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Ewe wood mask, 'Proof of Love'
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Daniel Nyadedzor carves this beautiful mask especially for lovers. The almond-shaped face is embellished with brass and accented in red. Named Sanaa ("Prove" in the Ewe language), such pieces are given to a woman whom a man loves very much. It demonstrates his feelings and is a promise that nothing will separate them. Made in Ghana.
- 6.7" W x 16.9" H x 3.2" D
- Weight: 1.1 lb
- Sese wood and brass
- Offered in partnership with NOVICA, in association with National Geographic.
Ships directly from our partner office in Ghana. Please allow 2 to 5 weeks for delivery. This item is not available for express shipping and cannot be delivered to PO Boxes or APO/FPO.
This item ships from a third party and may be excluded from certain promotions. Please see the Current Promotions page for details.
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Artisan: Daniel Nyadedzor
Daniel Nyadedzor has been featured in the San Antonio Express News.
"In 1996, after finishing school and a year's national service, I decided to help my brother who was a carver and had his own shop. I did all his paperwork.
"Initially, the work done did not measure up to internationally accepted standards. Quality control was poor. However, after working with him for a few months I realized the need to incorporate certain measures. After tasking ourselves to reach the international standards, the business grew tremendously. We have been working together all these years.
"We work with a type of hardwood known as sese for carving the masks. There are about twenty people working with us, most of them apprentices. The nature of our work involves the chipping of wood to get a desired figure or shape. It is polished and sandpapered for a smooth and quality object. Red and black emulsion paint is then used for the finish. The image is first sketched on paper though sometimes, our customers also come up with interesting ideas, too.
"Our products are always given the antique finishing, which our customers especially love, and their kind remarks and comments spur us on to do better."
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1946 Ford Super Deluxe 2 dr Coupe with a flat head V8 that purrs like a kitten and fender skirts for style !. This... More
This Truck Has Complete Frame Of Restoration, AND PUT BACK TO ALL ORIGINAL. ALL NUMBERS MATCH. More than $45.000 in restoration. All original. This truck... More
This 1940 Ford Opera Coupe is Professionally built, Solid Steel and as Pretty as a picture! Customized with great comfort and performance enhancing goodies this... More

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acrylic prints, police acrylic prints, bobbies acrylic prints, coppers acrylic prints, british acrylic prints, uniform acrylic prints, uniformed acrylic prints, officers acrylic prints, crowd acrylic prints, control acrylic prints, yellow acrylic prints
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Option #2 (Hanging Wire) - With this option, your acrylic print is attached to a 1/4" thick black board which has a wooden frame and hanging wire attached to the back. There are no metal mounting posts at the corners. Simply put a nail in your wall, hang your print from the hanging wire, and you're done. Due to the thickness of the black board and mounting frame, your print is separated from the wall by 1.50" Click here for mounting details.
British Police Officers talking to the crowds at Trevithic Day, Camborne, Cornwall, United Kingdom Please feel free to visit our website at www.thelongwayround-photography.com and our blog at http://blog.thelongwayround-photography.co.uk/
Paul, although born and bred in Manchester, would class himself as a Cornish Photographer, as he has lived in this beautiful County for the majority of his life. Photography became important very early on in his life. Memories of �needing� a Kodak TeleEktra 110 film camera at around the age of seven are still very vivid. The invent of the cartridge 110 format making film photography a much easier opportunity for children to get involved in photography, though looking back at some of the images in the old photo albums, makes you wonder why you just didn�t sketch the scene and colour it in. Photography has come a long way since then, and so has Paul. During his late teens, Paul dabbled with Wedding Photography, and shot other events such...
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Inclement Weather Message:
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Upcoming Important Dates:
Opening Day is Saturday, April 11th.
If you have questions concerning our league, please feel free to contact us at our email address: firstname.lastname@example.com.
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We are constantly updating this web site, so please check back often. Please fill out the guest book, so we know you have been here, with any comments about the site. Thanks, SNLL Board of Directors
Stanton-Newport Little League strictly prohibits the release of players and/or family personal information for use on personal blogs, solicitations, websites, press releases and for any other reason which the league feels may be inappropriate without written authorization from the player's parents and/or guardian. The personal safety of our players and their families is priority #1.


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This Week in Google 246: That Puts the F in the FCC
Apple and Facebook quarterly results, Google I/O to focus on design, FCC proposes new net neutrality rules and more!...
- published: 24 Apr 2014
- views: 2241
- author: ThisWeekInG
After years of setbacks, the supporters of "net neutrality" have begun a full-throated counterattack this week. On Wednesday, 150 tech companies including Google, Facebook, Twitter, Amazon, and Netflix asked the Federal Communications...
Yahoo Daily News 2014-05-08"a grave threat to the Internet,"
2.30pm ET19:30 FCC passes net neutrality rules ...The Guardian 2015-02-26
Google appears to have abandoned the fight for net neutrality. How free will the internet be in 2025? Google, once boastful that it was the leading defender of a free and...Canberra Times 2014-07-09
Washington - Google, once boastful that it was the leading defender of a free and open Internet, has gone into the shadows. Since the Federal Communications Commission...Independent online (SA) 2014-07-08
Like World News?
A recent court decision that endorsed a broad view of the Federal Communications Commission's authority over the Internet has Google and other Web companies nervous. In closed-door meetings with regulators and Capitol Hill staff, Google's lawyers have said they're worried how the FCC may use its newfound powers, according to multiple people familiar with the meetings. The...National Journal 2014-02-26
The FCC was adamant that it remains committed to net neutrality and is trying to create rules that can withstand legal scrutiny. Pressure is building on US regulators to stop powerful firms from hogging Internet "fast lanes" that could be allowed under proposed rules that will be discussed next week. More than 100 technology firms including titans Microsoft, Google, Facebook,...Khaleej Times 2014-05-09
Engadget has spotted an application for Google's Project Glass approval from the FCC in the US. It gives us a closer look at the heads-up display, and it might mean we aren't far from the release of the Explorer Edition developer units. After all, Google held its first hackathon last weekend in San Francisco, with another scheduled for this weekend in New York. In the...Gizmodo 2013-02-01
As the FCC hurtles towards what seems like an approval this coming Thursday of new proposed rules that would, effectively, allow establishment of a second high-speed, higher-cost Internet, we've caught a glimpse of an interesting and infrequently noted split in the circles of power. It's a minor scuffle but, if it continues, it could open up debates that would involve genuine...CounterPunch 2014-05-14
When current FCC head Julius Genachowski announced his resignation earlier this year, President Obama nominated former CTIA CEO Tom Wheeler as his long-term replacement. But today, an interim chair will step up and make history: Mignon Clyburn has become the first woman to ever head the FCC. Clyburn has been with the FCC since 2009 as a commissioner; before then, she spent over...The Verge 2013-05-20
FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler The feds can learn from Fiber, Federal Communication Commission Chairman said. During a recent congressional hearing Wheeler argued that the FCC should offer more clarity regarding its broadband regulations to curb investment barriers. A private sector model the commission could adopt, he said, would be Google Fiber's methodical expansion into new...The Business Review 2014-06-04
Sources close to the situation claimed yesterday evening that Julius Genachowski would be stepping down from his post as chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, and today he has taken the podium at an FCC staff meeting to confirm just that. "I'll be stepping down as chairman of the FCC in the next couple weeks," he said, before thanking members of the FCC for helping...Crunch 2013-03-22
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent agency of the United States government, created by Congressional statute (see 47 U.S.C. § 151 and 47 U.S.C. § 154), and with the majority of its commissioners appointed by the current President. The FCC works towards six goals in the areas of broadband, competition, the spectrum, the media, public safety and homeland security. The Commission is also in the process of modernizing itself.
The FCC took over wire communication regulation from the Interstate Commerce Commission. The FCC's mandated jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. possessions. However, the FCC also provides varied degrees of cooperation, oversight, and leadership for similar communications bodies in other countries of North America. The FCC has an estimated 2011 budget of US$335.8 million which is entirely funded by regulatory fees, and has a proposed budget of $354.2 million for 2012, which will also be fully derived from regulatory fees. It has 1,898 federal employees.


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Apple job listing hints at new iPhone OS-based devicesA new corporate job listing implies Apple's iPhone OS could become the interface for new hardware beyond the iPhone, iPad and iPod touch in the future.
Last week, Apple revealed it is looking to hire an engineering manager to work at its corporate headquarters in Cupertino, Calif. The full-time job would lead a team responsible for the architecture, firmware, core drivers and bring-up of new hardware based on the iPhone OS.
"The Core Platform team within Apple's Core OS organization is looking for a talented and inspired manager to lead a team focused on bring-up of iPhone OS on new platforms," the job listing reads.
Apple is looking for a "very technical and hands-on leader" to work closely with the company's hardware team, and someone who has a thorough understanding of the mobile operating system's underpinnings. The ideal candidate would have experience with Mac OS X or iPhone development, as well as ARM-based systems-on-a-chip.
