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A stereolithographic method of applying material to preformed electronic components and resulting structures. A substrate used for effecting electrical testing of semiconductor dice or a carrier substrate for same may be provided with a protective structure in the form of at least one layer or segment of dielectric material having a controlled thickness or depth. The layer or segment may include precisely sized, shaped and located apertures through which conductive terminals on the surface of the substrate may be accessed. Dielectric material may also be employed as a structure to mechanically align the die with the substrate either in the form of the apertures in the dielectric material layer or segment on the substrate to partially receive the conductive connective elements of the die, an alignment structure comprising upwardly projecting alignment elements adjacent or bracketing an intended die location on the substrate, or both.
1. A carrier for at least one semiconductor die, comprising:
a substrate bearing a plurality of terminals on a surface thereof;
a layer of dielectric material disposed over at least a portion of the substrate surface and defining apertures therethrough aligned with at least some of the plurality of terminals, the layer of dielectric material being of sufficient thickness and the apertures being sized and configured so that portions of conductive connective elements projecting from a surface of at least one semiconductor die in a pattern corresponding to locations of the at least some of the plurality of terminals are receivable therein to effect alignment of the conductive connecting elements with the terminals.
2. The carrier of
3. The carrier of
4. The carrier of
5. The carrier of
6. The carrier of
7. A carrier for at least one semiconductor die, comprising:
a substrate bearing a plurality of terminals on a surface thereof; and
at least one alignment element projecting from the substrate surface and located proximate at least a portion of a periphery of at least one semiconductor die location wherein portions of conductive connective elements projecting from a surface of at least one semiconductor die in a pattern corresponding to locations of the plurality of at least some terminals are aligned with the terminals.
8. The carrier of
9. The carrier of
10. The carrier of
11. The carrier of
12. A carrier for at least one semiconductor die having a plurality of conductive connective elements projecting from a surface thereof, comprising:
a first alignment structure projecting above a surface of a carrier substrate and located adjacent a periphery of an intended location for the at least one semiconductor die; and
a second alignment structure comprising a pattern of apertures corresponding to a pattern of the conductive connective elements of the plurality and located within the periphery of the intended die location.
13. A multi-chip module, comprising:
a plurality of semiconductor dice, each having conductive connective elements projecting from a surface thereof;
a substrate bearing alignment structures associated with terminals on the substrate and adapted to receive at least some of the projecting conductive connective elements of each semiconductor die of the plurality.
14. The multi-chip module of
15. A die assembly, comprising:
at least one semiconductor die having conductive connective elements projecting from a surface thereof;
a substrate bearing alignment structures associated with terminals on the substrate and adapted to receive at least some of the projecting conductive connective elements.
16. The die assembly of
[0001] This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/259,143, filed Feb. 26, 1999, pending.
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention relates generally to stereolithography and, more specifically, to the use of stereolithography in the application of materials to substrates of electronic components and the resulting structures.
[0004] 2. State of the Art
[0005] In the past decade, a manufacturing technique termed "stereolithography," also known as "layered manufacturing," has evolved to a degree where it is employed in many industries.
[0006] Essentially, stereolithography, as conventionally practiced, involves utilizing a computer to generate a three-dimensional (3-D) mathematical simulation or model of an object to be fabricated, such generation usually effected with 3-D computer-aided design (CAD) software. The model or simulation is mathematically separated or "sliced" into a large number of relatively thin, parallel, usually vertically superimposed layers, each layer having defined boundaries and other features associated with the model (and thus the actual object to be fabricated) at the level of that layer within the exterior boundaries of the object. A complete assembly or stack of all of the layers defines the entire object, and surface resolution of the object is, in part, dependent upon the thickness of the layers.
[0007] The mathematical simulation or model is then employed to generate an actual object by building the object, layer by superimposed layer. A wide variety of approaches to stereolithography by different companies has resulted in techniques for fabrication of objects from both metallic and non-metallic materials. Regardless of the material employed to fabricate an object, stereolithographic techniques usually involve disposition of a layer of unconsolidated or unfixed material corresponding to each layer within the object boundaries, followed by selective consolidation or fixation of the material to at least a semi-solid state in those areas of a given layer corresponding to portions of the object, the consolidated or fixed material also at that time being substantially concurrently bonded to a lower layer. The unconsolidated material employed to build an object may be supplied in particulate or liquid form, and the material itself may be consolidated, fixed or cured, or a separate binder material may be employed to bond material particles to one another and to those of a previously formed layer. In some instances, thin sheets of material may be superimposed to build an object, each sheet being fixed to a next lower sheet and unwanted portions of each sheet removed, a stack of such sheets defining the completed object. When particulate materials are employed, resolution of object surfaces is highly dependent upon particle size, whereas when a liquid is employed, resolution is highly dependent upon the minimum surface area of the liquid which can be fixed (cured) and the minimum thickness of a layer which can be generated, given the viscosity of the liquid and other parameters such as transparency to radiation or particle bombardment (see below) used to effect at least a partial cure of the liquid to a structurally stable state. Of course, in either case, resolution and accuracy of object reproduction from the CAD file is also dependent upon the ability of the apparatus used to fix the material to precisely track the mathematical instructions indicating solid areas and boundaries for each layer of material. Toward that end, and depending upon the layer being fixed, various fixation approaches have been employed, including particle bombardment (electron beams), disposing a binder or other fixative (such as by ink-jet printing techniques), or irradiation using heat or specific wavelength ranges.
[0008] An early application of stereolithography was to enable rapid fabrication of molds and prototypes of objects from CAD files. Thus, either male or female forms on which mold material might be disposed might be rapidly generated. Prototypes of objects might be built to verify the accuracy of the CAD file defining the object and to detect any design deficiencies and possible fabrication problems before a design was committed to large-scale production.
[0009] In more recent years, stereolithography has been employed to develop and refine object designs in relatively inexpensive materials, and has also been used to fabricate small quantities of objects where the cost of conventional fabrication techniques is prohibitive for same, such as in the case of plastic objects conventionally formed by injection molding. It is also known to employ stereolithography in the custom fabrication of products generally built in small quantities or where a product design is rendered only once. Finally, it has been appreciated in some industries that stereolithography provides a capability to fabricate products, such as those including closed interior chambers or convoluted passageways, which cannot be fabricated satisfactorily using conventional manufacturing techniques.
[0010] To the inventor's knowledge, stereolithography has yet to be applied to mass production of articles in volumes of thousands or millions, or employed to produce, augment or enhance products including other, pre-existing components in large quantities, where minute component sizes are involved, and where extremely high resolution and a high degree of reproducibility of results is required.
[0011] The present invention provides a method of applying material to a preformed electronic component with a high degree of precision. For example, a substrate used for effecting electrical testing of semiconductor devices or to connect same to each other or to higher level packaging may be provided with a protective structure in the form of a layer of dielectric material having a controlled thickness or depth and defining precisely sized, shaped and located apertures through which conductive terminals on the surface of the substrate may be accessed for testing of a semiconductor die disposed on the substrate.
[0012] The dielectric layer, in addition to physically protecting, sealing and isolating circuit traces on the substrate from connective elements on the superimposed semiconductor die to prevent shorting, may be employed as desired as a structure to mechanically align the die with the substrate for proper communication of the connective elements with the substrate terminals. This may be effected in the context of a so-called "flip chip" semiconductor die bearing a pattern of connective elements projecting from the active surface of the die (such as solder bumps or conductive or conductor-bearing polymers) by using precisely sized and located apertures in the dielectric material to partially receive the connective elements. In addition to, or in lieu of, such an alignment structure approach, upwardly projecting alignment elements comprising the same material as that of the dielectric layer may be fabricated on the dielectric layer. Such alignment elements may, for example, comprise C-shaped projections located on opposing sides of an intended location for the semiconductor die, L-shaped projections at comers of the intended die location, or linear segments parallel to, and defining a slightly larger area than, the side of a rectangular die.
[0013] The present invention employs computer-controlled, 3-D CAD initiated, stereolithographic techniques to apply protective and alignment structures to a substrate. A dielectric layer or layer segments as well as alignment elements for a single die may be formed on a single substrate, or substantially simultaneously on a larger number of substrates. Likewise, such structures for a plurality of die locations may be defined on a larger substrate, as in the case of a "multi-chip module" or test substrate for multiple dice. Further, a large plurality of protective and alignment structures, each defining an intended die location, may be fabricated on a larger substrate structure and subsequently singulated for use as single-die substrates or multi-die substrates. Precise mechanical alignment of substrates or larger substrate structures on which dielectric layers or alignment elements are to be disposed may be effected by stereolithographically fabricating support and alignment elements or fixtures for the substrates or other structures on which protective or alignment structures are to be formed from the same or a different material, under control of the same 3-D CAD program. The substrates or larger substrate structures are then placed in the fixtures and a layer or layers of additional material formed thereon.
