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BILL ShANkLY FOOTBALL DEVELOPMENT | GOVERNANCE | REFEREES | REP TEAMS BERkS & BuCkS FA NEwS NOV 2011 | ISSuE 5 Air Ambulance Berks | Oxon | Bucks in action over the County of Bucks. YOuR LOCAL AIR AMBuLANCE Berks & Bucks FA are proud to announce their operational costs such as fuel and flying time. The key benefit of the air ambulance is BOB's Real life stORies partnership with Thames Valley & Chiltern Air its ability to bring rapid medical intervention to a life threatening situation in order On the 11 February, I was driving (with my 15 month old baby in the car), when I hit a Ambulance for the 2011–12 season. Over the to give primary care to patients and, if required, airlift them to the most appropriate patch of black ice and went straight into a tree. I broke my pelvis, sustained a serious coming weeks, we will be producing a programme hospital within the "Golden hour". head injury and had a suspected broken neck. The police officer told my family that of events and opportunities for everyone to get As a small, flexible and highly manoeuvrable helicopter, BOB can reach areas that a I wasn't expected to survive the helicopter journey but I did and was airlifted to the involved with in aid of this critical service. ground vehicle could not access, such as remote rural areas, golf courses, John Radcliffe hospital. Once there I was put in an induced coma for 10 days. railways and rivers. To date BOB has The Thames Valley & Chiltern is based at RAF Benson, Oxfordshire. answered over 12,500 emergency what I have come to realise is that it is not It carries a full range of life saving and Air Ambulance Trust, launched medical equipment and is manned by a calls within Berkshire, Oxfordshire and the primary brain damage that is the most devastating but the secondary brain damage in June 1999, provides a life pilot and two fully qualified paramedics, Buckinghamshire, saving many lives. that is caused by the swelling and pressure who are often supported by a small team saving service for the counties of doctors who volunteer their time. BOB The Thames Valley & Chiltern Air Ambulance build up. Thankfully, I was intubated on route Trust needs your help to raise the necessary and airlifted speedily to the best neuro- of Berkshire, Oxfordshire has the capacity to transport one patient funds to maintain this life saving service intensive care unit in the country. It was a and Buckinghamshire. with the ability to treat and care in the air. Liz Verrall, County Development Manager, long recovery but today, 2 years on, I feel I The Trust is a Registered Charity, and is not The helicopter is operated during daylight said, "This is such a worthwhile charity to am back and am able to enjoy being a mum. funded by central Government or the National hours and is on call seven days per week. support, it is a charity that we all can relate Paula C Lottery and relies entirely on donations from On average it is tasked three times per to, we have heard of horrific injuries that have happened during football matches, we rely on you, so you can rely on us the public to fund its annual running costs. day to emergency situations involving road Donate online at: www.supportbob.co.uk traffic collisions, equestrian and sporting where the air ambulance has come to the The air ambulance, a Eurocopter EC135, rescue. BBFA would like to do their bit, with or text: HBOB10 £5 to 70070 accidents and the onset of acute illnesses which has been aptly named BOB (to your help, to ensure that the air ambulance such as heart attacks and strokes. Each represent the three counties it covers), is operational if the unfortunate occurs." mission costs approximately £2,000 in NATiONAl VOLuNTEER OF ThE YEAR AwARD On Sunday 7th August 2011, The Community Shield played host not only to the reining Premiership Champions and the winner of The FA Cup but to all the National winners of The FA Community Awards presented by McDonalds. Clubs, Leagues, Volunteers, Coaches and Michael took to the stage and pitch as National Volunteer of the Year 2011. guests from across the country gathered his enthusiasm and commitment are second pre-match in an Awards Ceremony to Steve Sartain, Secretary of Stony Statford Town FC, in his to none, nothing is too much trouble for him nomination of Michael Judd said "I'm not sure how he celebrate the successes of all those manages to keep this level of work up, given that most people involved in grassroots football. of his age are sat in front of a fire in an armchair relaxing. His enthusiasm and commitment are second to none, nothing is For one local man in Berks & Bucks, his journey began over too much trouble for him. He is definitely one of a kind. He sons there, having a meal, being presented with my award 25 years ago when he got involved with his local football club, should be wearing his underpants over his trousers. he is the and going on the pitch at half time. My sincere thanks to Stony Stratford Town. his roles at the club include Youth Stalwart of the club that would be very hard to replace if he everybody for a day I'll never forget." Secretary, which involves liaising with 5 different leagues, ever decides to retire from the work he does for us." The FA Community Awards aim to recognise and reward ground and pitch maintenance, which covers a 6 acre plus Speaking of his achievement Mike added "20 something years people across the country who make a difference to site, cutting the grass, marking out the pitches, maintaining is a long time to be involved and more people should get grassroots football in their local community – the people who the goalposts, stands, dugouts as well as the changing rooms involved too. It was an honour to be recognised by club dedicate their time to developing tomorrow's young talent and and clubhouse. he also opens up the club house for games members past and present as well as the Berks & Bucks FA help ensure safety and best practice in tens of thousands of and training. Michael Judd was our County and South East and The FA. It all came as a big surprise. It was a delight clubs up and down the country. Nominations open in February Regional winner of The FA Community Awards presented by being invited to the Community Shield match with my two each year. McDonalds Volunteer of the Year. On Sunday 7th August, The FA Tesco Skills coach. The sessions will be planned in advance with a session resource at hand, and can focus on an area of development agreed Programme is now entering between the club and the skills coach. Session Resources For each training session that we deliver we its fifth year of developing can provide the club with a range of resources that can help your coaches deliver sessions when the Skills Team are not present. The grassroots football around session plans can focus on an area of development highlighted by the club, and are in an easy to follow slide format. the Country. Coaching Clinics To work with, and effect as many coaches as possible, The Skills team are able to put on and deliver coaching the fa, tesco and sport england now employs 106 full time clinic events. This would involve the Skills Team delivering a theory professional football coaches, where the core focus of work is in and practical session, linking to an area of development that is skills Centres, school Curriculum and Charter standard Club suitable for the club. The Skills Team could explain the what, where, support. in Berkshire & Buckinghamshire, the team of fa tesco why, when and how's inside, and then demonstrate to all of the skills Coaches aim to help young players strive to be the best attending coaches outside. that they can be. Qualifications If you have coaches at your club who are interested Charter Standard Clubs in taking their next coaching course, or gaining some new football The FA Tesco Skills Team can offer blocks of support to Charter specific qualifications, The Skills Team can signpost you towards Standard Clubs. This support can be a bespoke programme, what would be best for your personal development, through the tailored to the needs of your club, teams, coaches and players. Berks & Bucks County FA, and their extensive range of courses. Support can be varied, and can be used over a whole season, If you have any questions or would like to arrange some coaching depending upon the needs of your club. sessions, please contact Skills Team Leader, Tom Hartley via Support Sessions The FA Tesco Skills Team can come to visit your 07943 862307 or email firstname.lastname@example.com team at training, and deliver coaching sessions with your team ReADiNG POwERChAIR FC COMPETE FOR ThE FIRST TIME Reading Powerchair FC have come a long way since their set up earlier this year and are now competing in the National Powerchair League based in Nottingham. They are always looking for new players. COUNTY FA YOuTh On the weekend of 10th & 11th September, The National League fixtures for the season will be Reading Powerchair FC competed in their 26th & 27th November 2011 FuTSAL FESTIVAL 2012 25th & 26th February 2012 first fixtures. 17th & 18th March 2012 We are please to announce that we'll Reading's first game of the weekend was against Watford 12th & 13th May 2012 be holding our first ever Youth Futsal based Evergreen 2, which saw coach Lee Ison face his old club 2nd June 2012 it was a massive learning curve for Reading having only played festival in february 2012. To find out more go to www.thewfa.org.uk a handful of friendly games and only been training since April As outlined in the FA's National Game Strategy, Berks & this year.It was a hard game against a very good and Reading Powerchair Football club train on Sundays fortnightly Bucks FA are looking to support the growth of the small experienced Evergreen side. at the Reading Academy sports leisure centre, Northumberland sided game that is Futsal. Avenue 11am-1pm but will change to 10am-12pm after Reading's heavy defeat didn't stop the team spirit as they we'll be hosting a County Youth Futsal Tournament for Christmas. The remaining training dates this season are; bounced back with a 4-3 wIN against Telford with Sam Daly ALL current youth clubs and schools (schools must be getting all 4 goals. Reading's game against one of the favourites Sun 16th Oct 10 -12 with AGM at 1 affiliated to the ESFA) for the eventual winners to then enter Swindon Rockets proved to be another tough test losing 4-0. Sun 30th Oct 11-1 into the Regional and National tournaments. The age Sun 13th Nov 11-1 bands (u10's, u12's, u14's, u16's) running similar to those Reading's final game of the weekend was against Brighton which proved to be a difficult challenge and at 2-1 didn't looked If anyone who feels they fit the criteria and wants to play or of girls football. Because Futsal is still in its infancey within comfortable and needed a third which they got right near the find out more about the sport contact lee or laura ison on the uk