text: We're sorry, Pack Of Eight Winter Birds Cards is no longer available Why not try one of these instead? 20% OFF Mini Father Christmas Letter by Little Letter £12.95$27.10€18.81$21.07 £10.36$21.68€15.05$16.85 can be personalised Personalised 'I Promise' Cards by I Promise £9.50$19.88€13.80$15.46 can be personalised 20% OFF Personalised First Christmas Keepsake Card by Clara and Macy £12.75$26.68€18.52$20.74 £10.20$21.35€14.82$16.59 can be personalised Letter From Santa Telegram by Imperial Telegrams £12$25.11€17.43$19.52 can be personalised Pack Of Eight Winter Birds Cards by Prism of Starlings £12.99$27.19€18.87$21.13 This item is no longer available £6.95$14.54€10.09$11.31 delivery to United States - Receive this item 5-10 working days from dispatch International delivery available we're sorry we're sorry, This item is no longer available buy a gift voucher related categories cards & wrap > cards & invitations > seasonal cards > christmas card packs cards & wrap > cards & invitations > seasonal cards > christmas cards by Prism of Starlings Location: Argyll & Bute, GB read seller's profile see seller's complete range more items from this seller Giraffe And Rocking Horse Wrapping Paper £2$4.18€2.90$3.25 Bird Cut Out Birthday Greeting Card £3$6.27€4.35$4.88 Flowers And Birds Thank You Card £2.50$5.23€3.63$4.06 Mini Concertina Postcards Book £3$6.27€4.35$4.88 Jewel Gift Tags £4$8.37€5.81$6.50 Fox And Forest Thank You Card £2.50$5.23€3.63$4.06 view all you may also like PRODUCT DETAILS DELIVERY RETURNS Made in Britain gift wrapping available ask seller a question save for later This pack contains eight, illustrated Christmas cards, eight, patterned envelopes and eight, round, winter bird stickers. There are two card designs - patterned robin, and bird with lace wings. The pack also contains two designs of envelope - one repeating bird pattern in pink, gold and dark green, and one design with two birds surrounded by a wreath of geometric triangles. The stickers can be used as envelope seals as an extra special finishing touch to the cards. This stationery set is packaged up in a winter-themed patterned sleeve and could make a lovely Christmas gift. made from: The cards are hand-printed onto heavyweight, 300gsm, textured card. The envelopes are 90gsm matte, and patterned on both sides. dimensions: Each card measures 14 x 10 cm, and the whole pack is 16 x 23 cm in size. product code: 195894 This product is dispatched to you by Prism of Starlings. MAINLAND UK order now and receive this item on or before price Free Delivery Thursday 9 July FREEFREEFREEFREE Express Next Day Wednesday 8 July £4.95$10.36€7.19$8.05 NON-MAINLAND UK estimated delivery price Highlands & Islands of Scotland 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £1.75$3.66€2.54$2.84 Northern Ireland 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £1.75$3.66€2.54$2.84 Other UK Islands 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £3.95$8.26€5.73$6.42 INTERNATIONAL DELIVERY estimated delivery price Western Europe 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £5.00$10.46€7.26$8.13 Rest of Europe 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £5.00$10.46€7.26$8.13 USA & Canada 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £6.95$14.54€10.09$11.31 Far East & Australasia 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £7.25$15.17€10.53$11.79 Rest of the world 5-14 working daysfrom dispatch £7.25$15.17€10.53$11.79 You have 28 days, from receipt of cancellable goods, to notify the seller if you wish to cancel your order or exchange an item. Please note: goods that are personalised, bespoke or made-to-order to your specific requirements, perishable products and personal items sold with a hygiene seal (cosmetics, underwear) in instances where the seal is broken are non-refundable, unless faulty. Read more about our returns policy.Should you choose to return or exchange your order you will need to deliver the item(s) to the UK, where this seller is based. Prism of Starlings's return policy


text:
This release offers foremostly translations into German and Dutch. Credit for these go to Willy Schott and Andre Rikkart de Koe, respectibely. It also supports message sorting and better compliance with a couple of RFCs.
D-mail 0.8 features a few new innovations. The most notable additions to 0.7 are:
* Per-user preferences
* Ability to save sent mails
* Modular stylesheet system
* More navigational features
Bugtesting will be appreciated.
I haven't been working much on d-mail these last months, but I'm releasing 0.7 to accumulate the changes that have been made (mostly bug fixes).
The only major thing in this release is the French translation by Joel Dimbernat. Many thanks to him for that.
I released version 0.6 two days ago. New features include HTML message support and native language support.
I released 0.4 just now. It features messages copying/moving, and some nicer XHTML usage, plus quite a bit of fixes here and there.
Release 0.3 finally features something as revolutionary as documentation. Don't expect too much, but now at least there is a README that explains the basic setup etc.
It also features enhanced mailbox management (including mailbox creation and deletion) and message deletion.
...was just released. It features attachment handling (application/*, image/*), and initial folder management.
Please try it today! ;-)
I just released version 0.1 of Dolda Webmail (or d-mail for short). Please check it out - I'd appreciate testers.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Anonymous Hacks Warner Music's Website in Argentina
The attack is a protest revenge against local government for blocking The Pirate Bay on Monday.
BUENOS AIRES – Activist network Anonymous hacked Warner Music's Argentine website Wednesday as a protest against the local government's decision to block access to The Pirate Bay website Monday.
The action was announced through Anonymous' twitter account, @YourAnoNews, which stated: "Warner Argentina hacked to protest the blocking of Pirate Bay: warnermusic.com.ar Don't censor TPB if you ain't ready for that pain!"
LIST The Hollywood Reporter Reveals Hollywood's 100 Favorite Films
Warner Music Argentina's website is currently showing content from Warner's Chilean subsidiary.
Last Monday, Argentina's National Communications Commission ordered local Internet providers to block IP addresses operated by The Pirate Bay. The commission's resolution originated in a judicial order by the court in which a civil action was presented against TPB by Argentine Chamber of Phonogram Producers (CAPIF).
PHOTOS World Cup 2014: Top 11 Shocks and Surprises of the Tournament
Yesterday, CAPIF's website was also hacked in revenge and turned into a TPB proxy to reroute traffic directly to The Pirate Bay's website. At the same time, a domain called "chupalacapif.com" ("suckonitcapif.com") was also created to host TPB's home.
The Pirate Bay has already been blocked in more than a dozen European countries, including the UK, Denmark and Norway.
Never miss a story. Stay up-to-date with THR's Daily Headlines.
Must Reads
Comic-Con: What to Expect (Maybe) From the Big Movie Panels
Comic-Con 2015: THR's Full Guide to Parties in San Diego
Paul Rudd and Marvel's Kevin Feige Reveal 'Ant-Man's' Saga, from Director Shuffle to Screenplay Surgery to Studio's "Phase Three" Plans
Lena Dunham, Amy Schumer and Comedy Actress A-List in Raunchy, R-Rated Roundtable
Taraji P. Henson, Viola Davis and Drama Actress A-List Tackle Race, Sexism, Aging in Hollywood
HBO's Real-Life Game of Thrones: The Fight to Stay Rich, on Top and Score Bill Simmons


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Are these landscapes really planet Earth? We're not convinced.
The Qualmark quality assurance rating cements its status as a top notch choice for travellers exploring New Zealand's South Island.
Jono on the commemorative day which formed Australia's and New Zealand's identities, and how it unites travellers from all over the world.
The bible for sun worshippers on a budget.
Think you have the guts of true adrenaline junkie? Lets see how you fare against these bad boys.
A reflection on World Food Day within our global community.
As the summer sun disappears from the Northern Hemisphere, countries like Australia, New Zealand, Asia and South America are the places to visit. How about some alternatives to the usual tourist traps?
Staying in hostels for the first time? We've got you covered.
HI catches up with one of last year's Big Blog Exchange winners.
If you like travel, then you'll love our travel-inspired hostels.
The HI blog is your resource for the real hostel experience. Find travel tips, advice from fellow travellers, and great news stories and articles from our blog authors, Alex, Lenka and Julian.
Don't miss out on great deals, discounts and travel tips. Create an account today and sign up for the monthly HI Newsletter.


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This comfy porch swing and daybed turns this South Carolina porch into a soothing retreat. A cool blue-green cushion and throw pillows reflect the coastal style of this home.
from thisoldhouse.com
Video : How to Waterproof a Basement
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OpenLiteSpeed has made another step towards being the Web's easiest HTTP server: 4 line install!