In 2006, AppleInsider first revealed that Apple planned to utilize a variant of Mac OS X to embed in its mobile devices. That variant eventually became the multitouch iPhone OS, which is based on the underpinnings of Mac OS X. Apple's latest job filing would imply that the iPhone and iPad were just the first two new devices to take advantage of Apple's revolutionary mobile operating system.
The iPhone is based on the ARM processor architecture, which allows for low power consumption in mobile devices. For the forthcoming iPad, Apple created its own custom chip, also based on the ARM architecture and estimated to have cost the company $1 billion to make.
As first reported by AppleInsider in 2008, Apple has been a licensee of the ARM architecture for years. The company also purchased P.A. Semi for $278 million in 2008. Apple's experience with and acquisitions related to chip design could give the hardware maker more flexibility in the future to create unique devices that take full advantage of the iPhone OS.
Apple said its new engineering manager will work with the company's hardware and silicon teams "to bring-up new platforms and prototype systems," and also define the software roadmap for "a range of hardware platforms, including iPhone and iPod." The employee will also "lead the team's assistance in requirements for future hardware and custom silicon."
On Topic: Future Hardware
- Rumor: Apple developing iPhone display with integrated Touch ID fingerprint scanner, eliminating home button
- Apple investigating thinner touch panels that can sense 3D 'hover' gestures
- Intel announces quad-core mobile Broadwell chips, but Apple likely to stay away
- Thunderbolt 3 spec announced with support for USB-C connector, transfer speeds of up to 40Gbps
- Metaio acquisition brings Apple's PrimeSense pickup into focus


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Each knitted cotton Wayúu Tayá bag is sewn by hand, making each one fabulously unique. This bright-purple version will make an eclectic wardrobe addition. Carry this cross-body style with flared jeans and an embroidered blouse for a vibrant off-duty look.
Wayúu Tayá's Mochilla hand-sewn cross-body bag: bright-purple knitted cotton, multicolored diamond-weave strap, tasseled sides and drawstring, wooden embossed Wayúu Tayá Foundation tag. Drawstring top. Each bag is handmade and totally unique. Product may differ from that pictured.
Product code: 170350 - Need help? Contact us


text:
An improved interference cancellation technique is disclosed. Digital baseband circuitry (40) includes user and symbol detection circuitry (50) for performing a Gibbs sampler type of interference cancellation, either embodied in custom hardware (44) or in software. Random initial guesses for a signal sample (either a symbol or chip) are made for each user. Interference cancellation is performed on a user-by-user basis, using the then-current data decision values for the other, interfering users. A soft data decision is used to derive a probability distribution function for the actual data decision for the sample for the user. A randomly selected value is applied against the probability distribution function to generate the next data decision value for that user, and the process is repeated until convergence. Following convergence, a statistic is used to select a final data decision value for each user, from the set of intermediate data decision values stored in memory.
1. A method of cancelling interference among a plurality of interfering signals, comprising:
storing digital values representative of a plurality of received signals;
for each of the plurality of signals, performing a sequence of steps comprising:
retrieving a digital value for a selected signal;
cancelling, from the retrieved digital value, an estimate of interference based upon a data decision value for each of the plurality of signals other than the selected signal, to derive a soft data decision value;
determining a probability distribution for the selected signal using the soft data decision value;
selecting a random value;
determining a data decision value for the selected signal by applying the random value to the determined probability distribution; and
storing the data decision value for the selected signal; and repeating the sequence, for each of the plurality of signals over a plurality of passes.
2. The method of
for each of the plurality of signals, deriving a final data decision value from each of the stored data decision values over the plurality of passes.
3. The method of
calculating the mode of at least a subset of the stored data decision values over the plurality of passes.
4. The method of
prior to the cancelling step, for a first of the plurality of signals, selecting random initial data decision values for others of the plurality of signals.
5. The method of
evaluating a convergence criterion for each of the plurality of passes;
responsive to the evaluated convergence criterion not indicating a desired level of convergence of the data decision values, repeating another pass of the sequence for each of the plurality of signals.
6. The method of
and wherein the sequence of steps is performed, for each signal, for each of the retrieved plurality of digital values arranged as a vector.
7. The method of
8. The method of
and wherein the cancelling step comprises:
regenerating an interference estimate for each of a plurality of retrieved chips for the selected signal;
subtracting the interference estimates from the retrieved chips for the selected signal;
then despreading the results of the subtracting step into a symbol; and
generating a data decision from the symbol generated in the despreading step.
9. A communications station, comprising:
an antenna for receiving a plurality of analog communication signals;
radio interface circuitry, coupled to the antenna, for converting the received analog signals into a plurality of digital signals;
a processing device, coupled to the radio interface circuitry, for digitally processing the converted digital signals to cancel interference from among the plurality of signals, and comprising:
circuitry for performing the functions of:
storing digital values representative of the plurality of signals;
for each of the plurality of signals, performing a sequence of operations comprising:
retrieving a digital value of a selected signal;
cancelling, from the retrieved digital value, an estimate of interference based upon a data decision value for each of the plurality of signals other than the selected signal, to derive a soft data decision value;
determining a probability distribution for the selected signal using the soft data decision value;
selecting a random value;
determining a data decision value for the selected signal by applying the random value to the determined probability distribution; and
storing the data decision value for the selected signal;
repeating the sequence, for each of the plurality of signals, over a plurality of passes; and
for each of the plurality of values, deriving a final data decision value from each of the stored data decision values over the plurality of passes; and
symbol decode circuitry for decoding the final data decision values into digital data;
an interface, coupled to the processing device, for communicating the decoded digital data to a recipient.
10. The station of
a buffer for storing the received digital values and the data decision values;
interference cancellation circuitry, coupled to the buffer, for performing the sequence of operations for each of the plurality of signals; and
a digital signal processor, for controlling the operation of the buffer, and for forwarding the final data decision values to the symbol decode circuitry.
11. The station of
wherein the plurality of signals corresponds to a signal from each of a plurality of users;
wherein the estimate of interference used in the cancelling operation is based on channel estimates for each of the plurality of users;
and wherein the digital signal processor is also for deriving the channel estimates.
12. The station of
and wherein the processing circuitry further comprises:
a despreading function for despreading each plurality of chips into a symbol.
13. The station of
prior to the cancelling operation as applied to a first of the plurality of signals, selecting random initial data decision values for others of the plurality of signals.
14. The station of
15. The station of
This application claims priority, under 35 U.S.C. �119(e), of Provisional Application No. 60/159,705, filed Oct. 15, 1999.
Not applicable.
This invention is in the field of wireless communications, and is more specifically directed to methods of cancelling interference among wireless units communicating with the same base station.
The use of wireless communications, for both voice and now also data, has exploded over recent years. Even with the high density of base stations now present in many cities, and with the high capacity provided by code-division multiple access (CDMA) technology, the number of users that may be supported by each base station has become a limiting factor in the system capacity. Indeed, it has been observed that interference from other users within a cell is now the most significant factor limiting cell capacity, even more significant than additive thermal noise.
Interference cancellation (IC) techniques have been developed to improve base station uplink capacity, and thus the number of users that may be served by a base station. In general, IC performed at the base station attempts to remove, from each received user signal, interference from other users before making each data decision (i.e., deciding the value of each symbol or "chip"). Conventional IC techniques can be categorized as either serial or parallel. Serial, or successive, IC processes each user signal in a sequence, cancelling the interference caused by each remaining user in the sequence. Parallel IC simultaneously removes, for each user, the interference from all other users. As may be expected, the delay required for parallel IC is much less than that for serial IC. As such, parallel IC has become quite popular. Additional detail in this regard is provided in Divsalar, et al., "Improved Parallel Interference Cancellation for CDMA", IEEE Trans. Communications, Vol. 46, No. 2 (February 1998), pp. 258-268, and in Moshavi, "Multi-User Detection for DS-CDMA Communications", IEEE Communications Magazine (October. 1996), pp. 124-136. As described in the Divsalar et al. and Moshavi articles, variations of parallel interference cancellation have been proposed.
FIG. 1 illustrates one stage of a conventional parallel interference cancellation (PIC) detector, by way of background. This conventional approach is based on "hard" data decisions. Initial bit estimates dk(0) are conventionally derived from a matched filter detector or the like. These initial bit estimates are scaled by amplitude estimator 2, by the application of an amplitude estimate A for each user (delayed by a delay time Tb, as are all signals in FIG. 1). The scaled initial bit estimates are then respread into chip form by spreader 3, resulting in an estimate of the received signal for each user. These estimates are applied to partial summer 4 which sums, for each user, all of the estimates for all other users (and excluding the user of concern). In other words, for a user i, partial summer 4 produces the partial sum
where sx is the estimate from spreader 3 for a given user x. These partial sums constitute an estimate of the regenerated interference from other users.
