologically inert adhesive in cellular foam shapes, sticks, cloth, fibres or cleaning bristles of fine fibres. Soft fine resilient fibres in any form that can transmit pressure to undulating tooth surfaces will effectively remove plaque. These fibres may be prefabricated as in a foam, in multi-fibre toothbrush bristles or in cloth. Fibres may also be made during use when a thin plastic film is corrugated during the cleaning operation between the teeth like dental floss or when chewed to a pulp thereby producing fine resilient fibres.
The adhesive has an affinity for plaque and so enhances plaque removal, it also adheres to tooth surfaces and so provides a protective barrier against plaque reattachment or acid attack. The adhesive can also have cosmetic benefits by producing a glossy appearance to the teeth and can protect fillings from moisture after placement. The adhesive may be coated on maleable strip like aluminium that may be closely adapted to tooth surfaces to hold thereon desired concentrations of dental agents such as fluoride, anti-bacterial chlorohexidine and immunological lysozym so they are not diluted or removed by saliva.
It is further understood that the biologically inert adhesive impregnated by a suitable dental agent such as fluoride may be used as the chewy centre in an artificial sweet made of chewable plastic foam in the form of a capsule or lozenge. Suitable flavouring may be added to improve the taste and consequent demand for the product. However fluoride would only be included for known controlled delivery.
Hitherto comprehensive preventive tooth care involved relatively uncontrolled and far from optimal use of the toothbrush, fluoride toothpaste, dental floss, dietary fluoride via fluoridation, fluoride tablet or other supplement; topical fluoride via gels, custom tray application, mouth rinses, anti-bacterial or anti-plaque preparations and pit and fissure sealants. This has often caused damage to hard and soft tissues in the oral cavity and overdose levels of fluoride have often been demonstrated. The functions of all these different products are now combined and controlled in one simple type of product in a number of convenient forms.
It is further understood that the various shapes of the dental fibre whether derived from a film, a fibre, a foam or a multi-fibre extrusion or from other existing products for convenience with or without dental agents are incorporated in this invention.
Patent Citations
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Current research projects include:
(1) a detailed study of both the recruitment patterns and the fiber types of the jaw adductor muscles of macaques and baboons. The goals are to determine the nature of the general relationship between recruitment pattern and fiber type for the jaw adductors, to find out whether the jaw adductors are sexually dimorphic in these anthropoid primates, and if so, to develop a biomechanical model to describe this relationship and relate it to both size and function;
(2) investigations of the energetic costs of feeding behaviors in humans and nonhuman primates. The goal of this work is to better understand the relationship between the functional anatomy of the feeding apparatus and the metabolic costs that an animal incurs during feeding.
(3) a collaborative project with Greg Wray (Duke Biology), Brian Hare (Duke Evolutionary Anthropology), and Sarah Tishkoff (University of Pennsylvania) to study variation in the expression patterns of a number of diet-related genes in chimpanzees and humans; current work in includes a comparative genomic study of genes that code for enamel matrix proteins and associated proteases to document whether the thick enamel trait in humans is associated with positive selection in the noncoding regions of these genes.
(4) development of a public database - the Feeding Experiments End-user Database (FEED, www.feedexp.org) in collaboration with Dr. Rebecca German (Johns Hopkins), Dr. Susan Williams (Ohio Univ.), Dr. Chris Vinyard (NEOUCOM), and the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center. This database includes physiological data from a large number of mammalian species collected by numerous researchers. Its design will allow synthetic and integrative analyses of the evolution of the oropharyngeal apparatus and feeding behaviors in mammals. The public instance of FEED is available at www.feedexp.org


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FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 174-Matt Kelly on Dodd-Frank, Uber and Upcoming Compliance Week events
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 173-Adam Turteltaub on upcoming SCCE events
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 172-Scott Killingsworth on Personal Liability of CCOs
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 171-FCPA Enforcement in the Energy Industry
Meritas Capability Webinar - Controlling Where to Fight and Who Pays for it?