Easily Install OpenLiteSpeed and PHP: Just 4 LinesNovember 25th, 2014 by Michael
Benchmarks: LiteSpeed vs. Apache with cPanel + WordPressNovember 14th, 2014 by Michael
These benchmarks from cPanel Conference 2014 demonstrate RAM usage and server load differences for LiteSpeed Web Server vs. Apache. Read the rest of this entry »
Plesk Extension Update: Default PHP Build Supports All Major Web ApplicationsOctober 28th, 2014 by Michael
Our newest release of the LiteSpeed Plesk Extension leverages our updated LiteSpeed PHP Repository to offer CentOS users a default PHP build that supports all major web applications. Read the rest of this entry »
Fast Installs of Multiple Versions of LSPHP: LiteSpeed PHP Repository Updated!October 8th, 2014 by Michael
We are proud to announce the release of a completely updated LiteSpeed PHP Repository. Read the rest of this entry »
OpenLiteSpeed 1.4.2: WebAdmin GUI Reimagined and PageSpeed Support!October 3rd, 2014 by Michael
OpenLiteSpeed 1.4.2 features a brand new GUI and a Chinese translation. Read the rest of this entry »
LiteSpeed Web Server Now Protected Against ShellshockSeptember 25th, 2014 by Michael
"Bigger than Heartbleed." That's what people are saying about Shellshock (CVE-2014-6271 and CVE-2014-7169). But LiteSpeed Web Server is now the only web server protect against Shellshock. Read the rest of this entry »
LiteSpeed Web Server 5.0 Release Candidate 2: More Stable, Virtual Host-Level Bandwidth ThrottlingSeptember 23rd, 2014 by Michael
We are very proud to announce the release of LSWS 5.0 RC2. RC2 fixes all known bugs with LSWS 5.0 RC1 and adds vhost-level bandwidth throttling (as well as other minor functionality). Read the rest of this entry »
LiteSpeed vs. Apache Presentation at cPanel ConferenceSeptember 19th, 2014 by Michael
LiteSpeed Technologies is very proud to sponsor cPanel Conference 2014. We're also glad to announce that there will be a presentation comparing LSWS and Apache as well as a hands-on lab (with a drawing for a free license) the next day. Read the rest of this entry »
Server Management from LiteSpeed Support PartnersSeptember 17th, 2014 by Michael
We often receive requests for hands-on LiteSpeed server management. This is why, over the last year, we've added official support partners.
Attention Plesk Users: PHP for LiteSpeed Now Available in Remi RepoAugust 22nd, 2014 by Michael
With the release of PHP 5.4.32 and 5.5.16, PHP with LiteSpeed SAPI is now available in Les RPM de Remi (aka Remi Repository). Read the rest of this entry »


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There are no items in your cart at this time.
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The Bussola Enna Quilt is a casual women's knee-high boot with wedge heel and inside zipper for easy on and off.
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text:
Comment: Re:These changes are really annoying (Score 1) 179 179
Really off topic but I'll bite:
1600x900 here, on a one year old Fujitsu Lifebook E 782. Which is overall a nice but not really high end system. Typical prices used to be in the 900-950 Euro range a year ago. Today, the E554 seems to be its equivalent, available with 1.920 x 1.080 display for a bit over 800 Euro.
It seems that your management was just being cheap when they stuck you on laptops with a "720p" display


text:
We are a team of savvy locals excited to share our recommendations and tips about the area with our friends, neighbors and travelers.
LivePuntaMita.com hasn't left any tips yet!
Foursquare © 2015 Lovingly made in NYC & SF
Download Foursquare for your smart phone and start exploring the world around you!


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Article ID: 281354 - View products that this article applies to.
On This Page
This article describes how to save a publication as a PostScript file or as an Encapsulated PostScript graphic format file.
More information
Save a Publication as a PostScript (PS) File
Method 1NOTE: Because there are several versions of Microsoft Windows, the following steps may be different on your computer. If they are, see your product documentation to complete these steps.
Method 2
For additional information, click the article number below to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
(https://support.microsoft.com/kb/198255/EN-US/ )PUB2000: Publisher Imagesetter and Color Printers Not Installed
Save a Publication As an Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) FilePublisher cannot convert a multiple-page publication into an EPS file. A separate EPS file must be created from each page of the publication. In order to do this, follow these steps for each page of your publication:
(https://support.microsoft.com/kb/163642/EN-US/ )PUB: Can't Create EPS File From Windows NT
(https://support.microsoft.com/kb/178611/EN-US/ )PUB98: Can't Create EPS File From Windows NT
(https://support.microsoft.com/kb/198237/EN-US/ )PUB2000: Can't Create EPS File From Windows NT
Article ID: 281354 - Last Review: June 19, 2014 - Revision: 2.0
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A collection of news and information related to Indiana Jones (fictional character) published by this site and its partners.
Top Indiana Jones (fictional character) Articles
Displaying items 23-33
Apparently This Boomer Skipped The Midlife CrisisColumn | Jan 25, 2012I was going to write about baby boomers and the midlife crisis, but then I realized two things: One, most baby boomers have already had their midlife crisis, except, of course, for those who are planning to live to 125 or so. And, two, I don't know much...
Burb's Eye View: A fanboy's homage gets the phone ringingStory | Jan 24, 2012 | 3:22 PMIt's a scene that I've watched a dozen or so times, even relived at Disneyland: Indiana Jones and his partner snake through a jungle temple to find a lost golden idol, then are chased out again by booby traps and a giant boulder. The iconic...
John D. Lowry dies at 79; innovative film-restoration executive
'Journey 2: The Mysterious Island' review: A franchise somehow gets more mediocre without Brendan Fraser
Reel Critics: Some of year's best movies not recognized as nominees
Grunge turns 20. I remember when Nirvana was an opening act...
Disney to announce deal for 'Avatar' theme park attractions
Disney to build multiple-attraction 'Avatar' land in Animal Kingdom theme park
After years of out-of-state ales, breweries are booming in Maryland
Dec. 27, 1999: There's no pretending: Sandusky is for realStory | Nov 7, 2011 | 7:44 AMThe kids at football camp laughed at The Great Pretenders, sure, but they really wanted to see Spider's Heisman Dance. Even with his frightful wigs and goofy songs, Jerry Sandusky couldn't top that. How he tried, though. Sandusky would wear a tacky,...


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Best Clothing Manufacturers is the manufacturer, exporter of textile garments operating since 2005 . We are serving our world wide customers with its production units in China, Bangladesh and Pakistan. Today, we are one of the best producers of garments in Asia.
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text:
Page Showing 1-20 of 119 Results
Perfect for the pool
Robert Shaw
from Allentown, PA
on 1/15/2015
Swim shorts are comfortable and perfect for the pool and beach. I have heavy thighs and these fit well around the legs. My only complaint -- after about 6 months of 3x per week pool use, the color fades.
Report abuse
Your comment has been posted.
Faded Too Quickly
Slow Poke
from Portland, OR
on 12/5/2014
These swim shorts are now light purple after 20 uses. :(
Good Trunks for Adult Lap Swimmers
from Upstate NY
on 11/6/2014
I've had several of these and I like them. They have the best drawstring of the various brands that I've had over 20+ years. Sounds silly, I know, but other brands have drawstrings that are too short or too flimsy or both. The only negative in my opinion is the colorfastness of the dye used. These trunks fade fast. I've had black, navy and royal blue trunks. Black color held up best. The navy turned to a dark rust color in about 6 months and the royal blue turned powder blue in about 4 weeks. I'm afraid to try the red! So, if you have a body shape that's not conducive to wearing briefs or jammers (eg. waist larger than hips), these trunks are great for your lap swimming and modesty.
Fit Great
from Layton, UT
on 10/19/2014
Fit great. Looks great. Just what I wanted for lap swim.
Fit great.
from Laton, UT
on 10/19/2014
Fit great. Look great. Just what I was looking for.
from Austin, TX
on 10/10/2014
How much can you say about shorts? They have pockets! They fit well and look good.
Nice Swim Shorts, Nice Color
from Woodbury, CT
on 8/28/2014
This is the first pair of TYR swim shorts that I've purchased, and they seem well constructed. The fit is good, and I like that they are above the knee, unlike most swim shorts these days. The red color is very vibrant...I'll have to see if it lasts. They dry very quickly and are a great value.
TYR Classic Deck Short in black
from La Canada, CA
on 8/16/2014
My previously owned TYR Deck Short, also black, faded badly after only about 3 or 4 months of light use in an indoor YMCA pool. I gave it good care by washing it after every use, a centrifugal spin-dry, followed by indoor air drying. I would like to know if this short life is normal for this item.
Extremely comfortable
from de pere, wi
on 7/30/2014
Great for swimwear as well as casual wear. Being vertically challenged I'm not a big fan of long inseams so these shorts are perfect for me. Lightweight and comfortable.I did cut out the mesh nut-huggers for a little more comfort, I didn't see the need for them to be in there since I don't swim.
