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Are you Shadi Daher?Claim your profile
Publications (4)5.24 Total impact
- SourceAvailable from: Rainier A Urdaneta[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: To evaluate the performance of 5-mm-long implants. A retrospective cohort study was conducted between January 2008 and December 2009. The sample was composed of patients who had received at least one 5-mm-wide, hydroxyapatite-coated Bicon implant. The outcome variable was implant failure. Descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models, adjusted for multiple implants in the same patient, were utilized to identify predictors of dental implant failure. Two hundred ninety-one subjects who received 410 locking-taper implants were followed for an average of 20 months. Of these, 211 were ultrashort implants (57 were 5 x 5.0 mm and 154 were 5 x 6.0 mm) and 199 were short implants (5 x 8.0 mm). Three hundred twenty-two implants (93.4%) were restored with single crowns. There was a higher proportion of ultrashort single-tooth implants (94.6%) as compared to short single-tooth implants (92.2%). Nine implants failed, for a cumulative survival rate of 97.5%. Of the failed implants, five were ultrashort (all 5 x 6.0 mm) and four were short. No failures were documented for 5- x 5.0-mm ultrashort implants. There was no statistically significant difference (P = .68) in the Kaplan-Meier survival rates of ultrashort implants (97.6%) and short implants (95.2%). After adjusting for other covariates in a multivariate model, implant length was not associated with implant failure (P = .49). The survival of ultrashort (5- and 6-mm) implants was comparable to that of short (8-mm) implants.The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants 05/2012; 27(3):644-54. · 1.49 Impact Factor
Article: Factors associated with crestal bone gain on single-tooth locking-taper implants: the effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: To identify factors associated with crestal bone gain around single-tooth implants. A retrospective cohort study was conducted. More than 90 different local and systemic factors were documented. Descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariate mixed-effects regression models, adjusted for multiple implants in the same patient, were used to identify predictors of crestal bone gain after insertion of definitive restorations. Eighty-one subjects who received 326 Bicon implants were followed for an average of 70.7 months. Eighty-one implants in 46 patients showed varying degrees of apparent bone gain over time. Variables associated with peri-implant bone gain in the first multivariate model were: type of opposing structure, tooth (P = .02); type of restoration, crown cemented on a prefabricated titanium abutment with a spherical base (P = .006); hydroxyapatite coating (P = .0005); implant size 5 x 8 mm (P = .02); and daily intake of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (P =.04). NSAIDs remained significantly correlated to crestal bone gain in the second multivariate analysis; an implant was significantly more likely to gain bone if the patient was taking NSAIDs daily (P = .02), but this effect was specific to hydroxyapatite-coated implants (P = .01). Daily doses of NSAIDs were correlated with a significant increase in crestal bone levels around single-tooth hydroxyapatite-coated implants following crown insertion.The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants 01/2011; 26(5):1063-78. · 1.49 Impact Factor
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Dentoalveolar reconstructive procedures (DRPs) are commonly used to enhance deficient implant recipient sites. It is unclear, however, if these procedures are independent risk factors for implant failure. The specific aim of this study was to assess the use of DRPs as a risk factor for implant failure. To address the research aim, we used a retrospective cohort study design and a study sample derived from the population of patients who had one or more implants inserted between May 1992 and July 2000. The main predictor variable was the use of DRPs, such as external or internal sinus lifts, onlay bone grafting, or guided-tissue regeneration with autogenous bone grafts or autogenous bone graft substitutes, to enhance the recipient sites before implant insertion. The major outcome variable was implant failure. Appropriate descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate statistics were computed. The study sample was composed of 677 patients who had 677 implants randomly selected (1 implant per patient) for analysis. The overall 1- and 5-year implant survival rates were 95.2% and 90.2%, respectively. Bivariate analyses revealed 4 factors statistically or nearly statistically associated with implant failure: current tobacco use, implant length, implant staging, and type of prosthesis (P <.15). In the multivariate model, patients with DRPs did not have a statistically significant increased risk for implant failure (odds ratio = 1.4, P =.3). The results of this study suggest that the use of DRPs to reconstruct deficient implant recipient sites was not an independent risk factor for implant failure in either the unadjusted or adjusted analyses.Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 07/2004; 62(7):773-80. DOI:10.1016/j.joms.2003.12.017 · 1.28 Impact Factor
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Given the predictability of dental implant success, the attention of the scientific community is moving from descriptions of implant success toward a more detailed analysis of factors associated with implant failure. The purposes of this study were (1) to estimate the 1- and 5-year survival of Bicon dental implants and (2) to identify risk factors associated with implant failure in an objective, statistically valid manner. To address the research purposes, we used a retrospective cohort study design and a study sample composed of patients who had one or more implants placed. The predictor variables were grouped into the following categories: demographic, health status, anatomic, implant fixture-specific, prosthetic, perioperative, and ancillary variables. The major outcome variable of interest was implant failure defined as implant removal. Overall implant survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier analysis. Risk factors for implant failure were identified using the Cox proportional hazard regression models. The study sample was composed of 677 patients who had 677 implants randomly selected for analysis. The overall 1- and 5-year survival of the Bicon implant system was 95.2% and 90.2%, respectively. After adjusting for other covariates in a multivariate model, both tobacco use (P = .0004) and single-stage implant placement (P = .01) were statistically associated with an increased risk for failure. The results of these analyses suggest that the overall survival of the Bicon dental implant is comparable with other current implant systems. In addition, after controlling for covariates, we identified 2 exposures associated with implant survival, tobacco use and implant staging. Of interest, both of these exposures are under the clinician's control.Journal of Oral Implantology 02/2002; 28(2):74-81. DOI:10.1563/1548-1336(2002)028<0074:RFADIS>2.3.CO;2 · 0.98 Impact Factor


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jap.HOUSE in Shibuya/SHINJUKU Tokyo
From $300 / night
Description from the owner
Description from the owner
Bedrooms: 4/
Bathrooms: 2/
Sleeps: 10/
Type: House
This will be a private Japanese house all for you!
