text:
VIEWS: 90 PAGES: 105 POSTED ON: 5/14/2011 Public Domain
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM MHI FM 5-20 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL CAMOUFLAGE HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY MAY 1968 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM *FM 5-20 FIELD MANUAL HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FM 5-20 WASHINGTON, D.C., May 20 1968 CAMOUFLAGE Paragraph Page CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ------------------------------ 1-4 3 2. DETECTION -- - - - -------------- 5-8 4 3. 9,10 CONCEALMENT _____________________------------ 14 4. CAMOUFLAGE FOR THE INDIVIDUAL ---------- 11-17 26 5. FIELD FORTIFICATIONS ---------------------- 18-22 31 6. VEHICLES AND ARTILLERY Section I. _--------____---_------------------- Vehicles ------ 23,24 35 II. _____________________________----------- 44 Artillery -------- 25,26 CHAPTER 7. AIRCRAFT ___-________--____________------------ 27-31 49 8. BIVOUACS, COMMAND POSTS AND SUPPLY POINTS __________________-_ - _------ - 32-38 57 9. LARGE SCALE AND RELATIVELY PERMANENT INSTALLATIONS --------------- 39-55 66 10. DECOY INSTALLATIONS -------------- ----- 56-74 86 APPENDIX REFERENCES _----______-___________-----------_--______ 102 INDEX _________________________-----_________ 103 *This manual supersedes FM 5-20, 21 January 1959; FM 5-21, 23 December 1958; and together with TM 5-200, 25 September 1959 supersedes FM 5-23, 3 October 1956, and all changes. WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Purpose and Scope sponsible for his own concealment. His respon- a. This manual provides a comprehensive sibility here is just as great as his responsibil- reference and guide in all aspects of camou- ity for his rifle, and he must know as much flage. It describes in detail the principles in- about camouflage as he does about his weapon. volved in concealing or disguising troops, vehi- Just as training in marksmanship teaches the cles, weapons, and field installations. The last soldier to hit a target accurately, so does chapter discusses the planning for and the knowledge of camouflage teach him how to es- operation of decoys and decoy installations. cape becoming a target himself. For technical information regarding the b. Command. Overall unit camouflage is the natural and artificial materials and equipment responsibility of the commander. He must in- available for both concealment and visual sure the complete understanding by every man deception, the reader is referred to TM 5-200. in his command of the importance, principles, b. Information and data presented in this and techniques of camouflage. In addition to manual are applicable to both nuclear and non- his responsibilities in the training and super- nuclear warfare. It must be remembered that vision of the individual soldier's concealment in the event of a nuclear burst near a camou- efforts, he must plan and execute camouflage flaged position, the thermal radiation may ig- measures for the operational, administrative, nite the camouflage if it is of a flammable sub- and logistical areas of his command. Finally, stance. In addition, radiological decontamina- to insure the effectiveness of all camouflage tion operations may be hindered by the measures, he is responsible for the strict en- presence of elaborate camouflage construction. forcement of camouflage discipline. These are calculated risks and must be taken into consideration when planning camouflage 4. Importance of Camouflage measures. Camouflage is one of the basic weapons of war. Correctly used, it can spell the difference between a successful campaign and defeat; to Users of this manual are encouraged to submit the individual it can mean the difference be- recommended changes or comments to improve tween life and death. Regardless of the type of the manual. Comments should be keyed to the warfare-all out nuclear or internal defense specific page, paragraph, and line of the text operations-camouflage remains important. in which the change is recommended. Reasons Small semi-independent units must furnish should be provided for each comment to insure their own security, reconnaissance, and sur- understanding and complete evaluation. Comn- veillance. They must be able to exist for long ments should be forwarded directly to the Com- periods of time with a minimum of control mandant, U. S. Army Engineer School, Fort and support from higher headquarters. As a Belvoir, Va., 22060. result, their success will depend to a large extent upon their ability to remain concealed 3. Responsibilities for Camouflage and from the enemy. This in turn will depend upon Deception the knowledge and proper execution of the a. Individual. The individual soldier is re- principles of camouflage. 3 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM CHAPTER 2 DETECTION 5. Introduction particular needs; the photographs may be studied at length; it reduces distance of obser- Before it is possible to employ effective camou- fiage it is necessary to know something about vation by enlargement; and radar will usually detect a metallic object behind a nonmetallic observation. There are two broad categories of and indirect. Observation-direct screen, such as a conventional burlap- garnished camouflage net. Its disadvantages are: The time required to develop photographs 6. Direct Observation and disseminate the information; weather may Direct observation refers to that process interfere with aerial photograph; the skill of whereby the observer sees the subject phys- the photointerpreter may limit information ob- ically, that is, with his eyes-aided or unaided. tained; and there is a lack of the third dimen- Examples of this type of observation include sion, except on special stereophotography. an observer sitting on a hilltop with binoculars a. Aerial Photography. In modern warfare or an aerial observer viewing the landscape aerial photography has assumed a place of from an aircraft. Direct observation has many extreme importance, and in regard to camou- advantages: It offers immediate information flage detection and inspection, photography has on which action may be based; the picture is reached a stage where it is indispensable. reached a stage where it is indispensable. seen in the true third dimension and is easily three itary photographs are divided into evaluated by the brain; the eye is normally an and low accurate and sensitive receiver; and it allows categories observation of movement. It has four major disadvantages: There is no permanent record (1) Vertical. The vertical photograph is for future direct comparison; weather and one taken directly above the subject. It shows time of day may limit it; the observer's ex- practically no detail in the third dimension perience and mission may limit the information other than shadow and can be compared with obtained; and human error may result in in- a plan view of buildings on a blueprint. When complete and incorrect information. taking a vertical photograph, the line of sight on the camera is perpendicular to the line of 7. Indirect Observation flight of the aircraft (fig. 1). In vertical In indirect observation the observer sees a photo interpretation, the process of stereo- picture or an image of the subject, and not the vision s used extensively. By taking two pho- physical subject itself. Photography, radar, tographs of the same subject and stereoscopic infrared, and television are used in indirect ob- glasses, the third dimension, depth, becomes servation. The advantages of indirect oberva- apparent. This is of great advantage in exam- tion are: Successive photos of the same area ining enemy camouflage or in inspecting our may detect changes which have taken place; it own camouflage. results in a permanent record; it increases the (2) High oblique. High oblique photo- spectrum for observation to the infrared and graphs are those taken at an angle raised from other spectrums invisible to the human eye; it the vertical so that the apparent horizon shows can be distributed to all echelons for their on the photo. It also shows a partial third 4 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Vertical Figure 1. Vertical photograph. dimension by giving the side and top view of (b) Color film. Color film will detect the subject (fig. 2). camouflage which does not match the colors (3) Low oblique. The low oblique is simi- in the background. However, this film has lar to the high oblique except that it does not many operational difficulties and gives best show the horizon. This is accomplished by results only under ideal conditions. Colors taking the photograph at an angle less than tend to blend together at high altitudes, 300 from the perpendicular to the line of flight shadow density is not as accurate on this film (fig. 3). heear (4g ) Fim o tpsffim (4) Films. There are four types of film as on the black and white film, and atmospheric used in aerial photography: used in aerial photography: conditions must be ideal in order to obtain a (a) Black and white. Black and white clear photograph. For these reasons, this film film records images in tone gradation between is not widely used (fig. 5). white and black. While not reproducing color, (c) Infrared film. Infrared waves or it does provide a permanent record of tonal differences. Select filters are often used to im- sefr in the man prove the photograph or to record only the prove the photograph or to record only the spectrum which is invisible to the human eye. light that is known to give the greatest tonal Most things in nature, such as living, green provide of and differences between natural backgrounds tonal it does record a permanent ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ vegetation, reflect these infrared waves readily the object being sought (fig. 4). and in large quantities. Most artificial ma- WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM High Oblique Figure 2. High oblique photograph. terials normally do not reflect these infrared cial camouflage that has been treated with such waves to the same extent. Thus, infrared film paint and dye (fig. 6). which is nothing more than black and white (d) Camouflage detection film. This film that is sensitive to infrared waves, can film was designed specifically to detect green result in a picture showing contrasts between colored artificial camouflage by recording it as natural materials and artificial materials. The blue to blue-green in contrast to a red record- natural materials will show up as a light tone ing of ing of natural vegetation. It combines the vegetation. It combines the natural of gray while the artificial materials will show advantages of both infrared and color films. up as a dark tone of gray. Infrared film has The structure of the film is such that high another important use. It can be used to take infrared reflective objects-natural vegetation photographs photographs there is a source of at night if there is a source of at night if -record as red; low infrared reflective objects infrared radiation. To counter the detecting re cord as blue gror een. ability of this film, camouflage paints and dyes have been developed that have a high infrared b. Radar. Radar detecting devices emit radio reflectance, similar to foliage. All camouflage signals, usually in the form of pulses of an materials are now issued with this type of ultrahigh frequency, which are reflected from coloring so that infrared film can no longer the object being viewed and received back at detect differences between natural and artifi- the point of transmission. By analyzing these 6 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Low Oblique Figure 3. Low oblique photograph. minute reflected signals, the characteristics of and its surroundings. If the object and its back- the object under observation may be de- ground are of the same reflectance and texture, termined. Concealment from radar depends total concealment is achieved. Concealment upon the reduction of this reflection. This can from passive infrared is dependent upon re- be accomplished by digging in or by use of a ducing heat emission of objects which are hot- defilade. It is important to remember, that ter than their surroundings. Therefore, some foliage cover alone cannot be relied upon com- insulation or shield must be used. Defilade, pletely to defeat detection by radar. heavy brush, or even tree cover will at least c. Infrared. There are two types of infrared attenuate the heat radiation. To what extent, the detectors: Active (near) which requires illu- mination of the target by some light source, . Factors of Recognition such as infrared spot or floodlights or the sun; and passive (far) which detects the heat emit- Regardless of the method of observation em- ted by the target and converts the signal to a ployed, there are certain factors which must visual picture graph or sound record. Conceal- always be present to help the eye and brain ment from active infrared depends on the reduc- identify an object. These are termed factors of tion of reflectance contract between the object recognition (fig. 8). 7 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Figure 4. Black and white film. a. Position. An object is often identified by as factory chimneys, utility poles, vehicles, its position with relation to its surroundings. bridges, and tents have distinctive shadows. A long object on a railroad track is assumed to Sometimes it may be more important to break be a train; similar objects on a river and par- up or disrupt the shadow of an object than it allel to its banks are assumed to be boats or is to conceal the object itself. barges. A large structure in a group of frame d. Texture. Texture refers to the ability of buildings might be a barn. Position is nothing an object to reflect, absorb, and diffuse light more than the relative space relationship of one It may be defined as the relative smoothness or object to another object or objects. roughness of a surface (fig. 9). A rough sur- b. Shape. Experience teaches people to as- face, such as a field of grass, reflects little sociate an object with its shape or outline. At light and casts many shadows on itself. Con- a distance, the outline of objects can be sequently it appears very dark to the eye or on recognized long before the details of makeup a photograph. A smooth surface, such as an can be determined. Trucks, guns, tanks, and airstrip or the roof of a building, reflects other common military items of equipment all more light on an aerial photograph. Thus, an have distinctive outlines that help to identify airstrip, even though it might be painted the them. same color as the surrounding terrain, would c. Shadow. Shadow may be even more re- show up as a lighter tone on a photograph. vealing than the object itself. This is particu- The almost total absence of texture results in larly true when viewed from the air. Such items shine. One of the most revealing breaches of WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Figure 5. Color film. camouflage discipline is shine. This alone can or confirming a tentative identification. A attract attention to a location under enemy ob- secondary consideration is the tone of a color. servation regardless of the type. Shine is gen- This is the modification of color in varying erally associated with the reflection of sunlight shades. Usually darker shades of a given color from windshields, windows, mess kits, and will be less likely to attract an observer's at- other such almost textureless surfaces. Even tention than the lighter, more brilliant shades. the lenses of field glasses, when used in direct f. Movement. The last factor of recognition sunlight, can reflect a bright shine similar to is movement and although this factor seldom that of a mirror. (Some substances, such as reveals the identity of an object by itself, it is certain plastics, regardless of the degree of the most important one for revealing existence. texture, still present a shine.) Even though the other factors of recognition e. Color. Color is an aid to an observer-when have been completely eliminated, an enemy ob- there is contrast between the color of an object server will be attracted to the area if move- and its background. The greater the contrast ment is not controlled. He may even be con- in color, the more visible the object appears. centrating his attention on some other area While color alone will usually not identify an but he will not fail to detect movement in object, it is often an aid in locating the object another area through his peripheral vision. 9 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Figure 6. Infrared film. 10 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Figure 7. Camouflage detection film. 11 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM zJI- LU uj ~ LU~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~L I~ 0 0- U" 9. w o 0 0 12 x - I LU I I I S 12S 1 2OI WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM "'/. '~ii~:~:~''''''''''er~ri~r~r~~ir13 Figure 9. How texture influences dark and light appearance. WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM CHAPTER 3 CONCEALMENT 9. Principles Siting, discipline, and construction are the g three principles employed to eliminate the fac- tors of recognition. Good camouflage is ob- tainable only through a thorough under- standing of the factors of recognition and care- ful evaluation and utilization of these prin- ciples of concealment. a. Siting. Siting is nothing more than select- ing the most advantageous position in which to hide a man, an object, or an activity (figs. 10 through 14). No matter what kind of ter- rain it is, even an apparently featureless desert, there is always some discernible pat- tern, natural or manmade, which can be used to conceal or at least blur the tactically vital signs of military activity. If these features are utilized, concealment will often be effective 1 WRONG without employment of artificial camouflage construction measures. Experience has shown that a vast majority of all concealment prob- lems can be solved by proper siting. There are three governing factors for site selection. (1) Mission. This is paramount. A certain location may be excellent from the concealment standpoint, but if it makes it impossible to carry out the mission, it is pointless. (2) Dispersion. The requirement for dis- persion dictates the size of the site. A site is useless if it will not permit enough dispersal for effective operation. (3) Terrain patterns. The final point to keep in mind is "What, if any, disturbance in the terrain pattern will this particular site 1 necessitate?" The answer should be "none." This is vital since any change in an existing pattern will immediately indicate the presence 2 RIGHT of some activity. The four generalized terrain patterns-rural, urban, wooded, and barren- Figure 10. Choice of position. 