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 170-Yas Froemel and Facilitation Payments
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 169-the First Mailbag Issue
CorpCast Episode 6: A Brief Introduction to the Delaware Rapid Arbitration Act
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 168-Dan Cogdell on criminal procedure issues in defending an individual prosecuted criminally under the FCPA
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 167-Mara Senn on the Top 10 Practices in a Cross-Border Investigation
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 166-Sepp Blatter Resigns
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 165-BHP FCPA Enforcement and Lessons Learned for the Compliance Practitioner
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 163-the FIFA Indictments, with Mike Brown
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 162-Kristine Robidoux on new Canadian whistleblower initiatives
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 161-Gini Dietrich on how to create a MasterClass
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 160-Compliance Week 2015 Wrap Up with Mike Volkov and Jay Rosen
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 159-Alison Taylor on the intersection of CSR and the FCPA
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 157-Training of Third Parties Under the FCPA
Meritas Capability Webinar - California's Prohibition Against Non-Compete Agreements (B&P Code § 16600), the Protection of Trade Secrets and the Practical Relationship Between the Two
Episode 155-Mara Senn on FCPA Investigations and the Decision to Self-Disclose
In Burgos v. State of New Jersey, the New Jersey Supreme Court held that the 2011 pension and health benefit reform statute, known as Chapter 78, did not create an enforceable contract that was binding on the State to make...more
It is often hot in Georgia this time of year. In one particular Georgia federal court, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has been feeling some of that heat on an issue of significant interest to subjects of...more
On June 8, in Hill v. Securities And Exchange Commission, Civ. Action No. 1:15-CV-1801-LMM, a Georgia federal judge ruled that the Securities and Exchange Commission's use of an in-house Administrative Law Judge ("ALJ") to...more
UK Fair and Effective Markets Review Calls for Upping the Standards in UK and Global Fixed Income, Currency and Commodity Markets:
The Fair and Effective Markets Review issued 21 recommendations to "restore trust" in...more
Four years ago, in Stern v. Marshall, the Supreme Court stunned many observers by re-visiting separation of powers issues regarding the jurisdiction of the United States bankruptcy courts that most legal scholars had viewed...more
The United States Supreme Court will hand down its decision in the next few weeks in the case of Wellness Int'l Network, Ltd. v. Sharif ("Wellness"), 727 F.3d 751 (7th Cir. 2013) regarding bankruptcy courts' jurisdiction. ...more
Forex trading cases are back in the headlines after record settlements by a group of banks with UK and U.S. authorities. The best coverage is in the FT....more
State-Created Entity/First-Party Bad Faith: immunity of Citizens, as provided in Section 627.351(6)(s), Florida Statutes, shields it from statutory first-party bad faith claims under Section...more
On April 14, 2015 the Polish Constitutional Tribunal has analyzed the constitutional status of bank enforcement titles ("BETs"). The idea behind BETs is quite simple – create a shortcut for banks to accelerate the debt...more
Foreclosure: trial court abused its discretion in dismissing foreclosure action with prejudice, cancelling substantial debt, and denying lender ability to refile a foreclosure action without making finding of facts as...more
Attacking sufficiency, accuracy, or validity of assignments of mortgages and deeds of trust has been among the most common strategies employed by borrowers to challenge foreclosures. Allegations regarding the status of MERS,...more
In a letter opinion analyzing how provisions of a limited liability company operating agreement fit together, the Court of Chancery denied defendants' motion for summary judgment as to plaintiffs' claim for judicial...more
Government contracts with the State of Ohio provide a number of potential opportunities for service contractors, but many contractors may be surprised to learn that the State will not agree to enter into any contract that...more
