text:
Changes in β-Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes in Alzheimer-Type Dementia
Article first published online: 5 OCT 2006
DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1987.tb05649.x
Journal of Neurochemistry
Volume 48, Issue 4, pages 1215–1221, April 1987
Additional Information
How to Cite
Shimohama, S., Taniguchi, T., Fujiwara, M. and Kameyama, M. (1987), Changes in β-Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes in Alzheimer-Type Dementia. Journal of Neurochemistry, 48: 1215–1221. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1987.tb05649.x
Publication History
- Issue published online: 5 OCT 2006
- Article first published online: 5 OCT 2006
- Received July 28, 1986; revised October 16, 1986; accepted October 16, 1986
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Select Local Merchants
Polo WestRead MoreStretching across 2,200 acres of pristine grounds, Polo West is a multisport facility designed to host high-energy entertainment that brings together such athletic endeavors as golf, rodeos, and polo matches. Though the entire complex is not yet fully open, the Pete Dye–designed golf course has opened the emerald corridors of its nine-hole, water-laden layout, challenging golfers to resist the urge to steer their cart out onto the polo field in hopes to create a new hybrid sport. After putting out on the final green, golfers can retire to the stately clubhouse or refuel at one of the onsite dining options, such as a Latin American restaurant and a cantina bar.2470 Greenview Cove Dr.Wellington, FL US
Palm Beach Par 3Read MoreFeatured in an episode of the Golf Channel's The Haney Project, Palm Beach Par 3's acclaimed layout blankets the breezy space right between the Atlantic Ocean and the Intercoastal Waterway. Originally designed in 1961 by famed course architect Joe Lee, the course received a face-lift from Hall of Famer Raymond Floyd in 2009, adding drama to a water-kissed terrain that has hosted the LPGA Pro-Am and welcomed players of the likes of George Clooney, Cameron Diaz, and the Hamburglar. Stitched by the curvy trunks of vibrant palm trees, the course's saltwater- and drought-resilient paspalum grass helps it thrive in its seashore location. Golf Digest Magazine listed it as one of the best par three's and Golf.com includes them in their list of the top ten par three courses in the U.S. With the longest hole measuring in at 196 yards, Palm Beach Par 3 provides ample opportunities for players to snag a coveted hole in one. Course at a Glance: Designed by Joe Lee and renovated by Raymond Floyd 18-hole, par 54 course Paspalum grass Length of 2,572 yards from the farthest tees Three tee options2345 S Ocean BlvdPalm Beach, FL US
Palm Beach Gardens Golf ClubRead MoreThe 18 holes of Palm Beach Gardens Golf Course slither through the natural marshes and wetlands of the Loxahatchee Nature Preserve, testing golfers' mettle with frequent changes in fairway direction and lots of water. Players scoot about the Roy Case-designed layout aboard golf carts equipped with GPS systems, which help them ascertain exact distances to greens and around sunbathing caddies. The fairway of the par 5 ninth hole -- dubbed "Mucho Agua" -- lies on an isthmus between two large bodies of water, leaving little room for error as players try to reach the green in two. The fairway of the 13th hole, also a par 5, doglegs twice into a unique Z shape, earning it the name of "Zorro's Revenge." Before players may turn in for the day, they must deal with two shots over water on the last hole, named "Swamp Thing" for its proximity to marshland and proclivity for early '80s horror movies. Course at a Glance: * 18-hole, par 72 course * Total length of 6,500 yards from the back tees * Four sets of tees per hole11401 Northlake BoulevardWest Palm Beach, FL US

subset: commoncrawl


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A Little Effort & You'll Save A Lot
A Little Effort & You'll Save A Lot
I know I'm not the only person that is amazed by the growing prices of groceries. Everyone has to eat and figure out financially how to afford groceries. I have a solution, couponing. Before you make assumptions, hear me out. Whenever, I talk to someone who has preconceived notions about couponing they argue that it takes up too much time or that there are no coupons for what they want. Well what if I said, I can make couponing easy and promise you that it won't take up too much time; what if I told you that you could save monthly up to 60 – 70 %? I spend about an hour a week couponing and I'm saving hundreds!
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3 Dangerous Words that Hold People BackThe three most dangerous words that hold people back are... "I know that." So...
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Finished several months back, and now for sale. Watch the video at the end.
This was built by the shop where I currently work. I have no part of this build, but I think it's a smoking-hot little car. It's on a custom front-zeed rectangular steel-tube chassis that's the same wheelbase as a '32. Chevy 350 Mexican crate-motor with 3 Rochester 2bbls, S-10 5-speed, Ford 9" rear and repop '40 juice brakes all around. Also 16" repop Ford steelies, aluminum repop B-17 seats and a '32 grille shell. Very traditional car.
And this is a hot-rod, not a rat rod. It will be gloss copper metallic, with a little chrome to dress it out. Josh Mills and his crew have done all of the work, and the welding is the nicest you can get, period. The quality of the top-chop is pretty much perfect.
Edited by Ace-Garageguy, 07 September 2014 - 10:58 AM.


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Office of Public Affairs
Posted November 21, 2014
If you bring your phone to the dinner table you may miss something.
Posted November 19, 2014
Christopher G. Quint assumed the position of Executive Director of Public Affairs this fall.
Posted November 18, 2014
Don't miss Lisa Walker's lecture on Elizabeth Arden's spa, Maine Chance, which operated from 1934-1970.
Posted November 17, 2014
The public is invited to attend these events celebrating the transgender and queer community of Portland.
Posted November 14, 2014
Alumni will provide mentoring, networking and share their professional experiences with current students.
Posted November 13, 2014
Saying, "We must transform our culture, and the way we do business. We must link our programs and services directly to the needs of our students … " President Flanagan announced new Student Services Division on November 13.
Posted November 12, 2014
Congratulations to USM's women's volleyball team for a great season!
Posted November 7, 2014
Join us for the Veterans Day Flag Raising Ceremony 8:45 a.m. on Tuesday, November 11, Portland campus.
Posted November 6, 2014
Congratulations to our newly-inducted KAO students!
Posted November 4, 2014
One of America's most talented new poets will read from his recent works at 5 p.m. on Friday, Nov. 14 at the Glickman Family Library, Portland campus.


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Welcome to Riverbend Golf Complex
Coming to Riverbend in May 2015
Dynamic Pricing!!!!
Dynamic Pricing Rate Sheet (click here)
Attention: Online tee time discounts are only available online
Customer Notice: Mick Kelly's is now Closed
Riverbend would like to welcome Ballard Brothers Seafood and Burgers. They will be serving food and beverages starting July 3rd, 2015
All Juniors Ages 6-15 will now be attending the 9:00-12:00 session
Upcoming Events:
2015 Summer Junior Golf Camp – July 13th-16th, 2015
21st Annual Riverbend Amateur – August 8th-9th, 2015
2015 High School Players Camps – August 19-21st, 2015
19th Annual 2 Man @ the 'Bend
Friday Skins Game Results
Saturday and Sunday Side Games
19th Annual 2 Man Final Payouts
Click for Get Golf Ready and Group Lesson details
Book Online Tee Time – Active Golf
Sign up for our Email Newsletter– to receive specials and discounts
Riverbend Golf Complex and Learning Center is set apart from other courses in Western Washington.
Riverbend provides various recreational activities for both the golfer and non-golfer, and a variety of programs for every skill level and age group.
- 6,701 yard 18-Hole Course
- 1,174 yard Par 3 Course
- Covered Driving Range
- Miniature Golf Course
- Discount Golf Center
- Mick Kelly's Irish Pub
Sign up for our Email Newsletter
Join Riverbend's VIP club.
Text "Riverbendgolf" to 90210 and receive a free small bucket!


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It is said that the rock stack formation is the cap of a volcano, there are a number of these in this region.
Great shot. Absolutely amazing. No vote button.
Best Regards to you MiK, Tedy.
Lovely place, sot colours, good photo!
Thanks Everyone for your comments :-) No Vote button... Hmmmm - Maybe it will be in next months competition! I will be very lucky to get enough votes but happy that many people will see my photo :-) Best wishes, MiK
Wonderful reflections, colours and photo!
Thanks Nelly :) I have just realised in this photo i can see one of the fishing lines after looking carefully!! Did'nt realise that at the time :( Normally i would have the lines under water -- Oh well atleast I was awake at the right time for the shot ><)))))*>
Wonderful..The shades,Refection,Sky every thing is so lovely..
YSand BEST OF
Very beautiful photo!!!! Best regards Sergey
Thanks Sergey.. It looks amazing on A2 canvass!! ><))))*> ~
Very beautiful with amazing colours. Voted!