14 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM WRONG RIGHT Figure 11. Example of proper siting and dispersal of tents in sparsely vegetated terrain (barren). all have distinctive characteristics, which are rigid routine of such discipline, both visual and necessary to preserve. audio, is not followed by only one man, the (a) Rural terrain.This terrain is recog-entire camouflage effort will fail. Carelessness nized from the air by virtue of its peculiar and laxness will undoubtedly reveal the posi- checkerboard pattern. This is a result of the tion to the enemy. Tracks, spoil, and debris different types of crops and vegetation found are the most common signs of military activity on most farms. which indicate concealed objects. Therefore, (b) Urban terrain. A picture from the new tracks should follow existing paths, roads, air of most urban terrains is characterized by fences, or natural lines in the terrain pattern. more or less uniform rows of housing, inter- Exposed routes do not end at a position, but woven with streets, and punctuated by care- are extended to another logical termination. If fully located trees and shrubs. practicable, exposed tracks are camouflaged by (c) Wooded terrain. The picture that brushing out or covering. Spoil and debris this terrain presents to the aerial observer is are covered or placed to blend with the sur- a natural, irregular work of nature, unlike the roundings (figs. 15 through 17) A camouflage almost geometric pattern of the manmade rural SOP listing rules like the ones mentioned and urban terrain. will help a great deal in enforcing camouflage discipline. It should assign to certain in- (dai tr ) Barren terrain. Likesethe wooded dividuals the responsibility of enforcing this terrain, barren terrain present the aerial ob- discipline. It should list rules for conduct of server with an uneven, irregular work of na- individuals, units, vehicle drivers, etc., in ture, without the abrupt patterns of the rural combat, in bivouacs, or in any other situation combat, in bivouacs, or in any other situation which may be appropriate to the unit. b. Camouflage Discipline. CamouflageDiscipline. (2) No less important is the strict b. ob- , (1) The second basic condition for the servance of blackout rules. At night, windows, achievement of success in any camouflage effort hatches, entrances, and other openings through is the strict maintenance of camouflage dis- which light can shine must be covered with cipline, by both the unit as a whole and the shutters, screens, curtains, and other special individual soldier. This means avoidance of any opaque materials to prevent enemy ground and activity that changes the appearance of an air observers from noticing the interior illu- area or reveals the presence of military equip- mination. Fires can be lighted only in specially ment. It is a continuous, round-the-clock neces- designated and equipped areas. Smoking is sity and applies to every individual. If the forbidden near the enemy, as is the display of 15 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM WRONG RIGHT 4 4\ ; , 1 Corners cut short 5 Existing tracks used for access 2 Tracks and parked vehicles contrast with 6 Correct dispersion. Good use of lines terrain pattern in terrain pattern 3 Insufficient dispersion and exposed tracks 7 Correct dispersion and good use of over- of three vehicles head cover 4 Irsufficient dispersion; newly made 8 Inconspicuous tracks to cultivated field tracks point to position Figure 12. Use of terrainand proper dispersion. 16 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM movers, and tractor engines along a broad 0;8i~ i/ or by / jfpfront; the operation of sound projection stations which can imitate various battle ! sounds. c. Camouflage Construction. The third and final principle on which good camouflage is based is camouflage construction. When the terrain and natural vegetation are such that natural concealment is not possible, artificial > camouflage is added. Artificial or natural WRONG If YX's materials are used to help blend the object or ....... ,, '~:'!::~?':-'':X:;;:/'~' ~it! individual with the surrounding terrain. Camouflage construction should be resorted to only when siting and discipline cannot produce the desired concealment. Natural materials are A--("/~ >'[rpreferred over artificial materials, since the former resemble the surrounding vegetation. .Bibs t- If artificial materials are used, they must be so arranged as to blend with the surroundings to the greatest possible degree. They must be of sturdy construction to withstand varying weather conditions and be constantly checked and maintained. The construction work must be hidden, with the work parties observing the strictest discipline. If possible, all engineering work should be carried out at night, with all traces of the night's activities camouflaged be- fore morning. There should be no disruption Figure 13. In regular urban terrain, military objects of the terrain pattern; no destruction of plants must be sited parallel to and close to pattern lines. or trampled grasses; nor should there be any new roads or open ditches visible. This is diffi- lights of any types. Combat and transport cult to do, but unless strict discipline is main- vehicles can be allowed to travel only with tained during such construction, there is little their lights turned off or obscured. Aerial point to the camouflage effort. photographs taken at night by the light of flares or by the use of image intensification 10. Camouflage Methods equipment can pick up breaches in camouflage There are three fundamental ways of conceal- discipline, which are more likely to occur at ing installations and activities: Hiding, blend- night than in the daylight hours. Consequently, the same standard of camouflage discipline must be adheredto by night as by day. a. Hiding. Hiding is the complete conceal- (3) Troops must pay special attention to ment of an object by some form of physical sound camouflage during night movement and screen. Sod over the mines in a minefield hides apply all the principles of scouting and patrol- the mines; the overhead canopy of trees hides ling. During nighttime river crossings, the the objects beneath it from aerial observation; noise from the paddles should be muffled. Re- a defilade hides objects from ground observa- vealing sounds from tank and truck movement tion; a net hides objects beneath it; a road from engineering work can be muffled by screen hides the obstacle behind it. In some stronger sounds, e.g., so called sound screens, cases, the screen itself may be invisible to the created by the firing of machineguns and ar- enemy. In other instances, while visible to the tillery pieces; the running of tanks, prime enemy, a screen conceals the amount and type 17 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM f ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~f i r~i", v) ' 'r~i A r I1.I· . ;i. )" b ' ,4i/i ...:;~ " x ¢'.~a ,;¢ · " ', : !C'./ , :-.; gr nd o u and aeral it. ]8 I;. C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,A, . ~~~~tl~~~~~V q. i !·~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i :·J~~~·r.~~~· :grundand eril frea is~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM ~DISURBANCE WILL ,TTRACT IMMEDIATE "vATTENTION THIS IS THE TYPE OF DISCIPLINE THAT MAY ALLOW THE POSITION TO REMAIN UNDETECTED INDEFINITELY Figure 15. Track discipline. 19 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM application of camouflage materials on, over, and around the object so that it appears to be part of the background. For example, the in- dividual soldier can apply stick face paint to the exposed areas of the skin; add burlap, paint, and live vegetation to his helmet and clothing so that he will closely resemble or blend into the background. The same things can be done to equipment and structures to make them inconspicuous. Blending distinctive manmade objects into a natural terrain pat- tern is necessary to maintain a normal and Figure 16. It is obvious here, to even the untrained natural pattern (figs. 19 and 20). observer, that some activity is taking place at both c. Disguising. Disguising is the third method. 0 and 0 and bears watching. It involves the simulation of an object or activity of military significance. Clever dis- of activity behind it. Figure 18 illustrates two guises will mislead the enemy as to identity, examples of hiding. strength, and intention, and will draw his fire b. Blending. Blending is the arrangement or from the real target. 20 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM 1 Before 2 After Figure 17. Turnoff tracks are well concealed by clever use of a camouflage net. 21 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM ZIP~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, _ _ _ Jr -- _ !- cYi~~~c I ~~r-_- Figure 18. --Examples of hiding.r 22~~12 22 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM This screen hides from ground observation the amount and type of traffic using this important main supply route in Korea. Figure 18-Continued. 23 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM -I-" Figure 19. A tank blending into its background somewhere in Korea. 24 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Figure 20. An installation blended into its background. 25 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM CHAPTER 4 CAMOUFLAGE FOR THE INDIVIDUAL 11. Introduction emphasize. To keep the appearance of the a. Individual camouflage is the concealment background free of signs which point to the a soldier uses in combat to surprise, deceive, presence of military personnel and activities, and outwit his enemy. He must know how to he must follow hidden routes, and conceal he must follow hidden routes, and conceal use the ground. He must adapt his dress to spoil, tracks, equipment, and installations. blend with his background. He must carefully 12. Disguising the Helmet select his routes between positions to gain such The outline of the helmet is one of the striking concealment as is possible while he is in characteristics of a soldiers equipment, and its motion. The simple principles in this chapter curved familiar shape can be easily identified have been battle tested. If the soldier learns them continuously in and practices by the enemy. One of the first steps for in- and practices them continuously in training he dividual camouflage is the disruption, both of will know what to do in actual battle. the form of the helmet and the strong straight- b. Individual camouflage activities are de- lined shadow it casts. There are several ways signed to deceive two kinds of enemy observers of doing this (fig. 21). Improvised helmet -ground and air. Views from the ground are covers can be made from circular pieces of familiar, but views from the air are usually osnaburg, burlap, or other cloth, 20 inches in quite unfamiliar. In modern warfare the enemy diameter. A 1-inch hem is sewn around the puts much reliance on aerial photographs for edges, a drawstring is pulled through it, and information as to our activities and intentions. the whole cover is pulled tightly onto the hel- It is important to become familiar with the met. Discarded sand bags, because of their "bird's-eye-view" of the terrain as well as the appropriate size make excellent improvised ground view in order to learn how to guard covers. The sack is tucked up into the helmet against both kinds of observation. and the liner then replaced to hold it firmly in c. Effective concealment of the individual place. The covers, regardless of what they are depends primarily on the choice of background made, should be painted to break up the solid and its proper use. Background is the sur- color. Two-inch slits are cut in the cover to rounding area seen from the ground and the allow for the insertion of foliage or bows. No air. It may be anything-a portion of the matter what kind of helmet camouflage is used, jungle, an area in a barren rocky desert, a it is incomplete if the shadow beneath the farm yard, or a city street. It is the controlling helmet is not broken up by arranging a bit of element in individual camouflage and governs foliage or garnishing so that pieces of it hang every concealment measure. The clothes that over the rim of the helmet. Small irregular are worn must blend with the predominant pieces of cloth, similarly arranged, will accom- color of the background. Skin and light colored plish the same thing. equipment are toned down for the same pur- pose. The individual soldier must practice 13. Canvas Equipment blending with the background by hiding in Age and repeated washings will fade canvas shadows and avoiding contrast between his; equipment. When this occurs it must be silhouette and the background. He must avoid darkened with paint, mud, charcoal, or any- movement which the immobile background will thing else that will reduce the tonal contrast. 26 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM (1) Rubber bands, or expedient bands made from old (4) Texturing diminishes shine from steel helmet. inner tubes or burlap strips, secure natural materials. (Note position of band.) (2) Slits in burlap allow insertion of natural material. (5) Burlap helmet cover pattern painted to break up solid color before natural materials are inserted. (3) Form disrupted by burlap bows tied into slitted (6) A disruptive paint pattern, with the pattern cover. carried across the curved lines of the edges, especially those seen from the front. Figure 21. Various techniques for camouflaging the helmet. 14. Skin toning them down in an even color (fig. 22). Face, neck, and hands should be toned down When using disruptive painting the patterns by painting them in a disruptive pattern or by should cut across the nose lines, cheek bones, 27 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM eye sockets, and chin lines. Burnt cork and mud 16. Shiny Objects can be used, or in the absence of natural ma- Reflection from brightly shining objects is a terials, the face paint stick may be used. A common breach of camouflage discipline. All mesh mosquito netting, properly toned down, shiny objects must be concealed. This includes is an effective way of breaking up the otlines such items as watches, rings, belt buckles, and mess kit items. A common breach of dis- 15. Weapon Tonedown cipline is the wearing of goggles on the helmet. One of the simplest ways to distort the give- This is a violation which should be avoided. away outline of a weapon is by wrapping it with burlap garnishing or strips of cloth dyed to match the background. Pattern painting the Individual concealment requires a little weapon is another excellent method of distort- planning and thought and ingenious use of ing the weapon outline. The shiny parts can materials at hand. This applies to the camou- be covered by cloth, paint, or mud. Care must flage of clothing also. In the absence of issued be taken when camouflaging a weapon not to camouflage uniforms, the soldier can make his cause interference in the sighting and firing of own camouflage suit, adapting its color and it (fig. 23). pattern to the terrain background. Any color- Figure 22. Shiny and bright skin must be toned down. 28 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM M-60 MACHINE GUN WRAPPED WITH CLOTH RIFLE PATTERN PAINTED AR 15 - COVER SHINE WITH MUD Figure 28. Suggestions for camouflaging an individual weapon. 29 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM ing materials can be used, such as dyes, crank- and natural folds in the ground. It must be case oil, or even a mixture of mud and grease. remembered that camouflage clothing and The important thing is to make the clothing camouflaged equipment alone won't conceal. look less like a uniform and more like the The tonedown, the camouflaged helmet, the terrain in which it is to be worn (fig. 24). For painted suit, the covered shiny objects are use in snow covered terrain there is available just the beginnings of the concealment job. a white garment designed to blend with a Too often, men have relied with complete faith white or mottled white and black background. on a camouflaged helmet and a camouflaged The snowsuit does not conceal the small suit, thinking themselves miraculously in- patches of shadow that surround a human fig- visible, and completely disregarding all the ure, but this is not necessary since snow basic elements of camouflage. This invariably country is seldom all white-it does contain leads to disastrous results. These measures numerous dark spots and shadows. If certain make it easier to conceal, but only when taken snow areas are all white with absolutely no in conjunction with the principles of scouting shadows, use is made of defiles, snow drifts, and patrolling (FM 21-75). Figure 24. Self-made camouflage suits blend this patrol into the terrain. 30 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM CHAPTER 5 FIELD FORTIFICATIONS 18. Siting creating a silhouette against the sky or against a. After the demands of the military situa- a background of contrasting color. To avoid air n Aft the demadsio f thave benieta situ observation, the emplacement should be located ton an te have been met, siting msson under trees, bushes, or in dark areas of the with proper background is the first considera- tion given to the concealment of a fortification. rrain. From the standpoint of ground observation, b. It is equally important that the conceal- the emplacement should be sited to avoid ing cover chosen is not isolated, since a lone THIS SPOIL SHOULD HAVE BEEN CARRIED AWAY IN SANDBAGS OR OTHER CARRYING DEVICE; OR HIDDEN UNDER BUSHES; DUMPED ON DIRT ROADS OR IN A POND OR STREAM. IF TIME AND CIRCUMSTANCES DO NOT ALLOW REMOVAL, THEN IT SHOULD SE COVERED WITH NATURAL MATERIALS, LEAVES BRANCHES, OR PINE NEEDLES. Figure 25. Spoil clearly reveals the positions. 31 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM clump of vegetation or solitary structure is a ;, 1, j l\l' conspicuous hiding place and will draw enemy fire whether the enemy sees anything or not. c. The natural look of the terrain should not be disturbed. This is best accomplished by re- moving or camouflaging the spoil (fig. 25). d. Natural terrain lines, such as edges of fields, fences, hedge-rows, and rural cultivation patterns are excellent sites for emplacements to reduce the possibility of aerial observation. i - Regular geometric layouts are to be avoided. 19. Construction Before any excavation is started, all natural materials, such as turf, leaves, forest humus, or snow are removed and placed aside to be used later for restoring the natural appearance of the terrain. Concealment while constructing \* an elaborate fortification is vital. 20. Covers When a position cannot be sited under natural Hi )v cover, camouflaged covers are valuable aids in preventing detection (figs. 26 through 28). Materials native to the area are preferred, but when using natural materials over an em- placement they must be replaced before they Figure 27. Details of a foxhole cover. wilt and change color, leading to detection. Artificial materials may be used effectively, such as those made to simulate tall grass, bushes, stumps, and rocks, whichever the ter- rain calls for. They are valuable principally against aerial observation. They are light in weight and may be easily pushed out of the way. _- ,~q, 21. Machinegun Positions -'f The machinegun receives the close attention of enemy troops and its concealment must be as perfect as possible. Usually, machinegun emplacements are hasty, in which case camou- flage means siting to best advantage and then Figure 26. Cover made from burlap and tree bark. using any materials at hand. 32 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM 'Il Figure 28. A roadside foxhole with a 3.5 rocket launcher. (Back blast from such recoilless weapons as the rocket launcher must be considered when locating and constructing emplacement.) 