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Reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (10-item CD-RISC) in young adults
Notario-Pacheco, Blanca
Solera-Martínez, Montserrat
Serrano-Parra, María D
Bartolomé-Gutiérrez, Raquel
García-Campayo, Javier
Martínez-Vizcaíno, Vicente
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
The 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (10-item CD-RISC) is an instrument for measuring resilience that has shown good psychometric properties in its original version in English. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the 10-item CD-RISC in young adults and to verify whether it is structured in a single dimension as in the original English version.
Cross-sectional observational study including 681 university students ranging in age from 18 to 30 years. The number of latent factors in the 10 items of the scale was analyzed by exploratory factor analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to verify whether a single factor underlies the 10 items of the scale as in the original version in English. The convergent validity was analyzed by testing whether the mean of the scores of the mental component of SF-12 (MCS) and the quality of sleep as measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Index (PSQI) were higher in subjects with better levels of resilience. The internal consistency of the 10-item CD-RISC was estimated using the Cronbach α test and test-retest reliability was estimated with the intraclass correlation coefficient.
The Cronbach α coefficient was 0.85 and the test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.71. The mean MCS score and the level of quality of sleep in both men and women were significantly worse in subjects with lower resilience scores.
The Spanish version of the 10-item CD-RISC showed good psychometric properties in young adults and thus can be used as a reliable and valid instrument for measuring resilience. Our study confirmed that a single factor underlies the resilience construct, as was the case of the original scale in English.
Resilience; 10-item CD-RISC; Young adults; Reliability; Validity; Questionnaire
Related Articles
Development of a multi-dimensional measure of resilience in adolescents: the Adolescent Resilience Questionnaire
Gartland, Deirdre
Bond, Lyndal
Olsson, Craig A
Buzwell, Simone
Sawyer, Susan M
BMC Medical Research Methodology
The concept of resilience has captured the imagination of researchers and policy makers over the past two decades. However, despite the ever growing body of resilience research, there is a paucity of relevant, comprehensive measurement tools. In this article, the development of a theoretically based, comprehensive multi-dimensional measure of resilience in adolescents is described.
Extensive literature review and focus groups with young people living with chronic illness informed the conceptual development of scales and items. Two sequential rounds of factor and scale analyses were undertaken to revise the conceptually developed scales using data collected from young people living with a chronic illness and a general population sample.
The revised Adolescent Resilience Questionnaire comprises 93 items and 12 scales measuring resilience factors in the domains of self, family, peer, school and community. All scales have acceptable alpha coefficients. Revised scales closely reflect conceptually developed scales.
It is proposed that, with further psychometric testing, this new measure of resilience will provide researchers and clinicians with a comprehensive and developmentally appropriate instrument to measure a young person's capacity to achieve positive outcomes despite life stressors.
Related Articles
Resilience, an Evolving Concept: A Review of Literature Relevant to Aboriginal Research
Fleming, John
Ledogar, Robert J.
Resilience has been most frequently defined as positive adaptation despite adversity. Over the past 40 years, resilience research has gone through several stages. From an initial focus on the invulnerable or invincible child, psychologists began to recognize that much of what seems to promote resilience originates outside of the individual. This led to a search for resilience factors at the individual, family, community — and, most recently, cultural — levels. In addition to the effects that community and culture have on resilience in individuals, there is growing interest in resilience as a feature of entire communities and cultural groups. Contemporary researchers have found that resilience factors vary in different risk contexts and this has contributed to the notion that resilience is a process. In order to characterize the resilience process in a particular context, it is necessary to identify and measure the risk involved and, in this regard, perceived discrimination and historical trauma are part of the context in many Aboriginal communities. Researchers also seek to understand how particular protective factors interact with risk factors and with other protective factors to support relative resistance. For this purpose they have developed resilience models of three main types: "compensatory," "protective," and "challenge" models. Two additional concepts are resilient reintegration, in which a confrontation with adversity leads individuals to a new level of growth, and the notion endorsed by some Aboriginal educators that resilience is an innate quality that needs only to be properly awakened.
The review suggests five areas for future research with an emphasis on youth: 1) studies to improve understanding of what makes some Aboriginal youth respond positively to risk and adversity and others not; 2) case studies providing empirical confirmation of the theory of resilient reintegration among Aboriginal youth; 3) more comparative studies on the role of culture as a resource for resilience; 4) studies to improve understanding of how Aboriginal youth, especially urban youth, who do not live in self-governed communities with strong cultural continuity can be helped to become, or remain, resilient; and 5) greater involvement of Aboriginal researchers who can bring a nonlinear world view to resilience research.
Related Articles
"I know it when I see it." The complexities of measuring resilience among parents of children with cancer
Rosenberg, Abby R.
Starks, Helene
Jones, Barbara
Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer
Promoting parent resilience may provide an opportunity to improve family-level survivorship after pediatric cancer; however, measuring resilience is challenging.
The "Understanding Resilience in Parents of Children with Cancer" was a cross-sectional, mixed-methods study of bereaved and non-bereaved parents. Surveys included the Connor-Davidson Resilience scale, the Kessler-6 psychological distress scale, the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory, and an open-ended question regarding the on-going impact of cancer. We conducted content analyses of open-ended responses and categorized our impressions as "resilient," "not resilient," or "unable to determine." "Resilience" was determined based on evidence of psychological growth, lack of distress, and parent-reported meaning/purpose. We compared consensus-impressions with instrument scores to examine alignment. Analyses were stratified by bereavement status.
Eighty-four (88%) non-bereaved, and 21 (88%) bereaved parents provided written responses. Among non-bereaved, 53 (63%) were considered resilient, 15 (18%) were not. Among bereaved, 11 (52%) were deemed resilient, 5 (24%) were not. All others suggested a mixed or incomplete picture. Rater-determined "resilient" parents tended to have higher personal resources and lower psychological distress (p=<0.001–0.01). Non-bereaved "resilient" parents also had higher post-traumatic growth (p=0.02). Person-level analyses demonstrated that only 50–62% of parents had all 3 instrument scores aligned with our impressions of resilience.
Despite multiple theories, measuring resilience is challenging. Our clinical impressions of resilience were aligned in 100% of cases; however, instruments measuring potential markers of resilience were aligned in approximately half. Promoting resilience therefore requires understanding of multiple factors, including person-level perspectives, individual resources, processes of adaptation and emotional well-being.
Cancer; Oncology; Pediatrics; Parents; Resilience; Psychosocial Outcomes
Related Articles
Moderating effects of resilience on depression in individuals with a history of childhood abuse or trauma exposure
Wingo, Aliza P.
Wrenn, Glenda
Pelletier, Tiffany
Gutman, Alisa R.
Bradley, Bekh
Ressler, Kerry J.
Journal of affective disorders
Influences of resilience on the presence and severity of depression following trauma exposure are largely unknown. Hence, we examined effects of resilience on depressive symptom severity in individuals with past childhood abuse and/or other trauma exposure.
In this cross-sectional study of 792 adults, resilience was measured with the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale, depression with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), childhood abuse with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and other traumas with the Trauma Events Inventory.
Multiple linear regression modeling with depression severity (BDI score) as the outcome yielded 4 factors: childhood abuse (β=2.5, p<0.0001), other trauma (β=3.5, p<0.0001), resilience (β=−0.5, p<0.0001), and other trauma×resilience interaction term (β=−0.1, p=0.0021), all of which were significantly associated with depression severity, even after adjusting for age, sex, race, education, employment, income, marital status, and family psychiatric history. Childhood abuse and trauma exposure contributed to depressive symptom severity while resilience mitigated it.
Resilience moderates depressive symptom severity in individuals exposed to childhood abuse or other traumas both as a main effect and an interaction with trauma exposure. Resilience may be amenable to external manipulation and could present a potential focus for treatments and interventions.
Resilience; Trauma; Childhood abuse; Depression; Moderating effects
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The presence of resilience is associated with a healthier psychological profile in ICU nurses: Results of a national survey
Mealer, Meredith
Jones, Jacqueline
Newman, Julia
McFann, Kim K.
Rothbaum, Barbara
Moss, Marc
International Journal of Nursing Studies
ICU nurses are repeatedly exposed to work related stresses resulting in the development of psychological disorders including posttraumatic stress disorder and burnout syndrome. Resilience is a learnable multidimensional characteristic enabling one to thrive in the face of adversity. In a national survey, we sought to determine whether resilience was associated with healthier psychological profiles in intensive care unit nurses.
Surveys were mailed to 3500 randomly selected ICU nurses across the United States and included: demographic questions, the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale.
Measurements and Main Results
Overall, 1239 of the mailed surveys were returned for a response rate of 35%, and complete data was available on a total of 744 nurses. Twenty-two percent of the intensive care unit nurses were categorized as being highly resilient. The presence of high resilience in these nurses was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder, symptoms of anxiety or depression, and burnout syndrome (<0.001 for all comparisons). In independent multivariable analyses adjusting for five potential confounding variables, the presence of resilience was independently associated with a lower prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (p < 0.001), and a lower prevalence of burnout syndrome (p < 0.001).
The presence of psychological resilience was independently associated with a lower prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and burnout syndrome in intensive care unit nurses. Future research is needed to better understand coping mechanisms employed by highly resilient nurses and how they maintain a healthier psychological profile.
Resilience; posttraumatic stress disorder; burnout syndrome; ICU nurses
Related Articles
Psychometric Properties of Self-Report Concussion Scales and Checklists
McLeod, Tamara C. Valovich
Leach, Candace
Journal of Athletic Training
Alla S, Sullivan SJ, Hale L, McCrory P. Self-report scales/checklists for the measurement of concussion symptoms: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43 (suppl 1):i3–i12.