[0014] In a preferred embodiment, the protective and alignment structures formed on a substrate are fabricated using precisely focused electromagnetic radiation in the form of an ultraviolet (UV) wavelength laser to fix or cure a liquid material in the form of a photopolymer. However, the invention is not so limited, and other stereolithographically applicable materials may be employed in the present invention.
[0015]FIG. 1 is a schematic side elevation of an exemplary stereolithography apparatus suitable for use in practicing the method of the present invention;
[0016]FIG. 2 is an enlarged, schematic side elevation of a plurality of electronic component substrates having at least one dielectric layer formed thereon according to the invention;
[0017]FIG. 2A is an enlarged, schematic side sectional elevation of a portion of an electronic component substrate of FIG. 2 having a dielectric layer formed thereon according to the invention.
[0018]FIGS. 3A and 3B are enlarged, schematic top elevations of an electronic component substrate bearing circuit traces and recessed terminals of different configurations, each substrate having a dielectric layer formed thereon according to the invention;
[0019]FIG. 4 is a side elevation of a substrate of FIG. 2 having a flip-chip configured die disposed thereon;
[0020]FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a substrate support and alignment structure and dielectric layer segments and alignment elements formed according to the present invention;
[0021]FIG. 6 is a schematic side elevation of a substrate having dielectric layer segments and alignment elements formed thereon according to the present invention and having a die disposed thereon;
[0022]FIG. 7 is a schematic top view of a substrate having another embodiment of alignment elements according to the present invention formed thereon;
[0023]FIG. 8 is a schematic top view of a substrate having yet another embodiment of alignment elements according to the present invention formed thereon;
[0024]FIG. 9 is a schematic side elevation of a substrate configured with terminal pads and bearing an alignment structure formed thereon according to the present invention;
[0025]FIGS. 10 and 11 are, respectively, a schematic top elevation and a schematic side elevation of a substrate having alignment structures thereon according to the invention bearing multiple dice;
[0026]FIG. 12 is a schematic top elevation of a large substrate structure having a plurality of substrate locations defined thereon; and
[0027]FIG. 13 is an enlarged side elevation of a collar formed according to the invention to define a deep aperture over a terminal on a substrate.
[0028]FIG. 1 depicts schematically various components, and operation, of an exemplary stereolithography apparatus 10 to facilitate the reader's understanding of the technology employed in implementation of the present invention, although those of ordinary skill in the art will understand and appreciate that apparatus of other designs and manufacture may be employed in practicing the method of the present invention. The preferred stereolithography apparatus for implementation of the present invention as well as operation of such apparatus are described in great detail in United States Patents assigned to 3D Systems, Inc. of Valencia, Calif., such patents including, without limitation, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,575,330; 4,929,402; 4,996,010; 4,999,143; 5,015,424; 5,058,988; 5,059,021; 5,096,530; 5,104,592; 5,123,734; 5,130,064; 5,133,987; 5,141,680; 5,143,663; 5,164,128; 5,174,931; 5,174,943; 5,182,055; 5,182,056; 5,182,715; 5,184,307; 5,192,469; 5,192,559; 5,209,878; 5,234,636; 5,236,637; 5,238,639; 5,248,456; 5,256,340; 5,258,146; 5,267,013; 5,273,691; 5,321,622; 5,344,298; 5,345,391; 5,358,673; 5,447,822; 5,481,470; 5,495,328; 5,501,824; 5,554,336; 5,556,590; 5,569,349; 5,569,431; 5,571,471; 5,573,722; 5,609,812; 5,609,813; 5,610,824; 5,630,981; 5,637,169; 5,651,934; 5,667,820; 5,672,312; 5,676,904; 5,688,464; 5,693,144; 5,695,707; 5,711,911; 5,776,409; 5,779,967; 5,814,265; 5,840,239; 5,854,748; 5,855,718; and 5,855,836. The disclosure of each of the foregoing patents is hereby incorporated herein by this reference.
[0029] With reference again to FIG. 1 and as noted above, a 3-D CAD drawing of an object to be fabricated in the form of a data file is placed in the memory of a computer 12 controlling the operation of apparatus 10 if computer 12 is not a CAD computer in which the original object design is effected. In other words, an object design may be effected in a first computer in an engineering or research facility and the data files transferred via wide or local area network, tape, disc, CD-ROM or otherwise as known in the art to computer 12 of apparatus 10 for object fabrication.
[0030] The data is preferably formatted in an STL (for StereoLithography) file, STL being a standardized format employed by a majority of manufacturers of stereolithography equipment. Fortunately, the format has been adopted for use in many solid-modeling CAD programs, so often translation from another internal geometric database format is unnecessary. In an STL file, the boundary surfaces of an object are defined as a mesh of interconnected triangles.
[0031] Apparatus 10 also includes a reservoir 14 (which may comprise a removable reservoir interchangeable with others containing different materials) of liquid material 16 to be employed in fabricating the intended object. In the currently preferred embodiment, the liquid is a photo-curable polymer responsive to light in the UV wavelength range. The surface level 18 of the liquid material 16 is automatically maintained at an extremely precise, constant magnitude by devices known in the art responsive to the output of sensors within the apparatus and preferably under control of computer 12. A support platform or elevator 20, precisely vertically movable in fine, repeatable increments responsive to control of computer 12, is located for movement downward into and upward out of liquid material 16 in reservoir 14. A UV wavelength range laser plus associated optics and galvanometers (collectively identified as 22) for controlling the scan of laser beam 26 in the X-Y plane across platform 20 has associated therewith mirror 24 to reflect beam 26 downwardly as beam 28 toward surface 30 of platform 20. Beam 28 is traversed in a selected pattern in the X-Y plane, that is to say, in a plane parallel to surface 30, by initiation of the galvanometers under control of computer 12 to at least partially cure, by impingement thereon, selected portions of liquid material 16 disposed over surface 30 to at least a semi-solid state. The use of mirror 24 lengthens the path of the laser beam, effectively doubling same, and provides a more vertical beam 28 than would be possible if the laser 22 itself were mounted directly above platform surface 30, thus enhancing resolution.
[0032] Data from the STL files resident in computer 12 is manipulated to build an object 50 one layer at a time. Accordingly, the data mathematically representing object 50 is divided into subsets, each subset representing a slice or layer of object 50. This is effected by mathematically sectioning the 3-D CAD model into a plurality of horizontal layers, a "stack" of such layers representing object 50. Each slice or layer may be from about 0.0001 to 0.0300 inch thick. As mentioned previously, a thinner slice promotes higher resolution by enabling better reproduction of fine vertical surface features of object 50. In some instances, a base support or supports 52 for an object 50 may also be programmed as a separate STL file, such supports 52 being fabricated before the overlying object 50 in the same manner, and facilitating fabrication of an object 50 with reference to a perfectly horizontal plane and removal of object 50 from surface 30 of elevator 20. Where a "recoater" blade 32 is employed as described below, the interposition of base supports 52 precludes inadvertent contact of blade 32 with surface 30.
[0033] Before fabrication of object 50 is initiated with apparatus 10, the primary STL file for object 50 and the file for base support(s) 52 are merged. It should be recognized that, while reference has been made to a single object 50, multiple objects may be concurrently fabricated on surface 30 of platform 20. In such an instance, the STL files for the various objects and supports, if any, are merged. Operational parameters for apparatus 10 are then set, for example, to adjust the size (diameter, if circular) of the laser light beam used to cure material 16.
[0034] Before initiation of a first layer for a support 52 or object 50 is commenced, computer 12 automatically checks and, if necessary, adjusts by means known in the art the surface level 18 of liquid material 16 in reservoir 14 to maintain same at an appropriate focal length for laser beam 28. U.S. Pat. No. 5,174,931, referenced above and previously incorporated herein by this reference, discloses one suitable level control system. Alternatively, the height of mirror 24 may be adjusted responsive to a detected surface level 18 to cause the focal point of laser beam 28 to be located precisely at the surface of liquid material 16 at surface level 18 if level 18 is permitted to vary, although this approach is somewhat more complex. The platform 20 may then be submerged in liquid material 16 in reservoir 14 to a depth equal to the thickness of one layer or slice of the object 50, and the liquid surface level 18 readjusted as required to accommodate liquid material 16 displaced by submergence of platform 20. Laser 22 is then activated so that laser beam 28 will scan liquid material 16 over surface 30 of platform 20 to at least partially cure (e.g., at least partially polymerize) liquid material 16 at selective locations, defining the boundaries of a first layer 60 (of object 50 or support 52, as the case may be) and filling in solid portions thereof. Platform 20 is then lowered by a distance equal to the thickness of a layer 60, and the laser beam 28 scanned to define and fill in the second layer 60 while simultaneously bonding the second layer to the first. The process is then repeated, layer by layer, until object 50 is completed.