22. Mortars ground observation is fairly easy. Proper Mortars should always be sited in defilade. siting in shadow and broken ground pattern Since a mortar covering a designated target making certain there is the necessary overhead area has a wider choice of position than the clearance for firing, together with intelligent other smaller weapons, such defilade can almost use of natural and artificial materials offer the always be found and concealment from direct required mortar concealment from the air. 33 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Figure 29. Mortar emplacements. 34 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM CHAPTER 6 VEHICLES AND ARTILLERY Section I. VEHICLES 23. Revealing Factors either artificial or natural materials. On short stretches, exposed tracks may be erased by more than just a lost vehicle; it may mean brushing leaves and debris over them. All con- discovery of a unit, disclosure of an important tactical plan, or complete destruction of an in- use and guards posted to insure minimum dis- stallation. Camouflage of vehicles depends not turbance in the area. only on concealing the vehicles themselves, (2) If possible, before a unit occupies a their shine, shadow, and shape, but equally on position, a quartering party should first make preventing and concealing their all-revealing a reconnaissance and lay out a concealed track- tracks. (It should not be forgotten that enemy plan. No vehicle should enter the new area ground and aerial observation is drawn quick- until then. This plan should be laid out to fit est by anything that moves, and that nothing into the terrain pattern as inconspicuously as can be done to conceal vehicles moving through possible by taking advantage of existing roads, undergrowth or along exposed routes.) overhead cover, and shadow casting lines. Many factors must be considered in such a a. Tracks. Tracks are especially revealing to plan: duration of occupation; time allowed for the aerial observer. They indicate type, loca- entering and leaving; size, character, and mis- tion, strength, and even intentions of a unit. sion of occupying unit; distance from the The gradual turns of wheeled vehicles are dis- enemy; and weather effect on visibility. A tinguishable from the skidding turns of a track standard track plan is impossible-an idi- laying vehicle, and often a single track across vidual solution is required for each installa- an area of low vegetation is clearly visible. The tion. In addition to laying out a plan on the last is especially true in the early morning ground itself, a plan should be sketched on hours when there is a heavy dew. Tracks either a map overlay or a sketch of the area. should follow closely and be parallel to hedges, Parking areas should be indicated as well as fences, cultivated fields, and other natural those portions of routes to be patrolled by terrain lines in order to remain inconspicuous traffic guides. from the air. Also, tracks should always con- tinue past the position to a logical termination. (3) Since a unit may have to occupy a (1), c (1) Completely Completl rd e concealed roads rarely position without prior reconnaissance, unit camoufage training must insure that all exist. Even the comparatively small amount of timber which must be cut down to clear a personnel are trained to follow terrain patterns roadway through a wooded area leaves gaps in and utilize all overhead cover, when possible. the overhead cover that are clearly seen from Particular attention must be directed to train- the air. Partially concealed roads do exist how- ing of vehicle drivers, so that they will follow ever, and they are better than exposed ones. these rules automatically, even in the absence Reconnaissance parties should locate them. of NCO's and officers. The officers and NCO's Any gaps in overhead cover on such a road can must instruct all personnel that when the first be concealed by erecting overhead screens or vehicle enters an area, guards must be sta- 35 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM tioned at critical points to direct traffic. This facilitate identification. In snowy areas with prevents unnecessary vehicle slow-down, stop- little or no cover, vehicles can be parked facing ping, or jamming on a roadway. directly into the sun to reduce the shadow, (4) In snow covered terrain, concealment which can then be further reduced and broken of tracks in a major problem. Even in light up by large snowballs or deep holes dug in the snow, tracks make strong shadow lines visible snow. Snow thrown on the wheels helps to from great distances. Sharp turns should be disrupt this tell-tale area. avoided because the resulting snow ridges cast even heavier shadows. The same principles 24. Camouflage Measures stressed throughout this discussion apply to a. Siting and Dispersion. As is always the snow covered terrian, with a bit more emphasis case in camouflage, the aim of good vehicle on following natural shadow casting terrain siting is to occupy the terrain without altering lines. It is also important that all vehicles its appearance. To do this, vehicles should be keep to the same tracks. Vehicles leaving the parked under natural cover whenever avail- track or road may achieve short periods of able. When cover is inadequate, they should be track concealment by driving directly into or parked so that the shape of the vehicle will away from the sun, as shadows cast by these disappear into the surroundings. Before a tracks will not be apparent until the sun strikes driver can site his vehicle to take advantage them from an angle. Short lengths of tracks of the concealment possibilities of his sur- may be obliterated if they are not too deep, by roundings, he must know how the different trampling them with snowshoes. terrains look from the air. In combat zones b. Shine. Siting and track discipline do much this knowledge is as important as knowing how to conceal a vehicle, but shine can nullify the to drive the vehicles. best site and finest track discipline. Shine is b. Use of Natural Materials.While good sit- always present when there is light in the sky, ing and dispersion are essential, sometimes sunlight, moonlight, or the light of flares. It is they are not enough. Greater concealment can caused by windshield, headlight, cab window, be had by supplementing these measures with wet vehicle body, and even by the light paint natural materials to break up the shape and of the insignia. These danger spots must be shadows of the vehicles. This material is al- concealed by any means. The betraying nature most always available near a parking site and of shine should never be underestimated. Even can be erected and removed quickly. When cut under heavy overhead cover, shiny objects may foliage is used, it should be replaced as soon be revealed through the smallest of gaps. as it starts to wither (figs. 32 and 33). Alter- c. Shadow. There are two kinds of shadows ing the color of vehicles or adding texture to to consider in camouflage. One is the concealing them are other ways to supplement siting and shadow cast by objects on the ground. From dispersion. Color may be changed by applying the air, these appear so dark that a vehicle mud to the body and tarpaulin, following the parked within them has a good chance of re- patterning principles given below. Texture maining undetected (fig. 30). In the northern may be added all over or in pattern shapes by hemisphere, the north side of an object higher attaching leaves, heavy grass, or course sand than the vehicle is the best side on which to to the surface with an adhesive. park; the east and west sides are dangerous c. Pattern Painting. Pattern painting of a for half a day. The other kind of shadow to vehicle is not a cureall. It is, however, a valu- consider is that cast by the vehicle itself. This able supplement to other camouflage measures. revealing shadow must be hidden by parking Added to good siting, dispersion, discipline, either in the shadow of a larger object as ex- and the use of nets, it increases the benefit to plained above, or by parking on the sunny side be derived from such measures. Vehicle pat- of the object (fig. 31). In addition, the smaller terns are designed to disrupt the cube shape of shadow areas contained within the vehicle vehicles from all angles of view, to disrupt itself such as the shadow line of the truck body shadows, and to tie in with the shadow at the in and around the cab, beneath the fenders, rear of a vehicle when it is faced into the within the wheels, and in the open back of the sun, as well as the large dark shadow areas of cargo space must be blocked out for they too windows, mudguards, wheels, and under- 36 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM iX 37 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Figure 31. Throw the shadow onto something irregular. carriage. The patterns must be bold enough to removed. Drape nets can give complete con- be effective at a distance. White or light gray cealment against direct observation, but, as paint is applied to the undersurfaces of the with most artificial camouflage materials, can vehicle to cause them to reflect light, thus frequently be detected by photographic ob- lightening the dark shadows of the under- servation because they often fail to blend carriage. This is termed "countershading." As properly with the background. In every case, previously stated, pattern painting alone will however, properly suspended and supported, not conceal a vehicle. To be effective, it must drapes do conceal the identity of a vehicle, be combined with proper background and even though the drape net itself may be de- siting. Because today's modern mechanized and tected. Nets are not recommended in snow highly mobile units have the capability of areas. They require excessive maintenance, traveling great distances over varied terrain cannot support a snow load, and become wet, and growth, pattern painting effective one day frozen, bulky, and hard to handle. may be totally ineffective the next day. In fact, the pattern may even prove to be a de- e. Digging In. In a desert, or any open triment by rendering the vehicle conspicuous. barren terrain, smaller is its shadow and the the In areas where snow is a daily problem, vehicle ground, the smaller is its shadow and the concealment is made much easier if the vehicle easier it is to conceal from aerial observation. is painted with the snow pattern shown in fig- When the situation permits, vehicles. Not must be made to dig in important every effort only ure 34- The national symbols have been left be made to dig in important vehicles. Not only off the vehicle in the following illustrations in are they more easily concealed but they are also order lo show the pattern more clearly. order to show the ptenmrclay, protected from fragments. An excavation is made, with a slanting approach and the vehicle Whether or not to eliminate them and other common vehicular markings must be de- iS parked in the pit. Sandbags are used to form termined by hiugher mauthorityngs musta revetment for protection and the whole thing is covered with a net. The net is sloped gently d. Nets. The principal artificial materials out to the sides and staked down. Finally, the used to conceal vehicles are drape nets. They vehicle tracks to the position are brushed out are easy to use, quickly erected, and quickly or covered. 38 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Figure 32. Park a vehicle close to a clump of trees and use cut foliage to break up its shape and shadows. 39 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM The characteristic black shadow in the open end of a cargo truck can be seen for a considerable distance. One way to conceal this shadow is to drop the rear tarpaulin, another way is to use natural materials, as shown here. Figure S8. Further measures to conceal vehicle. 40 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Ground view and pattern plan of tank painted olive drab and black, the under- surfaces countershaded white. Keep patterns bold and simple. Patterns for temperate zones and jungle Figure 34. Pattern painting of vehicles. 41 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM ...... ~ lI~:II~:I1::I : .::-:i:i:~:::.:..:.:.:. ........... i:::::::::::::::::::::: ~~~~~~~~~lii~ri~lii ......... .... :: iii lii~~~ ii:: .... ... ": :::a::::... I:::::::::: iii~.. .... ~iii ......~; ::- ............... T:::::j: :::::_.:::::... .. . .... .. .. ..... ............ ii .. .. .. ll Olive drab and earth red blend with reddish desert backgrounds. Other light colors useful in desert are sand and earth yellow. Patterns break up angular lines. Pattern for desert terrain Figure 8o-Continued. 42 42 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM (3) White and olive drab for backgrounds of snow and trees. An equally effective scheme is block and white. In snow, countershading is not necessary. Pattern for snow terrain Figure 34-Continued. 43 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Section II. ARTILLERY 25. Revealing Factors must be taken to deceive the enemy as to the As is the case with all other impedimenta of location of the installation. warfare, skillful concealment of artillery b. Siting. The exact position for the elements weapons can add immeasurably to the element of a battery, within the assigned area, must of surprise and thence to the defeat of the possess several qualifications: enemy. Enemy observers are trained to search (1) The required field of fire. for certain definite signs which indicate the (2) Room for dispersion of weapons, ve- presence of artillery-imperfectly camouflaged hicles, and other equipment organic to the bat- weapon positions, blast areas, litter, paths or tery. wheel tracks, and in the case of a missile site, (3) Opportunity to establish communica- the excessive earthworking scars in the terrain tions without creating attention getting ground pattern necessitated by a level firing pad and scars and paths. fueling entrances and exits, etc. Even though (4) Opportunity for access and supply the weapons themselves are hidden, such signs routes. It is desirable to have routes available are dead giveaways of the presence of artillery. to the front, flanks, and rear. This is important These signs may not of themselves indicate in situations where it may be necessary to the exact nature of the position, but they make sudden changes in position. When per- do attract enemy attention and invite more sonnel, ammunition, equipment, and other careful observation. supplies are moved into position, they must follow a prepared traffic plan (para 23a(2)). 26. Camouflage Measures c. Nets. Wherever natural concealment is a. Governing Factors. Camouflage measures impossible or difficult, suitably garnished twine vary with the situation and are affected by the nets and chicken wire are quick and effective following: means of concealment. Care must be taken to (1) There will be little opportunity to follow the correct methods in their use (TM camouflage positions extensively when their 5-200). Wire netting, although heavier and occupancy will be of short duration. If it should bulkier, holds its form better, is more durable, develop that the weapons must remain develop that the weapons must remain longer, and is invaluable for The twine a relatively longer, nature. positions of nets, being their locations can then be improved by better lighter and easier to handle are better adapted siting and hiding. to mobile situations and temporary positions. (2) When the batteries are deployed for Both kinds can be garnished with cloth strips a coordinated attack, the location of each bat- and natural materials (figs. 35 and 36). tery. and of each piece should be carefully d. Pattern Painting. Pattern painting of selected. artillery pieces can be an effective aid to con- (3) In a defensive action, extensive cealment and is designed for use in varying camouflage is developed. Utmost precaution terrains (fig. 37). WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM tilt/i i * ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ 4 LX Q Honest John missile concealed by use of natural materials Figure 35. Two ways of concealing missiles. 45 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM : - 1 4 i Net supplementing natural materials for concealing Honest John missile. Figure 35-Continued. 46 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Figure 86. Net set supplementing sparse vegetation to conceal a rocket launcher and erector. 47 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM This Howitzer is pointed white for snow terrain in wooded areas, with about 5I left olive drab. In greatly predominant snow areas the piece should he solid white. This pattern is suitable for light desert backgrounds. Inreddish desert background, the earth yel- low should be changed to earth red. Fwortemperete and ijungle terrain, olive drab, field drab, and white. 'igure 7?. Patterns for artillery. 48 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM CHAPTER 7 AIRCRAFT 27. Introduction operational requirement with which camou- flage must not interfere. Aircraft parked in flage must not interfere. Aircraft parked in The measures for concealing aircraft on the ground follow the same principles of camou- line are extremely vulnerable. Particular care flage as those for the concealment of any ve- flage as those for the concealment of any ve- should be taken to select parking sites in which hide or item of equipment. However, the the aircraft may be blended with the natural camouflagee of fixed and rotary wing aircraft vegetation, while at the same time observing poses some unique problems which must be proper dispersion (fig. 38). Good siting in it- considered. These are the effects of propeller self does not eliminate possible detection and rotor wash; the size and shape of the air- Where natural overhead cover is nonexistent, Where natural overhead cover is nonexistent, craft; the difficult ground handling character- improvisatons can be effective (fig 39 istics; and the delicate nature of control sur- faces, antennas, and aircraft skin. Light reflections from the metal and plexiglass 28. Siting surfaces may be observed shining through even Aircraft must be situated in an area with easy the best of overhead concealment-natural or access to taxiways and runways. This is an artificial. The moment an aircraft is parked Proper dispersion means more than just spacing parked aircraft at a distance from one another as shown above Figure 38. Aircraft parking. 49 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Military objects must be scattered in a random pattern to escape damage from enemy attack Figure 38-Continued. and camouflage begun, all glass, plastic, and ground, under the craft, will break and distort shiny metal surfaces must be covered. Extreme the outline of the shadow, even if the craft is care must be used when covering aircraft in the open (fig. 40). When such materials are surfaces. All covers must be secured and it is used, they must be tightly secured to well- recommended that some means for marking anchored stakes or other suitable attachments. each cover be used to prevent attempted take- Otherwise, camouflage materials may be drawn off while such covers and camouflage materials into the rotor blades or propellers of air vehi- are attached. cles. Additionally, care must be exercised when erecting or placing artificial materials, so as 3. pArtifiiel Materials Cnemnto prevent damage to the aircraft and not in- terfere with operations and maintenance dur- In many cases it will be necessary to resort to ing pre- and post-flight inspections. the use of artificial camouflage materials to supplement inadequate natural terrain features b. Hammocks. A twine or wire net hammock and vegetation. hung between trees gives additional overhead a. Shadow Nets. Shadow nets placed on the protection in sparsely wooded areas. The nets 50 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM so Where onerheod oneiloble, breekup the is clear cut outline of the plne's shodow on the ' ground. Notice howe few freshly cut branches distort the shope end shedow of this niroraft. .ri; If oerhead growthis too thin for dequote con- celmen.t, brnches c..n be pulled together with teal-tell sadoI a ligt aircraft o doe, vines, t wiren. he 1 aembly and nose. The aircraft the mayescape notice of enemyobserves. Figure 39. Natural materials for improvising overhead cover. 