On April 13, 2015, Governor Andrew Cuomo signed New York's 2015-2016 budget legislation, which, among other changes, conforms the New York City general corporation tax (GCT) to the most significant changes from last year's...more
A recent FBAR decision weighs in on some unknown and uncertain penalty issues relating to failure to file FBARs. These issues include...more
Cash proceeds obtained from the sale of a homestead property receive protection from creditors' claims, provided the funds are not commingled with other assets and are intended in good faith to be reinvested in a new...more
As noted in prior mailings on this topic, all 50 states require companies to comply with broad and often complex unclaimed property laws that mandate annual reporting. Unclaimed property is generally defined as tangible or...more
A federal district court in California has ruled that a state law prohibiting retailers from imposing a surcharge on credit card purchases placed an unconstitutional restriction on the retailers' freedom of speech and is...more
With the record-breaking campaign expenditures of the 2014 midterm elections behind us, and the 2016 campaign cycle already heating up, this is an ideal moment for investment advisers (including advisers to venture capital...more
In a March 27, 2015 opinion, the First District Court of Appeal unanimously declared a voter-approved amendment to the Charter of the City and County of San Francisco (City) to be unconstitutional as applied to current City...more
In This Issue:
- Introduction
- A Monumental Constitutional Amendment
- Understanding the New Risk Contracts
- Navigating the Regulatory Environment
- Investment...more
On March 13, 2015, the United States District Court for the District of Delaware, in the case of Walnut Creek Mining Company v. Cascade Investment, LLC, Civ. No. 14-738-LPS (In re Optim Energy, LLC, Bankr. Case No....more
In the closing days of February, the Illinois Supreme Court handed down its decision in LVNV Funding, Inc. v. Trice, a direct appeal from the Cook County Circuit Court. LVNV is noteworthy because it clears away ambiguous...more
9684675705_4dda20b9d4_zThis afternoon, the Illinois Supreme Court heard oral argument on the biggest case on its civil docket, In re Pension Reform Litigation. In re Pension Reform Litigation involves the question of whether...more
A complaint filed in the Northern District of Georgia on February 19 alleges that the Securities and Exchange Commission brings claims in administrative courts that are unconstitutional. The plaintiffs in the case, Gray...more
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- 55 total posts
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- 2 questions
Questions from noddy
A Surgeon Offered to 'Slant' my (Quite Pretty) Eyes a Little. However He Shaved off Lots of Bone and I Look Odd?
What can I do? The skin droops a lot above the eyes due to the bone that held it up being gone. I need it improved but do not know who to see for such a problem? It is a... READ MORE
This is an Embarrassing Topic BUT ....Is There a Way of Eliminating a 'Camel Toe'?
I feel embarrassed by fat on the pubic area which might be (or might not be) partly due to a bit of a droopy tummy after pregnancy. I realise a tummy tuck might help but I... READ MORE
Recent comments from noddy
Brilliant tummy tuck! READ COMMENT
Did you get surgery to your eyes and other places on the face? You look radically different like a doll! Astonishing. READ COMMENT
It would be nice to have a photo or two! glad you got a good result. READ COMMENT
Your photos are gruesome but honest thanks! you look great READ COMMENT
Thank you for sharing your story you look great. I cannot see the name of the surgeon you used - is it in the review? Thanks READ COMMENT


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The next Apple and IBM collaboration: In the classroom
Four school districts will have the chance to pilot a program using IBM software and services on Apple hardware in the classroom.
Four school districts will have the chance to pilot a program using IBM software and services on Apple hardware in the classroom.
Does your office have a number of Chromebooks or Chromeboxes that need updating? There's no need to have each machine download the software separately.
IBM, already gunning for more hybrid cloud deployments, rounds out its stack of hardware and software for enterprises.
Google Chrome, Oracle Solaris and Gentoo Linux all beat Microsoft's Internet Explorer in having the most vulnerabilities last year, according to Secunia, while IBM software took 40 percent of the Top 20 places.