[0035] If a recoater blade 32 is employed, the process sequence is somewhat different. In this instance, the surface 30 of platform 20 is lowered into liquid material 16 below surface level 18, then raised thereabove until it is precisely one layer's thickness below blade 32. Blade 32 then sweeps horizontally over surface 30, or (to save time) at least over a portion thereof on which object 50 is to be fabricated, to remove excess liquid material 16 and leave a film thereof of the precise, desired thickness on surface 30. Platform 20 is then lowered so that the surface of the film and material level 18 are coplanar and the surface of the material 16 is still. Laser 22 is then initiated to scan with laser beam 28 and define the first layer 60. The process is repeated, layer by layer, to define each succeeding layer 60 and simultaneously bond same to the next lower layer 60 until object 50 is completed. A more detailed discussion of this sequence and apparatus for performing same is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,174,931, previously incorporated herein by reference.
[0036] As an alternative to the above approach to preparing a layer of liquid material 16 for scanning with laser beam 28, a layer of liquid material 16 may be formed on surface 30 by lowering platform 20 to flood material over surface 30 or over the highest completed layer 60 of object 50, then raising platform 20 and horizontally traversing a so-called "meniscus" blade across the platform (or just the formed portion of object 50) one layer thickness thereabove, followed by initiation of laser 22 and scanning of beam 28 to define the next higher layer 60.
[0037] Another alternative to layer preparation of liquid material 16 is to merely lower platform 20 to a depth equal to that of a layer of liquid material 16 to be scanned and then traverse a combination flood bar and meniscus bar assembly horizontally over platform 20 to substantially concurrently flood liquid material 16 over platform 20 and define a precise layer thickness of liquid material 16 for scanning.
[0038] All of the foregoing approaches to flooding and layer definition and apparatus of initiation thereof are known in the art, so no further details relating thereto will be provided.
[0039] Each layer 60 of object 50 is preferably built by first defining any internal and external object boundaries of that layer with laser beam 28, then hatching solid areas of object 50 with laser beam 28. If a particular part of a particular layer 60 is to form a boundary of a void in the object above or below that layer 60, then the laser beam 28 is scanned in a series of closely-spaced, parallel vectors so as to develop a continuous surface, or skin, with improved strength and resolution. The time it takes to form each layer 60 depends upon its geometry, surface tension and viscosity of material 16, and thickness of the layer.
[0040] Once object 50 is completed, platform 20 is elevated above surface level 18 of liquid material 16, and the platform 20 with object 50 may be removed from apparatus 10. Excess, uncured liquid material 16 on the surface of object 50 may be manually removed, and object 50 then solvent-cleaned and removed from platform 20, usually by cutting it free of base supports 52. Object 50 may then require postcuring, as material 16 may be only partially polymerized and exhibit only a portion (typically 40% to 60%) of its fully cured strength. Postcuring to completely harden object 50 may be effected in another apparatus projecting UV radiation in a continuous manner over object 50 and/or by thermal completion of the initial, UV-initiated partial cure.
[0041] In practicing the present invention, a commercially available stereolithography apparatus operating generally in the manner as that described with respect to apparatus 10 of FIG. 1 is preferably employed. For example and not by way of limitation, the SLA-250/50HR, SLA-5000 and SLA-7000 stereolithography systems, each offered by 3D Systems, Inc., of Valencia, Calif., are suitable for practice of the present invention. Photopolymers believed to be suitable for use in practicing the present invention include Cibatool SL 5170 and SL 5210 resins for the SLA-250/50HR system, Cibatool SL 5530 resin for the SLA-5000 and Cibatool SL 7510 resin for the SLA-7000 system. All of these resins are available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation. Materials are selected for dielectric constant, purity (semiconductor grade), and a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) sufficiently similar to that of the substrate to which the material is applied so that the substrate and cured material are not unduly stressed during thermal cycling in testing and subsequent normal operation. By way of example and not limitation, the layer thickness of material 16 to be formed, for purposes of the invention, may be on the order of 0.001 to 0.020 inch, with a high degree of uniformity over a field on a surface 30 of a platform 20. It should be noted that different material layers may be of different heights, so as to form a structure of a precise, intended total height or to provide different material thicknesses for different portions of a structure. The size of the laser beam "spot" impinging on the surface of liquid material 16 to cure same may be on the order of 0.002 inch to 0.008 inch. Resolution is preferably �0.0003 inch in the X-Y plane (parallel to surface 30) over at least a 0.5 inch�0.25 inch field from a center point, permitting a high resolution scan effectively across a 1.0 inch�0.5 inch area. Of course, it is desirable to have substantially this high a resolution across the entirety of surface 30 of platform 20 to be scanned by laser beam 28, such area being termed the "field of exposure." The longer and more effectively vertical the path of laser beam 26/28, the greater the achievable resolution.
[0042] Referring to FIGS. 2 through 4 of the drawings, it will be apparent to the reader that the present invention involves a substantial departure from prior applications of stereolithography, in that preformed electrical components are modified by forming structures thereon using computer-controlled stereolithography. FIG. 2 depicts a plurality of electronic components in the form of substrates 100, also termed carrier substrates herein, having conductive traces 102 on the upper surfaces 104 thereof, traces 102 terminating in recessed terminals 106. The plurality of substrates 100 is disposed on surface 30 of a platform 20. The surface 30 of platform 20 is then submerged within liquid material 16 to a depth D equal to a desired layer thickness T on surfaces 104. Liquid material 16 is preferably selected for, among other parameters noted above, purity, dielectric constant and a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) similar to that of substrate 100, which may comprise silicon. A laser beam 28 is then scanned over substrates 100 to form one or more dielectric layers 110 thereover by curing liquid material 16 on the upper surface 104 of substrates 100, apertures 112 being defined in dielectric layer(s) 110 over terminals 106 using the path of laser beam 28 to circumscribe boundaries of cured material 16 a about each terminal 106. Of course, if a recoater blade is employed, as described with respect to FIG. 1, the substrates 100 are lowered into liquid material 16 to cover same, raised above surface level 18 to a single layer's thickness below the lowermost edge of the blade, the blade horizontally traversed, and laser beam 28 initiated. A single layer 110 may be employed, or a plurality of layers 110 as shown in FIG. 2A formed in superimposition to provide greater insulation and physical protection for traces 102 and develop deeper apertures 112 with stepped openings as shown, if desired. As noted above, a single layer 110 may preferably be of about 0.004 inch in thickness, by way of example and not limitation, such dimension depending on the size of a conductive connective element (such as a solder ball) to be received therein. FIGS. 3A and 3B show portions of surfaces 104 of two different substrates 100 with a completed protective dielectric layer 110 (or series of layers 110) from above defining an aperture 112 above and substantially aligned with an underlying terminal 106, circuit traces 102 being shown in solid lines as dielectric layer(s) 110 may be optically transparent to ambient light. Terminal 106 may be substantially square as shown in FIG. 3A with blades 106 a for penetrating the outer envelope of a solder ball without deformation of the ball as the ball is received in terminal 106, or may be of any other suitable shape, such as round (see FIG. 3B), depending upon the function (such as a temporary test connection versus a permanent connection) of terminal 106. As shown in FIG. 3A, the periphery 112 a of aperture 112 may be "pulled back" a slight distance from the outer boundary of a terminal 106. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 3B, periphery 112 a of aperture 112 may extend inwardly over the outer boundary of a terminal 106. The high resolution achievable using stereolithography provides such flexibility and accuracy of boundary placement with relative ease.
[0043] As shown in FIG. 4, when a flip-chip configured semiconductor die 200 is disposed on substrate 100, projecting conductive connective elements 202 in the same precise pattern as terminals 106 are at least partially received in apertures 112 in dielectric layer(s) 110, which are located with substantially equal precision. Thus, apertures 112 serve to mechanically align a semiconductor die 200 for electrical connection to recessed terminals 106. If substrate 100 is a test substrate used for establishing semiconductor die 200 as a known good die, or KGD, such electrical connection may be established by merely mechanically compressing die 200 against substrate 100 as shown by arrow 204, such technique and test packages to effect same being known in the art. If a permanent electrical connection is desired and the projecting conductive connective elements 202 comprise tin/lead solder bumps as known in the art, the solder may be reflowed as known in the art to metallurgically bond to recessed terminals 106 formed of a solder-wettable material. If the projecting conductive connective elements 202 comprise a conductive epoxy or conductor-carrying epoxy, the epoxy may be cured to adhere to the surfaces of recessed terminals as known in the art. Of course, other materials as known in the art may be employed to form projecting conductive connective elements 202.
[0044] In another embodiment of the invention, depicted in FIGS. 5 and 6, a substrate 100 is provided with a dielectric layer 110 thereover configured to circumscribe apertures 112 as in the prior embodiment. As shown in FIG. 5, layer 110 may be discontinuous and comprise layer segments 11Oa and 11Ob so as to only cover a portion of a substrate 100 with apertures 112 therethrough aligned with locations of recessed terminals 106 of substrate 100 (not shown for clarity) under layer segments 11Oa and 11Ob, the central portion of substrate 100 therebetween remaining completely uncovered. In addition to this stereolithographically formed structure, at least one, and preferably a plurality of, upwardly projecting alignment elements 116 are formed on the upper surface 114 of uppermost dielectric layer 110 on substrate 100. Alignment elements 116 may be formed of the same liquid material 16 as dielectric layer 110, and may comprise only a single layer or multiple superimposed layers of cured material 16 a. As best shown in FIG. 5, alignment elements 116 comprise generally C-shaped structures precisely formed just outboard of an area, shown at the inner boundaries 118 of alignment elements 116, defining the intended location of a semiconductor die 200 residing on substrate 100. Enough clearance may be provided within the boundaries of alignment elements 116 so that they provide rough alignment for a semiconductor die 200 to place projecting conductive connective elements 202 in at least partial alignment with apertures 112, at which point the projecting conductive connective elements 202 center themselves in apertures 112, completing the alignment process (see FIG. 6), which may be enhanced by vibrating substrate 100.