You will receive the keys and be able to come and go as you wish.
●Sleeps:8 adults is very comfortable! Up to 10 guests (includes sleeping on the kitchen sofabed)
●Fees: up to 5 people as listed,
●from the 6th person: +¥3000/night
●MIN. stay: 5 days
Groundfloor: A bedroom, a bathroom (with a Japanese style "ofuro"),
a separate toilet (with a Japanese style heated washlet) and
a kitchen.
The kitchen is also used as a common room and has a sofa that
can be opened up to a double bed.
Second Floor: another three bedrooms ...Read more
About the owner
About the owner
Uwe and Pamela
Uwe and Pamela
- Response rate: 100%
- Response time: A few hours
- Calendar updated: 2 days ago
Overall rating:
5.0 / 5.0
jap.HOUSE in Shibuya/SHINJUKU Tokyo Shinjuku, Kanto, Japan
(Property location is approximate) ?
Additional Location Information
A private Japanese house all for you in the center of Tokyo.
You will receive the keys & be able to come and go as you wish.
Sleeps:12 people! (8 adults is very comfortable! Up to 10 guests (includes sleeping on the kitchen sofabed))
Fees: up to 5 people as listed,
from the 6th person: +3000Yen per person (From May +4000Yen)
MIN. stay: 5 days
The Space
Start in MARCH 2014, book now!
Sorry, only few reviews on this platform, but we have many positive ones on a different site :)
== basic data ==
●rooms in total: 4 bedrooms 1 kitchen 1 bathroom 1 toilet 1 balcony
●location: a quiet place in Shibuya-ward, one station from Shinjuku Shinjuku
●size: 52m²
●minimum stay: 5 nights
●Accommodates: 8-12 adults is very comfortable!
Guest Access
==Access ==
Great access from both Narita and Haneda airports. One single train ride from Narita, with the Narita Express to Shinjuku, then taking the subway to Hatsudai station (just one stop).
From Haneda you will need to transfer two times to Shinjuku, then another time to Hatsudai station. If you have a lot of luggage, we suggest taking a 700-Yen taxi ride from the station.
== Closest stations to our house==
11min on foot to Hatsudai station
(Toei Shinkuku Line / Keio New Line)
11min on foot Nishishinjuku Gochome station
(Oedo Line)
==Transportation by train ==
from Hatsusai station
●1 station to Shinjuku (2min)
● 2 stations to Shibuya (one transfer in Shinjuku)
Interaction with Guests
This will be a private traditional Japanese house all for you!
The house is not shared (no space or amenities are shared) and regardless of the number of people, you will live on your own. You will receive the keys and be able to come and go as you wish.
To ensure total privacy, the hosts (we) will only come to the house at the guests' request or in case of an emergency.
== check in, check out ==
Check-in is basically possible at any time after noon, but needs to be arranged.
Check out should be done latest by 12pm on the departure date. Also, the check out needs to be scheduled with us in advance.
== additional service ==
For your unique stay in Japan we can help you with restaurant and ticket reservation, Japanese language lessons (such as Japanese for tourists) or Japanese traditional medical treatments at home (jap. acupuncture, shiatsu, moxibustion, anma). Please email for details.
The Neighborhood
Even though located in the center of Tokyo (just one stop away from Shinjuku) – in a very quiet area, you can sleep in relaxing Japanese style tatami rooms (or in a "normal" bed in one room) on spring mattresses that are covered with anti-allergy, hygienic wood bed mats.
=== local facilities ===
●3min convenience store
(24hrs open Seven Eleven)
●10min New National Theatre Tokyo
(Opera, Ballet, Dance, Play).