Four years after the PlayBook, BlackBerry has another go at making a tablet, this time one with with a $2,000+ price tag, hardware from Samsung and software from IBM.
Big Blue plans to launch a series of applications designed to take advantage of the building software defined storage movement.
Cinema management software developer plans to spread its US footprint through a Texas acquisition.
General Electric, which is bulking up its technology unit to focus on the industrial Internet, names a former EMC exec CTO of GE Software. A former IBMer is now VP of software research at GE Software.
The software giant handily tops expectations as Surface Pro drove Surface revenue of $908 million. Office 365 subscriptions for home, personal and enterprise swelled.
Microsoft and IBM have forged a new alliance bringing more of IBM's enterprise software and services to Azure, and Microsoft's enterprise software to IBM's cloud platforms.
The Australian Taxation Office has gone to tender for a software-as-a-service solution that will be used to manage and procure contractors.
IBM has announced Watson first major steps beyond playing against Jeopardy! to mobile and cloud.
It had to come. Lotus 1-2-3, the spreadsheet that galvanised a generation is at last no more as IBM announces the end of support for the final version of the software.
As it continues to position itself as a cloud collaboration hub, Jive has been ramping up the number of integrations and connections available on its platform.
Australian messaging and collaboration software provider Atmail has given Silicon Valley a miss in its expansion into the United States, instead choosing to open its first international office in Santa Monica.
CEO Charles Phillips explains why his enterprise software company has cultivated design as a core strategic competency.
IBM's Korean office is realigning its business to stay relevant in the country amid mounting difficulties, reports ZDNet Korea's Jaehwan Cho.
IBM plans to integrate the businesses of Lighthouse and CrossIdeas with IBM's current IAM offering, with the goal of building out a full suite of identity-focused security software and services.
Chinese regulator visits Accenture's Dalian office to access Microsoft-related documents as part of an ongoing anti-monolopy investigation on the software vendor. The NYSE-listed consulting firm insists it's "not part of the antitrust probe".
IBM's latest analytics software packages derive from the social HR services Kenexa team, which Big Blue acquired for $1.3 billion in 2012.
Enterprise Software
Perfectly legal ways you can still get Windows 7 cheap (or even free)
How much does an iPhone 6 really cost? (Hint: It's way more than $199)
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How to survive an iPhone liquid submersion (hint: it's not rice)


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The young daughters of a vulnerable man who has been missing for more than five days have issued an emotional appeal for him to get in touch.
Simon Brookfield, who has recently been diagnosed with depression, left the family home in Wigginton at around 1.20am on Thursday morning and has not been in contact with friends or family since.
The 52 year old, who is company director of Kings Langley-based Chiltern Demolition, had spent a normal Wednesday evening having dinner with his family, according to his daughters Hannah, 19, and Stephanie, 21. He told no-one he was leaving.


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High-definition scans suggest effects of smoking may be seen in unborn babies
The harmful effects of smoking during pregnancy may be reflected in the facial movements of mothers' unborn babies, new research has suggested.
The harmful effects of smoking during pregnancy may be reflected in the facial movements of mothers' unborn babies, new research has suggested.
Voices in people's heads are far more varied and complex than previously thought, according to new research by Durham and Stanford universities, published in The Lancet Psychiatry today.
Teaching children with autism to 'talk things through in their head' may help them to solve complex day-to-day tasks, which could increase the chances of independent, flexible living later in life, according to new research.
Human intelligence cannot be explained by the size of the brain's frontal lobes, say researchers.
Researchers have identified a potential drug therapy for a premature ageing disease that affects children causing them to age up to eight times as fast as the usual rate.
(Medical Xpress)—Unborn babies 'practise' facial expressions of pain in the womb, according to a study published today.
Fetuses are more likely to show left-handed movements in the womb when their mothers are stressed, according to new research.
British women's obsession for thin bodies could potentially be changed if advertising showed more plus size models, suggests a preliminary study published today.