Clinical Question:
Which self-report symptom scales or checklists are psychometrically sound for clinical use to assess sport-related concussion?
Data Sources:
Articles available in full text, published from the establishment of each database through December 2008, were identified from PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, and AMED. Search terms included brain concussion, signs or symptoms, and athletic injuries, in combination with the AND Boolean operator, and were limited to studies published in English. The authors also hand searched the reference lists of retrieved articles. Additional searches of books, conference proceedings, theses, and Web sites of commercial scales were done to provide additional information about the psychometric properties and development for those scales when needed in articles meeting the inclusion criteria.
Study Selection:
Articles were included if they identified all the items on the scale and the article was either an original research report describing the use of scales in the evaluation of concussion symptoms or a review article that discussed the use or development of concussion symptom scales. Only articles published in English and available in full text were included.
Data Extraction:
From each study, the following information was extracted by the primary author using a standardized protocol: study design, publication year, participant characteristics, reliability of the scale, and details of the scale or checklist, including name, number of items, time of measurement, format, mode of report, data analysis, scoring, and psychometric properties. A quality assessment of included studies was done using 16 items from the Downs and Black checklist1 and assessed reporting, internal validity, and external validity.
Main Results:
The initial database search identified 421 articles. After 131 duplicate articles were removed, 290 articles remained and were added to 17 articles found during the hand search, for a total of 307 articles; of those, 295 were available in full text. Sixty articles met the inclusion criteria and were used in the systematic review. The quality of the included studies ranged from 9 to 15 points out of a maximum quality score of 17. The included articles were published between 1995 and 2008 and included a collective total of 5864 concussed athletes and 5032 nonconcussed controls, most of whom participated in American football. The majority of the studies were descriptive studies monitoring the resolution of concussive self-report symptoms compared with either a preseason baseline or healthy control group, with a smaller number of studies (n = 8) investigating the development of a scale.
The authors initially identified 20 scales that were used among the 60 included articles. Further review revealed that 14 scales were variations of the Pittsburgh Steelers postconcussion scale (the Post-Concussion Scale, Post-Concussion Scale: Revised, Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT, Post-Concussion Symptom Scale: Vienna, Graded Symptom Checklist [GSC], Head Injury Scale, McGill ACE Post-Concussion Symptoms Scale, and CogState Sport Symptom Checklist), narrowing down to 6 core scales, which the authors discussed further. The 6 core scales were the Pittsburgh Steelers Post-Concussion Scale (17 items), Post-Concussion Symptom Assessment Questionnaire (10 items), Concussion Resolution Index postconcussion questionnaire (15 items), Signs and Symptoms Checklist (34 items), Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT) postconcussion symptom scale (25 items), and Concussion Symptom Inventory (12 items). Each of the 6 core scales includes symptoms associated with sport-related concussion; however, the number of items on each scale varied. A 7-point Likert scale was used on most scales, with a smaller number using a dichotomous (yes/no) classification.
Only 7 of the 20 scales had published psychometric properties, and only 1 scale, the Concussion Symptom Inventory, was empirically driven (Rasch analysis), with development of the scale occurring before its clinical use. Internal consistency (Cronbach α) was reported for the Post-Concussion Scale (.87), Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 22-item (.88–.94), Head Injury Scale 9-item (.78), and Head Injury Scale 16-item (.84). Test-retest reliability has been reported only for the Post-Concussion Scale (Spearman r = .55) and the Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 21-item (Pearson r = .65). With respect to validity, the SCAT postconcussion scale has demonstrated face and content validity, the Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 22-item and Head Injury Scale 9-item have reported construct validity, and the Head Injury Scale 9-item and 16-item have published factorial validity.
Sensitivity and specificity have been reported only with the GSC (0.89 and 1.0, respectively) and the Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 21-item when combined with the neurocognitive component of ImPACT (0.819 and 0.849, respectively). Meaningful change scores were reported for the Post-Concussion Scale (14.8 points), Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 22-item (6.8 points), and Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 21-item (standard error of the difference = 7.17; 80% confidence interval = 9.18).
Numerous scales exist for measuring the number and severity of concussion-related symptoms, with most evolving from the neuropsychology literature pertaining to head-injured populations. However, very few of these were created in a systematic manner that follows scale development processes and have published psychometric properties. Clinicians need to understand these limitations when choosing and using a symptom scale for inclusion in a concussion assessment battery. Future authors should assess the underlying constructs and measurement properties of currently available scales and use the ever-increasing prospective data pools of concussed athlete information to develop scales following appropriate, systematic processes.
mild traumatic brain injuries; evaluation; reliability; validity; sensitivity; specificity
Related Articles
Validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the 10-item CD-RISC in patients with fibromyalgia
Notario-Pacheco, Blanca
Martínez-Vizcaíno, Vicente
Trillo-Calvo, Eva
Pérez-Yus, Mari Cruz
Serrano-Parra, Dolores
García-Campayo, Javier
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
No resilience scale has been validated in Spanish patients with fibromyalgia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the 10-item CD-RISC in a sample of Spanish patients with fibromyalgia.
Design: Observational prospective multicenter study. Sample: Patients with diagnoses of fibromyalgia recruited from primary care settings (N = 208). Instruments: In addition to sociodemographic data, the following questionnaires were administered: Pain Visual Analogue Scale (PVAS), the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (10-item CD-RISC), the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ), and the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS).
Regarding construct validity, the factor solution in the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was considered adequate, so the KMO test had a value of 0.91, and the Barlett's test of sphericity was significant (χ2 = 852.8; gl = 45; p < 0.001). Only one factor showed an eigenvalue greater than 1, and it explained 50.4% of the variance. PCA and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) results did not show significant differences between groups. The 10-item CD-RISC scale demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.88) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.89 for a six-week interval). The 10-item CD-RISC score was significantly correlated with all of the other psychometric instruments in the expected direction, except for the PVAS (−0.115; p = 0.113).
Our study confirms that the Spanish version of the 10-item CD-RISC shows, in patients with fibromyalgia, acceptable psychometric properties, with a high level of reliability and validity.
Resilience; Fibromyalgia; Validation; 10-item CD-RISC
Related Articles
The efficacy of resilience training programs: a systematic review protocol
Leppin, Aaron L
Gionfriddo, Michael R
Sood, Amit
Montori, Victor M
Erwin, Patricia J
Zeballos-Palacios, Claudia
Bora, Pavithra R
Dulohery, Megan M
Brito, Juan Pablo
Boehmer, Kasey R
Tilburt, Jon C
Systematic Reviews
Resilience has been defined as the ability of individuals to manage and adapt to stress and life challenges. Training programs that develop and/or enhance resilience may have efficacy in improving health, well-being, and quality of life. Because patients with chronic conditions must reliably self-manage their health, strategies to bolster resilience in this population may be of particular value. The objectives of this systematic review are to synthesize the evidence of resilience training program efficacy in improving outcomes related to quality of life, self-efficacy and activation, and resilience and coping ability in: 1) diverse adult populations; and 2) patients with chronic conditions.
We will conduct a systematic review of randomized controlled trials assessing the efficacy of any program designed to enhance resilience in adults that measure any outcome against any comparator. We will search multiple electronic databases, trial registries, bibliographies, and will contact authors and experts to identify studies. We will use systematic review software to independently and in duplicate screen reports and extract data. We will extract characteristics of the study populations, interventions, comparators, outcomes, and quality/risk of bias. Primary, patient reported outcomes will be categorized into domains of quality of life, self-efficacy, and resilience. Secondary outcomes will be considered based on findings of the review. We will attempt meta-analysis by pooling standardized mean differences and minimally important differences (MIDs), when possible. Planned trial subgroup analyses are: 1) studies of patients with chronic conditions; 2) studies with placebo controls; 3) studies with similar intervention characteristics; and 4) studies with common lengths of follow-up.
This study is intended to accumulate the evidence for resilience training programs in improving quality of life, resilience, and self-efficacy for care management, particularly among adult patients with chronic conditions. Its findings will be valuable to policy-makers, funding agencies, clinicians, and patients seeking innovative and effective ways to achieve patient-centered care.
Trial registration
PROSPERO registration number: CRD42014007185.
Resilience; Resilience training; Systematic review; Randomized controlled trials
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Depression and resilience in women with HIV and early life stress: does trauma play a mediating role? A cross-sectional study
Spies, Georgina
Seedat, Soraya
BMJ Open
The present study sought to assess the relationship between depressive symptomatology and resilience among women infected with HIV and to investigate whether trauma exposure (childhood trauma, other discrete lifetime traumatic events) or the presence of post-traumatic stress symptomatology mediated this relationship.
Cross-sectional study.
Western Cape, South Africa.
A convenience sample of 95 women infected with HIV in peri-urban communities in the Western Cape, South Africa. All women had exposure to moderate-to-severe childhood trauma as determined by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire.
Primary and secondary outcome measures
We examined the relationship between depressive symptomatology and resilience (the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale) and investigated whether trauma exposure or the presence of post-traumatic stress symptomatology mediated this relationship through the Sobel test for mediation and PLS path analysis.
There was a significant negative correlation between depressive symptomatology and resilience (p=<0.01). PLS path analysis revealed a significant direct effect between depression and resilience. On the Sobel test for mediation, distal (childhood trauma) and proximal traumatic events did not significantly mediate this association (p=> 0.05). However, post-traumatic stress symptomatology significantly mediated the relationship between depression and resilience in trauma-exposed women living with HIV.