it opens up fantastic opportunities at national level. end to clinch it 3-1 ,with Sam Daly again getting all the goals, firstname.lastname@example.com or visit www.readingpowerchairfc.org.uk For further details on Futsal and the forthcoming totalling 7 for the weekend. tournament and any additional information please contact Reading Powerchair Football Club is a voluntary run disability Football Club and any funding would be gratefully received. firstname.lastname@example.com or tel: 07766 774471 COUNTY CuPS ROuND-uP By now all of the Cup Competitions are in full flow with some of them having reached the second round stage. so far we have had a considerable number of teams drop out for various reasons. Clubs should make themselves aware of County Cup dates which are published in the County handbook and on the County FA website. County Cup dates are not moveable and if a club/team have been granted a free week by their League, if that is a County Cup date, they GROUNDSMAN OF ThE will be expected to play on that date. Clubs are reminded that the home team must ring the result into the Competitions Secretary by 6pm on the day of the match. In the early rounds so far many teams have YEAR AwARD incurred unnecessary fines for failure to phone in results which have delayed the production of the next round draws. Clubs are reminded that if they have any queries about players in relation to eligibility to play in a particular The 'Groundsman of the Year' competition for 2011/12 is about to get underway competition if he has played in any FA Competitions or has with a number of changes from last year's competitions. Nomination forms should been transferred from another club they should contact the be available very soon and there is now an additional prize of another £500.00 for hon Cup Competitions Secretary immediately on 01296- 486310. clubs at Steps 5 and 6. Any fines that are incurred within Cup Competitions will not be discussed by the hon Cup Competitions Secretary The inspections and final judging is delegated to representative and be judged with other winners from different over the phone. If Clubs/Teams wish to appeal against a parts of the country. a small working group of Council Members who fine they must follow the instructions on the fine notification In recognition of the high profile of both local and national visit club grounds following the nomination of a competitions, Berks & Bucks are this season awarding prizes and pay the fine and send in a letter of appeal to the County Office. particular groundsman or groundswoman. of £500-00 each towards the cost of grounds maintenance equipment to the winner of our own Step 5/6 competition and In Adult competitions, generally the next round draw will be Nominations can be made by Council Members, clubs, leagues the Step 7 and below competition. This is something we will available on the County FA website by the wednesday or any individual involved in football and it is important to stress continue to do. after the previous round has been played. To avoid postal that we are not only considering the skills of a particular person In both of our competitions, the winners, runners-up and delays or result cards going missing and also save in producing a good football pitch but how they use the third place each receive an authenticated certificate of postage, clubs can download a Match report Card from resources that are available to them to best effect. commendation. the County FA website and complete it online and email it There are currently two competitions where entries are to the hon Competition Secretary. Referees can also accepted. One group relates to clubs at Step 5 or 6 and the we are keen to receive as many entries as possible this season download their result card and email it to the hon other involves Step 7 and below ( local football ). The latter and to this end entry forms and the competitions criteria will Competitions Secretary. group has the added attraction of being linked with the Football be now be available direct on the County FA website Association's ' Groundsman of the Year' competition, where www.berks-bucksfa.com Good luck to all teams still in the competitions and in the the Berks & Bucks winner will go forward as our national next issue we will provide some detailed updates. AMY FIShER FOOTBALL FuTuRES Amy Fisher, a young leader from the Berks & Bucks FA Football Futures Programme has been selected from over 100 of the top young leaders from across the country to join The FA on its International Changing lives programme in kenya. Amy, has also played for meeting to design the camp for the following year. Chesham united Ladies and At the 2010 camp she was part of the supports the Bucks Girls management team and volunteered at the League, was selected to camp as a mentor to the new young leaders. represent the county at The After excelling over the course of her time working with The FA she was interviewed to FA's prestigious national young be part of the FA's Changing Lives programme leaders camp standing out in kenya, developing football across the amongst over 100 of the country. Again she was successful and will join The FA for the trip in October 2011. countries best young leaders. The Berks & Bucks FA would like to Amy, a graduate of the Bucks Girls Football congratulate Amy on her achievements and Academy at Leon Sports College in Milton thank her for her continued work in developing keynes attended the national leadership girls football across Bucks. Good Luck in camp in 2009 as the representative for Berks kenya! & Bucks. The following year she was one of For further information on our Football Futures 9 young leaders to be selected from that Programme please contact; national camp to be part of the management email@example.com team which involved attending monthly 16+ AND FANCY PLEASE FOLLOw uS ON BOTh ThE SOCIAL GETTING BACK INTO NETwORkING SITES FACEBOOk AND FOOTBALL? TwITTER, SEARCh FOR BERkS & BuCkS FA SEARCh ONLINE AT ON FACEBOOk AND SEARCh FOR hTTpS://juSTpLAY.ThEFA.COm @BBFADEVELOPMENT ON TwITTER. AND BOOk ONTO A FA MARS JuST PLAY CENTRE NEAR YOu. ClUB AFFILIATION Affiliation forms are sent out to ALL clubs during the middle of April each Season, they are requested back by 1st June. This year we were down to 2 it is important that clubs keep us up to date with any changes within the club men, well actually 2 very nice (i.e. change of secretary, teams etc) so WYCOMBe wANDERERS ladies as Leigh went on that we can keep out records as accurate as possible. when it therefore comes maternity leave the week to next season's affiliation forms being FOOTBALL CLuB before the onslaught commenced, what timing! produced, the information is as up to date as possible. Due to the office being one "man" down We were delayed inputting the affiliations Wycombe Wanderers FC are the first professional this Season due to football being played during this busy period the telephone may not be answered as quickly as we had club (sitting in League One) to have displayed the later on because of the bad weather we had during the season causing many hoped. If a message is left on the answer FA Respect logo along with our County logo. matches to be postponed, this caused phone we shall endeavour to deal with it as soon as possible. many phone calls by worried clubs stating that they had submitted their affiliations The community staff and To spread the Respect word even further and had not heard anything back from us. Deborah and the wwFC Community guys groundsmen are really are arranging Respect fixtures on Saturday we knuckled down and were relieved pleased at how they look. 24th September 2011 and Saturday 24th when we could see the bottom of the pile. March 2011. There will be a write up in the programme, Respect flags will be carried Our Respect Ambassador, around the ground by mascots and ball Deborah wyatt arranged to boys and a Respect inflatable football pitch will be set up in the car park along with have the banners displayed interviews on the pitch. around the ground. They are either side of the tunnel, on Deborah is currently talking with Mk Dons FC who have shown an interest in the press box, along side doing the same at the Stadium Mk… only the food kiosks and in the Reading FC to go! family area. FOLLOw uS | BBFA DEVELOPMENT
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"After seeing a doctor where I was just a # and herded in and out like cattle, Dr. Wise is a breath of fresh air in family practice. ..."
"This is very good doctor. He is always right with diagnosis and provides appropriate treatment. He gives advices to prevent sickness."

subset: commoncrawl


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Are Cartoons Copying Reality Or Is Reality Copying Cartoons?...
The resemblance of the characters is amazing and it's difficult to know who is copying who. Are the similarities merely coincidental? Take a look and you decide.
The resemblance of the characters is amazing and it's difficult to know who is copying who. Are the similarities merely coincidental? Take a look and you decide.
For example:
Hard lessons from the mean streets of the internet. Much love - Virgin Mobile
We've all experienced bad landlords, but we have to say, we've never encountered someone quite like this before. Londoner Laura Evelyn posted a photo on her Twitter account of "house rules" she was given after viewing a room for rent -- and boy, were...
Baby pictures are one the most fascinating pictures on earth. And I think they are the most photographed subject in the world. As with any photo, finding the right angle or choosing the right perspective will result in an amazing photo. Capturing ado...
Check out this blog post by Nathan Bransford, the author of JACOB WONDERBAR AND THE COSMIC SPACE KAPOW
If a picture is worth a thousand words, then an animated gif must be worth some kind of number I can't even begin to comprehend. If you've ever found yourself browsing the Inter...
It's not bad, it's just that they need to some more training. Much love - Virgin Mobile
Bridal Style: Wedding Hair - Key Wedding Trends For 2012 (Part 2)
AH I used to make friendship bracelets all the time! I'm totally signing up for that exchange... and I love this tutorial (and your minty nail polish!)
You don't have to put those string lights away after the holidays. There are so many elegant ways to incorporate string lights into your home decor.
Manuela disappeared from her home in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1982 and despite a lengthy search was never seen again.
All of the Animation films ordered by their popularity with Goodfilms users
Check out my new ible : http://www.instructables.com/id/Piggy-in-a-mud-bath/ Vote me for the Play With your Food Contest ;) Kisses Mary .................
feed your eyes
Here's one on my favorite Stir-fry recipes, inspired by Black Pepper Chicken served at Panda Express Restaurants. The savory sauce took a bit of tink...
