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Seniors encouraged to serve others, enjoy life
Ravell Call, Deseret News
SALT LAKE CITY — Kay Bradford wakes up each day and believes something wonderful will happen to her. It's one of her secrets to staying young.
"And believe it or not, something wonderful happens to me each and every day," she said.
Her exuberance is bolstered by dressing up every day and making regular visits to what she calls her "joy room," a room in her house filled with photos of loved ones, inspirational sayings, collectibles and souvenirs from her favorite journeys.
Bradford, who is nearly 90, said life is good.
"I do anything and everything I can to stay young and happy," she said. Among those tasks is Tai Chi twice a week, lunch dates with friends and multiple opportunities for church and community service.
Because of deep-seated religious beliefs, Bradford is certain heaven is a wonderful place. But while she waits her turn to get there, she said she is "having the time of my life."
Bradford was among hundreds of attendees at the 25th annual Conference for Seniors hosted Monday at the Little America Hotel, by Sen. Orrin Hatch and his wife, Elaine. The senator said publicity preceding the event is scarce, but crowds of seniors show up every year to gather information and gain an edge on the aging process.
Today's senior citizens, Hatch said, are paving a new road for themselves and can just as often be found in gym dance classes as in assisted living centers.
"They're always asking me what they (as senior citizens) can do," he said, offering suggestions such as getting out to vote, living within their means, helping others and volunteering their time to meaningful causes. "We love and appreciate our seniors so much. They're some of the most patriotic people I know. It's a joy to be around them."
Senior citizens can face various dilemmas as they age, including navigating unknown technologies, understanding potentially confusing tax and medical lingo, loneliness and a lack of social interaction, and trying to stay healthy.
"I need help with that more now than ever," said 83-year-old Shirley Petersen, of Sugar House. She used to walk every day for exercise, but with a decline in her health she has lost that ability.
She's been attending the conference for several years, each time going away with more knowledge, which she says is important "at my age."
Jeanette Alexander, 78, said the information she gleans from the conference is one of the biggest reasons she attends every year. She's trying to learn more about the computer, she said.
"There is so much available for us to learn," Alexander said. "I want to be computer literate."
She and her husband, 79-year-old Prentice "Al" Alexander, implemented what they learned last year at the conference about wills and testaments. This year, the focus was on learning the ins and outs of Facebook, which presenter David Muecke said is akin to "online journaling."
"People used to gather at the town center or sit on their porches and talk to everyone passing by, but since we don't do that anymore, Facebook fills in the gaps," he said.
The Alexanders belongs to the Sandy Senior Center and participate in classes offered there, but are also taking organ lessons to keep their minds active and learning. Prentice Alexander has also taken up teaching fitness classes at the center.
"I'm trying to keep healthy, but I also keep a pleasant viewpoint on life and that helps," he said. He's a licensed preacher and believes his faith keeps him going.
And he's on the right track, according to Dr. H. DeWayne Ashmead, another conference presenter who said applying equal attention to three things has been proven to slow the onslaught of Alzheimer's disease: proper nutrition, regular exercise and mental stimulation.
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Stuart Barnes
Rugby Union Expert & Columnist
Stuart Barnes says England are on course for World Cup challenge after memorable Six Nations
England did not win the best Six Nations in memory but are a global force again, says Stuart Barnes.
Last Updated: 17/03/14 10:17am
It had everything. If you wanted excitement there was the ending to the whole competition, with France a forward pass from depriving Ireland of the title.
There was France's fabulous try in the dying seconds of their first round game against England which, as it turned out, probably denied England a Grand Slam.
And, at the other end of the table, there was Duncan Weir's last-kick-of-the-game drop goal to condemn Italy to the Wooden Spoon.
There was an outstanding test match between Ireland and England, there was a fairy tale ending to the illustrious career of Brian O'Driscoll and there was the most exciting, intelligent and interesting England team for a decade.
There is a body of opinion that feels England failed simply because they did not win the competition. The riposte to that is that there is a bigger picture.
Next year is the one where England need to be at its winning best. The second point is that expecting England to win time and again is something of an insult to the other teams.
The last time I looked at an atlas, France appeared to be a fair sized country with a decent sized population, Ireland had three of the best regional/club teams in Europe and Wales a smattering of world class players and a fine recent record.
Ireland took the title but England gained the edge in the race towards 2015. Stuart Lancaster's team has a younger, developing profile with obvious scope for great improvement. It has regained the love of the Twickenham crowd.
They will be difficult to beat there.
Ireland has to replace O'Driscoll and all that wisdom and battle-hardened experience. Joe Schmidt has to find a way to get Paul O'Connell to the tournament in top shape, which is easier said than done when the big man plays with such integrity for his beloved Munster.
A summer off from Argentina could be a possibility whereas once England gets its domestic final out the way the objective has to be a morale boosting test win in New Zealand followed up by wins against the Big Three in the autumn. England's next seven matches are vital to their hopes of winning the World Cup.
Northampton and Saracens are favourites to be the home semi-finalists and on form the two teams to compete at Twickenham. This leaves the likelihood of George Ford starting his debut test in Auckland.
Stuart Lancaster has been building continuity in his starting line up but in the process left the cover undercooked. I think Ford should have started a game England could not lose in Rome; it is probably my only criticism.
Ford will have to be exceptional to steer a two-thirds strength England to victory or even a creditable defeat in the Auckland first test. Maybe Lancaster thinks he is that good. Maybe he is.
He'll have to be to oust Farrell whose patient treatment from the selectors when his form has dipped up and down has been rewarded with a stunning sequence of improving performances.
He and Danny Care was the partnership of the tournament (ahead of Lawes/Launchbury) although Johnny Sexton's excellence throughout, especially against Wales, keeps him ahead of the Englishman in European rankings (mine anyway).
Much credit to Schmidt and Lancaster for their four wins, much less to Saint-Andre and Gatland for their three.
Wales reminded the world against a risible Scotland team in Cardiff of their power.
Jamie Roberts, Jonathan Davies and George North were all exceptional but the comprehensive losses in Dublin and London leave Gatland plenty of work to do ahead of the World Cup. A two-test series in South Africa could be a kill or cure course of action.
France was unlucky against Ireland but so fortunate were they against England and Scotland - and so useless against Wales - it is hard to find much in the way of sympathy. They have a tough tour of Australia in which to find a top class game plan. They have many fine players but little shape.
As for Scotland and Italy, the case for a play off between the bottom of the Six Nations and the winners of the second tier tournament grows ever greater from a rugby perspective.
Broadcasters like the intense old rivalries but in the interests of the game worldwide it might be that Georgia are worthy of a chance to improve their game by a season of Six Nations rugby.
A home and away play off with promotion and relegation to the Six Nations would be a fantastic finale to the European season, more to the point it would be just. Money matters off the field should not govern the global development of the game.
Away from the Test arena, congratulations to Exeter for winning the Anglo-Welsh Cup against Northampton.
The home crowd inspired them as they dominated the physical battle against the Saints in a way no English side has managed this season.
The return of five of Britain's best players will sort out the Saints problems and keep them on course for the Premiership title while Exeter can bask, for a day or so (probably last Sunday and that was it) before Rob Baxter recommences the plot to conquer Europe.
It was a great atmosphere in Exeter and a great day to be an Exeter fan.
Congratulations to them, Ireland, Brian O'Driscoll for his skill and his conduct throughout his career, Joe Schmidt and Stuart Lancaster to get England looking like a global force for the first time in a decade.
Unless you were Scottish or Italian it was a good weekend for European rugby.
Stuart answers your emails...
Got a question for Stuart? Email him at firstname.lastname@example.com or use the feedback form below...
Stuart, With the O'Driscoll-D'Arcy partnership now gone at test level, will we see a centre partnership that small again? You could see yesterday the effect the likes of Tuilagi and Bastereaud now have and that seems to be the template. Guys like that and Roberts, Burrell etc. Is this it then? Just huge players like this going forward or is there still room for the smaller, skilful player?
Jack Bayle
STUART REPLIES: Jack, Conrad Smith is no giant, nor Wesley Fofana. The trend is for the big man but the door remains open for the shorter centre in the minds of the smarter coaches.