Thanks TOPSEEE :-) You have some excellent pictures in your gallery, especially of the cat! I will have a more thorough browse shortly.><))))*> Best wishes, MiKxiTuP
Thank you for your nice comments this is my favorite nice atmosphere
Thx Neil, it was a lovely 2 weeks spent next to this lake. kind regards, MiKxiTuP
I love this picture. The colours and shadow give it an ethereal look which makes it stay in the memory.All the best from Canada
Thanks Steven.. Canada is beautiful, i will have to invest in a visit there one year but must get myself a nice DSLR camera 1st :-) Thanks for your visit.
Wonderful calm atmosphere, nice image. I like the reflections in this photo and colors also.
All the best
Photo taken in Hérault, France


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Apple Store
City Creek Center
50 South Main StreetSalt Lake City, UT 84101
(801) 456-9400Driving directions and map
|Store hours:
|Mon - Thu:
|10:00 a.m. - 9:00 p.m.
|Fri, Sat:
|10:00 a.m. - 10:00 p.m.
Apple Store
City Creek Center
50 South Main StreetSalt Lake City, UT 84101
(801) 456-9400
How to get here:View store information
The Apple Store is located in City Creek Center, on level 1 of the West Block, opposite GAP. City Creek Center is located to the south of Temple Square in downtown Salt Lake City. Parking: West Block underground, accessed from West Temple.
Apple Camp
Free workshops where kids can make their own movies or interactive books.Learn more
Schedule a try-on appointment.
Make an appointment to try
on Apple Watch in an Apple
Retail Store.
Personal Setup
We can help you set up your Apple Watch the way you like. And we'll point out some great apps to help you personalize it.Learn more
The new MacBook
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Hot ringtones on Audiko.net! We offer you to download a free Air Gear ringtones for your iPhone or mobile. Specify your favorite episode from your favorite masterpiece - tricky sista gurl, Air Gear best ring, Simca, or any other track. Then download the prepared Air Gear ringtones to your device, and enjoy Anime music by Air Gear every time your phone rings. If you like Anime or maybe J-Rock and OST music, then you will probably like Gintama, Code Geass, or Sayonara Zetsubou Sensei as well. For all who want a free Air Gear ringtone, we also recommend listening to Dance, Rapcore, and . You are free to get your ringer both in the MP3 and m4a formats, compatible with both mobile phones and iPhones. Just select a track, and choose free Air Gear ringtones download option.
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- Tink - Million


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325 Tasting Notes
Another sample size from my last Adagio order.
Once in awhile, I read "bodice ripper" romances – you know the ones – set in Victorian or earlier times, where the dashing hero is a pirate or a spy. Lapsang Souchong often gets mentioned as a very masculine tea. I can see why.
I opened the packet, and the smokey smell nearly leaped out and assaulted me. I gave hubby a sniff too: "It's like a campfire, the morning after it burns out. And they used an entire pine tree."
I brewed it up and made it as a latte with Splenda and half & half. Sippped away. The smoke smell is soooo strong! But it's good! I would not want to drink this daily, but it's really interesting drink!
I definitely want to try some other Lapsang Souchongs and compare them.
I received a sample of this with some gaiwans that I ordered last year. I decided to give it a whirl this afternoon.
I opened the packet and gave it a sniff. Initially, it honestly didn't smell that good – it reminded me of a wet cat. I gave the leaves a quick rinse with hot water in a gaiwan, then moved them to my Adagio ingenuiTea to steep. The wet leaves didn't smell great to me either, but I continued on.
I whipped some splenda and half & half in a cup and dispensed the tea into my cup.
I took a hesitant sip. Light, smokey… it smelled fine now, and didn't taste bad either. I added more water to the leaves and will try a second steep plain.
My current cup is pretty good – I think it's a decent tea, but it's not something I feel compelled for find more of. I definitely would not refuse a cup of it, if offered one, though.
I ordered a new round of samples and refilled my Black Dragon pearls. They arrived today, and I chose this tea to sample first.
Yum! It's like desert in a cup! It really does taste like sweet potato pie, without the crust. I generally don't like the crust that much, so that's ok!
A coworker gave me this yesterday, the tea she always drinks when she goes to PF Chang. It came in a tiny little cardboard box! Very cute package design.
The tea is quite good – the peach & apricot really come through. I'm not getting the smokey taste that the package and other people mention, but that's all right. I'm not sure what effect the safflower & marigold have on it – I'm not sure that I've had a tea with them in it before.
I would definitely drink this again. I had it with 2 packets of splenda. The sweet definitely brings out the fruit.
My one gripe, but it's not specific to this tea, happens with a lot of teabags… that moment when you add the water to the cup and the string and tag get pulled into the cup… grrr!
I hate when that happens! I try to hang onto the tag and sometimes that works, but most of the time one ends up playing "fish the tag out of the tea."
Oh wow. This isn't bad. I was afraid of all the descriptions of Pu'er as being fishy, and indeed, the one from Whole Foods that I'd picked up was fishy. This isn't fishy at all.
This is a sample from an order of samples I made from Verdant. I haven't liked any of the other samples much so far, so I'd been putting off trying the two pu'er samples.
I'm not sure how to describe this, other than to say I do like it. I brewed it in a gaiwan, and poured into a small cup, added nothing, and sipped. After about 3 sips, I can say that I do like it, though it's probably not something I'd drink on an everyday basis.
Oh, hi. Remember me? I have been seriously neglecting Steepster! D'oh!
I was at Barnes & Noble today, and found this one lonely tin of tea on their 75% off table, and having always meant to try Harney & Sons at home where I can control the water temperature (instead of the Barnes & Noble cafe who always seem to keep their water at nuclear levels) I snatched it up and brought it home. $2.74 for 30 teabags is a pretty good deal, I think, especially since, thankfully, it's pretty darn good!
Not overwhelming, very tasty, no bitterness. I like it!
And it came in a cute metal tin. Yeah, I'm always a sucker for that!
I think I like it better than Kusmi's holiday tea. I might have to keep an eye out for it next year.
I'll admit it. I'm no spring chicken anymore. If I drink anything caffeinated after about 7pm, it will keep me awake. So I am starting to explore some decaffeinated and caffeine-free options.
I decided to give this a try with my dinner tonight, and I quite like it. No odd tastes, it seems like a normal Earl Grey with a tasty shot of citrus.
And I seem to be getting sleepy, so it must a truly decaffeinated!


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Book your room at Fairmont Pittsburgh
Get an overview of this hotelLuxury Pittsburgh hotel in Downtown Pittsburgh, near PNC Park
Located in Downtown Pittsburgh, this luxury hotel is within a 15-minute walk of Market Square and PNC Park. Monongahela Incline and Heinz Field are also within 1 mi (2 km).
Hotel Features
Along with 2 restaurants, this smoke-free hotel has a health club and a bar/lounge. Additionally, a sauna, a steam room, and a 24-hour business center are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 185 rooms offer WiFi, minibars, and LCD TVs with cable channels. Guests will also find wired Internet, room service, and coffee makers.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
In addition to a health club, Fairmont Pittsburgh features a sauna and a steam room. Dining is available at one of the hotel's 2 restaurants. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink.
This 4.5-star property offers access to a 24-hour business center and meeting rooms. Event facilities measuring 12000 square feet (1115 square meters) include conference space. This luxury hotel also offers spa services, concierge services, and a fireplace in the lobby. Parking is available onsite for a surcharge.
Fairmont Pittsburgh is a smoke-free property.
- Total number of rooms - 185
- Number of floors - 23
- Babysitting or childcare
- Bar/lounge
- Concierge services
- Conference space
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Elevator/lift
- Health club
- ATM/banking
- Meeting rooms
- Porter/bellhop
- Conference space size (feet) - 12000
- Year Built 2010
- Number of restaurants - 2
- Conference space size (meters) - 1115
- Number of meeting rooms - 5
- Self parking (surcharge)
- Sauna
- Spa services on site
- Wedding services
- Fireplace in lobby
- Spa treatment room(s)
- Valet parking (surcharge)
- 24-hour business center
- Smoke-free property
- Steam room
Available in all rooms: Wireless internet access (15.10 USD per 24 hours surcharge), Wired internet access (15.10 USD per 24 hours surcharge)
Self parking (surcharge), Valet parking (surcharge)
Room Amenities
- Climate control
- Phone
- Minibar
- Coffee/tea maker
- Private bathroom
- Bathrobes
- Hair dryer
- Iron/ironing board
- Desk
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Cribs/infant beds available
- In-room safe (laptop compatible)
- Cable TV service
- Room service (limited hours)
- WiFi (surcharge)
- Wired high-speed Internet access (surcharge)
Where to Eat
Habitat - This restaurant serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar. A children's menu is available. Reservations are required.
