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Airlines and food have never been a particularly appealing combination, but in John Bean Technologies jbt -1.2191889742910151% John Bean Technologies Corp. U.S.: NYSE USD37.27 -0.46 -1.2191889742910151% /Date(1436216522168-0500)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 63927 AFTER HOURS USD37.27 % Volume (Delayed 15m) : 3360 P/E Ratio 25.527397260273972 Market Cap 1102696960.28854 Dividend Yield 0.9659243359270191% Rev. per Employee 288943 More quote details and news » (ticker: JBT) they could be a profitable one for investors. JBT makes ground support and gate equipment for the airline industry and large-scale processing equipment for the packaged foods industry.
This odd mix of businesses was spun off from FMC Technologies FTI -2.8650414677054536% FMC Technologies Inc. U.S.: NYSE USD38.65 -1.14 -2.8650414677054536% /Date(1436216544186-0500)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 2337591 AFTER HOURS USD38.65 % Volume (Delayed 15m) : 135652 P/E Ratio 12.798013245033113 Market Cap 9187988793.40698 Dividend Yield N/A Rev. per Employee 386872 More quote details and news » (FTI), an oil and gas equipment manufacturer, in 2008, just in time for the economic downturn. Lately the shares, which closed Friday at $13.81, have retreated again on fears of global weakness.
About half of the company's $974 million in projected revenue this year will come from international markets, but the Chicago-based company is not as vulnerable to the slowdown in Europe and emerging markets as some seem to believe. Shares, which trade at nine times 2013 earnings, could rebound 25% or more in a year. They yield 2%.
John Bean dates back to the 1880s, when its namesake founder developed a pump that efficiently sprayed insecticide on trees. But while it's little known by investors, JBT is a big player in its markets. Its food-processing equipment, for example, produces 75% of world's citrus juices, and its industrial freezers chill 50% of commercial frozen foods, according to company filings. The firm also makes large-volume ovens and seaming machines, which seal cans. Big customers include Tyson Foods tsn -0.8385744234800838% Tyson Foods Inc. Cl A U.S.: NYSE USD42.57 -0.36 -0.8385744234800838% /Date(1436216552002-0500)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 3347371 AFTER HOURS USD42.72 0.15 0.3523608174770965% Volume (Delayed 15m) : 280302 P/E Ratio 16.56420233463035 Market Cap 16056412364.5136 Dividend Yield 0.9396288466055908% Rev. per Employee 327145 More quote details and news » (TSN), H.J. Heinz (HNZ), and Nestlé nesn.vx -0.5604155276107162% Nestle S.A. ADS U.S.: OTC USD72.75 -0.41 -0.5604155276107162% /Date(1436221200000-0500)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 250159 AFTER HOURS USD72.8424 0.0924 0.12701030927835052% Volume (Delayed 15m) : 241451 P/E Ratio 14.948834915546788 Market Cap 232240655598.668 Dividend Yield 3.12887147766323% Rev. per Employee 294453 More quote details and news » (NESN.Switzerland). FoodTech, as the division is known, produced 57% of revenue last year.
John Bean is also a market leader in what it calls AeroTech, selling passenger boarding bridges, cargo loaders, aircraft de-icers, and passenger steps. Customers include commercial airlines, airports, and the U.S. military.
INVESTORS ARE OVERLOOKING JBT's market position and large installed base, which produces a steady stream of aftermarket sales. Nor do they seem to have high expectations for the JBT's restructuring efforts, which will boost operating profit margins in the second half of 2012. For the full year, the four sell-side analysts who cover John Bean forecast operating margins will rise to 7% from 6.5% in 2011. In 2013, margins could return to their 2008 peak of 7.5%. That improvement could drive earnings per share higher on very little top-line growth.
Consensus estimates for this year show the company earning $41 million, or $1.42 a share, up 8% from 2011, on a 2% rise in revenue. Next year, earnings per share could rise 9% to $1.55.
As a market leader with high returns on invested capital, JBT could easily support a P/E of 12, which would lift the stock above $18, based on next year's estimates.
HIGH COSTS IN THE FoodTech division have punished results. A strong currency in Sweden, where the firm made freezers, dragged down profits, as did generally higher material costs. In response, management announced in January that it was migrating production of certain freezers to the U.S. and China. Other restructuring moves, the company estimates, will save $9 million annually by 2013.
|Recent Price
|12-Month Range
|$12.76 - $19.32
|Market Value
|$402 million
|Revenue 2012E
|$973 million
|Net Income 2012E
|$41 million
|Dividend Yield
Source: Bloomberg
FoodTech sales were up 9% in the first quarter, and orders are up 10%, driven by strong demand for freezers and meat-processing equipment.
AeroTech, too, has shown some weakness, but that as well could abate. Sales fell 7% in the quarter after one customer delayed a $7 million order for passenger boarding bridges at the end of last year, creating a production gap. Management emphasized that the delay was related to a specific project, not a slowdown in demand. Meanwhile, orders increased 15% in the March quarter, auguring a strong rebound in the second half of the year.
Even in a weak global environment, JBT's sales are somewhat insulated. In both divisions, the company has a deep base of installed equipment that feeds an established service and spare-parts business. The aftermarket and service business generates a steady recurring revenue stream that accounts for over 40% of total revenue. The company has a total order backlog of $279 million.
John Bean has a manageable balance sheet with $19 million in cash to $139 million in debt, or net debt of $120 million, representing 53% of total capitalization. The business generates healthy free cash flow with $34 million forecast for 2012.
Management has been using its cash to pare back its debt. Since 2008, net debt has shrunk 15%. It is also committed to returning cash to shareholders. JBT's $30 million buyback plan would reduce shares by 7%, based on the current price.
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"Sleepless in Seattle" is a goldmine for tours and shop owners, contributing to the nearly $5 billion the city generates in travel spending yearly.» Read More
*Brazil's top bookseller may sell online business-sources. *Deal could boost retailer Amazon on arrival in Brazil. SAO PAULO, Oct 30- Brazil's biggest bookstore chain, Saraiva, is trying to sell its online business, a move that could pave the way for Amazon's debut in Latin America's fastest growing e-commerce market, industry sources said.
Oct 26- Individual donors to U.S. presidential candidates can contribute up to $2,500 for the state-by-state party nominating contests and another $2,500 for the general election.
NEW YORK/ SEATTLE, Oct 25- Microsoft Corp put its Surface tablet center stage at its Windows 8 launch event, hoping the sleek new device will spark a fightback against Apple Inc and Google Inc in the exploding mobile computing market.
SEATTLE-- An 87- year-old Seattle real-estate developer and his wife now face dozens of charges, one day after they were arrested in the French Alps. The U.S. attorney's office in Seattle said Thursday that a 43- count grand jury indictment accuses Michael Mastro and his wife, Linda, of concealing a bank account of more than $760,000 from his creditors.
The latest numbers show that young adults 25-29 are the primary out-of-state movers; they had the biggest gain in 13 years as they struck out on their own to test the job market in urban, high-tech meccas such as Washington, D.C.; Denver; Portland, Ore.; Seattle; and Austin, Texas.
NEW YORK-- Analysts expect Amazon.com Inc. to report another quarter of double-digit revenue growth Thursday after the market closes. Susquehanna analyst Herman Leung expects Amazon to meet Wall Street's expectations and give "conservative" guidance for the holiday shopping season. Amazon's stock rose $1.70 to $230.19 in premarket trading Thursday.
SEATTLE-- Alaska Airlines' parent company more than doubled third-quarter profit as traffic grew and its planes were fuller. Alaska Air Group Inc. said Thursday that net income rose to $163.4 million, or $2.27 per share, compared with $77.5 million, or $1.06 per share, a year ago. The figures include Alaska Airlines and Horizon Air.
SEATTLE, Oct 24- Firm sales numbers for Microsoft Corp's Windows 8 and its new Surface tablet will not be available for three months, but it may be clear long before then if it has a hit on its hands.