51 51 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM 2 9'- 0" green garnishing 40% Olive drab (temperate zone) Holes in net to distort pattern Shadow nets are camouflage nets garnished to appear as a group of irregular dark patches. If the net is not available, dark cloth with holes torn in it can be used successfully, or dark patches can be produced by burning rags, brush, or other debris to produce ashes, or even by pouring crankcase drainings on the ground. Nets and cloth do have the advantage in that they can be reused. If helicopters are to land and take off from these nets or cloth care must be taken to anchor them securely against the wind created by the rotor blades. Figure 40. Shadow nets. 52 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM (1) Hammocks conceal from vertical viewing only. (2) If additional camouflage is needed, to protect from oblique observation, a qarnished twine net can be hung from the exposed sides. Figure 41. Hammocks used as an overhead cover. 53 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM can be garnished with either artificial or nat- ural materials, or a combination d 41). of both (fig. umbreas froms wires strung between s or rhad fr wies berhead trees umbrellasdfro Of trees c. Umbrella Screens. Another 4c2. Umbrella Sreens. techniqe iss i (fig. 42). Devices technique small aircraft only.of this type are suitable for Hung at varying heights allow quick getaway above the aircraft, and servicing. Garnishing these umbrellas simulate may consist of burlap, tree tops. They fiber, chicken feathers, or fresh foliage (the latter must be maintained steel restoredglass and wool, it whithers)- as Figure 42. Umnbrella screens. 54 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM d. Drapes. To conceal completely against areas and partially snow covered terrain, the direct enemy observation, drapes must be lo- color recommended is olive drab. In predom- cated near trees or bushes, or on ground broken inantly snow covered terrain, such as the arctic by low scrub growth. If the terrain is bare of and antarctic areas, the craft should be com- vegetation, siting should be in the shadow side pletely white without a disruptive pattern. In of folds in the ground or within mottled ground desert terrains, because of the variations, no patterns, such as are formed by rock outcrop- single color is recommended, but rather, desert pings. In such terrain, drape nets will hide the sand, earth yellow, earth red, or mixtures of identity of aircraft but will not conceal them these colors. completely from enemy aerial photo interpreta- b. Disruptive Patterns. Although the basic tions. color provides a high degree of camouflage, in some cases, disruptive patterns add a marginal 31. Pattern Painting increase. The principles of pattern painting Proper painting helps an aircraft blend with discussed in paragraph 24c are the same for its surroundings by distorting characteristic aircraft-irregular, large, and bold, and of a features, minimizing color contrast, and re- color to blend with the terrai pattern (Color ducing shine. This is all it will do. While these and brightness contrasts not present in the elements of recognition are the revealing ones, background become conspicuous and should it is more often that the aircraft's shape, always be avoided.) Black is recommended for shadow, and accompanying evidence of activity the disruptive pattern color in temperate zones, are the primary causes of enemy detection. jungles, and deserts, except areas of the desert The value of pattern painting must, therefore, having light shadow, in which case olive drab be regarded as an asset only, when used in is more effective. In partially snow covered terrain again olive drab is recommended. In conjunction with camouflage principles and methods, i.e., good siting, dispersion, track- the arctic and antarctic the craft should be completely white without any disruptive pat- concealment, discipline, and the intelligent use of artificial and natural materials. It follows tern. When technical considerations make t that pattern painting of aircraft is of limited practicable, rotor blades on helicopters can value when considering ground to air observa- painted--the upper surface olive drab and tionoflowandmedium-levelaircraft tion of low and medium-level aircraft. under surface black. In arctic and antarctic areas the upper surface should be white. Fig- a. Basic Color. The paint should be lusterless, ure 43 illustrates possible patterns. These are and of the predominant color found in the simply suggestions-no one set pattern should natural terrain patterns in which the aircraft be followed religiously since variety is always will be sited. In temperate zones and jungle desirable in any camouflage measure. 55 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM = BASIC CAMOUFLAGE COLOR M3 DISRUPTIVE PATTERN Figure43. Suggested disruptive patternpainting for aircraft. 56 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM CHAPTER 8 BIVOUACS, COMMAND POSTS, AND SUPPLY POINTS 32. Introduction camouflage must be at its best (fig. 44). The A unit in bivouac is particularly vulnerable to unit must not only conceal itself quickly and unit must not only conceal itself quickly and and attack because aerial observation efficiently, but must avoid the dangers of enemy aerial observation and attack because breaches in camouflage discipline. its elements are concentrated in a smaller area than usual; and, except for the security ele- ments, the men are resting and less alert than 33. Stages of Development of a Bivouac on the field of battle. It is at such a time that There are four stages in the development of a Figure 44. Aerial view of well-camouflaged bivouac area. 57 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM bivouac-planning, occupation, maintenance, camouflage standpoint, the maintenance is and evacuation. Since it is often possible and relatively simple. Successful maintenance in- probable that units must move without oppor- volves frequent inspection of installations, ac- tunity for planning, this stage may be lacking. tive patrol measures for discipline, and when In this case, the five points listed below in possible, aerial observation and photographs. paragraph a must be satisfied in the area on Critical activities of a unit in bivouac are and after arrival. those that call for the congregation of troops, a. Planning. Frequent bivouacs are charac- of which messing is the best example. It is teristic of modern mobile warfare. There is teristic of modern mobile warfare. There is here that the track plan must be rigidly en- seldom time or facilities for elaborate construc-ften it may be necessary to provide tion; instead, bivouacs are quickly entered. and artificial overhead cover, such as flattops or a quickly evacuated. No matter how swift the drape nets. These, when used, must be care- fully maintained. Garbage disposal pits must fully maintaied. Garbage disposal pits must operation or how limited are time and facil- ities, the commanderthe. acomm must plan for ities. r of a unit of be concealed, with special care given to the concealment in bivouac. The general area of spoil. Maintenance of night discipline is the bivouac is determined by the tactical plan. another difficulty. Men tend to relax at night. The same standard of camouflage discipline Before going into this area, the quartering party should become familiar with the terrain must be observed by night as by day, since pattern through a careful study of maps and night aerial photography will often reveal a aerial photographs, and be fully acquainted aerial photographs, and be fully acquainted unit that has become lax in this respect. Wired with the tactical plan and the camouflage and taped paths must be followed. Blackout requirements. There are five critical points for control must be enforced. the party to keep in mind: d. Evacuation. Camouflage measures taken (1) Mission of the unit. at a bivouac do not end when the unit prepares to move out. An evacuated area can be left in (2) Access routes. such a state of disarray that aerial photos (3) Existing concealment in the area. will reveal the strength and type of the unit, (4) Size of the area, its equipment, and even its destination. It is an important part of camouflage to leave the area (5) Concealment of all around defense looking undisturbed. element of the position. b. Occupation. A carefully controlled traffic 34. Bivouacs in Barren Terrain plan (para 23a(2)) must be rigidly adhered Experience on the desert has taught much to while the units move into position. Guides about concealment in areas where large, con- posted at route junctions, fully aware of the venient overhead cover is seldom found. Such camouflage plan, enforce camouflage discipline. areas, comparable to the desert as far as Turn-ins must be marked to prevent widening camouflage is concerned, are unplowed fields, of corners by vehicles. Foot troops must follow rocky areas, grasslands, and other wide open marked paths through the area. This is a spaces. The desert has taught that concealment critical period and bad camouflage discipline in such areas is not impossible (fig. 45). can negate any further effort at concealment. Certain kinds of predominantly flat terrain There must be no congestion of vehicles or have shadows cast by folds in the ground, activities and dispersion should be automatic. large enough to allow some concealment by Seldom will vehicles be less than 30 meters sitting alone. Judicious use of drape nets apart in ordinary terrain or less than 100 can render objects inconspicuous. Even in es- meters in desert terrain. The three main con- sentially barren terrain excellent concealment gested areas-kitchen, maintenance, and the is possible when the configuration of the command post-must be dispersed. ground is irregular enough to produce a strong shadow pattern. c. Maintenance. Next to the occupation stage, the maintenance stage is the most critical. If 35. Bivouacs in Snow Covered Terrain the occupation has been successful from a Although concealing a bivouac in snow covered 58 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Figure 45. A bivouac area in North Africa during World War II. terrain follows exactly the same principles as stricted from the open areas. Bivouacs which other camouflage, it presents several unique have been well concealed in snow terrain for problems. A blanket of snow often eliminates some length of time can be easily identified much of the ground pattern, making blending when the snow melts, unless precautions are difficult. Differences in texture and color dis- taken. Compacted snow on much used paths appear or become less marked. Snow covered melts more slowly than the uncompacted terrain, however, is rarely completely white, snow, leaving clearly visible white lines on a and by taking advantage of dark features in dark background. When this occurs, the snow the landscape, communication lines, stream- must be broken up and spread out to quicken beds, evergreen trees, bushes, shadows of snow melting. The best way to minimize conspicu- drifts, folds in the ground, and the black ousness of tracks when moving or in bivouac shadows of hillsides, a unit on the move or in is to follow communication lines or other lines bivouac may often blend itself successfully which are a natural part of the terrain. Tracks into the terrain. Good route selection is usually coinciding with such lines are hard to identify. more important than any other camouflage A turn-off from such lines must be concealed measures. Because of the exposed tracks, skis and the tracks themselves continued beyond the and snowshoes must not be used near the area point. Windswept drift lines cast shadows and since their marks are more sharply defined should be followed as much as possible. than foot tracks. To avoid tracking up an area, Straight tracks to an important installation personnel, vehicles, and material should be re- must be avoided. 59 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM 36. Command Posts advantage of existing roads and telephone and a. The command post is simply a specialized telegraph wires are easiest to conceal since new communications are easiest be ceated and the kind of bivouac, with a few additional prob- terrain can remain unchanged. When new com- lems of concealment peculiar to it. The com- mand post is the nerve center of a military munication means must be created, natural munication means must be created, natural unit and because of this is a much sought tar- cover and terrain lines are used (figs. 46 get by the enemy. Command posts have func- through 51). tional requirements which result in the crea- d. After the site has been selected and after tion of characteristic signs, by which they may camouflage has been erected to supplement be readily identified. Some of these are: whatever natural concealment is available at (1) Converging communication lines- the site, continued concealment depends on wire and road. discipline. Tracks as always must be controlled, (2) Concentration of vehicles. vehicles should, if possible be parked several (3) Heavy traffic which causes widened hundred meters from the command post. Secur- turn-ins. ity weapons and emplacements must be con- (4) New access routes to a position which cealed; tracks to them must be inconspicuous. could house a CP. All spoil must be concealed. Protective wire (5) Protective wire and other barriers and communication wire must follow terrain surrounding the installation. lines and be as well concealed as possible. (6) Defensive weapons emplacements Night blackout discipline must be rigidly around the installation. enforced. Routes to parking areas for visitors The camouflage solution to these problems is must be maintained in accordance with the much the same as that for bivouacs. The track plan. primary factors are intelligent use of the e. In open terrain where natural concealment terrain and background, and strict enforce- is afforded only by small scrub growth and ment of camouflage discipline. rocks, overhead cover can be obtained by using b. The site requirements of a large command drape nets or flattops. Even in desert terrain, post are essentially the same as for a good broken ground and scrub vegetation form bivouac: preliminary reconnaissance and lay- irregular patterns with which artificial mate- out, quartering parties, rapid concealment of rials may be blended. Digging in reduces elements, camouflage discipline, and a well shadow and silhouettes, and simplifies draping policed track plan to prevent visitors from of emplacements or tents. In open terrain violating it. There is one important additional dispersion is particularly important. Routes consideration. A large headquarters is likely between elements must be concealed or made to remain in an area for a greater length of by indirect courses-never in straight lines. time than a bivouacked unit. It is for this f. Headquarters in existing civilian struc- reason that the site must be capable of being tures presents the problem of hiding movement continuously occupied while offering a mini- fby day and concealing the evidence of activity mum chance of being disclosed by changes in at night, when blackout conditions usually the terrain pattern. It is unwise to locate a at night, when blackout conditions usually headquarters in the only large building withinfarm group of farm buildings is not easily dis- buildings is not easily dis- an extensive area of military operations. It is covered if kept to a minimum. Attempts to too obvious a place for such a post whether alter the appearance of buildings by disrup- signs indicate it is being used as a head- tive painting is evidence of occupation and quarters or not, and is likely to draw enemy fire. If the command post is located in a build- of a small structure simulating a new garage ing, there must be enough other buildings in or other auxiliary civilian building is unlikely the area to prevent pinpointing the target. to arouse suspicion, but any major changes c. Communications are the life blood of a will be closely scanned by enemy air observers. command post. Command posts sited to take When buildings are partially destroyed and 60 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Tl'~~~ ~~~ ~ L-~~~.m? ~7 ~' Z'~ Z! a~~~) :IL ·~. · _7. -~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ W',," ,-" "<.'-;"' -- W,. H ~~~~tr~~~~~~ r cnO LAJ~- ~-.',-.· .. . , o~~~0 0 ~ Z cr ( U) LL .. IC w~~~~~~~~~~~~I O. Z WX .: -"- '- ... N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\,~-,, ~?,~-~~.-.-..~-~~~~ UOOUW ~ 0 ~~~~~ Z ~: w L"- 1~~~XW a - C,.) 0 a O fr . c w v, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~xO . OJ -~,~.:,?,~'~-'#~ 8- a~~~~~~~~0;LdO ~· '-:·:. :,_.'. ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ P ., ~t · ~. ~.-_t- 3I -.- u- '-".-. CD ~ tQ~ t, '~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ a. ,.._ a... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Q-X ?·: · ri-·~~~~~~~~~~~·-L~~~~;\ I i i ,l~z (3U) ~ · ·i ~ ~~t~~~i: ' 7· i'.~·1·~·~'; ~ ; 4~ ? .- "' ;-:. - > ,. r~7 W ~~Y ~~~~~a--.,~10a I W ,Z~~~~~~~~ V LL O 0O< CT)~~~~~ -~ _~ .-. ,-.~'-. a) L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~·~~~~-'~ '.' . x .~ LL 0 X o wD ~`~q~ ,,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2 ``..`% `'%` 3`. ~~.< `~ `.% ~:: m ,,.._. .a` ~ % q ?~ ~ ~ ` ; ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1' - 0t~ V~~~~ ~-~ ~.'~. ? ~~ ,,..,--,,~. ..- '"-~,' .''-.-- 4-. ~ -. '',N -,~ ~ ''. .,,+ . 'z 4.:..:?:. ~., ~ c, 'I I--W -I · ~.Zo :[ va~~~--'- · ,':-.W .. t~~~:r~r ''.-.-~-'...u... =·=1-:; ~~~~ %W ~6~c~ ,O "~.'-. -'... ... ~ ,,.'" ~n- ~~~~·~~~~~-i~~~~~~~~L·C4\~ r.)~ ' I u ~ ~ ,.::; ... ,. . ~ ~~~~~~~- ,:.:..:.;.,... ". n c /)( X JJ I, d '¥ ;~.~ ' . '-.' Yjl~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 6c2~~~~6 ,c~~~~~.~ . '~:'~C~~vI''% ~ '/--~~ ""~.. .. ~i: . ~~..;-.-;1B . ~~W n3if '.~~...~ ~p-, ;'~j.: QL . ~< : ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~ ~.~~ W- .,<~ ~~~ ?... ci ~~ ~ ~ ~S~.._ _~ ~~ '? '" ''~~~~~~~~~~~ · ~,¢8,,:.. ,~"""'-,~~.~~ ..-~z ~ ·L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.r,~~~~~~ ~~ ".~~~ w ~ ; ;t%4. , ~. ~ ~.~,.,.. ~ ~~,.~ ~ . =.~.~;,. , ~~~--.. ......:.~ ~L~: Jz~~~~~~~~~~ ~::,.~ .i ,'"-. .~~~~~~ ~- w "- .~,.-.:' :,"1' -~''..- Fb'x -: " ""'i- ,:~"~~~~~~~~~~~ '., -. .. ~~~· Iz ?,--/{,._' .... 9c ,',',. 