Andys - This restaurant serves lunch and dinner. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar.
Room service (during limited hours) is available.
Nearby Things to Do
Recreational amenities at the hotel include a health club, a sauna, and a steam room.
Guests under 18 years old are not allowed in the health club or fitness facility.
Spa Services
- Hot stone massage
- Deep tissue massage
- Swedish massage
- Prenatal massage
- Body scrubs
- Aromatherapy treatments
- Sauna in spa
- Massages
- Body treatments
- Facial treatments
- Manicures and pedicures
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessibility equipment for the deaf
- Accessible bathroom
- Accessible path of travel
- Braille or raised signage
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
Hotel Policies
Minimum check-in age is 18
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Rollaway/extra beds are available.
- Cribs (infant beds) are available.
Pets allowed, Only dogs and cats are allowed, Maximum number of pets per room 2
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- Fee for in-room wireless Internet: USD 15.10 (for 24 hours, rates may vary)
- Fee for in-room high-speed Internet (wired): USD 15.10 (for 24 hours, rates may vary)
- Valet parking fee: USD 32 per night (in/out privileges)
- Pet fee: USD 25 per pet, per night
We should mention
Reservations are required for massage services and spa treatments. Reservations can be made by contacting the hotel prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. The property allows pets in specific rooms only and has other pet restrictions (surcharges apply and can be found in the Fees section). Guests can arrange to bring pets by contacting the property directly, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.


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Disc Fanatics of Kansas
72 following
Adam Johnson June 12, 2012 at 1:56pm
For Abilene, did anyone find out if there is a way to pre register?
Mark Kewley June 12, 2012 at 1:49pm
I want to go to both but will probably be going to Abilene.
Adam Johnson June 12, 2012 at 1:01pm
I'm in for Abilene.
Kevin Clouse June 12, 2012 at 11:19am
I wanna go to the Mighty Mo or Abilene. Both sound really fun!
Robert Adams June 11, 2012 at 11:54pm
Why oh why must all the tournaments happen when I'm out of town!?
Rick Petrie June 11, 2012 at 9:37pm
In other words, DFOK Roll Call!
Who is playing this weekend's Abilene, KS tourney?
Who is playing this weekend's Kansas City, MO tourney?
Mark Kewley June 11, 2012 at 9:26pm
http://kansasdiscgolf.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=17&t=4260 or http://dynamicdiscs.com/disc-golf-tournaments/2012/mighty-mo.html
Rick Petrie June 10, 2012 at 5:14pm
Looks like it's time to start looking at getting our DFOK Ace Race scheduled.
Adam Johnson June 10, 2012 at 11:08am
Any one interested in a round at fairmont today. I'm thinking 1 pm. Ill have vinnie with me.
Mark Kewley June 9, 2012 at 12:37pm
I wanted to run into town anyhow. I scheduled a round on this site at 1:00.
Rick Petrie June 9, 2012 at 12:21pm
FYI, I'm going to Warner park around 1pm to play 18. Feel free to join me.
Rick Petrie June 8, 2012 at 9:53pm
Nah man. I'm exhausted from this week. You guys will have plenty o fun without me.
Dimond Cutter June 8, 2012 at 9:17pm
Rick, you change your mind yet?
Rick Petrie June 8, 2012 at 12:38pm
Daisuke & Kirk,
Thanks for the open offer. That is soooo tempting.
However I should probably stick around Manhattan this weekend b/c I plan to play that Abilene tourney next Saturday (June 16).
Austin Cranston June 8, 2012 at 12:26pm
Glow round tonight at Fairmont at 9:30. Sound good??
Dimond Cutter June 8, 2012 at 12:30am
Austin Cranston June 7, 2012 at 11:41pm
That shouldn't be a problem if we get started around 9:30
Mark Kewley June 7, 2012 at 11:34pm
I'm ok for wherever. Need to be out of Fairmont by 11:00
Hours: 6:00 am - 11:00 pm
Rick Petrie June 7, 2012 at 11:31pm
I'm 50/50 on playing a glow round this weekend, but I can't wait for the DFOK Glow League we're planning for this winter (no mosquitoes).
My 2 cents worth would be Fairmont because the footing is super safe in the dark, plus no glow defying water hazards.
Austin Cranston June 7, 2012 at 11:05pm
The next question is Fairmont or Tuttle?


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Screencasts on Linux Made Easy
Productivity Sauce
Need to create a screencast to demonstrate an application feature or nifty software technique? The easiest way to do this is to install the recordMyDesktop screen recording utility and the gtk-recordMyDesktop graphical front-end to it. Most mainstream Linux distributions include both packages in their repositories, so you can quickly install them using your system's package manager. On Debian-based distros like Sidux, installing both packages is a matter of running the apt-get install recordMyDesktop gtk-recordMyDesktop command.
The utility saves the recorded video as a .ogv file, which is fine if you want to share it with other Linux users. But if you want to share the screencast with the world by uploading it to one of many video services such as YouTube or Vimeo, you have to convert the .ogv file into one of the formats supported by these services. To do this, you need to install two missing pieces first: the mencoder command-line video conversion tool and Windows codecs. Neither Debian nor Ubuntu have these packages in their default repositories, so you have to add a repository containing them. On Sidux (which is based on Debian Sid), you have to add the following repository using either the terminal or Synaptic:
deb http://debian-multimedia.org/ sid main
On Ubuntu, you have to add the Medibuntu repository, and the Ubuntu Documentation Wiki explains how to do this. Run then the following command to reload the repository information and install the mencoder and w32codecs packages:
apt-get update apt-get install mencoder w32codecs
Now you can convert the .ogv screencast into the .avi file using the command below (replace input.ogv and output.avi with the source and target files):
mencoder -idx input.ogv -ovc lavc -oac mp3lame -o output.avi
That's all there is to it.
itakaitaka is way better
tipJust a tip, you can upload the files made by recordmydesktop to blip.tv without any conversions. It'll do them for you and even allow a user to download the original file.
type in repo URLFixed! Thank you, rufus.
Kind regards,
type in repo URLHi Dmitri!
Of course the repo is called debian-multimedia.org - you've been missing out on the "l"
Best wishes,
A Non-Debian versionFound both the command line version and front end in the official repositories for Mandriva 2008.0, so no doubt many other distros will have it. Haven't used it yet, but thanks for pointing it out.
I thinkthe poster's comment is more aimed at the fact that other Linux distributions rarely, if ever, get mentioned in these sorts of how tos, making it appear to new Linux users that there is only Canonical's distribution, and that it is Linux.
Excellent!I learned something today I used to run xwd in a loop....
Screencasts on LinuxI realize that Debian and Ubuntu are not the only Linux distributions out there. Obviously, I can't cover all distros in existence, so I used Sidux and Ubuntu as examples. Also, it should be pretty trivial to figure out how to install and use the described packages on any other Linux distribution.
Ubuntu and Debian are not the only linux distributionhey author of this article, title says screencast in linux. But is ubuntu and debian are the only linux existing...
Issue 177/2015
Buy this issue as a PDF
NoScript Flaw
Mozilla's script blocker add-on could be putting malware sites on the whitelist.
RIP SSLv3
The Internet community officially banishes the notoriously unsafe Secure Sockets Layer protocol.
Mate 1.1 Arrives
Popular desktop environment continues the Gnome 2 legacy – with new support for the Gnome 3 toolkit.
US Government Requires HTTPS
The Obama White House has issued a memorandum telling all US government agencies they must use HTTPS for all websites and web communication.
Mozilla Signs Firefox Add-Ons
New program will dial up security for the Firefox browser.
Fedora 22 Arrives
Red Hat's community distro embraces the cloud.
Code.org and College Board Team Reach Out for Talented High School Coders
New partnership will bring more and better CS training to US schools
A Peek Inside TeslaCrypt Ransomware
Criminals offer online help over Tor network
Mumblehard Still Spams
Sophisticated malware is still present on Joomla and WordPress sites around the world.
Launchpad Gets Git
Future versions of Ubuntu's code service will support the popular Git version control system used with Linux and other open source projects.


text:
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Another cheesy sci-fi flick from my adolescence ... wonderful! Richard Jaeckel is quite good in this film, and very much underrate as an actor.Published 1 month ago by Evelyn Hampton
Watched this a Saturday afternoon when I was young. Amazed a DVD of it was actually in-stock on here, and had to purchase it. Read morePublished 1 month ago by MonkeyWrangler
Way over priced for a low budget film but its worth it for the memory's. Greed is every were and in "I own the writes to it" they tend to exploit us charging 3 time what a... Read morePublished 2 months ago by scott
Saw this in my local theater when just a kid.
loved it then. Still love it today.
