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A rechargeable alkaline manganese cell provided, having improved capacity and improved energy density. The cell is anode limited, and each of the anode and cathode is physically dimensioned so that the anode has a capacity in the range of from about 55% to 100% of the theoretical one electron capacity of the cathode. The gravimetric energy density of the cell exceeds 70 Wh/kg, and the volumetric energy density of the cell exceeds 200 Wh/liter. Each of the anode and cathode may comprise additional additives. For example, the cathode may include additional hydrophobic materials and a porous additive such as carbon black so as to improve gas transport of hydrogen gas into the cathode where it is oxidized; and the anode may comprise hydrogen gassing inhibitors as well as hydrogen gas recombing agents.
1. A rechargeable alkaline manganese cell comprising a metal container, a zinc anode, a manganese dioxide cathode, a separator between said anode and said cathode, a closure element to seal said cell, a current collector passed through said closure element and into said anode, and an alkaline electrolyte;
wherein said zinc anode consists mainly of gelled powdered zinc, said manganese dioxide cathode consists mainly of manganese dioxide together with from about 5% to 1 5% by weight of conductive carbon additive and a binding agent, and said electrolyte consists mainly of an aqueous alkali metal hydroxide;
wherein said alkaline manganese dioxide cell is anode limited in that the anode has a theoretical discharge capacity which is in the range of from at least 64% up to 100% of the theoretical one electron discharge capacity of said cathode;
and wherein the theoretical gravimetric energy density of said cell exceeds 70 Wh/Kg and the volumetric energy density of the cell exceeds 200 Wh/liter.
2. The rechargeable alkaline manganese cell of claim 1, wherein said electrolyte is 4N to 12N potassium hydroxide.
3. The rechargeable alkaline manganese cell of claim 2, wherein said electrolyte has a small quantity of zinc oxide dissolved therein.
4. The rechargeable alkaline manganese cell of claim 2, wherein said current collector is a single nail extending into said anode.
5. The rechargeable alkaline manganese cell of claim 4, wherein the manganese dioxide of said cathode is made from electrolytic manganese dioxide, together with a hydrogen recombination catalyst.
6. The rechargeable alkaline manganese cell of claim 5, wherein said manganese dioxide cathode further contains carbon fibre, a hydrophobic binder chosen from the group consisting of PTFE and polyethylene, and a further additive chosen from the group consisting of a hydrophobic additive in the amount of 0.1% to 5.0% by weight of one of the group consisting of PTFE, polyethylene, and polypropylene together with a porous additive in the amount of 0.1% to 5.0% by weight of carbon black.
7. The rechargeable alkaline manganese cell of claim 6, wherein said cathode is placed in said container by being molded into discrete pellets, by being molded into discrete pellets and then recompacted after placement in said container, or by being extruded into said container.
8. The rechargeable alkaline manganese cell of claim 5, wherein said gelled powdered zinc anode contains a gelling agent chosen from the group consisting of carboxy methyl cellulose, starches, and derivatives thereof.
9. The rechargeable alkaline manganese cell of claim 8, wherein said anode further comprises a small quantity of a hydrogen gassing inhibitor additive chosen from the group consisting of mercury, gallium, indium, cadmium, and commercially available organic hydrogen gassing inhibitors.
10. The rechargeable alkaline manganese cell of claim 8, wherein said anode contains a small quantity of an additive to reduce zincate mobility, wherein said additive is chosen from the group consisting of magnesium, barium, and calcium, their oxides, and their hydroxides.
11. The rechargeable alkaline manganese cell of claim 5, wherein said metal container is a nickel plated steel can.
12. The rechargeable alkaline manganese cell of claim 11, wherein said container is coated on its interior surface with a conductive coating.
13. The rechargeable alkaline manganese cell of claim 5, wherein said closure element has a safety vent formed therein, and is chosen from the group consisting of thermoplastic materials having enhanced hydrogen permeation characteristics consisting of polypropylene, talc filled polypropylene, and nylon.
14. The rechargeable alkaline manganese cell of claim 5, wherein said separator is a complex flexible structure which is gas permeable at least to gaseous hydrogen and oxygen, but impermeable to zinc dendrites.
This application is a continuation application of U.S. continuation-in-part application of Ser. No. 07/893,793 filed Jun. 4, 1992, now abandoned, which was a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/667,476 filed Mar. 11, 1991, now abandoned.
This invention relates to rechargeable alkaline manganese dioxide cells, and especially provides such cells having improved capacity and improved energy densities. The usual embodiment of such cells is contemplated as a "bobbin" type cylindrical cell, but spirally wound cells and flat plate cells may also be provided in keeping with the present invention. A typical cell, in any event, comprises a manganese dioxide cathode, a zinc anode, a separator between them, a container for the cell, a closure member to seal the cell, and an alkaline electrolyte--usually potassium hydroxide.
Manganese dioxide electrodes as used in rechargeable alkaline manganese dioxide cells are reversible only if the manganese dioxide cathodes are discharged to the point where the MnO2 is converted to Mn2 O3 (i.e., the one electron discharge level). It has been well established that if the discharge continues beyond that level, an irreversible phase change occurs so that the manganese dioxide cathode is no longer rechargeable. Under certain conditions, it is now possible that MnO2 electrodes for rechargeable alkaline cells can be rendered reversible within the two electron range.
It has always been desirable to produce rechargeable manganese dioxide cells with zinc anodes--especially cylindrical cells having conventional cylindrical configurations--to have high energy density. This has not been particularly successful, and numerous difficulties have been encountered. Several approaches have been provided to ensure reversibility and rechargeability of MnO2 cells, including the provision of electronic means so as to prevent overdischarge of the MnO2 ; designing the cell so as to be anode limited; and modifying the MnO2 particularly by the addition of heavy metals thereto.
Indeed, rechargeable alkaline MnO2 /Zn cells have been available, at least in the North American market, since the late 1960's. However, those cells were not generally successful, and by the mid 1970's they were removed from the market. At least in part, the lack of success of those cells was due to the fact that they were generally assembled in batteries and not available in single cell configurations, and that they were required to be monitored very carefully to determine the end of the useful discharge capacity. Such monitoring was by timing the operation of the cells, or by the expensive incorporation of electronic control means to determine the point of discharge beyond which further discharge could not be tolerated. Moreover, the cells were quite modest in terms of their density capabilities, and "D" cells having nominal 2 Ah capacities had energy densities of, at best, about 52 Wh/liter or 18 Wh/Kg.
To overcome those difficulties, cells were then developed by which anode limitation of the cells was imposed; meaning that the capacity of the anode was severely limited so that it became impossible to discharge the manganese dioxide cathodes to more than about 40% of their theoretical capacity. By these means, the rechargeability of the MnO2 was assured. By providing cells having severe anode limitation characteristics, however, the cells were thereby prejudiced by having quite low energy densities, and therefore the cells were not widely accepted in the market.
Several specific patents which address some of the issues above, and the approaches to preserve the rechargeability of cells, are discussed below:
AMANO et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,530,496, issued Sep. 22, 1970, provide alkaline MnO2 /Zn cells which are rechargeable, but where the depth of discharge of the manganese dioxide cathode is severely regulated by limiting the available capacity of the zinc anode to less than 40% of the available capacity of the MnO2 cathode. Indeed, Amano et al suggest that anode limitation is preferably in the range of 20% to 30% of the MnO2 cathode capacity, to achieve optimum performance of the cells. In practise, the theoretical capacity of the cell is not realized, except at very low drain rates.
The Amano et al cells achieve their zinc anode limitations by providing cathodes which are essentially equal in their dimensions to those of primary alkaline cells, and then reducing the zinc capacity by placing a cylindrical gelled zinc anode adjacent to the MnO2 cathode and separated from it by suitable two component separators; and then by filling the center of the cell with gelled electrolyte that does not have any active anode material added to it. It should be noted that Amano et al prefer amalgamated copper particles to be included in the anode so as to enhance its conductivity. They also provide a zinc oxide reserve mass, and they must use a perforated coated screen current collector rather than a single nail as might otherwise be used in primary alkaline cells--and as used in the present invention.
AMANO et al teach that the stoppage of discharge of the rechargeable alkaline manganese cells is regulated by the capacity of the zinc negative electrode, so that the discharge depth of the positive electrode is controlled. This precludes the necessity to interrupt discharge of the cell either as a consequence of voltage or time, and thus overcomes some of the difficulties experienced with earlier cells. The cell is described as having a positive electrode made of pressurized mixture of MnO2 together with graphite powder, etc., and that it can be used within 20% of the real capacity of a similar primary cell. The cell may provide 40 to 60 cycles however after 40 to 60 charge-discharge cycles there is no reversibility of the positive electrode.