The outputs of partial summer 4 are applied to the negative input of a summer 7 associated with each user; the positive input of the ith summer 7 receives the most recently received signal ri for its corresponding user i. The output of summer 7 thus provides the an estimate of the received signal ri less the regenerated interference from all other users. These estimates after cancellation of the regenerated interference are applied to a matched filter bank 8, and are then applied to a data decision function 9 for each user, producing the next iterated values of data decisions di(1) for each user (from i=1 to i=k).
These next values of data decisions are then applied to a next stage of the parallel interference cancellation detector, to produce the next succeeding iterated value. The process is then repeated until convergence.
This conventional IC methodology, and its conventional variations, rely on the convergence of the data decisions; however, in practice, no such convergence is guaranteed. In particular, it has been observed, in connection with the present invention, that convergence will occur only if the initial guesses are accurate for a significant fraction of the users being considered. Also, in conventional PIC approaches, convergence tends to reliably occur only if the interference among users is relatively low.
The need for a more robust interference cancellation approach thus exists in the art, particularly as the density of wireless units in the-field continues to increase.
By way of further background, a known sampling technique is referred to in the art as Gibbs sampling. The Gibbs sampler is a Markov-chain Monte Carlo technique in which random variables are drawn from a joint probability density function. Each random variable is supplied with an initial guess, which- need not be particularly accurate. The value of one random variable is then selected from the joint probability density function, using the initial guesses for the other variables. The value of the next variable is then in turn selected from the joint probability density function, given the then-current values of all other variables. Following a transient period that typically involves several passes through the sequence of variables, continued operation of the Gibbs sampler will derive a relatively accurate distribution of values for each variable, from which estimations may be made. Further discussion of the Gibbs sampler may be found in Rajan, et al., "Parameter estimation of time-varying autoregressive models using the Gibbs sampler", Electronics Letters, Vol. 31, No. 13 (Jun. 22, 1995), pp. 1035-1036.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an interference cancellation method and system that is useful for accurately cancelling interference in crowded wireless communications cells.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide such a method and system that may be used in applications in which inter-user interference is significant.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide such a method and system in which convergence does not strongly depend upon the accuracy of the selection of initial conditions.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having reference to the following specification together with its drawings.
The present invention may be implemented into a communications station or device for wireless voice and data communications. In the station, memory is provided for storing samples of multiple interfering signals, in the form of chips or symbols. Random initial guesses are made for the data decisions of each signal. For a selected signal, interference cancellation is then performed by subtracting regenerated interference or by cross-correlation, using the current data decisions (either initial guesses or derived values) for the interfering signals. This provides a "soft" data decision value for the selected signal, which defines a probability distribution from which a random selection process determines a new data decision value. These operations are then repeated, signal by signal, until convergence. Following convergence, the distribution of data decision values for each user generates an estimate of the actual communicated signal. The random selection of a new data decision value from the "soft" data decision, and also the random initial guesses, ensure convergence over a wide range of interference conditions, independently from the values off the initial data decision guesses.
FIG. 1 is a functional data flow diagram illustrating a conventional parallel interference cancellation method.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a wireless communications system.
FIG. 3 is an electrical diagram, in schematic form, of a base station in the system of FIG. 2, constructed according to the preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 4 is an electrical diagram, in schematic form, of an interference cancellation accelerator system in the base station of FIG. 3, according to the preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 5 is a functional data flow diagram illustrating a parallel interference cancellation method according to the preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 6 is an electrical diagram, in schematic form, of a wireless unit in the system of FIG. 2, constructed according to an alternative implementation of the preferred embodiment of the invention.
The preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described in detail, and in connection with the example of a code-division multiple access (CDMA) wireless communications system, such as are now used in the art. The present invention is particularly advantageous when used in connection with such systems. However, it is also contemplated that the present invention may also provide benefits in the cancellation of multiple user or channel interference in connection with other systems and applications. It is therefore to be understood that that the following description is provided by way of example only, without limitation upon the full scope of the invention as claimed.
An example of a deployment of a wireless communications system, according to the preferred embodiment of the invention, is illustrated in FIG. 2. As shown in FIG. 2, base station 10 is located somewhat centrally within an area of coverage, or cell, 14. Base station 10, as is conventional in the art, is a fixed facility which transmits and receives broadband, or spread spectrum, wireless communications to and from wireless units UE that are physically located within cell 14. As shown in FIG. 2, and is typical in the art, wireless units UE are mobile wireless units, such as digital cellular telephones. The number of wireless units UE within cell 14 may vary widely, depending upon the population density, time of day, day of the week, and other factors.
The communications carried out between base station 10 and wireless units UE are, in this example, telephonic conversations between one of wireless units UE and another telephone set elsewhere in the telephone network. Base station 10 therefore includes the appropriate circuitry for effecting broadband communications with wireless units UE, as will be described in further detail below. Additionally, base station 10 includes switching system 12 that carries out some level of switching of the communications links between individual wireless units UE and the public switched telephone network (PSTN), or in the case of data communication, to the appropriate computer network.
Of course, the simultaneous conversations being carried out by the multiple wireless units UE in cell 14 must not significantly interfere with one another, to maintain intelligible conversations. This interference is typically the most significant factor that limits the number of units UE that may be served by a single base station 10, and is often the most significant factor in overall system capacity. As noted above, interference cancellation (IC) techniques are performed at base station 10 to compensate for inter-user interference, so that as many users as possible may be supported by each base station.
Referring now to FIG. 3, the construction of an example of base station 10 according to a preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described, for the case of a second/third generation base transceiver station. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that this particular architecture is provided by way of example only, and that other base station architectures may be used according to the present invention.
As shown in FIG. 3, base station 10 includes amplifiers 33 for driving amplified transmission signals over one or more base station antennae BSA, and for amplifying signals received from those antennae BSA. RF interface function 34 includes the appropriate transmit and receive formatting and filtering circuitry. Additionally, RF interface function 34 includes analog-to-digital converters for digitizing the amplified receive signals, and digital-to-analog converters for placing the transmitted signals into the analog domain. As such, RF interface function 34 communicates digitally with baseband interface 35, which provides the appropriate signal formatting between RF interface function 34 and baseband device 40.
Baseband device 40 communicates with the ultimate network, which may be of the E1 or T1 class, or a packet network as shown in FIG. 3, by way of physical layer interface 55 and network interface adapter 56. Physical layer interface 55 and network interface adapter 56 are conventional subsystems, selected according to the type of network and corresponding interface desired for base station 10. In the implementation of FIG. 1, network interface adapter 56 interfaces with switching system 12.
Baseband device 40 performs the digital signal processing functions in handling the wireless communications at base station 10. To perform this function, it is contemplated that baseband device 40 will be a subsystem including one or more high-performance digital signal processor (DSP) devices, such as those of the TMS320c5x and TMS320c6x class of DSPs available from Texas Instruments Incorporated, along with the appropriate memory and external functions suitable for handling the digital processing requirements of base station 10. In FIG. 3, the implementation of baseband device 40 will be described according to its various functions, rather than by way of its construction, it being contemplated that those skilled in the art will be readily able to realize baseband device 40 using such conventional integrated circuits from this functional description, and according to the capacity desired for base station 10.
On the transmit side, baseband device 40 includes encode and modulate function 54, which is coupled between physical layer interface 55 and baseband interface 45, as shown in FIG. 3. Encode and modulate function 54 receives digital data from physical layer interface 55, and performs the appropriate digital processing functions for the particular protocol. For example, encode and modulate function 54 may first encode the received digital data into symbols. These symbols are then spread, by way of a spreading code, into a sequence of chips, according to a selected chip rate; the spreading may also include the spreading of the symbols into multiple subchannels. Typically, a cell-specific scrambling code is then applied to the spread symbols, so that the receiving wireless unit UE can distinguish transmissions generated by this base station 10, from those of neighboring cells. Modulation of the spread symbols is then performed; commonly, the multiple subchannels are split into in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) groups, so that the eventual modulated signal includes both components. The spread spectrum signal is then applied to baseband interface 35, after the appropriate filtering and pre-equalization for channel distortion, for transmission over antennae BSA via RF interface function 34 and amplifiers 33.
On the receive side, baseband device 40 receives incoming digital signals from baseband interface 35, after digitization of the received signals within RF interface function 34. These signals are applied to user and symbol detection circuitry 50, the construction of which will be described in further detail below, and which derives the transmitted symbols from the digitized received data. Considering that base station 10 receives signals over multiple channels, from multiple wireless units UE in its cell 14, user and symbol detection circuitry includes such functions as chip-rate demodulation and despreading, and channel estimation of random channel variation. The demodulated data are then associated with their respective channels, following which symbol decode function 52 decodes the received symbols, for each channel and thus each conversation, into a bit stream suitable for communication to the network via physical layer interface 55 and network interface function 56.