SEATTLE-- A Seattle real-estate developer who vanished with his wife after a judge demanded they hand over two huge diamonds was arrested Wednesday in a lake town in the French Alps. Police arrested Michael Mastro, 87, and his wife, Linda, at the request of American authorities, said Kayla Celaya, a supervisory deputy with the U.S.
SEATTLE-- An elderly, bankrupt Seattle real-estate developer who vanished with his wife after a judge demanded they hand over two huge diamonds was arrested Wednesday in a lake town in the French Alps. Police arrested Michael Mastro, 87, and his wife, Linda, at the request of American authorities, said Kayla Celaya, a supervisory deputy with the U.S.
LONDON, Oct 24- Prime Minister David Cameron said on Wednesday he was unhappy with the level of tax avoidance by big corporations working in Britain and urged authorities to make sure all companies paid their fair share of tax.
SEATTLE-- About a thousand more international students are enrolled at the University of Washington's Seattle campus this fall, but school officials say that doesn't mean they have cut back on the number of in-state students at the state's most selective public university.
NEW YORK-- Amazon.com is expected to post yet another double-digit revenue increase when it reports its third-quarter results Thursday. WHAT TO WATCH FOR: Amazon's forecast for the current quarter will be important.
SEATTLE-- Michael Henrichsen has ideas about how he might celebrate his 26th birthday this week. First, Billy Idol rolls up in a limo and tells him to hop in.
Starbucks opened its first store in India Friday in Mumbai as the Seattle- based coffee giant seeks growth in a market long associated with tea drinkers. LOCAL GUIDE: Starbucks' partner in India is the salt-to-SUVs Tata conglomerate. The venture will open more stores in Mumbai this year and expand to New Delhi next year.
MUMBAI, India-- Starbucks inaugurated its first store in India Friday in a historic building in southern Mumbai as the Seattle- based coffee giant seeks growth in a market long associated with tea drinkers. After over six years of studying the local market, Starbucks is making a rapid-fire entry into Asia's third-largest economy.
MUMBAI, India-- Starbucks has opened its first store in India in an historic building in south Mumbai as the Seattle- based coffee giant seeks growth in a market long associated with tea drinkers. Chief executive Howard Schultz says India, along with China, are "at the core" of the company's growth strategy.
"If we can get this fruit harvested, it's a perfect storm for Washington," said Todd Fryhover, president of the Apple Growers Association. " Washington is likely to have a harvest of 108 million bushels, its second highest number on record, industry representatives said.
SEATTLE-- More than 100 reporters, photographers, designers and other staffers signed a letter protesting The Seattle Times Co.' s decision to support the campaigns of Republican gubernatorial candidate Rob McKenna and a gay marriage referendum.
SEATTLE-- King County Executive Dow Constantine and Seattle Mayor Mike McGinn signed legislation Tuesday on the funding plan for construction of an arena that could be used to lure the NBA back to Seattle. Other investors include Microsoft Chief Executive Steve Ballmer and two members of the Nordstrom department store family.

subset: commoncrawl


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Amara Kaaviyam (U)
Release Date
05 Sep 2014
Amara Kaaviyam (English: Immortal masterpiece) is an Tamil romantic movie directed by Jeeva Shankar and produced by actor Arya. The film features Arya's ...
Go to: Amara Kaaviyam Cast & Crew
I like the Movie extremely until the murder. After that i' can't continue to watch.I won't appreciate the climax. May be the movie reflect the real situations. But I never saw a love story end like this in cinema. Really I got headache after watched the movie.Really a super love story the climax is not good. Basically I like happy endings.
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Trellis 5-pc. Floral & Striped Daybed Set
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Lounge in luxury with this Trellis daybed set.
- Quilted floral cover and shams offer classic charm.
- Striped accents provide timeless appeal.
- Cotton construction promises constant comfort.
- Details:
- 5-piece set
- Set includes: 1 cover, 1 bedskirt & 3 standard shams
- Cover: 39" x 75"
- Bedskirt: 15" drop
- Cotton
- Machine wash
- Imported
- Promotional offers available online at Kohls.com may vary from those offered in Kohl's stores.
Our hassle-free return policy means worry-free shopping.
- Return any item, anytime, for any reason.
- No receipt? No problem. We'll take care of you.
- Yes, you can return it in store (even if you bought it online!).
Rated 5 out of 5Â by SamiSS I love this comforter set, it is very high quality, and I really like the color! 05/19/2015
Rated 5 out of 5Â by FirstCoastShopper Good Product for the Price Product is good for the price. Ordered the Chocolate. Color as expected. Traditional bedding. Nothing fancy. Perfect for my spare room. Fit the bed as expected. Would definately recommend for a spare bedroom. 06/27/2013
Rated 5 out of 5Â by design4 Phenomemal The product is great; better than a regular bedspread for a twin size bed; color is a happy warm neutral; very compatible with all decor & styles 01/18/2011
Rated 5 out of 5Â by squack so elegant yet simple I absolutely love this daybed set. I received mine in sage and it is just beautiful. I had just painted my walls a Reubarb color and it is just lovely together. The fit is fabulous. I ordered some gold throw pillows to go with it and it is just wonderful. It just fits the daybed like a glove. You won't be sorry if you order this. I'm so excited with my purchase and so very satisfied! Thank you Kohls for another great item! 06/24/2011
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Sara Duckworth wants to
To Get the Show Back on Television
To Get the Show Back on Television
Athena a miniature Dachshund - tortured, and killed on camera...
Sign this petition to pressure the government of Argentina to release Arturo
Many animals who are advertised on Craigslist are abused and are sometimes even killed—as a result of these ads.
K9 Karr is not Property, he is an Officer who needs to retire!
Puppy Doe was brutally tortured and in her memory we want to help animals.


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Family Practitioner, Primary Care Doctor
23 years of experience
Accepting new patients
23 years of experience
Accepting new patients
518 W 1st Ave
Toppenish, WA 98948 Phone number & directions
Toppenish, WA 98948 Phone number & directions
License & Identifications
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Learn more about Dr. Kyle Heisey:
View the full profile to get information on:
- Qualifications
- What's important to you
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Patient Reviews
Have you visited Dr. Heisey? Share your experience.
Write a Review
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Specialties & Research
Dr. Kyle Heisey, MD is board certified in Family Medicine.
Education & Awards
Dr. Heisey graduated from Pennsylvania State University, Hershey. He has 2 awards.
Dr. Heisey has 2 hospital affiliations:
- Toppenish Community Hospital
- Providence Health Center - Waco
- Spanish
Home > Find a Family Doctor > WA > Toppenish Family Physicians > Dr. Kyle Heisey, MD
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- Additional Information
- Dr. Kyle Heisey MD is a male Family Practitioner, has 23 years of experience and practices in Family Medicine.
- Where does Dr. Kyle Heisey practice?
- Dr. Kyle Heisey has 3 office locations.
Dr. Kyle Heisey practices Family Medicine near Toppenish, WA.
Additional practice locations include: Yakima, WA and Wapato, WA.
See Toppenish Family Physicians.


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DanielG Photographer
Amy Gonzalez16Model Female North Ogden, Utah, US My MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/amyruckergonzalez
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About MeI would love to meet new people, and have wonderful, growing experiences. I learn fast, am intrigued by many people and things. I am reliable, and I would love to document my life by doing the things that I love; by doing modeling, it helps capture parts of my life and interests.
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News Express, the New Delhi, India, based national broadcaster and a division of the Sai Prasad Group of companies, has purchased a Quantel Enterprise sQ production system to power its new all-HD national news broadcasting operation, which is slated to go on-air in July 2011.
News Express selected the Quantel solution based on its speed to air and low cost of ownership. News Express plans to produce 12 30-minute news bulletins a day with the system. Stories will be contributed from 25 bureaus around the sub-continent. The system also will be used to produce other channel output, including regular 20-minute documentaries.
The Enterprise sQ system is configured with 350 hours of DVCPRO 100 storage and 10 sQ View and sQ Cut journalist viewing and desktop editing applications. These will run as Active-X applications within an ENPS newsroom computer system. Craft editing will be handled by 10 Final Cut Pro editors, fully integrated into the Quantel workflow. Ingest will be done with Quantel sQ Load (files) and sQ Record (video) applications, and playout will run under OmniBus Colossus automation.