From the Abstract City archive: An artist's attempt to create a universe of cookies for the holidays.
when the Harsh reality destroys our picture perfect expectation we end up well..looking stupid :p
Not a member yet?
A small collection of extremely cool old photos.
My Small Obsession promotes Dollhouse Miniatures and provides resources for beginners, enthusiasts, artisans and collectors. Miniatures directory, free projects and tutorials, tips, printables, photo gallery and more.
Learn how to create an enchanted miniature moss terrairum to create a magical indoor miniature garden in any sized space.
Let's take a look back at some of 2011's greatest time-wasters. Just a head's up, no 'Nyan Cat' or 'Planking' because seriously guys, let's get our shit together.
WTF to Get the Weekend Started
Should he have replied "I think so!" instead?
Put your paws together for these four-legged legends. Image sharing website Acidcow.com has amassed a huge selection of barmy animal pictures and we've picked out some of the very best.
2012 was inarguably the most important year in human history. Here's what we've learned.
The best creepy campfire stories are always the ones that end with the words, \
2012 was a landmark year for memes -- and we could say that due to the Ikea Monkey alone -- but it's not always easy to remember everything that went viral in the last 12 months.
clikr.co - click the picture and you'll be served with fresh entertainment
Moves: 0
. Play neverending quiz, memory & brain games to train your thinking. | | |
Unexpected holiday pairings are the best! And luckily for you, GEICO's delightful Customer Service goes purr-fectly with delighted holiday cats.
Think you know cats? We've got some unusual cat facts that may surprise even the most dedicated feline lover.
It's the perfect excuse to put bows and sparkly things in your hair.
Today was a good day. Hooray for an awesome day at work!
In case there was ever any doubt how truly stupid people can be, having a look at the things people actually post on Facebook is a great way to remind yourself. Case in point, the dumbest Facebook posts of all time: Facebook shows why I worry ...
No one talks like this, ever. Much Love - Virgin Mobile
Your cat has some pretty amazing powers.
I cleaned out my fridge. Don't ask details or you might lose all respect for me. Husby's so called "Stop! No! Don't throw it away! I'll eat it later!" leftovers about made me ask Bubba for CPR. Ew. Amidst the horror, I spotted some unused mint, a fe...
There's a subreddit devoted to GIFs of chemical reactions . They are hypnotizing.
To have any chance at outwitting the undead, you've got to have a plan, the right gear, and basic (but very specific) skills. Good luck.
The cutest babies you've ever seen
As if cats weren't popular enough on the internet, redditor SteveV91 has uploaded some of the most adorable photos of the house pets hanging out with their ne…
The best from the 2012 world championships in Orlando.
Another gem from Carl Sagan (read my on why I love him so much). My initial idea was to set the story in the very near future in a classroom. A teacher would tell the class it was reading time and the students would all take out their iPad 6.0 and o...
Three sisters pose for photographs taken years apart.
With 'Game of Thrones' popularity and Neil Gaiman's 'American Gods' in development, what will be the next epic fantasy novel series to become a TV series? We have 10 great suggestions.
Not all great scenes from movies are scripted and we listed 32 of our all-time favorites.
LOOKS like this lot had a mare wrapping their Christmas gifts
The expectation NEVER lives up to the reality in these funny pictures
Little House Boasting a mere 312 square feet, this famous miniature miracle is located in Toronto, Canada. Wanting to utilize space in between two bigger houses, contractor Arthur Weeden built the commonly coined "Little House" in 1912 ...
, a sculptural piece built in April 2008. A stand alone piece and the subject of a series of paintings.
38 Amazing photos of animals and humans getting along and sharing space. From the land to the ocean these photos really show how amazing nature can be.
Product and Book Reviews and Giveaways and More!
I love seasonal flavorings, candy corns, pumpkins, cranberry, and the flavor that ends the year… peppermint. This recipe from Carolyn of Homework: Today's Assignment: Be Inspired, lets ...
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Anyways using sync method only in collection or only in model can suffice, then why do they have to sync at both the places?
Actually both
Collection always delegate in the
In the other hand I see the
As @JMM has said in the comments, the
Backbone doesn't have a
The methods that use
As to why both models and collections have the capability to synchronize with the server: flexibility. If only collections would have the syncing capability, then you couldn't have individual models, and if only models would have syncing capability, how would you fetch large batches of models initially from the server. There is no downside in having syncing capabilities for models and collections, so why not?
My counter-question for you: How would having sync on only the other suffice?


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The Real Jesus: Myth #7 (9 of 10)
Myth #7: Jesus never really rose from the dead
John Dominic Crossan: "Was Jesus even buried at all? … I feel terribly sympathetic toward the followers of Jesus because I hear hope there and not history."
In his book, The Historical Jesus, John Dominic Crossan is clear about the agenda behind his attack on the truth of the resurrection. Remember that in Crossan's mind, the resurrection is not plausible and the Gospel accounts are not reliable. Therefore, he uses historical reconstructions based upon what he believes might have happened. Again, there are no written historical records to back up his claims. Instead, he writes:
If you cannot believe in something produced by reconstruction, you may have nothing left to believe in (John Dominic Crossan, The Historical Jesus, p. 426).
Crossan's attack on the truth of the resurrection, in the big picture, is really an attack on the nature of truth itself. According to Crossan, truth fluctuates from generation to generation. He writes:
It is not … that we find once and for all who the historical Jesus was way back then. It is that each generation and century must redo that historical work and establish its best reconstruction … it is that Jesus reconstructed in the dialogues, debates, controversies, and the conclusions of contemporary scholarship that challenges faith to see and say how that is for now the Christ, the Lord, the Son of God (John Dominic Crossan, The Historical Jesus, p. 217).
In Crossan's reconstructed version of the story, Jesus' death was accidental — the type of execution that the oppressive and arbitrary justice of the Romans might carry out on any given day. In the days following the crucifixion, one or more of the Apostles may have invented a story about Jesus' resurrection from the dead in order to give themselves some credibility. And then some followers of the Apostles, who just happened to be scribes, may have recorded the event as though it were history — another unfortunate accident — according to Crossan.
But Crossan fails to answer some obvious questions: If the resurrection were a hoax, why would there be a Christian movement in the years after Jesus' death? If Christ's death were an accident, why would there even be a scribe who would want to record a distorted record of Jesus' death?
Lacking answers to these questions as well any real evidence for their claims, the scholars of the Jesus Seminar speculate endlessly as to how and why the resurrection story came about.
Jennings: "Some scholars think that the resurrection stories were borrowed from eastern pagan cults called mystery religions."
Jennings: "The mystery cults had an influence because the people who wrote the Jesus story took an earlier story and passed it on via Jesus."
The writers of the New Testament also mention the "mystery religions" that Peter Jennings refers to here — most notably, the Apostles Peter, John and Paul. What is being described here is Gnosticism — an eastern cult that had followers the world over at the time of the Roman Empire. At the time of Jesus, even Judaism had succumbed to the effects of the ancient mystery religions.
But do similarities among stories told among cults and mystery religions disprove the resurrection of Jesus? Let's look at some evidence:
According to the Apostle Paul, writing in 1 Corinthians 15:5-8, there were over 500 eyewitnesses, including the Apostles, who saw Jesus after the resurrection. Many preached the Gospel and a few of them wrote books and testimonies.
There is also the testimony of the resurrection of Jesus Christ in the blood of the martyrs in the first century. Many of the eyewitnesses to Christ's resurrection died as martyrs for their faith. It would be hard to imagine people dying for what they knew was a fraudulent claim.
[J.P HOLDING INTERVIEWS: "What are the evidences for the resurrection?"]
In contrast to this strong evidence, Marcus Borg of the Jesus Seminar states:
If we don't understand why he could be executed, then we miss the political passion that animated his mission … When we turn Jesus' death instead into the eternal sacrifice for sin that makes our forgiveness possible, then we really set aside that which mattered so much to Him …
The epitome of liberalism is the false dichotomy between the social Gospel and eternal salvation. Of course, there is no contradiction between the two.
Christ lived a perfect life, not only as an example for us, but actually according to scripture to be the "second Adam" (1 Cor. 15:45) to fulfill the covenant of righteousness so that His righteousness may be imputed to us.
In Christ's death we find forgiveness for our sins, not only because he died as a martyr for the truth, but also because He became sin on our behalf. His eternal sacrifice through his death for sin does not in any way obscure the message of His perfect life.
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The Abortion Matrix: Defeating Child Sacrifice and the Culture of Death (DVD)
Download the free Study Guide!
Is there a connection between pagan religion and the abortion industry?
This powerful presentation traces the biblical roots of child sacrifice and then delves into the social, political and cultural fall-out that this sin against God and crime against humanity has produced in our beleaguered society.