Commander Rankin is sent to Gamma 3 space station to lead an expedition to destroy an errant asteroid. Read morePublished 5 months ago by C. Andrews


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I am aware of that but look at the kings last year the cap was 64.3 million and their 4 biggest cap hits in total was 22.072 million or 34% with a cap of 70 million the big four would need a combined caphit of 24 million or 4 caphits of 6 million each (what Hall got) in other words their is no problem resigning the core.
I'm not saying that the Oilers will have any trouble signing their core. Any team in the league can afford 4 players. I'm saying the Oilers need to capitalize on their cheap entry level salaries in order to afford talented depth, or they should be getting home town discounts. If they can't get deals, then they'll have to settle with cheaper depth players.
The Kings are sitting on some absolute steals for contracts. They probably saved 3-5 million in total with Williams, Brown, and Quick discount contracts, thereby allowing them to afford a Carter or Penner salary as their depth players. The Oilers are only sitting on steal contracts because they're entry level. That will change soon.
The Blackhawks could afford to obtain Hossa because depth players like Ladd and Byfuglien were entry level cheap. But that couldn't last forever, and similarly the Oilers will have to cough up money to keep their depth players.
Either you get discounts, or you get it done quickly before you sign some big cheques. That's the rebuild strategy in a cap world, IMO anyways.
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VIEWS: 752 PAGES: 35 CATEGORY: Markets / Industries POSTED ON: 3/19/2011 Public Domain
Management Research Project On Studying the Merchandising Strategies used by Retail Outlets of Mumbai Submitted to: Submitted by: 1|Page REPORT ON STUDYING THE MERCHANDISING STRATEGIES USED BY RETAIL STORES IN MUMBAI By Nishanth Sudhakaran (95) Sharath Pattikara (115) MBA (2009-2011) Faculty: Prof. Moumitha Roy Faculty, PIMSR NAVI MUMBAI 2|Page Acknowledgement We take this opportunity to express my gratitude towards certain key people for their constant guidance and support, without which the project would not have been a success. This project would have been difficult to complete without the moral support and the opportunity given by them to be trained and gather knowledge regarding the subject. We also like to express my gratitude to Prof. Moumitha Roy Marketing Management Faculty – PIMSR-MUMBAI, Mumbai for providing me with the learning so that we can work on the project. His teachings have been of great help. We also like to thank all the employees in the department, my friends, and my parents who helped Us in successful completion of this project. 3|Page Executive Summary In today" s competitive scenario where more and more Retail players are coming into the picture, there is a need to look into the customer or client behavior to know your client well. The variety and assortment of merchandise offered by a store play a major role in attracting customers. Merchandise comes in a variety of sizes, colors, makes and models. So any retailer, big or small, take many decisions regarding what to purchase and what to made the goods available to customers. This is called systematic merchandise planning. So basically merchandise decisions are related to what type of product they are going to offer and assortment planning is related to the varieties of product and goods offered by them in their outlets. The main area of the research is to study the Merchandising Strategies used by Retail Outlets of Mumbai. In this Research Project I will analyze the merchandise planning done by the various retail stores in Mumbai. Merchandise Planning includes: The Right Product The Right Place The Right Quantity The Right Quality The Right Price The Right Mix or Assortment The Right Time The Project is based on Merchandise Planning so we will first understand the importance of Merchandise planning in retail Industry. We will analyze various aspects to be considered while doing Merchandise planning in Retail Industry. In this we will cover Assortment, Layout Planning, In-Store Promotions, Merchandise Buying Decisions, Role of Technology in Merchandise planning etc. The Project will be based on Primary as well as secondary Data. The Primary Data will be collected by interacting with the Store managers, Employees, etc of various Retail stores in Mumbai while the Secondary data will be collected from Websites, Magazines, Journals, Books etc. After collecting the Primary as well as the Secondary Data, it will be compiled in a Proper Format and inference will be given regarding the merchandising strategies used by the various retail stores in Mumbai. 4|Page Table of Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Retailing Overview ....................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Retail in India ............................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Future of Retail Industry............................................................................................................. 10 2. Merchandise Management .................................................................................................................. 11 2.1 Steps in the Retail Merchandising Process ................................................................................. 11 2.2 Category Management ................................................................................................................ 12 2.3 Assortment Plan.......................................................................................................................... 12 2.4 Retail Assortment Strategies....................................................................................................... 13 2.5 Evaluating Merchandise Performance ........................................................................................ 15 3. Research Purpose and Design process ................................................................................................ 16 3.1. Objective of the research ............................................................................................................ 16 3.2. Benefits ....................................................................................................................................... 16 3.3. Limitations .................................................................................................................................. 16 3.4. Research Methodology ............................................................................................................... 16 3.5 Process Flow of the Research ..................................................................................................... 18 4. Findings after Data Collection and Data Analysis .............................................................................. 19 4.1 Response to Questionnaire ......................................................................................................... 20 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 31 Annexure ..................................................................................................................................................... 32 References ................................................................................................................................................... 33 Glossary ...................................................................................................................................................... 35 5|Page 1. Introduction 1.1 Retailing Overview It" s a human tendency to have a comfort, luxurious life and have all facilities. And as there is a golden period going on now; anybody can enjoy these benefits. Retailing concept is also from one of these facilities. Retailing simply provides the end product to customer, so retailers are directly in touch with customers. Retailing is world's largest private industry with annual sales over $ 6600 billion. Wal-Mart" s annual sales are over $ 250 billion. It has share of 2.3% of U.S. G.D.P. There are nine retailers in Fortune 100, which highlights the importance of retailing as category. 6|Page 1.2 Retail in India Retailing in India is witnessing a huge revamping exercise. India is rated the fifth most attractive emerging retail market: a potential goldmine. As per a report by KPMG the annual growth of department stores is estimated at 24%. Ranked second in a Global Retail Development Index of 30 developing countries drawn up by AT Kearney. According to a market estimate after agriculture, retail is the largest single sector, both in term of turnover or will as employment in India, with market size of $200 billion. The report said the Indian retail industry is in revolution phase. Organized retailing in India, which account for less than 4%, is likely to grow four fold in the next five years. That means it will grow from current size of around $4 billion (Rs. 17,000 Crores) to around $15 billion (Rs. 66000 Crores) the neighborhoods corner shops estimated at 70 million across the country, and village Melas characterize the unorganized and fragmented nature of retailing in India. The retail industry in India is largely unorganized & predominantly consists of small , independent, owner-managed shops. Retailing is INDIA" s largest industry in terms of contribution to GDP & constitutes 13% of GDP. There are around 5 million retail outlets in India. There are also an uncounted number of low cost kiosks (tea stalls, snacks centre, barber shops, etc) & mobile vendors. In India the per capita retailing space is about 2 sq. ft, which is quite low compared to that of developed economies Retail Sales in India 7|Page The above chart is showing three lines mainly, overall retail sales; food, beverages and tobacco segment sales and clothing sales. The below graph shows contrast between retail spending between urban and rural households The growth of the retail trade in India is associated with the growth in the Indian economy. Based on the Market Information Survey of Households (MISH) of the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), the number of people in the income groups of "aspirers" and the middle class with annual income ranging from Rs. 90,000 to one million, more than doubled from 157 million to 327 million during the last decade. The data from the Central Statistical Organization (CSO) indicate that the growth of real private final consumption expenditure. Retail Sector is the most booming sector in the Indian economy. Some of the biggest players of the world are going to enter the industry soon. It is on the threshold of bringing the next big revolution after the IT sector. Although organized retail market is not as strong as of now, it is expected to grow manifolds by the year 2010. The sector contributes 10% of the GDP, and is estimated to show 20% annual growth rate by the end of the decade as against the current growth rate of 8.5%. A CRISIL report says that the Indian retail market is the most fragmented in the world and that only 2% of the entire retailing business is in the organized sector. This