"The key competitive advantage in news is getting to air first, and the Quantel solution has by far the fastest flight time in the industry, so they are the natural choice for our new channel," said Balasaheb Bhakpar, chairman and managing director of Sai Prasad Group. The Enterprise sQ system is being supplied through Shaf Broadcast, Quantel's Indian reseller.
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North Metro Television Goes Wireless with Comrex LiveShot
Spectra Logic and HauteSpot Networks Introduce Body-Worn Camera Video Surveillance Solution
Huge Ultra HD Display Lights Up Times Square


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Tyson Fury
Warren: Price won't be facing winner of Chisora-Fury
Liverpool's David Price will not be in the running to fight the winner out of premier heavyweights Dereck Chisora and Tyson Fury said promoter Frank Warren.
Price's promoter Kalle Sauerland had said that it was 'inevitable' that Price would face the winner of Chisora and Fury, but Warren has said that won't happen.
Bitter rivals Chisora and Fury clash in the biggest domestic heavyweight showdown in recent years at the Phones 4 U Arena in Manchester on Saturday 26th July, with the winner securing the WBO number one spot to challenge reigning world champion Wladimir Klitschko. Continue reading
Michael Gomez Jnr. makes his pro debut on Chisora-Fury card
The sombreros and Speedy Gonzalez Mexican Hat Dance tune are back!
Michael Gomez lit up the Manchester fight scene in the late 90s with his thrilling performances and legion of loyal fans throwing their sombreros in the air after watching their hero storm to victory.
Now his son Michael Gomez Jnr., 19, carries on the family tradition when he makes his professional debut on the undercard of the big Dereck Chisora v Tyson Fury card on Saturday 26th July at the Phones 4 U Arena in Manchester. Continue reading
Fury: I'd knock out Chisora and Wach on the same night
Heavyweight destroyer Tyson Fury says that he could knock out Dereck Chisora and his sparring partner Mariusz Wach on the same night.
The Manchester giant was enraged after Polish star Wach, Chisora's chief sparring partner, said yesterday that the Finchley banger could knock out Fury early when they clash at the Phones 4 U Arena on Saturday 26th July.
Chisora and Fury collide in the biggest domestic heavyweight rematch in recent years with the winner securing the WBO number one spot to world champion Wladimir Klitschko, plus the Vacant British title and Chisora's European title are on the line. Continue reading
Chisora Could Ko Fury Early Says Wach
Dereck Chisora's chief sparring partner, former world heavyweight title challenger Mariusz Wach, says the Finchley puncher could knock out Tyson Fury early when they clash in Manchester next month.
The 6ft 7½in Polish giant started at Chisora's north London camp yesterday and will spar with Del Boy for the next four weeks as helps him prepare for his crucial WBO World Heavyweight title eliminator and British and European title showdown at the Phones 4 U Arena on Saturday 26th July.
Wach extended unified World heavyweight champion Wladimir Klitschko the distance in November 2012, losing on the judges' scorecards, but he gave Klitschko a scare in the sixth round with a big right hand that sent the Ukrainian reeling to the ropes. Continue reading
Fury – Chisora VIP tickets
As the clock counts down to the explosive showdown between Dereck Chisora and Tyson Fury on Saturday 26th September at Manchester's Phones 4 U Arena, Promoter Frank Warren is delighted to introduce a limited number of VIP Hospitality Packages for the big night. Continue reading
Video: Tyson Fury talks Chisora, Haye, Wilder, Klitschko and his Gypsy Curse
BritishBoxers.co.uk caught up with the enjoyable and entertaining Tyson Fury; the young man who is clearly working hard, thinking about his future, and is learning to have fun with the media. Tyson admits to hating press conferences, "Being lucky" in every single one of his fights, having limited skills, being scared of Dereck Chisora, and to simply "being in it for the money". He even attributes his wins to a mysterious Gypsy Curse. And if you believe any of it, I've got some magic beans I want to sell you.
Tyson talks candidly (does he know any other way?) about Wladimir Klitschko not wanting to spar him, Deontay Wilder being more deserving of a world title shot than himself, and says he is up for a fight with David Haye despite a fight between the pair already falling through twice before. Continue reading
talkSPORT to broadcast Chisora vs Fury fight live
talkSPORT, the world's biggest sports radio station, will broadcast live radio commentary of the upcoming huge heavyweight showdown between Dereck Chisora and Tyson Fury. Continue reading
Chisora Trainer Charles: There is no way we will lose twice to Fury
Dereck Chisora's trainer Don Charles says that there is no way his man will lose a second time to Tyson Fury on Saturday 26th July at the Phones 4 U Arena in Manchester.
Charles is preparing Chisora for the most crucial fight of his career with the European and British Heavyweight titles on the line plus the winner getting the number one spot to challenge reigning WBO king Wladimir Klitschko. Continue reading
Video: Tyson Fury Opens Bolton Gym
Heavyweight boxing star Tyson Fury, along with trainer Peter Fury, undefeated cousin Hughie and other members of the Team Fury entourage will all be on hand to open their brand new Bolton boxing HQ on Wednesday May 14.
Developed in conjunction with the Platinum Sports and Events Management Company headed by Asif Vali, The Platinum Community Centre will boast state-of-the-art training facilities to help develop future amateur and pro champions.
"We're really excited about getting this Team Fury gym up and running," said Peter Fury recently. "It's been a lot of hard work in the making but we're there now and the set-up is fantastic. Tyson and the rest of the team will be based there and hopefully the gym will soon have its first world champ." Continue reading
Chisora and Fury Pulled Apart by Security at Heated Public Head to Head
Heavyweight rivals Dereck Chisora and Tyson Fury had to be forcibly pulled apart by security during their public head to head today at the Printworks in Manchester, ahead of their WBO World Heavyweight title Final Eliminator on Saturday 26th July at Manchester's Phones 4 U Arena.
During the event Chisora was angered at Fury's recent Twitter comments which accused the Finchley man of using anabolic steroids, which was followed by a heated face to face exchange where both men had to be separated.
The bad blood then spilled over into a separate spat between Chisora and a member of Fury's family who was being vocal about his feelings whilst standing amongst the 600+ attending crowd. Continue reading


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By funnybunnyy
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By hulu
Every meow and then we run across funny cat pictures when we're putting together these galleries, it's just that it's rare to find anything cat related on the internet. You can imagine how excited we were to find 25 of these. Some aren't necessarily cat fails, moreso crappy owner fails.
PCPer's Battlefield 4 Mantle performance. DiskDigger undeletes your Android files! Dealing with viruses & external drives.
Today on Hard News, Angry Birds spin-off to revolve around the pink bird Stella, an anonymous user exploits a glitch in the Playstation Plus subscription, and Nordic Games to release a Darksiders collection.


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The Top 10 In Action Sports
01Brick By Brick: Camping Lego Style
02Booze and Bikes: 14 Tours That Let Combine Two of the Best Things in the World
03Who Needs Hollywood? These Incredible Videos Were All Filmed on the Simplest Cameras
04Sam Pilgrim vs. The World: The Champion Aiming To Reclaim His Crown In A New Era Of Biking
05Eccentric Adventures Episode 2: Britain's Most Brutal Illegal Event is All About Cheese
06A Journey Into Darkness: We Went Mountain Biking in the Abandoned Mines of Slovenia
07After the Apocalypse: Inside The World's Most Breathtaking Ghost Towns
08Debate: Let's Stop Hating On Parents Who Want To Raise Adventurous Kids
09Guns, Roses, And Eating Insects: Adventure Cycling in Vietnam
10From Intense Trails to Intensive Care: Dicing with Death In a Mountain Biking Paradise
Arnaud Tonus // Shaun Simpson // Hawkstone International 2012
A Motocross video by chewymedia - 32,386 views
Monster Energy rider Arnaud Tonus took total domination at the famous Hawkstone Park. Watch as he and his team mate Shaun Simpson rode exceptionally for the British season opener. Film Produced by chewymedia.