[0045] As shown in FIG. 7, a plurality of, or only one, L-shaped alignment element, designated as 116 a, may be employed. If substrate 100 is slightly tilted toward the inner corner of a single alignment element 116 a, a semiconductor die 200 thereon may be aligned with respect to substrate 100 responsive to vibration of the substrate 100. It should be noted that alignment elements 116, 116 a may be employed independently of (i.e., without using) a dielectric layer 110 having apertures therethrough for alignment of a die 200 with respect to a substrate 100 to effect proper alignment of projecting conductive connective elements 202 of the die 200 with the terminals 106 of the substrate 100.
[0046]FIG. 8 depicts another arrangement of alignment elements 120, which comprise linear segments parallel to, and outboard of, the sides of a rectangle defining an intended location 119 of a semiconductor die 200 on a substrate 100.
[0047]FIG. 9 depicts an arrangement wherein a substrate 100 is formed with flat terminal pads 106′ instead of recessed terminals 106. In this instance, a single, extremely thin layer 110 of dielectric material too thin to assist in alignment of a die 200 may optionally be disposed over substrate 100, and upwardly projecting alignment elements 116 or 120 as shown employed for fine alignment of semiconductor die 200 to substrate 100 and, specifically, alignment of projecting conductive connective elements 202 to terminal pads 106′ thereof. Of course, a thick layer 110 may be employed as described above to align connective elements 202 even if terminal pads 106′ are employed.
[0048]FIGS. 10 and 11 depict an arrangement wherein a plurality of semiconductor dice 200 is disposed on one or both sides 1002, 1004 of a larger carrier substrate 1000 such as might be used to fabricate a multi-chip module, including without limitation a SIMM, a DIMM or a TRIMM. All of the dice 200 are "bumped" in a flip-chip manner with projecting conductive connective elements 202, and substrate 1000 is stereolithographically overlaid with a layer or layers 110 of dielectric material, a plurality of die locations being defined by spaced arrays of apertures 112 (not shown). If required or desired, upwardly-projecting alignment elements such as 116, 120 may be formed on the exposed surface of uppermost dielectric layer 110 to facilitate die alignment of bumped dice 200 so that projecting conductive connective elements 202 may be received in apertures 112 (if deep and/or if recessed terminals 106 are employed, or a layer or layers 110 are used to define exceptionally deep apertures 112) or placed in superimposition to terminal pads 106′ if such are employed and apertures 112 are of negligible depth.
[0049] As shown in FIG. 12, a large plurality of silicon substrates 100 or 1000 may be formed on a wafer or other large-scale silicon structure 1200, such as a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structure, including for example, a silicon-on-glass (SOG) structure or a silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) structure. Other large-scale substrate structures, such as ceramic structures or photo-imageable glass (for example, Foturan™ glass) from which substrates 100, or even 1000, may be formed with a high degree of precision and repeatability may be employed. Using this approach and a mechanical alignment system in apparatus 10 capable of the aforementioned resolution, a large number of substrates 100, 1000 may be covered with dielectric layer(s) 110 and, optionally, alignment elements such as 116 or 120 and the substrates 100 or 1000 subsequently singulated from the large-scale substrate structure 1200 as known in the art.
[0050] With respect to alignment of substrates 100, a larger carrier substrate 1000, or a large-scale substrate structure 1200 from which smaller substrates 100 or 1000 may be singulated, it is noteworthy that apparatus 10 may itself be used to form a substrate support and alignment structure from the same liquid material 16 as dielectric layers 110 or alignment structures 116 or 120. With specific reference to FIG. 5, a substrate support and alignment structure 300 may be programmed in an STL file for a specific substrate location 302 on surface 30 of a platform 20 of apparatus 10. Likewise, a plurality of central substrate supports 304 of pillar-like configuration and precise height may be precisely located proximate and within the perimeter of a substrate location 302, while a plurality of substrate alignment elements 306 of greater height than supports 304 may be precisely located immediately outboard of substrate location 302 so that a substrate 100 (not shown) disposed on supports 304 and within alignment elements 306 is exactly placed with the required degree of resolution for disposition of layer or layers 110 and, optionally, alignment elements 116 or 120 thereon. Of course, such a mechanical support and alignment structure may be differently configured, as desired, and accordingly programmed. Likewise, for positioning of larger substrates 1000 or a large-scale substrate structure 1200, a larger support structure with appropriate alignment elements may be designed and accordingly programmed for mechanical alignment purposes.
[0051] It should be re-emphasized that the stereolithographic technique of the present invention is suitable for covering, or leaving uncovered, any desired portion of a substrate such as 100 or 1000, so that trace ends for connection to test equipment or higher-level packaging may be left bare. Similarly, a thin base dielectric layer 110 may be disposed on a substrate 100 or 1000 and "collars" built up to a higher level by one or more additional layers 110 to deepen apertures 112 as shown in FIG. 13.
[0052] While the present invention has been disclosed in terms of certain preferred embodiments, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize and appreciate that the invention is not so limited. Additions, deletions and modifications to the disclosed embodiments may be effected without departing from the scope of the invention as claimed herein. Similarly, features from one embodiment may be combined with those of another while remaining within the scope of the invention.
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AIRPORT/AIRLINE AGREEMENT THIS AGREEMENT made this _____ day of _______________, 200____ is by and between ____________________, operated by _________________, with headquarters in ______________, ____ (hereinafter the "Airline") and the Cortez Municipal Airport, a facility owned and operated by the City of Cortez, Colorado (hereinafter the "Airport"). In consideration of the sums of money to be paid for the services and facilities being offered, the Airline and the Airport do hereby agree as follows: I. OFFICE AND PUBLIC SPACE IN THE TERMINAL BUILDING There is hereby leased to the Airline the exclusive use of ____ square feet of Freight/Operations space in the Terminal Building, ______ square feet of counter space, ______ square feet of security screening area, ______ square feet of baggage and operations space; totaling _______ square feet. Also noted for Airline use is ramp space of undetermined footage for the use and storage of operations equipment, at no charge. Such uses shall include, without limitation, the sale of tickets, manifesting of passengers and cargo, screening passengers, and operations and communications. The Airline, its employees, passengers, guests, patrols and invites shall also have the use, in common with others, of any public space now available in the Terminal Building not otherwise leased to any third party including but not limited to: waiting rooms; restrooms; and auto parking space adjacent to the Terminal Building. II. LEASE PAYMENT The Airline agrees to pay to Airport for the above described leased premises in accordance with the rate schedule outlined in Appendix A, which is attached and made a part hereof by reference. If such payment is more than thirty (30) days late, a penalty payment in the amount of ten percent of the payment due shall be made by the Airline. Failure to pay the penalty payment in addition to the rent amount due shall constitute default. III. USE OF OTHER FACILITIES Airline shall have a right to use, in common with other aircraft carriers and private aircraft, the taxi strip, apron, and runway on said airport, it being the understanding of the parties that such facilities are not leased to Airline, but the Airline shall have a non-exclusive right to their use in common during the existence of this lease. IV. LANDING FEE PAYMENTS Airline agrees to pay on a monthly basis to Airport for use of said taxi strip, apron, and runway, a sum computed upon all landings of Airline's aircraft at said airport in accordance with rate schedules as outlined in Appendix A, which is attached hereto and made a part hereof by reference. If such payment is more than thirty (30) days late, a penalty payment in the amount of ten percent of the payment due shall be made by the Airline. Failure to pay the penalty payment, in addition to the landing fee payment due, shall constitute default. V. TERM OF AGREEMENT This Agreement shall be in full force and effect for the period beginning ____________, 200___ and ending ______________, 200____, for a period of ____ (__) years and ____ (___) months. This term is subject to _________________ continuing as the DOT selectee for Essential Air Service. VI. COMPLIANCE WITH RULES AND REGULATIONS The Airline agrees at all times during the existence of this lease that it will comply with all the rules and regulations of the Federal Aviation Agency, the Civil Aeronautics Board, and the rules and regulations promulgated by the Cortez Municipal Airport. VII. NON-DISCRIMINATION The Airline agrees that it shall comply with all applicable provisions of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and regulations of Federal Agencies issued to implement such Act. The provisions of Title VI, Part 21 are as follows: (1) No person on the grounds of race, color, national origin, or sex shall be excluded from participating in, denied the benefits of, or be otherwise subject to discrimination in the use of said facilities, (2) that in the construction of any improvements on, over, or under such land the furnishing of services thereon, no person on the grounds of race, color, national origin or sex shall be excluded from participation in, denied the benefits of, or otherwise be subjected to discrimination, (3) that the Airline shall use the premises in compliance with all other requirements imposed by or pursuant to Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations, Department of Transportation Effectuation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and as said