Stuart, do you agree with Clive Woodward who said by emptying the bench at the Stadio Olimpico, England's momentum was disrupted?
Michael Judge
STUART REPLIES: Michael, possibly but I think there is an overreaction to the bench debate. There will come a time when many of the bench may be forced through injury or loss of form of others to start and at some time they need game time. We didn't see the bench emptied against Ireland and it won't happen against the All Blacks and during big World Cup games. It is not that much of an issue.
Paint it any way you want. England failed to win the Six Nations again. We are the richest union with the biggest player base. I am sick and tired of the same old nonsense of "we are a young, developing side" the academies are where players develop not in our national team. Every new coach we get says the same old nonsense. Forget about beating the AB's with their Deli belly we cannot win the NH premier tournament.
Warrick Trepner
STUART REPLIES: Warrick, Everyone is entitled to their opinion but I would rather England develop a game that gives them a crack at winning the World Cup than sticking it up their jumpers and bullying the rest of Europe. Your England failure is my England success. It has been an excellent campaign in the Barnes book.
Stuart, do you think Michael Cheika has a point when he says the scrum is wasting a lot of time? Do you think they should say time off when setting the scrum so teams don't use this to wind down the clock?
Dave Hinchcliffe
STUART REPLIES: My old mate Michael is 100% right. The scrum is not a waste of time but it is wasting time. The clock ticks far too long through dead time at the moment.
Stuart, Interesting to hear Exter want to win the HC within the next five years - how impressed were you with their LV=Cup win and can they become a powerhouse in Europe?
James Bromley
STUART REPLIES: James, I expect Exeter to become a force because they have a long term vision on and off the field. They stay true to their beliefs and lose a few games along the way. Those lost games are part of winning the war. I would be surprised if Exeter were not one of England's top teams within a few years and thereafter I see no reason why they should not tilt at Europe.


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Overwatch_Elite wrote:Zahru II wrote:Colette wrote:Mami is the only Madoka character who didn't have any lesbian subtext.
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Tuesday, July 30, 2013
2 Comments | 3732 Views | Copyright: IANS
"I have never done TV before. I'm getting into it for the first time. I've written the storyline for a Sony channel's show called 'Jee Le Zara'. It will start in August," Iyengar told IANS.
"It feels nice to be a part of a nice, soft romantic drama after (action-based) 'D-Day'," he added.
In Bollywood, Iyengar has penned dialogues for movies like "Kal Ho Naa Ho", "Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna", "Fashion", "My Name Is Khan", "Heroine" and "Student of the Year", admits writing for the big screen and small screen is "poles apart".
"It is very different. The grammar is different. Secondly, it requires a great deal of discipline. Also, when you do a film, there is a screenplay writer, dialogue writer and director.
"These people give inputs on how the film will be. In TV, there a lot of people who have inputs. To counter this and fight for what you have written, is a challenge," he said.
Nevertheless, he says he is enjoying the process thoroughly for now. And he is not sure if he will want to pick up another show in the future.
"I've enjoyed this process. I am working with friends. I don't plan to write any other show right now," he said.
Meanwhile, he has also been roped in to write the last eight episodes for TV show "24".
"I am doing the last eight episodes of '24' with Renzil (Rensil D'Silva). It is with friends, so I am protected and having loads of fun," he said.
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June 27, 2015
Exploring the Heritage Vineyards of Sonoma County: A Trip Well Taken Cohn Vineyard Bacigalupi Paris Tasting Block Rochioli Vineyards & Winery West Block Lynmar Estate Quail Hill Vineyard Dehlinger Winery Old Vines Pellegrini Wine Co. Olivet Lane Vineyard Hanzell Vineyards The Ambassador's 1953 Vineyard Patz & Hall Sonoma House Visit & Tasting with James Hall Hyde Vineyard Saturday Night Dinner Bacchanal Pinot Briefs A Reader's Letter Brightens My Day
Resonance Vineyard
Kevin and Carla Chambers farm the 20-acre Resonance Vineyard biodynamically (Demeter certified) and make the wine at Carlton Winemaker's Studio under the corporate name of Reed & Reynolds. For nearly 20 years, the Chambers sold all of their grapes to other wineries (inlcuding Sineann, LaBete and Lemelson), but starting with the 2006 vintage, they held back 14 tons of their Pinot Noir harvest and started producing wine under their own label. They plan to keep about 50% their production for their own Resonance Vineyard label and sell the other half to winemaker Peter Rosback of Sineann and Brian Marcy of Big Table Farm.
Kevin and Carla own Oregon Vineyard Supply and Results Partners, a vineyard management and development company that farms over 800 acres of vineyards in the northern Willamette Valley. Kevin was named Oregon Wine Industry Man of the year in 2005.
The Resonance Vineyard is located on a south-facing hillside in the Yamhill-Carlton District AVA. The entire site is dry-farmed. The Biodynamic® certification by Demeter encompasses the entire 32-acre farm. The Chambers craft a 150-ton organic compost pile every other year for ground application. The vines are virtually all own-rooted and the oldest blocks are 26 years of age.
Winemaker Brian Marcy joined the team in 2008. Three wines are produced: Resonance Vineyard Estate Pinot Noir, Pulse Oregon Pinot Noir and a Resonance Vineyard White Blend.
Resonance Pinot Noir is sold through retail distribution and on the website. Visit the very informative website for more information. 503-437-4212.
Articles About Resonance Vineyard
Reviewed Wines
2006 Resonance Vineyard Yamhill-Carlton District Willamette Valley Pinot Noir
13.8% alc., $49, glass "Vino-Seal" stopper. The clonal mixture is Dijon 777, Pommard, and Wädenswil (about a third of each). The Pinot Noir was co-fermented with Gewürztraminer, also from Resonance Vineyard, to heighten aroma and spice complexity. Fermentation was carried out with natural yeasts and water was added to reduce the potential alcohol (natural grape sugars were as high as 27.5° Brix). Aging progressed in two-thirds new French oak. The wine was produced according to biodynamic standards. · A full-scented nose of black cherries and strawberries with a hint of herbs and mocha. The flavors echo the aromas. A dancing Pinot that is light on its feet and supple in the mouth. The tannins are powdery and the sweet fruit leaves a memorable aromatic scent at the finish. This is one you will want to spend the night with. Reviewed September 15, 2008 ARTICLE »
2006 Resonance Vineyard Yamhill-Carlton District Pinot Noir
13.8% alc., $50. · Rich dark red raspberry liquor that is floral and perfumed. Bright and fresh fruit with a touch of mocha, long and smooth in the mouth, lively acidity and very supple tannins. Reviewed December 17, 2008 ARTICLE »
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Aryan Khan
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Bank Robbery
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A Washington man has been sentenced to 3 1/2 years in prison for his role in bank robberies in the district and Maryland.
Serial Bank Robber Sentenced In Latest Attempt While On Supervised Release
A man who prosecutors say was on supervised release after being convicted in 19 bank robberies has been sentenced for trying to rob a bank.
FBI Searches For Serial Bank Robber
The FBI is searching for the man they say is responsible for three bank robberies in D.C. and Montgomery County.


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Communities in Bloom is a Canadian non-profit organization committed to fostering civic pride, environmental responsibility and beautification through community involvement and the challenge of a national program, with focus on enhancing green spaces in communities.
Benefits from Sea to Sea and abroad
Communities in Bloom has built community capacity in a variety of ways, including the business community through the Business Beatification Awards and the involvement of residents on the volunteer committee, "Together Let's Bloom". As previous National Winners of Communities in Bloom, residents of Medicine Hat understand and support the program. Communities in Bloom has heightened the sense of pride in our community and we are very excited to be involved."
Ted Clugston, Mayor
City of Medicine Hat, AB
…We are very proud of our association with this outstanding organization and our enthusiastic and committed group of volunteers who have dedicated so much time to fostering civic pride, environmental responsibility and beautification throughout our community. Through their efforts we were fortunate to score 5 blooms and win in our category this year. We have enjoyed showing off our community to CIB judges and have taken to heart their strong words of encouragement and advice. We look forward to many more years working with CIB to improve our community and the lives of those who call Sussex home.