Conceived as a sequel and update to the 1988 classic, The Massacre of Innocence, the new title, The Abortion Matrix, is entirely fitting. It not only references abortion's specific target – the sacred matrix where human beings are formed in the womb in the very image of God, but it also implies the existence of a conspiracy, a matrix of seemingly disparate forces that are driving this holocaust.
The occult activity surrounding the abortion industry is exposed with numerous examples. But are these just aberrations, bizarre yet anomalous examples of abortionists who just happen to have ties to modern day witchcraft? Or is this representative of something deeper, more sinister and even endemic to the entire abortion movement?
As the allusion to the film of over a decade ago suggests, the viewer may learn that things are not always as they appear to be. The Abortion Matrix reveals the reality of child-killing and strikes the proper moral chord to move hearts to fulfill the biblical responsibility to rescue those unjustly sentenced to death and to speak for those who cannot speak for themselves (Proverbs 24:11,12; 31:8,9).
Speakers include: George Grant, Peter Hammond, RC Sproul Jr., Paul Jehle, Lou Engle, Rusty Thomas, Flip Benham, Janet Porter and many more.
Ten parts, over three hours of instruction!
Running Time: 195 minutes
$19.95 — ORDER NOW!(We accept all major credit cards and PayPal.)
Click here for more information
A Revival Account: Asbury 1970 (DVD)
What is true Revival and Spiritual Awakening?
Discover the answer in this eyewitness account by Dennis Kinlaw, President of Asbury College, Wilmore, Kentucky, who recounts the story of a visitation of the Holy Spirit in 1970. This is the presentation that has continued to spark the flames of Revival in the hearts of people around the world. Contains eyewitness footage from the Revival at Asbury College in 1970 in Wilmore, Kentucky.
Certain to challenge you to greater holiness and a deeper commitment to full-scale revival. Original news and private footage has been included. If you are a student who longs to see a spiritual awakening at your school, you must see this video!
"This simple video does a wonderful job of conveying something of God's heart and power, Everyone we have ever shown this to has received an immediate impartation of faith for revival and the power of prayer."
— Bob and Rose Weiner, Weiner Ministries Int'l
Running Time: 40 minutes
$19.95 — ORDER NOW!(We accept all major credit cards and PayPal.)
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God's Law and Society (DVD)
Download the Free Study Guide!
God's Law and Society powerfully presents a comprehensive worldview based upon the ethical system found in the Law of God.
Speakers include: R.J. Rushdoony, George Grant, Howard Phillips, R.C. Sproul Jr., Ken Gentry, Gary DeMar, Jay Grimstead, Steven Schlissel, Andrew Sandlin, Eric Holmberg, and more!
Sixteen Christian leaders and scholars answer some of the most common questions and misconceptions related to this volatile issue:
1. Are we under Law or under Grace?
2. Does the Old Testament Law apply today?
3. Can we legislate morality?
4. What are the biblical foundations of government?
5. Was America founded as a Christian nation?
6. What about the separation of Church and State?
7. Is neutrality a myth?
8. What about non-Christians and the Law of God?
9. Would there be "freedom" in a Christian republic?
10. What would a "Christian America" look like?
Perfect for group instruction as well as personal Bible study.
Ten parts, over four hours of instruction!
Running Time: 240 minutes
Watch over 60 on-line video interviews from God's Law and Society.
$19.95 — ORDER NOW!(We accept all major credit cards and PayPal.)
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The Four Keys to the Millennium (Book)
Foundations in Biblical Eschatology
By Jay Rogers, Larry Waugh, Rodney Stortz, Joseph Meiring. High quality paperback, 167 pages.
All Christians believe that their great God and Savior, Jesus Christ, will one day return. Although we cannot know the exact time of His return, what exactly did Jesus mean when he spoke of the signs of His coming (Mat. 24)? How are we to interpret the prophecies in Isaiah regarding the time when "the earth will be full of the knowledge of the LORD as the waters cover the sea" (Isa. 11:19)? Should we expect a time of great tribulation and apostasy or revival and reformation before the Lord returns? Is the devil bound now, and are the saints reigning with Christ? Did you know that there are four hermeneutical approaches to the book of Daniel and Revelation?
These and many more questions are dealt with by four authors as they present the four views on the millennium. Each view is then critiqued by the other three authors.
$12.95 — ORDER NOW!(We accept all major credit cards and PayPal.)
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Dr. Francis Schaeffer - A Christian Manifesto (DVD)
That Swiss Hermit Strikes Again!
Dr. Schaeffer, who was one of the most influential Christian thinkers in the twentieth century, shows that secular humanism has displaced the Judeo-Christian consensus that once defined our nation's moral boundaries. Law, education, and medicine have all been reshaped for the worse as a consequence. America's dominant worldview changed, Schaeffer charges, when Christians weren't looking.
Schaeffer lists two reasons for evangelical indifference: a false concept of spirituality and fear. He calls on believers to stand against the tyranny and moral chaos that come when humanism reigns-and warns that believers may, at some point, be forced to make the hard choice between obeying God or Caesar. A Christian Manifesto is a thought-provoking and bracing Christian analysis of American culture and the obligation Christians have to engage the culture with the claims of Christ.
$19.95 — ORDER NOW!(We accept all major credit cards and PayPal.)


text:
Hair Swap of Rival Coaches Goes Viral
The time between the end of spring practices and the start of fall ones is a barren one in the college football world. It lends itself to the type of boredom that, apparently, can lead one to think, "What would this coach look like with that coach's hair?"
At least that's how our friends at Every Day Should Be Saturday operate. And when they think things like this up, they can call upon Photoshop extraordinaire Terrance Donnel — aka "LSUFreek" — to realize their beautiful and frightening vision that is spreading like wildfire on the internet:
Kansas State's Bill Snyder and Kansas' Charlie Weis
Utah's Kyle Whittingham and BYU's Bronco Mendenhall
Arizona State's Todd Graham and Arizona's Rich Rodriguez
Oklahoma's Bob Stoops and Texas' Mack Brown
Stoops with Brown's 'do is our personal favorite
West Virginia's Dana Holgorsen and Pitt's Paul Chryst
RIP Backyard Brawl
USC's Lane Kiffin and Stanford's David Shaw
Kiffin and UCLA head coach Jim L. Mora are too similar in hairstyle; this one is much more fun
Michigan's Brady Hoke and Ohio State's Urban Meyer
Georgia's Mark Richt and Florida's Will Muschamp
Auburn's Gus Malzahn and Alabama's Nick Saban


text:
Artbook Comments (English version, or English translated from Japanese version):
Anyone have the translated/English comments for all the art in the artbooks 1 and 2? Because I don't understand like half of the comments in Japanese (only the shorter ones like 'The coat has grown' and stuff) and I don't have the English artbooks (I mean even if I saw them, I don't see the point in owning the books in both languages xD).
Um thanks in advance ^^


text:
Campo, CA
I have 3 dogs. I have always been an animal lover. I usually connect with any animals. I have experience with all types of animals.
5 yrs of exp.
Dog Lover Ready For Daily Walks — Campo, CA
My experience with pet care is 10 plus years. I have always had pets growing up and as an adult. Currently, I have 2 dogs, a cat, and 2 turtles. I have also had hamsters, snakes, and lizards. I take m...
10 yrs of exp.
I Love All Animals! — Campo, CA
I have had every animal, from leopard geckos to horses. I currently have an 8-month-old Husky, 3 cats, and 1 horse.
2 yrs of exp.
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text:
A process and composition for the beneficial utilization of waste materials which contain energetic materials are disclosed. Predetermined quantities of the waste material containing energetic materials are placed in admixture with commercial blasting agents causing the energetic materials to participate in the detonation process thereby utilizing energetic materials which would otherwise enter the waste stream. The waste material, in particulate form, that contains the energetic material is introduced into the blasting agent when the latter is in a relatively fluid state. The modified blasting agent is suitable for use in the normal manner such as in bulk or packaged form.
1. A modified blasting agent comprised of a high velocity detonation wave blasting agent and waste material which contains an energetic material, the waste material being in particulate form in admixture with the high velocity detonation wave blasting agent wherein the quantity and particulate size of said waste material is such that the ingredients in the waste material participate in the high velocity detonation process, wherein the energetic material is a composite solid propellant designated class 1.3, and wherein the blasting agent in admixture with the waste material is a slurry blasting agent and wherein the upper limit of size of the waste material is the point where a further increase in size will cause the detonation process not to occur and the upper limit in quantity of the waste material is the point where a further increase in quantity of waste material will cause the detonation not to occur.
2. A modified blasting agent as in claim 1 wherein the slurry blasting agent is a watergel.
3. A modified blasting agent as in claim 1 wherein the slurry includes an emulsion.
4. A modified blasting agent as in claim 1 wherein the waste material contains a stoichiometric excess of ingredients which are predominantly fuel in character.