Referring now to FIG. 4, an exemplary construction of user and symbol detection circuitry 50 of FIG. 3 will now be described. In this preferred embodiment of the invention, circuitry 50 includes descrambling and despreading function 41, which performs conventional operations for applying the base station descrambling code to received chips rx for each of the users, and for also despreading these chips into symbols. The symbols are stored in buffer 42, in association with an identification of their corresponding user, so that circuitry 50 can retrieve the symbols on a user-by-user basis. In this regard, buffer 42 receives control signals from digital signal processor 46, by way of which the desired symbols are forwarded by buffer 42 to interference cancellation circuitry 44 over bus SYMB. Digital signal processor (DSP) 46 according to this preferred embodiment of the invention is a programmable DSP device, which is well-suited for performing channel estimation and other signal processing functions in base station 10. Conventional DSPs that are preferred for use in base station are those of the TMS320c6x family of DSPs, available from Texas Instruments Incorporated.
Interference cancellation circuitry 44, according to this embodiment of the invention, receives symbols from buffer 42, as selected by DSP 46. In addition, DSP 46 provides channel estimates c1 and data selection control signals to interference cancellation circuitry 44, in response to which interference cancellation circuitry 44 provides data decision results to DSP 46 on bus RES. These data decisions are then processed by DSP 46 in the conventional fashion, and forwarded on to the remainder of base station 10 for further processing and forwarding to the uplink.
According to the implementation of this embodiment of the invention, as shown in FIG. 4, interference cancellation circuitry 44 is custom hardware for performing the interference cancellation operations to be described below relative to FIG. 5. It is contemplated that those skilled in the art having reference to this description will be readily able to implement such custom circuitry, given this operational description. Alternatively, the interference cancellation operations described below may alternatively be implemented, in whole or in part, in software, executed by a general-purpose microprocessor, by a DSP device, or by other programmable logic. Again, it is contemplated that those skilled in the art having reference to this specification will be readily able to realize, in a base station such as base station 10, the interference cancellation functionality of the preferred embodiment of the invention.
Referring now to FIG. 5, a functional flow of the interference cancellation operations according to the preferred embodiment of the invention, as will be performed by circuitry 44 of FIG. 4, or alternatively in software as noted above, will now be described in detail. According to the preferred embodiment of the invention, interference cancellation may be performed on incoming signals rk either as chips, in the spread spectrum sense, or as symbols. If interference cancellation is to be carried out in symbol form, process 60 is performed to descramble and despread the incoming chips into symbols, which are then stored in memory in process 61. If interference cancellation is to be carried out on the incoming signals in chip form, the chips themselves are directly stored in memory in process 61. In either case, the symbols or chips stored in process 61 are from all currently operating users in the cell.
For clarity of description, the remainder of the interference cancellation method according to this preferred embodiment of the invention will be described as performed upon symbols, rather than chips, where the cancellation is performed on a symbol-by-symbol basis for all users (numbering N) simultaneously.
As will be apparent from the following description, the interference cancellation is performed user-by-user, with multiple passes through all N users executed to convergence. This user-by-user operation effectively follows a Gibbs sampler type of process, in which a joint probability distribution is evaluated from a random sample for one user, using the current values of the other variables in the distribution. Prior to the first pass, process 62 is performed to retrieve the symbol rk for selected user k to be first processed. In addition, process 62 randomly chooses values for each of the data decisions dl for all users other than user k. These data decisions d1 are selected from the available values for the particular modulation being used (e.g., �1 for BPSK, or �1�j for QPSK).
In process 63, interference cancellation is performed for a selected user k. This interference cancellation is performed in substantially the conventional manner, in that the effects of the simultaneously received symbols for all users other than user k are subtracted from the received signal for user k. At the symbol level, interference cancellation process 62 is simultaneously performed for all users by calculation and storage of a crosscorrelation matrix between symbols from the various users. Regeneration of interference is performed by retrieving the current values of data decisions dl for each user l (excluding user k) multiplying these values by the crosscorrelation matrix, and subtracting the result from the original despread symbols stored in memory, in process 61.
Alternatively, interference cancellation process 62 may be performed at the chip level by determining, for a selected user k, the difference:
where rk is the received symbol for user k. The sum corresponds to the sum, over each interfering user l, of the current value of its data decision dl multiplied by its scrambling code scl, spreading code spl, and an estimate cel of the channel effects. Following interference cancellation at the chip level, descrambling, despreading, and maximal-ratio combining (MRC) operations are then performed, using channel estimates for the users.
Of course, no current values for data decision dl are available during the first pass through the process of FIG. 5. As noted above, however, the initial values for data decisions dl are instead randomly selected in process 62. This random initialization assures convergence of the Gibbs sampler method according to this preferred embodiment of the invention.
The result of interference cancellation process 62 is applied to process 64, in which a "soft" data decision d′k is made for user k based upon the difference from process 62. Data decision d′k is "soft", in that the result is not forced to one of the available signal values. For example, in BPSK modulation, the available signal values are +1, −1, and in QPSK modulation, the available signal values are �1�j. In contrast, the data decision d′k is "soft" in that it provides a value from along a continuum, rather than a discrete value selected from the available signal levels.
In process 66, the soft data decision d′k is used to derive a new value for the data decision dk for the current user k. The combination of soft data decision d′k and an estimate of the ratio Eb/No (Eb corresponding to the bit energy for user k, and No corresponding to the random, or thermal, noise) can provide a conditional probability density function (pdf) for the true symbol value Xk. According to the preferred embodiment of the invention, process 66 randomly selects a sample from this probability density function, and makes a data decision dk based upon this selection.
Process 66 may be described by way of an example, for BPSK modulation in which the possible true symbol values Xk are �1 (for perfect channel estimation, and removal of amplitude and phase interference). For noise variation σ2, one may express a ratio of the conditional probabilities of xk=+1 to xk=−1 as:
where Xl is the set of all elements of the current data decisions dl for users l other than selected user k (i.e., for the interfering users); Y refers to the observed data, as in Gibbs sampler nomenclature. Because these two conditional probabilities add to unity (these are the only two possible true values), one may express the conditional probability that xk=−1 for a given soft data decision d′k as:
In this example, process 66 is performed by drawing a random value of a variable q that is uniformly distributed over a range from 0 to 1. The random value of variable q is then compared to the value of the exponential term
using the current soft decision value d′k. In the BPSK example, if the randomly selected value of q is less than the exponential term, the data decision dk is set to −1; if q is greater, data decision dk is set to +1.
For example, if soft data decision value d′k is 0.5, and for a noise variation Cσ2 of 0.5, the value
is approximately 0.12, providing a 12% probability that the randomly selected value of q will render a −1 data decision and an 88% probability that it will render a +1 decision.
It is contemplated that the corresponding probability density functions for other modulation schemes, such as QPSK, can be readily derived by those skilled in the art having reference to this specification.
Following the determination of data decision dk for user k in process 66, circuitry 50 evaluates the current results, corresponding to the set of data decisions d, against a convergence criterion. For example, a predefined number of passes may be counted, with convergence assumed beyond a certain count. Alternatively, the frequency with which the data decisions dk are changing can be monitored, and convergence determined when this frequency is reached. Further in the alternative, a combination of these criteria may be used (frequency of change below a certain limit, after a defined number of passes are completed). If convergence has not yet been reached (decision 67 is NO), such as in the first pass through each of the N users, control passes to process 68 in which the user index k is incremented (i.e., k=k+1). The incrementing of process 68 is performed in a modulo-N fashion, such that the incrementing wraps around the set of N users repetitively. Interference cancellation process 63 is then performed for the next user, and another pass commences.
The Gibbs sampler operation of the method of FIG. 5 results from the repetition of the cancellation and data decision determination, with the user index incremented in process 68, and wrapping around the N users. Each pass through the process uses an updated value for the most recently processed user. For example, after the first pass, the set of data decisions {d0, d1, d2, . . . dN−1} appears as follows (assuming that the first user k=0):
where the superscript refers to the pass generating the current data decision value for the user (indicated by the subscript). During the first pass through the process, as noted above, the initial data decision values {d1 0, d2 0, . . . dN−1 0} are each the randomly selected values from process 62. After the first pass, value d0 1 is derived in process 66, for the first user (k=0). This value d0 1 is then used, along with random values d1 0, d2 0, . . . dN−1 0, to derive the data decision value dl l for user k=1. The iterative passes through each of the N users then continues until convergence.