Marc Thorne, Mayor
Town of Sussex, NB
I cannot think of anything that has had more of a positive impact on the town than this program. With our entering the International Challenge last summer, the community became very interested and engaged in showcasing our community and as a result earning 5 blooms was a wonderful result shared by the entire community. The biggest benefit was the coming together of the entire community.
Liz Chisholm
Deputy Mayor and Chair, Beautification Committee
Town of Antigonish, NS
"The Communities in Bloom organization has greatly benefited the City of Charlottetown," said Charlottetown Mayor, Clifford Lee. "It encourages us to implement new initiatives and strive to increase beautification and sustainability within our City. We are pleased to have hosted the 2014 Communities in Bloom National Awards and Ceremonies in Charlottetown."
Mayor Clifford Lee
City of Charlottetown, PE
"We have participated in the CIB program for several years. It is really encouraging to look back and see all the improvements and projects that have helped make our community shine in so many ways. Each year some small changes and big ideas have added up to lots of community spirit and support. "
Malcolm Eaton
Mayor, City of Humboldt, SK
Participating in the International Communities in Bloom Challenge has helped our village to reaffirm its credentials with our municipality. We have for the first time received funding for a competition from the municipality and the Council leaders have been made aware of the work that the residents in Stanghow put in to making our village a beautiful place. It has been a great experience presenting our community to an overseas audience.
Colin Walker
Chairman of Stanghow Residents' Group
Stanghow, UK
Past years of the International Challenge of Communities in Bloom has been important for the city and moved the city of ZLIN forward
Bedrich Landsfeld
Deputy Mayor of ZLIN
As I travel across our great country both as a judge and a tourist, I continue to be amazed at the significant improvements and benefits realized in the communities that participate in the Communities in Bloom program; the efforts, the pride and the improved quality of life of all residents is very obvious.
Sincere thanks to all those that have been involved and continue to be involved in the program for the magnificent contribution that you have made to this great country of ours. With all of your continuing support I am confident that Communities in Bloom will continue to flourish for decades to come.
Bob Lewis,
National Chair


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2015 March 13
"By working with that forester, you know what trees need to come out and how much timber is going to come out, and you can do what we call competitive bid," Stelzer says. "You invite buyers to come in and then buyers will compete against each other. You will always get a better price by doing a competitive, sealed bid process.


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Car ride with girl dancing. Baby got back.
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|Jul 2015
|Thu 2nd
|Jada & Maia
|Wed 1st
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|Jun 2015
|Tue 30th
|Blanca & Luna
|Mon 29th
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|Sun 28th
|Sat 27th
|Maylin & Willa
|Fri 26th
|Thu 25th
|Marleen S & Bjorn
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|Wed 24th
|Tue 23rd
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|Hania & Maely
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Maia pulls Jada's panties to the side to expose her open vulva, their eyes lock as she moves her mouth closer to taste her wetness.
Holding each other close, they passionately kiss and indulge in each other's bodies, Jada getting handfuls of Maia's large, pert breasts as they build up towards some intense sex in the great outdoors. Undressing, they press their naked bodies together and grind. Holding closely, they lick, finger and work their way to orgasm!
Gina has a very intimate shoot as she undresses her slender and petite body on bed before slipping onto the floor to explore her naked body.
Playing with her paint brushes, she runs the hard-wooden tips down her body and towards her open wet vulva! Taking her time, she investigates and teases herself by playing with her soft labia before pushing her fingers deep inside herself.
"Can I see them?" Blanca eases down one side of her top, a milky breast popping into view. "Don't be shy you can show me both of them!" As Luna watches, Blanca relinquishes her top all together, exposing her white tan lines, Luna's dark fingers eagerly reaching across to squeeze her. Keen to see more, Luna's eyes are drawn downwards towards Blanca's crotch, "what is under here, I'm a curious cat!"
"Bring your little feet here!" Luna concentrates as she delicately paints each of Blanca's toe nails, Blanca smiling down at her from her perched on the tabletop. As Luna works, her toned tummy can be seen below her translucent top, the color of which matches her own painted nails. "It's not a joke, it's seriously hot" smiles Luna, removing her own clothing, her dark skin shinny in the heat. Resting one of her long legs on the table, Luna's hand starts to tease over her crotch, her other hand roaming across Blanca's soft body. A shy Blanca blushes under Luna's intense gaze as they masturbate beside each other. "It's so good!" Luna keeps rubbing between her legs long after the peak of her orgasm, continuing to ride the wave, reluctant to stop. With a final moan she looks up, tastes her fingers and smiles, "it's your fault, I watch you and you make more horny!"
Naked, Kirsa moves her body into a shoulder stand, gently letting her bare legs drop forwards till they sit over her head in a flexible stretch. She completes her yoga move by stretching out her arms in the opposite direction, molding her skilled body into a nude human cube.
"I love being naked!" Kirsa takes the broken strap from her dress, linking it through her bra with an optimistic smile, her white panties just visible upskirt between her thighs. Lying on the edge of the bed, Kirsa's green eyes sparkle behind her glasses as her fingers ease open the buttons of her outfit. Changing into her sports clothing, Kirsa shows us her morning yoga stretches, raising her petite body upwards before dropping down, bottom high in the air, "this is the downward dog." Lying on her back, her fingers play with her panties, auburn tinted pubic hair peeping out from behind her white knickers.
Kirsa undresses her petite body as she lies on her yoga mat, arches her back, and stretches out her legs.
Gazing through her thick rimmed glasses, Kirsa holds eye contact as she slips off her white cotton bra and panties. Flicking her naturally red hair to the side, Kirsa removes the rest of her clothing as she continues her yoga poses completely naked!
"Kiss me!" In only their knickers, Maylin and Willa lie together on the bed, Willa sitting up to straddle Maylin so she can reach down and massage her breasts. Pulling Willa up so her underwear is positioned above her mouth, Maylin pulls the fabric aside, allowing pubic hair to spill out as she laps upwards with her tongue, pleasuring Willa while she is face sitting on top of her.
Willa's fingers wander across Maylin's body as she puts away her clothing, her fingers reaching up to open the buttons of her top. Maylin's little moans give away her excitement as her top is removed, gasping as Willa starts to lick and suck on her puffy nipples. Maylin's fingers tease through Willa's hair, pressing her face to her bare chest and later deep into her full bush as she is being eaten out on the bed, her orgasm ripping through her whole body. "I got your pussy all over my face!" Bending over in doggy position, Willa rubs her own clit as Maylin pounds her with her fingers from behind, kissing her round bottom as she watches Willa's pleasure intensify.
Anahi lies on her back, her hand rubbing at the pink that rises up from her dark pubic hair. Gasping, she frantically fingers herself, wet patches appearing on the sheets below her rising buttocks. With a cry, Anahi orgasms, squirting over the bed covers, her quivering body left panting on the cum-soaked linen.
Lying on her tummy, Anahi slowly turns the pages of her book, her large breasts hanging down free and naked. Turning on to her back, Anahi wraps herself in the fresh cotton sheets, a white breast quickly flashing before slipping below the covers. Pushing her book aside, Anahi's fingers stroke across her bare collarbone before disappearing below. Wriggling about with her legs raised up, Anahi's fingers begin to excite her body from under the covers. Rising from her bedding, Anahi spreads her legs while on all fours, pulling down her panties so she can push a finger inside herself. Face down, ass up, she moans into her pillow, her delicious curves wriggling about as her pleasure builds.
"It's nicer to orgasm with something in your pussy!" Picking up her new toy, Yara explores the many functions. "It feels really good with the ears stimulating your clitoris." The soft vibrating 'ears' slide either side of Yara's hood, locking her sensitive bud between their vibrating prongs. A flick of her muscles preempt her orgasm, gasping waves taking hold of her body, leaving her armpit hair wet and her body relaxed.