5. A modified blasting agent as in claim 4 wherein the waste material further contains items contaminated with composite propellant.
6. A modified blasting agent as in claim 4 wherein the waste material further contains items contaminated with 1.3 or 1.1 composite propellant.
7. The modified blasting agent of claim 4 further comprising a stoichiometric amount of an oxidizer.
8. The modified blasting agent of claim 1 wherein the waste material contains a stoichiometric excess of ingredients which are primarily oxidizer in character.
9. The modified blasting agent of claim 8 further comprising a stoichiometric amount of a fuel.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/905,972, filed Jun. 29, 1992, now abandoned.
This present invention relates to a process and composition for the formulation of blasting agents to permit the beneficial utilization of waste materials which contain energetic materials.
The present invention comprises a process for the beneficial utilization of waste materials which contain energetic materials. A blasting agent is mixed with a predetermined quantity of the waste material, which is in particulate form. The mixing is carried out when the blasting agent is in a relatively fluid state. The resulting mixture forms a modified blasting agent which is suitable for use in blasting activities. The present invention further includes a modified blasting agent which comprises a predetermined quantity of energetic material in particulate form. The energetic material is in admixture with a detonating blasting agent. The predetermined quantity of the energetic material is such that the ingredients in the energetic material participate in the detonation process.
A substantial portion of today's environmental waste stream is comprised of energetic materials that can be utilized as a resource material rather than a liability to the environment. At present, landfills, incineration, open burning, etc. are used to dispose of a wide variety of materials classified as waste or hazardous waste. However, a significant portion of the waste stream is comprised of materials that are predominantly fuels or oxidizer in nature; or in some instances, the material has been engineered to produce a stoichiometric balance of chemical reactions between the ingredients, such as solid rocket propellant material. The present invention provides for the beneficial use of such energetic materials that would otherwise be destined for incineration, land fills or other disposal. Basically this is accomplished by the process of reducing the size of the energetic materials into particle form or other suitable form and then incorporating the energetic materials into commercial blasting agents and thereby creating a modified blasting agent.
There are numerous known commercial blasting agent compositions and the methods for their manufacture and use are well known. In particular this invention relates to modification of such blasting materials which are typically in the form of slurries, watergels and emulsions which have found a wide variety of uses ranging from coal mining, explosive stimulation of oil wells, free face rock blasting, ore mining etc. These blasting agents are characterized by very rapid chemical reactions throughout the charge due to a detonation wave that propagates through the charge at velocities in excess of the speed of sound, typically in excess of 8000 feet per second. For example, in a quarry bore hole the chemical reaction goes to completion through out the length of the charge in the bore before lateral expansion occurs. Such reactions maximize the useful work that can be derived from the investment in materials and labor since substantially all the reactive ingredients in the material react to completion.
The above described blasting agents are semi-liquid or pliable and can be pumped directly into a bore hole or be placed in tubes or bag-like containers to facilitate placement for blasting. The performance of any particular blasting agent is dependent on a number of variables such as the size of the bore hole or tube, the degree of confinement, the size of the detonator, temperature, density, uniformity of ingredients, site specific conditions, etc., which variations are well understood in the industry. With regard to the present invention, tests were performed as set forth below which focus on the effect of charge diameter, energetic material particle size and quantity, type of blasting agent and temperature on achieving detonation while maintaining other variables constant. In the following examples the energetic material selected was excess solid rocket propellant.
As indicated above, waste materials suitable for use in the present invention are that portion of the waste stream comprised of materials that are "fuel" in nature, "oxidizer" in nature or, in the case of some materials such as solid propellant, the fuel and oxidizer ingredients are in chemical balance. Materials of these three types are referred herein collectively as "energetic materials" and are put to a useful application in the field of explosives and blasting agents.
The terms "fuel" and "oxidizer" are used herein in the sense of an oxidation-reduction reaction that occurs between two chemical elements or compounds to form a chemical bond with the release of heat and, as reaction products, different elements or compounds. Therefore, the term "fuel" pertains to any material containing elements or compounds whose atoms or molecules are able to combine with oxygen and thereby give up electrons to the oxygen in forming a chemical bond and, in the process, liberate heat. Conversely, the term "oxidizers" pertains to any material containing elements or compounds whose atoms or molecules are able to combine with hydrogen and thereby receive electrons from the hydrogen in forming a chemical bond and, in the process, liberate heat. Oxidizers are not limited to oxygen-containing materials and include, but are not limited to, chlorine-containing and fluorine-containing materials.
At the present time there is a wide variety of commercially available blasting agents which, due to their high velocity detonation waves, are ideally suited for incorporation of said energetic materials. It has been found that incorporation of predetermined amounts of energetic materials into readily available blasting agents can be done in such a manner that little or no degradation occurs in the performance of the blasting agent and in some cases causes enhancement in the performance of the agent for certain applications.
Typically a blasting agent has reactive ingredients which virtually completely interact chemically thus realizing almost the maximum energy output possible. In the preferred practice of the present invention energetic materials are incorporated into such blasting agents during the normal course of its manufacture or other appropriate point prior to its use. The amount of energetic material and its form are such that the end product will continue to provide nearly total chemical interaction of all ingredients including the ingredients in both the original blasting agent and the added energetic material contained in the waste material. With each particular combination of blasting agent and energetic materials, a "cut and try" approach under controlled laboratory conditions is advisable in order to determine the upper limits of the quantity of energetic material that may be effectively used in the blasting agent, the form in which it is added (i.e. a particulate form or a suspension, slurry, etc.) the size of the particulate, etc. The application of teachings of the present invention is most readily understood in connection with an energetic material which is in stoichiometric balance such as a solid rocket propellant material; a material which is excess to the normal processing activities of the solid rocket motor production industry. When the energetic material is "fuel" in nature, it may be necessary to introduce into the blasting agent an oxidizer material in a predetermined amount, either newly manufactured or from an oxidizer-rich waste stream; and the converse would apply when the energetic materials being introduced into the blasting agent is "oxidizer" in nature.
As an example of such energetic materials, a substantial resource exists in the form of surplus and excess composite propellant both from ongoing processing of propellant in the solid rocket industry and the need for massive demilitarization of weapons. The solid rocket industry currently creates and will into the foreseeable future create composite solid propellant in excess of that used for rocket motors for space and defense systems.
Annually millions of pounds of scrap propellant are the result of excess materials from various processing, research, development and testing operations. For example each batch of composite propellant often contains several hundred pounds of extra propellant to make certain a motor pour is completed. Occasionally x-ray or other tests show that a cast and cured motor or motor segment is found to have unacceptable voids or defects resulting in the need for the removal and disposal of the propellant. In addition, the demilitarization of a substantial weapons inventory both in the United States and overseas will result in the need for the disposal of billions of pounds of propellant materials.
Composite propellant materials represent a unique resource in that they have a stoichiometric balance between fuel and oxidizer constituents. Disposing of such a significant resource by open burning and incineration is not only wasteful but due to increased regulatory restrictions and control will become increasingly undesirable economically.
Occasionally excess propellant from solid rocket motor manufacturing processes takes the form of particulate propellant materials. For example, rocket motors are "off-loaded" to change performance and thrust characteristics by means of machining the internal bore thereby producing shavings or small particles of propellant material. In accordance with the teachings of the present invention, propellant shavings from machining operations in many cases will be suitable as an energetic material for direct incorporation into various blasting agents during their manufacture. However, in most instances the excess propellant from rocket manufacturing processes will take the form of comparatively large blocks of the propellant material. The same situation holds true with respect to the propellant materials in the large inventory of munitions to be demilitarized. Accordingly, such comparatively large blocks of propellant must be reduced in size in order to be utilized pursuant to the teachings of the present invention.
For use in accordance with the present invention, the energetic materials are reduced to a predetermined size for use in admixture with the blasting agents, whereby a substantial portion of the energy available from the energetic material particles participate in the detonation process. The terms "particulate" and "particulate form" as used herein are intended to include the end result of all methods by which the energetic material may be reduced to particles of the desired size regardless of their specific configuration or uniformity of size or form. All size reduction processes such as mincing, grinding, chopping, breaking, or the like are all considered to be methods suitable for producing pieces, chips, cubes, strips or the like of energetic material such as propellant in the desired size and form. Appropriate precautions must be taken in such size reduction activities due to the energetic nature of the material. Propellant size reduction, for example, may require that the process be performed under water or in a water spray or deluge.
Class 1.3 and 1.1 composite propellants make up the bulk of the solid rocket motor production. Although 1.1 propellants can be used as a form of energetic material for the purposes of the present invention, the data presented herein deals with 1.3 propellant. Generally 1.3 propellant is considered by the industry to be a relatively benign material in that a detonator placed on a block of the material in a unconfined condition will usually cause the block to break up with only minimal or no burning of the propellant pieces. Accordingly, it is one of the unexpected results of the present invention that a material which is generally considered to be relatively benign and not prone to detonation when incorporated into blasting agents under the teachings of the present invention actually become an active participant in a detonation process.