Great so far
from Charlotte, NC
on 7/28/2014
A very nice suit. Fits to size advertised. Dries quickly, and looks good. However, a lot of cautions on the tag: don't wash in detergent, don't dry in direct sunlight, don't leave in rolled-up towel.
Great swimming shorts
Floyd B
from Laurinburg, NC
on 6/2/2014
these are great for swimming. They don't feel weighted down with water when getting out of the pool. Also, like the elastic waist band , I have not had to pull these up in our out of the water. Quality is excellent.
good product and great service
from hawaii
on 1/24/2014
I use these for lap swimming. Shorts fit perfect and serves my needs.
Exactly what I wanted
from NEW BERLIN, WI
on 12/16/2013
Happy with purchase
good value
saverio p.
from babylon, NY
on 12/14/2013
drys fast fits well good craftmandhip
Size not as indicated on short
Alfred A.
from Staten Island
on 12/4/2013
I think it is a very good deck short.However I must return it because I ordered xxl and this is not an xxl. it measures the same as the xl swim trucks that I have.I was very disappointed in the design of the swim suit
A bit Small
Gerald Chalupka
from Chicago, Illinois
on 10/27/2013
For a XXL it is just smaller than a XXL should be.
Need was met
from Houghton, MI
on 9/20/2013
Great for swiming and working out.
Joel A.
from Wanaque, NJ
on 8/21/2013
This is my second pair. The first one began to wear after a while, and the color started to fade as well. That said, I did get a lot of use out of it.
nice swim trunks!
from Dayton, OH
on 8/13/2013
Quality product, and well made product!
Decent shorts
Jane H.
from Martinsville, IN
on 7/25/2013
Overall these fit fine, laundry fine. They do ride up on the inner thigh which is why I only gave them 3 stars.


text:
There are currently 374 users online. 137 members and 237 guests
Most users ever online was 947, 12-07-2013 at 00:35.
Ummm yessirJollyGreen Today, 10:29
Welcome from CharlotteTallPaul Today, 10:28
Hey all,
Im a college hanger from Colorado, love backpacking and taking the hammock. I try to camp as many weekends as I can provided I
Great thing to get you Daughter in She will always remember the time outdoors.swink1 Today, 10:26
If she is alone, I would thing getting the straps high enough on the tree could be a trick too. However, I have little knowledge or experience with doingChefLamont Today, 10:20
P.S. after talking with R.A., I was so steaming angry that I went to their F.B. site and vented about their lack of help. a day later I received an emailthe_gr8t_waldo Today, 10:20
Thanks hope to work on a top quilt soon.swink1 Today, 10:17
welcome from Cherryville ncswink1 Today, 10:15


text: Japan Japan Jill Langlois on May 31, 2013 @ 5:43 PMMay 31, 2013 @ 5:43 PM PublishedNo rise in cancer rates after Fukushima disaster, UN saysPolice officers in radiation protection suits bow their heads to offer prayers in silence for tsunami victims in Fukushima on March 11, 2013.Cancer rates are not expected to rise because of Japan's Fukushima nuclear disaster, UN scientists say.A draft report concluded that the evacuation of thousands of people shortly after the 2011 accident drastically lowered their exposure to radiation, although the World Health Organization (WHO) said local resident have a slightly higher risk of developing certain cancers."These measures reduced the potential exposure by up to a factor of 10," said Wolfgang Weiss, senior UN Science Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) member."If that had not been the case, we might have seen the cancer rates rising and other health problems emerging over the next several decades."Weiss, who chairs the UNSCEAR report, said that dose levels were "so low that we don't expect to see any increase in cancer in the future in the population."More from GlobalPost: Radioactive water floods Fukushima buildingsHe noted that the UNSCEAR study, which was carried out by 80 experts and included the involvement of five international organizations, was based on information covering a longer period after the accident than the WHO report.Scientists met all this week to make final changes to the Fukushima report, which will be submitted to the UN General Assembly later this year.Fukushima nuclear plant reactors were destroyed by an earthquake and tsunami that killed around 19,000 people, making it the world's worst nuclear disaster since Chernobyl in 1986.


text:
Top Definition
it comes from the word confussed and fucked its really just being confused and a bit fucked up
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by edward July 19, 2004
Type your email address below to get our free Urban Word of the Day every morning!
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text:
Eagle Ford Fix
Get your fix of the Eagle Ford Shale oil and gas play.
The 29-week plunge in the oil rig count takes a break
Via Jordan Blum, FuelFix: The amount of U.S. rigs drilling for oil increased for the first time this year after 29 consecutive weeks of declines. The number of actively drilling oil rigs jumped by 12 this week after several weeks of small decreases, which had indicated the streak of rigs being taken offline was nearing […] [Read More]
Eagle Ford Shale wells use the most water
Via Joshua Cain, FuelFix: Drillers in the Eagle Ford Shale use among the most water in the country to drill for oil and gas, according to a study from the U.S. Geological Survey released Tuesday. Using data collected from IHS Energy on more than 81,000 wells across the U.S., USGS researchers said they created the […] [Read More]
There's oil under county roads, and the counties get to keep it (finally)
Oil- and gas-producing counties will get to keep a narrow slice of the mineral wealth that's generated under their property, under a bill recently signed by the governor. The bill will let the counties keep royalty payments for the minerals produced under county lands — essentially the county road system, which has been badly battered […] [Read More]
Rigzone: Industry hiring still dipping with oil prices
Rigzone's latest global hiring survey confirms what you already knew: It's a tough time to get a job in the oil and gas industry. Just more than half of the global oil and gas hiring managers said that they have "decreased their hiring efforts in the past three months." Another 13 percent said they've frozen […] [Read More]
New security measures (and gun permits) for South Texas pipeline inspectors
By Rhiannon Meyers, FuelFix: The Texas Railroad Commission rolled out new security measures to protect its employees patrolling South Texas' energy infrastructure after they voiced concerns about their safety, the state's oil and gas regulator said. The policy changes follow complaints by Commission Chairman David Porter that the federal government had failed to protect pipeline […] [Read More]
Eagle Ford production dips, but barely
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text:
I have a string that I want as a byte array. So far I have used NSData to do this:
NSString *message = @"testing";
NSData *messageData = [message dataUsingEncoding:NSUnicodeStringEncoding allowLossyConversion:YES];
NSUInteger dataLength = [messageData length];
Byte *byteData = (Byte*)malloc( dataLength );
memcpy( byteData, [messageData bytes], dataLength );
But, I know that NSString has the
getBytes:maxLength:usedLength:encoding:options:range:remainingRange: method that would allow me to skip using NSData all together. My issue is, I don't know how to properly set all the parameters.
I assume the pointer array passed in has to be malloc'ed - but I'm not sure how to find how much memory to malloc. I know there is
[NSString lengthOfBytesUsingEncoding:] and
[NSString maximumLengthOfBytesUsingEncoding:] but I don't know if those are the methods I need to use and don't fully understand the difference between them. I assume this would be the same value given to
maxLength. The rest of the parameters make sense from the documentation. Any help would be great. Thanks.


text:
Bittersweet Candy Bowl
"Guest of Honor."
Chapter 89, page 8. Posted 7/1/15.
Welcome to Bittersweet Candy Bowl, a comic about love, cats and high school drama.
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A week late, but here we are! I've made some tweaks to the site to provide better updates on what we're doing around the internet, provide quick links to the ways you can support the comic, and a few behind-the-scenes things that make things easier for us to manage.
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So check out the "upcoming appearances" in the footer for con dates, and mark your calendars for July 17 when we'll do another huge Patreon draw stream! We'd love you to be a part of it.
And, of course, email me about broken site things. There are more things to come (mainly, uh, mobile.) And I promise I'll star all the old comments.
— Oliver


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text:
In a steam turbine control system three overspeed protection circuits (OPC) are provided, each one being identical to the others and each having a programmable digital computer in two-way data communication with a master controller, as well as with the other OPCs. Speed transducers adjacent the turbine shaft provide speed indicative signals to the respective OPCs which calculate extremely precise RPM values utilizing an adaptive filter in the derivation process.
1. An improved OPC arrangement for a turbine control system having at least one central controller in two-way digital data communication with a plurality of motive fluid admission valve control circuits for controlling motive fluid admission to the turbine, comprising:
(A) at least three OPC circuits each including programmable digital computer means in two-way digital data communication with said controller;
(B) at least three speed transducers positioned to derive respective output signals indicative of turbine shaft rotational speed;
(C) each of said OPC circuit including circuit means operable to convert a respective one of said speed transducer output signals to a pulse waveform of a frequency greater than the frequency of the received speed transducer output signal;
(D) means for counting the pulses of said waveform and for sampling the count in repetitive predetermined periods of time for transfer to said digital computer means;
(E) said digital computer means being operable to calculate turbine speed and provide a turbine speed signal (RPM), in response to said counts transferred to it;
(F) means for providing said turbine speed signal to said other OPCs, as well as said central controller;
(G) said digital computer means being responsive to RPM signals received from other OPCs to validate its own RPM signal if it is in agreement with a predetermined number of other received RPM signals.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein:
(A) said turbine is a steam turbine.
3. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein:
(A) each said digital computer means is operable to provide a first output signal indicative of a first overspeed condition if its validated RPM signal exceeds a first value; and which includes,
(B) a first voting circuit responsive to said first output signals from all of said digital computer means of said OPCs to provide an output signal equal to the majority of its input signals.
4. Apparatus according to claim 3 wherein:
(A) each said digital computer means is operable to provide a second output signal indicative of a second overspeed condition if its validated RPM signal exceeds a second value; and which includes,
(B) a second voting circuit responsive to said second output signals from all of said digital computer means of said OPCs to provide an output signal equal to the majority of its input signals.
5. Apparatus according to claim 4 wherein:
(A) three OPCs are provided; and
(B) said second voting circuit is a 2 out of 3 voting circuit.
6. Apparatus according to claim 3 wherein:
(A) three OPCs are provided; and
(B) said first voting circuit is a 2 out of 3 voting circuit.
7. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein:
(A) each said pulse waveform has a frequency which is double the frequency of its respective speed transducer output signal.
8. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said circuit means of said OPC circuit includes:
(A) means for receiving a stable clocking pulse signal;
(B) divider means for dividing down said stable clocking pulse signal to obtain first and second clock signals;
(C) means for filtering and clamping said speed transducer output signal;
(D) a frequency doubler responsive to said first clock signal and said filtered and clamped speed transducer output signal to provide a pulse output signal of a frequency double that of said speed transducer output signal;
(E) means for counting the pulses of said pulse output signal;
(F) means responsive to said second clock signal to periodically sample and hold the output of said means for counting; and
(G) means to transfer the sampled and held count to said digital computer means.
9. Apparatus according to claim 8 wherein:
(A) said means for counting is a pulse accumulator which repetitively counts up to a maximum value and then starts counting over again.
10. An improved OPC for a turbine having at least one speed transducer providing an output signal indicative of turbine shaft rotational speed, comprising:
(A) circuit means operable to convert said output signal to a corresponding pulse waveform;
(B) means for counting the pulses of said waveform and for sampling the count in repetitive scanning cycles;
(C) means for obtaining a difference signal indicative of the difference between two successive sampled counts;
(D) means for filtering said difference signal;
(E) means for changing the bandwidth of said means for filtering as a function of said rotational speed;
(F) means responsive to said filtered difference signal to obtain an output signal (RPM) indicative of said rotational speed.
11. Apparatus according to claim 10 wherein:
(A) said means for changing the bandwidth changes it as a function of turbine shaft acceleration.
12. Apparatus according to claim 10 wherein:
(A) said means for changing the bandwidth changes it as a function of turbine shaft deceleration.
13. Apparatus according to claim 10 wherein:
(A) said means for changing the bandwidth changes it as a function of the difference between two difference signals.
14. Apparatus according to claim 13 wherein:
(A) said means for changing the bandwidth changes it as a function of the difference between two successive difference signals.
15. Apparatus according to claim 10 wherein:
(A) said means for filtering includes a plurality of LPF stages.
16. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein:
(A) the frequency of said scanning includes no harmonics equal to the rated speed of said turbine.
17. Apparatus according to claim 16 wherein:
(A) the frequency of said scanning equals to 640 Hz.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention in general relates to steam turbine control systems and more particularly to overspeed protection control circuitry for deriving extremely accurate turbine speed signals.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In the field of steam turbine control, many systems exist which utilize a primary controller, in the form of a programmable digital computer, as well as a redundant or backup computer. The computer's capability to monitor, memorize, calculate, test and make instant decisions results in a control system which is faster, more accurate and far superior to purely mechanical or analog control systems.
An improved digital control system for a steam turbine has been developed which includes primary and redundant base controllers as well as interconnected and coordinated functional modules each having its own microcomputer to execute specific functions. That is, the control system structure is based upon distributed processing, with this modular architecture providing for greater flexibility and minimizing risk of control loss and total system shutdown due to any single failure. The system can be serviced while on-line without the necessity for shutting down the turbine's operation, and servicing of the apparatus can be accomplished in a minimal amount of time. One example of such distributed processing turbine control system is described and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,368,520 assigned to the assignee of the present invention and hereby incorporated by reference.
The control system of the referenced patent includes a plurality of valve position control circuits for controlling the steam admission valves, with each circuit including its own programmable digital computer in two-way digital communication with a base controller from which it receives signals relative to the individual valve control. The valve position control circuits are selectively addressable to receive a particular valve related signal from the controller to in turn generate an individual valve drive signal for the valve it is controlling. The system is operable both in an automatic and a manual mode and when in the manual mode all of the valve position control circuits function to receive operator-entered command signals.
Two channels of overspeed protection control (OPC) are provided with each OPC including its own programmable digital computer and operable in response to certain speed indicative pulse input signals to generate presumed valid RAM turbine speed signals which are used for control purposes and are communicated via a digital data link to the base controller.
The present invention relates to an improved OPC arrangement which provides for a faster response time and higher precision in the speed measurement, resulting in a precise speed measurement signal with a resolution of better than 1 RPM. In addition, the improved OPC arrangement is operable with different rated speeds which may be encountered in different turbine systems such as boiler feed pump turbines, fossil-fired, and nuclear, by way of example.
An improved OPC arrangement for a steam turbine control system having a control of the type described includes at least three OPC circuits each including programmable digital computer means in two-way digital data communication with a main controller. A speed transducer for each OPC is positioned to derive an output signal indicative of the turbine shaft rotational speed, and each OPC includes a speed reader circuit which converts a respective one of the speed transducer signals to a pulse waveform preferably of a frequency greater than the frequency of the received transducer signal.
Means are provided for accumulating and counting the pulses of the waveform in a predetermined period of time and to transfer the counter to the digital computer means of the OPC. In response to this count the digital computer means calculates a turbine speed signal (RPM) and provides this signal to the other OPCs, whereupon each of which compares its own generated RPM signal with those received from the other OPCs to compare it for validation purposes.
Adaptive filter means is provided and is operable to change its bandwidth in response to turbine speed so as to provide extremely precise RPM readings which closely track actual turbine speed.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a steam turbine-generator power plant;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the turbine control system illustrated in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an OPC arrangement of the prior art;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of the OPC arrangement of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a typical OPC circuit;
FIGS. 6A-6C illustrate the jumper assembly of FIG. 5 in more detail;
FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating the speed reader of FIG. 5 in more detail;
FIG. 8 illustrates the output of the speed transducer for three different speeds;
FIG. 9 presents waveforms illustrating the operation of the speed reader of FIG. 7;
FIG. 10 is a flow chart illustrating the derivation of an RPM speed signal;
FIG. 11 illustrates a typical low-pass filter of FIG. 10;
FIG. 12 illustrates the adaptive bandwidth of the low-pass filter arrangement of FIG. 10;
FIG. 13 is a program flow chart illustrating operation of the present invention; and
FIG. 14 is a program flow chart illustrating the operation of the adaptive filter arrangement.
FIG. 1 depicts a steam turbine generator power plane and is illustrated as a fossil fired, tandem compound, single reheat turbine generator unit by way of example. The arrangement includes a plurality of steam admission valves such as throttle valves TV1-TVN and governor valves GV1-GVM disposed in the meain steam header which couples a steam turbine system 10 to a steam generating system 12. In a typical arrangement there may be four throttle valves (N=4) and eight governor valves (M=8).
Turbine system 10 includes a high pressure (HP) turbine 20, an intermediate pressure (IP) turbine 22 and a low pressure (LP) turbine 24, all of which are coupled to a common shaft 28 to drive an electrical generator 30 which supplies power to a load 32 through main breakers 34.
Steam exiting the HP turbine 20 is normally reheated in a reheater unit 40 generally a part of steam generating system 12 as indicated by the dotted line connection. Reheated steam is supplied to IP turbine 22 through one or more stop valves SV and one or more interceptor valves IV disposed in the steam line. Steam from the IP turbine 22 is provided to LP turbine 24 from which the steam is exhausted into a conventional condenser 42.