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- Marketing and Sales Reps
Sports Minded- Marketing- Sales – Entry Level
Entry Level Sales and Marketing Associate :: Full Training Provided
Our rapid expansion has created opportunities for growth and advancement for our Entry Level Sales and Marketing Associates. We develop them into future Sales and Marketing Directors through our training program. They will then go onto lead and manage our new offices.
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A database object summarization tool is provided that selects a subset of database objects subject to filtering constraints such as a partial order or optimization of some attribute. A dominance primitive filters out tuples that are dominated according to a partial order constraint by another tuple. A representation primitive selects a representative subset of tuples such than an optimization criteria is met.
1. At least one computer-readable media having instructions stored thereon for generating a database operator that selects a subset of a plurality of database objects having associated attributes, the database operator comprising:
a partial order specification module that receives a workload, the workload including a plurality of database objects, wherein the partial order specification module determines a first subset of database objects and a second subset of database objects in the plurality of database objects of the workload, the first subset of database objects comprising database objects that dominate at least one database object in the second subset of database objects; and
a database object subset selection module that generates a summarized workload by:
determining a third subset of database objects within the second subset of database objects that dominate at least one database object in the first subset of database objects;
combining the first subset of database objects and the third subset of database objects to generate the summarized workload;
outputting the summarized workload.
2. The computer-readable media of
3. The computer-readable media of
4. The computer-readable media of
5. The computer-readable media of
6. The computer-readable media of
7. The computer-readable media of
8. The computer-readable media of
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11. The computer-readable media of
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18. The computer-readable media of
19. The computer-readable media of
20. The computer-readable media of
21. The computer-readable media of
22. A method that selects a subset of database objects from a plurality of database objects having associated attributes comprising:
accessing two or more database objects from the plurality of database objects, wherein the database objects comprise database statements from a database workload;
inputting a partial order criterion for at least one attribute associated with the two or more database objects;
applying the partial order criteria to the two or more database objects to identify at least one master database object, the at least one master database object dominating at least one other database object in the plurality of database objects;
identifying a subset of master database objects that are dominated by at least one other database object in the plurality of database objects;
generating a subset of database objects including the identified master database objects dominating at least one other database object in the plurality of database objects minus the subset of master database objects that are dominated by at least one other database object in the plurality of database objects; and
outputting the generated subset of database objects.
23. The method of
24. The method of
25. The method of
26. The method of
27. One or more computer-readable media comprising computer executable instructions for performing the method of
28. The method of
identifying the at least one master database object based on a condition based on attributes of the at least one master database object; and
identifying the at least one other database object in the plurality of database objects, wherein the at least one other database object in the plurality of database objects includes a condition based on at least one attribute.
29. The method of
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35. The method of
36. The method of
37. One or more computer readable media having computer-executable instructions stored thereon for selecting a subset of a plurality of database objects having associated attributes, the instructions comprising:
inputting a partial order criterion for an attribute to determine a master database object in the plurality of database objects that dominates at least one aassociated slave database object in the plurality of database objects, wherein the database objects comprise database statements from a database workload; and
applying the partial order criterion to the database object attributes to identify a first subset of database objects and a second subset of database objects in the plurality of database objects, the first subset including master database objects and the second subset including associated slave database objects;
eliminating all slave database objects that do not dominate their associated master database object from the second subset to obtain a modified second subset of database objects;
generating a third subset of the plurality of database objects including the first subset of database objects and the modified second subset of database objects; and
outputting the third subset of the plurality of database objects.
38. The computer readable media of
39. The computer readable media of
40. The computer readable media of
41. The computer readable media of
42. The computer readable media of
43. The computer readable media of
44. The computer readable media of
45. The computer readable media of
identifying the at least one master database object based on a condition based on attributes of the at least one master database object; and
identifying the at least one associated slave database object in the plurality of database objects, wherein the at least one associated slave database object in the plurality of database objects includes a condition based on at least one attribute.
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54. An apparatus for selecting a subset of database objects from a plurality of database objects having associated attributes comprising:
at least one processor;
a component for accessing two or more database objects from the plurality of database objects;
a component for inputting a partial order criterion for at least one attribute associated with the two or more database objects;
a component for applying the partial order criteria to the two or more database objects to identify at least one master database object, the at least one master database object dominating at least one other database object in the plurality of database objects, wherein the database objects comprise database statements from a database workload;
a component for identifying a subset of master database objects that are dominated by at least one other database object in the plurality of database objects;
a component for generating a subset of database objects including the identified master database objects dominating at least one other database object in the plurality of database objects minus the subset of master database objects that are dominated by at least one other database object in the plurality of database objects; and
a component for outputting the generated subset of database objects.
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The invention pertains generally to the field of database management and more particularly to operators for use in constructing a summary of database statements or objects.
The past few years have seen the emergence of a large class of tasks that benefit from analysis of SQL workload information. Some examples of such tasks are database administration and understanding user/application behavior. The problem of collecting a SQL workload is facilitated by profiling tools provided by commercial database vendors that log SQL activity on the server over a representative period of time. However, little attention has been paid to understanding the requirements for analysis of the collected workload.
In analyzing workloads, it is helpful to identify a small representative subset that captures the essence of the large workload that has been logged using automated tools. There are multiple reasons why picking such a small representative subset is necessary. First, the resources needed to accomplish tasks such as index tuning grows with increasing sizes of workloads. There is a significant benefit to be gained by "filtering" the workload before it is fed to these tasks, while not compromising its characteristics. A second motivation for identifying a small representative subset is the necessity of having to meaningfully summarize data for viewing by DBAs or analysts. It is important to be able to offer relatively small representative synopses of the workload, before "drilling down" to identify the queries of interest.
A simple way to obtain a representative subset is to pick a uniform random sample of the workload. While sampling is conceptually simple, and, in fact, useful in many situations, a DBA may like to obtain a representative subset that has additional constraints, e.g., pick a representative workload with the 100 most expensive queries while ensuring that every table in the database occurs in at least 5 queries. Thus, the specification for picking a representative subset for a workload (henceforth called a "summary") depends on the task at hand and, more often than not, sampling in itself is not adequate.
Recently, several tools have emerged that exploit knowledge of the database workload for a variety of tasks such as physical design tuning, feedback based optimization, and approximate query processing. There has also been work on classifying database workloads, such as OLTP vs DSS, so as to enable automatic tuning and configuration of database system parameters based on workload type. Typically, workloads collected by today's database profiling tools can be very large (millions of statements), whereas most of the above tools work efficiently for relatively small workload sizes.
The concept of workload compression has been introduced to find a smaller workload whose use results in the same application quality as when the original workload is used. Workload compression requires applications to specify custom distance functions that quantify how close two statements in the workload are. Providing such distance functions may not be easy for all applications. REDWAR allows simple aggregations over the structure and complexity of SQL statements and transaction run-time behavior. A variety of techniques for producing a workload model have also been presented. However, the "representativeness" of these workload models varies.
A database object summarization tool is provided that selects a subset of database objects subject to constraints such as a partial order or optimization of some aggregate over one or more attributes. The subset is a summary of the database objects that can be useful for better understanding the database without the need for examining the entire set of database objects.
The object selection criterion can be a partial order criterion for an attribute, such one or more transitive inequality conditions, whereby a master database object dominates an associated slave database object. An operator with this type of object selection criterion can include a dominance aggregation module that, for a master database object, aggregates information about slave database objects that the master database object dominates.
The object selection criterion can be an optimization criterion that is an aggregate over a database object attribute. The optimization criterion can be the minimization or maximization of an aggregate over one or more attributes. A global constraint can be input to the operator on the attributes of the database objects in the subset. A local constraint be input on the attributes of the database objects in the subset for each partition. A filter constraint can be imposed with respect to any database object in the subset. In one embodiment, the operator includes a database object ranking module that specifies an order, based on attribute values, in which database objects are accessed by the operator for possible selection to the subset.