A typical Class 1.3 composite propellant is comprised of 66-72% by weight ammonium perchlorate, 12-20% by weight aluminum powder, 4-6% by weight of liquid polymer, 1-3% by weight of plasticizer, about 1% by weight of ballistic modifier and less than 1% by weight of polymer crosslinker. Some 1.3 propellants contain varying amount of burning rate accelerators, energy enhancers, pot life extenders. etc., which must be taken into consideration when assessing the hazard of cutting and appropriate precautions must be taken. The specific 1.3 composite propellant use below in the test batches was comprised of approximately 73% by weight of ammonium perchlorate, approximately 15.10% by weight of aluminum and approximately 11.9% by weight of polybutadiene binder. This composite propellant will be referred to hereinafter as "Formula A" propellant.
In all examples below, the propellant particulate was in a shredded form for making the various batches. The propellant was shredded at a low speed in a commercially available shredder (Hobart Manufacturing Company, Troy, Ohio) using a 3/8" inch blade. During the shredding process the propellant was continuously sprayed with substantial quantities of water in order to avoid possible ignition. As a result about 1-3% water was added to the propellant composition by virtue of this safety precaution. In the first ten batches mentioned below, the propellant particulate was in the form of shredded particles typically 1.5 inches long and 0.25 inches wide and 0.03 inches thick.
Three different commercially available slurry-type blasting agents were tested as set forth below, two of which are watergel-type and one an emulsion-type blasting agent. It is to be understood, however, that these are only exemplary of watergels and emulsion-type blasting agents that may be utilized in connection with the present invention.
A suitable amine-based watergel slurry material known as "600 SLX" is manufactured by Slurry Explosive Corporation, Oklahoma City, Okla. and was used for the first example. Four batches of material made in accordance with the present invention are set forth in Table I below, utilizing the shredded Formula A propellant described above together with the ingredients which make up 600 SLX watergel slurry blasting agent.
TABLE I______________________________________Amine-Based Watergel Slurry FormulationsIngredients Batch #1 Batch #2 Batch #3 Batch #4______________________________________Water 12.2% 11.0% 9.8% 7.3%Hexamine 8.0 7.2 6.4 4.8100% Nitric Acid 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.1Ammonium Nitrate 75.2 67.6 60.1 45.0Guar Gum 1.00 0.9 0.8 0.7Crosslinker 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1Formula A Shredded -- 10.0 20.0 40.0Propellant 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0Mix Density 1.11 1.15 1.15 1.15(g/cc)Mix pH: 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2______________________________________
To prepare the four test batches of the four formulations set forth in Table I, a mother solution was made in a stainless steel kettle equipped with a heating jacket and an agitator. The required amount of water was added to the kettle, the agitator was turned on and the desire amount of hexamethylenetetramine ("hexamine") was added to the kettle. The hexamine solution was then neutralized with nitric acid to a pH and a 4.5 to 5.5 range. An initial amount of ammonium nitrate was then added to the solution in the kettle. Heat was applied and agitation continued until the ammonium nitrate was dissolved and the solution had attained a temperature of 120 degrees F.
Having prepared the mother solution, appropriate amounts of the solution were weighed into a small batch mixer. About three-fourths of the ammonium nitrate called for the specific batch in Table I was then added to the solution in the mixer. Once the ammonium nitrate was uniformly distributed, gelling agents were pre-mixed and added to the remaining one-fourth of the ammonium nitrate and these were then added to the mixer. The shredded propellant was then added several minutes after the gelling agent and in turn was followed by the addition of the crosslinker. Mixing was continued until the batch was uniform with all ingredients fully intermingled and the desired density was obtained. While still viscous the slurry was packaged in cardboard tubes of different diameters and allowed to set until the crosslinking was complete.
Another watergel-type blasting agent that has wide use is ethyleneglycol based and was used for a second example. Three test batches were made up using this watergel slurry and Formula A propellant was used as the energetic material as set forth in Table II below.
TABLE II______________________________________Ethylene Glycol-Based Watergel Slurry FormulationsIngredients Batch #5 Batch #6 Batch #7______________________________________Water 10.0% 8.0% 6.0%Ethylene Glycol 12.0 9.6 7.2Ammonium Nitrate 65.7 52.2 39.3Sodium Nitrate 10.0 8.0 6.0Guar Gum 1.2 1.0 0.8Crosslinker 0.1 0.1 0.1Sodium Acetate 0.9 0.7 0.5Acetic Acid 0.1 0.1 0.1Formula A Shredded -- 20.0 40.0Propellant 100.0 100.0 100.0Mix Density (g/cc): 1.16 1.14 1.16Mix Ph: 5.3 5.3 5.3______________________________________
As in the first example, for baselining purposes the first batch contained no propellant. As will be seen in Table II the other two batches contained 20% and 40% by weight of Formula A shredded energetic material.
The mixing procedure was substantially the same as that described previously for the amine-based slurry. The mother solution for these three batches consisted of aqueous solution of ammonium and sodium nitrate salts with sodium acetate and acetic acid added as pH buffering. Again the Formula A shredded propellant was added just prior to the inclusion of the crosslinker into the formulation. It will be noted that the density and pH of both examples were not materially affected by adding the shredded propellant material.
An emulsion marketed by the Eldorado Chemical Corporation of Oklahoma City, Okla., was selected as the emulsion material to test an emulsion-type blasting agent. The same Formula A shredded propellant was used in two of these three test batches. Table III below depicts the specific formulations for each of the three batches of the emulsion material.
TABLE III______________________________________Emulsion-Based FormulationsIngredients Batch #8 Batch #9 Batch #10______________________________________Water 17.0% 13.6% 10.2%Ammonium Nitrate 73.8 59.0 44.3Oil and Emulsifier 8.2 6.6 4.9Glass Bubbles 1.0 0.8 0.6Formula A Shredded -- 20.0 40.0Propellant 100.0 100.0 100.0Mix Density: 1.25 1.32 1.35 g/cc g/cc g/cc______________________________________
The propellant was incorporated directly into the bulk emulsion material by means of first adding the already-manufactured, semi-fluid bulk emulsion to the mixer and then adding the shredded propellant. The mixture was mixed until the propellant particulate was thoroughly intermingled with the emulsion. The resultant semi-fluid material was then poured into cylindrical containers of varying diameter for test purposes.
As can be seen from the above examples, the energetic material can be added to blasting agents which are to be cured into final product prior to the curing process. In some blasting agents it may be preferred to add the energetic material to one of the ingredients such as ammonium nitrate or water or to a precursor ingredient of the blasting agent. When the blasting agent is not cured but is of a fluid, semi-fluid, or of a viscous consistency such as an emulsion slurry, the energetic material may be added at an appropriate point either during or after its manufacture when it is in a relatively fluid state so as to permit the energetic material to be mixed into the blasting agent.
The ten different formulations of propellant and blasting agents contained in cylindrical tubes as described in the three examples above were subjected to testing. For sensitivity testing, cylindrical tubes ranging from 2" to 5" in diameter and approximately 24" long were used. The charge in each cylinder, regardless of diameter, was initiated with a one pound cast booster. The charges were placed on the surface of an open detonation area in an unconfined condition. The result of these tests are shown in Table IV below wherein the values given are the Velocity of Detonation (VOD) in feet per second plus or minus 300 feet per second.
TABLE IV______________________________________Unconfined Critical Diameter Test Data______________________________________A. Hexamine Based Watergels:Ingredients Batch #1 Batch #2 Batch #3 Batch #4Propellant 0% 10% 20% 40%______________________________________ ChargeTemp. Diameter70� F. 4 inches 15,100 13,330 12,950 12,440 3 inches 12,790 12,660 11,600 11,470 2 inches Fail 10,530 10,100 9,29040� F. 5 inches 14,620 14,370 13,400 12,560 4 inches 13,160 12,820 12,080 11,140 3 inches 11,315 11,190 10,270 9,430 2 inches Fail Fail Fail Fail______________________________________B. Glycol Fueled Watergels:Ingredients Batch #5 Batch #6 Batch #7Propellant 0 20% 40%______________________________________ ChargeTemp. Diameter70� F. 4 inches 11,990 11,850 11,740 3 inches 8,550 9,670 10,140 2 inches Fail Fail Fail40� F. 5 inches 7,290 11,290 11,900 4 inches Fail 10,370 11,190 3 inches -- Fail Fail 2 inches -- Fail Fail______________________________________C. Emulsion Blends:Ingredients Batch #8 Batch #9 Batch #10Propellant 0 20% 40%______________________________________ ChargeTemp. Diameter70� F. 5 inches 18,500 18,320 14,750 4 inches 18,300 17,670 14,130 3 inches 18,250 16,030 11,290 2.5 inches 17,300 12,920 Fail 2 inches Fail Fail Fail______________________________________
It will be noted from Table IV that with respect to the amine-based watergels, the increase in propellant content generally had little effect on the sensitivity of the material where the charge diameter was 3 inches or larger. The general trend was for the velocity of detonation to decrease somewhat with the increase in propellant material. With regard to the 2" charge at 70 degrees, the batch with no propellant failed to detonate whereas with 10% or more of particulate propellant detonation occurred. This would indicate that the propellant in particulate form increased the sensitivity with respect to this amine-based watergel in a 2" charge.