suggests that the potential for growth is immense. There are about 300 new malls, 1500 supermarkets and 325 departmental stores currently being built in the cities across India. Traditionally retailing in India can be traced to the emergence of the neighborhood "Kiraana" stores catering to the convenience of the consumers, an era of government support for rural retail: Indigenous franchise model of store chains run by Khadi & Village Industries Commission, 1980s experienced slow change as India began to open up economy. Textiles sector with companies like Bombay Dyeing, Raymond's, S Kumar's and Grasim first saw the emergence of retail chains. Later Titan successfully created an organized retailing concept and 8|Page established a series of showrooms for its premium watches. The latter half of the 1990s saw a fresh wave of entrants with a shift from Manufactures to Pure Retailers. For example Food World, Subhiksha and Nilgiris in food and FMCG; Planet M and Music World in music; Crossword and Fountainhead in books. Post 1995 onwards saw an emergence of shopping centers, mainly in urban areas, with facilities like car parking targeted to provide a complete destination experience for all segments of society. Emergence of hyper and super markets trying to provide customer 3 V" s - Value, Variety and Volume. Expanding target consumer segment: The Sachet revolution - example of reaching to the bottom of the pyramid. India is on the radar screen in the retail world and global retailers and at their wings seeking entry into the Indian retail market. The market is growing at a steady rate of 11-12 percent and accounts for around 10 percent of the country" s GDP. The inherent attractiveness of this segment lures retail giants and investments are likely to sky rocket with an estimate of Rs 20-25 billion in the next 2-3 years, and over Rs 200 billion by end of 2010. Indian retail market is considered to be the second largest in the world in terms of growth potential. India Retail - Share of Categories (percentage) 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 1. Food & grocery 66.4 62.5 61.7 59.6 2. Beverages 2 2.7 3.1 3.6 3. Clothing & 7.3 8.8 8.6 9.3 footwear 4. Furniture, 4.8 5.8 6.2 6.8 furnishing, appliances & services 5. Non-institutional 9 8.6 8.5 8 healthcare 6. Sports goods, 2 2.4 2.6 2.7 entertainment, equipment & books 7. Personal care 3.5 3.8 3.9 4.2 8. Jewellery, 5 5.4 5.4 5.9 watches, etc Total Retail 100 100 100 100 9|Page 1.3 Future of Retail Industry The retail sector is expected to grow 40% to $427 billion by 2011. By 2017, organized retail will be 15-20% of the total retail market. Total retail market $ 800-billion by 2017. Impact on rural incomes and urban prices will be real and positive. Organized retailing in India will need painstaking, often frustrating, effort to chisel out India ready business models, retail formats and delivery models. Products, Properties, People and Profitability are going to be huge challenges. The real estate prices and shortage of talented staff, the run-up expenses for growth are going to shoot up sharply. Significant delay in completion of shopping malls by developers and unreasonably high property prices is adversely affecting the growth of the sector. By the year 2010, it is expected that there will be around 500 shopping malls, adding over 250 million square feet of retail space. Understanding, interpreting and catering to Indian consumer behavior, taking into account the social diversity in the country will be crucial to the success of new players. New formats in specialty retail, wholesale retail and luxury retail are expected to emerge. By 2010 a conclusion on the consumption potential in India can be reached. No one can stop the growth of modern retail and the consequent impetus to consumption and development in India. 10 | P a g e 2. Merchandise Management For every industry, its product range and varieties are the best way to attract and retain customers. That" s why this concept of merchandise and assortment planning emerged and now most of retail organizations focusing on this for being alive in the market. The retailer must make decisions regarding the merchandise offered depending on the sales targets and financial objectives of the store. Merchandise comes in a variety of sizes, colors, makes and models. Retailers should be very careful while deciding on the amount of stock to be maintained in each category, if large stocks are maintained in a particular category, there may not be sufficient resources left for providing a deeper assortment of goods. Hence, the retailer should establish a trade-off between the type of categories or assortment and the inventories being maintained. This is called merchandise assortment planning. 2.1 Steps in the Retail Merchandising Process 1. Develop the merchandise mix and establish the merchandise budget. 2. Build the logistic system for procuring the merchandise mix. 3. Price the merchandise offering. 4. Organize the customer support service and manage the personal selling effort. 5. Create the retailer" s advertising, sales incentive and publicity programs. Retail merchandising also includes: Planning Merchandise Variety Controlling Merchandise Variety Planning Merchandise Assortment/Support Controlling Merchandise Assortment/Support Merchandise Mix Strategies i.e. 1. Merchandise Variety (No. of product lines) 2. Merchandise Assortment (No. of product items) 3. Merchandise Support (No. of product units) As seen in first step of merchandising process it requires management of Merchandise Budget which includes: Planning And Controlling Retail Sales Planning And Controlling Inventory Levels Planning And Controlling Retail Reductions Planning And Controlling Purchases Planning And Controlling Profit Margins 11 | P a g e 2.2 Category Management A category is a distinct, group of products or services, which are perceived by customers to be interrelated and suitable. For example, men" s jeans and girl" s jeans are two categories, which have similar characteristics. The pricing and promotional aspects of these two merchandise categories are targeted at similar customers. Category management involves the management of price, shelf-space, merchandise category, promotional efforts and other elements of the retail mix with in the category, based on firm" s goals, the changing environment and the consumer behavior. In majority of retail organizations, the responsibility for purchasing merchandise is shared by a category manager and a merchandise planner. Merchandise planning is handled differently by different retailers. Typically it is the category manager who looks after all the functions of merchandise management. The responsibilities of a category manager include: Interacting with the vendors Merchandise selection Merchandise Pricing Developing various promotional schemes etc. 2.3 Assortment Plan An assortment plan depicts what should be carried in a specific category of merchandise. An assortment plan for a merchandise category based on fashion will not identify particular stock keeping units, because fashions vary from year to year and sometimes, from season to season. The more fashion-oriented the merchandise category is, the more necessary it is for the merchandise planner to accommodate changes in fashion, and hence, the lower the level of detail in the assortment plans. The starting point for developing an assortment plan for a given season is the historical data for a particular merchandise category. Apart from the assortment plan for a merchandise category in the previous season, sales, inventory turnover and GMROI (Gross margin return on inventory investment) figures are used to develop an assortment plan for the current season. The merchandise planner then makes the required changes according to his expectations of what products or fashions will be really significant for the coming season. Assortment Plan for Boy's Jeans Style Straight-leg Straight-leg Straight-leg Loose-fit Loose-fit Retail Price (in Rs.) 999 1399 1799 1299 1599 Type of Fabric Regular Stone Washed Tinsel-Lycra Broken twill Over Dyed Denim Denim based Denim Colors Light Blue Dark Blue Light Blue Light Blue Blue Black Indigo Black Black Black Black Deep Blue 12 | P a g e This plan describes general styles, price levels, fabric composition and colors. The process of developing an assortment plan can be quite complex, especially in multi-store chains like Shoppers" Stop, Pantaloons or Food World. An effective assortment plan requires equal or more effective sales, inventory turnover and GMROI forecasts, to complement the experienced judgment of the merchandise planner. 2.4 Retail Assortment Strategies There are 4 types of assortment strategies. They are: 1. Wide & deep - Many categories & large assortment in each category 2. Wide & shallow - Many categories & limited assortment in each category 3. Narrow & deep - Few categories & large assortment in each 4. Narrow & shallow - Few categories & limited assortment n each 1. Wide and Deep Advantages - Broad market - Full selection of items - High level of customer traffic - Customer loyalty - One-stop shopping - No disappointed customers Disadvantages - High inventory investment - General image - Many items with low turnover - Some obsolete merchandise 2. Wide and Shallow Advantages - Broad market - High level of customer traffic - Emphasis on convenience customer - Less costly than wide and deep 13 | P a g e Disadvantages - Low variety within product line - Some disappointed customers - Weak image - Many items with low turnover - Reduced customer loyalty 3. Narrow & Deep Advantages - Specialist image - Good customer choice in category(ies) - Specialized personnel - Customer loyalty - No disappointed customers - Less costly than wide and deep Disadvantages - Too much emphasis on one category - No one-stop shopping - More susceptible to trends/cycles - Greater effort needed to enlarge the size of the trading area 4. Narrow & shallow Advantages - Aimed at convenience customers - Least costly - High turnover items Disadvantages - Little width and depth - No one-stop shopping - Some disappointed customer - Weak image - Limited customer loyalty - Small trading area 14 | P a g e 2.5 Evaluating Merchandise Performance There are 3 different ways to evaluate the performance of the merchandise for any retailer. They are: ABC Analysis Sell through Analysis and Multi- attribute method 1. ABC Analysis In this method merchandise is ranked according to its sales. ABC analysis is based on 80- 20 rule, which says that only 20% of total merchandise bring 80% of the total revenues. In this method first of all parameters are chosen based on which merchandise is to be categorized or ranked for e.g. contribution margin, sales etc. After that the next step is to define criteria to place merchandise in A, B or C category. For e.g. A category consists of only top 5% items which bring 70% of total revenue, B category consists of 10% of merchandise which contribute 20% of total revenue and rest are placed in category C. 2. Sell through Analysis A sell through analysis helps determine the requirement for early markdowns or the requirement of more merchandise to fulfill the demand by comparing the actual sales with the planned sales. 