KORDESCH, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,091,178, issued May 23, 1978, provides a rechargeable MnO2 /Zn in which the anode capacity is specifically limited to about 33% of the capacity of the cathode. Kordesch also provides a charge reserve mass in which a quantity of zinc oxide is placed equal to at least 50% of the anode discharge capacity. Once again, because there is an excessive capacity of MnO2 as well as additional ZnO, the energy density of the Kordesch cell is quite low.
DZIECIUCH et al, were granted U.S. Pat. No. 4,451,543 on May 29, 1984. That patent teaches a rechargeable MnO2 /Zn cell where the MnO2 is doped with heavy metals such as bismuth or lead. The intention is that up to 50% of the theoretical two electron capacity of the MnO2 can be reached. However, the MnO2 cathode comprises relatively high quantities of carbon, which results in the cathodes having a low specific density and a low cell energy density. Still further, it must be noted that in practical cells the second electron reduction step of the MnO2 occurs at a too low voltage, namely below 0.9 volts. It is questioned, therefore, whether such cells as are provided by Dzieciuch et al are capable of delivering even a relatively substantial portion of their theoretical capacity above 1.1 volts--the minimum operating voltage of various electronic devices--or even above the 0.9 volt cutoff voltage that is generally required in uses such as toys, small battery driven appliances, and the like.
OGAWA et al, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,716,411, issued Feb. 13, 1973, teach a rechargeable alkaline manganese cell, the discharge capacity of the anode of which is controlled within such a range that the cathode can be recharged; and wherein the anode and cathode face each other through a gas permeable and dendrite impermeable separator. However, the OGAWA et al cell is strictly anode limited in that the capacity of the anode is held to be not more than about 40% of the theoretical one electron discharge capacity of the manganese dioxide. OGAWA et al discuss the fact that if a zinc-manganese dioxide cell is discharged so that its terminal voltage reaches a voltage below 0.9 volts and down to about 0.75 volts, and where the capacity of the zinc negative electrode is about the same or slightly smaller than that of the manganese dioxide positive electrode, then the effect of the discharge on the manganese dioxide is such that it is non-reversible at least in part. OGAWA et al provide that under no conditions should the depth of discharge of the anode be permitted to exceed 60% of the theoretical one electron discharge capacity of the manganese dioxide cathode. OGAWA et al provide an alternative structure which comprises two positive electrodes, one on either side of the anode, and wherein the inner positive electrode is contained within a perforated nickel plate steel pocket or canister.
KORDESCH et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,957,827 issued Sep. 18, 1990, is commonly owned herewith. KORDESCH et al teach a cathode which is preferably molded having a plurality of discrete pellets. However, it must be noted that KORDESCH et al require the use of a screen as an oxygen evolution catalyst. Moreover, the anode capacity of the KORDESCH et al patent is limited to about 40% of the one electron capacity of the MnO2 cathode--in other words, having a similar capacity limitation to AMANO et al described above.
Applicant also refers to OGINO et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,863,817, issued Sep. 5, 1989. That patent is directed to a cell which uses electrolytic manganese dioxide in its cathode, but OGINO et al specifically describe a cell that has a non-aqueous electrolyte (e.g., having a lithium electrode). OGINO et al achieve the electrolytic MnO2 by subjecting a manganese dioxide-forming electrolytic solution to electrolysis which introducing a gas such as nitrogen through a plating solution. OGINO et al specifically require high purity manganese dioxide to obtain the excellent charge and re-charge properties with discharge voltage flatness, relatively high capacity and better cycle performance.
The matter of capacity utilization in primary alkaline cells which have an additional amount of manganese dioxide is addressed in LEGER U.S. Pat. No. 2,993,947, issued Jul. 25, 1961. There, the additional MnO2 is found in the cell so as to preclude the cell from leaking if it is left in an operating device and is thereby utilized as an energy source over extended periods of time. It must not be overlooked, however, that LEGER contemplates only primary cells.
Clearly, the intent of the present invention is to provide cells having a high initial capacity, high discharge voltage, high cumulative capacity, an extended cycle life, and cells that are capable of maintaining high drain rates over most of their lifetime. Moreover, cells according to the present invention must be capable of being easily and economically manufactured, with production costs substantially in the order of the production costs of high quality primary alkaline cells.
The present invention is described hereafter in greater detail, in association with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a cross-section of a typical cylindrical rechargeable alkaline manganese dioxide cell with a zinc anode, according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows curves comparing the capacity of active material of manganese dioxide cathodes and zinc electrodes intended for use in cells according to the present invention, where the data were determined in half cell tests;
FIG. 3 shows the results of cycling tests using deep discharge cycles, for two different cell configurations having differing ratios of anode capacity to cathode capacity; and
FIG. 4 is a curve similar to FIG. 3 showing the results of cycling tests for AAA cells having 100% balance between the capacity of the zinc anode with respect to the theoretical one electron discharge capacity of the cathode.
In general, the cell design of the present invention embodies a cathode and an anode that are designed and placed so as to achieve maximum space utilization. Rechargeable cells having increased energy capacities when compared to prior art cells are therefore provided by the present invention.
A typical cylindrical cell is shown in FIG. 1, at 10. The cell comprises a container 12, within which is a cathode 14 and an anode 16. Between the cathode and the anode there is located a separator 18. The cell is sealed by a closure member 20; and a current collector 22 in the form of a nail extends through the closure member 20 into the anode 16. The nail 22 contacts a metal cap 24 placed (or welded) across its head and across the closure member 20, to provide a negative contact for the cell 10. At the other end of the cell, a pip 26 is formed to provide a positive contact for the cell; and it is insulated from the anode 16 by an insulating washer or cup 28.
Certain specific options and alternative compositions and embodiments of cells according to the present invention are now discussed:
In general, the container or can 12 is a nickel plated deep drawn steel can, although other suitable metal cans may be used. So as to improve the contact and conductivity between the cathode 14 and the can 12, and thereby so as to reduce the internal resistance of the cell, the internal surface of the container 12 may be coated with a conductive coating such as LONZA (™). Moreover, by using the conductive coating on the interior surface of the container 12, the risk of iron leaching from the can into the cell, which could result in increased hydrogen gassing of the anode, is reduced.
Referring to the cathode, which is manganese dioxide, it is noted that alkaline battery grades of commercially available electrolytic manganese dioxide are utilized. The usual cathode composition provides for about 5% to about 15% by weight of carbon, which may be graphite or carbon black, so as to enhance the conductivity of the cathode, together with a binder. Typical binder and cathode compositions are taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,957,827 to KORDESCH et al, and assigned to a common assignee with the present invention. The cathode may also contain reinforcing agents such as graphite fibres, as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,108,852 issued Apr. 28, 1992, in the name of Tomantschger and Michalowski, and commonly owned with the present invention. Otherwise, an organic binder such as PTFE or polyethylene, or the like, may be used.
Hydrogen gas recombination within the cathode is, of course, to be accomplished in a rechargeable alkaline cell, and to promote such hydrogen gas recombination the cathode composition may include hydrogen recombination catalysts such as those taught in commonly owned U.S. patent application Serial No. 07/520,820, filed Jul. 9, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,162,169. Still further, so as to provide for overcharge capability, an oxygen evolution catalyst as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,957,827, referred to above, may be utilized. Whatever catalyst is selected is chosen so as to be stable over a wide voltage range--typically from 0.9 volts versus Zn to 2.0 volts versus Zn--and also over a wide temperature range--typically from -40� C. to +70� C.--without any significant deterioration in performance of the cell. Such catalysts may be oxides, spinels, or perovskites of nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese, chromium, vanadium, titanium, and silver. Also, as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,957,827, the oxygen evolution catalyst may be placed on the outer surface of the cathode.
So as to ensure hydrogen gas porosity of the cathode, and thereby access of hydrogen gas into the cathode where the hydrogen will be oxidized, the cathode composition preferably contains both carbon black as well as the hydrophobic binder. Still further, for purposes of hydrogen gas porosity and accessibility, the cathode composition may further comprise from about 0.1% to 5.0% of a hydrophobic material such as PTFE, polyethylene, or polypropylene, together with an additional porous additive such as from about 0.1% to 5.0% of carbon black. Such additives improve the gas transport characteristics of the cathode, and thereby enhance the hydrogen recombination rate of the cathode.