In the present study, higher levels of resilience were associated with lower levels of self-reported depression. Although causal inferences are not possible, this suggests that in this sample, resilience may act as protective factor against the development of clinical depression. The results also indicate that post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), which are highly prevalent in HIV-infected and trauma exposed individuals and often comorbid with depression, may further explain and account for this relationship. Further investigation is required to determine whether early identification and treatment of PTSS in this population may ameliorate the onset and persistence of major depression.
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Building resilience for future adversity: a systematic review of interventions in non-clinical samples of adults
Macedo, Tania
Wilheim, Livia
Gonçalves, Raquel
Coutinho, Evandro Silva Freire
Vilete, Liliane
Figueira, Ivan
Ventura, Paula
BMC Psychiatry
Potentially traumatic events happen in people's lives, leading to the risk of the development of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression and even suicide. Resilience is an individual's ability to maintain or regain his/her mental health in the face of significant adversity or risk of death. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of studies evaluating the effectiveness of resilience promotion interventions in adults.
Electronic searches were conducted in databases ISI, PsycINFO and PubMed, including every language and every year until January 20, 2013. We selected studies with nonclinical samples of adults that evaluated the effectiveness of the intervention through randomized and non-randomized controlled trials and open-ended studies. We also considered valid constructs directly related to resilience, such as hardiness.
Among 2.337 studies, 13 were selected for the review, 5 through electronic databases and 8 through search in references or the "times cited list" (list of articles that cited the selected papers). Of these, 7 are randomized controlled trials, 5 non-randomized controlled trials, and one an open-ended trial. Most of the studies included reported some degree of improvement in resilience-like variables among those subjects exposed to resilience-promoting programs. Furthermore, positive findings were more consistent among randomized controlled trials - six out of the seven suggested efficacy.
There is evidence pointing towards some degree of effectiveness of resilience promotion programs, despite the poor operationalization of the construct and great heterogeneity in the studies. Indeed, the analysis of the methodological quality of the selected studies was hampered by the poor quality of reporting. There were faults in reporting in most studies on almost all items (random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of outcome assessment, incomplete outcome data, description of concurrent treatment and intent-to-treat analysis), except for the item "selective reporting". Additional efforts should be made to determine the actual effect size of the interventions, since this is crucial for calculating the cost-effectiveness of resilience promotion strategies.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0227-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Resilience; Prevention; Health promotion
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A framework for assessing health system resilience in an economic crisis: Ireland as a test case
Thomas, Steve
Keegan, Conor
Barry, Sarah
Layte, Richard
Jowett, Matt
Normand, Charles
BMC Health Services Research
The financial crisis that hit the global economy in 2007 was unprecedented in the post war era. In general the crisis has created a difficult environment for health systems globally. The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework for assessing the resilience of health systems in terms of how they have adjusted to economic crisis. Resilience can be understood as the capacity of a system to absorb change but continue to retain essentially the same identity and function. The Irish health system is used as a case study to assess the usefulness of this framework.
The authors identify three forms of resilience: financial, adaptive and transformatory. Indicators of performance are presented to allow for testing of the framework and measurement of system performance. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to yield data for the Irish case study. Quantitative data were collected from government documents and sources to understand the depth of the recession and the different dimensions of the response. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with key decision makers to understand the reasons for decisions made.
In the Irish case there is mixed evidence on resilience. Health funding was initially protected but was then followed by deep cuts as the crisis deepened. There is strong evidence for adaptive resilience, with the health system showing efficiency gains from the recession. Nevertheless, easy efficiencies have been made and continued austerity will mean cuts in entitlements and services. The prospects for building and maintaining transformatory resilience are unsure. While the direction of reform is clear, and has been preserved to date, it is not certain whether it will remain manageable given continued austerity, some loss of sovereignty and capacity limitations.
The three aspects of resilience proved a useful categorisation of performance measurement though there is overlap between them. Transformatory resilience may be more difficult to assess precisely. It would be useful to test out the framework against other country experiences and refine the measures and indicators. Further research on both the comparative resilience of different health systems and building resilience in preparation for crises is encouraged.
Resilience; Health systems; Sustainability; Economic crisis; Ireland
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Stress Management and Resilience Training Among Department of Medicine Faculty: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial
Sood, Amit
Prasad, Kavita
Schroeder, Darrell
Varkey, Prathibha
Journal of General Internal Medicine
Physician distress is common and related to numerous factors involving physicians' personal and professional lives. The present study was designed to assess the effect of a Stress Management and Resiliency Training (SMART) program for increasing resiliency and quality of life, and decreasing stress and anxiety among Department of Medicine (DOM) physicians at a tertiary care medical center.
Forty DOM physicians were randomized in a wait-list controlled clinical trial to either the SMART intervention or a wait-list control group for 8 weeks. The intervention involved a single 90 min one-on-one training in the SMART program. Primary outcome measures assessed at baseline and week 8 included the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (CDRS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Smith Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Linear Analog Self Assessment Scale (LASA).
Thirty-two physicians completed the study. A statistically significant improvement in resiliency, perceived stress, anxiety, and overall quality of life at 8 weeks was observed in the study arm compared to the wait-list control arm: CDRS: mean ± SD change from baseline +9.8 ± 9.6 vs. -0.8 ± 8.2, t(30) = 3.18, p = 0.003; PSS: -5.4 ± 8.1 vs. +2.2 ± 6.1, t(30) = -2.76, p = 0.010; SAS: -11.8 ± 12.3 vs.+ 2.9 ± 8.9, t(30) = -3.62, p = 0.001; and LASA: +0.4 ± 1.4 vs. -0.6 ± 1.0, t(30) = 2.29, p = 0.029.
A brief training to enhance resilience and decrease stress among physicians using the SMART program was feasible. Further, the intervention provided statistically significant improvement in resilience, stress, anxiety, and overall quality of life. In the future, larger clinical trials with longer follow-up and possibly wider dissemination of this intervention are warranted.
stress; resilience; wellness; physicians; burnout
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A Whole Community Approach toward Child and Youth Resilience Promotion: A Review of Resilience Literature
Khanlou, Nazilla
Wray, Ron
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
A literature review of child and youth resilience with a focus on: definitions and factors of resilience; relationships between resilience, mental health and social outcomes; evidence for resilience promoting interventions; and implications for reducing health inequities. To conduct the review, the first two following steps were conducted iteratively and informed the third step: 1) Review of published peer-review literature since 2000; and 2) Review of grey literature; and 3) Quasi-realist synthesis of evidence. Evidence from three perspectives were examined: i) whether interventions can improve 'resilience' for vulnerable children and youth; ii) whether there is a differential effect among different populations; and, iii) whether there is evidence that resilience interventions 'close the gap' on health and social outcome measures. Definitions of resilience vary as do perspectives on it. We argue for a hybrid approach that recognizes the value of combining multiple theoretical perspectives, epistemologies (positivistic and constructivist/interpretive/critical) in studying resilience. Resilience is: a) a process (rather than a single event), b) a continuum (rather than a binary outcome), and c) likely a global concept with specific dimensions. Individual, family and social environmental factors influence resilience. A social determinants perspective on resilience and mental health is emphasized. Programs and interventions to promoting resilience should be complimentary to public health measures addressing the social determinants of health. A whole community approach to resilience is suggested as a step toward closing the public health policy gap. Local initiatives that stimulate a local transformation process are needed. Recognition of each child's or youth's intersections of gender, lifestage, family resources within the context of their identity markers fits with a localized approach to resilience promotion and, at the same time, requires recognition of the broader determinants of population health.
Resilience; Child; Youth; Mental Health Promotion; Social Determinants of Health; Health Equity; Literature Review
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A Review of Developmental Research on Resilience in Maltreated Children
Klika, J. Bart
Herrenkohl, Todd I.
Trauma, violence & abuse
Research demonstrates that child maltreatment can negatively impact the psychosocial functioning of individuals well beyond the point at which the trauma occurs. Fortunately, there is evidence that many children who are maltreated succeed in overcoming some of the possible consequences that can follow exposure to this particular form of adversity. Those who do are thought to be resilient. What it means to be resilient is an issue that researchers sometimes disagree on, as is reflected by the different definitions they apply to the term and the methods they use to study the phenomenon. In this literature review, we synthesize current findings on resilience and identify areas of congruence, as well as inconsistency in research methods across the reviewed studies. We focus the review exclusively on longitudinal studies to understand the dynamic qualities of resilience. Findings of the review suggests that, while studies appear to conceptualize and measure common domains of resilience (e.g. social, emotional, behavioral functioning), the measures themselves are in some cases notably different, limiting the extent to which results can be systemically compared across studies. The review also shows that few studies, although longitudinal by design, examine resilience over extended periods of development. Consequently, little has actually been learned about how patterns of resilience unfold and are sustained. Of those studies that do examine resilience as a developmental process, the rate of stability in resilience across time is notably low. Implications for future research are discussed.
resilience; child maltreatment; longitudinal; literature review
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Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale
Baek, Hyun-Sook
Lee, Kyoung-Uk
Joo, Eun-Jeong
Lee, Mi-Young
Choi, Kyeong-Sook
Psychiatry Investigation
The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) measures various aspects of psychological resilience in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other psychiatric ailments. This study sought to assess the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (K-CD-RISC).
In total, 576 participants were enrolled (497 females and 79 males), including hospital nurses, university students, and firefighters. Subjects were evaluated using the K-CD-RISC, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Test-retest reliability and internal consistency were examined as a measure of reliability, and convergent validity and factor analysis were also performed to evaluate validity.