"I get turned on by intellect or musicality." Leaning on the open door, Yara welcomes us into her new home. Tight shorts accentuate the shape of her legs, a long open shirt barely hiding the lone bra below. Yara puts down her working tools to give us a tour of the house, shedding clothing as she walks through the rooms, showing us her construction skills. Her blue shorts hug tight on her bottom as Yara gazes out of the window, her fingers kneading the flesh as she mounts the stairs. In the living room, Yara peels down her knickers, looking up with intention sparkling behind her glasses. Softly, her finger dips between her legs, stroking her meaty lips, preparing herself for an indulgent afternoon of masturbation.
Willa wraps her mouth around Maylin's open wet vulva and full bush of pubic hair as she looks up at her, making her squirm, with every flick of her tongue.
Kissing passionately, they hold themselves close to each other, feeling their naked skin touch. Willa exposes Maylin's pert breasts and puffy nipples as she peels off her top before squeezing them between her hands. Naked, they explore a variety of positions as they help each other towards orgasm. Fingering, licking and grinding against each other, they feel each other climax!
"I don't have a dirty mind, I have a sexy imagination!" Sitting in their garden, Marleen wiggles around so she can access Bjorn's crotch, her pale lips kissing warmth around his boxers before she frees his penis, putting it to her mouth. Delighting in the grunts and moans her skilled mouth produces, Marleen slides her tongue across every inch of his penis, teasing her lover expertly before leaping on top.
"We both have this common interest, we love sex!" Sitting on her self-made garden pillow lounger, Marleen crosses her long legs, her tight pencil skirt stretched across her thighs, suggestive of what lies in between. Taking out her phone, naughty thoughts fill her mind as she starts to watch a movie, her eyes darting behind her glasses as her hands start to roam. Bjorn slides in behind his girlfriend, eager to share in this experience, their hands rubbing wildly at each other's clothing, Marleen leaning back in his arms to kiss him. Lying across her boyfriend's lap, Marleen's tight skirt is peeled up, her thong barley covering her anus. "I love your ass!" Marleen starts to wriggle in his lap as he slides in two fingers, then a third, before moving to get a better view, Bjorn licks her from vulva to anus!
Leaning over the back of the chair, Yara arches her back and leans back, her round, pert bum fully exposed as she looks over her shoulder and smiles invitingly.
In her own home, Yara shows us to the large window in the front room with her back to the vivid greens outdoors as she starts to undress her slender body. Pulling of her top, she reveals her pert breasts and taught, toned stomach before moving down to her tease with her panties. Fully naked, Yara lies on the rug and reaches for her new pink dildo before suggestively licking the tip and slowly slipping it inside her wetness.
Marleen introduces her real life partner Bjorn as she gets intimate with him at home in the back garden.
Flirting with him, Marleen makes it obvious what she wants, her hands moving over his pants and teasing before reaching inside. Gripping his erect penis, she wraps her mouth around the tip and starts to give him a passionate blowjob. Looking up at Bjorn, Marleen turns around and pushes her naked bum back towards him. Going hard, they both rise to an intense orgasm and collapse together on the bench outdoors .
Getting closer to each other, Maely starts to explore and touch herself and while looking at Hania says, "I like to masturbate with left-hand even though I'm right-handed."
They begin to undress, exposing and feeling their petite bodies and pale skin. Hania asks Maely to talk dirty to her and she replies with "imagine you fucking me right now." The dirty talk does the trick as they both stare deep into each other's eyes and rise to quivering orgasms.
Backstage is back and this time we're in the summer outdoors between the lush green of the forest.
Misha and Masie are out shooting Maylin and Blanca having some fun with some inflatable balls and a picnic blanket. After that we move indoors with Beatrix, Yara and Jada as they have fun in between shooting their solo and intimate moments shoots.
"My nipples are always hard!" Ivanna's bare feet rest against the old wood as she perches on top of the stable door, her toes decorated with rings. Her naked breasts are ripe and pert on her slender body, her fingers pulling for the pink panties that lay bellow her tiny shorts.
With bikes passing behind her, Ivanna welcomes us to join her on her country walk, the warm breeze whipping up her long hair, a white stripe indicating the rare birthmark on her head. Slowly, Ivanna opens her shirt as she beams at the camera. As her fingers tease across the feminine fabric, we can't help noticing that her bra opens at the front, a small hook the only think preventing her breasts from spilling free. Slipping into a barn, Ivanna opens the clasp on her bra, her thumb softly stroking one of her delicate dark nipples. Peeling down her denim shorts, Ivanna reveals her pink panties with a neat camel toe at the bottom of the silky fabric.
Ivanna shows off her slender and toned body as she moves through the outdoors, stopping to find a secluded spot to start unbuttoning her shirt and reveal her small lace bra.
Leaning over the farm gate, her hands run up her tanned, slim legs directing your gaze up towards her small denim shorts and taught round bum. Turning back around, her fingers feel over her svelte stomach as she continues to slip off the rest of her clothes. Framed between the bright greens of the countryside, she fully undresses to expose and explore her small breasts, pert nipples and warm skin.
"So, have you ever been with a girl before? No, Never." Billie lies on her back, her puffy nipples high on her small breasts as Bobbie strokes between her excited legs. Grabbing at Bobbie's head, Billie pushes her down, Bobbie's expert mouth closing on her vulva. Deep moans and small shivers proceeding her orgasm, Billie's first lesbian encounter goes well!
Billie lies in sun, baking on the rooftop garden as the city bustles on below her. Behind her, Bobbie's eyes flicker from the pages of her book, watching the small movements of Billie's thighs, the hint of stripped panties upskirt. Sitting behind Billie, Bobbie starts to rub lotion into her thighs, Billie watching intensely as her fingers stroke along her legs. Peeling off Billie's dress, and then the straps of her bra, Bobbie massages lotion onto her body, the heat between them growing. Topless in the garden, they finally kiss, sneaking inside to lie on a sea of pillows. Laying Billie gently down, Bobbie strokes her whole body, head to pubic hair, till Billie is twitching in anticipation. "I like it when you stroke it gently, it gets me really excited, I can feel my underwear wet already!"
"I masturbate for very long time." Redhead Elisa slowly undresses her petite, pale body as the need to touch herself grows stronger.
Lying back in the chair, she pinches her small pink nipples as she starts to rub her clitoris, every movement of her hands bringing her one step closer to orgasm. With one foot on the table, she bites her lip, closes her eyes and starts shaking as she slowly brings herself to an intimate climax.
"I never use bra, I don't need that!" Mila feels her breasts over her t-shirt, her nipples visible through the thin material.
Moving through the the lush outdoors, she undresses her slender body, exposing her pert breasts and slim waist. Mila "likes to pee outside" and has done so since she was younger. Squatting down, she lifts up her skirt, places her fingers on her soft labia and pees onto the ground. Moving to another spot, she lies on the grass and starts to explore her body, her hands sliding over skin and down to her open vulva, her fingers slowing pushing deep inside.
Bobbie and Billie embrace as they passionately kiss on the balcony, the warm sun on their skin as they undress and explore each other.
Her fingers running through her partner's hair, Billie grabs a handful and pulls her in, their bodies pressed together as they start to rub and grind. Lying back between Bobbie's open legs, Billie bites her lip as Bobbie reaches around, one hand feeling her small breasts and puffy nipples and the other making it's way down to her full bush and open, wet vulva.


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On Friday, bomb threats were received at nine Nebraska courthouses in the southeast corner of the state.
The calls were made between 11:06-11:36 a.m. to courthouses in Cass, Gage, Jefferson, Johnson, Lancaster, Otoe, Richardson, Saline and Seward counties, Nebraska State Patrol spokeswoman Deb Collins said.
The first call came into Otoe County, with the last call to Lancaster County, Collins said.
The buildings were cleared, but no credible evidence was found at any of the courthouses.
Collins asks anyone with information that might aid in the investigation into the source to contact their local law enforcement agency.
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1300 E 4th St., Suite F
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I'm hoping I have a girl. If so I'd love to name her Peyton Harper....probably super trendy but I love it! What names are you leaning towards?(:
Name opinion...
Posted 09/23/2012
So far we are thinking Edward Joseph ("teddy") or Taylor Beth. We like traditional family names. But we are not set in stone.