With the main breakers 34 open, the torque as produced by the inlet steam, is used to accelerate the turbine shaft 28 from turning gear to synchronous speed. As long as the main breakers 34 are open, the turbine is spinning with no electrical load and it is operative in a speed control mode. Once the shaft frequency is sunchronized to the frequency of the load 32, which may be a power system network, the breakers 34 are closed, and power is delivered to the load by the generator 30. When the breakers 34 close, the net torque exerted on the turbine rotating assemblies of the HP, IP and LP turbines controls the amount of power supplied to the load 32, while shaft speed is governed by the frequency of the power system network. Control of steam inlet under these conditions is generally referred to as load control, during which a speed feedback signal is applied to the load setpoint to make the unit responsive to changes in power system frequency. The feedback signal is proportional to the difference between actual turbine speed and rated turbine speed and for precise regulation the measurement of actual turbine speed must be extremely accurate to a resolution measurable in tenths of an RPM.
In order to control the turbine during operation, the steam admitting throttle and governor valves are controlled in position by respective valve actuation circuits 44 and 45 which receive high pressure fluid from a high pressure hydraulic fluid supply 46. Thus, valve actuation circuits 44-1 through 44-N respectively control throttle valves TV1-TVN and valve actuation circuits 45-1 through 45-M control governor valves GV1-GVM. Position detectors 47 and 48 are coupled to the valves to provide respective feedback signals indicative of valve position. Position detectors 47-1 through 47-N are coupled to respective throttle valves TV1-TVN and position detectors 48-1 through 48-M are coupled to respective governor valves GV1-GVM.
Control signals for operation of the valve actuation circuits are derived from a turbine control system 50 which utilizes indications of various plant parameters for control purposes. Among the various parameters utilized is an indication of throttle pressure derived from a throttle pressure detector 52 in the main steam line between the steam generating system 12 and the throttle valves. A detector 54 within the HP turbine 20 provides an indication of impulse pressure which is proportional to load, and a detector 56 in the crossover line between IP and LP turbines 22 and 24 provides an indication of crossover pressure. A power detector 60 coupled to the generator output provides a megawatt (MW) signal indicative of output electrical power. An additional input utilized by the turbine control system is an indication of speed which is obtained by speed detection circuitry 62 and in the preferred embodiment of the present invention is operable to provide three redundant speed indicative signals.
In addition to controlling the valve actuation circuits for the throttle and governor valves, the turbine control system 50 is also operable to control the opening and closing of the stop valves and interceptor valves by respective valve actuation circuits 64 and 65. Selected input signals to the turbine control system 50 from the plant, as well as output signals to the plant, are coupled to field termination networks 68 so as to provide for signal conditioning and surge voltage protection.
A block diagram of a turbine control system 50 incorporating a preferred embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 2. The system includes a controller 70a, having memory means for storing digital information including data and operating instructions. Digital processing circuitry is provided for processing the digital information and the controller includes means for inputting and outputting information. The reliability of the overall system may be improved by incorporating a second controller 70b having the identical structure as controller 70a and communicative with controller 70a by means of two-way link 71.
The system is divided into several interconnecting and coordinated functional modules with each functional module incorporating its own processing capability to execute its specific function. In FIG. 2, the functional modules include valve position control (VPC) circuits 74 and 75 for controlling respective throttle valve and governor valve actuation circuits. Thus valve position control circuits 74-1 through 74-N provide control signals to valve actuation circuits 44-1 through 44-N and constitute throttle valve position control circuits. Valve position control circuits 75-1 through 75-M control respective valve actuation circuits 45-1 through 45-M and constitute governor valve position control circuits. Although not illustrated, valve position control circuits could also be provided for the interceptor valves. Each valve position control circuit includes its own memory means for storing digital information including data and operating instructions as well as digital processing circuitry for processing the digital information, such function ideally being provided by a microcomputer.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, speed monitoring and overspeed protection is provided by three OPC circuits 78-1, 78-2 and 78-3, each including its own microcomputer for storing digital information including data and operating instructions as well as digital processing circuitry for processing the information. The OPC circuits are communicative with one another and are operable to interact directly with the governor valve position control circuits 75 through voting circuitry 80 and gate circuit 81 to initiate a closing of all of the governor valves upon a certain predetermined condition. Valve closing may also be effected by means of an external signal applied at lead 83, such signal being for example a turbine trip signal which is provided to gate 81 and to valve position control circuits 74-1 through 74-N.
By means of two-way digital data links 85 and 86, digital information may be conveyed from the valve position control and OPC circuits to both controllers 70a and 70b, whereas only one selected controller 70a or 70b may be selected to transmit digital information down to the valve position control and OPC circuits. A controller selector 90 is operable to determine which controller is the primary controller and which is the backup controller and may be further operable to selectively choose data link 85 or 86 for downward transmission of digital information.
The turbine control system additionally includes an operator's panel 96 in two-way communication with both controllers 70a and 70b as well as with all of the valve position control and OPC circuits. This latter connection enables various parameters to be communicated to the operator and allows the operator to place the system under direct manual control.
One basic function of an OPC circuit is to derive an indication of turbine speed and to initiate the closing of certain valves should that speed exceed a first predetermined value, such as 103% of the rated speed of the system, and to initiate a trip signal indicating that the complete system should be shutdown if the speed exceeds a second predetermined value, such as 110% of the rated speed.
FIG. 3 illustrates a prior art arrangement of the referenced patent for deriving redundant turbine speed signals utilizing two OPCs, 100 and 101, as well as a supervisory instrumentation processing circuit 102 which derives an analog signal indicative of turbine speed. A plurality of speed transducers 107, 108 and 109 are in proximity to a notched wheel 110 attached to turbine shaft 28 so as to provide respective generally sinusoidal output signals in response to rotational movement of the wheel whereby the frequency of the waveform is proportional to turbine speed. The speed indicative signals generated by speed transducers 107-109 are respectively provided to OPC circuits 100, 101 and supervisory instrumentation processing circuitry 102. In response to the output signals from transducers 107 and 108, OPCs 100 and 101 will derive a signal, RPM, indicative of turbine speed. An output analog RPM signal is provided by OPC 100 on line 114 and constitutes a channel 1 RPM output signal whereas OPC 101 provides an analog RPM signal on line 115 and constitutes a channel 2 RPM output signal. These signals are provided to appropriate readouts for the operator, with each additionally being provided to the other OPC of the pair. The supervisory instrumentation processing circuit 102 provides a second analog signal to both of the OPCs indicative of speed, each of which then compares its own derived RPM signal with the other two RPM signals to see if it is within a predetermined range of them. If its RPM signal is within such range, the signal is validated for transmission to the controller 70a or 70b via the data links 85 and 86 (FIG. 2) when so requested.
In the present invention, and as illustrated in FIG. 4, the supervisory instrumentation processing circuitry has been eliminated and three identical OPC circuits, 78-1, 78-2 and 78-3 are utilized for deriving the RPM signals. Each OPC circuit receives a speed indicative signal from a respective speed transducer 120, 121 and 122 to derive, in a manner to be described, an extremely precise RPM signal. In addition, each OPC circuit receives two auxiliary speed signals designated ASPD and BSPD constituting the RPM output signals from the other two OPCs, as illustrated by the RPM 1, RPM 2 and RPM 3 connections of FIG. 4. The ASPD and BSPD signals are utilized for comparison purposes in order to validate the RPM signal prior to its being communicated to the controller via the digital data link.
Each OPC circuit is operable to provide a respective output signal OPC 1, OPC 2 and OPC 3 indicative of an overspeed situation wherein the measured speed attains 103% of rated speed. This signal is either a digital one or a digital zero and the outputs are provided to a two-out-of-three voting circuit 128 operable to provide a digital one output signal if two or more of its inputs are digital ones so as to effect closure of the governor valves via gate 81 (FIG. 2). The triple redundancy and two-out-of-three voting circuit provide for a higher level of reliability in that an erroneous OPC output signal will not cause an unnecessary closure of the governor valves.
Another output provided by the OPC circuits is a respective SPD 110-1, SPD 110-2 and SPD 110-3 output indicative of the calculated speed attaining 110% of rated speed, signifying a trip situation. A two-out-of-three voting circuit 130 connected to receive the SPD 110 signals will provide a digital one output signal if two or more of its inputs are digital ones, such output signal being available for connection into an alarm or operator's trip system.
A typical OPC circuit designated by the general numeral 78 is illustrated in FIG. 5. Many of the components are identical or similar to the OPC circuit described in the referenced patent. Basically, the OPC includes a control means preferably in the form of a microcomputer control circuit 140 having its own memory means for storing data and operating instructions as well as processing means for carrying out the instructions. A transceiver arrangement 142 is provided for digital information transfer between the OPC and controllers 70a and 70b via the digital data links. The primary controller may selectively communicate with one of the OPCs by transmitting a particular OPC address of identification prior to the command. Although received by all OPCs as well as by all valve position control circuits, only the OPC selectively addressed will accept the command, such address or identification being previously designated by means of an identification jumper assembly 144 by which an operator designates which of three identical printed circuit boards will be OPC 78-1 or 78-2 or 78-3.