A simple finger prick test during routine eye examinations at high street opticians could help to identify millions of people with previously undiagnosed Type 2 diabetes, according to new research.
Experts from Durham University have identified a new gene that could help the development of fertility treatments in humans in the future.
Decades after the pit closures, coalfield communities still face significant health problems and economic difficulties, according to new research.
Men who wear red clothes send out a signal that they are angry and aggressive, in much the same way as if their face had reddened, suggests research published today by Durham University in England.
The 4D scans of 15 healthy fetuses, by Durham and Lancaster Universities, also suggest that yawning is a developmental process which could potentially give doctors another index of a fetus' health.
Babies learn how to anticipate touch while in the womb, according to new research by Durham and Lancaster universities.
There is no need to spray insecticide on walls for malaria control when people sleep under treated bed nets, according to new research.


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A method and apparatus for the polishing of diamond surfaces, wherein the diamond surface is subjected to plasma-enhanced chemical etching using an atomic oxygen polishing plasma source, are disclosed. In the apparatus, a magnetic filter passes a plume of high-density, low-energy, atomic oxygen plasma. The plasma is capable of uniformly polishing diamond surfaces.
1. A method for polishing diamond surfaces comprising the steps of:
a. providing a vacuum chamber containing a cylindrical plasma source, where said plasma source comprises:
i. a magnetic cylinder having a cylindrical chamber formed therein and an open end and a power-source end, with the open end of the cylinder forming a plasma source exit having an exit plane;
ii. a non-magnetic cooling jacket formed in a substantially annular and cylindrical shape positioned within the cylindrical chamber of the magnetic cylinder;
iii. a substantially annular and cylindrical array of confinement magnets encased within said non-magnetic cooling jacket, whereby the magnetic cylinder and the array of confinement magnets form a plasma generation reaction chamber;
iv. an electron source filament connected to an AC power source located outside the magnetic cylinder, said electron source filament being inserted through power-source end of the magnetic cylinder and into the plasma generation reaction chamber;
v. a gas port inserted through the closed end of the magnetic cylinder and into the plasma generation reaction chamber;
vi. a DC power source located outside the magnetic cylinder, and connected between the electron source filament and the magnetic cylinder; and
vii. an array of filtration magnets positioned in the plasma source near the plasma source exit, and parallel to the plasma source exit plane, said array of filtration magnets separating the reaction chamber into an upstream region containing the containment magnets and a downstream region.
b. introducing oxygen gas into the plasma generation reaction chamber in the magnetic cylinder through the gas port;
c. applying a DC discharge bias from the DC power source across the plasma generation reaction chamber in the magnetic cylinder to the electron source filament;
d. heating the filament to thermionic temperatures using the AC power source, causing primary electrons to be emitted therefrom, and to collide with the oxygen gas, producing oxygen plasma including a portion of primary electrons;
e. passing the oxygen plasma to the plasma source exit through the magnetic filter to prevent primary electrons from entering the downstream region of the reaction chamber;
f. placing at least one diamond sample, having a surface, in the path of the oxygen plasma exiting through the plasma source exit, said at least one diamond sample remaining in the path of the oxygen plasma until the surface of the diamond sample has optical quality smoothness.
2. A method for polishing diamond surfaces as set forth in
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This invention relates to a method for polishing diamond. More specifically, it relates to the use of plasma-enhanced chemical etching techniques for polishing synthetic diamond to an optical quality surface.