The database objects can be database statements from a database workload presented according to a workload schema. The partitioning module can hash database objects on the partitioning attribute.
A natural approach to summarizing workload information is to express the specification for a summary workload as a SQL statement over the entire workload represented in a relational database. However, today's SQL provides limited support for conveniently specifying such summary workloads. Two primitive operators will be described herein that support workload analysis. As with traditional filtering, both these primitives take as input a set of statements and output a subset of those statements. The first primitive, "dominance", allows filtering based on a partial order among the statements in the workload. Thus, statements that are "dominated" by other statements in the workload (as determined by the partial order) are filtered out. For example, when considering workload summarization for the index-selection task, whenever two queries Q1 and Q2 are identical in all respects except in their GROUP BY clause, and if Q1 contains a superset of the GROUP BY columns of Q2, it could be determined that Q1 dominates Q2 since the indexes chosen for Q1 are likely to be adequate for Q2 as well.
The second primitive, called "representation", is a form of combinatorial optimization. It allows specification of a subset of the workload such that a certain objective function ( any aggregate expression over an attribute) is maximized or minimized, subject to a set of constraints. For example, in the index selection task, it may be advantageous to constrain the output to no more than 1000 statements in the workload, while trying to maximize "coverage" (such as total execution time of all statements in the output) of the workload. It should also be noted that both the dominance and representation primitives need to be able to provide aggregate information as well. For example, the count of the total number statements a dominating statement in the workload has dominated would be advantageous.
The primitives of dominance and representation, while described herein in the context of workload summarization are useful in a variety of other scenarios. The dominance primitive is a generalization of the Skyline operator that has been proposed, but not yet included, in SQL and implementation of the dominance primitive can leverage algorithms that have been proposed for implementing the Skyline operator, as will be described in more detail below. Implementing the representation primitive in SQL requires consideration of trade-offs between functionality and complexity. While the representation primitive can potentially have wide usage, in its full generality requires solution of the Integer Programming problem that is known to be NP-hard. While several algorithms are known for solving the IP problem, their integration into SQL directly can result in a very heavyweight operator whose usefulness on large data sets may be rather limited. Thus, an alternative, simpler, implementation in SQL is described that allows efficient and scalable implementation. This simple extension appears to be adequate for many common summarization tasks.
The queries that are presented to the database are logged as the query processing system's workload 115. It is expected that the workload is stored according to a workload schema like the one depicted in
A workload summarization tool 120 inputs the set of queries in the workload which are expressed according to the workload schema to construct a subset of the queries that makes up a workload summary 130. The workload summary 130 is intended to include queries that in some way subsume or represent other queries in the workload which are not included in the workload summary. To select these queries, the workload summarization tool provides a set of operators to a user for acting upon the queries in the workload to select a satisfactory subset. One database component that could advantageously use the workload summary 130 is the physical design tool 140. The physical design tool 140 enumerates candidate physical design structures based on queries in the workload and can benefit from a workload summary as described below.
Workloads often consist of different templates that are invoked repeatedly with different parameters. Within each template, relationships between the queries can be leveraged to filter out some of the queries before inputting them to the physical design tool 140. For example, whenever two queries Qi and Qj are identical in all respects except their GROUP BY clause, and if Qi.GroupBy Cols ⊂ Qj.GroupByCols and Qi. OrderByCols is a prefix of Qj. OrderByCols, Qi could be filtered from the workload prior to inputting it to the physical design tool 140, since indexes that are beneficial for Qj are likely to be adequate for Qi as well. After this filtering step, a summary workload could be selected such that each template receives adequate representation that is proportional to the number of statements in each template. Finally, the workload summary could be limited to nom more than 1000 queries such that the sum of the Weight attribute is maximized, i.e., as much of the total weight of the original workload as possible is captured.
Another application for workload summarization is in finding queries that are potential resource bottlenecks. Queries that are responsible for consuming the most CPU, I/O, or memory resources are often of interest to DBAs. It would be helpful then to find the smallest subset of queries that covers at least 50% of CPUTotal, IOTotal, and MemoryTotal.
Workload summarization can also be used to identify columns for potential building or updating of statistics. For this task, queries with a large discrepancy between the optimizer's estimated time and the actual execution time or having large errors in cardinality estimation are sought. Statements could be filtered out that do not have at least 50% error in cardinality estimation or take less than one second to execution. The remaining statements could be partitioned based on the tables referenced (FromTables attribute) and join conditions down the columns that could benefit from the creation/update of statistics by eliminating statements which have a super set of the columns involved in some other statement. Five or less statements could be selected per partition such that no more than a total of 100 statements in contained in the summary, while maximizing the total value of CostRatio (defined as ExecutionCost/EstimatedCost) over the statements in the summary.
A workload summarization tool 120 that can achieve the above objectives can be implemented with three primitive operators: filtering, dominance, and representation. Filtering is a traditional operator that eliminates any statement in the workload that does not satisfy a given Boolean Expression. An atomic condition in the filter is any predicate on an attribute of the workload schema. For example, the filtering operator can be used to filter out statements with low errors in cardinality estimation or with low execution times.
The dominance primitive can be used to specify a partial order among statements in the workload. Moreover, this partial order is used also as a filtering and aggregation operator (as will described below). In particular, for any pair of statements S1 and S2 in the workload, if per the partial order S1 is "dominated by" S2, then S1 must be filtered from the output of the dominance operator, with the exception of the case when S1 dominates S2 and S2 dominates S1. In the latter case, S1 and S2 are considered equivalent, and it is acceptable to include either one (but not both) in the output. Thus, the semantics of dominance is that it outputs a smallest subset such that every statement not included in the output is dominated by some statement in the output.
The specification of the partial order, or equivalently the test for whether a statement is dominated by another statement, is expressed by a conjunction of conditions on the attributes of the statements. In general, some of the conditions will be strict equality conditions, and the rest will be partial order conditions. The attributes mentioned in the strict equality conditions are referred to as partitioning attributes associated with the dominance primitive. The strict equality conditions in the first example above are that FromTables, JoinConds, and WhereCols of both statements are identical, and the partial order conditions are: (1) GroupByCols of the first statement is a subset of GroupByCols of the second statement: (2) OrderByCols of the first statement is a prefix of OrderByCols of the second statement. The strict equality conditions imply a partitioning of the statements. Note also, that if in this example, two statements in the workload have the same group by and order by columns, then either of them (but not both) may be included in the output.
The dominance relationship is illustrated graphically in
As noted above, the dominance primitive also represents aggregation. With every statement S in the output of the dominance operator, aggregation information over the statements that were dominated by S could be included. Each such specified aggregate becomes a new attribute, which will be referred to as a dominance-based aggregate attribute of each statement output by the dominance primitive. A dominance-based aggregate attribute corresponding to an output statement S is the SUM or COUNT function (or, in principle, any other aggregate function) applied to any attribute, over all the statements that were eliminated by S, and including S itself. Note that such a statement can be dominated by two different statements, neither of which dominates the other. In
Referring now to
Representation can specify a partitioning of the input to be used, so that constraints can be specified at a per-partition level. Partitioning is similar to a GROUP BY, in that each partition corresponds to all statements that have the same values for all the partitioning attributes.
The optimization criteria can be specified in one of the following forms: (1) Minimize an aggregate over an attribute, e.g., the number of statements in the output, subject to the constraints; or (2) Maximize an aggregate over an attribute, e.g., maximize the sum of ExecutionCost subject to the constraints.
Global constraints are constraints on an aggregate computed over the entire output set of statements. Any condition expression involving aggregates over any of the attributes of the input can be used as a global constraint. Referring to the first example above, the requirement that the chosen statements should cover at least 75% of the total ExecutionCost of statements in the input workload is a global constraint.
Local constraints are identical to global constraints, except that the constraint applies to each individual partition. For example, it could be specified that every partition should contain enough output statements to cover at lest 75% of the total statements in that partition.