regulation be amended. The Airline further agrees to comply with such enforcement procedures as the United States might demand that the Airport take in order to comply with the sponsor's assurances. The Airline assures that it will undertake an Affirmative Action Program as required by 14 CFR Part 152, Subpart E. The Airline assures that no person shall be excluded on these grounds from participating in or receiving the services of benefits of any program or activity covered by this subpart. The Airline assures that it will require that its covered sub-organizations provide assurances to the Airport that they similarly will undertake Affirmative Action Programs that they will require assurances from their sub-organizations, as required by 14 CFR Part 152, Subpart E, to the same effect. VII. SECURING OF PREMISES The Airline agrees that on the arrival or departure of any flights of aircraft owned by the Airline at a time when the terminal building is not open, that it shall have the duty of opening said airport terminal and to lock the building after the last flight. IX. CHANGE OF SCHEDULE PROHIBITED WITHOUT NOTIFICATION The Airline agrees that at any time hereafter should the posted schedule of arrivals and departures be changed that such change shall not be implemented without first notifying the Airport Manager a minimum of seven days prior to such change. X. SUBLEASING OR ASSIGNMENT OF RIGHTS PROHIBITED. The Airline shall not sublease the space granted by this lease nor shall it assign any of the rights and privileges contained in this Agreement without the express written prior consent of the Airport. XI. INDEMNIFICATION AND REQUIRED INSURANCE The Airline agrees to defend, save and keep the Airport harmless from any and all loss, expense, or liability, resulting from negligence of Airline or any of its employees or agents in their use and occupancy of said premises except that the Airline shall not be liable for loss and/or damage to the Airport's property caused by fire or other hazards insurance under any extended coverage endorsement, including vandalism and or malicious mischief. The Airport agrees to defend, save and keep the Airline and its parent companies, subsidiaries and affiliates, harmless from any and all loss, expense, or liability resulting from negligence of the Airport or any of it employees or agents in the maintenance or operation of the Airport. The Airline agrees to obtain and keep in force throughout the term of this lease liability insurance with limits note less than $10,000,000 for any one injury and not less than $10,000,000 for any one accident, and not less than $1,000,000 for property damage. The Airline shall furnish current certificates of insurance to the Airport as regards fire or extended coverage endorsements, including vandalism and/or malicious mischief. XII. MAINTENANCE OF AIRPORT BY AIRPORT The Airport shall operate, maintain, and keep in good repair the Airport, terminal building, and all appurtenances, facilities, and services not or hereafter connected with the foregoing, and shall maintain and operate the Airport in all respects in a manner at least equal to the standards for airports of equal rating as issued by the Federal Aviation Agency, and in accordance with all rules and regulations of the Federal Aviation Agency. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the maintenance provided for herein shall include the keeping of runways, aprons, strips, and ramps free of snow and other obstructions insofar as reasonably possible. XIII. SECURITY The City of Cortez shall not be responsible for securing or safeguarding the premises. Law enforcement services are provided by Montezuma County. XIV. MAINTENANCE OF PREMISES BY AIRLINE The Airline shall maintain its leased portion of the terminal building and ramp area in good repair, normal wear and tear, and fire excepted (provided, however, that the Airline shall not be obligated to repair any damages to said such premises because of structural defects in the terminal building, nor shall the Airline be required to make any substantial repairs, which repairs were not occasioned by damage caused by Airline). Damage to the terminal facilities due to carelessness in baggage cart handling shall be paid for by the Airline. Baggage carts are prohibited in the lobby area. The Airline shall insure that the boarding doors are locked during flight operations to prevent damage occurring to the terminal due to prop wash. Baggage carts, ladders, auxiliary power units, and other equipment shall be stored within the Airlines leased premises in a location and manner acceptable to the Airport. XV. BUILDING BY AIRLINE REQUIRES PRIOR APPROVAL The Airline shall not build on the premises or make any alterations or repairs to the premises unless the consent of the Airport has first been obtained in writing. In any such event, all building, improvements, alterations, and repairs shall be done at the expense of the Airline, unless otherwise agreed in writing by the Airport, and the Airline shall not suffer or allow any lien for labor performed, or materials furnished, to be levied or placed against the premises. Upon expiration or termination of this Agreement, all permanent improvements made to or connected to the terminal building by the airline shall become the property of the Airport without further compensation from the Airport to the Airline. XVI. ASSIGNMENT CLAUSE The Airline shall have the right to assign all or any part of its rights and interests under this Agreement to any affiliated air transportation company, or any successor to its business through merger, consolidation, voluntary sale or transfer of substantially all of its assets, with consent of the Airport, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld. XVII. COVENANT NOT TO GRANT MORE FAVORABLE TERMS The Airport covenants and agrees not to enter into any lease, contract, or any other Agreement with any other air transportation company containing substantially more favorable terms than this lease, or to grant to any tenant engaged in air transportation, rights or privileges with respect to the Airport that are not accorded to the Airline hereunder, unless the same terms, rights, and privileges are concurrently made available to Airline. The Airline may at any time during the course of this Agreement request a meeting with the Airport governing body to review the revenues being received under this Agreement and to review the expenses associated with the operation of the Airport. XVIII. FORCE MAJEURE Neither the Airport nor the Airline shall be deemed in violation of this lease if it is prevented from performing any of the obligations hereunder by reason of strikes, boycotts, labor disputes, embargoes, shortage of energy or materials, acts of God, acts of public enemy, acts of superior government authority, weather conditions, riots, rebellion, sabotage or any other circumstances for which it is not responsible or that are not within its control. XIX. QUIET ENJOYMENT The Airport represents that it has the right to lease the Airport, together with the facilities; rights, licenses and privileges herein granted and has full power and authority to enter into the Agreement in respect thereof. The Airport agrees that, on payment of the rent and performance of the covenants and agreements hereunder by Airline, Airline shall peaceably have and enjoy the leased premises and all rights and privileges of the airport, its appurtenances and facilities. The Airport agrees that in the event that the premises occupied by the Airline are destroyed or damaged by no fault of the Airline to such an extent that the Airline cannot continue operations, Airline's rent will be reduced on a pro rata basis. XX. TERMINATION This lease may be terminated by any of the parties hereto upon thirty (30) day written notice to the other party and subject to applicable provisions of the Essential Air Service program of the Federal Aviation Administration. XXI. DEFAULT Should the Airline fail to perform any of the provisions of this Agreement, the Airport may terminate this Agreement, and thereafter this Agreement shall have no further force and effect and the leased premises shall be delivered up to the Airport upon demand. If the Airline shall remain in possession after default and demand as aforesaid, it shall be guilty of unlawful detainer and the Airline shall pay all costs, including reasonable attorney's fees, incurred in the recovery of the premises by the Airport. XXII. APPLICABLE STATE LAW AND VENUE This Agreement shall be interpreted and applied in conformance with the laws of the State of Colorado. Should any legal action involving this Agreement be commenced, venue shall lie in Montezuma County, State of Colorado. XXIII. SEVERABILITY CLAUSE Should any provision of this Agreement be declared to be unenforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction the remaining provisions of this Agreement shall remain in full force and effect. XXIV. AMENDMENTS This Agreement may be amended from time to time by mutual written consent. In Witness Whereof, each party does hereby affix their signature and seal on dates noted. FOR THE AIRPORT: _____________________________________ Date_____________________ Cortez City Manager ATTEST: _____________________________________ City Clerk SEAL FOR THE AIRLINE: ___________________________________ Date_________________________ (Name) CORPORATE SEAL APPENDIX A Schedule of Payments for Terminal Space and Landing Fees Cortez Municipal Airport LEASED PREMISES PAYMENTS Lease Payments are calculated in advance and are to be paid on a monthly in accordance with the schedule below. Invoices will be sent to the Airline but not later than the tenth day of the month. The Airline shall remit the invoiced amount to the Airport on or before the last day of the month. 2004-5 $14.50 per square foot annual basis, $1.20833 monthly, for 1,369 square feet. November 1, 2004 to June 30, 2005 $1,654.21 per month 2005-6 $15.00 per square foot annual basis, $1.25 monthly for 1,369 square feet July 1, 2005 to December 31, 2006 $1,711.25 per month LANDING FEE PAYMENTS Landing Fee Payments are calculated in arrears and will be based on the maximum gross certificated landing weight of all the Airline's aircraft landing at the Airport in the previous month. On the first business day of each month, the Airline shall present to the Airport the total landings for all the Airline's aircraft for the previous month. Based on the fee schedule below, the Airport shall invoice the Airline not later than the tenth day of the month. The Airline shall remit the invoiced amount to the Airport on or before the last business day of the month. YEAR LANDING FEE November 1, 2004 to December 31, 2006 $.80/1000 lbs.