Posted 09/23/2012
My firsts name is mason so I'm letting my dh pick this time he's between madison or melody if its a girl or Jeremiah or rehmi if its a boy he actually has another girl name in mind but he made me swear not to mention it just in case he picks it he says its too unique to be throwing it around lol
Posted 09/23/2012
We chose a name for our son before birth last time. Once he was born, it didn't fit at all - it took us three days to name him (they wouldn't let us leave the hospital until we had a name for the birth certificate)!
Don't be so open minded that your brain falls out;)
Platinum ( . Y . )
Posted 09/23/2012
We change our minds daily, but I have decided baby is a boy (this week - next week it'll be a girl again!) and his name will be William Christopher. I'm obsessed with having a Billy! So cute!
Posted 09/23/2012
Peyton is our girl name. It's not über popular and we've loved the name for years.
Posted 09/23/2012
Right now were going with Avah Brooke for a girl and Levi Thomas for a boy. Could change before April though!
Michelle- Proud momma to Rhyder 9.6.09, Nevaeh 5.2.11 and Baby BOY due 4.2.13
Michelle- Proud momma to Rhyder 9.6.09, Nevaeh 5.2.11 and Baby BOY due 4.2.13
Posted 09/23/2012
We only have a girls name, my husband won't pick a boys name that I gave him
Posted 09/23/2012
Annaleiya Raylynn or Silas Antonio
Elizabeth(19) ♥ Tony(26) since 11/08/2010
Baby Boy Sylas born April 9th 2013 After 2 losses(3-27-2012)(7-9-2012)
Posted 09/23/2012
Ella Sophia for a girl ( though we might change the
Middle name) and if we have a boy right now we agreed on Evan Oliver but nothing is really set yet.
Middle name) and if we have a boy right now we agreed on Evan Oliver but nothing is really set yet.
H&L=December Darling Daughter 12-4-09 #2 Due 4/6/2013
What's on your mind?Create a new post
Your growing child
Your 26-month-old: Developmental milestones
How can you tell if your child is on track developmentally? Read More
Your 26-month-old: Leftie or rightie?
Is your child is a leftie or a rightie? Read More
Your 26-month-old: Language red flags
See red flags that warn of a language delay in toddlers. Read More
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It's normal at this age for kids to do play separately even when they're together. Read More


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Starting with wasteful discarded inner tubes and found objects...
exceptional designs are created.
June 5 & 6
First Friday & Farmers Market
Sticks and Steel
401 E 8th Street, No. 118
Sioux Falls, SD
July 18
Stockholm Art Fair
Sandy's Clothing & Art
Stockholm, WI.
Stonyhill & Company
Copyright ©2010


text: Get out your fat pants, some of the new food items and vendors have been announced for this years Fair at the PNE! From press release: There's no doubt that the drool-worthy food at the Fair at the PNE is one of the most popular parts of the annual event. Designed for the adventurous eater, …Read more »


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Overregulation: The Environmental Protection Agency has two new rules it wants to impose on utilities that use coal. But the rules make sense only if you want less energy, higher prices and fewer jobs.
Remember then-candidate Barack Obama's comment in January 2008 that the price of electricity would "necessarily skyrocket" once his policies went into effect?
It's now coming to pass — just as OPEC has decided it doesn't want to pump more oil. Get the picture? We're being systematically starved of energy, and our economy is suffering. Just don't ask the White House to help.
Broadly, the new EPA rules seek to clean up the air. Everyone's for that, of course. But at what cost?
According to a study the economic consulting firm National Economic Research Associates conducted for the coal industry, the two new rules mentioned above will by themselves cost electric utilities $184 billion by 2030 and kill 1.4 million jobs.
So why do it? Coal, our nation's No. 1 energy source for making electricity, is "dirty." And granted, coal isn't the cleanest available energy. But clean-coal technologies make it cleaner than ever.
It's also the least expensive and most easily available energy we have. For a pittance, it provides fully half the power we need to heat and cool our homes and run our TVs and computers.
But if these EPA rules go into effect, the cost of energy will shoot up 11% to 23% in just a few years.
In the pipeline, according to a study by the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), the agency has 30 major regulations and more than 170 new major policy rules that will create massive new costs for utilities.
With this regulatory siege, Obama's EPA is trying to get "cap-and-trade through the back door," ALEC says, referring to a Democrat-backed but business-opposed approach to controlling pollution with economic incentives. The EPA "has pushed ahead in its regulatory onslaught without regard to economic realities or democratic accountability," ALEC says.
Such hyperactive regulation is taking a toll. According to the Heritage Foundation's Nicolas Loris, new EPA rules force "utilities to file for significant rate hikes in years to come because of the upgrades they will have to make or the complete shutdown of older plants."
Utilities aren't the only energy sector being hurt by government regulation. Exxon Mobil just announced a massive new oil find: 700 million barrels of crude more than a mile deep just waiting to be drilled in the Gulf of Mexico. Only problem: The Obama administration still has a moratorium on drilling permits.
Contrary to peak-oil promoters and other pooh-pooh-ers of American potential, our country is rich in energy resources. These include 1.2 trillion barrels of oil, 2,500 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and 486 billion short tons of coal — plenty to power millions of jobs and trillions of dollars in economic output for hundreds of years. Policies that prevent their extraction defy logic.
War On Terror: Refusing to help the only people effectively fighting the IS scourge is just one of Obama's many foreign-policy failures. And as we celebrate the 239th anniversary of our freedom, it's the most inexplicable.Of all of Barack Obama's counterproductive foreign-policy inactions fueling ...
Crony Capitalism: It's back to business as usual at Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The bailed-out mortgage giants' CEOs are getting hefty pay raises thanks to their regulator, Federal Housing Finance Agency chief Mel Watt. After taxpayers bailed the toxic twins out of the mortgage crisis with $189 ...
Nuclear Diplomacy: President Obama again said he'd walk away from a bad deal with Iran. But the deal keeps getting worse and worse, and the U.S. pathetically remains at the table.According to the president, speaking last Tuesday, "I've said from the start I will walk away from the negotiations if, ...
Employment: Will the last worker in America please raise your hand? We ask this because Thursday's Labor Department report for June found yet another record collapse in the number of working Americans. Over the past year the number of working-age Americans who have dropped from the civilian labor ...
Whatever uptick in approval President Obama got in the immediate aftermath of the recent Supreme Court rulings has faded quickly, a new IBD/TIPP Poll finds. The poll, taken from June 26 to July 1, found Obama's favorability rating unchanged from last month at 45%. His overall approval rating is up ...
Investor's Business Daily provides exclusive stock lists, investing data, stock market research, education and the latest financial and business news to help investors make more money in the stock market. All of IBD's products and features are based on the CAN SLIM® Investing System developed by IBD's Founder William J. O'Neil, who identified the seven common characteristics that winning stocks display before making huge price gains. Each letter of CAN SLIM represents one of those traits.


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Finebaum files to move Citadel case to JeffCo courts
Attorneys for syndicated sports-talk radio host Paul Finebaum filed motions in federal court Thursday to complete a move to state court for his lawsuit against Citadel Broadcasting Co.
The motions add in-state defendants to the suit in an attempt to remove it from federal jurisdiction, where legal standards are not as advantageous for his suit.
Finebaum initially filed the suit, called Finebaum I in court documents, on July 6 in Jefferson County Circuit Court, naming Citadel as the defendant.
On Aug. 3 – the same day Citadel moved for its removal to federal court – his attorneys attempted to dismiss the suit and file a second, called Finebaum II in court documents, that named Citadel and in-state Citadel employees as defendants.
But court documents show that motion was lost in the Jefferson County Circuit Court Clerk Office, and both cases were moved to federal court.
In an Oct. 5 court order, Federal Judge L. Scott Coogler remanded Finebaum II back to state court since it's in-state defendants allowed its removal. But he denied a plaintiff motion to dismiss Finebaum I, ruling that previous attempts to do so in state court were void.
Coogler suggested, though, that by adding defendants, both cases could be removed to state court if Finebaum's legal team amended its complaint to include the in-state defendants.