Cronbach's α coefficient and test-retest reliability were 0.93 and 0.93, respectively. The total score on the K-CD-RISC was positively correlated with the RSES (r=0.56, p<0.01). Conversely, BDI (r=-0.46, p<0.01), PSS (r=-0.32, p<0.01), and IES-R scores (r=-0.26, p<0.01) were negatively correlated with the K-CD-RISC. The K-CD-RISC showed a five-factor structure that explained 57.2% of the variance.
The K-CD-RISC showed good reliability and validity for measurement of resilience among Korean subjects.
Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Resilience; Reliability; Validity; Trauma
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Prioritizing Key Resilience Indicators to Support Coral Reef Management in a Changing Climate
McClanahan, Tim R.
Donner, Simon D.
Maynard, Jeffrey A.
MacNeil, M. Aaron
Graham, Nicholas A. J.
Maina, Joseph
Baker, Andrew C.
Alemu I., Jahson B.
Beger, Maria
Campbell, Stuart J.
Darling, Emily S.
Eakin, C. Mark
Heron, Scott F.
Jupiter, Stacy D.
Lundquist, Carolyn J.
McLeod, Elizabeth
Mumby, Peter J.
Paddack, Michelle J.
Selig, Elizabeth R.
van Woesik, Robert
PLoS ONE
Managing coral reefs for resilience to climate change is a popular concept but has been difficult to implement because the empirical scientific evidence has either not been evaluated or is sometimes unsupportive of theory, which leads to uncertainty when considering methods and identifying priority reefs. We asked experts and reviewed the scientific literature for guidance on the multiple physical and biological factors that affect the ability of coral reefs to resist and recover from climate disturbance. Eleven key factors to inform decisions based on scaling scientific evidence and the achievability of quantifying the factors were identified. Factors important to resistance and recovery, which are important components of resilience, were not strongly related, and should be assessed independently. The abundance of resistant (heat-tolerant) coral species and past temperature variability were perceived to provide the greatest resistance to climate change, while coral recruitment rates, and macroalgae abundance were most influential in the recovery process. Based on the 11 key factors, we tested an evidence-based framework for climate change resilience in an Indonesian marine protected area. The results suggest our evidence-weighted framework improved upon existing un-weighted methods in terms of characterizing resilience and distinguishing priority sites. The evaluation supports the concept that, despite high ecological complexity, relatively few strong variables can be important in influencing ecosystem dynamics. This is the first rigorous assessment of factors promoting coral reef resilience based on their perceived importance, empirical evidence, and feasibility of measurement. There were few differences between scientists' perceptions of factor importance and the scientific evidence found in journal publications but more before and after impact studies will be required to fully test the validity of all the factors. The methods here will increase the feasibility and defensibility of including key resilience metrics in evaluations of coral reefs, as well as reduce costs. Adaptation, marine protected areas, priority setting, resistance, recovery.
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Resilience: Building immunity in psychiatry
Shastri, Priyvadan Chandrakant
Indian Journal of Psychiatry
The challenges in our personal, professional, financial, and emotional world are on rise, more so in developing countries and people will be longing for mental wellness for achieving complete health in their life. Resilience stands for one's capacity to recover from extremes of trauma and stress. Resilience in a person reflects a dynamic union of factors that encourages positive adaptation despite exposure to adverse life experiences. One needs to have a three-dimensional construct for understanding resilience as a state (what is it and how does one identify it?), a condition (what can be done about it?), and a practice (how does one get there?). Evaluating the level of resilience requires the measurement of internal (personal) and external (environmental) factors, taking into account that family and social environment variables of resilience play very important roles in an individual's resilience. Protection factors seem to be more important in the development of resilience than risk factors. Resilience is a process that lasts a lifetime, with periods of acquisition and maintenance, and reduction and loss for assessment. Overall, currently available data on resilience suggest the presence of a neurobiological substrate, based largely on genetics, which correlates with personality traits, some of which are configured via social learning. The major questions about resilience revolve around properly defining the concept, identifying the factors involved in its development and recognizing whether it is actually possible to immunize mental health against adversities. In the clinical field, it may be possible to identify predisposing factors or risk factors for psychopathologies and to develop new intervention strategies, both preventive and therapeutic, based on the concept of resilience. The preferred environments for application of resilience are health, education, and social policy and the right approach in integrating; it can be developed only with more research and analysis with focus on resilience. Be it patient or family member or caregiver, advocating resilience will empower psychiatrists in India.
Clinical application; environment; neurobiology; protective factors; resilience; risk factors
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Influence of personal and environmental factors on mental health in a sample of Austrian survivors of World War II with regard to PTSD: is it resilience?
Tran, Ulrich S
Glück, Tobias M
Lueger-Schuster, Brigitte
BMC Psychiatry
War-related traumata in childhood and young-adulthood may have long-lasting negative effects on mental health. The focus of recent research has shifted to examine positive adaption despite traumatic experiences, i.e. resilience. We investigated personal and environmental factors associated with resilience in a sample of elderly Austrians (N = 293) who reported traumatic experiences in early life during World War II and subsequent occupation (1945–1955).
After reviewing different concepts of resilience, we analysed our data in a 3-phased approach: Following previous research approaches, we first investigated correlates of PTSD and non-PTSD. Secondly, we compared a PTSD positive sample (sub-threshold and full PTSD, n = 42) with a matched control sample regarding correlates of resilience and psychometrically assessed resilience (CD-RISC). Thirdly, we examined factors of resilience, discriminating between psychologically healthy participants who were exposed to a specific environmental stressor (having lived in the Soviet zone of occupation during 1945–1955) from those who were not.
A smaller number of life-time traumata (OR = 0.73) and a medium level of education (OR = 2.46) were associated with better outcome. Matched PTSD and non-PTSD participants differed in psychometrically assessed resilience mainly in aspects that were directly related to symptoms of PTSD. Psychologically healthy participants with an environmental stressor in the past were characterized by a challenge-oriented and humorous attitude towards stress.
Our results show no clear picture of factors constituting resilience. Instead, most aspects of resilience rather appeared to be concomitants or consequences of PTSD and non-PTSD. However, special attention should be placed on a challenge-oriented and humorous attitude towards stress in future definitions of resilience.
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Resilience and psychosocial outcomes in parents of children with cancer
Rosenberg, Abby R.
Wolfe, Joanne
Bradford, Miranda C.
Shaffer, Michele L.
Yi-Frazier, Joyce P.
Curtis, J. Randall
Syrjala, Karen L.
Baker, K. Scott
Pediatric blood & cancer
The psychosocial function of parents of children with cancer can impact the well-being of the entire family. Resilience resources are likely related to psychosocial outcomes and may be amenable to intervention. We hypothesized that parents with lower resources would report worse outcomes.
In the "Understanding Resilience in Parents of Children with Cancer" study, comprehensive surveys were mailed to consecutive, English-speaking parents of children with cancer who were treated at Seattle Children's Hospital and completed therapy between 01/01/2009 and 12/31/2010. Resilience resources were measured by the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale; outcome measures included psychological distress, health-related behaviors, social and family function, and perceived communication with the medical team.
96 parents (86% of contactable) completed the survey. Compared to population norms, enrolled parents had lower resilience resources, higher psychological distress, and more commonly reported binge drinking. Conversely, they reported higher social support and family adaptability (p<0.001–0.006). Lower resilience resources were associated with higher distress, lower social support, and lower family function (p<0.001–0.007). Parents in the lowest quartile of resilience resources had higher odds of frequent sleep difficulties (OR 5.19, 95% CI 1.74,15.45), lower health satisfaction (OR 5.71, 95% CI 2.05,15.92), and decreased ability to express worries to the medical team (OR 4.00, 95% CI 1.43,11.18).
Parents of children with cancer are at risk for poor psychosocial outcomes and those with low resilience resources may be at greater risk. Interventions directed at promoting resilience resources may provide a novel and complimentary approach towards improving outcomes for families facing pediatric cancer.
resilience; psychosocial outcomes; parents; pediatric cancer; whole patient care
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Measurement and Predictors of Resilience Among Community-Dwelling Older Women
Lamond, Amanda J.
Depp, Colin
Allison, Matthew
Langer, Robert
Reichstadt, Jennifer
Moore, David J.
Golshan, Shahrokh
Ganiats, Theodore G.
Jeste, Dilip V.
Journal of psychiatric research
Resilience, the ability to adapt positively to adversity, may be an important factor in successful aging. However, the assessment and correlates of resilience in elderly individuals have not received adequate attention.
A total of 1,395 community-dwelling women over age 60 who were participants at the San Diego Clinical Center of the Women's Health Initiative completed the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), along with other scales pertinent to successful cognitive aging. Internal consistency and predictors of the CD-RISC were examined, as well as the consistency of its factor structure with published reports.
The mean age of the cohort was 73 (7.2) years and 14% were Hispanic, 76% were non-Hispanic white, and nearly all had completed a high school education (98%). The mean total score on the CD-RISC was 75.7 (SD=13.0). This scale showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.92). Exploratory factor analysis yielded four factors (somewhat different from those previously reported among younger adults) that reflected items involving: 1) personal control and goal orientation, 2) adaptation and tolerance for negative affect, 3) leadership and trust in instincts, and 4) spiritual coping. The strongest predictors of CD-RISC scores in this study were higher emotional well-being, optimism, self-rated successful aging, social engagement, and fewer cognitive complaints.
Our study suggests that the CD-RISC is an internally consistent scale for assessing resilience among older women, and that greater resilience as assessed by the CD-RISC related positively to key components of successful aging.