With respect to the glycol-based watergel the velocity of detonation decreased slightly with increase in propellant in the 4" diameter charge at 70 degrees F but increased in the 3" charge configuration. With the glycol-based watergel the 2" diameter charged failed to detonate in all instances. In the 4" diameter charge test at 40 degrees F. with no propellant, the charge failed to detonate but with 20% and 40% propellant detonation occurred. The test data in connection with these two materials indicate that the propellant material increases the sensitivity and would appear to have the beneficial effect of producing a detonation with propellant where with no propellant the material would fail to detonate.
In connection with the emulsion blend, the general tendency of increased propellant was to decrease the velocity of detonation in all charge diameters with the greatest decrease occurring in the smaller diameter charges. The test data also indicate that in this blasting agent additional propellant decreased sensitivity. For example, the 21/2" diameter charge with 20% propellant detonated whereas the 21/2" charge with 40% propellant did not detonate.
Accordingly, the introduction of particulate propellant can, with respect to certain blasting agents, be expected to increase the sensitivity of the agent whereas in other instances sensitivity would decrease. Moreover, the test data shows that the velocity of detonation appears in some instances to decrease with the increase in propellant and in other instances increase with additional propellant. Although formulations including up to 40% particulate propellant are shown by the above example, it is to be understood that propellant in higher percentages could be added to the blasting agent and still not cause the detonation process not to occur (i.e. "fail"). For each specific blasting agent, a predetermined quantity of propellant may be added to the blasting agent and detonation would still occur. The aforementioned data indicates there is an upper limit of propellant introduction, but there is no lower limit; even at 1% or less the propellant particulates would participate in the detonation process.
The upper limit of the quantity of intermixed propellant that may be added to any specific blasting agent is the point where a further increase in said quantity would cause the detonation process not to occur. This upper limit can be determined by developing test batches and a test matrix of varying charge diameter for a specific blasting agent consistent with the procedures show above. By incrementally increasing the quantity of propellant for each particulate size, the upper limit of the amount of propellant which can be successfully accepted by the blasting agent for each size can be determined. Likewise the amount of propellant that can be accepted by any specific blasting agent is dependent upon the size and shape of the propellant particulate. This aspect of the invention will be discussed below in connection with the test data from twelve additional batches of material that were formulated wherein the size of the propellant particulates varied.
In addition to the detonation velocity test as described above, Underwater Energy Tests were also conducted to obtain data on the comparative energies of the ten aforementioned batches. Each of the ten formulations was packages in a 6" diameter plastic container approximately 8" long and weigh approximately 4500 grams depending upon the density of the material. Each of the 6" charges was initiated with a 1 pound cast booster. These tests were conducted in accordance with the procedures called for in Underwater Explosions by R. H. Cole, Princeton University Press, Princeton University, N.J. (1948). The test results are shown in Table V below.
TABLE V______________________________________Measured Underwater Energy______________________________________A. Hexamine Based WatergelsBatch No. 1 2 3 4______________________________________% Propellant 0 10 20 40Shock Energy (cal/g) 373 369 399 447Bubble Energy (cal/g) 414 434 469 525Combined Energy (cal/g) 787 803 868 972______________________________________B. Ethylene Glycol Based WatergelsBatch No. 5 6 7______________________________________% Propellant 0 20 40Shock Energy (cal/g) 290 369 420Bubble Energy (cal/g) 397 473 535Combined Energy (cal/g) 687 842 955______________________________________C. Emulsion BlendsBatch No. 8 9 10______________________________________% Propellant 0 20 40Shock Energy (cal/g) 313 364 395Bubble Energy ((cal/g) 342 379 452Combined Energy (cal/g) 655 743 847______________________________________
For ease of analysis of the data in Table V, the relative underwater energy values were calculated by setting measured energies for the unmodified blasting agent (0%-propellant mix) in each series equal to 100. The respective measured energy values for the remaining propellant formulations in each series were then expressed as a percentage of those of the unmodified blasting agent in that particular series. The relative underwater energy values are shown in Table VI below.
Table VI clearly shows that in those instances where the particular blasting job requires maximum total energy values, incorporating the maximum amount of propellant particulate would be beneficial. As indicated above, the upper limit of a particular propellant and a particular blasting agent can be determined by incrementally increasing the amount of propellant to the point where detonation no longer occurs. That would become the upper limit with regard to the quantity of a specific propellant that can be incorporated into a specific blasting agent. Due to the wide variety of blasting agents and waste material containing energetic ingredients, such as propellants, an almost unlimited number of combinations could be produced; and batch testing procedures analogous to the above should be conducted in connection with any particular combination. In addition to the maximum quantity of energetic material that can be incorporated into a particular blasting agent, it is also important to determine the shape and optimum and maximum size for the energetic material particulate.
TABLE VI______________________________________Relative Underwater Energy Values______________________________________A. Amine Based Watergels: Batch #1 Batch #2 Batch #3 Batch #4______________________________________Propellant: 0 10% 20% 40%Rel. Shock: 100 99 107 120Rel. Bubble: 100 105 113 127Rel. Total: 100 102 110 124______________________________________B. Glycol Based Watergels: Batch #5 Batch #6 Batch #7______________________________________Propellant: 0 20% 40%Rel. Shock: 100 127 145Rel. Bubble: 100 119 135Rel. Total: 100 122 139______________________________________C. Emulsion Blends: Batch #8 Batch #9 Batch #10______________________________________Propellant: 0 20% 40%Rel. Shock: 100 116 125Rel. Bubble: 100 111 133Rel. Total: 100 114 129______________________________________
In order to determine the effect of propellant size in connection with one of the above watergels and the above emulsion, twelve batch samples were made with six from each of the two categories of slurry blasting agents. For this test matrix, the 600 SLX watergel used above had 25% by weight of propellant particulate added to it where the particulate was of various dimensions. The propellant was shredded or cubed into six different sizes as set forth in Table VII below ranging from as thin as 0.03 inches thick to 1 inch cubes. Each test batch was poured into cylindrical tubes of four different sizes ranging in diameter from 2-4 inches.
Similarly six test batches using the Eldorado Chemical Corporation emulsion for the blasting agent were formulated introducing 25% by weight of particulate propellant. Again, six batches containing six different sizes of particulate were mixed and poured into four different sizes of cylinders. Table VII below sets forth the test results.
TABLE VII__________________________________________________________________________Particle Size ComparisonBatch Number 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25__________________________________________________________________________Mix Description600 SLX 75% 75% 75% 75% 75% 75% -- -- -- -- -- --Emulsion -- -- -- -- -- -- 75% 75% 75% 75% 75% 75%Formula A Shredded Pro-pellant:0.08" � 0.03" � 2.5" Shreds 25% -- -- -- -- -- 25% -- -- -- -- --0.18" � 0.04" � 2.5" Sheds -- 25% -- -- -- -- -- 25%0.50" � 0.03" � 2.5" Shreds -- -- 25% -- -- -- -- -- 25% -- -- --0.25" Cubes -- -- -- 25% -- -- -- -- -- 25% -- --0.5" Cubes -- -- -- -- 25% -- -- -- -- -- 25% --1.0" Cubes -- -- -- -- -- 25% -- -- -- -- -- 25%20� C. Unconfined VOD's(feet/sec):4 inch Diameter 12730 12992 11975 11778 11878 10466 15814 15978 16896 16175 15617 166673 inch Diameter 12106 12008 10827 11352 11583 10827 14698 15354 Fail 15518 13976 Fail2.5 inch Diameter 10794 11122 10105 10925 9810 9514 12992 13123 -- 13714 13878 Fail2 inch Diameter 9941 10203 8990 10171 Fail Fail -- -- -- -- -- --Underwater Energies (cal/g):Shock Energy 349 358 335 298 275 234 300 313 313 272 286 293Bubble Energy 531 544 543 555 558 565 431 441 452 465 484 508Combined Energy 880 902 878 853 833 799 731 754 765 737 770 801__________________________________________________________________________
In all twelve batches the same Formula A Class 1.3 composite propellant was used as in the previous test batches. In addition, a common size detonator constituting a one pound cast-booster was used in connection with each test. The underwater energy tests involved loading each of the twelve formulations into 6" plastic tubes approximately 8 inches long. The test data set forth in Table VII indicates that the combined energies as shown by the underwater test of the amine-based watergel generally trends downward with increased particulate size after peaking at a size of 0.18"�0.04"�2.5" shreds. Similarly in the unconfined velocity of detonation test, the 4" diameter configuration detonation velocity peaked at the same particle size and then decreased as the size of the particles increased for the remaining four batches. With respect to the emulsion, the total combined energy from the underwater test indicates a trend of increased energy with increased propellant. However, the velocity of detonation test indicate that in smaller diameter configurations, the larger particles of propellant tended towards failure to detonate.