3. Multi-attributes method In this method the vendors are assigned weighted average scores based on certain parameters. The vendors are evaluated based on these scores only. The parameters may include Reputation, Promotional assistance, delivery time, selling history etc. 15 | P a g e 3. Research Purpose and Design process 3.1. Objective of the research Merchandising Strategy plays a very important role in success of a retail outlet. It helps to attract more and more customers as well as retaining the old customers by adopting customer centric approach so the main Objective of the research is to study the Merchandising Strategies used by Retail Outlets of Mumbai. 3.2. Benefits To Self- Knowledge earning. Gaining practical exposure to Merchandise Assortment Planning. To companies- This report will be beneficial for companies and outlets too because from this report they get to know what merchandising trends are prevailing in the industry. From this report they will get the knowledge about required changes in their strategies. To customers- They will get to know about retailer" s strategies and their work process. 3.3. Limitations The following limitations may arise during the study: Time constraint Money constraint The pace of technological changes. 3.4. Research Methodology For this project one has to know each and every aspect of the concept thoroughly. And then for merchandise assortment planning one has to get updated with the latest trends and all factors which are continuously affecting these decisions. So acquiring the data regarding this I have gone through several sources like Books, Magazines, Journals and Web site. 16 | P a g e In order to understand the merchandise assortment planning process, as per the objective stated, the various steps which are to be followed are given below: 1. Planning the research design. 2. Selecting the research method. 3. Selecting the sampling procedure. 4. Data collection. 5. Evaluating the data. 6. Preparing and presenting the research report. 1. Research Design: The research design will be Descriptive studies. Descriptive studies are well structured, they tend to be rigid and its approach cannot be changed every now and then. The objective of this kind of study is to answer the why, who, what, when and how of the subject under consideration. I will be taking descriptive because my research includes understanding Merchandising Strategies adopted by various Retail Stores. I will be working on to know how Manager of Various Retail Stores develop a merchandise plan, what things do they consider while developing it and how do they modify the same as per customer" s preferences 2. Research Method After developing an appropriate research plan, it is important for the researcher to select a proper research method. For this research, the research methods chosen by the researcher are secondary data and survey methods. Secondary data studies: This is concerned with the analysis of already existing data that is related to the research topic in question. Surveys: This is a research technique, which is used to gather information from a sample of respondents by employing a questionnaire. 3. Sampling Procedure Sampling is generally a part of the research design but is considered separately in the research process. Sampling is a process that uses a small number of items or a small portion of a population to draw conclusion regarding the whole population. For this research the sampling method chosen is simple random sampling and Convenient Sampling. 17 | P a g e 4. Data Collection After preparing a suitable sample, the researcher collects the data from the units in this sample. As stated above that research method which will be used in the research comprises of surveys therefore data collected will be of primary in nature and partly secondary since secondary data will also be taken. 5. Evaluating and analyzing the data This step includes editing, coding, tabulation and processing of collected data. The Schedules are required to be edited during the field survey for necessary corrections. After the survey was complete they are required to be checked again for completeness, accuracy and uniformity. The data is then arranged in a particular fashion for better understanding. 3.5 Process Flow of the Research Design of Questionnaires Getting Response Data Entry Data Cleaning and Analyzing Findings and Recommendations 18 | P a g e 4. Findings after Data Collection and Data Analysis The question given in the annexure were orally asked to store managers, management etc. of various retail outlets across Mumbai. In order to get proper and true data regarding merchandise management practices in retail stores of Mumbai; care was taken that all different types of retail store formats are included as sample unit. The various formats include: Chain stores like More, Reliance Fresh, Lifestyle, Big bazaar etc. Franchise Stores like Belmonte, Reebok etc. Single stores owned by local Businessmen like Mansi Fashions, S-mart etc. Unorganized Retail stores and various others. 19 | P a g e 4.1 Response to Questionnaire Q.1. Tell me something unique about your outlet and brand and about your vision and mission? This was a general question just to start the interview smoothly and also to know what positioning strategy the retail store managers are adopting and to know the Brand Identity of the retail stores. In response to this Question the Managers told various things that they thought are unique in their retail outlet and which attracts the target customers towards their store instead of their competitors like: Brand name Store location Store" s presence in the city Able to understand customer demands and their need patterns Store" s Exterior design Promotion strategy Merchandise Assortment Depth of Products Customer service Aesthetics inside the store i.e. store ambience Store layout Visual merchandising within the store Pricing policy Various loyalty programs Procedure of handling customer complaints and queries etc. 20 | P a g e Q.2. Which is your target market and what you doing to capture it? This Question was to know the target market of various retail stores and the customer bas they are focusing on. All retailers have their own target markets and their all efforts are focused on capturing as high market share as possible. They use various tools for the same like Pricing Strategy, Promotional strategy and more importantly merchandise assortment planning decisions. Different stores have different target market segments and their basis of segmenting also differs like let" s take an example: Big Bazaar through the introduction of "SABSE SASTE DIN" focuses on the middle class and the lower class of the society, who is very conscious about the price and decide on the basis of the value the merchandise provides them. Retailers like Blackberry, Levis and other brands they focus on the upper middle class and the upper class of the society whose needs fall in the category of Self-esteem and Self-actualization. This class don" t care about the price they have to pay but they want to buy those merchandise which suites their status and is noticed by everyone. Let us take another example of apparel retail stores which have different target segment to focus on which is shown in the table below: Target Segment Retail Brands/Stores Formals John Players, Peter England etc. Casuals Adidas, Reebok, Spykar, Lee, Levi" s, Wrangler, Gas, Tommy Hilfiger etc. All family apparel market Sportking, Monte Carlo, Priknit, Cotton County, Koutons, Lee, Allen solly etc. Children" s market Gini & Jony, Lilliput etc. 21 | P a g e Q.3. Before taking decisions about your product varieties and range (Merchandise Assortment Planning), what factors you considered? The variety and assortment of merchandise plays an important role in attracting the customers. There is a difference between variety and assortment of merchandise. Variety means number of different categories of merchandise within a store while assortment means the number of stock keeping units within a merchandise category. In short one can say variety means breadth and assortment means depth of merchandise. So before deciding the amount of merchandise to be purchased, its variety and its assortment the stores take various factors into consideration like: Corporate philosophy of brand Physical characteristics of the store i.e. size etc. Degree to which merchandise complement each other Financial Objectives Customer" s preferences and demand GMROI figures Retail brand" s image and good will Seasonal demand and fashion etc. 22 | P a g e Q.4. Do you make assortment plan for your merchandise? As explained earlier assortment plan is an important feature of category management. Every retail store whether it be a single store, franchise store, chain stores etc., they all use category management as one of their strategy whereby they maintain stock keeping unit of each category but all of them do not utilize category management to the fullest i.e. they don" t use each and every aspect of category management . Store like single stores, which are owned by a fairly literate businessman, do not use assortment plan as a tool to plan their merchandise management because they don" t know the formal way of making assortment plan as they don" t have knowledge regarding the same but they use some layman techniques to organize each category through their experience from the market. On the contrary big retail stores like Big-bazaar chain, More, Reliance fresh, Lifestyle etc. they take due care of preparing their assortment plan and maintaining it by updating and changing it time to time so that they come to know merchandise belonging to which stock keeping unit should be ordered in advance so that there is no shortage in its supply similarly they can also decide on which merchandise should be ordered in less quantity as a result of drop in sales in that particular stock keeping unit, the reason may be change in the trend, fashion change etc. 23 | P a g e Q.5. Is there any proper strategy you are adopting for these decisions i.e. Do you use standard tools like budget plan and open to buy for purchasing? In case of franchise stores and chain stores, they have their own strategic plans for capturing market and company" s management also helps these store owners in strategic planning. As all brands have their own vision and mission so mainly these Retail store owners are also adopting same strategies for them. While in case of single stores the owner takes all the purchasing decisions based on the inputs from the store manger regarding purchasing trends and preferences about the customer for previous month/s. But as all customers have their own specialties so these retailers also have to change their strategies according to their own localities and they make some modifications in the plan according to suit the local circumstances. When asked about whether they use standard tools like Budget plan or open to buy the retailers gave different responses. In case of single stores owned by fairly literate businessman they told that some of them have no idea about such tools but then they were told that a budget plan contains items like: Monthly sales percentage distribution to season Monthly sales Monthly Reductions percentage distribution of sales Monthly reductions Beginning of the month inventory to sales ratio Beginning of the month inventory End of month inventory & Monthly additions to inventory while Open to Buy system consists of calculating difference between actual and the planned sales and inventory. On hearing that what actually all this standard tools contain they told that they also make use of all this items but not in standard for as described by us thus we can say that this businessmen make use of such standard tool but in their own way. In case of big retailers like lifestyle, Big-bazaar, More, S-Mart etc. they told that some of them use this tool while some of them have their own tools which they designed for their store managers to use and plan their merchandise. Thus we can say every retailer uses proper strategy while making purchase decisions regarding the merchandise to be offered by the store to the customers. 