Resilience; adaptation; elderly; successful aging; cognition; optimism
Related Articles
Mental Health and Resilience in HIV/AIDS-Affected Children: A Review of the Literature and Recommendations for Future Research
Betancourt, T.S.
Meyers-Ohki, S.E.
Charrow, A.
Hansen, N.
Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines
To date, research on mental health in HIV-affected children (children who have an HIV-positive caregiver or live with the virus themselves) has focused on risk factors associated with the disease. However, simultaneous identification of factors that contribute to resilience in the face of risks is also needed. A greater understanding of modifiable protective processes that contribute to resilience in the mental health of children affected by HIV can inform the design of interventions that bolster naturally-occurring supports and contribute to early prevention or better management of risks.
We reviewed the recent literature on mental health and resilience in children and adolescents affected by HIV/AIDS. Literature searches of PsycInfo and PubMed were conducted during July-December 2011 consistent with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standards. Qualitative and quantitative studies were included for review if primary research questions pertained to mental health and coping or protective processes in children and families affected by HIV/AIDS. All studies subject to full review were evaluated for quality using a modified Systematic Assessment of Quality in Observational Research (SAQOR) rating system.
171 unique studies were returned from online searches of the literature and bibliography mining. Of these, 29 were evaluated as pertaining directly to mental health and resilience in families and children living with HIV/AIDS. Eight studies presented qualitative analyses. Ten quantitative studies examined individual resources contributing to child resilience and four quantitative studies looked at family-level resources. Ten studies also investigated community-level interactions. Four presented findings from resilience-focused interventions.
There is a clear need for rigorous research on mental health and resilience in HIV-affected children and adolescents. The evidence base would greatly benefit from more standardized and robust approaches to thinking about resilience from an ecological perspective inclusive of resources at multiple levels and their interactions.
HIV/AIDS; Children; Families; Resilience; Mental Health
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Personal Risk and Resilience Factors in the Context of Daily Stress
Diehl, Manfred
Hay, Elizabeth L.
Chui, Helena
Annual review of gerontology & geriatrics
This chapter focuses on the role that personal risk and resilience factors play as adults of all ages cope with the stressors encountered in everyday life. Theorists have suggested that researchers should focus on the effects of daily stress and coping rather than focusing exclusively on major life events and chronic stress and have proposed that understanding how adults cope with daily stress is a key aspect of understanding long-term well-being and adaptation in adulthood. After presenting a conceptual model outlining the major components of the daily stress process, the chapter reviews the existing empirical literature on personal risk and resilience factors in the context of daily stress. This research clearly suggests that there is no universal generalization that can be made regarding whether chronological age, in and of itself, confers greater vulnerability or resilience onto adults. Instead, we argue that researchers should ask when and under what conditions is age associated with greater vulnerability to daily stress and when and under what conditions is age associated with greater resilience to daily stress. Age differences in reactivity to daily stress are clearly embedded within a complex system of factors—structural, individual, and situational—that influence stress reactivity and stress recovery in several ways. This complexity should not be taken to mean that stress reactivity and recovery cannot be charted or understood. Researchers, however, will need to approach this complexity with a great deal of theoretical, methodological, and statistical rigor to move our understanding of the importance of age in shaping risk and resilience to daily stress forward. The final section of the chapter outlines several directions for future research in the area of aging and resilience. In particular, we argue that a focus on personal risk and resilience factors in the context of daily stress, in combination with the application of sophisticated statistical methods (e.g., dynamic systems modeling), will contribute to a more dynamic and person-centered understanding of processes of resilience.
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Searching for Truth: Internet Search Patterns as a Method of Investigating Online Responses to a Russian Illicit Drug Policy Debate
Zheluk, Andrey
Gillespie, James A
Quinn, Casey
Journal of Medical Internet Research
This is a methodological study investigating the online responses to a national debate over an important health and social problem in Russia. Russia is the largest Internet market in Europe, exceeding Germany in the absolute number of users. However, Russia is unusual in that the main search provider is not Google, but Yandex.
This study had two main objectives. First, to validate Yandex search patterns against those provided by Google, and second, to test this method's adequacy for investigating online interest in a 2010 national debate over Russian illicit drug policy. We hoped to learn what search patterns and specific search terms could reveal about the relative importance and geographic distribution of interest in this debate.
A national drug debate, centering on the anti-drug campaigner Egor Bychkov, was one of the main Russian domestic news events of 2010. Public interest in this episode was accompanied by increased Internet search. First, we measured the search patterns for 13 search terms related to the Bychkov episode and concurrent domestic events by extracting data from Google Insights for Search (GIFS) and Yandex WordStat (YaW). We conducted Spearman Rank Correlation of GIFS and YaW search data series. Second, we coded all 420 primary posts from Bychkov's personal blog between March 2010 and March 2012 to identify the main themes. Third, we compared GIFS and Yandex policies concerning the public release of search volume data. Finally, we established the relationship between salient drug issues and the Bychkov episode.
We found a consistent pattern of strong to moderate positive correlations between Google and Yandex for the terms "Egor Bychkov" (r s = 0.88, P < .001), "Bychkov" (r s = .78, P < .001) and "Khimki"(r s = 0.92, P < .001). Peak search volumes for the Bychkov episode were comparable to other prominent domestic political events during 2010. Monthly search counts were 146,689 for "Bychkov" and 48,084 for "Egor Bychkov", compared to 53,403 for "Khimki" in Yandex. We found Google potentially provides timely search results, whereas Yandex provides more accurate geographic localization. The correlation was moderate to strong between search terms representing the Bychkov episode and terms representing salient drug issues in Yandex–"illicit drug treatment" (r s = .90, P < .001), "illicit drugs" (r s = .76, P < .001), and "drug addiction" (r s = .74, P < .001). Google correlations were weaker or absent–"illicit drug treatment" (r s = .12, P = .58), "illicit drugs " (r s = -0.29, P = .17), and "drug addiction" (r s = .68, P < .001).
This study contributes to the methodological literature on the analysis of search patterns for public health. This paper investigated the relationship between Google and Yandex, and contributed to the broader methods literature by highlighting both the potential and limitations of these two search providers. We believe that Yandex Wordstat is a potentially valuable, and underused data source for researchers working on Russian-related illicit drug policy and other public health problems. The Russian Federation, with its large, geographically dispersed, and politically engaged online population presents unique opportunities for studying the evolving influence of the Internet on politics and policy, using low cost methods resilient against potential increases in censorship.
Russia; search engine; drug dependence; policy
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Operationalizing resilience for adaptive coral reef management under global environmental change
Anthony, Kenneth RN
Marshall, Paul A
Abdulla, Ameer
Beeden, Roger
Bergh, Chris
Black, Ryan
Eakin, C Mark
Game, Edward T
Gooch, Margaret
Graham, Nicholas AJ
Green, Alison
Heron, Scott F
van Hooidonk, Ruben
Knowland, Cheryl
Mangubhai, Sangeeta
Marshall, Nadine
Maynard, Jeffrey A
McGinnity, Peter
McLeod, Elizabeth
Mumby, Peter J
Nyström, Magnus
Obura, David
Oliver, Jamie
Possingham, Hugh P
Pressey, Robert L
Rowlands, Gwilym P
Tamelander, Jerker
Wachenfeld, David
Wear, Stephanie
Global Change Biology
Cumulative pressures from global climate and ocean change combined with multiple regional and local-scale stressors pose fundamental challenges to coral reef managers worldwide. Understanding how cumulative stressors affect coral reef vulnerability is critical for successful reef conservation now and in the future. In this review, we present the case that strategically managing for increased ecological resilience (capacity for stress resistance and recovery) can reduce coral reef vulnerability (risk of net decline) up to a point. Specifically, we propose an operational framework for identifying effective management levers to enhance resilience and support management decisions that reduce reef vulnerability. Building on a system understanding of biological and ecological processes that drive resilience of coral reefs in different environmental and socio-economic settings, we present an Adaptive Resilience-Based management (ARBM) framework and suggest a set of guidelines for how and where resilience can be enhanced via management interventions. We argue that press-type stressors (pollution, sedimentation, overfishing, ocean warming and acidification) are key threats to coral reef resilience by affecting processes underpinning resistance and recovery, while pulse-type (acute) stressors (e.g. storms, bleaching events, crown-of-thorns starfish outbreaks) increase the demand for resilience. We apply the framework to a set of example problems for Caribbean and Indo-Pacific reefs. A combined strategy of active risk reduction and resilience support is needed, informed by key management objectives, knowledge of reef ecosystem processes and consideration of environmental and social drivers. As climate change and ocean acidification erode the resilience and increase the vulnerability of coral reefs globally, successful adaptive management of coral reefs will become increasingly difficult. Given limited resources, on-the-ground solutions are likely to focus increasingly on actions that support resilience at finer spatial scales, and that are tightly linked to ecosystem goods and services.
climate change; coral reefs; ecosystem vulnerability; environmental management; ocean acidification; social-ecological system; structured decision-making
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24 of 25 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars Heavy going, this one!
Unless you know the background to the events taking place at the court of Henry VIII at this time, there's not much point in picking this one up until you've done your homework! It's a thorough study of what influenced and motivated the 6 prominent Thomases at the court of the 'Lion', and as such is a detailed masterpiece, but Wilson assumes his readers know already the...
Published on 14 Jan. 2002
1 of 2 people found the following review helpful
3.0 out of 5 stars A treasure overwhelmed
A great work of research, knowledge anbd experience by a highly intelligent historian...and one who knows that far too well. This work is overwhelmed by the author's self-importance, and it thus becomes a dull and turgid read.