Placement of the cathode 14 into the container 12 may be accomplished by molding the cathode into discrete pellets, and inserting them into the can. This may be followed by the additional step of recompacting the cathode once it is placed in the can. Alternatively, the cathode may also be extruded directly into the can 12.
The anode 16 comprises powdered zinc together with the suitable gelling agent such as carboxy methyl cellulose, acrylic acid polymers, starches, and their derivatives. The anode 16 may include additives to reduce or inhibit hydrogen gassing, such as small amounts of mercury, gallium, indium, or cadmium. Certain commercially available organic hydrogen gassing inhibitors such, as GRILLIN (™) may also be used.
The choice of gelling agents will depend on its gelling characteristics, the temperature and chemical stability of the gelling agents--and, indeed, of the production circumstances--as well as the capability of the gelling agent to release hydrogen gas that may be produced in the cell. Zincate mobility within the cell may be reduced by the use of additives such as compounds of magnesium, barium, and calcium, typically their oxides, or their hydroxides. Oxygen gas recombining agents may also be added to the zinc anode as are taught in commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/478,638, filed Feb. 12, 1990; now U.S. Pat. No. 5,043,234 issued Aug. 27, 1991.
The electrolyte is an aqueous alkali metal hydroxide solution, usually 4N to 12N potassium hydroxide solution. The electrolyte may contain additives such as dissolved zinc oxide so as to reduce the gassing of the active zinc within the anode, and so as to permit overcharge of the cell without damage to it.
The plastic closure member 20 normally contains a safety vent (not shown) which may be simply a rupturable membrane, or a resealable vent. The plastic closure member is molded from a thermoplastic material having enhanced hydrogen permeation rates, such as polypropylene, talc filled polypropylene, and nylon.
The design of the separator 18 is such that it is a complex structure that exhibits the characteristic of being permeable to the passage of gasses such as hydrogen and oxygen that are produced in the cell on overcharge, standby, or discharge; and that it is impermeable to zinc dendrites so as to preclude the possibility of zinc dendrites causing a short circuit within the cell. Thus, the separator tube comprises an absorber layer and a barrier layer. The absorber layer may be made of rayon or polyvinyl acetate fibre; and the barrier layer may consist of cellulose, CELLOPHANE (™), polyamide, polyethylene, and the like. Certain commercially available separator materials such as CELGARD (™) and PERMION (™), maybe used.
Certain experimental data which establish the criteria and rating limitations of the present invention are now discussed:
First, means must be determined so that different designs of cells, and their practical and theoretical energy capacities, may be compared. Of course, it is desirable that energy densities of different cells might be compared in actual discharge experiments; however, in practice, great difficulties in making such comparisons are encountered. For example, it is well known that the drain rate of a cell, expressed for example as mA/g of active material, may affect the utilization of the theoretical energy capacity for a given electrode composition. In essence, the practical capacity of an electrode approaches the theoretical capacity of the electrode only in circumstances where a very low drain rate can be maintained. Such circumstances may be, for example, electrical clocks where the clock runs continuously for a year or more on a single AA cell; but most battery powered devices such as radios, tape players, electric toys, and the like, require considerably higher drain rates.
In any event, the degree of utilization of the electrode also depends on the composition of the electrode; for example, whether the electrode includes conductive additives, as well as the particle size of the active material of the electrode, the electrolyte concentration, and so on. Thus, specific cells can be designed and optimized for high drain rate circumstances, or for low drain rate circumstances.
That fact of different cell designs to accommodate different drain rates thereby makes it necessary to perform tests on commercially available cells over all drain rates that may be encountered in practical applications; and then to apply weighting factors for each drain rate so as to attempt to determine which cell has demonstrated the best overall performance. However, depending on the cell balance, the drain rate that is based on the active material content of the electrodes of the cell, will be different for different designs. A specific example follows:
The following compositions were used to construct half-cells, both as to the cathode composition and the anode composition. Each cell is expressed in parts by weight:
TABLE 1______________________________________Composition of MnO2 and Zn Electrodes UsedIn the Half Cell TestsCathode Composition Anode Composition______________________________________MnO2 84.5 Zn(3% Hg) 65.50Graphite 9.00 CMC/CARBOPOL*(1/1) 1.009N KOH 6.50 9N KOH, 5M ZnO 33.50______________________________________ *(TM)
Half cell experiments were then carried out, at various drain rates expressed in terms of mA/g. The capacity of the active material for the zinc and the manganese dioxide was determined in mAh/g, at various drain rates. The results are shown in FIG. 2, where curve 40 shows the theoretical zinc capacity (2e-) and curve 42 shows the actual determined capacity of zinc to a cutoff voltage of -435 mV versus a Hg/HgO reference electrode voltage. Likewise, curve 44 shows the theoretical capacity of manganese dioxide for the one electron (1e-) discharge, and curve 46 shows the measured capacity at various drain rates to a cutoff voltage of -435 mV versus a Hg/HgO reference electrode voltage. It is clear from FIG. 2 that only the theoretical energy content or capacity of respective cells provides a reliable means of comparing cell designs.
Having determined that the best comparison between cell designs is only in respect of their theoretical energy capacity, various cell designs of AA test cells were fabricated in keeping with the teachings of the three prior art patents noted above. Then, their theoretical energy capacities were analyzed, with the result being shown in Table 2, below. It should be noted that the comparisons are made on the basis of each of the cells having a volume of 7.5 ml, a weight of 22.5 g, an operating voltage of 1.25 volts, and with 3.6 g of active material. The theoretical capacities are in practise, and as discussed above, achievable only at low discharge rates. Table 2 also provides the theoretical gravimetric and volumetric energy densities of the respective prior art cells; and included in Table 2 in all categories shown in that Table is a cell in keeping with the present invention.
TABLE 2______________________________________AA Cell Design Comparisons Kordesch Amano Dzieciuch Present 4,091,178 3,530,496 4,451,543 Design______________________________________MnO2 {Ah} 2.89 2.97 1.32 2.76Zn{Ah} 0.85 1.19 1.62 1.93Cell{Ah} 0.85 1.19 1.32 1.93Zn:MnO2 0.30 0.40 1.20 0.70Ratiotheor.EnergyDensity{Wh/kg} 47 <66 69 107{Wh/l} 142 <198 176 322______________________________________
It should be noted that the ratio expressed as Zn:MnO2 is that which refers to the balance of the cell, or in other words that refers to the manner by which the cell is anode limited in respect of the discharge capacity of the anode with respect to the theoretical one electron discharge capacity of the MnO2 cathode. Thus, a Zn:MnO2 ratio of 0.30 is another expression of noting that the balance of the cell is 30%, or that the cell is anode limited in that the theoretical two electron (2e-) discharge capacity of the zinc is 30% of the theoretical one electron (1e-) discharge capacity of the MnO2 cathode. Similar ratios are expressed in further Tables, below.
Table 3, below, is the composition of the cathode and anode used in the cell of the present invention as specified in Table 2 above.
TABLE 3______________________________________Composition of Present Design Test Cells Used inExample IICathode Composition Anode Composition______________________________________MnO2 83.03 Zn(1.0% Hg) 65.50Graphite 9.00 CMC/CARBOPOL*(1/1) 1.00Carbon 0.37 9N KOH, 5M ZnO 33.50Carboflex (TM) 1.009N KOH 6.50______________________________________ *(TM)
Using the cathode and anode compositions as described above, the present invention was applied to AAA, AA, C, and D cells having conventional cylindrical cell configurations. The capacity in ampere-hours of cells in each size was determined, as noted below in Table 4, and the cells were constructed having the respective ratios of the zinc anode to the MnO2 cathode as noted in Table 4.
TABLE 4______________________________________Energy Densities of Cylindrical RAM Cells Accordingto the Present Design AAA AA C D______________________________________Capacity 1.02 1.93 5.73 11.46{Ah}Zn:MnO2 0.95 0.70 0.64 0.55Ratiotheor.EnergyDensity{Wh/kg} 116 107 116 104{Wh/l} 364 322 311 298______________________________________
The theoretical energy densities, both gravimetric and volumetric were then determined, as also noted in Table 4. It will be seen that the gravimetric energy densities generally range from about 100 Wh/kg to about 120 Wh/kg; and that the volumetric energy densities generally ranged from about 275 Wh/liter to about 375 Wh/liter.
Cells in keeping with the present invention and having cathode and anode compositions as noted below in Table 5 were constructed. However, one set of AA cells was constructed having an anode:cathode ratio of about 37%; and the other set of AA cells was constructed having an anode:cathode ratio of about 70%. Those cells were then subjected to deep discharge tests at 3.9 Ohms, to a 0.9 volt cutoff. The results of those tests are shown in FIG. 3.