Finebaum's attorneys indicated in Thursday's court filings they intend to make Bill Thomas, general manager of local Citadel station WJOX-FM, which broadcasts the popular Paul Finebaum Radio Network, the focus of individual claims in the lawsuit and drop other defendants. Thomas was not immediately available for comment Thursday afternoon.
"As discovery continues, the possibility certainly exists that, at a later date, Finebaum may seek to add individual defendants," the motion stated.
That move comes after defense attorneys claimed in previous filings that Finebaum was needlessly naming current and former Citadel employees as defendants in an attempt to keep the case out of federal court.
Finebaum's suit alleges Citadel, a Nevada-based company, violated his employment contract by agreeing to federal bankruptcy reorganization without his prior consent. It also alleges Citadel officials coerced him into signing an unfavorable amendment to his employment contract by threatening to pull his show from the air if he refused.
And it alleges Citadel officials worked "purposefully and fraudulently" to depress Finebaum's pay and drive advertisers from his network in favor of Citadel ad slots. Citadel has denied those claims.
According to court documents, Finebaum received an employment offer from rival broadcaster Cox Radio on July 28, "wanted to accept that offer," but was precluded from doing so by an exclusivity provision and a covenant not to compete in his employment contract that Citadel maintained was still in effect.
Finebaum is seeking a court order that Citadel violated his contract, which would free him to pursue other offers. He also seeks repayment of sums he would have received had he not signed the unfavorable amendment to his employment contract.
Since Citadel's bankruptcy, the company was purchased by Cumulus Media Inc. (Nasdaq: CMLS) as part of a $1.7 billion deal. According to unconfirmed reports, Cumulus formerly took charge of the network Sept. 16. It remains unclear what impact that change will have on the dispute.


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International Affairs:
Information on U.S. Agencies' Efforts to Address Islamic Extremism
GAO-05-852: Published: Sep 16, 2005. Publicly Released: Sep 16, 2005.
Additional Materials:
- Highlights Page:
- Full Report:
- Accessible Text:
(202) 512-4268
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(202) 512-4800
U.S. government and other experts have reported that Islamic extremism is on the rise and that the spread of Islamic extremism is the pre-eminent threat facing the United States. In addition, various sources alleged that Saudi Arabia is one source that has supported and funded the spread of Islamic extremism globally. GAO was asked to determine (1) what efforts U.S. government agencies are implementing to identify, monitor, and counter support and funding for the global propagation of Islamic extremism, particularly support and funding originating in Saudi Arabia; (2) what U.S. agencies and other entities have reported regarding support and funding for the global propagation of Islamic extremism, particularly any provided by Saudi sources (private entities, individuals, and the Saudi government), as well as sources in other countries; and (3) what efforts the Saudi government has taken to address Islamic extremism. GAO submitted this report to the intelligence agencies, the Departments of Defense (DOD), State, and the Treasury, and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) for their review and comment. The agencies had no formal comments, and their technical comments were incorporated, as appropriate.
The intelligence agencies, DOD, State, and USAID are implementing various efforts to identify, monitor, and counter the support and funding of the global propagation of Islamic extremism. The intelligence agencies and DOD are carrying out identification and monitoring efforts, primarily in counterintelligence and force protection. State and USAID are carrying out efforts to counter the global propagation of Islamic extremism, with State's efforts focused primarily on traditional diplomacy, counterterrorism, and public diplomacy and USAID's efforts focused on development programs to diminish underlying conditions of extremism. We are preparing a classified report, to be subsequently released, with a more complete description of U.S. efforts to address the global spread of Islamic extremism. A number of sources have reported that Saudi private entities and individuals, as well as sources from other countries, are allegedly financing or supporting Islamic extremism. For example, in July 2005, a Treasury official testified before Congress that Saudi Arabia-based and -funded organizations remain a key source for the promotion of ideologies used by terrorists and violent extremists around the world to justify their agenda. However, according to the 9/11 Commission Report, the Commission found no persuasive evidence that the Saudi government knowingly supported al Qaeda. The agencies also told GAO that Islamic extremism is being propagated by sources in countries other than Saudi Arabia, such as Iran, Kuwait, and Syria. The agencies are still examining Saudi Arabia's relationship, and that of other sources in other countries, to Islamic extremism. The Saudi government has announced and, in some cases, undertaken some reform efforts to address Islamic extremism. For example, the government is undertaking educational and religious reforms, including revising textbooks and conducting a 3-year enlightenment program, to purge extremism and intolerance from religious education. However, U.S. agencies do not know the extent of the Saudi government's efforts to limit the activities of Saudi sources that have allegedly propagated Islamic extremism outside of Saudi Arabia.
Jun 25, 2015
Combating Terrorism:Foreign Terrorist Organization Designation Process and U.S. Agency Enforcement ActionsGAO-15-629: Published: Jun 25, 2015. Publicly Released: Jun 25, 2015.
Export-Import Bank:Dual-Use Export Monitoring Guidance Revised and ImplementedGAO-15-611: Published: Jun 25, 2015. Publicly Released: Jun 25, 2015.
Jun 17, 2015
Nonproliferation:State Needs to Establish a Reporting Process That Would Minimize the Delays That May Affect Sanctions on Trade with Iran, North Korea, and SyriaGAO-15-703T: Published: Jun 17, 2015. Publicly Released: Jun 17, 2015.
Nonproliferation:State Should Minimize Reporting Delays That May Affect Sanctions on Trade with Iran, North Korea, and SyriaGAO-15-519: Published: May 22, 2015. Publicly Released: Jun 17, 2015.
Jun 8, 2015
Electronic Cigarettes:Imports, Tariffs, and Data CollectionGAO-15-491R: Published: May 7, 2015. Publicly Released: Jun 8, 2015.
Jun 4, 2015
Foreign Aid:USAID Has Taken Steps to Safeguard Government-to-Government Funding but Could Further Strengthen AccountabilityGAO-15-377: Published: Jun 4, 2015. Publicly Released: Jun 4, 2015.
Jun 3, 2015
Haiti Reconstruction:USAID Has Achieved Mixed Results and Should Enhance Sustainability PlanningGAO-15-517: Published: Jun 3, 2015. Publicly Released: Jun 3, 2015.
May 19, 2015
Afghanistan:Embassy Construction Cost and Schedule Have Increased, and Further Facilities Planning Is NeededGAO-15-410: Published: May 19, 2015. Publicly Released: May 19, 2015.
May 14, 2015
United Nations Renovations:Original Scope Reduced and Project Over Budget, but Lessons Learned Could Improve Future ProjectsGAO-15-414: Published: May 14, 2015. Publicly Released: May 14, 2015.
International Education Assistance:USAID Has Implemented Primary Grade Reading Programs but Has Not Yet Measured Progress toward Its Strategic GoalGAO-15-479: Published: May 7, 2015. Publicly Released: May 14, 2015.
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In an optoelectronic integrated circuit, an electronic device is integrated with an optical device by fabricating the electronic device directly in a doped semiconductor layer of the optical device. The optical devices contemplated for use include at least a region of multiple low-doped or intrinsic quantum well layers; electronic devices include bipolar and field-effect transistors. Resulting integrated circuits exhibit a high degree of planarity.
1. An optoelectronic integrated circuit comprising an optical device and an electronic device said optical device including a first doped semiconductor layer, a second doped semiconductor layer, a conductivity type for said first doped semiconductor layer being opposite to the conductivity type for said second doped semiconductor layer, and an intrinsic region interposed between said first and second doped semiconductor layers, and said electronic device including at least first and second doped semiconductor regions confined to said first doped semiconductor layer, said electronic device adjacent to said optical device and said first doped semiconductor layer being electrically continuous over a region substantially including both said electronic device and said optical device.
2. The optoelectronic integrated circuit as defined in claim 1 wherein said intrinsic region includes at least one quantum well region.
3. The optoelectronic integrated circuit as defined in claim 2 wherein said electronic device includes first, second and third regions confined to said first doped semiconductor layer, and means for applying an electrical signal to each of said first, second and third regions.