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A National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center
Make an appointment: 800-826-HOPE
Patient Care
Education and Training
About City of Hope
Patient Care
Education and Training
About City of Hope
Press Releases
From scientific discoveries to promising clinical trials, City of Hope constantly advances new and better ways to improve the lives of people here and throughout the world.
You can find the latest information on our research, clinical and educational programs through this listing of current press releases.
7/1/2015 - Salmonella bacterium could prove potent foe to aggressive form of pancreatic cancer
Patients with an aggressive form of pancreatic cancer known as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma currently have few good therapeutic options, with most medications able to increase survival by only a few months while exacting a high physical toll. City of Hope researchers appear to have found a better option, one that uses the Salmonella bacterium.
6/29/2015 - New CIRM-funded stem cell clinic at City of Hope treats its first patient
A City of Hope brain tumor patient is the first to be treated by City of Hope's Alpha Clinic for Cell Therapy and Innovation (ACT-I), part of the state's Alpha Clinics network, created to speed the development and delivery of stem cell therapies to patients who desperately need them.
6/18/2015 - New clinical trial harnesses the power of the immune system to fight brain cancers
Already pioneers in the use of immunotherapy, City of Hope researchers are now testing the bold approach to cancer treatment against one of medicine's biggest challenges: brain cancer. This month, they will launch a clinical trial using patients' own modified T cells to fight advanced brain tumors.
6/17/15 - Gene therapy pioneer John Zaia, M.D., named director of the Center for Gene Therapy
Gene therapy pioneer John A. Zaia, M.D., has been named director of the Center for Gene Therapy within City of Hope's new Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute.
6/8/2015 - City of Hope commencement will launch tomorrow's leaders in the biosocial sciences
On Friday, June 12, at City of Hope's Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences' commencement ceremony, a specially trained group of young scientists will take their first steps toward their goal of changing the future of medicine and science.
5/27/2015 - Grand Ole Opry And iHeart Radio Ready Their Rosters To Strike Out Cancer At The 25th Annual City Of Hope Celebrity Softball Game
The Grand Ole Opry and iHeart Radio are readying their rosters as they prepare to strike out cancer at the City of Hope Celebrity Softball Game. More than 25 music and sports stars will step up to the plate for this 25th anniversary event, taking place June 13 from the new First Tennessee Park during CMA Music Festival.
5/20/2015 - Clive Davis, Charli XCX, Burt Bacharach, Martin Bandier, Electronic Arts and Los Angeles Magazine join together at 11th annual Songs of Hope benefiting City of Hope
Legendary music executive Clive Davis, singer/songwriter Burt Bacharach, contemporary music artist Charli XCX and film composer Christophe Beck ("Frozen"), along with top music and entertainment industry VIPs, will come together at the 11th annual Songs of Hope to celebrate the song and songwriter, and to raise funds for lifesaving cancer research at City of Hope.
5/4/2015 - New company to develop vaccines, discovered by City of Hope researchers, to protect against CMV infections in cancer patients
City of Hope and Fortress Biotech have reached an agreement to form a new subsidiary company, DiaVax Biosciences, that will develop two novel vaccines against cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, a life-threatening illness in people with weakened or underdeveloped immune systems, such as cancer patients and developing fetuses.
4/23/2015 - Transplant recipient gets rare chance to meet stem cell donor who saved her life
A Los Angeles teen looking forward to wrapping up her sophomore year in high school and a West Point graduate who is now president of his own financial company have never met, but they have more in common than they would otherwise imagine.
4/21/2015 - City of Hope named a SCALE awardee by Institute for Healthcare Improvement
City of Hope today announced it has been named a final awardee and will receive funding from the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) to support promising community-based work on health improvement, as part of the SCALE (Spreading Community Accelerators through Learning and Evaluation) initiative.
3/30/2015 - City of Hope named a finalist in national initiative on health and well-being
City of Hope today announced it has been named a finalist in the running to receive funding from the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) to become a leading community on health improvement, as part of an initiative known as SCALE (Spreading Community Accelerators through Learning and Evaluation).
3/23/2015 - City of Hope launches stem cell therapy clinic to fight incurable disease in new ways
In the field of cancer, patients have had surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy as options. Now, as City of Hope officially opens the Alpha Clinic for Cell Therapy and Innovation, patients battling cancer and other life-threatening diseases have another option: stem cell-based therapy.
2/26/2015 - Internationally acclaimed lymphoma expert Larry Kwak will join City of Hope
Acclaimed translational research scientist and physician Larry W. Kwak, M.D., Ph.D., will join City of Hope in a key leadership role within the institution's new Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute. As director of the Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, Kwak will shape the next generation of research and treatments for all types of lymphoma.
1/30/2015 - City of Hope awarded nearly $900,000 to develop technology to break down barriers to stem cell translational research
The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine has awarded City of Hope researchers a significant grant to help address a problem currently creating a bottleneck in stem cell research: The lack of a scalable and practical way to produce and store enough stem cells for therapies and clinical trials on a larger scale.
1/26/2015 - PRAVANA President and Founder Steve Goddard to be honored with City of Hope's prestigious Spirit of Life® Award
City of Hope's National Professional Salon Industry Group will honor Steve Goddard, president and founder of PRAVANA, with its 2015 Spirit of Life® Award.
1/26/2015 - Internationally acclaimed hematologist-oncologist Guido Marcucci, M.D., joins City of Hope
Renowned physician and researcher Guido Marcucci has joined City of Hope in a key leadership role within the institution's new Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute.
12/15/2014 - Philanthropy leader Kristin Bertell joins City of Hope as Chief Philanthropy Officer
Accomplished philanthropic leader Kristin Bertell is joining City of Hope in the role of chief philanthropy officer. Currently associate vice chancellor of health sciences development at UC San Diego, Bertell will provide executive and strategic oversight for all aspects of City of Hope's philanthropic efforts as the cancer treatment center and biomedical research institution enters a new era of growth and development.
12/5/2014 - City of Hope studies offer promising data, even potential new approaches to hematologic cancers
A new standard of care for HIV-associated lymphoma, promising news for patients with relapsing or treatment-resistant lymphoma, and immunotherapy approaches to treating hematologic cancers are among the breakthroughs City of Hope scientists will share at the American Society of Hematology meeting.
12/4/2014 - Patients with HIV-associated lymphoma should no longer be excluded from stem cell transplants
Results from a multicenter clinical trial could knock down barriers to autologous stem cell transplants for patients with HIV-associated lymphoma, currently the standard of care for some non-HIV infected patients.
12/2/2014 - Five families celebrate their todays – and their tomorrows – atop City of Hope's Rose Parade float
On Jan. 1, for the 42nd year, cancer research and treatment center City of Hope will participate in the 126th Tournament of Roses Parade. This year, they'll be joined by five families celebrating their futures – futures they wouldn't have had without City of Hope.
11/24/2014 - Press Ganey recognizes City of Hope for outstanding patient care
City of Hope has again gained recognition for its excellence in quality care by perhaps the most meaningful measure of all: patient satisfaction. Positive patient feedback has earned City of Hope its sixth consecutive Press Ganey Guardian of Excellence Award.
11/24/2014 - City of Hope researchers unlock the potential of the immune system to fight cancer
Physicians and scientists at the Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute are using T cell therapy against blood cancers and other diseases.
11/20/2014 - City of Hope study: Vaccine effective against virus responsible for 5,000 congenital infections annually
A new vaccine strategy can potentially prevent a viral infection that causes 5,000 babies yearly to be born with permanent disabilities.
11/19/2014 - Caltech, City of Hope collaborate to advance scientific breakthroughs, medical research
A new agreement between City of Hope and California Institute of Technology will foster greater collaboration between some of the most innovative thinkers in technology, medicine and science.
11/14/2014 - On World Diabetes Day, City of Hope unveils new Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute
City of Hope continues its longstanding commitment to combating diabetes, a leading national and global health threat, with a $60 million investment to expand basic and translational research efforts through its new Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute.
11/3/2014 - City of Hope awarded $8 million to launch stem cell therapy clinic focused on fighting incurable disease
Identifying cures for currently incurable diseases and providing patients safe, fast, and potentially life-saving treatments is the focus of City of Hope's new Alpha Clinic for Cell Therapy and Innovation (ACT-I).
10/29/2014 - City of Hope researchers awarded $7.5 million in NIH funding to support type 1 diabetes
Even with the best possible management, type 1 diabetes negatively impacts health, lifespan and quality of life for the millions of people worldwide who have the disease. Two City of Hope researchers working to change that bleak outlook have recently received some significant help from the National Institutes of Health. Together, they've been awarded two grants totaling nearly $7.5 million to support their research into type 1 diabetes.