TABLE 5______________________________________Composition of Present Design Test Cells used inExample IVCathode Composition Anode Composition______________________________________MnO2 83.03 Zn(0.15% Hg) 65.50Cathode Additives 16.97 Anode Additives 34.50& Electrolyte & Electrolyte______________________________________
It will be seen from FIG. 3 that the cells having an anode:cathode ratio of 37% are shown in curve 50; and cells having an anode:cathode ration of 70% are shown in curve 52. The average cell life of the cells shown in curve 50 was 8 cycles above the 300 mAh capacity cutoff. The average cell life of the cells shown in curve 52 was more than 40 cycles before the cutoff of 300 mAh capacity was reached. It will also be noted that the cumulative capacity of the cells in curve 52 for the first 25 cycles was about 19.4 Ah; whereas the cumulative capacity for the first 25 cycles of the cells in curve 50 was only 8.3 Ah. Thus, over the first 25 cycles, the cumulative capacity of cells in keeping with the present invention and having an anode:cathode ratio of 70% as compared with cells having an anode:cathode ratio of 37%, was exceeded by more than 100%. Clearly, the cells with an anode:cathode ratio of 37% are emulative of prior art cells, particularly such as those taught by Amano et al and Kordesch, as discussed above.
Finally, further sets of cells in keeping with the present invention, and having cathode and anode compositions as noted below in Table 6, and energy densities as noted below in Table 7, were constructed. All of those cells were constructed as AAA cells. The cells were then subjected to deep discharge tests into 10 ohms, as shown in FIG. 4. Other cells were subjected to photoflash tests into 3.6 ohms with flash cycling of 15 seconds flash charging and 45 seconds rest between flashes, as shown in FIG. 5.
TABLE 6______________________________________Composition of Test Cells used in Example VCathode Composition Anode Composition______________________________________MnO2 79% Zn 56%*Cathode Additives 21% Anode Additives 44%& Electrolyte & Electrolyte______________________________________ *set for 937 mAh capacity
The additives used in the cathode and the anode are typical additives as used in rechargeable alkaline manganese/zinc cells. Typical cathode additives as used herein are taught in detail in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 5,108,852, noted above. Other hydrogen recombination catalysts and other cathode additives are discussed in commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/520,820, also noted above. Typically, cathode additives include, in any event, from about 5% to 15% by weight of conductive carbon and a binding agent, together with electrolyte and other additives as noted elsewhere in this present application and in the commonly owned inventions identified above.
Typical anode additives include zinc oxide, a gelling agent, and anolyte (typically, 9N KOH with 5% ZnO dissolved in it), as also discussed in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 5,108,852. Still further anode compositions, with typical additives, are discussed in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 5,043,234, issued in the names of Tomantschger, Kordesch, and Oran on Aug. 27, 1991. It will also be noted that the anode composition is, itself, balanced so that the amount of zinc present in the composition provides a discharge capacity for the zinc of 937 mAh. This, in turn, provides for a ratio of zinc to the theoretical one electron MnO2 discharge capacity of 1.00, or 100% balance, as noted below in Table 7.
TABLE 7______________________________________Energy Densities of Cylindrical AAA Cellsused in Example V______________________________________Cell Capacity (theoretical) {Ah} 0.937*Zn:1e- MnO2 ratio 1.00 (or 100%)Theoretical Energy Densities{Wh/Kg} 107{Wh/l} 339______________________________________ *(The cells are designed so that the theoretical one electron discharge capacity {1e- } of the MnO2 electrode is 0.937 Ah; and likewise the theoretical two electron discharge capacity {2e- } of the Zn electrode is also 0.937 Ah. Moreover, the theoretical anode capacity may be expressed as a ratio or as a percentage of the cathode capacity or as ratio; thus 1.00 or 100%)
The results of the tests that were conducted are shown in FIG. 4 and 5. In FIG. 4, curve 56 shows the average of three AAA cells after each was deep discharged into 10 ohms to 0.9 volt cutoff. These tests were conducted over 20 cycles, and were taken with a comparison to curve 58 which shows the typical capacity of a similar NiCd cell having similar physical size. It will be seen that, even after 20 cycles, the capacity of the cells in keeping with the present invention was still about twice the typical capacity of a brand new NiCd cell.
In all of the tests in Example V, as noted above, the cells were anode limited to the extent that the discharge capacity of the anode was set to be 100% of the theoretical one electron discharge capacity of the MnO2 cathode.
There has been described improved rechargeable alkaline manganese cells having significantly better gravimetric and volumetric energy densities than prior art cells, and having higher capacity than prior art cells. Various examples have been shown, with discussion of a number of different specific compositions.
Specifically, all of the above teaches a sealed rechargeable alkaline manganese cell of typical construction--usually a cylindrical bobbin-type cell, but coin or button cells may also be contemplated. In any event, the zinc anode consists mainly of gelled powdered zinc together with appropriate anode additives; and the manganese dioxide cathode consists mainly of MnO2 together with from about 5% to about 15% by weight of conductive carbon additive, a binding agent, and other typical cathode additives. The electrolyte consists mainly of aqueous alkaline metal hydroxide, typically KOH. The particular and specific purpose of the present invention is to provide such rechargeable alkaline manganese dioxide/zinc cells that are anode limited, by that, it is meant that the discharge capacity of the anode is in the range of from about 55% to 100% of the theoretical one electron discharge capacity of the cathode. Thus, the Zn:le- MnO2 ratio is from 0.55 to 1.00, or the balance of the cell is from 55% to 100% anode/cathode. In all events, the gravametric energy density of the cell exceeds 70 Wh/Kg, and the volumetric energy density of the cell exceeds 200 Wh/l.
Other compositions and assemblies of cells in keeping with the present invention can be determined and effected without, however, departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.
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Mascara / Eye liner
Wave your magic wand for the best mascara reviews, and best mascara brands! Compare waterproof mascaras. Discover the best mascara for full, voluminous eye lashes or the best mascara for long, thick lashes. Get expert advice and tips of how to create a smoky eye, how to do winged eyeliner and how to use your mascara brush for optimal eyelash effect. Need tips for using liquid, gel or kohl eye liner? We've got the best tips and advice for perfect eye liner application every time!
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Mascara / Eye liner Product Reviews
My go to for hair bands
These ones are the best especially if like me you have thicker hair. My hair is not overly thick but if I use some elastics my bun or ponytails slip and loose grip.
great daily foundation.
I was lucky enough to be part of bh's trual for this new stick foundation. I've been using fir 3 days and Im really enjoying it so far.
Nothing magical
As I have pigmentation on my face, I found myself looking at some really expensive products because I believed only these could really deliver results.
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Locally, I like the DJ's and Priceline best for Beauty buying. My closest DJ's is at Tuggerah Westfield…Read More
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So I was browsing through the new priceline catalogue and saw these Revo lip balms which look like they're…Read More
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Help... I really need some advice here. I have a cute little perfume atomiser that I recently found…Read More
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I am trying all Mascaras in the search of one that wont leave me with Panda eyes, by the end of day…Read More
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Covers PowerPoint technical tips plus presentation skills.
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more from our members »


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Results41 articles shown
Wood Group Bags Origin's Pipeline Contract for HBWS Gas Project in Victoria
Thursday, July 02, 2015 Wood Group Kenny bags pipeline design contract from Origin Energy for the Halladale, Black Watch and Speculant natural gas project in Victoria, Australia.
Cooper Energy Reschedules Drilling Plans for Sukananti KSO in Sumatra
Thursday, July 02, 2015 Cooper Energy reschedules drilling plans for the Sukananti KSO in Sumatra, Indonesia and will spud Bunian-4 appraisal well in mid-July.
OMV Successfully Completes Maari Redevelopment Project Off New Zealand
Thursday, July 02, 2015 OMV successfully completes Maari redevelopment project offshore New Zealand.
WA's Browse FLNG Project JV Agrees to Enter FEED, FID Planned for 2H 2016
Wednesday, July 01, 2015 Partners in the Browse floating liquefied natural gas development off Western Australia agree to proceed with the front-end engineering and design phase for the project.
Algeria's 1Q Oil, Gas Output Down 6%, Investment Up
Wednesday, July 01, 2015 Algeria's oil and gas output fell by six percent during the first quarter of 2015 in spite of an increase in investment.