Upon determining that convergence has been reached (decision 67 is YES), the set of data decision values d for all N users, and for each of the passes, are stored in memory, in process 70. According to the preferred embodiment of the invention, not only the most recent data decision values are stored, but instead the values from each of the passes are instead stored in memory. The storage of all values from all iterations permits statistical determination of the symbol decisions, and thus improved accuracy, relative to that provided simply by using the most recent value. This is especially true considering that the convergence determination is preferably made over all users, in which case each individual user may not be itself converged. In process 72, accordingly, circuitry 50 effects the final symbol decisions for each of the N users of base station 10 using a statistical decision. For example, the final symbol data decision may be made simply from a simple statistic, such as the mean or mode, of the stored values for each user. Preferably, the statistic is determined after discarding the data decision values from early iterations, such as those prior to a selected number or those prior to convergence. Alternatively, a more complex statistical analysis may instead be undertaken in process 72, for example by weighting more recent values more heavily.
Following the completion of process 72, the symbol decisions for each of the users are forwarded downstream in base station 10. Referring to the example of FIG. 3, circuitry 50 forwards the final symbol decisions to symbol decode 52, for decoding and further processing in the conventional manner.
As noted above, the preceding described the processing by circuitry 50 on an individual symbol basis. Alternatively, the present invention may be applied to a block of symbols. According to this block approach, if any of the symbols in a block have already been processed (i.e., as also residing within a previously-processed block), their data decisions from process 72 may be used in the next block as well. Any symbols that are partially present within the processed block (e.g., due to time lag from distant wireless users) may be treated as noise. In this block process, the symbols that are to be processed for each user are considered as a vector, and the process of FIG. 5 is applied in a vector-by-vector fashion for each user.
The present invention has been observed, through simulation, to provide outstanding performance in the cancellation of interference at a base station in a wireless network. In one example, fifty users transmitted to a base station through an AWGN channel according to CDMA protocol at identical power levels and synchronous operation, with random phase rotations from 0 to 2π. A 64-chip spreading code was also randomly selected, with each chip selected from the available values �1�j.
For the case of a raw BER of 0.10, the process according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention provided a 0.6 dB gain in the Eb/N0 ratio, relative to a conventional three-stage parallel interference canceller. This improvement translates to a 15% increase in the available capacity of the base station uplink, which would translate to a similar system capacity increase. For a low BER of 0.01, such as useful for low Doppler rates found in indoor environments, the preferred embodiment of the invention provides a 2.8 dB gain in the Eb/ N0 ratio over the conventional three-stage PIC, providing a 90% capacity gain. These dramatic improvements in base station capacity are directly enabled by the Gibbs sampler approach of the present invention, as described above.
As is well known in the art, modern wideband CDMA ("WCDMA") communications may be carried out according alternative methods of data transfer, one being time division duplex ("TDD") and another being frequency division duplex ("FDD"). The first embodiment of the present invention was presented by way of its implementation into a base station, contemplated to be operating according to either FDD or TDD data transfer. In the case of TDD communications, however, due to the relatively small spreading factors, it is contemplated that the present invention may also be implemented into wireless units.
Referring back to FIG. 2, wireless units UE, as noted above, correspond to mobile wireless telephone sets. FIG. 6 is an electrical diagram, in block form, of the electronic architecture of a typical mobile wireless unit UEj (the index j referring generically to one of the wireless units UE shown in FIG. 2). It is contemplated, of course, that different ones of the wireless units UE in the overall system, such as shown in FIG. 2, may be constructed according to different architectures. As such, the architecture of the construction of wireless unit UEj shown in FIG. 6 is provided by way of example only, it being understood that such other alternative architectures may also be used in connection with the present invention.
The exemplary architecture illustrated in FIG. 6 corresponds to a so-called "third generation", or "3G" baseband architecture, such as may be used to carry out WCDMA broadband communications, including voice and data. Radio subsystem 82 of wireless unit UEj is directly connected to antenna A, and handles the power amplification and analog processing of signals transmitted and received over antenna A. On the transmit side, modulator 87 in radio subsystem 82 receives the signals to be transmitted from RF (radio frequency) interface circuitry 90, and generates a broadband modulated analog signal, under the control of synthesizer 85. Power amplifier 81 amplifies the output of modulator 87 for transmission via antenna A. On the receive side, incoming signals from antenna A are received by receiver 83, filtered and processed under the control of synthesizer 85, and forwarded to RF interface circuitry 90.
RF interface circuitry 90 processes both incoming and outgoing signals within the analog baseband of wireless unit UEj. On the transmit side, RF interface circuitry 90 receives digital signals from digital signal processor (DSP) 92, and performs the appropriate filtering and phase modulation appropriate for the particular transmission protocol. For example, multiple channels of encoded digital bitstreams may be forwarded to RF interface circuitry 90 by DSP 92. RF interface circuitry 90 converts these digital data into analog signals, phase-shifting selected converted bitstreams to provide both in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) analog signal components, and applies analog filtering as appropriate to the signals as handed off to modulator 87 in radio subsystem 82 described above.
On the receive side, RF interface circuitry 90 converts the analog signal received by receiver 83 of radio subsystem 82 into the appropriate digital format for processing by DSP 92. For example, the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components of the received signal are separated and filtered. Analog to digital conversion is then carried out by RF interface circuitry 90, so that digital bitstreams corresponding to the separated and filtered components of the received signal may be received by DSP 92.
DSP 92 executes the appropriate digital signal processing upon both the signals to be transmitted and those received. In this regard, DSP 92 is connected to audio/data interface 94, which in turn is coupled to the appropriate input/output devices (not shown), such as a microphone and speaker for voice signals. Audio/data interface 94 includes the necessary functionality for generating a sampled bitstream digital signal based upon its input data, and conversely includes the appropriate functionality for generating output signals corresponding to the received and processed communications. For the example of voice signals, audio/data interface 94 includes analog-to-digital conversion circuitry and filters for processing analog input signals from the microphone, and digital-to-analog conversion circuitry, filtering, and amplification for driving a speaker.
Other support circuitry is also provided within wireless unit UEj as shown in FIG. 6. In this example, microcontroller 96 handles the control of wireless unit UEj other than the data path. Such control functions include resource management, operating system control, and control of the human interface; in this regard, microcontroller 96 operates with such functions as flash memory 93 (for storage of the operating system and user preferences), SIM card 95 (for add-on functionality), keypad 97, and user display 98. In addition, wireless unit UEj also includes battery interface and power control subsystem 91, as shown in FIG. 6, for monitoring the status of the battery for wireless unit UEj, and implementing power saving functions such as sleep modes, and the like.
The digital functions performed by DSP 92 will depend, of course, upon the communications protocol used by wireless unit UEj. In this regard, DSP 92 preferably has a significant amount of processing capacity to handle the digital processing necessary for both the transmit and receive operations. An example of a suitable digital signal processor for use as DSP 92 is the TMS320c5x family of digital signal processors available from Texas Instruments Incorporated.
In its transmission operation, incoming digital signals from audio/data interface 94 are also encoded into symbols, for example by way of a vocoder operation performed by DSP 92. DSP 92 also encodes these symbols into a digital spread spectrum signal, by the application of channel codes. Scrambling or other encryption processing is then performed, along with the necessary pre-equalization and other filtering. The resulting digital signal is then forwarded to RF interface circuitry 90, as noted above.
In operation on the receive side, DSP 92 performs such functions as channel decoding of the data from RF interface circuitry 90 to retrieve a data signal from the received digitally spread signal, followed by the decoding of the speech symbols from the channel decoded data using techniques such as vocoder operations and the like. Equalization, error -correction, and decryption processes are also performed upon the received signal as appropriate. The resulting signal processed by DSP 92 on the receive side is then forwarded to audio/data interface 94, for amplification and output.
According to the preferred embodiment of the invention, particularly in the TDD context where the spreading factor remains relatively small, DSP 92 also performs the interference cancellation process described above relative to FIG. 5. In this regard, of course, wireless unit UEi is not necessarily processing incoming signals from a plurality of users, as in the case of base station 10. Rather, wireless unit UEi is receiving its desired communications from base station 10, along with other interfering signals generated by other sources (e.g., other wireless units in the area). The overall process by way of which DSP 92 performs this interference cancellation otherwise effectively follows the Gibbs sampler approach described above relative to FIG. 5. This process may be implemented entirely in software, executed by DSP 92, or alternatively a hardware accelerator may be utilized to perform this function. In either case, the benefits of rapid and reliable convergence toward an accurate interference cancellation and data decision is thus similarly provided in wireless unit UEi according to the present invention.
While the present invention has been described according to its preferred embodiments, it is of course contemplated that modifications of, and alternatives to, these embodiments, such modifications and alternatives obtaining the advantages and benefits of this invention, will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having reference to this specification and its drawings. It is contemplated that such modifications and alternatives are within the scope of this invention as subsequently claimed herein.
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When you consider that these temples were built more than 3,000 years ago, the mud and adobe pyramids, 10 km (6 miles) southeast of Trujillo near the Panamericana Norte and Río Moche, are quite impressive. The Moche people were the first to spread their influence over much of the north coast, and all subsequent civilizations, including the Chimú and Incas, built upon what this group began.