24 | P a g e Q.6. Are all decisions related with your outlet's merchandise are independently taking by you or is there any interference or support by company's side also? In case of Retail chain like Reliance Fresh, More, Spencer etc. they get huge support from the company in taking decisions regarding the merchandise to be offered to their consumers. Even in some retail chains like Reliance Fresh all decisions are taken by the company depending on the sales data of the store which is transferred from the store database to company database regularly but the store manager has the authority to suggest any recommendation if any, may be regarding some new merchandise to be offered or to increase the quantity of old merchandise being offered by the store. Mainly based on the sales data the company makes an estimate about the inventory required at the store and after consolidating inventory required by all the stores in a region, the inventory is dispatched to regional warehouse from where the inventory is arranged in groups to cater to particular retail stores and then the merchandise is finally unloaded at the retail store. In single Retail stores like Mansi fashions etc. the decision regarding the merchandise is entirely taken by the owner in coordination from the store manger if any and from the sales data regarding the ales of the merchandise in the previous month/s. While in case of some franchise store they have liberty to prepare their merchandise strategy through their own, the company only lends the name to the franchisee. In this case the franchisee along with the store mangers takes the responsibility to carry out the merchandise purchasing decisions. 25 | P a g e Q.7. Do you incorporate category management? If yes do you appoint Category manger for the same or it is done by store manager only? Every Retail store whether small or big, whether single store or chain store they all incorporate some part of category management in their stores like: Dividing merchandise into separate stock keeping units based on category as perceived by the customers. Allotting different shelf space to merchandise belonging to different categories Designing different promotion schemes for different categories Deciding price of merchandise belonging to various categories separately etc. But there are still many other things that the retail stores are not doing in field of category management like: Appointing separate category manager for different categories, who takes care of a particular category of merchandise. Giving category manger the power to select the merchandise to be offered in the particular category. Giving category manager the power to negotiate with the vendors directly regarding the merchandise purchased from him. While in case of some big chains like Big-bazaar super market, Lifestyle they even appoint special category manger for different categories of merchandise but still they don" t give all power to the category mangers regarding that particular category . As for example category manger can decide regarding promotion, shelf space etc. but they can" t directly negotiate with the vendors or they can" t fix the price etc. Thus we can say that category management is in initial stage in Retail market of not only Mumbai but the whole of India as it is a new concept and it will take time to flourish in Indian retail industry. 26 | P a g e Q.8. Before buying merchandise for the coming month do you analyze the merchandise performance of the previous month? If yes, which tool do you use for the same i.e. ABC analysis, Sell through analysis etc.? Every Retail store whether big or small, whether chain stores or a single store; they all thoroughly analyze the performance of merchandise during previous months and based on that and certain other criteria they take decision regarding buying merchandise for the coming month. When further asked about whether they take help of standard tool for analyzing the merchandise performance like ABC analysis, Sell through analysis, Multi attribute model etc.; the retailers gave different responses. In case of single stores owned by fairly literate businessman they told that some of them have no idea about such tools but then they were told that what actually this various tool contains then they told that they all use such strategies but only the thing is that they don" t know this standard tools. In case of big retailers like Big-bazaar, Reliance Fresh etc. they told that some of them use this tool while some of them have their own tools which they have designed for their store managers to use and evaluate the performance of the merchandise. Every Retail store uses Price mark-up in case of cost of raw material increases and if merchandise does not sell they even use mark-downs based on the merchandise performance this is nothing but the Sell-through analysis. Similarly every retailer assign some rating to the vendor based on certain attribute it possesses like fast delivery, low price etc this is nothing but the Multi attribute model and so on. So we can say that analyzing of merchandise performance of previous month/s is a very important aspect for a retailer while purchasing merchandise for coming month and every retailer whether big or small uses this strategy. 27 | P a g e Q.9. How is the price of the merchandise Fixed in your store? Different retailers use different strategies for fixing their price. The Pricing decision of a retailer is influenced by: Target Market i.e. Market Skimming, Market penetration or Market holding Corporate philosophy of brand Physical characteristics of the store i.e. size etc. Financial Objectives Retail brand" s image and good will etc. The various pricing strategies which retailers in Mumbai use are: Market skimming for brands like Levi" s, Blackberry etc. Market Penetration for brands like More, Reliance fresh etc. Market holding and Cost based Pricing For retail chains like More, Reliance Store, Big-bazaar etc., the store manager have very less or even negligible power in pricing decision of the merchandise. All pricing decisions regarding the price are taken by the mangers at corporate headquarters. While in case of Small Retailers having single store like Mansi Fashions, S-mart etc., the pricing decisions are taken by the management with due inputs from the store managers and based on the discussion the price of the merchandise is fixed in this stores. 28 | P a g e Q.10. How do you handle the logistics for the procurement of the merchandise from vendors? The way of handling the logistics for the merchandise differs for every retail store. Some develop their own logistic system and some use outside logistic service provider" s facility. For Big Retailers like Big-bazaar, More etc. they have their own logistic system designed by the company and these fleet works only for their retail stores. They have their own vehicles, warehouses etc. even in many cases the company leases the warehouses, vehicles etc. for particular time period. In case of small and medium retailers they take use of logistic service providers like Gati, DHL, TNT express etc. Even for very small retailers they don" t even have any permanent logistic service provider they use different services at different time as per the availability of the logistic service provider. 29 | P a g e Q.11. What factors do you consider while opting for in- store advertising, sales promotion etc.? Do you perform all these promotional activities by yourself or use external assistance for the same? Different Retailers have different philosophy regarding promotions of their merchandise as well as the store. Big Retail giants like Big-bazaar, Lifestyle, More, Vishal Mega mart etc they spend huge amount of money for the promotions. Even these retailers apart from various Medias also launch private labels whereby along with other brands they also launch their own brand of merchandise and they compete with other brands. The main aim of using the private labels is to achieve economies of scales by high profit margin. They generally use PUSH strategy for private labels. In order to promote the private labels many retailers they keep their products just besides the well known brands and they promote then in such a way that instead of choosing the regular brand consumers prefer the private label because of the price difference, the assortment, the aesthetics etc. Small retailers like S-mart, Mansi fashions etc. they also use private labels to increase market share as well achieving the economies of scale. Many small retailers apart from using conventional media like TV, Radio, Print etc. they also use unconventional media which suit the local consumers preferences of Mumbai like Bill board in camel cart, bullock cart, Gas balloon tied at some point, microphone and loudspeaker in auto rickshaws etc. Because of this innovativeness and unconventional methods used by the small retailers many a time customer gets attracted towards them instead of big retailers; this is the main aim of using such media. For in-store promotions many retailers like big-bazaar, more etc. either they have category mangers looking for the same or they hire external assistance by service providers. If they don" t have category mangers than the store manger along with the assistance from the company headquarters design the promotions, the store manager has very limited role in such case i.e. only to give suggestions regarding preference of local community. Even now-a-days small stores are also hiring external promoters for in-store promotions. Otherwise in case of small retailers the responsibility of making in-store promotions rests in the hand of store manger but he has to consult the owner before implementing it. 30 | P a g e Conclusion From the research conducted, the researcher has reached to the conclusion that in this quick-moving world, now retailers have also realized that they need to work more strategically for their survival. That is the reason why now they are taking merchandise assortment decisions seriously and are spending huge amount of time and efforts for such decisions. The scenario has changed totally. Earlier Markets used to be Product-centric but now market is totally customer-centric and highly competitive. So if any company wants to survive in this competitive environment then they have to fulfill the changing demands of their customers whether it is a big giant or a small business unit. That is a reason why in a city like Mumbai also, which is considered as a historic place, retailers are adopting new techniques to fulfill their customer" s need. And hence here also customer can get all those qualities and varieties of merchandise which earlier were not possible to find. Although Merchandise management is not a new concept here but the systematic planning procedure is yet not been adopted by many retailers because of lack of knowledge about modern merchandise management tools which help to take such decisions more efficiently and effectively and many other reasons like lack of infrastructure, finance, skilled manpower etc. The full fledged blooming of Modern Merchandise Management will take some time in Mumbai but big Retailers like Big-Bazaar, Lifestyle, More etc. have started moving on that path of success. We can say that in present Scenario also Darwin" s Law (on Evaluation Theory) is applicable on retailers as, "Only the most powerful and quick updating creature, according to the circumstances will remain alive and others, who couldn" t adopt themselves according to the changing environment, will be finished." 