61 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Figure 47. Proper layout of protective wire. debris-littered, installations may be camou- vary in size from large concentrations of ma- flaged with debris to blend with the rough and terials in rear areas to small piles of supplies jagged lines of the surroundings. A few in the forward areas. From a camouflage broken timbers, pieces of lath, plaster, and viewpoint, the large concentration of materials scattered rugs will accomplish quick and effec- is the main problem. Huge amounts of equip- tive concealment. Other debris usually avail- ment of all kinds are brought up quickly, must able includes rubble, scrap metal, wrecked be unloaded and concealed quickly, and yet vehicles, and furniture. must be easily accessible for redistribution. Flattops are an effective solution if the supply 37. Supply Points points are not too large, if time and materials are available, and if they can be made to blend points include all the difficulties of both with the terrain. For supply points that cannot bioa lbivouac an comn and command potcneletls post concealment plus be concealed, enemy attack. will often divert decoy points the force of an a number of particularly troublesome factors peculiar to supply points alone. Supply points b. Supply points make use of natural cover 62 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM M1.1; exitenatualer eture aappear on the pattern. WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM ~- ~ = ~~ ~~~~~~.-. , , ~ ~~- ,~~...~~:/ F~;~ ~~~'~~. o r B~~~~~~L z,~~~t~"' )ZO~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- E: . LL U0 , -~ .~ . -~ -,--~~~~~ ~ -. O b r g -L F woo. ~'~ ~ a n) , ~,0., 3 C, :· .j · ~,.-.... ~ -.- ·INTO < Z : wC " ,", -d .CZ U <Z jz VIM., ,', Si~t,"c .. '..., X <~~~~b' ~ "~ wC,~~~~~~t 64~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 ~..~~ ,, ,- ,,; ~~~·r~~ "a~~ o,- 64 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ tE .,,'.'~ 64d WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Figure 52. Stacked supplies. cealment and control of trucks waiting to draw drainage to prevent standing pools of water supplies, and maintenance of camouflage which reflect much light. measures. b. Foliage not sufficiently thick for perfect concealment is supplemented by natural ma- 38. Camouflage of Water Points terials, flattops, or drapes. Concealment is re- a. Factors which aid in the concealment of quired for water point equipment; the shine water points are: of water in the tanks; and small open areas (1) Adequately concealed road net at that must be crossed by vehicles or personnel point. in operating the point. Shine on water can be (2) Sufficient natural concealment to hide concealed by canvas covers or foliage and the waiting vehicles. characteristic shape of tanks can be distorted (3) Adequate concealment-artificial or by foliage or artificial materials. natural for operating personnel, storage tanks, c. Camouflage discipline at a water point and pumping and purification equipment. requires a water supply schedule for using (4) Strict enforcement of camouflage dis- units. Lack of a schedule, or violation of a cipline. schedule, usually produces a concentration of (5) Control of spilled water; adequate waiting vehicles which cannot be concealed. 65 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM CHAPTER 9 LARGE SCALE AND RELATIVELY PERMANENT INSTALLATIONS 39. Introduction 41. Restrictive Factors The principles and methods of camouflage Factors which may limit camouflage possibili- stressed throughout this manual are applicable ties are: to the camouflage of fixed and relatively per- manent installations. Any difference is merely a. Prominent landmarks which serve as one of degree of detailed planning and extent reference points for enemy pilots. Practicality of camouflage construction projects. Given the of obscuring these landmarks should be con- time, material, and labor, there is almost no sidered. limit to the concealment that can be accom- b. Normal operational demands of installa- plished, if the importance of the installation tion. justifies such expenditures. If its importance does not call for all-out camouflage, its visibil- c. Area involved and time allowed. ity can still be reduced materially by the simple d. Expected useful life of installation. This method of tonedown. This chapter presents influences decision on short or long range suggestions for analyzing camouflage prob- camouflage program. lems, preparing designs, and supervising projects. TM 5-200 covers the construction e. Absence of suitable area for a decoy. materials and camouflage techniques which can f. Availability and types of camouflage be modified to suit variations in specific in- materials, labor, and equipment. stallations. g. Seasonal changes and expected main- 40. Desired Quality of Camouflagee tenance, determined from study of year round weather conditions (rainfall, temperature The kind and degree of camouflage desired is ranges, snowload, and wind). determined by the following factors: h. Probable enemy use of aerial photographs a. Importance of installation (how difficult of area. it would be to replace). i. Security requirements, including secrecy b. Vulnerability of installation (dispersion during construction. and susceptibility to damage). j. Nature of adjacent installations, especially c. Probable enemy knowledge and evaluation with respect to existing or planned camouflage. of installation. This is important when such installations are d. Extent and efficiency of air-warning under control of another authority. facilities and degree of air superiority. k. Degree of cooperation to be expected from units whose activities will affect success of e. Probable heights, directions of approach, final camouflagescheme. and times of enemy observation or attack. f. Probable angles of enemy observation. 42. Procedures g. Average visibility (rain, fog, and other Before formulating a final plan for a project, atmospheric conditions). a decision must be made as to the best con- 66 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM struction procedure to follow. The following c. Different types of work do not conflict by list suggests some of the possibilities. The final being carried on at the same time in the same choice depends on the situation that will exist at the site at the time the work is initiated. d. One type of work can be substituted for a. Complete camouflage applied step by step another in the case of unforeseen delays. during construction or during a halt in the operational activities. 45. Layout Grid Control b. Complete camouflage applied to successive of the sections installation during operational a. A plan of the area to be camouflaged sectivitieons of the installation during operati should be drawn at a scale of not less than 16 feet to the inch, and should be gridded at 4- c. Complete camouflage applied first only foot intervals, using the modular system. The to vital parts of a large installation. 4-foot interval, or module, is a unit of measure- d. Hasty temporary camouflage measures to ment for regulating proportions. Its use as the be replaced or augmented by more comprehen- basis for a plan will reduce building costs, offer sive and more permanent work. the designer a simplified method of dimension- ing drawings, eliminate the necessity for much e. Simultaneous development of completely expensive detailing, and offer a system of re- camouflaged installation and decoy. petitive module, 4 feet in dimension, on which f. Construction of a day or night decoy while repetitive aspects of the camouflage can be con- real installation is given tonedown treatment. structed by an assembly line type of produc- tion. The 4-foot interval coordinates the sizing of different materials on a common basis so 43. Essential Reference Data and Aids that when assembled they can be readily fitted The materials which should be gathered prior together to form a complete structure. The to the plan and which should be used as ref- better the components from different manufac- erence and aids in creating the plan are: turers can be fitted together, the less will be a. Medium and large-scale topographic maps the cutting and adjustments required on the of the immediate and adjacent areas. job. Planning for the use of modular products does not hamper designers in creating camou- b. Aeronautical charts. flage construction to meet any need. It simply c. A controlled mosaic, at a scale not means that designers, producers of building smaller than 1:25,000 of the project area; and products, builders, and craftsmen all work to- a controlled or semicontrolled mosaic at a gether on a common basis using a coordinated scale not smaller than 1:50,000 of the sur- system of dimensioning. rounding area. b. Preparation of working drawings on a d. Aerial vertical photographs of the project modular basis (fig. 53) is-not -essentially area with a minimum overlap of 60 percent and different from that customarily followed in oblique photographs, taken from cardinal architectural practice. However, a new factor directions or most likely approach angles. has been added-the discipline of the grid. e. Town plans and country maps. (1) The modular grid. Coordination of 44. Schedule of Operations building products in a structure is based upon a 4-inch cube represented as a 4-inch grid on A schedule of operations should be prepared plans, elevations, and sectional drawings. early in a camouflage construction project. This schedule should be planned so that: (2) Small scale drawings. At sales of less than 1 inch to the foot, it is not practical a. The project does not interfere at any time to show grid lines. An architects scale permits with the functioning of the installation. drawings to be laid out in multiples of 4 inches. b. Materials can be ordered and deliveries Plans and elevations for camouflage construc- scheduled to avoid a storage problem. tion are to be laid out using a 4 inch grid. 67 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM THE CUBE DIMENSION SYMBOLS 13'-0"` 12' -84" 4!' I I ,,GRID NON-GRID 1 The 4-inch module and grid. 2 The architect's scale allows multiples of four. 3 Dimension symbols. Figure 53. The 4-inch module as used in drafting. (3) Modular details. A 4 inch grid is used not vary more than 1 foot from the design to in drawing typical details at a scale of 3 inches maintain the scale of the design. Variations or 11/2 inches equaling 1 foot. The grid is the in scale make it difficult to match patterns at basis of coordination and not necessarily a side walls and roofs and between areas. Lines dimension of materials. Materials are shown can be marked on the ground using a tennis as actual size and either located on, or related court marker, chalk lines, or any other mark- to, a grid line by a reference dimension. Di- ing device. With the grid lines as guides, the mensions on grid lines are shown by arrows; pattern outlines are then drawn. those not on grid lines by dots. 47. Discipline'-. 46. Marking the Area Camouflage discipline is vital during all con- After the layout plan is determined, a grid of struction phasesat any site to be camouflaged. 16-foot squares (4 modules) is transferred to Effective disciplie requires constant super- the ground. Lines marked on the ground must vision when construction is designed for a 68 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM large area. Clearings for buildings should be stantly checked for suitability, quality, color, limited to the area to be occupied by the build- and proper application. The paints should be ing. Building locations can be shifted slightly checked for color and type; cotton nets and to avoid cutting down trees that will make sub- wire netting should be inspected before use, sequent camouflage easier. Scrap lumber, pack- with particular attention given to the garnish. ing boxes, empty paint cans, and other forms The overall construction plan should be checked of refuse and debris, as well as the spoil from frequently on the ground and also by aerial excavations should be disposed of or camou- photographs for indirect analysis. Frequent flaged as soon as possible. Parking areas are night inspections are valuable to discover any best dispersed and concealed and waiting violation of the principles of good camouflage. points and turnarounds should be marked. Equipment not in use and stockpiles of supplies 49. Camouflage of Buildings must be concealed or removed from the site. Working equipment must be screened for secu- The basic methods of concealment-blending, rity. To prevent scarring the earth around hiding, and deceiving-can be applied either small concrete structures, such as pillboxes, to existing buildings or to new construction. raised platforms can be used for concrete mix- Concealment is much easier, however, when the ing, supplies, and spoil. All personnel must be camouflage scheme is incorporated in the de- familiar with the plan as it concerns their own signs for new construction. individual activities (figs. 54 and 55). a. Disrupting Shape and Shadow. The shape 48. Inspection and, to a limited degree, the shadow of build- During construction, materials should be con- ings can be disrupted by pattern painting the Figure 54. Careless and widespread earth scarring is caused by failure to establish a traffic plan, indescrim- inate use of earthmoving equipment, and too much concern with leveling and clearing to facilitate construc- tion. An enforced traffic plan, set up during the planning stage would eliminate much of the revealing scars in this picture. 69 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Figure 55. When a large area of woods must be cleared, as required for an airstrip, the trees should be cut in irregular patterns rather than in straight lines, even though this procedure might require more time and labor. walls, the roof, and the surrounding ground. reduce the height and in turn the shadow (fig. Large irregular patterns of two or three colors 59). Buildings of metal or those housing metal simulating the local terrain pattern can be materials may be concealed from radar and applied in such a way as to break the straight infrared detectors by piling dirt in a gradual edges. Because the roof reflects more light than slope up to the eaves and placing approxi- any other part of the building, the pattern mately 3 inches of soil on the roof. (The mois- should be darker and the roof should be tex- ture content of the soil used in this manner tured before being painted. The dark patterns must be kept at approximately the same as that on the roof are carried down onto the wall of the surrounding soils, or a reflectance differ- surface to break the line of the structure (figs. ence will be created to negate the concealment 56 and 57). The ground can be sprayed with value.) black bituminous emulsion to break the c. Screening. Buildings can be concealed by shadow; coarse textured materials such as cin- screens of garnished nettings (figs. 60 through ders, slag, or coal washer refuse can be spread 62). Where concealment from close observation 62). Where concealment from close observation matlike around a building in an irregular pat- is required the netting should be sloped grad- tern to obscure the shadow; or thick shrubbery ually to the ground. Disruptive patterns may or trees can be planted, if practicable, close to be painted over netting, roof, and gable-end the sides of a building. Rigid silhouettes added walls. For structures with roofs steeper than to the eaves of the buildings will distort their 300, the netting must cover the buildings. shape (fig. 58). d. Disguising. The nature and size of build- b. Digging. If the terrain permits, a new ings can be disguised in many ways (figs. 63 structure can be partially dug in, in order to through 70). 70 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM C~~~~~~~~~~ .A P~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....... NOTES THESE PATTERNS SHOULD BE EXTENDED TO ADJACENT GROUND AREAS. Figure 56. Examples of pattern painting for small buildings. 7' 71 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Figure 57. Painting must be designed to blend with the surroundings. (D is unsuitable. () attempts to blend with the pattern and shadows. 72 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Figure 58. Another method of breaking identifying shadows is to attach silhouettes of plywood or other rigid materials to the eaves. Figure 59. Here is a quonset hut blended into the terrain by a combination of digging in, texturing, and covering with a net. 73 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Figure 60. The jungle has been extended by a garnished netting which completely conceals an operations building from aerial observation. Figure 61. Netting garnished with steel wool distorts the shape of this building from aerial view. 74 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM 300 OR LESS END SIDE degrees or less, the netting runs completely Figure 62. On small buildings where the slope of the roof is So30 around the building, starting at the eaves and extending only far enough beyond the eaves to mask the ground line of the building when viewed from an angle 30 degrees above ground level. Figure 63. Long military structures are made to look like several small buildings. Shadows and trees between the buildings are simulated by texturing and painting. The portions of the roofs left exposed are painted to match roofs of actual nearby houses. All the walks and paths lead directly to simulated entrances and have been textured to blend with the real ones. 75 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Figure 64. Depot warehouses, power houses, and similar large structures in urban areas are often made to appear to be a group of smaller buildings characteristic of the locale. Roof lines are varied with wooden framework covered with burlap or fine mesh wire netting to simulate sloping hip roofs. If pavement prevents planting real shrubbery, two or three dimensional false shrubs of steel wool or glass fiber will disrupt the shadows. Firewalls projecting above a roof can be transformed into garden walls or hedgerows on simulated property lines. Monitors, elevator shafts, and other projections can be disguised as small buildings. 76 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Figure 65. Structures can be made to conform to the architecture common to the locale by erecting super- structures of light timber and covering them with burlap, plaster, or other material. Here, a quonset hut is being altered to resemble the surrounding native houses. being atered t nativ hous77 srroundig resembe the False trees at various points around the tent conceal effectively from aerial view. Figure 66. Several methods, effective for disguises and concealment of tents. 77 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM A frame covered with feather garnished wire to simulate a tree erected over the tent. Figure 66-Continued. 78 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Frame upper 2 Fme lower. Location of false trees. More elaborate construction of 1 x 2-inch lumber suspended from crown of tent by wire with false trees placed as indicated requires little maintenance. 1. Frame upper 2. Frame lower 3. Location of false trees Figure 66-Continued. 79 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Figure 67. Disruptive pattern painting is used in conjunction with false structures. Houses similar to those in the background are simulated by three dimensional false roofs. 80 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM - as Figure 68. Ground view of a camouflaged messhall ofa munitions factory in Brisbane, Australia (1943). The false road continues on over the building and terminates logically at a route juncture. This is an excellent example of camouflaging a permanent installation. Figure 69. The center area ) shows the typical symetrical barracks. On both sides ( the proper dispersion of barracks, in wooded areas, combined with tonedown, texturing of roofs, and pattern painting is shown. 