The best bits are the epilogue and the list of sources.
If you too are of a ponderous disposition, read and enjoy; otherwise...
Published on 1 Jan. 2007 by R. J. Bowen
Most Helpful First | Newest First
24 of 25 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars Heavy going, this one!,
By A Customer
Unless you know the background to the events taking place at the court of Henry VIII at this time, there's not much point in picking this one up until you've done your homework! It's a thorough study of what influenced and motivated the 6 prominent Thomases at the court of the 'Lion', and as such is a detailed masterpiece, but Wilson assumes his readers know already the historical background to Henry's turbulent love-life and what prompted the initial break with the Pope, and subsequently the Catholic Church as a whole. The most interesting character-analysis was for me that of the Duke of Norfolk, Thomas Howard, of whom I knew virtually nothing apart from the famous Holbein portrait. For those with a lively interest in the political intrigues of the time, this is a great read, but it's not the one for you if this is your first look at the early Tudor period. I would go first for Alison Weir or David Starkey first, for a chronology of the reign, and then perhaps move onto Wilson for an in-depth study.
24 of 27 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars A FRESH APPROACH.......,
Bruce Loveitt (Ogdensburg, NY USA) - See all my reviews
This review is from: In the Lion's Court: Power, Ambition and Sudden Death in the Reign of Henry VIII - A Study in Political Intrigue (Hardcover)
I recently read Alison Weir's, "Henry VIII: The King And His Court" and it was interesting to read Derek Wilson's book covering Henry's reign, but looked at from a different perspective. Ms. Weir concentrated more on people and personalities, especially Henry's wives. Mr. Wilson chose to concentrate more on politics and religion. Both books are rewarding and since the approaches taken by each author are different you get a fuller picture of the times by reading both.
I suppose the main thought you are left with after reading Mr. Wilson's book is what a precarious existence anyone connected with Henry's court led! We are not just talking about his wives but anyone involved in the political or religious life of the court. As Henry got older and his once robust health began to deteriorate he became very moody and unpredictable. Both Wilson and Weir make the point that Henry was very athletic up until he was about 40 years old or so. He was a very vain man and could not accept his physical decline. He was also used to getting his way and couldn't tolerate it when his desires and wishes were thwarted. He could be genial one moment and lash out verbally or physically the next. He could be ruthless if he felt that you couldn't give him what he wanted. In that case you were disposable- as several wives found out, as well as people such as Thomas Wolsey and Thomas More and Thomas Cromwell. You come away wondering why anyone would marry this man or choose to work for him. It was like being next to a ticking timebomb.........
One example will suffice to show that there were seemingly no limits to Henry's ruthlessness. When he was intent on having his son as his heir he wanted his daughter Mary (by Catherine of Aragon) to assure him that she would not "give any trouble" about the succession. He sent over Thomas Cromwell and the Duke of Norfolk to play "good cop, bad cop". Cromwell was the "good cop" and when it became clear that his approach wasn't doing the trick, Norfolk screamed violently at her and told her that if "she were his daughter he would smash her head against the wall until it was as soft as a boiled apple."
Violent times they were, and filled with violent people. Henry, without flinching, would allow the burning of "heretics", including digging up someone found after death to have been a "heretic" and having the corpse burned. You could be sent to the Tower of London at the drop of a hat, and be in constant fear that it was not only your hat that might drop off....
Try both of these books, as they complement each other nicely and are in no way redundant. I don't think you will be disappointed!
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars Informative and Compelling,
I've recently been doing A level coursework on the character of Sir Thomas More, so I picked up this book. Unlike some other history books, this one was really easy to get into and the way Wilson writes makes the subject so much more interesting and has been a major help to my coursework. If you're interested in this period of history, I would definitely recommend you read this book to get a more in-depth look at the 6 thomas': More, Wolsey, Cromwell, Cranmer, Howard and Wriothesley.
11 of 13 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars A Tudor Tapestry,
By A Customer
This review is from: In the Lion's Court: Power, Ambition and Sudden Death in the Reign of Henry VIII - A Study in Political Intrigue (Hardcover)
I would not usually direct myself to this type of read. However, I am willing to divert my attention to other subjects from time to time and can say that on this ocassion I was correct to do so.
Derek Wilson describes the mechanisms by which the court of Henry VIII operated in such an illustrative way that you can almost touch the characters in his pages.
This book is a beautifully woven tapestry of political intrigue and posturing, murder, marriage, death and wickedness.
Wilson describes the workings of the court through the lives of the six Thomas's. All of whom attended Henry's Court and all prominent players.
If you want to develop your knowledge on the reign of Henry VIII, the working of his court and the inter-play between holders of high office and their King you could do worse than read this book.
You do not need to be a student of Tudor history to enjoy this volume. If this is not your normal type of read I would say give it go. Try it and you will find yourself immersed in a superb story, unable to put it down.
As a factual historical account of Henry's Court, this book will grip you. Do not be fooled into believing that this is just another boring book on a former King of England. The truth can sometimes be as exciting as any work of dramatic fiction and no English King more exciting than the 'Lion King' Henry. Read it and you will see.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars Excellent,
Rosemary Wills "Bookworm" (London) - See all my reviews
Not only a brilliant historical account and analysis, the style is also elegant and enjoyable. A must for those interested in this period. It has the advantage of presenting a group and their interaction, not just focusing on one figure.
4.0 out of 5 stars Replaces the traditional matrimonially-driven history of Henry VIII with a tangle of politics, ambition and intrigue...,
C. Ball (Derbyshire) - See all my reviews
This review is from: In the Lion's Court: Power, Ambition and Sudden Death in the Reign of Henry VIII - A Study in Political Intrigue (Hardcover)
The story of Henry VIII's reign is most often told through his wives and that most famous of rhymes - 'Divorced, Beheaded, Died, Divorced, Beheaded, Survived' - but Derek Wilson takes a different approach in this scholarly and enlightening book. He hangs his tale on a different sextet - his Six Thomases: Thomas Wolsey, Thomas Cranmer, Thomas More, Thomas Howard, Thomas Cromwell and Thomas Wriothesley. All of them attained the very heights of power and ambition under Henry VIII; all ran afoul of him in some way; and some, like his wives, ended up on the block.
Looking at Henry VIII through his Thomases rather than his wives gives a far different aspect to his reign - the traditional personality-driven history gives way to a truly fascinating look at the tangle of politics, religious reform, ambition, intrigue, faction and betrayal that so characterised the Tudor period. One could argue after reading this book that many of the Thomases were undone not so much by Henry VIII but by those jostling for the position as his right-hand man and second power in the realm. Whether Henry would have despatched them anyway, without others succinctly reading his mood and manufacturing or uncovering proof of treachery and incompetence, is a question history will never be able to answer.
I thoroughly enjoyed this book - Derek Wilson has a real knack for narrative that manages to clarify and simplify a truly complicated era in English history. He is a little overly fond of colourful metaphors - "as soon as the downpour of cold realism began the colours soon streamed from the sagging bunting of Christian fraternity" was a particular favourite! But that's a small quibble that only occasionally dislodged me from an otherwise firm enjoyment of this book.
4.0 out of 5 stars Detailed, dense and lively,
Roman Clodia (London) - See all my reviews
This isn't really a book for the Tudor novice as it does assume at least some background knowledge of the period, but if you're searching for a view of Henry VIII's reign from a slightly different angle then this might suit very well. Wilson organises the book around six Thomases (Wolsey, More, Cromwell, Cranmer, Howard and Wriothesley) and divides the story into ten year intervals from 1499 (when Henry was eight) to 1549 (two years after Henry's death).
The allocation of space to the six Thomases is uneven: Wriothesley, for example, is given far less time than Wolsey or More, and I did wonder why Wilson bothered including him as one of the main characters. I also found Wilson's depiction of Thomas Howard as unintelligent and inefficient slightly strange.
The most irritating thing for me is Wilson's style: he's uncomfortably jaunty and uses a lot of modern concepts and language to interpret sixteenth century events - so things are described as a 'PR disaster', for example, at one point in the narrative.
Despite some niggles this is a dense and well-researched book, though not a scholarly one, good for anyone interested in popular history that is weightier than Weir or Fraser.
4 of 5 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars Different Perspectives on a Royal "Zoo",
Robert Morris (Dallas, Texas) - See all my reviews
This review is from: In the Lion's Court: Power, Ambition, and Sudden Death in the Reign of Henry VIII (Hardcover)
England's King Henry VIII has already been extensively discussed in various books as well as portrayed in a number of plays and films. Why another book? In his Introduction, Derek Wilson acknowledges that much attention has been devoted to Henry's six wives (Three Catherines, two Annes, and a Jane) and shares this mnemonic:
"Divorced, beheaded, died,
Divorced, beheaded, survived."
and then observes: "I propose a different set of relationships which I believe offers a more illuminating approach to the court and government of Henry VIII." Specifically, Wilson focuses his primary attention on six Thomases: Wolsey, More, Cromwell, Howard, Wriothesley, and Cramner. "I can even suggest an alternative mortuary mnemonic, although one admittedly not so trippingly off the tongue.
Died, beheaded, beheaded,
Self-slaughtered, burned, survived."
Henry's VIII's relationships with all six serve as the basis of Wilson's narrative. There were lions in London at that time ("the King's Beasts") housed in the Tower menagerie and a major tourist attraction. More once compared the king's court to a lion pit "in which the magnificent and deadly king of beasts held sway."