Extreme hardness, high thermal and chemical stability, and optical transparency are properties that render diamond desirable in numerous optical, electrical, and military applications. In order to overcome the rarity and cost of natural diamond, synthetic methods of diamond preparation have been developed. Synthetic diamond is efficiently and cost-effectively fabricated in the form of coatings using plasma-assisted (or plasma-enhanced) chemical vapor deposition (PACVD or PECVD) processes. As deposited, the diamond films are polycrystalline, typically possessing a roughness on the order of 10 to 20 micrometers. The rough surface negates the utility of synthetic diamond in many applications, particularly optics. When the as-prepared synthetic diamonds are used as lens coatings, for example, their rough surfaces produce excessive scatter and thus, provide low transmittance. Costly, labor-intensive polishing must be performed in order to achieve the required finish for this type of application. Mechanical polishing techniques utilizing diamond paste are typically performed, but because the synthetic diamond has the same hardness as the diamond in the paste, polishing must be performed repetitively, and for an extended period. As a result, the cost of polishing the diamond to optical quality exceeds the cost of depositing the diamond layer.
To reduce the polishing time and cost, a repetitive ion-implantation mechanical polishing technique was designed and is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,154,023. When utilizing this technique, the rough diamond surface is first "softened" by the formation of an ion-implanted layer. This softened layer is subsequently subjected to mechanical polishing. The softening and polishing steps are repeated until a desired surface smoothness has been achieved. Each cycle of softening and polishing in this technique affects only a shallow surface layer (on the order of 0.1 microns), so dozens of cycles are necessary to process typical synthetic diamond to optical quality. The repetitive ion implantation polishing technique requires high ion energies (on the order of 100 keV) in order to achieve ion implantation in the diamond surface; this requirement contributes both to overall cost of the method and also raises potential safety issues. Because the synthetic diamond surface has various grain orientations, line-of-sight effects from the high-energy implantation can result in directional sputtering on the surface, thus hampering the production of a smooth surface. In addition, the ion implantation apparatus typically has a small beam spot and therefore, repeated scanning of the beam over the sample is necessary to achieve uniform ion-implantation across the surface of a large synthetic diamond.
Synthetic diamond films and wafers have been used in various microelectronic applications, such as heat sinks or substrates for semiconductor devices. In these applications, it is often desirable to impart a specific architecture on the surface of the diamond. Oxygen plasma, coupled with pattern masking, has been utilized to selectively etch synthetic diamond wafers. Typically, the masked wafer is etched in a low-pressure oxygen gas reactor, using electromagnetic radiation to generate an oxygen plasma. Under these conditions, etching of the diamond wafer is rapid compared to conventional mechanical polishing techniques. However, under these conditions, the etching of the wafer is anisotropic, most likely due to physical bombardment by high-energy molecular oxygen ions, so polishing to optical quality smoothness is not feasible.
One object of the present invention is to overcome the disadvantages of the methods described above by providing a method for rapid, uniform, and cost-effective synthetic diamond polishing. More specifically, one embodiment of the present invention provides a method of effectively polishing synthetically produced diamond by plasma-enhanced chemical etching using an atomic oxygen polishing plasma source, said source generating high concentrations of low energy atomic oxygen ions over a large surface area. The present invention takes advantage of the ability of low energy atomic oxygen ions to chemically etch a diamond surface at moderate temperatures. Because the atomic oxygen ions have low energy and high density, they conform to the surface of the synthetic diamond sample, and thus polish the sample with increased uniformity versus known oxygen etching techniques. The rate of polishing is proportional to the density of atomic oxygen, and, in the present invention, this density can be easily controlled by adjusting parameters such as gas pressure, discharge voltage, and plasma ion source power to minimize the processing time.
Because the present invention utilizes a chemical effect to polish the diamond surface, the atomic oxygen ions generated are of much lower energy than ions generated for ion implantation techniques or similar high energy beam approaches. Accordingly, the atomic oxygen polishing plasma source disclosed herein can operate at lower voltages than the apparatus for ion-implantation, thereby reducing both capital investment and safety concerns. In addition, because the atomic oxygen polishing plasma source generates a large plume of plasma, large diamond samples can be polished in their entirety without beam scanning, and multiple samples can be polished simultaneously.