10/27/2014 - City of Hope announces new Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute
Cancers of the blood and immune system are considered to be among the most difficult-to-treat cancers. A world leader in the treatment of blood cancers, City of Hope is now launching an institute specifically focused on researching and treating lymphoma, leukemia and myeloma, as well as other serious blood and bone marrow diseases.
10/17/2014 - Two important positions will shape future of City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center
City of Hope announces two important developments in the leadership team of its world-renowned Comprehensive Cancer Center: Linda Malkas, Ph.D., will expand her role as deputy director of basic research, and Matthew Ruchin, formerly of Northwestern University's Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, will join City of Hope's center as its associate director.
10/15/2014 - $6.8 million NCI grant will test palliative care for cancer patients in Phase 1 clinical trials
Cancer patients who are participating in early-stage clinical trials need extra emotional and physical support due to their additional stress and often unique symptoms. Now an effort by researchers at City of Hope to create a model for such support has received a $6.8 million grant from the National Cancer Institute.
9/23/2014 - Marketing executive Lisa Stockmon joins City of Hope as Chief Marketing and Communications Officer
Nationally respected marketing, branding and management expert Lisa Stockmon is joining City of Hope in the new role of chief marketing and communications officer. Stockmon will provide the overall strategic leadership for City of Hope marketing and communications initiatives as the cancer treatment center and biomedical research institution enters a new era of growth and development.
9/22/2014 - City of Hope expands access to highest-quality cancer care in communities east of Duarte
City of Hope and Wilshire Oncology Medical Group have reached an agreement in which Wilshire physicians will join City of Hope Medical Group, delivering care to patients through City of Hope's new community practice sites in Glendora, Pomona, Rancho Cucamonga, West Covina and Corona.
9/9/2014 - New City of Hope program will develop natural cancer-fighting therapies
A $2.5 million gift from the Panda Charitable Foundation will help launch the Program in Natural Therapies at City of Hope, helping researchers investigate the potential of foods and other plant-based ingredients to fight disease.
8/5/2014 - California's first P-Tech-style program, heralded as revolutionary education model, opens this Fall in Duarte
Specialized high school educational programs that fast-track students to jobs by providing college-level training and career readiness are heralded as the next revolution in education.
7/17/2014 - City of Hope researcher receives grant for new approach against leukemia
More than 40 percent of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) will relapse despite receiving aggressive chemotherapy for the disease. A new therapeutic approach, using immune cells known as T cells, could significantly improve their odds.
6/20/2014 - $5.6 million CIRM grant will advance clinical studies of a new HIV treatment
A new approach to treating HIV could free patients from the virus's tyranny for once and for all. The approach will now advance to clinical trials through a $5.6 million grant from the California Regenerative Medicine Institute awarded to a team led by City of Hope.
6/4/2014 - APPLE Executive Eddy Cue to be honored with
Spirit of Life
Award by City of Hope's Music, Film and Entertainment Industry Group
Cue will be the first honoree from the technology sector, an acknowledgment of the exciting ways technology and entertainment now intersect to enhance the consumer experience. The award will be presented at a gala dinner in Los Angeles on Oct. 23.
6/3/2014 - City of Hope | Arcadia to open on June 9
The clinic, located next to Methodist Hospital of Southern California, will increase the availability of City of Hope's renowned cancer specialists within the Arcadia community and will provide additional convenience for patients seeking general oncologic surgery and medical oncology services.
5/16/2014 - City of Hope researchers report on new findings at ASCO meeting
City of Hope researchers report on young adult cancer patients, location of cancer care, medication nonadherence and phase II drug trials of XL184 (cabozantinib) for breast cancer and ABT-888 (veliparib) for lung cancer.
4/28/2014 - Bone marrow recipients get rare chance to meet their 'genetic twins' at City of Hope
Bone marrow transplants offer a second chance for people with life-threatening blood cancers and other hematologic malignancies. But many recipients, though overwhelmed with curiosity and the need to express their gratitude, can only dream of meeting the strangers who saved their lives. City of Hope is about to make that dream come true for two patients.
3/19/2014 - City of Hope expands diabetes research with $30M investment
The funding, made possible by philanthropic support, will be used to recruit highly experienced and well-published scientists to join the Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research at Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope. Their areas of research will include cell biology, immunology, diabetic complications, gene regulation and obesity
3/11/2014 - City of Hope responding to theft at billing contractor that led to potential privacy breach for some patients
A burglary that occurred on Feb. 5, 2014, at Sutherland Healthcare Solutions' office in Torrance resulted in the theft of eight computers, two of which contained personal information about a small percentage of City of Hope patients and their financial guarantors. Sutherland is an outside vendor that contracts with health care providers, including City of Hope, for certain billing services.
2/26/2014 - Yuman Fong, M.D., appointed chair of City of Hope's Department of Surgery
Yuman Fong, M.D., an internationally recognized expert in hepatobiliary cancer and in the use of genetically modified viruses to combat malignant disease, has been named chair of the Department of Surgery at City of Hope.
2/18/2014 - City of Hope researchers develop test to assess effect of more than 1,500 chemicals on estrogen
A team of researchers at City of Hope has developed a screening assay that can quickly assess up to 1,536 compounds' effect on estrogen activity in the body. The test can also evaluate whether chemicals act as inhibitors of aromatase, an enzyme linked to breast cancer that converts androgen to estrogen.
2/11/2014 - City of Hope researcher receives five grants totaling $450,000 to fight pediatric brain tumors
Five foundations — Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation, Pediatric Cancer Research Foundation (PCRF), The Matthew Larson Foundation for Pediatric Brain Tumors — and two anonymous foundations have announced grants totaling $450,000 in support of Dr. Margarita Gutova's work, allowing her to continue her preclinical studies using neural stem cells to treat medulloblastoma.
2/5/2014 - Norman C. Payson, M.D., named chair of board of directors
Noted business leader and physician Norman C. Payson, M.D., has been selected as the new chair of the City of Hope board of directors. He began his three-year term on Jan. 1, taking helm of the institution's board as the research and treatment center launches a new era of growth and scientific investment.
1/30/2014 - $1 million Movember-Prostate Cancer Foundation Challenge Award will fund City of Hope immunotherapy research
A team of City of Hope researchers has received a two-year, $1 million Movember-Prostate Cancer Foundation (PCF) Challenge Award for a double-armed project to treat advanced prostate cancer. The team will be studying two novel agents' promising ability to stage a combined immunotherapeutic attack against prostate cancer cells, which have previously been resistant to such an effort.
1/14/2014 - $10M gift will launch Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center
A $10 million gift from Internet-publishing entrepreneurs Emmet and Toni Stephenson and their daughter Tessa Stephenson Brand will fund the creation of the Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center at City of Hope, the cornerstone of the institution's new Hematologic Malignancies Institute.
1/2/2014 - City of Hope National Medical Center to offer radiation oncology services in Arcadia
City of Hope and Methodist Hospital of Southern California have reached an agreement in which City of Hope will acquire the hospital's radiation oncology service in Arcadia. The acquisition will expand access to City of Hope's renowned expertise in radiation therapy and will provide additional convenience for patients seeking specialized cancer services.
12/12/2013 - Wishes come true on City of Hope's Rose Parade float
For those who have battled cancer, each tomorrow is, in reality, a dream come true. No one knows that better than the 11 cancer survivors who will ride City of Hope's float at the 125th Rose Parade on New Year's Day.
11/26/2013 - City of Hope receives national recognition for excellence in patient care
Prestigious Press Ganey awards honor institutions for outstanding patient satisfaction
City of Hope has earned two prestigious Press Ganey awards for its top-quality patient care, marking its fifth consecutive year of being honored by the healthcare industry's leading performance improvement firm.
11/15/2013 - City of Hope | Antelope Valley opens its doors on Nov. 18
State-of-the-art facility will bring top-level, comprehensive care to the region's cancer patients
The brand-new
City of Hope | Antelope Valley Cancer and Community Education Center,
which will offer a full range of diagnostic and treatment services plus space for conferences and events, will provide Antelope Valley residents with convenient access to City of Hope's renowned level of care.
11/4/2013 - City of Hope Launches Chinese-Language Website for Chinese-Speaking Community
Understanding that innovation and inclusion are vital to an effective partnership with our patients and the community at large, City of Hope is proud to announce the launch of a Chinese-language website,
, with content focused specifically on the needs of Chinese-speaking patients, caregivers and their families.
10/31/13 - City of Hope names Steven T. Rosen as Provost/Chief Scientific Officer
Rosen, an internationally known specialist in hematologic malignancies, will set the scientific direction of City of Hope as it embarks on a new era of strategic growth, shaping the research and educational vision for the $1.2-billion independent biomedical research, treatment and education institution.
10/9/13 - City of Hope and Providence Health & Services Pursue Partnership in Cancer Care
City of Hope and Providence Health & Services, Southern California, announced today their intent to expand access to uniquely compassionate, high-quality oncology services within the Southern California communities served by Providence.
10/8/13 - $6.25M gift from Billy and Audrey L. Wilder funds professorships
A $6.25 million gift from the estate of Billy and Audrey L. Wilder will be used to create two professorships for City of Hope researchers, along with the Wilder Archives Recognition Gallery at City of Hope.