Of the six, More interests me the most. One of my favorite plays and films is A Man for All Seasons. (In the film, More is brilliantly portrayed by Paul Scofield.) In both, Robert Bolt focuses on More's rectitude which threatens and infuriates Henry and eventually results in More's execution. Thus presented, More is a tragic but noble political victim and religious martyr, later canonized by the Roman Catholic Church. He is no less admirable as portrayed by Wilson but, in my opinion, is much more complicated than Bolt and others suggest. For years, More skillfully navigated his way through a court ("a lion pit") characterized by what Wilson refers to as its "seamy realities": "The royal entourage was a vicious, squirming world of competing ambitions and petty feuds, guilty secrets and salacious prudery. Courtiers, vulnerable to threats and bribes, could be induced to perjure themselves, to exaggerate amorous incidents which were innocent in the context of stylised chivalric convention, to indulge personal vendettas....Over all these momentous happenings looms the larger-than-life figure of Henry VIII, powerful and capricious yet always an enigma."
In certain respects, this book reads as if it were a novel. It has a compelling narrative, dozens of unique characters, all manner of conflicts and intrigues which create great tension throughout, and a number of themes such as power, ambition, loyalty, betrayal, piety, terror, and (for most of the main characters) ignominious death. Wilson draws upon a wealth of primary sources to ensure the validity of his historical facts. However, some readers may question his interpretation of those facts. (A non-historian, I consider myself unqualified to do so.) Those who share my high regard for this book are urged to check out Alison Weir's Henry VIII as well as The Six Wives of Henry VIII, Karen Lindsey's Divorced, Beheaded, Survived, and David M. Loades's Henry VIII and His Queens.
5.0 out of 5 stars A book to treasure !,
Amazon Customer (West Midlands. UK.) - See all my reviews
This review is from: In the Lion's Court: Power, Ambition and Sudden Death in the Reign of Henry VIII - A Study in Political Intrigue (Hardcover)
Absolutely delighted......Book was in excellent condition, and service was first class..... My paperback version had disintegrated, so I was looking for an affordable hardback..... Thank you.
5.0 out of 5 stars Tudor Thomases,
This review is from: In the Lion's Court: Power, Ambition and Sudden Death in the Reign of Henry VIII - A Study in Political Intrigue (Hardcover)
Didn't think there was anything else to learn about this era but this book was very illuminating especially about the relationship of these men to each other. Excellent.
Most Helpful First | Newest First
In the Lion's Court: Power, Ambition and Sudden Death in the Reign of Henry VIII - A Study in Political Intrigue by Derek Wilson (Hardcover - 5 April 2001)
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subset: commoncrawl


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Google Drive is a versatile way to store files and share with others, while your WordPress site is clearer and better structured for sharing more focused information. But using both at the same time can lead to confusion about where information is stored.
Wouldn't it be great if WordPress could be used to control and structure the information your organization stores in Drive?
Google Drive Embedder is a WordPress plugin giving users easy access to their Google Drive in a popup box, where they can select documents to embed directly into their post or page. Just as easily as picking a photo from the WordPress media gallery.
Documents can be embedded in-line for your audience to read without leaving your site; as links to open up editable files (either in the same or a new browser tab); or as 'download' links to save files straight to the viewer's computer.
There is a free version of the plugin available in the WordPress repository, and a premium version available for purchase below enabling access to certain extra file types and simple 'iframed' folders.
Or the Enterprise version of Google Drive Embedder goes even further and integrates Drive much more closely with your WordPress site or intranet, essentially allowing each page or post on WordPress to host its own file attachments, completely backed by Drive. It also brings slick interactive embedding for any Drive folder, so users can drill down into subfolders and preview files without leaving your site.
This means you no longer need to manage Drive and WordPress as two completely separate document sharing systems!
The Google Drive Embedder plugins require that you also install the free (or professional) version of our Google Apps Login plugin.
Free Version
The free version of the plugin is available in the WordPress plugins directory. Search for 'Google Drive Embedder' from the Add New Plugins page of your WordPress site.
Premium Version
You can also purchase the premium version of the plugin for some important extra features:
- Google Calendars: pick from your Google Calendars and provide download links to ICAL or XML, or embed them directly in your site. (See example)
- Embed Folders: simply keep your Google Drive folder up-to-date with your files, and your staff or website visitors will always be able to view a list of the latest documents. (See example of the iframe embed offered by the Premium version.) For more advanced folder integration please take a look at the Enterprise version of Drive Embedder below.
- Google Docs export: provide links to downloadable versions of Google Docs, e.g. Spreadsheets exported as PDF or Excel.
- Embed Images and Videos: serve them directly from Google Drive, respecting your Google sharing settings.
- Embed Google Forms so your visitors can take surveys.
- Support and automatic updates for one year.
To purchase securely, please see the options further down this page.
If for any reason you are not fully satisfied, we offer a 14 day, no-hassle, money-back guarantee.
Enterprise Version
Drive Embedder Enterprise has all the features of the premium and basic versions – easily embed files from Google Drive into your WordPress site – plus much more advanced folder embedding. This starts with much slicker styling. Instead of embedding folders as iframes, they are built directly into your WordPress pages, meaning users can click into subfolders and preview files without leaving your website. Users can also drag-and-drop files straight onto your site, uploading them instantly to Drive.
For intranets, the new folder types mean your site can be structured to direct employees straight to the Drive files they need – saving time and leaving them to do their jobs efficiently. They can upload files straight to Drive folders that are already intertwined with your intranet hierarchy – they no longer have to guess whether their colleagues will be looking through Drive or the intranet to find the information in the future. No more intranet instructions saying 'go to Google Drive and find the relevant files'!
For public websites, the new folder styles mean your visitors can explore specific Drive folders without even needing their own account, meaning you can easily share files even with non-Google users or those unwilling to authenticate on your site.
Find out how our customers are using Enterprise Drive Embedder
The IT department can harness the power and flexibility of Google Drive while users remain comfortably within their familiar intranet environment. – Nick Trabue, Flat Branch
Click here to find out more and see a demo folder embed.
Licenses and Purchase
Our licenses allow you to use the software on the appropriate WordPress site(s) indefinitely, and include email support and automatic updates for one year. If for any reason you are not fully satisfied, we offer a 14 day, no-hassle, money-back guarantee.
Premium Version
Simply pick the correct license below then click purchase to enter your credit card or PayPal details so you can download straight away!
Enterprise Versions
The license cost depends on the number of users on your Google Apps domain.
Secure checkout by credit card or PayPal – ready to download straight away.
Enterprise License for a single WordPress installation
Enterprise Licenses for multiple WordPress installations
Support and Troubleshooting
Our Frequently Asked Questions section contains a lot more information about the technical workings of the plugin – please check it out to understand how the plugin works!
If you have any questions please contact us.


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By reading the title, I really thought someone tagged up Disneyland. Slightly off topic, but when does Million Dreams end?
By reading the title, I really thought someone tagged up Disneyland. Slightly off topic, but when does Million Dreams end?
-JackDoc Brown had 2 Deloreans!
I can't view the image.
~ Tokyo DisneySeas Arabian Coast at nighttime ~
Graffiti? That's not graffiti - in my mind, graffiti consists of something else entirely.
Even though it's nothing to get too bent out of shape about, it just doesn't seem to fit in with the Main Street theme! This kind of stuff would look way better in NOS where the Mardi Gras theme lends to the color and design ... NOT MAIN STREET! Why didn't they just make the floral in front of the Railroad more colorful or something.
Or posters announcing a trip through Alice's Wonderland.
Or the lead-free paint that things are coated in.
Or the PA system that announces arrivals.
It's a minor bit of decoration. Nothing more. Furthermore, it's not on the station, it's on the outside-facing entryway.
This brings up something I've never thought of. Does Main Street begin the moment you enter the turnstyles? Or does it begin after you go under the berm?
Wow, they look so temporary, like they were glue gunned on. Me? Im a fan of anything that adds MORE color!!! (say that in a Tim Taylor "More Power" voice) It's pretty. I will have to see for myself
In and of itself, it doesn't look too bad. (I mean, at least they didn't go for some try-hard faux graffiti in a misguided attempt to be "hip"...I still have nightmares of rapping Mickey).
However, I tend to concur with the general consensus that they look slightly out of place on Main Street. MS is certainly my favourite of all the "lands", and that is largely because of the turn-of-the-20th-century thing it has going for it. These would have been more appropriate in Fantasyland or NOS. Yet, as DarkRider wisely points out, it is a fantasy version of yesteryear, and it is one of many aspects that aren't period accurate. If it had been on City Hall or something more prominent on the Main Street itself, that would have made me go "Oh, what up?"
I hate it because it doesn't fit. It just looks to dang colorful in a place where color isn't needed. It just completely out of place, at first I though it was some joke...Looks really horrible IMO.
"Pain is temporary, Film is Forever..."


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With 27 years of management experience, Joel will focus on development and project management of transportation-related projects in the Greater Houston region. Through his previous efforts, he managed more than $2 billion in transportation services projects in the past 10 years.