Beach Energy Delivers Gas from Australia's SACB, SWQ Projects to Origin
Wednesday, July 01, 2015 Beach Energy commences gas delivery to Origin Energy from its South Australian Cooper Basin and South West Queensland projects in Australia.
First Oil Flows from CNOOC's Bozhong 28/34 Project in China's Bohai Bay
Wednesday, July 01, 2015 CNOOC commences production at Bozhong 28/34 oilfields comprehensive adjustment project in Bohai offshore China.
Global Maritime DSM Bags Mooring, Rig Positioning Deal from Quadrant Energy
Wednesday, July 01, 2015 Global Maritime Deep Sea Mooring bags a contract to provide mooring and rig positioning services to Quandrant Energy for a semisub and a jackup on Australia's North West Shelf.
Tullow Enjoys Strong Oil Production in West Africa
Wednesday, July 01, 2015 Tullow Oil sees strong oil production from its West African operations thanks to a solid performance from its Jubilee field, offshore Ghana.
Mexico's Proven And Probable Oil Reserves Dip 7% In 2014
Tuesday, June 30, 2015 Total Mexican oil and gas reserves fell last year as Pemex was unable to certify enough new discoveries to compensate for current production, the country's oil regulator CNH says.
Eni To Sell 1.4Mtpa Of LNG To Indonesia's Pertamina
Tuesday, June 30, 2015 Eni signs agreements to sell 1.4 million tonnes per annum (mtpa) of liquefied natural gas from an Indonesian deepwater project to state-run company Pertamina.
CNPC Commences Construction of Chinese Segment of Russia-China Gas Pipeline
Tuesday, June 30, 2015 CNPC commences construction of the Chinese segment of the Eastern Route of the Russia-China Gas Pipeline.
China's Slowing Gas Demand Raises Supply Concern in Australia
Tuesday, June 30, 2015 China's weakening appetite for super-cooled natural gas is raising concerns that the industry is facing a glut as global supply grows.
Technip Bags Brazil's Libra Oil Field FPSO Contract from Jurong Shipyard
Tuesday, June 30, 2015 Technip bags an engineering and procurement services contract from Jurong Shipyard for the floating production, storage and offloading vessel for deployment to Brazil's offshore Libra oil field.
Statoil Submits Amended Development Plan for Gullfaks Area
Tuesday, June 30, 2015 Statoil submits an amendment to its plan to develop Phase One of the Shetland/Lista development in the Gullfaks license area to the Norwegian government.
OPEC Crude Production Surges as Iraq Pumps at Record Pace
Tuesday, June 30, 2015 Iraqi crude production climbed to a record this month, helping send OPEC output to the highest level since August 2012.
Oilex Commences Gas Sales from Cambay-73 in Gujurat's Cambay Field
Monday, June 29, 2015 Oilex commences gas sales from Cambay-73 to local market near the Cambay Field in Gujurat, India.
Australia's Origin Expects Chinese LNG Buyer to Fulfill Contract
Monday, June 29, 2015 Origin Energy expects Sinopec to fulfill its agreement to purchase liquefied natural gas from a $19 billion export project in Australia.
AWE Spuds Waitsia-2 Appraisal Well in Western Australia's Perth Basin
Monday, June 29, 2015 AWE spuds Waitsia-2 appraisal well in Permits L1/L2 in Western Australia's Perth Basin.
Gulf Keystone Signs Domestic Oil Sales Contract in Iraqi Kurdistan
Monday, June 29, 2015 Gulf Keystone Petroleum signs a six-month contract with a crude oil buyer in Iraqi Kurdistan, boosting its cash flow prospects.
China's CNPC Signs Contract to Build Second Pipeline for Russian Crude
Friday, June 26, 2015 CNPC has signed a construction contract for a second domestic pipeline to carry Russian crude oil from Mohe to Daqing, a company-run newspaper says.
Circle Oil Confirms Flow Rates at LAM-1 Onshore Morocco
Friday, June 26, 2015 Circle Oil confirms gas flow rates at the LAM-1 well, located on the Lalla Mimouna Permit onshore Morocco.
Icon Energy, Shantou Sino Energy Extend Deadline for Gas Sales Agreement
Friday, June 26, 2015 Australia's Icon Energy and China's Shantou Sino Energy extend completion date for a gas sales agreement.
IGas Energy Reveals Revenue, Production Decrease
Friday, June 26, 2015 IGas Energy reveals a year on year revenue and oil production decrease, from 2014 to 2015.
Sefton Partners UTAS to Acquire Producing Oil, Gas Assets in Indonesia
Friday, June 26, 2015 Sefton Resources signs development agreement with UTAS Petroleum Services to acquire producing upstream oil and gas assets in Indonesia.
Roxi Secures License Extension for Kazakhstan's BNG Contract Area
Thursday, June 25, 2015 Roxi Petroleum announces that its license for the BNG Contract Area, located in the west of Kazakhstan, has been renewed for 3 years, ending on June 7, 2018.
LTHE Bags $426M Contract for India's Bassein Development Project from ONGC
Thursday, June 25, 2015 L&T Hydrocarbon Engineering bags a $426.26 million engineering, procurement, construction and installation contract for the Bassein Development Project in western offshore basin, India from ONGC.
Strike Commences Ops to Boost Water, Gas Production at SA's SCB Project
Thursday, June 25, 2015 Strike Energy commences operations to boost water and gas production at three Klebb wells in the South Cooper Basin Gas Project in South Australia.
Tap Oil Updates on Spat with Northern Gulf Firms in Thailand's Manora Field
Thursday, June 25, 2015 Tap Oil updates on commercial disputes with partner Northern Gulf companies in Block G1/48 concession in the Gulf of Thailand.
Alam Swiber Wins Subsea Contact at Chevron's Prai Terminal in Malaysia
Wednesday, June 24, 2015 Alam Swiber Offshore wins $5.9 million contract for subsea pipeline installation works from Chevron at the Prai Terminal in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
Peru Agrees to Study Pacific Outlet for Bolivian Natgas Exports
Wednesday, June 24, 2015 The presidents of Peru and Bolivia agree to study a project that would allow landlocked Bolivia to ship its natural gas, a key export, to Asia from Peru's Pacific coast.
Norwegian Production Figures Hit Lowest Point since September 2014
Wednesday, June 24, 2015 The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate's preliminary production figures for May 2015 reveal that average daily production of oil, NGL and condensate hit its lowest point last month since September 2014.
Indonesia Sets Oil, Gas Production Targets for 2016
Wednesday, June 24, 2015 Indonesia sets 2016 gas production target of 1.1 million to 1.3 million barrels of oil equivalent and plans to produce 800,000 to 830,000 barrels of oil per day.
PetroVietnam, Gazprom Seal Agreement to Develop 2 Fields in Russia
Tuesday, June 23, 2015 PetroVietnam and Gazprom seal agreement for their joint venture company Gazpromviet to explore and develop two oil and gas fields in Russia.
PetroNeft: Significant Production Growth Expected in 2015
Tuesday, June 23, 2015 PetroNeft announces in its annual results statement for 2014 that it expects a significant boost in production this year.
Neptune Completes Grouting Project at Cakrawala Field Off Malaysia
Tuesday, June 23, 2015 Australia's Neptune Marine Services completes a displacement pile grouting project for Hyundai Heavy Industries at the Cakrawala field in the Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area.
Azeri Shah Deniz Gas Project Awards Subsea Contracts
Monday, June 22, 2015 FMC Kongsberg Subsea AS and OneSubsea (UK) have won contracts for subsea infrastructure totaling $363 million for Azerbaijan's Shah Deniz gas field.
Output At Groningen Gas Field To Be Capped At 30 Bcm In 2015
Monday, June 22, 2015 Dutch Economy Minister Henk Kamp will propose a further tightening of production at Groningen, according to Dutch news agency ANP.
Shale Fallout Torments Nigeria as Flagship Oil at Decade-Low
Friday, June 19, 2015 The shale boom that's reduced US dependence on overseas crude is reverberating in Nigeria as Africa's biggest oil producer cuts the pricing for its flagship grade to the lowest in a decade.
Sugih Energy Expects Indonesia Govt to Approve Sumatra's Lemang Block POD
Friday, June 19, 2015 Sugih Energy expects the Indonesian government to approve the development plan for the Lemang block in Sumatra, Indonesia.