Speed reader 146 is responsive to an output signal from a speed transducer to provide a speed indicative count to microcomputer control circuit 140 which, in response thereto, derives an extremely precise RPM signal having a resolution measurable in tenths of an RPM, representing a significant improvement over previous systems.
The derived RPM signal in digital form is converted to analog form by appropriate digital-to-analog converter circuitry in the D/A and A/D conversion circuits 150 and thereafter provided, via jumper assembly 152 as an RPM signal to the other two OPCs as well as to appropriate operator-viewed readouts. Jumper assembly 152 also receives the RPM signals from the other two OPCs to constitute ASPD and BSPD signals which are converted to digital form by conversion circuitry 150 and thereafter used by the microcomputer control circuit 140 for comparison and validation of its own derived RPM value.
The OPC circuit is further operable to provide fast valving functions. Basically, if the turbine load exceeds the generator output by a preset value, and if there are no transducer failures, the interceptor valves are closed and reopened after a certain time delay. This action is called fast valving, a technique that reduces turbine input power rapidly following recognition of a fault condition.
In its fast valving function, the OPC circuit receives an MW signal from the power detector 60 as well as a crossover pressure signal from transducer 56 (FIG. 1). These signals are respectively amplified and conditioned by operational amplifiers 160 and 161, the output signals of which are provided to a comparator circuit 162. If the conditioned MW and crossover pressure signals differ by some predetermined amount as determined by the dead band adjustment 163, then comparator 162 will provide an output signal to the microcomputer control circuit 140 indicating that a fast valving action should be initiated.
The conditioned MW and crossover pressure signals from OP AMP's 160 and 161 are provided to conversion circuitry 150 where they are converted into a digital format for use by the microcomputer control circuit 140. The MW signal after placement into a storage location is read out therefrom for transmission to the controllers 70a and 70b through the transceiver arrangement 142.
Contact closure input circuit 170 is operable to input to the microcomputer control circuit 140 a plurality of externally generated signals such as for testing the OPC, externally initiating or inhibiting fast valving, as well as other functions such as described in the referenced patent.
Contact closure output circuit 171 is operable to output a number of signals resulting from operation of the microcomputer control circuit, such signals including the OPC signal and SPD 110 signal previously described. Contact closure output circuit 171 may also be operable to output a signal CIV to close the interceptor valve for fast valving operation as well as a signal FROIV to quickly reopen the interceptor valve.
In the event of a failure of the microcomputer control circuit 140, the apparatus is operable to prevent the contact closure output circuit from providing any output signal, this operation being accomplished with the provision of alive circuit 174, which is periodically triggered by a deadman timer (DMT) signal from the microcomputer control circuit 140. A plurality of lights 176 may be provided directly on the printed circuit board constituting the OPC in order to indicate the presence of any output signal from contact closure output circuit 171, as well as to indicate any failure of the microcomputer control circuit 140.
FIGS. 6A-6C illustrate the jumper assembly 152 for OPC circuit 78-1, 78-2 and 78-3, respectively. Jumpers 180-188 are physically placed into position prior to operation so as to define certain signal paths. More particularly, the microcomputer control circuit of OPC 78-1 generates an RPM 1 signal which is converted to analog form. Jumper 180 in FIG. 6A provides this RPM 1 signal on lead 190. RPM 2 from the second OPC appears on line 191 and is defined as the ASPD signal by means of jumper 181 while RPM 3 from the third OPC appears on line 192 and is defined as the BSPD signal by means of jumper 182. The RPM 1 signal also appears on line 193 for driving an operator display.
In FIG. 6B, illustrating the jumper assembly for the second OPC, the analog RPM 2 signal appears as an output on line 191 by virtue of jumper 183. RPM 3 on line 192 is defined as the ASPD signal by jumper 184 and RPM 1 on line 190 is defined as the BSPD signal by means of jumper 185.
As illustrated in FIG. 6C, RPM 3 from the third OPC appears on line 192 by virtue of jumper 186 and RPM 1 on line 190 is defined as the ASPD signal by jumper 187 and RPM 2 on line 191 as the BSPD signal by jumper 188.
The ASPD and BSPD auxiliary speed signals are converted to digital form and the microcomputer control circuit of each OPC compares all three signals and validates its own derived RPM signal if it is within predetermined limits of the auxiliary speed signals. Validated RPM signals are thereafter transmitted to the controllers and the primary controller selects one of the transmitted RPM signals for control purposes. It is therefore imperative that the RPM derived signals be as precise as possible so that accurate control operation may be achieved. Assisting in the derivation of this RPM signal is the improved speed reader 146 illustrated in more detail in FIG. 7 to which reference is now made.
The output of a speed transducer is provided to a low pass filter and voltage clamp network 200 which operates to filter out any high frequency signal and to limit the maximum excursion of the speed transducer output which varies in frequency and amplitude as a function of turbine speed. For example, in FIG. 8, waveforms A, B and C illustrate a typical speed transducer output for relatively low, medium and high turbine speeds. Waveform 8C demonstrates the highest frequency with an amplitude that has been clamped.
Referring once again to FIG. 7, a differential comparator 202 is provided and is responsive to the output of the low-pass filter and voltage clamp network 200 to generate a square wave output signal which is uniform in amplitude but with a frequency which is proportional to turbine speed. This square wave output is provided to a zero crossing detector 204 which operates as a multiplier circuit to deliver an output signal which is double the frequency of the input signal and precisely synchronized with a clock pulse of frequency f/2 on line 205. This latter signal is derived from a stable clocking pulse of frequency f generated by the microcomputer control circuit and provided on line 206 to divider circuitry 208.
The multiplier circuit 204 includes a first flip-flop 214 which synchronizes the differential comparator output with the clock pulse on line 205 after inversion by NOT circuit 216. A second flip-flop 218 transfers its input from flip-flop 214 to its output upon the occurrence of a clock pulse on line 205, with the outputs of both flip-flops being provided to an exclusive OR circuit 220, the output pulse waveform of which is provided to a pulse accumulator 222 feeding into a latch circuit 224.
Although a counter can be utilized for counting the pulses from zero crossing detector 204, a pulse accumulator is preferred so as to eliminate the complicated synchronizing and reset logic which would be required for a counter. The pulse accumulator repetitively counts up the pulses and automatically rolls over when a maximum is reached. For example, an 8-bit accumulator will count to 256 and then automatically repeat. The particular count in accumulator 222 is strobed into latch circuit 224 upon the occurrence of a strobe pulse on line 226 from synchronizer 228.
The strobe pulse is a sampling pulse generated by synchronizer 228 in response to two input signals, one being the clocking pulse of frequency f inverted by NOT circuit 230 and the other being the clocking pulse divided down by a factor of a.
The nominal rotational speed of the turbine, in RPM, results in a corresponding pulse count accumulation of 2� RPM pulses per second. For example, if the rotational speed is 1 RPM then the accumulated pulse count will be 2 pps. If the rotational speed is 3600 RPM then the accumulated pulse count wil be 7200 pps. With the discrete sampling of the pulse count accumulation, at a certain sampling rate, there is the possibility of an aliasing effect which produces beat frequencies about the sampling frequency and its harmonics and which may lead to erratic readings. If BF is the beat frequency then:
where PF is the pulse count accumulation frequency, S is the sampling frequency and N an integer such that
Accordingly, one consideration in the selection of the sampling frequency S is that it should be relatively high so that the numbers of its harmonics that may be encountered in the complete speed range of the turbine are minimized. The sampling rate must be high enough so that two successive samplings occur within the maximum count of the accumulator, however, the rate must reflect the capabilities of the computer to process the data obtained between samplings.
In one embodiment of the invention it is preferable that the same sampling rate be applicable for different rated speeds associated with different turbine systems. For example, typical rated speeds for European systems are 1500 RPM for nuclear, 3000 RPM for fossil-fired, and 6000 RPM for boiler feedpump turbines. Typical U.S. ratings are 1800 RPM for nuclear, 3600 RPM for fossil-fired and 7200 RPM for boiler feedpump turbines.
With all of these considerations in mind a sampling frequency of 640 Hz may be utilized. The harmonics of 640 Hz are as follows:
______________________________________HARMONIC OF HARMONIC OF640 Hz SAMPLING 640 Hz SAMPLINGN FREQUENCY N FREQUENCY______________________________________0 0 13 83201 640 14 89602 1280 15 96003 1920 16 102404 2560 17 108805 3200 18 115206 3840 19 121607 4480 20 128008 5210 21 134409 5760 22 1408010 6400 23 1472011 7040 24 1536012 7680 25 16000______________________________________
The following chart illustrates in Column 1 the above-enumerated rated turbine speeds and the resulting pulse count frequency in Column 2. Column 3 sets forth the nearest lower harmonic of 640 Hz relative to the particular pulse count frequency, and Column 4 illustrates the deviation or how far away the pulse count is from the harmonic. The fifth column sets forth the nearest higher harmonic relative to the pulse count, and the last column sets forth its deviation.