The smaller of the two pyramids—the only one you can actually tour—is the Huaca de la Luna, the Pyramid of the Moon. The adobe structure is painted with anthropomorphic and zoomorphic reliefs. Many of the figures picture the Moche god Ai-Apaec, whereas others depict fanciful creatures, notably dragons; the use of dragon images may point to cultural and commercial exchange between the cultures of South America and Asia. The Moche expanded the pyramid several times during their reign, covering up the exterior's original reliefs. Since 1990 archaeologists have slowly uncovered the ancient
layers of the pyramid. Walk through to its very heart to glimpse some of its first facades. On most days you're able to watch archaeologists as they uncover multicolor murals. Facilities include a flashy new museum not far from the entrance, a small craft market, cafeteria, restrooms, and parking area (free).
Although the nearby Huaca del Sol, or the Pyramid of the Sun, sits along the same entry road, it's far from ready for the public. Standing more than 40 meters (130 feet) high—slightly shorter than it originally stood—with more than 140 million bricks, this is the largest adobe-brick structure in the New World. Scattered around its base are what some archaeologists believe are "signature bricks," with distinctive hand, finger, and foot marks that identify the community whose labor produced the bricks for their lords. Researchers believe that the pyramid served as an imperial palace for the Moche people. Once a storehouse of untold treasures, it has been stripped clean over the centuries by huaqueros. So great were its riches that in 1610 the Spanish diverted the Río Moche to wash away the pyramid's base and lay bare the bounty within. Although many tourists wander around the base, this is not recommended as the structure may not be solid and it's possible to destroy part of this important temple with a single step.
Av. Santa Rosa, off Panamericana Norte, Trujillo, Peru
Website: huacasdemoche.pe
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Native Plants
Q. Who is Mr. Smarty Plants?
A: There are those who suspect Wildflower Center volunteers are the culpable and capable culprits. Yet, others think staff members play some, albeit small, role. You can torture us with your plant questions, but we will never reveal the Green Guru's secret identity.
Did you know you can access the Native Plant Information Network with your web-enabled smartphone?
Ask Mr. Smarty Plants is a free service provided by the staff and volunteers at the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center.
Need help with plant identification, visit the plant identification page.
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Thursday - March 24, 2005
From: Austin, TX
Region: Southwest
Topic: Water Gardens, Cacti and Succulents, Ferns
Title: Tropical-looking landscape in Austin, TX
Answered by: Joe Marcus and Nan Hampton
QUESTION:I'd like to have a tropical-looking landscape in my front yard. What plants would you recommend for Austin, Texas? I would prefer plants that can stay outside year-round, but will take suggestions on any kind of plant that will thrive outdoors in full to partial sun. I'd also like to know if bird-of-paradise is a good option. I saw a lot of them planted in the ground in San Diego, and their winters seemed just about as cold as ours.
There are several suggestions for native Texas plants to give your yard a tropical look. For instance, you might consider:
Palmetto (Sabal minor),
Texas palm (S. mexicana),
Spanish dagger (Yucca treculeana),
ferns such as cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea), and
heartleaf hibiscus (Hibiscus martianus).
We wouldn't really recommend Bird-of-paradise (Strelitzia reginae) for Austin since it is non-native (from South Africa), but also because we are too far north and too dry for it. A hard winter would do it in. Austin's summers are probably just as big a problem for many non-native tropical plants as its winters. Our summers are so hot and dry that many tropical plants succumb to desiccation. Likewise, our winters are not usually very humid so that desiccation, as well as freezing, are problems for evergreen tropicals. The tropical look you are trying to achieve will require more maintenance and resources if you use non-native tropical plants.
You might try visiting some of the better (locally-owned) garden centers in the area. The tropical look is popular and the Austin garden centers are used to accommodating such requests and stock plants, both native and non-native, for that specific purpose. You can find a list of native plant nurseries in Texas on the Wildflower Center web page and Native Plant and Seed Sources for Texas from the Texas Parks & Wildlife web page.
Finally, If you were interested in creating a water garden, you would have a number of choices for "tropical-looking" native plants. For instance, you could consider:
pickerel weed (Pontederia cordata),
one of the Texas arrowheads, such as duck-potato (Sagittaria latifolia),
one of the Texas horsetails, such as field horsetail (Equisetum arvense),
water lilies, such as American water lily (Nympaea odorata) or the yellow water lotus (Nelumbo lutea),
and larger plants such as marshmallow hibiscus
The Austin Pond Society web page has links to regional water gardening nurseries where you might find these recommended native plants.
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August 21, 2008 - My plant areas are being overrun by Yucca plants. They are also growing and destroying my asphalt driveway. How can I get rid of some of them permanently?
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Container plants for cool weather in Cypress TX
October 02, 2011 - I am a novice gardener and I am looking for some ideas on potted plants for the fall/winter. They would be covered by a roof, but still susceptible to the elements. What can be planted now that will...
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Loss of agaves to freezing weather in Austin
March 04, 2011 - Dear Mr. Smarty Plants: I live in Austin and lost all my agaves in the subfreezing weather this winter. Around town, I've noticed some agaves that seemed to tolerate the cold just fine and other tha...
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Bloom on non-native Agave attenuata
May 13, 2008 - I have an Agave Attenuata that has grown a long and unsightly stem.Is there a way to cut the plant portion off and re-root the plant without killing the petal portion?
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Growing Variegated Century Plants in Portugal
February 09, 2011 - Hello Mr. Smarty Plants, I am contacting you from Portugal, because of century plant(Agave americana). I had one of that plants and I collected the seeds, which I planted, but I am quite disappointed ...
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St. Andrews Cathedral
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Pay homage to the home of golf at St Andrews and visit the fishing villages of Fife on a small group day trip from Edinburgh. With a maximum group size of 16 ... Read more
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St Andrews Day Trip from Edinburgh
Venture through the historical Kingdom of Fife on a day trip from Edinburgh and enjoy free time to explore St Andrews, a city shrouded in royal history. After ... Read more
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- Discuss past activities
Click on the Yearbooks below to view a copy Online at Classmates.com®. If you don't see your class's yearbook, check out our yearbook page.
Famous Alumni
|Henry Cisneros
|Class of 1967
Word to the wise, and quotable quip. " Dont scat where you eat" Henry Cisneros...1998
Create a Harlandale High School memorial for an individual alum that has passed away.
- Class of 1984 Christina Rocha
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- Gilbert Rios
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Harlandale Alumni Merchandise
The alumni of Harlandale in San Antonio, Texas are encouraged to use this site to relive their time in high school by sharing with former students and teachers of Harlandale High School. If you haven't already, we also encourage you to register for free on this site. You may also want to check out the latest news and school memories. If you are a Harlandale alumn, we encourage you to register and be sure to sign up for the alumni newsletter.
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Keogh named HSJ's top clinical leader for 2015
Professor Sir Bruce Keogh has been ranked number one in HSJ's top Clinical Leaders list for the third time.
Exercise 'extreme' caution on integration deals, councils told
Revealed: 2015 winners of the Patient Safety Awards
Primary care capital fund underspent by nearly half
Foundation model faces 'challenges' - Monitor chief
Big week at HSJ celebrating excellent leadership and safe care
Exclusive: Barbara Hakin to retire
Bennett: FTs must cut deficit or face 'completely eroded' freedoms
HSJ Live 06.07.2015: Foundation model faces 'challenges' - Monitor chief
The foundation trust model could come under question as the NHS faces up to the "absolutely huge" financial challenge, David Bennett has said, plus the rest of today's news and comment.
How to balance the push and pull of performance and demand
Hospital performance targets
Big week at HSJ celebrating excellent leadership and safe care
This is a week packed full of events at HSJ as we announce the winners of the Patient Safety Awards, and name this year's Clinical Leaders, Best Places to Work, and our inaugural Patient Leaders.
Free webinar: Can clinical decision support improve care?
How can trusts improve quality of care, reduce costs and drive down human error by introducing clinical decision support software? A forthcoming HSJ webinar will discuss this and more.
Exclusive: Weak bargaining position blew Mid Staffs administrators' budget, says Monitor
The 'failure regime' for Mid Staffordshire Foundation Trust overran its budget because the trust's 'special administrators' had a weak negotiating position relative to neighbouring NHS organisations, a Monitor review has found.
Report: Away from the past and to a sustainable future
Reforming health and social care
- Previous
- Next
The five real consequences of health and social care integration
The rarely discussed issues
The five trends shaping the US healthcare system
How the population gets its healthcare
A regulatory approach can thwart improvement ambitions
Roundtable discussions
Transform the culture of fear into a culture of learning
A negative culture affects an entire organisation
End Game: From White House to Richmond House
Hunt references Reagan
How the 2015 spending round could be used to devolve power
Osborne should use his July budget to speed reform
We pharmacists are tackling dementia in our communities
I play a lead role in identifying and preventing dementia
What is an 'acceptable' deficit for the NHS provider sector in 2015-16?