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the atomic oxygen polishing plasma source of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of the plasma composition in the different regions of the atomic oxygen polishing plasma source and vacuum chamber of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a plot of the atomic oxygen fraction as a function of vacuum chamber pressure at two different discharge voltages in the atomic oxygen polishing plasma source of the present invention;
FIG. 4a is a plot of the fraction of atomic oxygen produced by the polishing source as a function of discharge voltage in an embodiment of the present invention without magnetic filtration;
FIG. 4b is a plot of the fraction of atomic oxygen produced by the polishing source as a function of discharge voltage in an embodiment of the present invention having magnetic filtration;
FIG. 4c is an overlay of FIG. 4a and FIG. 4b illustrating the contrast between atomic oxygen concentrations in embodiments of the present invention with and without magnetic filtration; and
FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of the chemical etching of a diamond surface by atomic oxygen in accordance with the present invention.
The present invention is useful for providing a method and an apparatus for large scale diamond polishing. The following description is presented to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention, which may be incorporated in the context of a variety of applications. Various modifications to the preferred embodiment, as well as a variety of uses in different applications will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Notably, the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments; thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
A schematic of the preferred embodiment of the atomic oxygen polishing plasma source of the present invention is outlined in FIG. 1. The atomic oxygen polishing plasma source 100 is a hollow, cylindrical body having one open end, henceforth referred to as the plasma source exit 102, a wall 104, a closed end 106, and an interior region 107 a which forms a reaction chamber 107. The wall 104 and the closed end 106 of the plasma source 100 include a cylindrical array of confinement magnets 108 that are held by their own magnetic fields to the inside surface 110 a of a metal cylinder 110 made of a magnetic material such as low carbon steel. A cooling jacket 111 made of a non-magnetic material such as stainless steel completely encases the cylindrical array of confinement magnets 108. The apparatus may optionally also include a shield 132 located between the cooling jacket 111 and the reaction chamber 107 made of an oxidant-resistant material such as molybdenum. An electron source 112, powered by an AC voltage source 114, is inserted through the closed end 106 into the reaction chamber 107 of the plasma source 100. For the purposes of clarity, the electron source will be referred to as a filament. However, it will be obvious to one skilled in the art that other electron sources would be suitable in other embodiments. In addition, the filament electron source 112 and plasma source wall 104 are connected to a DC discharge power supply 118 located outside the plasma source. The plasma source is also equipped with a leak valve or gas port 120 at the closed end 106. A planar array of filtration magnets 122 is located within the plasma source reaction chamber 107, aligned parallel to the plasma source exit 124. A planar transparent electrode grid 126 covers the plasma source exit. The diamond sample, or samples, of interest 130 are placed beyond the plasma source exit 124.
In the preferred embodiment, the atomic oxygen polishing plasma source is positioned inside an evacuated vacuum chamber 200 (shown in FIG. 2). Oxygen gas is introduced into the plasma source 100 through the gas port 120. The final pressure is selected to maximize the atomic oxygen fraction. The pressure in the reaction chamber is the equilibrium pressure created from the flow between the oxygen leak valve, any gaseous reaction products and the vacuum chamber pump. In one embodiment of the present invention a final vacuum chamber pressure of about 10−5 to 10−3 Torr provided good results. The electron source filament 112, which in the preferred embodiment is made of tungsten, tantalum, or iridium, is heated to thermionic temperatures, at which point electrons ranging in energy from approximately 10 to 100 eV are emitted from the filament 112. The emitted electrons are the primary electrons. When a DC bias voltage from the DC power supply 118 is applied between the filament 112 and the plasma source wall 104, the primary electrons emitted by the filament are accelerated to the plasma source wall 104. On their way to the plasma source reaction chamber 107, the primary electrons collide with the introduced oxygen molecules, producing primarily molecular oxygen ion plasma and secondary electrons ranging in energy from approximately 0 to 3 eV. During the plasma creation process, the cooling jacket 111 cools the plasma source 100 in order to prevent heating of the confinement magnets 108 and filtration magnets 122 and other potentially destabilizing effects.