It is seen that for the selected 640 Hz sampling frequency none of the rate speeds generates a pulse count which is equal to any of the harmonics of the sampling frequency. The closest value of concern is the 6000 RPM rated speed of a boiler feedpump turbine (1.3% deviation), however the 6000 RPM value is valid only when the main turbine is operating at 100% load.
Although it is desirable to utilize the same sampling rate for all types of turbine systems so that all OPC boards can be identical in their manufacture, it is understood that, if desired, different divider circuitry 208 may be provided so as to yield different sampling rates for different applications.
Operation of the speed reader 146 will be described with additional reference to waveforms A-J of FIG. 9 illustrating the waveforms at various locations in the circuitry of FIG. 7. The pulse waveform of frequency f on line 206 is illustrated as the waveform of FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B illustrates a waveform of half this frequency, that is, the clocking pulse appearing on line 205. By way of example, for the sampling frequency of 640 Hz and a =160, a stable oscillator would be provided having a frequency f of 102.4 kHz making the clocking frequency on line 205 51.2 kHz with a period of microseconds.
The output of the differential comparator 202 is illustrated as the waveform of FIG. 9C wherein the width of the pulses provide an indication of turbine speed. The minimum width of a differential comparator output pulse is equivalent to the period of the waveform of FIG. 9B (19.53 microseconds) and indicative of maximum measurable speed. FIG. 9C illustrates the pulses as becoming wider and further apart indicative of a slowing down of speed, by way of example.
The speed signal of FIG. 9C is fed into flip-flop 214 which is triggered by a positive-going input clocking pulse which, in view of NOT circuit 216, is equivalent to a negative-going clocking pulse on line 205. Accordingly, the first illustrated pulse of FIG. 9D is the result of the negative-going pulse of FIG. 9B which transfers the digital one (FIG. 9C) at its input to its output. The output of flip-flop 214 will remain a digital one until the negative-going portion of the next pulse of FIG. 9B causes a switching to a digital zero state. Subsequent pulses of FIG. 9D are generated in a similar manner.
The output of flip-flop 218 is illustrated in FIG. 9E and is merely the waveform of FIG. 9D delayed by the equivalent of the width of a single pulse of the waveform of FIG. 9B.
The exclusive OR circuit 220 will provide a digital one output signal when one and only one of its input signals is also a digital one. Accordingly, the waveform of FIG. 9F is the result of the exclusive OR process on the waveforms of FIGS. 9D and 9E and constitutes the pulses to be counted by accumulator 222 which is thereafter periodically sampled to obtain a count indication for derivation of precise turbine speed.
The signal transfer and sampling is all under control of an extremely precise clocking pulse signal and at a precise time when the accumulator is not in a transition the count is transferred to latch 224 for delivery to the microcomputer control circuit. The master clocking pulse waveform of FIG. 9A is repeated in FIG. 9G to better illustrate the timing relationships with FIGS. 9H-9J to demonstrate the transfer of the count to the microcomputer.
For the example given, the divider circuitry divides the master clock pulse signal down by a factor of 160 (a=160), resulting in a 640 Hz signal on line 234 depicted in waveform 9H. When this waveform is a digital one, a strobe output signal on line 226 will be provided, as indicated in FIG. 9I, when the clocking pulse of FIG. 9G goes from a digital one to a digital zero. The waveform of FIG. 9I therefore is the strobe pulse which causes latch circuit 224 to sample and hold the then present count of accumulator 222 until the next strobe pulse 1.56 ms later. When the strobe pulse is generated, a complementary signal on line 231, as indicated in waveform 9J, is provided to the microcomputer control circuit indicating that the particular count is ready for transfer, and in response thereto results in the issuance of a signal on line 238 causing the sampled count in latch 224 to be transferred, whereafter the process repeats for each generated strobe pulse.
The microcomputer control circuit is operable to compute the difference between the present and previous readings to obtain an indication of how many pulses have occurred between samplings. With this information, an accurate representation of speed (RPM) may then be derived, the process being illustrated in FIGS. 10 to 14.
FIG. 10 descriptively illustrates the microcomputer processing of the accumulated pulses as provided by the latch circuit 224 of FIG. 7. The operation of FIG. 10 is such as to obtain a difference in the number of pulses accumulated between samplings, which in the present example is every 1/640 seconds. The present total number of pulses counted is designated TOTALN which is provided to summer 250 as is the previous total, TOTALO. With the presence of delay circuit 252 having a delay time equal to the period of the sampling frequency, each TOTALN becomes the TOTALO for the next iteration.
The difference between the new and old readings indicates the number of pulses accumulated in one sample period and is designated PULSES. This latter output is provided as a new pulse input PULSEN to a summer 254 which also receives the old pulse count PULSEO from one period delay 256 to provide an output indicative of the difference between the present number of pulses accumulated and the previous number accumulated with the output being designated DELSPD. A changing DELSPD indicates whether or not the pulse count is changing which in turn is indicative of an accelerating or decelerating condition of the turbine.
In the turbine speed range from startup to rated speed there are certain speeds which produce pulse counts which, in conjunction with the sampling frequency, result in low beat frequencies, the values of which may be determined by equation 1. The beat frequencies of pulsations may cause erroneous output readings and accordingly may be filtered out by use of a narrow band filter. Although the narrow band filter results in a smooth readout, its response is relatively slow such that the measured and displayed speed would objectionally lag behind the true speed. Use of a constant narrow band filter at all turbine speeds including the rated speed therefore would degrade the dynamic behavior of any control loop in which the speed measurement is utilized.
When the turbine is accelerating or decelerating it would be desired to have a relatively wide bandwidth which yields a faster response and more closely follows actual speed (although allowing somewhat more noise to pass through the filter). With the present invention, filter means are provided which adapts itself to the particular speed or acceleration situation to provide a narrow bandwidth filtering action when required and to provide a wider bandwidth filtering action when required.
The adaptive filter 260 which receives the output of summer 250, the output being indicative of the number of pulses between samplings, includes three identical low pass filter stages LPF1-LPF3, with the bandwidth of each being regulated by a filter bandwidth control 262 operable to select one of a plurality of bandwidths in response to the DELSPD signal, as will be explained.
After the filtering operation has been performed ten times, as indicated by decision block 264, the value obtained is appropriately scaled and normalized as indicated at 266, in accordance with the rated turbine system under control, to thereby derive the required RPM speed signal.
A typical filter stage LPF1, LPF2 or LPF3 is illustrated in FIG. 11 wherein x represents the input signal and y indicates the output signal. With delay 268 equal to one sampling period, the previous output is subtracted from the present input in summer 270 with the result being diminished by a factor of 1/2K as indicated at 272. The result is then added, in summer 274 to the previous output to constitute the present output. Mathematically stated:
y(nT)=y([n"1]T)+1/2K (x(nT)-y([n=1]T))
where n designates a present value, [n-1] the previous value, T the period, and 1/2K a bandwidth factor determined by control 262. In the present invention, the bandwidth factor 1/2K is represented as 2S-8 where S varies from zero to 3 as a function of the change in speed, DELSPD, and a number of iterations performed. Thus, when:
The bandwidth factor relates to the bandwidth or cutoff frequency of the filter. If S is low (S=0), the effect of an input change is reduced in each filter section by a factor of 256 indicative of a relatively narrow bandwidth whereas if S is high (S=2 or 3), the effect is only reduced by a factor of 64 or 32, indicative of a relatively wider bandwidth. The curves of FIG. 12 illustrate frequency response curves for the filter showing its adaptive bandwidth when S=0, 1, 2 and 3. By way of example, the bandwidths are 0.4 Hz when S=0, 0.8 Hz when S=1, 1.6 Hz when S=2 and 3.24 Hz when S=3, when a 640 Hz sampling frequency is utilized.