81 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Figure 70. Closeup view of barracks shown in (), figure 69. 50. Roads and Parking Areas there is a choice, the site should provide as much natural overhead cover as possible for Roads can be completely concealed for corm- spur tracks, truck parks, storage areas, ware- paratively short stretches only. However, inter- houses, and access routes. The railhead itself sections, traffic circles, short access roads, and should be at some intermediate point, not at parking areas, when they are landmarks, can the end of the rail line. (False tracks leading be made inconspicuous by tonedown, texturing, to a decoy railhead is probably the best solution screening, transplanting trees, relocating for confusing the enemy observation and at- roads, or by making decoy roads. Tonedown tack.) The junction with the mainline should painting reduces the distance from which a be as inconspicuous as possible. Specific tech- road can be seen. How effective this method is niques are depends on how closely the texture and color used match those of adjacent areas. It is diffi- a. Adding extra ballast to cover ties. cult to obtain the proper tone value by paint- b. Making outer edges of ballast irregular. ing alone, texturing the surface will help (fig. 71). c. Placing fitted screens between and on sides of rails. 51. Railheads, Railways, and Rolling Stock d. Erecting netting over sidings, between building to conceal loading platforms, or over All of the revealing characteristics of the activ- access routes to storage areas. ities and construction associated with a rail- road are extremely difficult to camouflage. The e. Enforcing a track plan for vehicles will railways themselves are recognized by their keep visible signs of unrelated activities at a long parallel lines, gradual curves, light colored ballast in the roadbeds, and the shine from f Camouflage of supplies stored in the open. mainline tracks. The railheads are recognized g. Dispersing freight cars, locomotives, vehi- by their size and the attendant activity. Cam- cles, and supplies. This is a normal precaution ouflage measures, at best, can make the instal- and is essential when other camouflage is im- lation appear unprofitable to the enemy. When possible. 82 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM 1. Exterior view 2. Interior view Figure 71. Parking area screened from observation. 52. Bridges appear that an alternate river crossing site is While a bridge is difficult to hide, there are being prepared. Approaches must be well worn a number of camouflage tricks which may on both banks. If there is a line of near-miss deceive the enemy as to its location and, most craters near the bridge, one or more of them important, its condition. Simulated craters can should be filled. If a bridge has been actually be painted on the decking and covered. After damaged, it may be made to appear repaired an attack, they can be exposed. Decoy tanks and usable by filling a gap with wire frame- and other decoy vehicles can be placed to simu- work covered with cloth. Then it again becomes late a traffice tie-up after the attack. Portions a logical crossing and protects the actual cross- of the side railing can be removed. For this ing. If a riverbed is suitable and the water slow type of deception to be convincing, it must and muddy, bridges may be constructed with 83 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM the deck submerged just below the surface. 55. Airfields The shape and shadow of a destroyed bridge a. The first step in the camouflage of an air- may be used to help conceal a ponton bridge field or landing site, as in all camouflage opera- constructed alongside. If a decoy crossing is ons, s a horough sudy of he erran by ar built at a logical place, some distance away, observation and aerial photographs. After the observation and aerial photographs. After the the expedient has a greater chance of escaping ground formation, predominant colors, and detection. In certain cases it may be possible patterns of the area are analyzed, the camou- to submerge a ponton bridge which has pneu- flage scheme can be planned. matic floats by extracting air from the floats. By this means, the bridge can be hidden during b. Dispersed parking sites should be located daylight hours and refloated for use at night. within dark and heavily textured parts of the area, avoiding sites where the aircraft would 53. Wire Lines be in sharp contrast to their surroundings or close to an unusual or isolated terrain feature. A well camouflaged structure is of little value Use should be made of overhead concealment, if a conspicuous line of communication wire clumps of bushes, scrub growth, folds in the terminates at the installation. It is disastrous ground, and other shadow-casting irregular- to allow unconcealed cable lines to end abruptly ities. at what is meant to appear as an innocent hill but is actually an important command post. A c. Circulating traffic should be confined, if decoy must continue past the installation to a possible, to existing roads and paths for move- logical termination or the real line must be ment within the area and for access to security camouflaged. Imitation lines can be made of should be kept to a mrin- outposts. New routes should be kept to a mor- outposts. N ew routes rope, wire, cord, or other similar materials. imum. Advantage should be taken of overhead The presence of a line can be concealed to a concealment and vehicles should be sited close great extent by carefully locating it along ter- rain lines. Irregularly sized supporting poles d. The greater the traffic at an airfield the with the bark left on, set at irregular intervals more difficult it becomes to camouflage run- and staggered to conform to the ground pat- ways and taxiways. Sod airfields do not ordi- tern, are less conspicuous than lines regularly narily present too great a problem unless heavy spaced and alined. Spoil taken from the pole use has created worn paths and strips. If this holes must be carried away or hidden. Care does happen it may be possible to extend the must be taken during maintenance to avoid path or strip into an already existing road or making an obvious path along the line of poles. trail, thereby concealing its actual purpose. In this respect, cooperation on the part of the 54. Pipelines pilots by restricting their landings, takeoffs, Pipelines should be laid along secondary roads and turnarounds to designated areas is vitally whenever possible. When cross-country laying necessary. Hard runways and taxiways may is necessary, terrain features should be fully be textured and painted to blend with the back- ground and roads can be simulated across utilized. To eliminate the shadow of the pipe, dirt or debris blended with the background them. should be banked gently along both sides of the e. The camouflage of revetments is difficult pipe. A tonedown color applied to the pipe because of their contained shadow. If they are helps blend it with the background. Tanks and partially dug into the sides of hills, the problem pumping equipment should be recessed in pits, is simplified. The more irregular the shape and dispersed, and concealed by natural cover or the more gradual the slopes, the easier they are nets. False pipelines are easily simulated by to camouflage. Earthwork revetments may be the use of ditching equipment; after each day's seeded to give them texture and color and to work, several poles should be left at the end of conceal new spoil. Further improvement may the ditch to simulate a stack of unlaid pipe. be made by planting small shrubs or vines to 84 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM break up the form and shadow. If time and familiar with the landing area the aids are facilities permit, tree planting is an effective removed and displayed only for visiting air- measure. craft. Field lighting must be concealed to pre- f. The operational structures associated with vent ground or oblique aerial observation airfields are treated as.any other building or airfields are treated as any other building or Light emitted from airfield lighting fixtures can be controlled by use of the combat hood position and are covered in other parts of the attached to all fixtures for this purpose. Fix- manual. tures may be blended into the terrain pattern g. Panels and other landing aids are dis- by use of natural materials or by painting and played only when required. When pilots are texturing to match the terrain color. 85 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM CHAPTER 10 DECOY INSTALLATIONS 56. Locations by the enemy may later be occupied as an actual position. Decoys must be located in logical positions, far enough away from actual targets to pre- c. To be effective, the decoy installation must vent enemy fire on the decoy from hitting the include features normally associated with the real installations. In all cases the location of real installation and must be properly main- real installations must be carefully considered. tained. For instance, decoy planes on an air- The distance depends on the size of the installa- field must be moved from time to time; in the tion, the type of enemy observation, and fire case of decoy trucks, a few real trucks should expected. Decoy bridges, depots, railheads, and be used to make tracks; in every case, indi- airfields may be 3 to 8 kilometers from the real cation of normal activity should appear. object. Decoy artillery batteries may be less d. Decoys intended to divert attention from than 1,500 meters from the actual position or real objects or installations are effective only separated from the position by much greater when the real objects are completely camou- distances depending upon the type battery flaged. being simulated, the type warfare, and the mission of the unit. To deceive the enemy, a decoy simulating a large rear area installation 58. Signatures should have approximately the same relation- a. The characteristic telltale signs of mili- ship to nearby landmarks as the target itself, tary activities are called signatures. Tracks since' landmarks will be used as enemy refer- are the most important and obvious signature ence points. of any military activity, with their distinctive features easily differentiated from similar ci- 57. Theory of Decoy Deception vilian activities (fig. 72). a. Direct and indirect aerial study must be b. The various types of tracks may be simu- made of each installation that is to be simu- lated in the following ways: lated. There is no standard to follow as every (1) Foot tracks. The desired tracks should installation has its own peculiar signatures; be made by actual foot traffic. $traw or hay even two of the same type will have individual may be scattered to give the effect of more and unique characteristics. extensive use. Tracks in a presumably occupied b. A decoy installation must be so con- position must be constantly increased in wear structed that its disclosure appears to be the and width. result of poor camouflage. There are various (2) Wheeled vehicle tracks. The best methods of doing this, such as exposed parts method of providing wheel tracks is to run of a decoy, exposed tracks, incomplete conceal- several vehicles through the area to create the ment of shadowsofof decoys, or the improper shadows ment of decoys, or the improper illusion desired. Chains or logs may be dragged use of surface texture and color. If a decoy to create a greater scarring of the ground. draws attention from a real installation for but a moment, it serves its purpose. A decoy (3) Tracked vehicle tracks. It is desirable position which has been discovered to be such to use an actual tracked vehicle to make these 86 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM TYPE OF TRACK FOOT WHEELED CATERPILLAR GENERAL NARROW WITH MANY BROAD TRACK WHICH A NUMBER OF INDEPEN- APPEARANCE FILAMENTS AND UN- GRADUALLY COVERS DENT DOUBLE TRACKS TRODDEN PATCHES. AN AREA WITH A CROSSING AND RECROSS- i.e. ' UNIFORM TONE. ING. EACH TRACK A E:ACH TRACK A INGLE LINE SINGLE LINE STRAIGHTNESS NEVER STRAIGHT. STRAIGHT FOR WAVY BUT ALSO RUNS SHORT DISTANCES. IN STRAIGHT STRETCH- ES. BENDS AND GOES AROUND USUALLY AT LEAST MOST TURNS ANGULAR, TURNS SHARP BENDS AND A 20 FOOT RADIUS CAN TURN AS SHARP ° ANGLES; NO ON CURVES. AS 90 . U-TURNS SPECIAL MARK AT CURVES EVEN. CHARACTERIZED BY BENDS. DEEP RUTS AT CURVE AND NOT AS EVEN AS WHEELED VEHICLE U-TURN. HILLS GOES STRAIGHT UP ZIG-ZAGS UP ALL MAY WIND UP A STEEP HILLS. BUT SLIGHT IN- HILL -OTHERWISE CLINES. GOES STRAIGHT UP. CROSS COUNTRY AVOIDS MINOR MUST HAVE GOOD CANNOT GO OVER ROCK HUMPS AND DAMP GOING WITH EASY AND USUALLY FOLLOWS SPOTS BUT GEN- GRADES. EASY GRADES IN EVEN ERALLY NOT TERRAIN. AFFECTED BY TERRAIN. NOTE: ALL TRACKS ARE IRREGULAR IN OUTLINE AND ARE MOST VISIBLE WHERE MANY TRACKS CONVERGE, SUCH AS AT GAPS IN WIRE OR MINE FIELDS OR TURN-OFFS INTO BIVOUAC AREAS. Figure 72. Track characteristics. tracks, since they are impossible to duplicate d. Shelters, such as dugouts or holes, show accurately by any other means. Such tracks do as dark spots in a light area of tracks and not need to be renewed as frequently as the trampling. Spoil is also present. Airing blan- other two types. kets and similar items may also be visible. c. Spoil is usually conspicuous near all dug Tenting or shacks are easily improvised. positions. If, however, the quality of the cam- e. Latrines are an associated feature of every ouflage discipline of surrounding troops is good occupied site. They are usually disclosed by and they dispose of their spoil, this same prac- tracks converging and becoming more marked tice must be followed with the simulated units. as time passes. On the other hand, if the camouflage discipline apeas is..tgoo ad poirondhedu is not good and spoil appears around the dugasso- f. Buried cable is frequently an adjunct of positions, it must be reproduced at the decoy ciated with radar installations. It appears as position. The best way to produce the appear- ance of spoil is to spread the earth from a real a track, usually straight the passage of turns, ith excavation, although the excavation need not and light indecreases slightly. passage of time its visibility tone. With the be as deep nor the spoil piled as high as in the genuine position. The trampling of the ground g. Barbed wire is a feature of almost all by working parties flattens vegetation and infantry combat positions. The wire itself can- compacts the ground so that the general effect not be seen on aerial photographs, but its pres- on all but bare rock or sand is to make the ence may be revealed by the tracks and tram- ground surrounding the emplacement appear pling of the wiring party. After several days the lighter in tone than its surroundings. location of the wire is disclosed by a faint gray 87 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM line under the wire which gets darker and more real counterparts. A depth of at least 1 foot is pronounced as time passes because of the ac- usually sufficient to provide enough spoil for cumulation of untrampled vegetation. Gaps in a parapet around the emplacement and to the wire are often the means of disclosing its create the proper illusion of depth to the air- presence because of tracks which converge and man and aerial photo interpreter. A stronger diverge without apparent topographic reason. illusion of depth may be obtained by partially h. Minefields, like wire may also be located filling the shallow emplacement with straw, on aerial photography by an otherwise unex- brush, hay, or leaves. This breaks up the reflec- plainable convergence of tracks, but they will tion of light from the bottom of the emplace- more commonly be identified by the regular ment and appears from the air to be much patterns of excavations which show up as light deeper than it actually is (figs. 73 and 74). patches. Even minefields which are not laid b. Pillboxes. Pillboxes are located at the to a standard pattern tend to show up on an most likely avenues of enemy approach. The aerial photograph, not because one mine hole enemy knows this and can accurately guess is visible in itself but because a number of their general location. However, if a pillbox is light patches concentrated in one spot draws well camouflaged, blended into its surround- the eye to that area. ings, or disguised as a rock, bush, house, or other object which will make it inconspicuous 59. Common Defects in its particular setting, the enemy is prevented Following is a list of the defects that most from spotting it accurately. To further direct frequently cause a deception to fail. It will be the enemy from the real pillbox, decoy pill- boxes may be constructed and insufficiently noted that they are of general application and camouflaged so that the enemy can spot them that any one of them may render worthless the otherwise most perfect decoy. a. Regularity of tracks. c. Antimechanized Obstacles. Antimecha- nized obstacles are often located on reverse b. Lack of litter associated with military oc- slopes, around curves, and in or behind natural cupation. screens to conceal them from the enemy and c. Flatness (no stereoscopic relief). to gain surprise. Decoy antimechanized ditches d. Failure to faithfully simulate a particular are often effective in luring enemy tanks into type of installation. real camouflaged ditches. Such a ditch need be only about 2 feet deep to create the proper e. Absence of motor transportation and lack illusion of depth and is constructed in the same of movement. manner as are trenches. Figure 76 illustrates f. No daily change in appearance. a deception scheme using real and decoy an- g. Incorrect tactical positioning. timechanized ditches and pillboxes together. Decoy dragon's teeth are also effective in guid- h. Unreasonable speed of buildup or removal ing the enemy into real traps. They may be i. Lack of real air defenses. used in conjunction with real and decoy an- j. Failure to simulate a necessary component timechanized ditches. Obstacles like dragon's of a particular installation. teeth should not be simulated in areas not covered by antimechanized fire (fig. 77). 60. Decoy Field Fortifications d. Minefields. A simulated minefield may be a. Emplacements and Intrenchments. In sim- as effective an obstacle as a real field because ulating any dug-in type personnel or weapons the enemy must check each simulation to be emplacements, such as foxholes, trenches, and certain it is not a real one. Such a minefield is mortar or machinegun emplacements, the most effective against aerial observation. Simple satisfactory simulations are made by actually ways to create a decoy minefield are: digging digging into the ground. However, it is not up the ground in a standard minefield pattern; necessary to dig the decoys as deep as their erecting a minefield marking fence; and creat- 88 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Figure 75. A decoy trench as it is being dug and as it appears close-up finished and filled with brush. Notice how the brush filling makes the completed trench appear much darker than the unfilled trench. Figure 7. Another method to simulate in entrenchment is to place burlap or cloth an the outline desired and Figure 74. Another method to simulate an entrenchment is to place burlap or cloth in the outline desired and then fill in the simulated excavated portion with waste oil, paint, or scrapes of dark material. Note that the simulated parapet is formed by rolling under the edges of a large piece of burlap and creating the illusion of the mound of a parapet by piling sand under the burlap edges. The excavated portion of the slit trench is simulated in this figure by waste oil and dark colored salvage scraps. 