7/16/2013 - For 10 years City of Hope is on U.S.News & World Report list of best cancer hospitals
The 2013-2014 edition of U.S.News & World Report's "Best Hospitals" has listed City of Hope as one of the best cancer hospitals in the nation. This marks the tenth year that City of Hope has appeared in the cancer rankings of the "Best Hospitals" report, which recognizes elite hospitals in the U.S.
5/23/2013 - City of Hope's comprehensive cancer center designation has been renewed by the National Cancer Institute
City of Hope has been notified of the renewal of the prestigious comprehensive cancer center designation from the National Cancer Institute (NCI), a milestone that marks the institution's 30th year with an NCI designation.
5/13/2013 - Country music stars step up to the plate against cancer at City of Hope Celebrity Softball Challenge presented by Staples
The event will pit longtime rival teams Grand Ole Opry and "After MidNite with Blair Garner" against each other on Saturday, June 8, at 9 a.m. at Greer Stadium.
5/7/2013 - $2.5 million grant from The Marcus Foundation funds clinical trials on aggressive cancers
The therapy works through a two-part process that simultaneously takes apart the tumors' support network while stimulating the immune system to attack the cancerous cells.
4/29/2013 - Landmark donation from Chan Soon-Shiong Family Foundation establishes pioneering diabetes endowment
The pledge, which will be used to enhance the scientific core and capacity of City of Hope's Diabetes Research Center by recruiting a nationally acclaimed leader in the field of diabetes research, was given in honor of Annette and Leonard Shapiro, longtime friends and supporters of groundbreaking diabetes research and of City of Hope.
4/17/2013 - Pacific Northwest Chapters celebrate impact on cancer research
Members of those chapters will be celebrating their contributions to City of Hope, a National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer center, at a truly unique luncheon on May 5, 2013 at Glendale Country Club in Bellevue, Wash.
4/12/2013 - City of Hope and Antelope Valley Hospital Reach "Topping Off" Milestone in New Center Construction
City of Hope, Antelope Valley Hospital, and G. L. Bruno Associates Inc. celebrated the completion of the internal structure of City of Hope | Antelope Valley with a "topping off" ceremony on Friday, April 12, 2013.
3/29/2013 - Larry Harrow, Chairman & CEO and Jason Harrow, President of Hollywood Bed Frame Company to receive the City of Hope's Lifetime Achievement Award
The Harrows will receive their awards at the West Coast Golf & Tennis Tournament on June 10, 2013 at the Coto de Caza Golf and Racquet Club in Coto de Caza, CA. For more information about the event, please contact Yolanda V. Guerrero at 800-272-2310 or
or log on to the event website at
3/12/2013 - City of Hope selects chief executive for City of Hope Medical Foundation
A former executive vice president at WellPoint Inc., overseeing Comprehensive Health Solutions, Levine will lead the medical foundation in its mission to care for, and provide services to, City of Hope patients.
3/6/2013 - City of Hope receives CEO Cancer Gold Standard accreditation
City of Hope has received
CEO Cancer Gold Standard
™ accreditation, recognizing the organization's extraordinary commitment to the health of its employees and their families.
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U.S.News & World Report
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Purging pancreatic cancer with bacteria-based immunotherapy
The outlook and length of survival has not changed much in the past 25 years for patients suffering from an aggressive form of pancreatic cancer known as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). These patients still have few options for therapy; currently available therapies are generally toxic and do not incre...
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Our bladder cancer experts give patients more, and better, choices
"With bladder cancer, the majority of patients that I see can be cured," said urologist Kevin Chan, M.D., head of reconstructive urology at City of Hope. "The challenge is to get patients the same quality of life that they had before surgery." To meet this challenge, Chan and the urologic team at City of Hope [...
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New clinical trial harnesses CAR-T immunotherapy to fight brain cancers
Already pioneers in the use of immunotherapy, City of Hope researchers are now testing the bold approach to cancer treatment against one of medicine's biggest challenges: brain cancer. This month, they will launch a clinical trial using patients' own modified T cells to fight advanced brain tumors. One of but a...
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Brain cancer: New advances in research, treatment, technology (w/PODCAST)
Brain cancer may be one of the most-frightening diagnoses people can receive, striking at the very center of who we are as individuals. Further, it often develops over time, causing no symptoms until it's already advanced. Listen to City of Hope Radio as Behnam Badie, M.D., director of the Brain Tumor Pro...
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Community members come together to advise City of Hope
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. It takes a village. No man is an island. Choose your aphorism: It's a simple truth that collaboration usually is better than isolation. That's especially true when you're trying to introduce healthful habits and deliver health care to people at risk of disease and...
Read More
Maryland governor's diagnosis puts focus on non-Hodgkin lymphoma
When Maryland Governor Larry Hogan announced earlier this week that he has the most common form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, he was giving voice to the experience of more than 71,000 Americans each year. The announcement came with Hogan's promise to stay in office while undergoing aggressive treatment for the...
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The facts about spinal tumors (w/PODCAST)
The spine can be affected by many different kinds of tumors. Malignant, or cancerous, tumors can arise within the spine itself. Secondary spinal tumors, which are actually much more common, begin as cancers in another part of the body, such as the breast and prostate, and then spread, or metastasize, to the spi...
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City of Hope nurse receives Oncology Nursing Society's 2015 Cancer Award
Although most cancer occurs in older adults, the bulk of cancer research doesn't focus on this vulnerable and fast-growing population. City of Hope and its Cancer and Aging Research Team aim to change that, and they're getting a significant boost from Professional Practice Leader Peggy Burhenn, R.N....
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Brain tumor patient: 'I am enjoying my life for the first time in years'
Liz Graef-Larcher's first brain tumor was discovered by accident six years ago. The then-48-year-old with a long history of sinus problems and headaches had been sent for an MRI, and the scan found a lesion in her brain called a meningioma – a tumor that arises in the meninges, the layers of tissue that cover a...
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Colon cancer: Why screening absolutely saves lives (w/PODCAST)
The colon and rectum are parts of the body's gastrointestinal system, also called the digestive tract. After food is digested in the stomach and nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine, the remaining material moves down into the lower large intestine (colon) where water and nutrients are absorbed. The low...
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To lower readmissions, City of Hope trains others in postdischarge care
If there is one truism about hospital stays it is that patients want to get out. For many, however, the joy of being discharged is tempered by the unexpected challenges that recovery in a new setting may pose. Even with professional help, the quality of care and treatment that patients receive at City of Hope [...
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Brain tumor expert Jana Portnow: 'I want to help … as much as I can'
Jana Portnow, M.D., associate director of the Brain Tumor Program at City of Hope, didn't expect to specialize in treating brain tumors. But, early in her career, she undertook a year of research on pain management and palliative care and, in that program, got to know many patients with brain tumors. After that...
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New scholarship for nurses pays special tribute to exceptional care
Ask any patient: Nurses are as pivotal in their care as doctors. They answer the call of a patient in the middle of the night, they hold the patient's hand as he or she takes on yet another round of treatment and, in the best-case scenario, they wave goodbye as the patient leaves the hospital, […]
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Mathematical oncology: Where math modeling meets cancer research
Many oncologists, not to mention their patients, might think that there's no place for mathematical analysis in the treatment of cancer. They might think that all treatment decisions are based on unique factors affecting individual patients, with no connection to other patients and their treatment regimen...
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Book excerpt: 'Bald, Fat & Crazy: How I Beat Cancer While Pregnant'
Within three days in 2007, Stephanie Hosford, then 37, learned that she was pregnant with her long-awaited second child – and that she had triple-negative breast cancer. Soon afterward, Hosford discovered that she and her husband, Grant, had been approved to adopt a little girl from China. After encountering m...
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City of Hope
1500 East Duarte Road
Duarte, CA 91010
City of Hope strongly supports and values the uniqueness of all individuals and
promotes a work environment where diversity is embraced.


text:
2403 North Nevada Avenue
Davenport, Iowa, 52804
Commute to Downtown Davenport
Most errands require a car.
Score Details
2403 North Nevada Avenue has a Walk Score of 26 out of 100. This location is a Car-Dependent neighborhood so most errands require a car.
This location is in Davenport. Nearby parks include Peterson Park, Emeis Park and Fejervary Park.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 2403 North Nevada Avenue.
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Popular apartment searches include fitness, hardwood floor and single family.
This location is in the city of Davenport, IA. Davenport has an average Walk Score of 40 and has 99,685 residents.Learn More About Davenport


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Game Stats
Game Stats
W: R. Ortiz (7-8) L: T. Ohka (7-7)
S: D. Weathers (9)
|5th Inning
Magruder grounded out to first, Jenkins scored, Hall to third.
|7th Inning
Lopez hit sacrifice fly to center, Valentin scored, Aurilia to third.
Freel tripled to right, Aurilia and Cruz scored.
|8th Inning
Encarnacion doubled to left, Casey scored, Kearns to third.