4. The optoelectronic integrated device defined in claim 2 wherein said first and second doped semiconductor layers and said intrinsic region consist of compositions selected from Group III-V compounds.
5. An optoelectronic integrated circuit comprising an optical device and an electronic device, said optical device including a first doped semiconductor layer, a second doped semiconductor layer, a conductivity type for said first doped semiconductor layer being opposite to the conductivity type for said second doped semiconductor layer, and an intrinsic region interposed between said first and second doped semiconductor layers, said electronic device including at least first and second doped semiconductor regions confined to said first doped semiconductor layer, said electronic device adjacent to said optical device, said first doped semiconductor layer being electrically continuous over a region substantially including both said electronic device and said optical device, and said electronic device for controlling operation of said optical device.
6. The optoelectronic integrated circuit as defined in claim 5 wherein said intrinsic region includes at least one quantum well region.
7. The optoelectronic integrated circuit as defined in claim 6 wherein said electronic device includes first, second and third regions confined to said first doped semiconductor layer, and means for applying an electrical signal to each of said first, second and third regions.
8. The optoelectronic integrated circuit defined in claim 6 wherein said first and second doped semiconductor layers and said intrinsic region consist of compositions selected from Group III-V compounds.
This invention relates to integrated semiconductor devices and, more particularly, to monolithic integration of electronic and optical or photonic devices.
Device fabrication techniques are sufficiently advanced to permit integration of electronic and optical devices on a single chip. These optoelectronic integrated circuits, referred to as OEICs, have been realized generally with light sources and a small transistor driving using a AlGaAs/GaAs semiconductor system. See H. Choi et al., IEEE Electron Device Letters, Vol. EDL-7, No. 9, pp. 500-2 (1986). More recently, these techniques have been extended to realization of a multiple quantum well (MQW) laser with a field-effect transistor (FET) driver circuit. See S. Yamakoshi, et al., Electronics Letters, Vol. 19, No. 24, pp. 1020-1 (1983).
In general, it is accepted that difficulty exists in integration of optical and electronic devices because of significant differences in layer structures for the optical element and for the electronic element. Yamakoshi et al., cited above, address and design around this problem by creating two distinct levels in the top surface of a semi-insulating substrate: the lower level for accepting growth of the MQW heterostructure laser, and the upper level for accepting growth of the FET driver. A relatively wide groove etched in the semi-insulating substrate is so configured that it permits selective growth of the laser "substrate" layer along the exposed surface of the lower level (the bottom of the groove) as well as continuing up and onto a portion of the upper level. Hence, Yamakoshi et al. have made it possible to grow and interconnect two separate elements as an optoelectronic integrated circuit albeit a substantially hybrid interconnection. As such, the resulting optoelectronic integrated circuit is fabricated in a nonplanar fashion by interconnecting discrete devices grown separately and electrically isolated from one another on the semi-insulating substrate. Primarily of the device is seriously compromised by the two level technique realized by groove formation as required by Yamakoshi et al. for permitting growth of the MQW heterostructure laser.
Alternative fabrication techniques which avoid the necessity for bi-level circuit designs generally involve the use of vertical regions interposed or eliminated between the optical and electronic devices for electrical isolation. See, for example, D. Wake et al., Electronics Letters, Vol. 22, No. 13 pp. 719-21 (1986); J. H. Abeles et al., Electronics Letters, Vol. 23, No. 20, pp. 1037-8 (1987); and U.S. Pat. No. 4,438,447. These techniques require additional processing to form the vertical isolation regions and subsequently establish the appropriate electrical connection between the devices.
Planarity is preserved and full integration is achieved in an optoelectronic integrated circuit wherein electronic devices such as bipolar or field-effect transistors are fabricated in a doped layer of a semiconductor MQW device such as a p-i-n diode. That is, the optical and electronic devices share a common operational layer which in turn permits ease in processing without the earlier problems of additional fabrication steps for device interconnection.
In one embodiment, a wafer is grown having the following sequentially grown layers: an n-type layer, an alternating stack of thin semiconductor layers forming an intrinsic MQW region, and a p-type layer. Photolithographic patterning followed by diffusion of proper dopants into the n-type layer of the MQW structure, for example, permits formation of electronic devices and circuits in the common n-type layer. As such, the resulting device can operate to electronically control an optical signal, to optically control an electrical signal, or some combination of both.
A more complete understanding of the innvention may be obtained by reading the following description of specific illustrative embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the appended drawings in which:
FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of an optoelectronic integrated circuit in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows a perspective view of one embodiment for the optoelectronic integrated circuit from FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 shows an electrical schematic view of the embodiment of the optoelectronic integrated circuit from FIGS. 1 and 2;
FIG. 4 shows a graph of output light power versus gate control voltage for the device shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 shows a perspective view of one embodiment for an optoelectronic integrated circuit of higher complexity developed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 6 shows an electrical schematic view of the embodiment for the optoelectronic integrated circuit from FIG. 5; and
FIG. 7 shows a graph of output light power versus control light power for the device shown in FIG. 6.
Optoelectronic integrated circuits are generally realized using different and somewhat incompatible processing technologies by making discrete, electrically isolated optical and electronic devices on a common substrate. The resulting circuits are usually nonplanar.
The present invention permits highly planar circuits to be fabricated using efficient and convenient means for converting between the two device technologies. Complex processing is avoided by judicious use of an existing layer of the optical or photonic device for fabrication of the electronic device. Hereinafter, the term "optical" will be understood to refer to both optical and photonic devices. Also, vertical regions interposed between the electronic and optical devices are rendered unnecessary because of the existence an intrinsic region employed by the optical device and underlying the electronic device.
A cross-sectional view of an exemplary optoelectronic circuit in accordance with the principles of the invention is shown in FIG. 1. The optoelectronic circuit includes an optical device generally in dashed region 20 and an electronic device such as the metal-semiconductor field effect transistor (MESFET) depicted in FIG. 1 shown adjacent to the optical device. For a more complete understanding, it may be beneficial to refer to FIG. 2 which presents a different illustration of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1.
It should be noted that semiconductor layer thicknesses shown in FIG. 1 and other similar Figs. have not been drawn to scale and are merely illustrative to assist in the understanding of the present invention. While specific semiconductor compounds and dopants are described below with respect to the embodiments shown in the Figs., it is understood by those persons skilled in the art that other semiconductor compounds such as those from Group III-V systems and their respective dopants may be employed to practice the invention without departing from its spirit and scope.
With respect to propagation directions for various light beams shown in the FIGS., it should be clear to persons skilled in the art that, for propagation directions substantially normal to the top or bottom surfaces of the quantum well region, it is expected that the propagating light beam may impinge in either one or the opposite normal direction. Also, in order to slightly reduce the potential need to drive the circuits, it is possible to have the light beams propagating in any of the directions parallel to the top and bottom surfaces of the quantum well region.
The monolithically integrated circuit shown in FIG. 1 is fabricated as follows using standard epitaxial growth techniques such as molecular beam epitaxy or vapor phase epitaxy or the like. Sinc the Group III-V semiconductor system used in this example is GaAs/AlGaAs, beryllium is utilized as a p-dopant and silicon is an n-dopant. Also, the aluminum mole fraction is maintained for this example substantially a 0.29. A semi-insulating GaAs substrate (not shown) is used for commencing the epitaxial growth process. First, doped semiconductor layer 10 is grown including a 1500 Angstrom thick, p-type (˜1018 cm-3) GaAs buffer sublayer followed by a 1 μm thick, p-type (˜1018 cm-3) AlGaAs sublayer. Intrinsic region 11 is grown over doped semiconductor layer 10. The intrinsic region includes a plurality of pairs of layers grown without intentional doping to form a plurality of pairs of quantum well regions. For example, sixty seven (67) pairs of layers are grown and each pair comprises a 95 Angstrom thick GaAs layer followed by a 55 Angstrom thick AlGaAs layer. Doped semiconductor layer 12 is then grown comprising a 3300 Angstrom thick, n-type (˜1017 cm-3) GaAs sublayer followed by a 500 Angstrom thick, n+ type (˜2�1018 cm-3) GaAs sublayer. An alternative to the final n+ GaAs sublayer is the formation of diffused or implanted n+ type sections 13 and 16 in layer 12. Standard photolithographic mask and etch processes as well as standard ion implantation and/or diffusion techniques may be employed to form n+ type sections 13 and 16.