No Grexit for NHS providers
Providers must work together to create local systems of care
The idea of systems of care is not new but only now is it starting to gain traction as growing pressures in the NHS have engulfed previously high performing providers
Staff engagement is the NHS's greatest asset but it's yet to reach full potential
It's a pre-condition for high performing healthcare
The current payment system won't enable the forward view vision
Incentivise outcomes rather than inputs
End Game: HSJ gets lost in translation
Not quite the ultra-perky Japanese boy band by the same name
Lords help us: End of life provision falls short of supporting the dying
The Palliative Care Bill
Mopping up unspent public health money promotes wasteful year-end spending
Stop micro-managing in-year cash
Make people the controllers of their data to help the NHS go digital
Integrating personal and NHS health records
Hunt's deal for doctors forces primary care to be top priority
GP plan cements Hunt's plan for the NHS
The government is fighting itself with public health cuts
Either councils deliver fewer services or they should ask for ringfenced grants for individual services, says Tony Travers
Health informatics must be made accountable
On par with clinical professions
Cap locum pay to stop the NHS's primary care bedrock eroding
Demand for GPs has never been higher
Recruit a chief quality officer to be systematic on quality
More trusts must follow Medway
- Previous
- Next
Clinical leadership should be everyone's business
What a true clinical leader is
Paperless NHS: How to transform hospital IT
How to deliver better hospital IT systems
How to achieve a 'one team' culture despite outsourcing
An efficient collaborative culture
Find out what it means to win an HSJ Award - video
We meet some of 2014's winners
Video: top tips for a winning HSJ Awards entry
HSJ's editor reveals his tips for preparing an HSJ Awards entry
- Previous
- Next
Patient safety: Errors need to be minimised
The journed to a safer health service
Raise the bar with barcode technology
Importance of barcode technology
A safety campaign that says do it your way
A safety campaign
Case studies: Improving the whole journey
In emergency surgery and mental health
Bring out the best through networking
How patient safety collaboratives help
Brainstorming session: How to win the A&E battle
Redesigning emergency care
Medicine optimisation can cut the costs of long term conditions
The most effective use of medicines
New procurement rules: Simplifying the process for NHS professionals
Public Contracts Regulations


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All About
Explore 5 recipes, 743 projects, 531 articles, 344 galleries, 525 videos, and more
Halloween Hang-Ups
Floating, spinning, spooky visages will draw extra attention to a table of goodies.
Eye-Candy Interiors from Carlos Mota's "A Touch of Style"
Interiors stylist Carlos Mota is the king of finishing touches. Get a peek at some of our favorites.
Simple Wall Art Ideas to Dress Up Your Space
Think outside of the frame and dress up your walls with these creative ideas.
Inspiring Home Decorating Ideas
Whether you're looking for a quick refresh or complete overhaul of your space, it can be hard to know where to start. These gorgeous living spaces and decor ideas from our contributors will give you the inspiration you need to make your dream home a reality.
Other Ideas To


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Every year, competitors from 20 countries travel from around the world to Oulu, a city of 140,000 inhabitants in Northern Finland, to compete in the Air Guitar World Championships, wielding imaginary six-strings, donning outlandish costumes, and rocking out in front of 8,000 spectators with the hopes of winning the grand prize (ironically, a real guitar) and international bragging rights.
Dan Crane knows this universe better than anyone. Under his moniker Björn Türoque, he's competed at the world championship level (but never took home the top prize), written the book on air guitar (2006's To Air Is Human), and starred in Air Guitar Nation, a widely-released documentary.
What follows is Dan's personal account of the just-completed 2010 championships, featuring air shredding galore, saunas, sausages, beer mugs smashed on heads, and cameos by OK Go and Jose Gonzalez.
Vince Staples is hardly the ingratiating type. "Don't shake my hands unless you passing payment," instructs the redoubtable young'un on "C.M.B.," a paean to ruthlessly mercenary, Randian capitalism. "Keep your salutation / I need my 40 acres." This ice-grilling Left Coaster is more Mack 10 than Myka 9, a verbal marksman who refuses to placate… More »


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Kestrel Grove Nursing Home has for decades been respected in its local community for offering quality and versatile care. A family-run service, the team is dedicated to achieving the kind of care that they would wish for their loved ones.
All parties are kept up-to-date with continuing care developments and each member of the qualified team is informed on personal care requirements.
The focus is on homeliness and comfort, with refreshments available throughout the day and personal interests and activities supported.
Carers are carefully chosen and demonstrate their commitment to the dignity, individuality and privacy of all service users, at the same time as respecting social and emotional needs.
Owner: P M Tripp
Person in charge: Monika Gilice (Manager)
Local Authority / Social Services: Hertfordshire County Council (click for contact details)
Type of Service: Care Home with nursing – Privately Owned , 57 residents
Registered Care Categories*: Dementia • Old Age
Specialist Care Categories: Cancer Care • Multiple Sclerosis • Parkinson's Disease • Stroke
Admission Information: Ages 60+.
Single Rooms: 57
Rooms with ensuite WC: 26
Weekly Charges Guide: Nursing Care Single £900 – £950
Facilities & Services: Respite Care • Convalescent Care • Physiotherapy • Own GP if required • Own Furniture if required • Pets by arrangement • Close to Local shops • Near Public Transport • Lift • Stairlift • Wheelchair access • Gardens for residents • Phone Point in own room/Mobile • Television point in own room • Residents Internet Access
Latest CQC* Report on Kestrel Grove Nursing Home: click here
*Care Quality Commission (CQC) is responsible for the registration and inspection of social care services in England.
Review Score: 8.1 (8.062)
The user 'Review Score' (8.1 for Kestrel Grove Nursing Home) is calculated using a combination of the average of all ratings on user reviews submitted in the last 2 years, and the total number of user reviews submitted in relation to the number of beds at the care home. The maximum Recommendation Score is 10. To see more about the carehome.co.uk user reviews please click here.
The reviews submitted to our site do not represent our views and we accept no responsibility or liability for any such reviews.
Submitted by Glen Enright (Son of Resident/Service User) on Wednesday 28 January 2015. Review relates to September 2013.
I personally am really surprised Kestrel Grove isn't right at the top of the rankings on this website. My father received excellent palliative care there 18 months ago, for the last couple of weeks of his life. The staff were lovely and the grounds beautiful. It really helped us through the difficult time.
How likely would you be to recommend Kestrel Grove Nursing Home? Extremely likely
Overall Standard: Excellent
Facilities: Good
Care / Support: Excellent
Cleanliness: Good
Treated with Dignity: Excellent
Food & Drink: Good
Staff: Excellent
Activities: Good
Management: Excellent
Safety / Security: Excellent
Rooms: Good
Value for Money: Excellent
Submitted by Barry Marcus (Husband of Resident/Service User) on Tuesday 4 March 2014.
Excellent in every way. My wife Eileen has been in three nursing homes. Kestrel Grove outranks them all.
Overall Standard: Excellent
Facilities: Excellent
Care / Support: Excellent
Cleanliness: Excellent
Treated with Dignity: Excellent
Food & Drink: Excellent
Staff: Excellent
Activities: Excellent
Management: Excellent
Safety / Security: Excellent
Rooms: Excellent
Value for Money: Excellent
There are currently no awards/recognitions posted yet for Kestrel Grove Nursing Home
There are currently no Care Home Idol entrants who have performed at Kestrel Grove Nursing Home


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Delirium Stories: Hana, Annabel, and RavenPaperback Delirium
Free delivery worldwide
Dispatched in 2 business days
When will my order arrive?
Additional formats available
- Format
- Hardback $18.75
- Publisher: HarperCollins
- Format: Paperback | 224 pages
- Dimensions: 132mm x 201mm x 20mm | 113g
- Publication date: 3 May 2013
- Edition statement: Reprint
- Sales rank: 19,178
Product description
For the first time, Lauren Oliver's short stories about characters in the Delirium world appear in print. Originally published as digital novellas, Hana, Annabel, and Raven each center around a fascinating and complex character who adds important information to the series and gives it greater depth. This collection also includes an excerpt from Requiem, the final novel in Oliver's New York Times bestselling series. Hana is told through the perspective of Lena's best friend, Hana Tate. Set during the tumultuous summer before Lena and Hana are supposed to be cured, this story is a poignant and revealing look at a moment when the girls' paths diverge and their futures are altered forever. Lena's mother, Annabel, has always been a mystery—a ghost from Lena's past—until now. Her journey from teenage runaway to prisoner of the state is a taut, gripping narrative that expands the Delirium world and illuminates events—and Lena—through a new point of view. And as the passionate, fierce leader of a rebel group in the Wilds, Raven plays an integral role in the resistance effort and comes into Lena's life at a crucial time. Crackling with intensity, Raven is a brilliant story told in the voice of one of the strongest and most tenacious characters in the Delirium world.