Total, Inpex to Share 30% Stake in Indonesia's Mahakam Gas Block
Friday, June 19, 2015 Indonesia says it will allocate Total and Japan's Inpex a 30 percent stake in the offshore Mahakam oil and gas block once the French major's operating rights to Indonesia's top gas field expire in December 2017.
|Brent Crude Oil :
|Light Crude Oil :
|Natural Gas :
|Updated in last 24 hours


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Heysham Primary Care Centre We will be moving from our Heysham Health Centre (HHC) site in to the NEW PRIMARY CARE CENTRE opposite very soon and plan to be open for business on Monday 8th October 2012. Strawberry Gardens Medical Practice is also moving in and the two Practices will each be based in a separate wing in the building. The new Primary Care Centre is situated across from the current Heysham Health Centre on Middleton way & will have a large car park with 90 + spaces. Our Wing has 12 clinician rooms including two large treatment rooms where we will be able to offer treatment room services such as wound care, dressings, stitch removal & ear checks. There will also be an automated check in system which will enable patients to 'arrive themselves' for appointments as well as an Electronic Patient Call system to let you know when your Nurse/Doctor is ready for you. The Practice's in-house physio triage service which is currently based at HHC due to the building works planned at Morecambe Health Centre will also move to the new Primary Care Centre & will hold sessions on a Tuesday afternoon, a Wednesday morning & a Thursday afternoon. Service Changes due to Building Works at Morecambe Health Centre – STARTING MONDAY 10th September 2012 for 8 weeks. Please be aware that whilst the building works are in progress the car park at Morecambe Health Centre is going to be very busy and we would advise you to be very careful when visiting the site. We apologise for any inconvenience whilst the works are in progress. These works are to provide facilities for the New Same Day Service which we believe will be open as from Monday 5th November. We at Coastal Medical Group are happy to be able to support Coastal Health Care Ltd with the introduction of what will be an innovative and exciting additional service for patients in Morecambe. Due to the building works to be carried out at Morecambe Health Centre, the following regular services have moved sites: In-house Physiotherapy Triage Services Our in-house physiotherapy triage clinics has moved from West End Site to Heysham Health Centre Site and sessions are held on a Monday morning, Wednesday morning & Thursday afternoon. This is a service which your GP would refer you to if they felt it necessary. Treatment Room Services (dressings/ear care etc) All our treatment room services have moved moved out of Morecambe Health Centre and down to our treatment room in the West End Site for a short period of time while building work is taking place. Once the building work is complete, it would be our aim to have treatment room services based across all 3 sites. Other information Although you may find some of your regular practice nurses/health visitors etc are using a different room on a temporary basis, the only major site changes are those detailed above. We hope to keep disruption to a minimum and apologise in advance for any inconvenience caused. Many thanks for your patience
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Installing anExtension in PS CS5?
Started Sep 19, 2013 | Discussions thread
Phil_L OP
Senior Member • Posts: 2,896
suddie1215 wrote:
Are you running the Adobe Extension Manager in administrator mode?
No! Just from an admin. account and by double clicking on the saved file! Thought that would fix it.
Went via the Start menu, right clicked on Extension Manager, chose Open as Administrator.
Worked lke a charm. Many thanks
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Volkswagen Repair in North Houston
We found 108 Volkswagen service shops and mechanics in North Houston.
8 are RepairPal Certified.
Miller's Auto and Body Repair
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Young's Automotive Center
6117 Ridgemont(713) 636-5427
Houston, TX 77087Map & directions
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5621 Schumacher Lane(713) 999-3678
Houston, TX 77057Map & directions
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Adams Automotive
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Weaver Auto Service
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Houston, TX 77037Map & directions
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Auto World West Loop
2805 West Loop S(713) 489-3654
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Christian Brothers Automotive West Galleria
7937 Westheimer Rd(713) 489-4532
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RepairPrice Guarantee for Volkswagen service near
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Located 10 miles from St Austell on the beautiful Roseland Peninsula, YHA Boswinger is perfectly located for garden-lovers with the Lost Gardens of Heligan just down the road and Eden Project 15 miles away, both accessible by local bus. We have the perfect family-friendly sandy beach at the bottom of our hill, and many more within walking distance. The South West Coast Path is on the doorstep., The hostel is an old farmhouse with a sunny courtyard and a small garden, in a quiet village by the sea. Home-cooked meals can be enjoyed in our beautiful courtyard or garden. Boswinger youth hostel is one of the oldest hostels in Cornwall and is perfect for quiet and relaxing breaks.
What travellers think
Papierkörbe in den Zimmern wäre kein Luxus.
Wed 20 May 2015
Really friendly hostel, in a beautiful location near the coast. Very helpful staff and great breakfast.
Sat 27 Sep 2014


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ProHealth Solutions announced today that two groups of hospital emergency physicians have joined the accountable care organization (ACO).
The two physician groups provide services at ProHealth Care's two acute-care hospitals. Emergency Medical Associates of Waukesha serves Waukesha Memorial Hospital, and Lake Country Emergency Physicians serves Oconomowoc Memorial Hospital.
The groups include a total of 19 physicians and 17 physician assistants and nurse practitioners. The agreement means they will work with other ProHealth Solutions providers to improve the coordination of care in the community.
"With these two groups of high-quality emergency medicine professionals joining the hospitals and more than 400 physicians in our ACO, we have new opportunities to improve the cost and quality of health care services," said David Cook, chief administrative officer for ProHealth Solutions.
The emergency physicians will continue to practice as two independent medical groups.
ProHealth Solutions is a clinically integrated network consisting of independent physicians and physicians employed by ProHealth Care. ProHealth Solutions collaborates with payers and employers to develop programs that improve the quality and efficiency of health care services. Formed in 2011, ProHealth Solutions was among the first accountable care organizations in southeastern Wisconsin. It is a joint venture of ProHealth Care and the physicians.
The ACO is a participant in the Medicare Shared Savings Program under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Under the program, the ProHealth Solutions physicians provide high-quality care to Medicare beneficiaries while working to control the cost of care through quality improvement and enhanced care coordination.
More information about ProHealth Solutions is available at prohealthsolutions.net
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Jessica Alba
Jessica Alba deserves major kudos for being one of Hollywood's most stable moms. She even directed her dedication to eco-conscious parenting into a booming business, The Honest Company, giving mothers without A-list cash a chance to raise their babies in a cute, chemical-free environment.
(Photo: Splash News)
Out and About: Caitlyn Jenner Struts in Leopard06/30/2015
You Gotta Have It: What to Hear, See and Cop This Month06/30/2015
Where Are They Now? The Cast of Coming to America06/29/2015
Quotes: Obama Speaks on Historic Marriage Equality Ruling06/26/2015
Out and About: Rihanna Lets It All Hang Out in LA06/26/2015
Great Moments in Black LGBT History06/25/2015
Celebrity Birthdays: Solange Knowles-Ferguson Celebrates!06/24/2015
Where Are They Now? The Cast of White Chicks06/23/2015
So Fab: Drag Queens as Celebrities06/22/2015
Celebrities Celebrate Father's Day 201506/21/2015
Out and About: Chanel Iman Is Beyond Sexy in NYC06/19/2015
Celeb Quotes: Pres. Obama Slams the Politics of Gun Control06/19/2015
Father Knows Best: Celebrity Dads Talk Fatherhood06/18/2015
Celebrity Birthdays: Kendrick Lamar Celebrates!06/17/2015
Out and Proud: Famous LGBT Couples06/16/2015
Rachel Dolezal Ain't the Only One: 'Transracial' Celebs06/15/2015
Out and About: Gorgeous Gabby in the Big Apple06/12/2015
Celeb Quotes: Drake Throws Shade to Music Streaming Sites06/12/2015
Party Rockers: Wildest Bashes for Celebrity Kids06/11/2015
You Gotta Have It: Things to See, Hear and Cop This Month06/10/2015
Where Are They Now?: Cast of What's Love Got to Do With It06/09/2015
Learn and Love: Ten Things to Know About Transgender People06/08/2015
Celebrity Birthdays: Kanye West Celebrates!06/08/2015
Out and About: Nicki Minaj Got You All in Check at X Games06/06/2015
Cinemania: Must-See Movies in June06/05/2015
Celebrity Quotes of the Week: Nicki Minaj Demands Orgasms06/05/2015
Celebrity Birthdays: EJ Johnson Celebrates!06/04/2015
Keep It Cute: Celebrity Babies Who Steal the Show06/03/2015
Where Are They Now? The Cast of Big Momma's House06/02/2015
Forever Kimye: Kim and Kanye's Love Story06/01/2015
Out and About: North West Is Tutu Cute Leaving Dance Class05/31/2015
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The Bourne Ultimatum
Side Effects
The Informant!