Filter constraints are constraints that apply to each individual statement chosen by the representation process. A statement not satisfying the filter constraint may not be a part of the output. A filter constraint may involve aggregate expressions computed over partitions for the entire input workload. For example, a filter constraint could require that every statement chosen has an execution cost at least 30% higher that the average execution cost for its partition.
A workload summarization tool can be implemented with an extension of SQL that allows a user to declaratively specify workload summarization tasks. The proposed extension of SQL is referred to herein as WAL (Workload Analysis Language). The overall structure of a query in WAL is shown below:
The SELECT clause is similar to that of any SQL query. It permits the specification of a subset of the attributes in the workload schema, together with other aggregates. In addition, dominance-based aggregate attributes can be defined in this clause. Dominance-based aggregates are similar to aggregates computed for each group specified by the GROUP BY clause of a traditional SQL query. The difference is that, for each output statement S, the aggregate is computed over the set of all statements dominated by S. These aggregates are defined by prefixing DOM to the traditional keywords for computing aggregates. For example, DOMSUM(ExecutionCost) returns, for each statement S output by the dominance primitive, the sum of the ExecutionCost of all statements dominated by S, including S itself. Thus for each aggregate function (e.g., SUM, COUNT) in SQL, there is a corresponding dominance-based aggregate function. The scope of such an attribute is the block defined by the SELECT clause. Thus this attribute can be referenced in the REPRESENT clause in a constraint.
The FROM clause simply specifies a single table or view. In the context of workload summarization, it is implicit that this table or view conforms to the workload schema. The view may itself be an arbitrary SQL query whose result conforms to the workload schema. For example, traditional SQL operators such as UNION, DIFFERENCE etc., could be used to combine two or more workloads. In SQL, the WHERE clause is permitted to be an arbitrary Boolean condition applicable to each tuple of the table or view specified in the FROM clause.
The syntax of the DOMINATE clause is:
Thus, the strict equality dominance conditions are specified by the shorthand PARTITIONING BY (<attr-list>). This is followed by the conditions that define the partial order. All conditions are implicitly ANDed. Logically, each condition for the partial order is specified by a comparison operator (e.g., <) and an attribute over which the comparison condition is applied. It should be noted that SLAVE.Attr Op MASTER.Attr is a syntactic redundancy to make the query examples herein more readable. For the purposes of this description, MASTER and SLAVE are keywords and Op is restricted to any comparison operator that is transitive.
Referring to
The REPRESENT clause allows specification of the representation primitive. In particular, it allows specification of the partitioning attributes, the objective function to be maximized or minimized, and the constraints the output must satisfy.
The optional PARTITIONING BY specifies a set of attributes on which to partition the statements in the workload. It should be noted that LOCAL CONSTRAINTs are meant to be used only if PARTITIONING BY is specified.
<aggr-expr> is an aggregate expression of the form Aggregate(Attribute) that is to be maximized (or minimized) subject to specified constraints, and can be referred to as the optimization criterion. Aggregate can be the SUM or COUNT aggregate function.
<filter-constraint> is a condition of the form (Attr Op Expression). <global-constraint> and <local-constraint> are both conditions of theform (Aggregate(Attr) Op Expression). In all these constraints, Expression can involve constants, aggregates on an attribute computed over the entire set of statements in put to the representation primitive (obtained by prefixing the aggregate by the keyword GLBOAL), or aggregates computed over the set of tuples within a partition (obtain by prefixing the aggregate with the keyword (LOCAL). LOCAL can only be used in a filter or local constraint, and not in a global constraint.
The following examples illustrate several workload summarization tasks expressed as queries WAL. These examples highlight the expressiveness and usefulness of the primitives exposed in a declarative interface. The first three examples correspond to the three examples discussed above. For purposes of the examples, WorkladTable is the name of the table containing the workload statements according to the schema in
The following sequence of commands prepares a workload for input to an index selection tool like the physical design tool 140 in
The following series of commands finds queries that are potential performance bottlenecks.
The following series of commands identifies columns for potential building or updating of statistics.
The following series of commands obtains a summary of the workload for use in building samples of the database for approximate processing of aggregation queries. In this example, among all queries in each partition specified in the representation clause, at most 10 queries are requested. The total number of queries cannot exceed 500, while maximizing the total weight of all queries that are selected.
The following sequence of commands finds queries in each application with a low relative index usage. A subset is sought of at most 100 queries in the workload maximizing total execution cost suttee that, for each application, a subset of queries is selected that has a lower-than-average index usage despite having a higher-than-average number of tables references compared to other queries from the application.
Although the dominance and representation primitives present in this description are described in the context of workload summarization, the applicability of these operators is not limited to workload summarization. The following examples illustrate other domains where these operators could be useful in complementing existing analysis techniques in the respective domains.
Scenario 1
A company mails product catalogs to its customers. The company has a fixed budget for mailing costs. The concept of dominance can help in the scenario as follows: to avoid sending multiple catalogs to a single address, the company considers all customers with the same address as equivalent, and will pick one customer at that address, for example, the person in the household with the highest income. To maximize the expected benefit from the mailing, the company may like to select a subset of customers with the largest total "importance", which could be measured by the amount of money spent in the past. Representation is useful for specifying such a subset while not exceeding the mailing-cost budget (a global constraint), and ensuring that one customer is picked from each address (a local constraint).
Scenario 2
Web pages are often personalized based on user profiles. When a user requests a web page, only a fixed number k of targeted ads can typically be displayed on that page. The concept of partitioning and local constraints can be useful to specify that at most two ads from each category (such as food, jewelry, books, etc.) should be chosen. Dominance can be useful in specifying whether, within a category (based on the user's profile), the expensive items or the inexpensive items should dominate. Representation is necessary since the company running the web site wishes to pick a subset of ads such that a certain objective function (e.g., the likelihood of click-throughs) is maximized, while not exceeding the global constraint of k ads.
Scenario 3
In a web community scenario an incoming question needs to be answered by locating a certain set of "experts" on the subject. The goal is to provide a timely response from as highly rated an expert as possible. For cost effectiveness, no more than n experts should be requested for any given question. Dominance can be useful to partition experts according to different time zones in order to improve the probability of providing a quick response. Within each zone, a person having a higher expertise rating and lower average response time as "dominating" any other expert with a lower rating and higher average response time. Representation can be useful for specifying that the subset of at most n experts is selected while the sum of expertise is maximized, subject to having at least one expert from each partition.
The following description will detail a possible implementation of the primitives dominance and representation in SQL, assuming that the syntax for exposing dominance and representation is as described above.
A partitioning module 122 partitions the workload queries on a partitioning attribute that is part of the selection criteria. Partitioning is significant because both dominance and representation are specified with partitioning attributes. The partitioning of the input can be achieved either by hashing or by sort-based methods, which can exploit indexes or existing orders on the input. Once the input is partition, dominance and representation may need to be invoked within each partition 124. Techniques from group-wise processing can be leveraged for implementation of the dominance and special forms of representation. The result of the overall query is the union over the results of the sub-query over each partition, which is applied as a filter 125 on the queries in each partition.
The physical operator necessary for the dominance primitive is a generalization of the Skyline operator as discussed above in conjunction with
In order to implement the representation operator inside a SQL engine to support the REPRESENT clause in it full generality requires the ability to implement solvers for the Integer Programming problem. Several such industrial strength solvers can provide exact of approximate answers to mathematical optimization problem. While incorporating such a solver into the SQL query engine may be possible and indeed useful for a class of applications, the resulting operator will be very expensive to execute, particularly on large data sets that are typical in today's databases. Thus, a less expensive representation physical operator that provides a user-guided search may be advantageous in some instances.
A user-guided search is efficient and accessible to developers. A simply greedy heuristic is used that examines one statement or tuple at a time in a single pass over the input. To achieve to user-guided search, the syntax of the REPREESNT clause is extended with an optional RANKING BY <Expression-List>. The full syntax of the extended REPRESENT clause is shown below.
When the RANKING BY clause is specified, <aggr-expr> is limited to being COUNT(*). The RANKING BY specifies the order in which the input tuples should be accessed.