89 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Figure 75. Here is a decoy pillbox constructed of wood, covered with burlap or osnaburg, and sprayed with paint to resemble concrete. Sand and dirt may be sprinkled on the wet paint to give it a concrete-like texture. ing the characteristic zigzag patterns of gaps be spotted if the weapon were well camou- through a minefield. flaged. c. Decoy positions may be simulated by dig- ging in a shallow pit of the correct diameter a. Decoy artillery positions, in accordance and shape for a particular artillery piece and with the basic principle of all military simula- piling the spoil around it as a parapet or by tion, must conform to the positioning require- forming a parapet of hay, straw, empty crates, ments of their real counterparts. Sometimes old barrels, or loose dirt on the ground around the camouflage of these decoy positions is diffi- the decoy. Even without the use of simulated cult. In open areas the use of suitably gar- guns or equipment, a decoy artillery position nished nets is highly desirable. If nets are not can be simulated perfectly merely by making available, camouflage is obtained by properly blast marks and scattering debris. In snow positioning each piece of equipment to blend terrain, blast marks appear black, and in clear with surrounding ground features. For ex- terrain they appear light to dark gray. These ample, in orchards, each piece of equipment are very convincing. One of the best and sim- may be placed where a tree has been removed; plest ways of simulating an artillery position in hedgerow country equipment may be placed is to place partially camouflaged simulated in cleared spots in the hedge. When protecting weapons in vacated positions formerly occu- an industrial area or a large installation which pied by real weapons. Flash simulators may cannot be concealed, often no attempt is made be included with each simulation and used to conceal the position, the theory being that with the same regularity as the real weapons. the enemy will be cautious in attacking a heav- ily defended target. 62. Bivouacs b. Placing the dummy weapons and supple- a. When simulating bivouacs it must be re- mentary equipment in position is only part of membered that each arm or service creates a the job of erecting a decoy artillery position. distinctive appearance which must be repro- Tracks must be made around the position as in duced to make the decoy convincing to the a real battery emplacement, because it is the enemy air observer. The simulation of bivouacs tracks that most often disclose the position to is of particular importance in rear areas where the aerial observer. Without tracks, a weapon reserves and fast moving units are generally position looks fake; moreover, it would rarely located. Enemy air reconnaissance is partic- 90 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM ENEMY REAL DITCH _ REAL DITCH CONCEALED lj DECOY DITCH REAL PILLBOX CONCEALED * DECOY PILLBOX Figure 76. Layout of decoy and real antimechanized ditches and pillboxes. Figure 77. Here is a row of decoy dragon's teeth and a decoy antimechanized ditch. A camouflaged real ditch is on the foreground, covered with wire netting, cloth, and sand. ularly careful in scrutinizing areas behind the protection from attack in the vicinity of nat- front for indications of buildup of troops or ural obstacles; and water supply. equipment which would indicate future attacks. b. From the air, the characteristics which Real bivouacs are generally located in areas most readily identify a bivouac are tracks, that provide the best concealment for personnel vehicles (types and sizes of which will identify and equipment from aerial and ground obser- the unit), paths, trails, and trash and litter vation; dispersion; communications facilities; caused by poor camouflage discipline. Bivouacs 91 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM are more difficult to conceal in snow-covered, vehicles in the area as well as other signs of barren or desert areas, than in other types of activity. terrain, because tracks and trails are almost impossible to conceal or obliterate. Decoy biv- 64. Troop Concentrations ouacs in this type of terrain can be realistically simulated by making many additional tracks Various troop concentration points are gen- which do not lead to a real installation, or by erally identified by a collection of bivouac digging shallow trenches and emplacements in areas, motor pools, supply points, or entrench- the snow or sand and filling them with grass, ments, with other associated activities. leaves, etc. Brush piles with paths radiating from them resemble command posts or supply 65. Motor Parks or ammunition storage areas. A good way to Around a motor or heavy equipment park there make a decoy bivouac is to examine aerial are innumerable scars, tracks, slit trenches, photos of a representative real installation and and a continual shifting of equipment. In simu- duplicate the track plan and some of the cam- lating these installations, all such character- ouflaged objects in a simulated fashion but in istics must be faithfully reproduced. Other a somewhat more conspicuous manner. items that may be required for deceptive dis- plays are refuse piles, mess tents, bivouacs, 63. Command Posts latrines, and command posts. In desert or other a. Some of the signs which indicate to the barren terrain, motor parks or vehicle con- observer the possible presence of a command centrations are best protected from enemy at- post are-- tack by dispersion over a wide area. Here the value of decoys is most apparent because real (1) Converging wire lines and vehicle vehicles and equipment are extremely difficult tracks. Also, there may be various types of to conceal or camouflage. Decoy vehicle con- antenna arrays for radio communications. centrations are exceedingly valuable in draw- (2) Concentration of vehicles. ing the enemy's attack and dispersing his ef- (3) Heavy traffic causing widened turn- fort. ins. (4) New vehicle tracks to a position 66. Tank Concentrations which could house a command post. Decoys of armored parks and bivouacs should (5) Protective wire, foxholes, and other follow the same general techniques as described barriers surrounding the installation, in paragraphs 62 and 65. Distinctive tracks made by tanks and other tracked vehicles both (6) Defensive weapons emplacements locate and identify the unit. around the installation. b. When it is impossible to conceal from the 67. Airfields air the fact that a command post is in a certain area, then a decoy command post may be con- day fields and night fields. The day decoy field structed in the vicinity. In this instance it is day fields and night fields. The day decoy field obvious tha the deconity.muthisinst more likth obiusted that the decoy must look ane like the consists of prepared runways, buildings, access roads, huts storage, and the auxiliary features. in rderal to make construction of any decoy worpart, The night decoy field consists entirely of lights, order to make construction of any decoy wozth- and should not be visible during the day. Nor- while. Disguise of the genuine to look like a decoy may be feasible. Certain characteristic emally the day and night decoy fields are sep- signs of occupancy should be made at the decoy including cross-country tracks simulating those a. Offset Distance. The distance between the made by a wire-laying detail, antenna arrays decoy airfield and its real counterpart should to simulate radio communications facilities, be from 61/2 to 121/2 kilometers, but again smoke and occasional lights, a few poorly cam- depends on the type of warfare. However, a ouflaged tents, new tracks from day to day, and decoy situated more more than 12 kilometers 92 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM from the real airfield is likely to be regarded indication of air activity possibly through the as an entirely separate airfield and cause use of light planes which could operate from enemy air attackers or observers to search a rough strip. further for the camouflaged real field. site for the decoy g. Construction. After the site for the decoy b. Operations Prerequisites.Suitable terrain airfield is selected, construction is carried out with adequate drainage must be secured for the in the following order: decoy airfield. (1) Runways. Since it is the runways, c. Positioning Decoy in Relation to Land- taxiways, and hardstands that make the decoy marks. As far as possible, a decoy airfield look like an airfield, they receive first priority should' be so situated that its relation to impor- in construction. A properly surveyed layout tant landmarks and terrain features such as with careful attention to sharp, clear, straight lakes, rivers, railroads, highways, wooded lines of the prominent features is valuable. areas, and cultivated fields is similar to that of Usually, the layout can be constructed simul- the real airfield. In some cases it may be prac- taneously by bulldozing and rough grading. A tical to simulate some of these necessary land- thin layer of crrshed rock, sand, or gravel is marks, in dummy fashion, at the same time sometimes an effective substitute for grading. as the construction of the decoy airfield is pro- A well defined ditch will accentuate the outlines gressing. of taxiways, runways, and hardstands. For deceiving the air observer, the most important d. Relation of Decoy to Probable Route of item in decoy airfield construction is the ac- Enemy Approach. As a rule a decoy airfield centuation of these prominent features and any should be located in the path of the most likely prominent structures, rather than detailed approach an enemy would follow to the real replicas of all features of the real installation. field. The decoy will then be seen by enemy No more detail is necessary than that required observers before they reach the real field. It is to produce the effect of a camouflaged airfield. entirely possible, however, that in many cases Grade variations may be permitted; fine grad- this consideration in positioning may have to ing is never required. be foregone. The terrain, or existence of prom- inent landmarks, may indicate a much more (2) Access and service roads. Roads lead- inet ling to the airfield from main highways, and desirable site in some other direction from the ing t the airfield from main highways, and real probable enemy ap- real field than that of fedta thtoprbbeservice roads connecting the hardstands with proach. the bomb storage area, gas storage, and main buildings, have close priority to the actual e. Size of Decoy Airfield. A day decoy field runways. These roads may be formed in the should be about the same size as the real field same manner as the runways and taxiways. or the standard size of similar known opera- (8) Gas storage and bomb storage area. tional fields. This is important because enemy These two facilities are important. The gas- aerial photograph interpreters scale its actual oline storage tanks may be simulated by a size for comparison with their knowledge of lumber frame work covered with burlap or by the real field or their knowledge of our normal suitable salvage material. Bomb storage pits sized airfields. Substantial divergence in size may be indicated by semicircular parapets of may cause the field to be suspected and prob- earth pushed up by a bulldozer in a logical ably identified, upon further reconnaissance, position, along the service road. as a fake. Once the decoy is identified as such, (4) Control tower and building. Control air attackers will be briefed on how to avoid towers and other prominent structures associ- it. ated with airfields are usually simulated in f. Aircraft Activity. If the enemy is able to dummy form in the construction of decoy air- stand off some distance from the suspected air- fields in rear areas. However, in constructing field and observe it, a complete absence of air a decoy of a forward airfield, these structures traffic would reveal the deception. If intelli- are seldom erected, since tents or trailers ordi- gence indicates that such a situation is prob- narily serve as the operation centers at for- able, steps should be taken to give a minimum ward fields. 93 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM (5) Camouflage. A decoy airfield should ance of activity. New tracks, scars on the receive the same camouflage as does a real ground, movement of vehicles, and false sup- field-simulated terrain patterns on runways plies are essential characteristics for the decoy. and disruptive pattern painting on buildings. If at all possible, it is desirable to route and Before doing this, it is advisable to study the control through the decoy all traffic to or from real airfield by aerial observation and photo- the real point. If successful deception is es- graphs in order to determine the extent to sential, this measure will greatly enhance the which the decoy airfield should be camouflaged. decoy's chance of success. In the interest of creating a convincing display it may also be 68. Supply Points desirable to locate incidental real installations, such as a salvage yard, adjacent to the decoy. a. Supply points vary in size and appearance, In the latter case, the possibility of attack on depending upon their particular function. They the decoy should be considered and appropriate do, however, share the common characteristics protective measures taken. For night decep- extensive tracking, activity, and locaotion protective measures oftaken. For nightsuch as of extensive tracking, activity, and location , certain types night lighting, decep- adjacent to transportation systems such as har- simulated building lights, showing through Unless unusualnets. bors, railroads, and road nets.borsrailroads, road tent openings, and decoy fire, are very effective. and Unless unusual measures are taken, they are usually apparent to even casual aerial observation. 69. Oil Refineries and Tank Farms b. A decoy supply point should be near a. Oil refineries are so difficult to conceal that enough to appear to be the real installation expenditures for camouflage and decoy con- in to ofoughfor possible a ad faerrorsmarksmanship allow nyway struction are not generally justifiable. Night Prominent landmarks must be noted and the decoys of these installations are, however, quite decoy located in the same relationship to them decoy located in the same relationship to them practicable. In positioning oil refinery decoys, that the real installation would be. In some cases the landmarks may be simulated. Figure layout and to place them in surroundings sim- 78 shows the relationship of several decoy ilar to those at the real installations. supply points to a real supply point. b. Tank farms are often included in refin- e. The decoy must appear to have a con- eries, but may be separate. If they can be vincing road net of the same pattern as the real effectively camouflaged, decoys are worthwhile. installation. In addition, troops must be de- Construction of a decoy tank farm requires tailed to the decoy site to maintain the appear- a great deal of effort and ingenuity if the area ' -: REAL SUPPLIES AND ROADS CONCEALED IM DECOY SUPPLIES AND ROADS ClJ REAL ROAD Figure 78. Positioning decoy supply points. 94 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM is subject to periodic observation by the enemy. cede any activity. Figure 79 depicts a decoy Observation of a decoy under construction ob- tank farm (A) on one side of a river and two viously robs the decoy of its value. The camou- decoy landmarks across the river which cor- flage of the real farm and erection of the decoy respond to those at the real installation about may proceed simultaneously only if enemy ob- 3 kilometers away. servation is improbable. If subject to periodic observation, the decoy should not be revealed 70. Railheads until it is completed, interim camouflage being required, and the real farm should not be con- Sidings for unloading supplies, a road net, and cealed before the decoy is revealed. Reduction storage space are essential facilities for a rail- of visibility of the real installation by dark head. Where possible, railheads are established paint and some camouflage may of course pre- in areas affording the best cover and conceal- Figure 79. Decoy tank farm and landmarks. Notice that many of the decoy tanks are camouflaged with painted roofs and simulated roads to create the illusion of a housing development. The decoy is camouflaged in the same manner as the real tank farm, but is more obvious. Formerly, a searchlight was near the church on the opposite side of the river from the real installation. At the decoy site a simulated church (B) has been built and the searchlight (C) has been moved from the real site to the decoy site. 95 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM ment and may be supplemented by camouflage, b. Factorsof Effectiveness. air defense facilities and other defensive meas- (1) Air defense. Aircraft flying over ures. Supplies are unloaded from railway cars strange territory at night are strongly at- onto trucks and carried to a storage point. tracted by any light, and personnel are often Since this is standard practice and known to willing to accept any reasonable resemblance the enemy, a decoy breakdown point is es- of the target as the genuine ofie. Effectiveness sential in diverting enemy attacks. It should of decoys is proportional to the pressure under be more exposed and obvious than the real one. which the attack is made. If the air defense is unable to simulate speedy delivery, the chance 71. Towns of successful deception is greatly diminished. In flat, barren country or in country with (2) Enemy pilot. The determining factor widely dispersed small settlements, it may be in the design of a night decoy is its appearance desirable, at times, to construct a decoy of the to the enemy pilot, He must be able to reason- more obvious features of an entire settlement. ably identify the target either by vision or by radar and he must be persuaded that it is the This might be necessary in the construction of a decoy of an important installation located targe heis eeking. near such a settlement. Figure 80 shows a (3) Parent target camouflage. A decoy of decoy town. a real target will be successful only if the real target is successfully hidden. Since night de- coys use light to attract the enemy they are successful only when the surrounding territory a. Introduction. All night decoys employ the is completely blacked out. All measures which same basic equipment; lights, fires, and pyro- make the real target more difficult to locate technics. All have the common purpose of con- than the decoy will increase the effectiveness fusing the enemy and diverting him from vital of the deception. Fires started by bombing of targets to areas of little or no importance. The the real target must be extinguished as soon effectiveness of night decoys is dependent upon as possible. If a fire exists at the target as the the following factors: positioning, weather and result of the attack, further deception opera- visibility, proper construction, proper opera- tions are not worthwhile against successive tion and control, maintenance, and camouflage. waves of attackers unless an equal or more convincing fire at the decoy is started which A decoy may consist of a single or multiple will have an equal or better chance of enticing installation, varying in size from a small simu- followup attackers. lated street light to a complicated installation composed of hundreds of firemaking and light- c. Site Selection. The success of a decoy in- ing devices which, when ignited, will simulate stallation will be largely influenced by the ade- a burning supply depot, factory, airfield, town, quacy of the site. In the selection of a site the or city. There are three types of night decoy following features should be considered: installations. (1) The site must be a plausible one. The (1) Type I civil decoys are those repre- installation must be in an area where one sentative of breaches in blackout discipline in would expect the target to be located factories, warehouses, dock areas, freight (2) The site should provide close similar yards, towns, and cities. reference points, discernible at night, to those surrounding the target. To the aerial observer, *(2) Type II airfield decoys are those rep- heavy forests, bodies of water, and open coun- resentative of runways, marker lights, obstruc- try are distinguishable from each other. Varia- tion lights, wind indicators, and aircraft on tions in grade up to 8 percent are not distin- the ground. guishable. (3) Type III field force decoys are those (3) The site should permit the decoy to representative of blackout breaches of supply be oriented in the same compass bearing as the points, convoys, quarters, and shelters. target. 