The aforesaid test matrix in Table VII constitutes the results of 60 separate tests on various tube and particulate sizes. This table indicates the general approach to be taken in connection with tailoring the optimum particle size for energetic material to be incorporated in as a blasting agent as well as for the determination of the maximum size which can be tolerated before the detonation process fails to occur. For example, the upper limit of the amount of propellant and the upper limit of the propellant particulate size can be established by means of preparing a test batch matrix similar to that shown in Table VII. For example, if one were interested in incorporating a specific propellant into a specific blasting agent and wished to use material in a 4" diameter hole, a series of 4" diameter VOD and underwater tests could be structured.
One methodology for propellant-type energetic material, for example, would be to use various propellant particulate sizes as shown in Table VII and increase the amount of propellant from 25% to 100% in increments of 5%. Accordingly, if the objective is to maximize the utilization of propellant, one would tend to work towards the upper limit of the propellant acceptability in the blasting agent and still achieve detonation. On the other hand if the objective is to obtain the maximum combined energy, then one can develop a test matrix for underwater tests which would indicate the optimum quantity of propellant as well as the optimum propellent particulate size for obtaining maximum combined energy.
Accordingly, for any particular combination of energetic material and blasting agent for an intended use or objective there is an optimum particle size and an optimum quantity of energetic material for producing the effect desired. Moreover, for each such specific combination of energetic material and blasting agent, an upper limit of the size of said particulate can be determined where any further increase in the size will cause the detonation process not to occur.
In all of the above examples, propellant was introduced into the blasting agents by means of reducing the propellant into a particulate form. It is to be understood that other methods are available for the introduction of the propellant into the blasting agent. For example, comparatively large pieces of propellant may be emersed in water and by appropriate mechanical and blending actions can be basically reduced to a slurry-like consistency. The particulate in that instance could very well be of a wide variety of sizes or even microscopic in size. Solid energetic material may be made into particulate in a manner similar to propellant; when the starting energetic material is already in particulate or granular form it may be introduced directly into the blasting agent.
Accordingly, the term "particulate" and "particulate form" as used herein are intended to include the product of using such alternative methods for preparing the waste material containing the energetic material for introduction into the blasting agent.
The foregoing specific examples are directed specifically to energetic materials which are stoichiometrically balanced. However, as mentioned earlier energetic materials which are basically "fuel" in character or "oxidizer" in their chemical characteristics can also be treated in a manner similar or analogous to the propellant materials referred to above.
An example of a fuel-type waste stream is the cloth-like materials which are contaminated with propellant in the course of manufacturing solid rocket motors. A wide variety of cloth materials such a rags, wipes, gloves and the like are utilized in the processing procedures and, likewise, must ultimately be disposed of; since they are contaminated with propellant they are classified as explosive and, accordingly, cannot be disposed of in landfill sites. To date the only approach available for this material is to either incinerate or open burn.
Such propellant-contaminated cloth material can be cut and shredded by methods and apparatus which are used in the cloth and rag reclamation industry; however, in highly contaminated materials the process needs to be carried out either remotely or under water or in water deluge. The resulting cut or chopped fibers of cloth material containing propellant contamination can then be introduced into the blasting agent in a manner similar to that pointed out above in connection with the introduction of particulate propellant. When introduced into the blasting agent in quantities of 5% or less, these materials will participate in the chemical reactions occurring during the detonation; however, where larger percentages of such material are desired for introduction into the blasting agent, appropriate oxidizers should be added in order to ensure virtually full participation of all ingredients in the reaction process.
In the manufacture of solid rocket motors other miscellaneous wastes are generated that are contaminated with solid propellant materials such as plastics, wood products, rubber-base materials, etc. Again these materials may be reduced in size by various methods similar to that discussed above in connection with the propellant-contaminated, cloth materials. Accordingly, virtually all forms of miscellaneous waste that are produced by solid rocket motor production activities will lend themselves to disposal by means of the teachings of this invention.
However, before introducing any propellant or propellant-contaminated material into a blasting agent it is important to know the formulation of the propellant being dealt with since some propellants contain hazardous materials such as beryllium which could result in contamination of the area being blasted. Rags, plastics, wood materials and the like are contaminated in other industries such as at petroleum refinement facilities. Presently these contaminated materials must be disposed of at landfill site or incinerated; but these materials can likewise be used for introduction into blasting agents in accordance with the above teachings.
On the other hand, there are various industries such as fertilizer production plants wherein cloth, plastic, wood and other materials are contaminated by chemicals which are oxidizers in nature and these too can be cut into particulate form or made into slurries and introduced into blasting agents for purposes of participating in the detonation process.
The foregoing are to be understood as simply examples of various types of waste materials containing energetic materials and a wide variety of waste materials lend themselves to the application of the teaching herein. In some instances the amount of energetic material may comprise a comparatively small part of the waste material; in other materials the waste material may be one hundred percent energetic material such as propellant scrap, ammonium perchlorate rejects or aluminum powder rejects (e.g. particle size too variable for the intended use).
In the above examples propellant particulate is introduced into watergel and emulsion type blasting agents. However, blasting agents in a different form such as granular, may likewise accept the introduction of propellant particles for homogeneous distribution. One form of such granular-type blasting agent is widely used in the industry and is known as ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate and Fuel Oil). Three test batches as shown in Table VIII were made up using 20% and 40% propellant, respectively, in two of the batches in order to obtain the test data for this combination of materials. Tests similar to those for the slurry type blasting agents were performed and that test data is also included in Table VIII.
TABLE VIII______________________________________ANFO Explosive FormulationsIngredients Batch #8 Batch #9 Batch #10______________________________________ANFO (94/6) 100.0% 80.0% 60.0%Formula A Shredded 0.0 20.0 40.0Propellant 100.0 100.0 100.0Mix Density: 0.94 0.88 0.89 g/cc g/cc g/ccUNCONFINED CRITICAL DIAMETER TEST DATATemp Diameter70 F. 5 inches 9,540 11,390 11,190 4 inches Fail 9,520 9,030MEASURED UNDERWATER ENERGYShock energy (cal/g) 313 397 421Bubble energy (cal/g) 489 537 580Combined Energy (cal/g) 802 934 1001______________________________________
These test data show that the sensitivity of ANFO is increased in the 4" diameter size; moreover, as in the above three slurry-type blasting agents, the total or combined energy is markedly increased with increase in propellant content.
It is believed that the foregoing data and test examples provides the basis for one skilled in the explosives art to apply the principles taught herein to a wide variety of combinations and admixtures of waste materials containing energetic materials with blasting agents to effectively utilize the energy of the energetic material in the waste by means of participating in the detonation process. Accordingly, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the foregoing description relates to several preferred embodiments of the invention and that a wide variation on the basic teachings herein fall within the scope of the claims below.
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Given his many contradictions, Dominic Noonan, head of one of Britain's biggest crime families, is a man who defies stereotypes. This close up look at his life, from gun trials to the murder of his brother on the streets of Manchester, reveals a community struggling with poverty, violence and drugs.
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Make this crochet sunflower to brighten up your space and your mood! It's a great and easy crochet project you can create in no time. This flower has yellow petals a brown center and stamens.
- Red Heart Yarn, Center – Coffee Brown #365 2 yds.
- Red Heart Yarn,Petals – Yellow #230 5 yds.
- Red Heart Yarn, Around Center – Orange #245 2 yds.
- Stamens – DMC #938
- H hook
- J hook
Center of Flower:
With H hook and coffee brown [leave 30" for behind petals], ch 4 and form a ring, 11 sc in ring, join to beg sc and fasten off.
With J hook and yellow work in back loop only, (sl st, ch 3, trc, ch 3, sl st) in each loop, join to beg sl st and fasten off.
Note: Front loops are not worked.
Front of Petals: Split orange and use 2 strands. With H hook and orange, (sl st, ch 4, sl st) in each stitch between front loops and petals, join to beg sl st and fasten off.
With 6 strands DMC #938 fill entire center of the flower with french knots.
(Continue with Rnd 1 as established in general instructions.)
General Instructions:
- If sewing flower directly to crocheted item omit instructions between [ ].
- If continuing a pattern behind the petals of a flower, use all instructions for the flower then crochet the following:
Rnd 1 – (Behind Petals)
With H hook and 30" strand of yarn (left behind flower) work in center of the
flower *sc between any 2 sc, ch 3, cont from * around evenly spacing 3 more
ch 3 sps, join to beg sc and fasten off. (4 ch 3 sps)
Continue with your pattern.
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