Despite the restriction of only allowing <aggr-expr> to be COUNT(*), it may be possible for the application developer to map a query that requires maximizing/minimizing a SUM(attr) aggregate to a query that only maximizes/minimizes COUNT(*) but using RANKING BY. While the two queries are not equivalent, the quality and performance trade-off may be acceptable for the application. For example, if SUM(Attr) is to be maximized subject to Count(*) ≦k, this could be mapped e.g., to a maximizing COUNT(*) query with the constraint Count(*) ≦k and RANKING BY Attr DESC.
The semantics of a query with RANKING BY can be procedurally described a follows. For the MINIMIZING case, before the input is scanned, all ≦ constraints are trivially satisfied. If the addition of the next tuple would violate any ≦ constraint (650), then the tuple is discarded. Otherwise, the tuple is added at 640 to the output. The method terminates as soon as all ≧ constraints are satisfied or the end of the input is reached at 650, 660. A final check is performed to see if all ≧ constraints are satisfied, and not, it is reported that a feasible solution was not found. The procedure for the MAXIMIZING case is identical except that the termination condition is only when the end of the input is reached. An alternative solution may be to use known algorithms for Top-K query processing.
RANKING BY provides a particular way to specify how the general mathematical optimization problem should be solved. Another such approach is uniform random sampling or stratified sampling. It is possible to expose stratified sampling by combining PARTITIONING BY with a local equality constraint on Count(*). Likewise uniform random sampling exposed using a single global equality constraint. In these cases an aggregate is not maximized or minimized, but rather a random subset with the specified count is found.
A specialized representation operator can be advantageous for a special class of queries. A query MAXIMIZING an aggregate over some attribute A subject to arbitrary filter constraints, together with a local constraint on Count(*), and a global constraint on Count(*) is proposed for consideration. Intuitively, such queries require selecting some set of tuples to maximize an objective, while being constrained by the total number of tuples to be selected, as well as having constraints on how these chosen tuples are distributed across the different partitions. There are many interesting queries that fall into this class, including for of the five example queries described above.
An efficient operator to solve this special case exactly is as follows. When both the global and local constraints are of the form Count(*)≧c1, the solution is trivially the entire input. When the global constraint is Count(*)≧c1 and the local constraint is Count(*)≦c2, the global constraint is ignored and within each partition tuples are added to the output in descending order of attribute A until no more tuples can be added without violating the constraint. This approach takes advantage of the group-wise processing operator as discussed earlier to repeatedly execute this operation within each partition. The global constraint is checked at the end. When the global constraint is Count(*)≦c1 and the local constraint is Count(*)≧c2, each local constraint is minimally satisfied separately, i.e., exactly c2 tuples are selected from each partition in descending order of A. If the global constraint has already been violated, then no solution exists. Otherwise, the remaining tuples are picked form the input in descending order of A and added to the output as long as the global constraint is not violated. The final case when the global constraint is Count(*)≦c1 and the local constraint is Count(*)≦c2 (c2 must be ≦c1). In this case, the input is accessed in descending order of A and tuples are added as long as the local constraint of the partition is not violated. Tuples are no longer added when c1 tuples have been added to the output of the end of input is reached.
Another class of queries for which optimal solutions can be implemented efficiently are queries that minimize Count(*). An exact solution can be obtained for the case when there are arbitrary filter conditions and at most one other constraint, either global or local. The input tuples are scanned in decreasing order of the attribute involved in the constraint, and are added to the output until the constraint is satisfied. If the constraint is a local constraint, the group-wise operator is used to execute this operation within each partition. Finally, when there are global and local constraints on the same attribute and in the same direction, an optimal solution can be similarly obtained.
When there are a multiple number c global/local constraints, all of which are c "≧" constraints, the same ideas can be applied in a multi-pass fashion to achieve an approximate solution. The constraints are satisfied one by one. In the ith pass, tuples are scanned in descending order of the attribute in the ith constraint, and added to the output until that constraint is satisfied. Proceeding in this fashion until all the constraints are satisfied leads to a solution with an approximation ration of c, where c is the total number of constraints. An optimization that can lead to a better approximation ratio in practice is to perform the ith pass only over tuples that are not already in the output (and adjust the constraints to take into account the contribution from tuples that are already part of the output. Finally, it may be possible to get a better approximation ratio by ordering the constraints in an intelligent manner.
Exemplary Operating Environment
The query processing system 100 described above includes a workload summarization tool constructed in accordance with one exemplary embodiment of the invention. Most typically, the query processing system 100 is constructed in software executing on a computer system 20 (
With reference to
A number of program modules may be stored on the hard disk, magnetic disk 129, optical disc 31, ROM 24 or RAM 25, including an operating system 35, one or more application programs 36, other program modules 37, and program data 38. A database system 55 may also be stored on the hard disk, magnetic disk 29, optical disc 31, ROM 24 or RAM 25. A user may enter commands and information into personal computer 20 through input devices such as a keyboard 40 and pointing device 42. Other input devices may include a microphone, stylus, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to processing unit 21 through a serial port interface 46 that is coupled to system bus 23, but may be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, game port or a universal serial bus (USB). A monitor 47 or other type of display device is also connected to system bus 23 via an interface, such as a video adapter 48. In addition to the monitor, personal computers typically include other peripheral output devices such as speakers and printers.
Personal computer 20 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 49. Remote computer 49 may be another personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to personal computer 20, although only a memory storage device 50 has been illustrated in
When using a LAN networking environment, personal computer 20 is connected to local network 51 through a network interface or adapter 53. When used in a WAN networking environment, personal computer 20 typically includes a modem 54 or other means for establishing communication over a wide area network 52, such as the Internet. Modem 54, which may be internal or external, is connected to system bus 23 via serial port interface 46 or a broadband connection. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to personal computer 20, or portions thereof, may be stored in remote memory storage device 50. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used.
It can be seen from the foregoing description that dominance and representation primitives can facilitate database object summarization, such as workload summarization. Although the present invention has been described with a degree of particularity, it is the intent that the invention include all modifications and alterations from the disclosed design falling within the spirit or scope of the appended claims.
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As part of our first-ever LA-based Speakeasy, UNSUNG HEROES OF THE AMERICAN WEST, Art Directors and Photo Editors working in LA featured their favorite LA-based photographer or illustrator, and talked work, creativity, assignments, and more.
Smashbox Studios, West Hollywood hosted SPD and our friends on the West Coast for an evening of fun, creativity, networking and cocktails; Lisa Thackaberry, photo editor for Modern Luxury's Angeleno shared the work of Mathieu Young.
What's that awesome song, you wonder? Rickie Lee Jones' "Tell Somebody (Repeal the Patriot Act)." Add it to your playlist.
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August 3, 1970. An event that is said to have kicked off the racial hostilities in the existing California prison system.To us that live in Los Angeles, we have seen it repercussions & overflow into the streets still today. Read the news or ask an old veterano yourself…


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Heat Recovery Chiller System to Save Military Hospital 27% on Energy
A military hospital in Fort Belvoir, Va., will use a heat recovery chiller system along the way to 27 percent in energy savings.
The hospital, scheduled to open in early 2011, also will be the first U.S. hospital built to LEED Silver status, reports ContractorMag.
Hospitals are noted for their energy consumption.
This one will use a Multistack heat recovery chiller to help reheat the building. It also is using high-efficiency variable speed drive chillers and variable speed air fans to ensure that less energy is wasted.
The choice of chillers with variable speed drives came as the result of a life-cycle cost analysis.
"To maximize efficiency at a partial or minimum load, variable speed drives are used to reduce impeller speed. This results in a system that consumes much less energy during the year than any other capacity control method," Theodore E. Zsirai, senior vice president of HDR told ContractorMag.
HDR is handling architecture, engineering and consulting on the hospital's construction.
Waste heat from fan coil units will help provide energy for cooling, while additional energy will be captured from cooling coils in air handling units.
The building also will rely on lighting and thermal controls, occupancy sensors and optimizing available daylight to help trim energy bills.