31 | P a g e Annexure Following is the Questionnaire which will be asked to Retailers during the research. Questionnaire Q.1. Tell me something unique about your outlet and brand and about your vision and mission? Q.2. Which is your target market and what you doing to capture it? Q.3. Before taking decisions about your product varieties and range (Merchandise Assortment Planning), what factors you considered? Q.4. Do you make assortment plan for your merchandise? Q.5. Is there any proper strategy you are adopting for these decisions i.e. Do you use standard tools like budget plan and open to buy for purchasing? Q.6. Are all decisions related with your outlet" s merchandise are independently taking by you or is there any interference or support by company" s side also? Q.7. Do you incorporate category management? If yes do you appoint Category manger for the same or it is done by store manager only? Q.8. Before buying merchandise for the coming month do you analyze the merchandise performance of the previous month? If yes , which tool do you use for the same i.e. ABC analysis, Sell through analysis etc.? Q.9. How is the price of the merchandise Fixed in your store? Q.10. How do you handle the logistics for the procurement of the merchandise from vendors? Q.11. What factors do you consider while opting for in- store advertising, sales promotion etc.? Do you perform all these promotional activities by yourself or use external assistance for the same? 32 | P a g e References Faculty Guide: Prof.Moumitha Roy Websites: www.indiainbusiness.nic.in www.google.com www.wikipedia.com www.researchindia.org www. bigbazaar.futurebazaar.com www.morestore.com www.adidas.com www.priknit.com www.rbk.com www.lilliput.com Books and Articles: Cases of Retail Management, Prentice-Hall Publications. Retailing Environment in India, Tata-McGraw Hill Publications. Retail Management, ICFAI University Press Nordstrom" s Perpetual Inventory System, Page No. 245-260 Turnaround of JC Penney, Page No. 261-274 Big Bazaar: Serving the Classes, Page No. 275-276 33 | P a g e Journals: Darley, W.K. & Su Lim, J(1999), "Effects of store image and attitude toward secondhand stores on shopping frequency and distance traveled", International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, Vol.27, pp311-318 Gerth, K.C. (2004), "Situational, consumer, and retailer factors affecting Internet, catalog, and store shopping", International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, Vol.32, pp5-18 Mattila, A.S. & Wirtz, J. (2001), "Congruency of scent and music as a driver of in-store evaluations and behavior", Journal of Retailing Paulins, V.A. & Geistfeld, L.V. (2003), "The effect of consumer perceptions of store attributes on apparel store preference", Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, Vol. 7, pp371- 385 34 | P a g e Glossary Chain Stores- Stores that have two or more retail outlets that are commonly owned and controlled. These stores have a centralized buying, and merchandising system and sell similar lines of merchandise. Combination Store- A blends of a super market and a general merchandise store, where the general merchandise contributes more than 40 percent of the sales. Franchise Store- A store based on a contractual arrangement between a franchiser (manufacturer) and a retail franchise, which allows the franchise to conduct a given form of business under as established name and according to a given pattern of business. Customer service- A set of activities and programs taken up by a retail organization to offer their customers a rewarding shopping experience. GMROI- Gross Margin Rate on Investment. Market Positioning- The kind of image the retailer wants to establish among its target group and the group of firms with which it wishes to compete and coexist. Market Segment- A group of customers whose needs will be satisfied by the same retail offering because they have similar needs and go through similar buying processes. 35 | P a g e
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For the ultimate pinhole, have a look at the Tortuga at Retrophotographic. If it weren't so expensive, I would buy one just for the experience - but how do you print those negatives?
Printable View
For the ultimate pinhole, have a look at the Tortuga at Retrophotographic. If it weren't so expensive, I would buy one just for the experience - but how do you print those negatives?
Honestly, unless you're completely hamfisted with basic tools, it's probably simpler to make a pinhole camera than to buy one. If you want to use 120 film, you start by prowling second hand stores and eBay until you get a 6x6 or 6x9 folder with a bad bellows, cheap lens, etc. -- you'll use it for the film transport, which will save you a dozen hours or more building a film transport, frame mask, etc. and getting it all light tight. Use appropriate technology to remove the lens, shutter, bed/door, and bellows, leaving the film transport and frame mask naked, then fabricate a light tight structure on the front from thin wood (painted black -- thin wood isn't light tight on its own), black-core foamcore, black-core matt board, sheet metal, or sheet plastic (again, painted black for light sealing), depending on your preferences and comfort zone. Make the pinhole from the aluminum of a soft drink can or heavy duty disposable pie tin, brass shim stock, etc., and if needed fabricate a simple shutter from the same material as the camera body.
Not much more work than assembling a kit, and you can pick your own focal length, get a roll film transport, etc.
Or, if you have a folding camera with a good bellows, you can simply unscrew the front and rear lens glass from the shutter and replace it with a pinhole, as I've demonstrated here (my example was the easily removed, bayonet mounted shutter from a 1920s vintage plate camera, but the same process could be done as easily with the shutter still mounted in a roll film folder, or even a TLR). This gets you a "normal" focal length, so no super-wide shots, but it also lets you use a shutter that's reasonably accurate on short times, which can be helpful if you shoot faster film in bright sun; ISO 400 with an f/250 pinhole requires about 1/4 second in full sun, which is a little short to time with black tape over the hole...
I'd suggest you should be able to contact print them easily enough; it looks like the format runs in the 6x12 range (can't be wider than 6x17, or the camera would be impossible to load; there isn't enough leader on 120 for a wider frame). What I'd like to know is how you read the red window to advance film... :)Quote:
Originally Posted by Ole
Donald, I think it's 6x24cm, and two (!) frames on a 120 roll... I assume you load in darkness?
Hmmm. To be 6x24, with 224 degrees coverage, it would have to have a center core a bit more than 8 cm diameter. It didn't look that big to me, compared to the 120 spools shown in the interior picture. 6x17 would have a core a bit over 6 cm, which is close to what this looks like, while 6x12 would have about a 4.5 cm core diameter. I'm thinking it's 6x17, now.
Loading in the dark is a major pain in the arse with a common 120 camera (I've done it once, after realizing I'd missed frame 1; I unloaded and reloaded in my changing bag, and even with the film already caught on the takeup it was quite a chore), I wouldn't expect many folks to be very happy spending that kind of money on a custom made, hand finished camera and then finding out they have to load it in a changing bag. I've heard of people pasting extra leader onto the 120 backing paper to load 6x17, and I suppose that would work on 6x24 just as easily, but there comes a point at which the extra leader makes the roll bigger than the spool flange and you get edge fogging...
This is the make I eventually went for, I got the 6x6 version and it looks great, I'm going to try it out today for the first time.Quote:
Originally Posted by nsurit
If anyone's got any comments on this make, please pass them on.
The images I've seen from the Zero line cameras are generally excellent, B&W or color. I think the exceptional smoothness and roundness of the laser-drilled pinhole makes for a sharper image with less halo than is possible with a handmade hole (or at least any one I've made), and I've never heard a complaint about the construction of any of the Zero Image units.Quote:
Originally Posted by andrewmoodie


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Cover TDI Jetta
Reviewed By Edward D (STATE COLLEGE, PA) Reviewed for a 2010 Volkswagen Jetta —6/24/2015 4:55 AM
Great cover but needs slot for roof antenna at back of roof
Reviewed By Terri S (Marblehead, MA) —5/16/2015 1:42 PM
The fit was perfect when we first put it on the car. We have not put it on yet for the 6-8 months we bought it for. But we purchased the extra clips/string and cable to hold it down and hope it will hold for the hot southern summer through early winter. It appears it will work.


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China's Champion Hurdler Pulls Out Of Race
Reporter's Notebook
China's single greatest hope for the Olympics is over. The highlight of the games was supposed to be hurdler Liu Xiang defending his gold medal on home soil. But Liu suddenly dropped out of the qualifying heats after an injury. His surprise exit left fans stunned and tearful.
He had entered the Bird's Nest to a hero's welcome. But as he crouched down in the starting blocks, he was clearly in trouble. He grabbed his knee and grimaced.
When the gun went off, for the 110-meter hurdles, he limped out of the blocks. It was a false start. But it was obvious Liu was hurt. Then, before the next start, he walked out of the stadium.
At a news conference later, Chinese coaches were in tears.
They said Liu had reaggravated an old injury to his right foot and Achilles tendon.
Feng Sha Yong, general coach of China's athletic team, said Liu was devastated. He also noted that Liu had a lot to live up to as one of China's top Olympic stars.
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