An Inconvenient Truth
All Scott Z. Burns films
Movies.com, the ultimate source for everything movies, is your destination for new movie trailers, reviews, photos, times, tickets + more! Stay in the know with the latest movie news and cast interviews at Movies.com.
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BPL Community Profile
Ike Mouser (isaac.mouser) - BPL Forum Member
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All Forum Posts by Ike Mouser
Showing 151 - 160 of 1104 | Page: 1 ...7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 ...111
problem solved
bridge hammock is for back sleepers, gathered ends for side sleepers. get a hammock, problem solved. Recommendations: Grizz bridge or warbonnet blackbird.
that last quote you commented on is pretty much the direct line that right wing radio shows repeat a million times a broadcast.
but doug
whats the purpose of all thsoe positions you just named? to keep the fighters fighting.
i never said people joined to kill people, i said killing people and then defending those actions by saying you were being patriotic/nationalistic or you joined because you had a tough background i...
Because you had a bad economic situation from birth or were looking for a better life is no excuse for killing people. Patriotism/nationalism are even more vile excuses.
aarn ff
the last pack i will ever use, pending some new aarn pack. ******LEFT FRONT POCKET****** Ziploc: GPS headlamp phone camera batteries all electronic stuff ...
unless your lower back on the right side is oddly shaped and you have a large hernia on your upper left ab, i can see loose spots in the shirt. I dont have those in my smartwool base layers. The sl...
i tried ones like that, they were not as tight as my smartwools. smartwools were tight all down the torso, even at the abs and lower belly. skin tight on the arms, chest. I could see every ab sepe...
cheap waterproof mit alternative
Wondering if these would be good for winter to use a shell over my non-waterproof main insulation mitts. They are cheap, some are thicker plastic than others. My conern is moisture not being able...
All Reader Reviews by Ike Mouser
Showing 1 - 2 of 2 | Page: 1
Eddie Bauer Downlight Medium Black
Mine weighs about 10oz. 2 oz more than my thermawrap, but may allow me to ditch the no-sniveller underquilt for a lighter alternative since i will need less insulation at night from this warmer jacke...
Warbonnet BlackBird
The WBBB is the best piece of gear i own, hands down, i own the DBL layer 1.1, replaced the suspension webbing + tri rings with 16 feet of amsteel blue 7/64 whoppie slings on each side, give me 7 feet...


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Mini Pears essential Waitrose 6 per pack
5 days guaranteed (avg. 7.5)*
Price each: 25p
Product Description
Class 1
50/55 mm
Product Information
Office Shop/
Fresh Fruit
- Brands: Waitrose
- Dietary & Lifestyle: Wheat Free, Gluten Free, Nut Free, Vegetarian
Essential Waitrose
Refrigerate after purchase.
Wash before use.
Best served at room temperature
Country of Origin
Country of origin may vary depending on seasonality
Waitrose Limited,
Package Type
Bag - Plastic
Other Information
Full Product Name:
Mini pears
Refrigerate after purchase.
Allergen Information
Allergens can be found in the ingredients list
Free From Nut, Free From Gluten, Free From Wheat
Dietary Information
Wheat Free, Gluten Free, Nut Free
Nutritional Data
|Typical Values
|As Sold Per 100g
|Energy kJ
|Energy kcal
|of which saturates
|of which sugars
Customer Reviews
24 January 2015
perfect flavour after a few days
The only reason I dropped a star is that i wouldn't say they were mini, just normal size
09 November 2014
Very Nice Small Pears
Exactly the right stage of ripeness, unblemished and quite good flavour. Very reasonably priced too.
08 September 2014
Very firm but lovely
I just love these pears - currently Portuguese Rocha - as they are very crisp and firm, juicy and sweet. They may well be too hard for many, but I assume 2 or 3 days would ripen them to a softer fruit. Please tell us what the current variety the "Mini Pears" is Ocado.
25 July 2014
damaged and rotten
Awful bag of pears, bruised and damaged, half were only fit for he bin. Should not have been delivered
Chocolate, Pear and Almond Tart
This chocolate tart is an indulgent and sophisticated dinner party dessert, with rich almond frangipane and fresh pears. Simon is making the most of seasonal pears, which are available throughout the winter. The main British variety is Conference pears, but Comice, Concorde and Williams are also good local options. Part of our Daily Brunch with Ocado recipe collection.
55 mins
Green Feta Salad topped with Mint Dressing
A fresh and easy-to-make lunch option, served with a delicious yogurt dressing.
15 mins
Kung Po Beef Wraps
By marinating the beef with the Kung Po sauce, you get juicy, spicy beef which partners perfectly with in a rice and lettuce wrap. Chef's tip: why not make a platter with beef, rice and lettuce and allow everyone to build their own wrap?
20 mins
- Life guarantee
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text:
There are no Upcoming Shows listed for this artist.
James Mattern
JAMES MATTERN is a Nationally Headlining Comic and Radio personality, who has fast become one of the most beloved Emcee's in NYC. JAMES has appeared several times on "THE ARTIE LANGE SHOW" and he was a Regular on MSG Networks, "THE BRACKET". He is the Host of several wildly popular Podcasts. Including: "LUST FOR LIFE" and "GET IN THE RING: A Guns' N Roses Appreciation Podcast". He also stars in his own web series, "BUSTIN BALLS".
As the former audience warmup for FOX SPORTS ONE's "Crowd Goes Wild", he worked with the legendary Regis Philbin. Additionally, James has appeared on "THE MOJO SHOW" on CBS SPORTS RADIO; and was a "man on the street" for "FERRALL ON THE BENCH" on SIRIUS-XM.
James Mattern's Upcoming Events
James Mattern's Videos
Tweet Feed
- Another great All-Stars show 2nite at 8p w/ @Deanofcomedy @ComicMikeV @ryanreiss @marinayfranklin & more! Tix bit.ly/1CNq2Yo Jul 02
- Great lineup 2nite at 7:30p @RyanHamilton, @MacioComedian, @bscottmcfadden, Leonard Ouzts, Marion Grodin! Tix at bit.ly/1Nst8HJ Jun 30
- RT @ComedyJuiceNY: NYC! Just added to our show Tomorrow at @GothamComedy at 9:30: @JeffDye from @NBCICanDoThat! Hurry & Get Tickets: http:… Jun 30
- NYC We've got @JeffDye this wknd! Come out & see him, you won't be disappointed. Fri 830/10:30 Sat 8/10/11:45. Tix bit.ly/1FDM17q Jun 25
- RT @JeffDye: All weekend (Friday and Saturday) I'm at @GothamComedy in NYC. Come see me headline. gothamcomedyclub.com/mobile/show.cf… http://t.co/X8imQr… Jun 24


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text:
I know the F4 motor drive is slower but how many people need faster? If you're shooting shorter prime lenses are you really going to see a big difference in AF speed?
OTOH it seems F5 prices have dropped to very close to F4 prices now.
OTOH you could look at the F100 instead of the F5.


text:
22 lightroom 19 polarizer 18 blue 14 sea 11 green canoneos5d australia 10 annapurna 9 light mountain nepal himalaya canonpowershotg9 beach trek 8 sky sand tokinaatx1224mmf4 water altitude canon350d 7 dark contrast yellow madang papuanewguinea africa niger clouds ice 1025fav png westafrica 6 white rock trekking red annapurnahimal canoneos400d annapurnasanctuary snow 5 diving bay harbour african girl peak conversion child madangharbour annapurnamassif tropical 15fav bw range macchapuchare 4 mountains orange underwater poverty annapurnasouth aqua coast 1785mmusmis scuba fishtailmountain fishtail himalayas depthoffield nb paradise prayerflags high 3 wind annapurnabasecamptrek explore vertical flags canonefs1785mmf35usmis warm stars tasmania prayer canoneos350d monochrome coral canonef24105mmf28lusmis cloudporn canonef85mmf18usm hiking wpdc21 ngo morealtitude night annapurnaconservationarea roadtrip victoria reef interestingness macro melanesia dive skyscape
4 africa,westafrica africa,niger 3 africa,child africa,african africa,girl 2 girl,niger niger,westafrica australia,blue child,girl blue,canoneos5d african,niger
More Altitude 50
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text:
Sandbar Game in Maryland Sprint Handicap Win
Sandbar, claimed last fall by Ken and Sarah Ramsey, and jockey Joel Rosario wore down pacesetter Happy My Way for a game victory in the Maryland Sprint Handicap (gr. III) at Pimlico May 16.