At this point, wafer growth is completed and device fabrication proceeds as follows. Source contact 14 and drain contact 17 are formed by standard masking and metallization processes over heavily doped sections 13 and 16, respectively. Contacts 14 and 17 are generally ohmic in nature employing suitable metals or alloyed metals such as Au-Ge to provide good adhesion and low contact resistance. In the example described herein, a 6 μm spacing was used between the source and drain. At this stage in the the processing, it is necessary to isolate the optoelectronic integrated circuits, one from the other, by a standard masking and mesa etch step. The mesa etch is carried through doped semiconductor layer 12 around the perimeter of each optoelectronic circuit leaving a mesa as shown illustratively in FIG. 2. The mesa etching effectively isolates the field transistors from one another provided the transistors to be isolated are not forward biased with respect to the common doped layer 10. A gate mask is formed to permit formation of a metallic gate contact 15 (rectifying contact such as MOS or Schottky) centered between the source and drain. Nominally, the gate mask exposes a 2 μm wide strip in which a chemical etchant is applied to remove n-doped GaAs sublayer material to a depth of approximately 1000 Angstroms for adjusting the transistor threshold. After gate metallization for forming gate 15, the gate mask is removed. Wires are attached to source, gate and drain pads (see FIG. 2) and the whole circuit is epoxied to a transparent substrate such as sapphire or glass with the processed side attached to the transparent substrate. The GaAs semi-insulating substrate and buffer sublayer are removed under devices of interest because the GaAs semi-insulating substrate is generally opaque for various desirable operating wavelengths. Finally, a lower contact 21 may be formed on the exposed side of doped semiconductor layer 10 at least under the electronic device. Electrical contact to layer 10 may alternatively be made through another forward biased n-i-p diode elsewhere in the structure.
While it has not yet been explicitly described, it should be noted that a p-i-n quantum well optical modulator has been formed as optical device 20 adjacent to the MESFET.
In operation, a bias voltage VB is supplied to contact 21 while source voltage VS and drain voltage VD are supplied to source contact 14 and drain contact 17, respectively. The bias voltage VB is chosen to be more negative than the source and drain voltages. It is expected that the source and drain voltages may change in response to gate voltage changes or other changes in an external circuit to which the transistor is connected.
The reverse biased n-i-p diode in device 20 functions electrically as a reverse bias isolation inhibiting current flow between the source and drain in the absence of photoexcitation. While basic transistor operation is generally unaffected by the n-i-p device, it is important to include the existence of a reverse isolation depletion region ion calculations for pinch-off effects.
For optical operation, an electric field imposed in the quantum well region varies in response to variations in transistor operation. As a consequence, the field effect transistor can controllably vary optical absorption (or alternatively index of refraction as per Kramers-Kronig relationship) of the quantum well material. It should thus be understood that the type of circuit shown in FIG. 1 is adapted for direct modulation of light input signal 18 to produce modulated light output signal 19 or where a probe optical input signal is modulated in response to the state of the field effect transistor to output an optical signal corresponding to the transistor state. In these examples, it is assumed that the wavelength of optical signal 18 is near the optical bandedge for the quantum well region.
While the description above is based on transparent or partially transparent doped semiconductor layers for the optical device to operate in the transmissive mode, it is expected that the same device will operate in a reflective mode by adding a reflective surface or coating to the exposed bottom surface of layer 10 or using an internal mirror as described in G. Boyd et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. Vol. 50, pp. 1119 et seq. (1987).
A circuit substantially similar to those shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is shown in FIG. 3. As shown, a diode 37, a field effect transistor 31 and a quantum well modulator 36 are integrated into the monolithic optoelectronic circuit whereas the resistor 35 and voltage source (VG) 30 are external components. In this exemplary embodiment, two adjacent field effect transistors fabricated on the same substrate are included to form this circuit.
To implement the optoelectronic circuit shown in FIG. 3, a first field effect transistor 31 having source S1 at contact 34, gate G1 at contact 32, and drain D1 at contact 33 are connected in the conventional transistor configuration with the integrated modulator 36. That is, drain D1 is connected to the n-doped semiconductor layer of the modulator 36; gate G1 is connected to gate voltage source 30 which supplies a voltage signal VG ; and source S1 is connected to ground. Drain D1 is attached through an external current limiting resistor 35 (10kΩ) to a nominal bias supply voltage (+10 volts). The contacts of the second field effect transistor are unconnected except for drain D2 at contact 38. This connection is made to source S1 at ground and to the opposite side of source 30 from gate G1 that the effective diode 37 formed thereby from the second field effect transistor through the n-i-p layers under drain D2 is forward biased. The p-layer under drain D2 is common to modulator 36 so that the element interconnection is already formed.
Input light beam 39 is directed onto modulator 36 and is modulated by variations in the gate voltage VG from source 30. A modulated output light beam 40 emerges from modulator 36. For GaAs devices described previously, a suitable operating wavelength is approximately 853.9 μm. Results from operation of the circuit in FIG. 3 are shown in FIG. 4. The results are indicative of the control of output light beam power by gate voltage variation.
An optoelectronic integrated circuit in accordance with the principles of the invention which incorporates an optical control beam as well as another set of optical inputs is shown in illustrative wafer form in FIG. 5 and schematically in FIG. 6. This circuit includes a first mesa 50, a second mesa 60 and a third mesa 70, all on the same substrate. First mesa 50 includes a n-i-p quantum well modulator 54 and a field effect transistor having source S1 at contact 51, drain D1 at contact 52 and gate G1 at contact 53; second mesa 60 includes an n-i-p quantum well modulator 64 and a field effect transistor having source S2 at contact 61, drain D2 at contact 62 and gate G2 at contact 63; and third mesa 70 includes an n-i-p quantum well modulator 74 and a field effect transistor having source S3 at contact 71, drain D3 at contact 72 and gate G3 at contact 73. The details of the individual semiconductor layers are supplied in reference to FIG. 1.
The field effect transistor in mesa 50 is used in a conventional configuration of a field effect transistor and an integrated quantum well modulator. Source S1 is attached to ground and drain D1 is attached to a supplied bias potential of 10.0 V through a 10kΩ limiting resistor. Under drain D2 in mesa 60, there is an n-i-p structure which is employed as a photodiode responsive to control light beam 80. Drain D2 is connected to gate G1 and to a dc bias voltage of approximately 0.1 V through a 1MΩ resistor; no other external connections are made to the devices in mesa 60. Under the source S3 in mesa 70, there is an n-i-p diode structure which serves as a forward biased connection to the common p-doped semiconductor layer underlying the devices. Source S3 is connected to a supplied bias potential of -2.75 V.
In operation, control light beam 80 is incident upon drain D2 to generate a photocurrent in the n-i-p diode and, thereby, change the potential across the 1MΩ limiting resistor. In turn, the voltage applied to gate G1 is caused to change with a resulting change in the voltage on drain D1, and thereby, a change across the quantum well modulator 54 in mesa 50. A constant bias light beam 90 incident on modulator 54 is modulated in response to voltages changes at drain D1 to cause modulator light beam 91 to appear from modulator 54. Modulated output light beam 91 is controlled in power as a function of the power of control light beam 80 as depicted by the graphical plot shown in FIG. 7.
From FIG. 7, it is clear that the control light beam influences the output light beam and small control light beam power can affect large power changes in the output light beam to provide signal gain. The results shown in FIG. 7 were achieved witha 450 μW bias light beam at a wavelength of 856.1 nm.
It should be clear to those persons skilled in the art that the conductivity types of the layers may be reversed and the material systems for the semiconductor layers may be changed without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
For persons skilled in the art, it may now be clear that this invention is useful for integrating optical modulators and/or detectors with electronic devices such as bipolar transistors, MOSFETS and MESFETS wherein a substantially planar fabrication process is employed.
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