The resultant plasma is comprised of molecular and atomic oxygen species, both neutral and ionic, and free electrons. A schematic of the plasma composition is presented in FIG. 2. Magnetic filtration is used to increase the fraction of atomic ions present in the plasma as follows: The magnetic filter 122 creates a transverse magnetic field in the reaction chamber 107 that prevents the high-energy electrons involved in plasma formation from exiting the plasma source 100. However, low energy electrons and positive ions can penetrate the filter 122 through a collision diffusion mechanism. In the region 202 downstream of the filter 122, the low energy electrons aid in the dissociation of the molecular oxygen ions into atomic ions before the plasma leaves the plasma source 100 as a plume 204 on its way to the diamond surface(s) 130. Dissociation of molecular oxygen ions to atomic ions in the downstream region 202 is dependent on the gas pressure in the vacuum chamber 200. The effect of gas pressure on the fraction of atomic oxygen is shown in FIG. 3.
The effect of magnetic filtration on the fraction of atomic oxygen present in the plasma in the preferred embodiment is illustrated graphically in FIG. 4. As shown in FIG. 4a, the fraction of atomic oxygen in this embodiment is on the order of 0.28. However, as shown in FIG. 4b, the addition of the magnetic filter 122 increases the fraction of atomic oxygen to at least 0.7 and in some cases to over 0.94. An overlay of the atomic oxygen fraction data with and without the magnetic filter 122 is provided in FIG. 4c.
In the preferred embodiment, the plume of plasma 204 generated by the atomic oxygen polishing plasma source 100 is of largely uniform density over approximately 12 cm in diameter at the plasma source exit 124, and broadens with increasing distance from the plasma source exit 124. Thus, with appropriate positioning from the plasma source exit 124, the diamond surface(s) 130 may be completely covered by the atomic oxygen plasma plume 204. Furthermore, because the atomic oxygen ions simply diffuse from the plasma source 100, the energies of these ions are largely dependent on collision effects, which are controlled primarily by gas diffusion and pressure gradients. As a result, the atomic ions in the plasma plume 204 have energies less than about 100 eV, rendering them well-suited to chemically etch a diamond sample 130.
The present invention takes advantage of the ability of atomic oxygen to oxidatively chemically etch diamond surfaces. A schematic of the etching mechanism at a diamond surface 500 is provided in FIG. 5. By generating high-density atomic oxygen plasma 502 with magnetic filtration, the atomic oxygen polishing plasma source 100 provides for a rapid reaction rate between the atomic oxygen plasma 502 and the diamond surface 500. The density, and accordingly the reaction rate, in the preferred embodiment of the present invention can be easily controlled by adjusting the gas pressure, the applied discharge power to the plasma source 100, and the power to the electron source 112.
Potential anisotropic effects in diamond polishing are further limited in the present invention by the selective generation of low energy atomic oxygen plasma 502. Restricting the plasma flow to low energy species limits the physical bombardment of the diamond surface 500 by atomic or molecular oxygen ions, a process that results in directional, and accordingly non-uniform, etching of the diamond surface. Under low energy conditions, the primary etching effect on the diamond surface 500 is the non-directional chemical reaction of atomic oxygen 502 with the diamond surface 500. In addition, because the atomic oxygen polishing plasma source generates low energy plasma 502, the safety hazards associated with high energy beams such as utilized in the ion-implantation technique described above are minimized.
Finally, as previously stated, because the diamond is treated in the present invention by a broad plume of plasma 204, it is possible to treat a single large sample in its entirety, or several samples 130 simultaneously. The low-energy, high-density atomic oxygen plasma plume 204 diffusing from the source, while already non-directional in its effect, is applied to the entire sample uniformly to create a smooth, optical quality surface. Thus, the line-of-sight effects characteristic of beam polishing are effectively eliminated.
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