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Review quote
Praise for PANDEMONIUM: "From the grief-stricken shell of her former self to a nascent refugee and finally to a full-fledged resistance fighter, Lena's strength and the complexity of her internal struggles will keep readers up at night."--Kirkus Reviews (starred review)
Back cover copy
Lauren Oliver's short stories about Hana, Annabel, and Raven-- riveting characters from the bestselling Delirium series-- are collected here in print for the first time.The three short stories in this collection expand and enrich the Delirium world, illuminating events and characters through new perspectives.Hana adds nuance to the life-changing summer before best friends Lena and Hana are to be cured--a moment when the girls' paths diverge and their futures are altered forever.Annabel untangles the mysteries surrounding Lena's mother, detailing her journey from teenage runaway to prisoner of the state.And Raven crackles with the intensity of its title character, the fierce leader of a rebel group in the Wilds who plays an integral role in the resistance.This thrilling collection also includes an excerpt from Requiem, the final novel in Lauren Oliver's New York Times bestselling series.


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Gunmetal Black Ep 01
episode 14.24 / 5.00 4,708 Views
Lucina's First Day
A look at the first day of Lucina in Super Smash4.24 / 5.00 15,042 Views
BATMAN v SUPERMAN final showdown
SPOILERS!!4.17 / 5.00 13,838 Views
violent people like violent games because that person is violent, and non violent people dont like violent videogames
hunh...i see your point.
Not the best Foamy has ever done; normally the rants are a bit more spot on.
Ok, I love video games. I will always be playing them. And they can be true art. But that was a lot of whining about video games and how a lot of people say they're a waste of time.
Well, here's the kicker: they are. I've wasted and will continue to waste a number of hours playing them. They're fun.
And honestly, I've seen plenty of careless parents just let their seven-year-old plat GTA games and shit; while other stay strict with their kids.
Now, I was thinking 3 or 4 stars... until the "Bible" part. I'm a Christian, go fucking figure. Yeah, well it's always good and original to take shots at religion (namely Christianity) in this day and age. It's not like this mockery gets shoved down my stupid Christian throat every fucking day. I love when people at school would keep talking about how stupid religion is, while just had to sit and listen. I understand that there are probably a number fanatics out there, but seriously.
Interesting how you didn't mention the Muslims or something. Too touchy of a subject? Is that an unpopular thing to say? Yeah, safer to go after the Christians.
Whatever, you're not part of any kind of solution, just the bigger part of the problem.
I don't know why I just typed all that, considering that very few will try to understand, oh well, I doubt this will stay here long anyway (this rating and comment, I mean).
f*cking retarted


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Jiraporn Hill Resort, Phuket - Phangnga
- Free WiFi and free parking
Main amenities
- 52 guestrooms
- Outdoor pool
- Breakfast available
- Free shuttle
- Airport shuttle
- 24-hour front desk
- Air conditioning
- Daily housekeeping
- Computer station
- Laundry service
- Luggage storage
- Tour/ticket assistance
What's around
- Patong Beach (1.6 mi / 2.6 km)
- Bangla Night Street (1.4 mi / 2.2 km)
- Bazaan Fresh Market (0.8 mi / 1.3 km)
- Simon Cabaret (0.9 mi / 1.4 km)
- Bangla Boxing Stadium (1 mi / 1.5 km)
Nice pool, air con, huge rooms with balcony and very friendly tour guide who was very…
The way from pier to hotel is quite a walk of 10-15 mins. You better contact the hotel…
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $14
- Deluxe Room
- Deluxe Room, Pool Access
- Standard Room
Recommended hotels
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 52 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 6 floors
- Check-in time 2 PM-midnight
- Check-out time is noon
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum check-in age is 18
Travelling with others
- No cribs (infant beds)
Extra people
- Roll-away beds available, charges may apply*
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Airport shuttle (available on request) *
- Free self parking (limited)
- Free beach shuttle
Other information
- Resort fee included
Nearby Three Star Phuket - Phangnga hotels
In the hotel
- Buffet breakfast daily (surcharge)
- Free beach shuttle
- Beach towels
- Outdoor pool
- Pool sun loungers
- Pool umbrellas
- Computer station
- 24-hour front desk
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Luggage storage
- Number of buildings/towers - 2
- Year Built 2003
- Elevator/lift
- Designated smoking areas
In the room
- Air conditioning
- Minibar
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Premium bedding
- Balcony
- Private bathroom
- Shower only
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer (on request)
- Plasma TV
- Cable TV channels
- Free WiFi
- Phone
- Microwave (on request)
- Free bottled water
- Daily housekeeping
- In-room safe
Top Phuket - Phangnga hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Phuket - Phangnga
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"Great staff! Very Accomodating! We stayed in the Cabana pool suite and loved the location and privacy!!"Jun 22, 2015
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"Grest Nice experience The best service you can ask"Jun 21, 2015
Nearby hotels
Jiraporn Hill Resort, Phuket - Phangnga's small print
Also known as
- Jiraporn
- Jiraporn Hill
- Jiraporn Hill Kathu
- Jiraporn Hill Resort
- Jiraporn Hill Resort Kathu
- Jiraporn Resort
Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.
For transfers, guests must contact the property 72 hours prior to arrival at the number on the booking confirmation.
The name on the credit card used at check-in to pay for incidentals must be the primary name on the guestroom reservation.
Mandatory fees
The charges below are included in the total price displayed:
- Resort fee
Optional extras
Onsite credit card charges are subject to an extra charge
Late check-out can be arranged for an extra charge of THB 100
Rollaway beds are available for THB 500 per night
Buffet breakfast is offered for an extra charge of THB 200 for adults and THB 130 for children (approximately)
Airport shuttle service is offered for an extra charge of THB 700 per vehicle (one way)
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


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All Photos Posts
Photos: Limp Bizkit and Machine Gun Kelly Live in New York City
Limp Bizkit, with opening act Machine Gun Kelly, has been wrecking stages across the country. Photographer Michael Poselski was on hand to catch all the action for their show at New York City's Best Buy Theater. Check out the pics he captured for us below–and be sure to check out his Facebook.
Photos: T.J. Martell Charity Rock N' Bowl with Members of Megadeth, Fear Factory, Testament, and More
Revolver's own Stephanie Cabral was on hand to catch all the action at the T.J. Martell Foundation's Celebrity Rock N' Bowl tournament on October 9, which included appearances by Megadeth's Chris Broderick, Testament's Chuck Billy, Fear Factory's Dino Cazares, and more. The event was chaired by Wendy Dio, President and Co-Founder of the Ronnie James Dio […]
Photos: In Flames, While She Sleeps, and Wovenwar Live in Madrid, Spain
In Flames, While She Sleeps, and Wovenwar recently rocked the La Riviera in Madrid, Spain. Photographer Javier Bragado was on hand to catch all the action. Check out the photos he captured for us below–you can also follow him on Twitter and Facebook.
Photos: Motorhead's Motorboat, with Anthrax, Testament, Down, and More
The first annual Motörhead's Motörboat set sail from Miami for Cozumel aboard the Carnival Ecstasy, September 22-26. "The Loudest Boat in the World" featured Motörhead, Anthrax, Metal Allegiance, Testament, Down, High On Fire, Kill Devil Hill, Zakk Wylde, Jim Breuer Band, Danko Jones, Fireball Ministry, Wilson, and Cilver, as well as a spoken-word performance by […]
Photos: Accept and Raven Live in California
Revolver's own Stephanie Cabral was on hand to catch all the action when Accept and Raven brought heavy-metal thunder to the Saban Theater in Beverly Hills, California, on September 12. Check out the photos she captured for us below–you can also follow her on Twitter and Facebook.
Photos: Godsmack Live on the Rockstar Energy Drink UPROAR Festival
Godsmack are currently headlining the Rockstar Energy Drink UPROAR Festival, topping a bill that also includes Seether, Skillet, Buckcherry, Pop Evil, Escape the Fate, and many more. Photographer Paris Visone has been tagging along and catching all the action. Check out her photos below, and for more, visit ParisVisone.com.
Rocker Yearbook Photos
Head back to school with our awesome gallery, including Corey Taylor, Glenn Danzig, Marilyn Manson, and many, many more!
The Hottest Photos of Avenged Sevenfold Live at the Rockstar Energy Drink Mayhem Festival
Check out our fiery wrap-up gallery, courtesy of photographer Rob Fenn!
Photos: Pop Stars in Metal Shirts
Hilary Duff, Miley Cyrus, Rihanna, Ashley Simpson, Kelly Clarkson, and more!
Photos: Alice Cooper Live
Alice Cooper has been wrecking stages across the country, opening for Motley Crue. Photographer Ruby Scholling was on hand to catch all the action. Check out the pics she captured for us below–and be sure to check out her website and Facebook.