Sandbar, claimed last fall by Ken and Sarah Ramsey, and jockey Joel Rosario wore down pacesetter Happy My Way for a game victory in the Maryland Sprint Handicap (gr. III) at Pimlico May 16.
Two rugged West Virginia-breds, each of whom has won 23 times at Hollywood Casino at Charles Town Races, will square off again to spice up the undercard for the April 18 Charles Town Classic (gr. II) program.
Mark Russell's popular 8-year-old gelding Russell Road, who hadn't won since May, turned the tables on heavy favorite Lucy's Bob Boy to win the West Virginia Breeders' Classic Oct. 18 for the third time in his career.
The winners of the last three editions of the West Virginia Breeders' Classic Stakes will square off the evening of Oct. 18 when Hollywood Casino at Charles Town Races hosts the feature and eight other state-bred stakes.
Sagamore Farm and Mel Paikoff's Happy My Way streaked wire to wire in the $150,000 Maryland Sprint Handicap presented by Jagermeister (gr. III) May 17 at Pimlico Race Course, securing his first graded stakes score.
Lemon Drop Dream and Action Andy are co-highweights at 115 pounds for the Maryland Sprint Handicap, with Lemon Drop Dream entering the race off a victory in the Count Fleet Sprint H. (gr. III) at Oaklawn Park.
His reputation restored with a superb win in the Santa Anita Handicap (gr. I), Game On Dude looks for a repeat victory in the $1.5 million Charles Town Classic (gr. II) the night of April 19 at Charles Town Races.
Daniel J. Lopez's Geeky Gorgeous, a winner of three stakes races last year, has been named New Jersey-bred Horse of the Year for 2013.
Lightly regarded Bandbox swept six-wide into the stretch and accelerated clear to an open-length win in the $250,000 General George Handicap (gr. III) Feb. 17 at Laurel Park.
With New York-breds making their presence felt in open company, here comes Palace, who looks to be the class of the $250,000 General George Handicap (gr. III) at Laurel Park Feb. 17.
Fred High, making his third attempt in the rich West Virginia Breeders' Classic Stakes, upended previous winners Russell Road and Lucy's Bob Boy to post a mild upset at Hollywood Casino at Charles Town Races Oct. 19.
Lucy's Bob Boy looks to defend his crown on the night of Oct. 19 as he takes his spot in a full gate of 10 horses for the $500,000 West Virginia Breeders' Classic, headline event at Hollywood Casino at Charles Town Races.
Immortal Eyes left the gate in a flash, opened up quickly on his rivals, and won in hand in the $350,000 Frank J. DeFrancis Memorial Dash contested over the sloppy main track at Laurel Park.
Nine sprinters have been entered in Laurel Park's 22nd running of the $350,000 Frank J. De Francis Memorial Dash Sept. 21, including local star Ben's Cat.
Ahmed Zayat hopes to make an early trip to the winner's circle in the Forego Stakes (gr. I) Aug. 31, just before Paynter continues on his comeback trail in the featured Woodward (gr. I).
It was a battle of the longshots down the stretch in the 65th edition of Monmouth Park's Salvator Mile (gr. III) July 6. Raging Daoust, won his first stakes test by a nose over pacesetter Big Sur.
A speed-laden field has been entered for the 65th running of the $150,000 Salvator Mile Stakes (gr. III) for 3-year-olds and up to be held at Monmouth Park July 6.
Running for the first time in 2013, Michael Dubb's Sage Valley earned his fourth straight victory when he took the $150,000 Maryland Sprint Handicap (gr. III) at Pimlico Race Course May 18.
A full field of 13, including four graded stakes winners, will clash in the May 18 Red Bank Stakes (gr. IIIT) at Monmouth Park.
Lucy's Bob Boy didn't give the bridge-jumpers a scare when he took the early lead and coasted in workout-like fashion to win the $50,000 Confucius Say Stakes at Hollywood Casino at Charles Town Races April 20.
Hall of Fame trainer Jerry Hollendorfer threatens to have grade I winners on both coasts April 6 as he ships Sahara Sky to Aqueduct Racetrack for the $400,000 Carter Handicap (gr. I).
Smith Farm and Stable's Javerre, a winner of four races last year, has been named New Jersey-bred Horse of the Year for 2012.
Smith Farm and Stable's New Jersey-bred Javerre won his first graded- stakes race Feb. 18, taking the $250,000 General George Handicap (gr. III) at Laurel Park.
Trainer Bob Baffert and Brigand will go back to the Laurel Park well Feb. 18 in the $250,000 General George Handicap (gr. III), where Brigand is the 9-5 morning-line favorite.
King T. Leatherbury's homebred gelding Ben's Cat was named 2012 Maryland-bred Horse of the Year in the annual poll conducted by the Maryland Horse Breeders Association.
|Breeder / Owner
|Bayou Bengal
|William R. Komlo
|Leo Azpurua, Jr.
|Bob Baffert
|Hardened Wildcat
|Benjamin W. Perkins, Jr.
|Cathal A. Lynch
|Lucy's Bob Boy
|Sandra A. Dono
|Linda Rice
|Service for Ten
|Emanuel J. Geralis
|Bertrando S.
|Perfect Sting S.
|Princess Elaine S.
|Blair's Cove S.
|New York Oaks


text:
by SunWare
A range of solar panels so thin and flexible they can mould to the curve of a cabin top and so strong they can safely be walked on is now available in New Zealand.
Andy Samways: panels are flexible, strong and effective.
The SunWare range of 12v and 24v marine solar panels are made in Germany and are now being distributed throughout New Zealand and the South Pacific by Lusty and Blundell Ltd, New Zealand's leading supplier of top quality marine systems and products.
'The amazing thing about the SunWare range is their efficiency,' says Lusty and Blundell's Andy Samways. 'Incredibly, they have managed to create a range of solar panels that are both thin and flexible, and strong and non-slip, without compromising their efficiency or output in any way.
'In fact, the SunWare marine solar panel range would have to be among the most powerful and efficient on the market.'
SunWare exclusively use high performance crystalline solar cells and Nowoflon, a special fluoropolymer film.
'Although Nowoflon boasts the same transparency as solar glass and is extremely UV resistant, it is also completely shatter-proof,' says Samways. 'This means a much longer, more reliable life with no dangerous shards of glass and no risk of injury.'
SunWare solar panel modules are also totally salt and sea water resistant. They feature a thick, 1mm mounting plate made from V4A stainless steel. This is white powder-coated and also completely encapsulated in Nowoflon.
For even more protection, the panel's laminate also extends a full 5mm beyond the mounting plate. This, combined with the module's rounded corners and extremely flat design, means there are is nothing to trip over and nothing for lines, halyards or sheets to get caught on.
To ensure their solar panels can be safely walked on by even the most unsteady mariner, SunWare have created a slightly structured surface. This means the panels have a strong, anti-slip feel, even when wet. The Nowoflon film is also extremely dirt-resistant with even the most stubborn of material able to be simply washed away by a hose or during the next rainfall.
The SunWare range of marine solar panels is now available exclusively from any Lusty and Blundell branch (Albany, Whangarei and Tauranga) or from any of the company's nationwide network of leading marine dealers.
More at www.


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text:
St. Augustine firm to build $500M power plant, create 400 jobs in Ohio
St. Augustine-based NTE Solutions has big plans for a natural gas power plant in Ohio.
NTE Solutions' half-billion dollar project will build a natural-gas fired power plant that will produce enough power to supply 400,000 homes, the Dayton Business Journal reports.
Construction is expected to begin in 2015 and create 300 to 400 jobs in the construction business for up to three years. When completed in 2018, it will employ 25 to 30 full-time and be owned and operated by NTE Solutions.
The company says the plan will have 60 percent less emissions than conventional fuel.
"As the energy landscape continues to change, the need for affordable, cleaner base load generation is upon us," said Seth Shortlidge, president of NTE Energy, in a news release. "NTE Energy looks forward to working with the Middletown community in developing one of the cleanest, most efficient, and most reliable sources to fulfill this growing demand."


text:
- Product Information
Product Description
Our 3 1/2" Novelty Wall Climbers make a great loot bag toy or redemption prize. Packed in a poly bag of 1 dozen climbers in assorted colors. Please order in increments of 1 dozen.
- Questions & Answers
- Reviews
Customer Reviews
- Hang in There! Review by Thrifty Teacher
Just the right size for young hands.
(Posted on 8/8/11)
- frequent re-order, the kids love these! Review by speech teacher
These are a top pick in my prize box. I tell the kids to keep them in a baggy after opening so they do not dry out.
(Posted on 7/11/11)
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