96 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Figure 80. Decoy town. (4) Where possible, it is desirable to (8) If a night decoy only, the area should choose a site located along the probable line provide easy concealment during daylight of approach. hours. (5) The site must provide an area suffi- d. Site Preparation.In preparing the site for cient for the light pattern on an adequate scale. night decoy installation, it is essential that A three-quarter scale will suffice if the full indications of construction and changes in the scale cannot be used. appearance of the terrain be kept to a min- (6) The site should be within a reason- imum. Normal activities such as farming and able distance of the target--close enough to be grazing should be continued where possible. confused with it, but not so close that the area These precautions not only serve to prevent the of poor bombing accuracy overlaps the target enemy from locating and mapping night decoy or other vital areas. sites during the day, but also help to preserve (7) Wherever possible the decoy should local secrecy. The construction will be facil- be accessible to adequate roads and power lines. itated if the following procedure is followed: 97 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM (1) Establish location of all devices, pay- matically on and off certain devices such as ing particular attention to service roads and the open door light, thus introducing "life" provisions for servicing the equipment. without a prohibitive outlay in cable for sep- (2) Remove trees or brush which may arate circuits. constitute a fire hazard, taking care not to scar (4) Standardization layouts for construc- the landscape. tion of decoys are not permissible because no (3) Cut weeds to minimize the spread of two decoys should contain any familiar pattern the fire, establishing an 8-foot band of bare or regularity. Rather, the designer will have earth, 20 to 30 feet in diameter, around each to employ whatever construction the immediate firemaking unit. problem requires. Night decoys should be checked and rechecked from the air by an e. Materials. The type and amount of equip- experienced observer. Visibility conditions ment used in night decoys will depend upon the identical to those under which the enemy will nature and scale of the target to be simulated, observe the decoy should be chosen. The layout, materials available, and the designers ingenu- background, dummy construction, and adjust- ity. In all instances the cheapest, least critical, ments of light intensities should be checked and most readily obtainable materials that will under a number of different atmospheric con- serve the purpose should be used. ditions and at different altitudes. f. Operation. g. Rules to Emphasize. (1) In the operation of night decoys, pro- (1) Do not turn on the decoy lights while vision must be made for territorial central under enemy observation. control and for local control. The central con- trol, which receives immediate information (2) Be sure to switch off primary lights from all sources dnring an attack on the area, when the enemy approaches. determines which decoy site should be fired and (3) Do not switch lights on and off to gives the order to the local controller con- attract attention. cerned, who passes it on to the detachments (4) If enemy fails to bomb, do not switch in charge of the sites. In the event of a break- primary lights back on until the enemy is well down in communications, the local controller out of range. must have authority to act on his own initia- must have authority to act on his own iitia- (5) Do not light large fires until sure that the attack is a raid in force; do not set off (2) The number of men required to oper- decoy for a nuisance raider. ate a night decoy varies with the size of the decoy. The smaller sites require 3 men and the (6) Do not light fires later than 1 hour larger displays about 20 men. (3) Successful operation of a night decoy (7) Remove firing plugs during the day- will require on the part of the operator an time to prevent lightning from starting the understanding of the problem and considerable fires. ingenuity. Variety and "life" are essential. (8) If electricity fails use the stand-by These are obtained by varying the wattages generator. of the lamps used, particularly in "bad black- h. Maintenance. On a night decoy mainte- out" effects, so that as a hostile aircraft ap- nance will consist of the following: proaches closer to a site, the lower powered lighting comes within his range of vision. Fur- (1) Rebuilding and refueling fire devices thermore, screens may be erected to obscure after a raid. Sufficient material should always sky- from on directions,operate the decoy for three con- be observationcertain observation from certain directions, and sky- and hand to lights may be tilted at various angles so that secutive nights. as an aircraft circles a site the pattern of the (2) Repairing damage after raids and decoy is always changing in a life-like manner. eradicating bomb blast marks. Time switches may also be used to switch auto- (3) Cleaning and checking generator. 98 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM (4) Checking all wire and contacts peri- is well adapted to river crossing preparation, odically. beach assault concentration, and assembly (5) Lifting and relaying wires if required points. The ease, economy, and speed with by the use of the area. which this type of visual decoy can be imple- mented are unequalled by other visual methods. i. Camouflage. In desert or arctic terrain, Furthermore, if it is properly used and its or in open country where night decoys installa- radar characteristics are reproduced, this type tion may be discernible during the day, the of decoy is almost impossible to identify. The camouflage of these decoys becomes important use of smoke has one serious limitation. Strong unless the decoy is also a day decoy. In any or rapidly changing winds make the use of event, the decoy lighting and fire devices will smoke difficult, in terms of the operating per- have to be concealed. Simple devices may be sonnel and the amount of generating equip- covered with a flattop or drape net. The more ment required. For details of smoke screening elaborate devices may be covered with dummy operations, see FM 3-50. buildings or the installation may be made into a day and night decoy, in which case certain 74 Decoy Damage lighting equipment may remain exposed. Some simulator device night decoys in open terrain a. Simulated damage is an especially valu- also have the advantage of greater nighttime able and practical means of deception for in- deception, because decoy fire in a flat area may stallations which are impractical to conceal. produce enough light to reveal the true nature Simulated damage that appears real may in- of the site. If the decoy is not a dual purpose duce the enemy to stop or lessen the number day and night decoy, it will be necessary to and force of his attacks on what he is led to refill and conceal bomb craters or damage in believe is a crippled installation. Decoy damage the area of the night decoy. Indication. of inex- may be used effectively on oil refineries, rail- plicable attacks upon innocent country, evident road sidings, hangars, power plants, bridges, during day reconnaissance, will immediately wharves, warehouses, water towers, and other identify the site as a night decoy to the enemy large installations. observer. b. Damage from bombs and fires is the usual 73. Smoke Operations type simulated. Simulated damage is prepared in advance; salvaged material and debris are Smoke has three functions in deception opera- neatly stacked to conform with existing pat- terns and are scattered immediately after an a. Smoke must be used in conjunction with enemy attack to simulate bomb hits on the decoys simulating those installations or situa- structures. Shallow holes may be dug or blasted tions that would normally produce smoke, such to simulate bomb craters and sprayed with as factories, power plants, and decoy damage. waste oil or black paint to appear deep; these b. Light smoke must be used in conjunction are covered until the attack is in progress or with night decoys when the visibility and light until after the attack. During the attack, pre- conditions are such as to expose the decoy. In pared charges and smoke pyrotechnics may be used and fires ignited. After an attack, the this situation, white smoke may be used to whe smoke thssitulatigoun, mayi. uprepared damage is revealed. If deception of this kind is to be effective, speed is essential. c. Smoke may be used to screen the site of Personnel should be trained and organized to any activity. Smoke may also be used to simu- follow a well rehearsed drill in the event that late activity without the aid of simulated con- the nature of the surrounding area is such that struction. The nature of the decoy-screened actual new bomb craters away from the instal- activity may be disclosed, apparently unin- lation may compromise the deception. Some tentionally, by relating it to some other activity provision may be required to conceal these real or display. This method of effective deception craters (figs. 81 and 82). 99 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM - ' ' ... Ism ,/ - · . - Figure 81. Decoy damage on a bridge. 100 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM 1-BEFORE ATTACK: i-DURING ATTACK 3-AFTER ATTACK i, ' Figure 82. Steps in simulating damage to a building. 101 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM APPENDIX REFERENCES 1. Department of the Army Pamphlets DA Pam 108-1 Index of Army Motion Pictures, Film Strips, Slides, Tapes, and Phono- Recordings. DA Pam 310-series Indexes Pertaining to Administration Training, Maintenance, and Supply. 2. Department of the Army Regulations AR 320-5 Dictionary of United States Army Terms. AR 320-50 Authorized Abbreviations. 3. Field Manuals FM 3-5 Chemical, Biological, and Radiological (CBR) Operationr FM 5-1 Engineer Operations and Organizations. FM 5-34 Engineer Field Data. FM 5-35 Engineer Reference and Logistical Data. FM 21-5 Military Training. FM 21-75 Patrolling. FM 30-10 Terrain Intelligence. 4. Technical Manual TM 5-200 Camouflage Materials. 102 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM INDEX Paragraph Page Paragraph Page Active infrared detecting devices ____ 7c 7 Factors of recognition __--_____----_ 8 7 Aerial photography ________…______.7a, 9b(2) 4, 15 Far infrared detecting devices ____ 7 7 Aircraft ___O__-___________________ Ch 7 49 Field fortifications ---------------- Ch 5 31 Airfields: Films -__________________ 7a(4) 5 Concealment ______--_________ 55 84 _ Filters for black and white film --- 7a(4) (a) 5 -_________ Simulation _________-.. 67 92 Fixed installations _-O_____----____ Ch 9 66 Artillery: Foot tracks simulation ____-- _----- 58b(1) 86 Concealment __________________ 25-26 44 Foxhole covers -_------_____--- -_-_ 20 32 Simulation -__________________- 61 90 Audio camouflage discipline ________ 9b(3) 17 Hammocks for aircraft concealment _ 12 26 Helmet camouflage ---- _----------- 12 26 Barren terrain: Hiding ---- ___--------__-_-------- 10a 17 _ Bivouac concealment -- ______- 34 58 High oblique photographs __-__.----- 7a(2) 4 Patterns ------- _------------._9a(3) (d) 15 Indirect observation 7 4 Bivouacs: Individual camouflage ________..----_ Ch 4 26 Concealment _------_-----_---_ 32-35 57 Individual camouflage face paint ---- 22 33 Simulation _…__________-_______ 62 90 Infrared detecting devices _-_____--- 7c 7 Black and white films ______________7a(4) (a) 5 _ Infrared film ------ __-----------_ 7a(4) (c) 5 Blackout camouflage discipline ___-__ 9b(2) 15 Infrared reflectant paint _____--___7a(4) (c) 5 Blending __-__--_-- ______--______- 10b 20 Installations, large scale ___--__--- _ Ch 9 66 Bridges -- _--_--______-_----__---- 52 83 Intrenchment simulation __--_. _ 60a 88 Buildings- _-___________---____--- 49 69 Layout grid control ---------------- 45 67 Camouflage detection film ___-____--7a(4) (d) 6 Low oblique photographs _____-__-- 7a(3) 5 Camouflage discipline ___-__-__---- 9b 15 Machinegun emplacement ___-_----- 21 .'32 Canvas equipment ______--_______- 13 26 Methods of camouflage ____-- _----- 10 17 Clothing ___------------------------ 17 28 Minefield simulation ___------------- 58h 88 Color, a factor of recognition ______ 8e 9 Modular system _____-___. __------ 45 67 Color film ----------------------- _7a(4)(b) 5 Mortars -_____-------------------- 22 33 Command posts: Motor parks simulation ____. ------ 65 92 Concealment __--_----------__ - 36 60 Movement, a factor of recognition __ 8f 9 _ Simulation -- _---------------- 63 92 Command responsibilities for cam- Natural materials ___--____-------- 24b 36 ouflage ___----__--------- ___-- 3 3 Near infrared detecting devices ---- 7 7 Concealment, definition --.----- --- _ 4 3 Nets: Construction, principle of conceal- Aircraft concealment __-------- 30a 50 ment --------------------------- 9c 77 Artillery concealment __--_----- 26c 44 Construction of field fortifications ___ 19 32 Vehicle concealment --_-------- 24d, e 38 Covers for foxholes ---------- _----- 20 32 Night camouflage discipline _-__--__ 9b(2) 15 Night simulation Damagedecoy installations ___-__--_- 72 96 Damage simulation _____________.__ 74 99 Deception __-----__-_-------_-- -__10c, Ch 10 20, 86 Oblique photographs -- _____------- 7a(2), 4,'5 Decoy installations ___---------____ Ch 10 86 (3) Detection film ----------------.--- 7a(4) (d) 6 Observation: Digging in: Direct _--_--------_---_------- 6 4 Building construction ------_--- 49b 70 Indirect -_-------__----------- 7 4 Vehicle concealment __--____-- _ 24e 38 Obstacle simulation ---- ____-------- 60c 88 Direct observation ___------------- 6 4 Oil refineries simulation _ …___------- 69 94 Emplacements: Panchromatic film ___-_______--__ 7a.(4) (a) 5 Camouflage ------------------ Ch 5 31 Packing areas --_-----__--_------- 50 82 Simulation --_____-------- -___ 60a 88 Passive infrared detecting devices __ 7c 7 103 WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM Paragraph Page Paragraph Page Pattern painting: Siting: Aircraft --------------------- 31 55 Aircraft -----_---------------- 28 49 Artillery 26d …_______________--____ 44 Artillery -_---__--__---------- _ 26b 44 Helmets ----------------- 12 26 Field fortification __--_________ 18 31 Skin ------------------------- 14 27 Principles of -------------- __-_ 9a 14 Vehcle…24 Vehicles .--------.------------ 24c 36Vehicle 36 … . ........ 24a 36 Skin _____________________.... 14 27 Weapons --------------------- 15 28 k7 Smoke -------------.-.------------ 73 99 Permanent installations __-------__- Ch 9 66 Snow camouflage clothing 17 28 Photography ____----______ _________ 7a 4 Snow covered terrain: __-------__-- _ 17 28 Pillboxes _____-- ____._____________ 60b 88 Bivouac concealment -_---___ __ 35 58 Pipelines _________________________ 54 84 Use of nets _-_____--- _________ 24d. 38 Position, a factor of recognition -___ 8a 8 Vehicle concealment _-_________ 23a(4), 36 Principles of concealment __________ 9 14 23c Quartering party _--______-- _____ 23a(2) _ 35 SOP for camouflage _-____________ 9b(1) 15 Sound camouflage discipline __-__-- _ 9b(3) 17 Radar detecting devices ______-- ___- 7b 6 Sound screens --- _______________--- _ 9b(3) 17 Railheads: Stages of development of a bivouac __ 33 57 Concealment _---_______--- ------ 51 82 Stereophotography __-____________ 7a(1) 4 Simulation ____-______________ 7 .0 95 Supply points: Refineries ____---___-- ________ ____ 69 94 Concealment ________-_________ 37 62 Revetments ____--- ___------------- 55ff 84 Simulation _________--_________ 68 94 Recognition factors ______________-_ 8 7 Tank farm simulation __--_________ 69 94 Relative position, a factor of rec- Tank simulation ___.____________.-_ 66 92 ognition ____---_________________ 8a 8 Terrain patterns _________ ___-____ 9a(3) 14 Responsibilities for camouflage -- ____ 2 3 Texture, a factor of recognition ____ 8d 8 Roads ------------------------ - 50 82 Town simulation _______-__________ 71 96 Rolling stock _ -_-__________________ 57 86 Track characteristics __--__________ Fig. 72 87 ock…57------- Rural terrain patterns 9a(3)(a) 15 Track discipline _…___-___-___-_____ 9b(1), 15, 35 23a Sandbags ________________________ 24e 38 Tracked vehicle track simulation ____ 58b(3) 86 Screening ----------------------- 104 17 Training _________________________ 23a(3) 35 Shadow: Trains ___________________________ 51 82 A factor of recognition ________ 8c 8 Trench simulation ______________-__ 60a 88 Aircraft concealment __________ 30a 50 Troop concentration simulation _____ . 64 92 Building concealment _____-____ 49a 69 Umbrella screens -_________________ 30c 54 Vehicle concealment __________- 23c 36 Urban terrain patterns -- ---______9a(3) (b) _ 15 Shadow nets ____-- _______________ 30Ba 50 Vehicles _-________________________ 23-24 35 Shape, a factor of recognition ______ 8b 8 Vertical photographs ______________ 7a(1) 4 Shine:- -____________8d,_ 16 8,_.28 Water points _____________________ 38 65 W eapons -------------------------- 15 28 Aircraft concealment __________ 29 49 Weapons15 Wheeled vehicle track simulation ---- 28 58b(2) 86 Vehicle concealment _____…_____ 23b 36 Wire line ---- ____________------------ 52 83 Signatures __-_____________________ 58 86 Wooded terrain patterns _________-9a(3) (c) 15 By Order of the Secretary of the Army: HAROLD K. JOHNSON, General, United States dArmy, Official: Chief of Staff. KENNETH G. WICKHAM, Major General, United States Army, The Adjutant General. Distribution: To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-11 requirements for Camouflage, Basic Principles and Field Camouflage. U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1975 O - 588-592 104
Pages to are hidden for
"1968 US Army Vietnam War Camouflage 106p"Please download to view full document