FIG. 13 is a program flow chart illustrating the obtaining of an RPM signal as in FIG. 10 and its subsequent validation by comparison with the RPM signals derived in the other two OPCs. With additional reference to FIG. 10, the accumulated pulses relating to the turbine speed are input to the computer from the latch circuit 224 of FIG. 7, for computational purposes. As indicated at block 280, the difference between two successive readings is calculated to derive PULSES. For some speeds, such as around a harmonic of the scanning frequency, the value of PULSES will change little, if at all, in the 640 scans made in each second. Under such circumstances, the value of DELSPD will change very little, if at all. These running speeds result in extremely low beat frequencies and accordingly very high beat periods where, for the particular example given
Beat Frequency=640/Beat Period
Beat Period =640/Beat Frequency
At the other extreme, for very high beat frequencies, the beat period is low and DELSPD will change on every scan. This determination of DELSPD is accomplished at block 282 and is utilized to control the bandwidth of adaptive filter 260. For these speeds which result in very high beat frequencies, and accordingly low beat periods, the adaptive filter will have a wide bandwidth, whereas for those speeds resulting in a low beat frequency, and accordingly a high beat period, the adaptive filter will have a very narrow bandwidth.
The bandwidth is selected, by block 284, by choosing a value of S equal to 0, 1, 2 or 3 in accordance with the DELSPD determination of block 282, as will be subsequently explained.
Once the bandwidth has been established, the filtering of the PULSES signal at the input to adaptive filter 260 is accomplished as indicated by block 286. After 10 scans, as indicated by decision block 288, the filtered signal is appropriately scaled, normalized and converted to an RPM signal as indicated at block 290. These latter two blocks correspond to blocks 264 and 266 of FIG. 10. For the scanning frequency of 640 Hz, the conversion in block 290 is done every 1/64th of a second, the arrangement providing for a somewhat smoother filter output and allowing time for the conversion computation.
Once having the calculated RPM value, it must be validated by comparison with the RPM signals from the other two OPCs, such signals being designated as the ASPD and BSPD signals which are read into the microcomputer of the OPC by operation of block 292.
If the calculated RPM signal for this OPC matches one or more of the calculated signals from the other two OPCs, as indicated by decision block 294, then a validated RPM signal results and is sent to the controller, when requested, by operation of block 296. Once having a validated RPM signal, the OPC may then perform certain tests such as checking for overspeed, as indicated by block 298. The signal is also output as a respective analog ASPD or BSPD signal as well as an RPM signal for display, by operational of block 300. If, however, the calculated RPM signal does not match the other two OPC signals, then block 302 will cause a negative calculated value to be transmitted to the controller when requested, indicating an invalid RPM signal which is removed from further participation in control operations, by the controller.
Calculation of the bandwidth by proper selection of the value of S, as in block 284, based upon the value of DELSPD of block 282, is further illustrated in somewhat more detail in FIG. 14. Initially, the computer establishes a beat period counter operable to keep track of the beat period, such value being instrumental in the determination of the value of S.
Basically, by way of example four bandwidths may be established corresponding to S equal to 0, 1, 2 or 3, with the value of S being governed by the beat period. That is, the greater the beat period the narrower will be the bandwidth of the filter, and vice versa.
In FIG. 14 decision block 310 examines the absolute value of DELSPD, and if it is greater than or equal to 2, the value of S is set to 3 as indicated by block 312. If DELSPD is less than 2 it is tested to see whether it is equal to 0 in decision block 314, and if it is, the beat period counter which was established by the computer is incremented by 1, as indicated at block 316.
If DELSPD is not equal to 0 as indicated at decision block 314, the beat period counter is examined, as indicated at decision block 318, to see if it is equal to 0, and if it is, it will now be incremented by 1. If the beat period counter is greater than 0, it is tested to see if the count is less than a first predetermined number, at decision block 320, and if it is, the value of S is set to 2 as indicated at block 322.
If the beat period is not less than the first predetermined number, it is tested to see if it is less than a second predetermined number at decision block 324. Thus if the count in the beat period counter is greater than the first predetermined number and equal to or less than the second predetermined number the value of S will be set to 1 as indicated by block 326. If the value in the beat period counter is greater than the second predetermined number the value of S is set to 0, at block 328. After each setting of the S value the beat period counter is reset to 0, as indicated by block 330.
The first and second predetermined numbers utilized for testing in blocks 320 and 324 depend upon not only the scanning frequency but the speed range at which the designer wishes to change the value of bandwidth. By way of example the first predetermined number may be 16 and the second predetermined number may be 32.
In operation let it be assumed that the turbine has been running at some speed close to a harmonic of the scanning frequency resulting in a low beat frequency, in which case S=0 and a narrow bandwidth filer is applied. Every 1/640th of a second the DELSPD value is examined at block 310, and in the present example DELSPD is 0 such that the beat counter is incremented. With the same running speed the beat counter is incremented by 1 every 1/640th of a second and in this respect some maximum count greater than the second predetermined number may be established, in which case the beat period counter will be filled within one second. Suppose now that the speed changes such that DELSPD equals 1. Since the beat period counter is at its maximum value it will not equal 0 as indicated at block 318. The beat period is greater than 16 as determined at block 320 and is greater than 32 as determined at block 324 such that S is set to 0 and the narrow bandwidth is maintained. At this point, however, the beat period counter is reset to 0 by operation of block 330. On a subsequent iteration the beat period counter will be incremented by one, either by operation of the DELSPD test in block 314 or the beat period test of block 318. Once the beat period counter is incremented by at least one, and the DELSPD changes, then the value of S will be set to 2 if the DELSPD change occurs when the beat period counter has a value of 16 or less and S will be set to 1 if the beat period counter has a value of 17 to 32. Any beat period value greater than 32 will cause the S value to be 0.
Thus any time the DELSPD value changes from 0, the beat period counter is tested so as to adjust the bandwidth of the adaptable filter. If the beat period counter has low values the bandwidth will be relatively wide (e.g. S=2) whereas if the beat period counter has relatively high values the bandwidth will be narrow (S=0). With this operation, and with three stages of filtering, extremely precise RPM values are obtainable, and measurable in reactions of an RPM, thus allowing extremely fine and accurate turbine control.
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Netsurfer Ergonomic Computer Chair
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Swedish design company Snowcrash is responsible for this ergonomic masterpeice which it has dubbed the Netsurfer. The semi-reclined seating position has the neck, arms and legs all supported in such a way that it is comfortable for extended periods of internet, game or computer usage. The major drawback is the price - US$2790. Available from www.snowcrash.se
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Lisa Enpi Kamae Model
Markus2001Photographer Male New York, New York, US My MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/markus2001
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LIBKE, Anne Frances Elizabeth
It is with heavy hearts we announce the sudden passing of our Mom, Grannie, Great Grannie, Sister, Aunt and friend on February 12, 2013. Mom was born February 11, 1929 on the family farm near Kenaston to Roza (Milic) and Nicolas Zdunich. She was the second youngest of a family of 12. On June 30, 1947 Mom married Elmer (Tom) Libke. They farmed west of Hanley until 1967 when we moved to town. In 1977, Mom went to Prince George, BC where she worked with her sister Rose for two years. She then went to Northern Saskatchewan for 15 years where she worked at Dawn Lake and Cluff Lake first as a cook and then as a camp attendant. Mom retired in 1994 in Hanley living in her own home until the spring of 2011 when she moved into the Senior units in Hanley. Mom enjoyed reading, gardening, baking, crocheting but most of all visiting with family and friends. She never missed a chance to attend her grandchildren's events.
Mom was predeceased by Dad, her parents, 2 brothers in infancy, brothers Joe, Jack, Tony, Nick, John, sisters Tillie, Theresa and son-in- law Nic Prosofsky.
Mom leaves to mourn sisters Rose Munro and Helen Chapin; in-laws Marie Zdunich, Lloyd and Gwen Libke, Hazel Libke and Ann Libke; children Diane (Bill) Byrd, Carol Prosofsky, Darryl (Jody) Libke and Cindy (Ron) Townsend. Mom is also survived by 11 grandchildren and 15 great-grandchildren Tanya and Jeff Kolbeck (Dustin, Drew, Drayden), Travis and Cyndi Byrd (Trace, Kailey), Twila and David Livingstone (Parker, Mason); Crystal and Bob Wick (Kegan, Ransom), Troy and Deidra Prosofsky (Cash), Shane Prosofsky and Teghan Lowe; Derek and Candice Libke (Kassie), Evan and April Libke (Grayson, Bailey), Robyn Libke; Dion and Andrea Townsend (Taylor, Peyton) and Melissa Townsend and Travis Yuzik.
The Vigil of Prayers will be held Sunday, February 17, 2013 at St. Andrew's Catholic Church in Kenaston SK at 7:30. The Mass of Christian Burial will be held on February 18, 2013 at 1:00 also at St. Andrew's Church in Kenaston. Interment will be at the Kenaston Cemetery. Lunch will follow at the Centennial Hall in Hanley.
For friends so wishing, donations may be made to St. Andrews Catholic Church or a charity of your choice.
Arrangements entrusted to Hanson's Funeral Home of Davidson.
Published in The Saskatoon StarPhoenix from Feb. 15 to Feb. 16, 2013
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