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Are you ready for the ULTIMATE St. Patrick's Day getaway? It's your lucky day because we've got a
It was a beautiful opening weekend for Sunset Cove, the beach cafe and club situated on the beach here
This year's Valentine's Day Dinner was incredible, thanks to our amazing culinary teams at Windows Restaurant and BullFrogs Bar
You still have time to wow your significant other this Valentine's Day at Lake Lanier Islands with our exclusive
Our New Year's Resolutions included making your dining experiences even better, so we totally revamped our BullFrog's menu! Now
Picture it: rose petals, truffles, Champagne. You're sitting in front of a roaring stone fireplace with the love of
FINALLY! A reason to cheer! The Gwinnett Gladiators are gliding onto Lake Lanier Islands and YOU'RE invited to come
We are having SO MUCH FUN ice skating this year at Holiday Village! You should definitely plan to come
Hey folks! This weekend is going to be really super special here at Lake Lanier Islands Resort. Chick-fil-A is
We just want to take this opportunity to wish all of you a very happy Thanksgiving! From our family


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
24 year old man | El Paso, TX, USA | Seeking women 18-24 within 50 miles
A country boy stuck in El Paso, trying to find his country girl :)
I am 22, a country boy from the Great State of Idaho. I was raised working hard and earning a living on our little farm we had :) I'm a huge nature fan. Anything that will get me away from El Paso and on the open road or in the outdoors, I am game for. Normally I travel on average every other weekend, if not every weekend. I believe that spending money on memories is better than having the best of everything. My goals is to eventually get into the Fire Department and work as a Fireman until I decide its been long enough in the public service side of the world, at which time I plan on using my Bach Degree, which I am half way done with, in Health Care management and eventually run my own health clinic. I am a big country music fan, and do my best to try and attend every country concert that comes with 200 miles. I want to find someone that I can not only become immediate friends with, but someone who enjoys the simple things in life and loves camping and fishing and all the stuff that allows a person to call them self countryfied :) I am currently in Law Enforcement so my schedule changes from time to time. :) Always up to trying new things :)
Camping , Fishing/Hunting , Exploring new areas , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Volunteering
Basketball, Football, Other types of exercise, Running, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines, Yoga
I exercise 5 or more times per week.
I like Dogs, Horses
The Outdoors :) Mainly Ruidoso NM :)
Camping, Hiking, Horseback Riding, Traveling, Fishing, Hunting, Anything OUTDOORS
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|6'2" (187cms)
|4'10" (147cms) to 5'10" (177cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|No preference
|No preference
|Dark brown
|No preference
|No Way
|No preference
|No preference
|Law enforcement / Security / Military
|No preference
|$25,001 to $35,000
|No preference
|Never Married
|No preference
|Have kids:
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|No preference
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
|Christian / Protestant
|No preference
|English, German
|Associates degree
|No preference


text: Ate dinner here and ordered medium rare steak for both my husband and myself. Both steaks were cooked very well done. Kind of like shoe leather. Took a while to get them to begin with and had to send back and wait even longer. They now charge extra for baked potato with everything on it which makes... read more


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Articles tagged black hen music
21 Apr 2010 // 8:40 AM
- //Music
Luedecke is a masterful songwriter with an ability to convey experience way beyond his years. On these 11 songs his voice and banjo combine beautifully with the other instruments and harmony vocals.READ more
//Mixed media
Colette Carr "Static" (video) (Premiere) // Music
House of Blondes "First of July" (audio) (premiere) // Music
Digisaurus 'No More Room For Love' (EP stream) // Music
Eszter Balint 'Airless Midnight' (album stream) (premiere) // Music
//Pm Picks
PopMatters is on a short summer publishing break. We resume Monday, July 6th.
// Announcements
"PopMatters is on a short summer publishing break. We resume Monday, July 6th.READ the article


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Isla Fisher with her daughter Olive Cohen in Westwood, CA on September 10, 2012.
She's ready for the summer!
Work it, girl.
Mariah Carey, her boobs and her new beau James Packer, aka the fourth richest man in Australia, took their love to Ibiza, Spain where they gallivanted on a yacht with her kids.
Bad Girl RiRi? More like Braless RiRi.


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Advanced Search
Cloud9, makers of a Web-based integrated development environment (IDE) for Javascript and HTML 5 applications, was in the spotlight at this week's Node Summit because of its support of Microsoft's Azure cloud.
The open-source Node.js server-side JavaScript development environment was the spotlight of Microsoft's keynote presentation.
Open-source business intelligence vendor Jaspersoft recently made its popular Java reporting engine, JasperReports Server, available in the products of two fierce cloud competitors.
Amazon Web Services (AWS) on Wednesday launched a new database service that will let customers modify and store huge amounts of unstructured content while providing rapid access to data.
IBM announced Wednesday it has agreed to buy Green Hat, a provider of tools that lets application developers use cloud resources to test their software, for an undisclosed amount.
A report discussing a planned Microsoft move to allow customers to host Linux servers on its Windows Azure cloud service was released by All About Microsoft's Mary Jo Foley today.
CollabNet, the Brisbane, Calif.-based provider of distributed software development solutions, recently released a new integration framework for its TeamForge Agile ALM platform.
Oracle WebLogic Server 12c is being billed as the corner stone of the company's Cloud Application Foundation and a core component of its Oracle Fusion Middleware product line.
Collabnet on Friday announced the availability of its ScrumWorks Pro Agile project management tool on its Codesion Cloud Services platform.
In an effort to lend its Node.js expertise to VMware's Cloud Foundry project, cloud software and services provider Joyent has signed on to VMware's Community Leads program.
Yesterday Zend announced the general availability of Zend Studio 9.0.
According to a forecast released by Gartner last week, App stores and marketplaces will be among the top 10 strategic technologies for enterprises next year.
Amazon and Microsoft have teamed up to give developers a way to test Microsoft's upcoming version of its SQL Server in the Amazon cloud.
Hivetext Technologies announced this week that its Java-based Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) Jelastic will be supporting the Nginx Web server.
Cloud-based hosting service AppFog has added Java to the growing list of languages it supports, the company announced this week.
A beta version of Sencha's mobile cloud service, aimed at developers building shared applications, has been released.
Zend Technologies announced Tuesday phpcloud.com, a new platform and partner ecosystem for development and delivery of PHP-based Web applications.
Rackspace has announced the birth of an independent foundation that will assume ownership and governance for the open source cloud platform, OpenStack.
In an agreement announced today, Oracle will be acquiring Endeca Technologies Inc., a provider of software called MDEX Engine that allows users to gather and analyze unstructured data.
Google on Thursday announced a free preview of Google Cloud SQL, which adds a MySQL database Web service to Google's cloud-based App Engine development stack.
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We created Pandora to put the Music Genome Project directly in your hands
It's a new kind of radio –
stations that play only music you like
A Fugal Concerto, For Flute, Oboe & String Orchestra, Op. 40/2, H. 152: III. Allegro
Features of This Tracka well-known composer
a Modern style
a symphony orchestra
tonal harmony
These are just a few of the hundreds of attributes cataloged for this track by the Music Genome Project.show more


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Specifically designed for business professionals, the Dell Vostro line of computers comes from a brand known for its quality products. The laptops are available in 13-, 14-, or 15-inch screen options. These mobile workstations feature third generation Intel Core processors for multitasking, provide several hours of battery life for increased portability, and can have up to 8 GB of DDR3 memory to support the needs of demanding software. Moreover, buyers can opt for a discrete graphics card in some models if their work requires the upgrade.
The Dell Vostro line includes a variety of business desktop computers as well, such as the Vostro 470. With its sleek black case and concealed external bays, this computer is the ideal blend of good looks and functionality. A solid option for an office, it has multiple USB 2.0 and 3.0 ports, several audio connections, and high-end hardware, such as the Intel Core i7-3770 processor.


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All-Access Vegas Nightclub Pass Including Pool Parties
Special Offer
Book and save 56% compared to the local supplier's price!
- Las Vegas nightclub pass with free entry at hotspots all over town
- Work on your tan at nine pool parties, including Rehab at the Hard Rock, Tao Beach at the Venetian and the Palms Pool
- Enjoy VIP-line access to some of Las Vegas' hottest clubs, such as Marquee at the Cosmopolitan, LAVO at The Palazzo, MOON at The Palms, Hyde at the Bellagio and Body English at The Hard Rock Hotel and Casino.
- Receive free entry to popular ultra-lounges including Mix, Ghostbar, Voo Doo Lounge and more
What You Can Expect
If you're in the mood for something else, check out one of Vegas' ultra-lounges, such as Mix or Ghostbar. Or, use your pass for a discount on a show at Planet Hollywood.
How does it work? Just show your pass for instant access and let the fun begin! Your passes never expire, so you any extra passes can be used on your future trips to Sin City!
See below for the list of included nightclubs, bars, pools, lounges and more.
- Tao Nightclub (entry before midnight)
- Marquee (Monday only)
- LAVO (entry before midnight)
- MOON (Sunday to Thursday only)
- Hyde (entry before midnight)
- Body English
- Ghostbar (Sunday to Thursday only)
- Mix
- Voo Doo Lounge
- The Ainsworth
- Rehab
- Tao Beach
- Hard Rock Beach Life
- Venus European Pool Club
- Palms Pool and Bungalows
- Palms Place Pool
- Azure
- Sapphire Pool and Day Club (courtesy limo service is available)
- Hustler Club
- Sapphire
- Deja vu Showgirls
- Little Darlings (complimentary drinks)
- Treasures (2-for-1 dining)
- Vince Neil's Girls Girls Girls
- Cheetahs
- Spearmint Rhino
Customer Reviews
June 2015
I'd say I at least broke even and definitely had some good convenience by getting this pass. It was great to just walk into Tao without waiting in line or paying anything extra excluding drinks of course...wow they get more expensive every visit. Definitely read the restrictions and call ahead for each venue so you aren't disapointed. Most of the pool parties are valid on Saturday The great thing is that the passes are still valid with what we didn't use, so I'll get more use next time I visit.
April 2015
Very good trip it was a good time love the pool parties!!!!
Special Offer
$162.14 Save $92.15