As for water consumption, the hospital aims to save about 1.6 million gallons a year through use of low-flow plumbing, sensor-activated faucets and dual-flush toilets.
The building also will use an innovative integrated rainwater and condensate water collection system to capture and store up to 160,000 gallons of reusable water.
Another hospital, University Medical Center of Princeton at Plainsboro, N.J., will be among the few hospitals in the nation to use a combined heat and power (CHP) system to power itself. The CHP system, which features a thermal energy storage system, will produce electricity as well as steam for heating and chilled water for air conditioning.
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Been a very busy winter period.
Winter in Canada can be a very long affair and as we know its been a very hard and cold winter this year. This has kept us locked in the office for a lot longer allowing us to do a lot of work on the products with lots of new features and improvements plus a… Read More »


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A look at the context behind Israel's military ops in Gaza.
Guardian Video: One Minute, One-Sided
A Guardian video serves as a Hamas propaganda piece.
Special Report: The Hamas Propaganda War
How the MSM handed Hamas a PR victory.
BBC Doesn't Deny HR Report Findings
Will the BBC address the results of HR's analysis?
Lights On, Nobody Home
The media leaves the false impression that Israel has completely cut Gaza's electricity.
A Barrage of Bad Reporting
Many media outlets fail to add significant context to a day of violence.
One Year Analysis: The BBC in 2007
HonestReporting reviews one year of reporting at the BBC.
Hopeless in Gaza: Hopeless Journalism
Sending a journalist into the cauldron of the Mideast conflict without any background knowledge is a sure way to produce uninformed articles. Sadly, The Times has published a feature by women's issues writer Stefanie Marsh entitled "Hopeless in Gaza". Hopeless is an accurate description of Marsh's attempts to get to grips with her subject material.…
Dishonest Reporter Award 2007
Our seventh annual recognition of the most skewed and biased coverage of the Mideast conflict.
The Grinch That Destroys Christmas
It's that time of year again – the media prepares to take a festive bash at Israel.


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Lyneal Alston
Position: WR
Height: 6-1 Weight: 205 lbs.
Born: July 23, 1964 in Mobile, AL
High School: Theodore
College: Southern Miss (school history) (Alston college stats)
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 1 (12808th overall since 1950)
Other SR Links: College Football at Sports-Reference.com
Sponsor this page for $5 and help Pro-Football-Reference.com provide this service. Your message will replace this ad.


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2000-2005 Chevy Impala Power Window Regulator with Motor Rear Pair1AWRK00063
Part Details
- Operation: Power
- Front / Rear Location: Rear
- Quantity: Pair
This part replaces:
- New
- Comes as a PAIR
- Fits both LH (Driver Side) & RH (Passenger Side) REAR
- Replaces dealer part numbers: 10338857, 88987651, 10338856, 88987652
- Assemblies include motors and regulators
- 100% tested prior to leaving the factory
Please Note: These window regulators are high quality aftermarket parts that meets or exceeds the performance of the original. They been subjected to extensive testing and quality control standards. That is why we offer these regulators with our superior warranty!
- This repair is easier than you may think. You'll find our installation videos helpful. In our experience removing and replacing the door panel is the most involved step in the repair. On most vehicles this only requires removing a few screws and push in clips.
- You'll get a great feeling of accomplishment after you complete this repair knowing you saved money,and you didn't have to give up your car for a day at the repair shop. Your passengers and other drivers will be amazed.
Fit guaranteed
- 1A Auto will refund you with no hassle, if this Window regulator does not fit the application stated.
- You can use your existing hardware and wiring harnesses. This Regulator will install just as your original does. Save time and money.
- Be confident this part will work right. Every regulator is tested after assembly to make sure all mechanisms are working correctly.
- It is important that your new regulator works for a long period of time. The design of this regulator is tested to withstand 10,000 cycles. That is enough to raise and lower your window 3 times per day for 9 years.
- Nothing is more frustrating than taking your car apart and finding the part you purchased does not fit. You want the part to fit. This design is test fit on an actual door. When you install it, you will have no issues.
- Windows that don't work can be frustrating. They can also hurt your vehicles value. An inoperable window could mean $200-$500 discounted off a dealer trade value or asking price.
- Some shops and dealers charge more for parts and repairs when they think you don't know what is involved. Now you can get the value you deserve. Knowing what this repair entails can be the difference between the value of doing it yourself, or the pain of a costly repair bill.
Lifetime Warranty
This item is backed by a Limited Lifetime Warranty. In the event this item should fail due to manufacturing defects during intended use, we will exchange the part free of charge (excludes shipping charges) for the original purchaser. Please keep your invoice for proof of this warranty.
Removing the Door Panel (1:03)
- Remove the Phillips head screw inside the door handle
- Remove the two T30 Torx screws inside the door pull
- Pry off the window switch panel
- Pry off the door handle bezel
- Disconnect the window switch wiring harness
- Remove the two T30 Torx screws behind the door pull
- Pry off the window trim panel
- Pry out the door panel with a door panel clip tool or putty knife
- Lift the door panel up and off
Removing the Window Regulator (3:40)
- Remove the three 10mm bolts from the regulator
- Loosen the two 10mm bolts that hold the window to the regulator
- Raise the window by hand
- Hold the window in place with painter's tape
- Remove the three 10mm bolts from the window motor
- Disconnect the window motor lead
- Pull the window regulator out through the door
Reinstalling the Regulator (7:46)
- Transfer the motor to the new regulator
- Push the regulator into the door
- Hang the regulator by its motor bolts
- Connect the window motor lead
- Insert the three 10mm bolts into the regulator
- Insert the three 10mm bolts into the window motor
- Remove the painter's tape from the window
- Lower the window onto the regulator
- Insert the two 10mm bolts that hold the window to the regulator
Reinstalling the Door Panel (10:57)
- Make sure the insulation is in place
- Lift the door panel into place, using the locating pins
- Push in the door panel clips
- Push on the window trim piece
- Insert the two T30 Torx screws behind the door pull
- Push on the door handle bezel
- Insert the Phillips head screw inside the door handle
- Connect the window switch wiring harness
- Push the switch panel into place
- Insert the two T30 Torx screws inside the door pull
Tools needed for replacement:
- Putty Knife
- Painter's Tape
- Ratchet
- Socket Extensions
- Phillips Head Screwdriver
- 10mm Socket
- Door Panel Removal Tool
- T30 Torx Driver
General Tools
Materials, Fluids, and Supplies
Ratchets & Related
Screwdrivers & Related
Sockets - Metric
Specialty Tools
Torx Drivers & Sockets
How-to Video:(12:55 min)
Tools List:
- Putty Knife
- Painter's Tape
- Ratchet
- Socket Extensions
- Phillips Head Screwdriver
- 10mm Socket
- Door Panel Removal Tool
- T30 Torx Driver
General Tools
Materials, Fluids, and Supplies
Ratchets & Related
Screwdrivers & Related
Sockets - Metric
Specialty Tools
Torx Drivers & Sockets
This part replaces:
Vehicle Fit
- 2000-2005 Chevy Impala Power Window Regulator with Motor Rear Pair
Part #: 1AWRK00063
Ships Same Day for orders placed by 5 P.M. ET
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Customer Feedback
"Thanks for the fast reliable service. Great price, and the headlights were as good as oem or better!!! Keep up the good work..."- Dwuan M.
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The Message audio Bible is now available on Bible Gateway! Click to learn more.
9:11 Solomon gave to Hiram twenty cities. Although Solomon and Hiram had made an earlier agreement (5:1–12), it appears that Solomon was now in financial difficulty. In exchange for Hiram sending Solomon 120 talents (4 1/2 tons) of gold (v. 14), Solomon granted Hiram the use of twenty cities in Galilee (cf. 2 Chr. 8:2 and note).


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Pastor helping Brighton church be bolder
6:10 PM, Apr. 10, 2013
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Pastor helping Brighton church be bolder
She may not fit the typical image of a church leader, but Katie Jo Suddaby is working hard to guide Baptist Temple congregants on their spiritual paths. 'We are right on the edge of creating
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