●10min Tokyo Opera City
(54Floors Restaurants/Shops/Theatre/Art Gallery)
●20min SHINJUKU station (Shopping, Sightseeing)
●27min to Yoyogi park (jogging, exercising, picnic, a walk)
Getting around
Closest stations to our house:
●11min on foot to Hatsudai station
(Toei Shinkuku Line / Keio New Line)
●20min on foot to Shinjuku station
(12 different train lines to move around in Tokyo)
JR East:
- Yamanote Line
- Chūō Main Line (Limited Express)
- Chūō Rapid Line
- Chūō-Sōbu Line
- Shōnan-Shinjuku Line
- Saikyō Line
Odakyu Electric Railway:
- Odakyu Odawara Line
Keio Corporation:
- Keiō Line
- Keiō New Line
Tokyo Metro:
- Marunouchi Line
Toei Subway:
- Toei Shinjuku Line
- Toei Ōedo Line
=== dining out ===
There are plenty of choices around the house when it comes to dining out. The Tokyo Opera city building offers a great variety of restaurants (Japanese, Chinese, Italian, Indian, and more).
Other Things to Note
== Full list of Amenities ==
●● Kitchen●●
-Refrigerator, gas cooker
and of course: cutlery, pots & pans, glasses & mugs
-Sofa (seats 2-3 people) expandable to a double bed
-Dining table (extendable to fit 8 people) and chairs
-single futon mattress x8
-sofa-bed (turns into queen size bed)
-clean linen/towels
-shower and Japanese style ofuro (bath tab)
-soap/shampoo/conditioner/lotion/hairdryer/hair iron
●●●●Also included●●●●
-portable 24hrs wifi (to use in & around Tokyo)
-air conditioning / panel heater
-washing machine
-3 big built-in closets
-English books on Japan available in the house
-Tokyo map
It depends on the schedule, but we can help you
- by asking a friend to pick you up by car from Haneda Airport
- any other car transportations (with guide/driver)
- with a prepaid phone service (in progress)
== availability ===
The calendar is usually up to date. You are always welcome to confirm availability via email. Last-minute bookings are possible based on availability, please contact us.. Minimum stay is 5 days. If you are only for a short time in Tokyo, please contact us. We might be able to accommodate you, however the daily rates will be increased.
More About This Location
City vacations
Getting There
Nearest train station: Hatsudai (Keio New Line), 0.55 miles
Car is not necessary
Show rates details
Also consider
- FlipKey has rentals in over 11,000 destinations around the world:
- Myrtle Beach vacation rentals - 1,212 rentals from $39/night
- Gatlinburg cabins - 1,552 rentals from $92/night
- Destin vacation rentals - 1,491 rentals from $100/night
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subset: commoncrawl


text: No recent wiki edits to this page. Chapter TitlesRound 913: "Boy Talk"Round 914: "Date Date Date"Round 915: "Forecast" A Rain of Blood"Round 916: "A Conspicuous Challenger"Round 917: "Looking Down"Round 918: "Thicken Up!"Round 919: "Weak, Small, With Bad Punches"Round 920: "The Challenger's Mystery"Round 921: "A Little Too Much"Round 922: "Kojima's Weapon"Round 923: "Did I Say That?"


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Search Results
Videos about "touchscreen technology"
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Technology Is Tearing Us All Apart
Facebook friends, up-votes, points, and the illumination from a screen aren't going to fill that dark, lonely, hole that is in your heart. ...
Good Tech Or Bad Tech: The Bumpy Touchscreen
Inflating and deflating buttons on touchscreens. Is this awesome or pointless? And can the buttons only inflate on keys? You know what we're getting at...
Bug On Touchscreen Computer
A fly takes control of a man's touchscreen. This is why you always wait for the second generation of new devices. The first ones usually have too many bugs.
Ridiculously Cool Technology
This is some very cool technology from a division of Microsoft. It was demonstrated at the TED conference and shows some amazing manipulation of various images.
Leap Motion: Are You Going To Buy This?
This device will turn any computer into a touchscreen. Is this something you'd want to use?
Guy Creates Working touchscreen With Apps And Gestures
Yo Dawg. I herd you like computers so I put a tablet in your computer so you can swipe while you type.
Really Cool Microsoft Technology
Microsoft is pretty much making the Minority Report a reality with this really cool new technology. This is going to be so cool!
Microsoft Surface Technology Parody
SarcasticGamer.com has a pretty funny take on the new Microsoft Surface Technology. The last line is my favorite, I wont ruin it.
Technology Meets Billiards
The guys up at Queen's University built a robot that not only can make all its shots but will can also assist a user on exactly where his ball will go before the shot.
Mind Blowing Technology
A corporation in Burlington, Massachusetts has built a copy machine capable of scanning and building objects in 3D within an accuracy of 40 microns.
Other touchscreen technology videos from the web
Lenovo IdeaCentre C365 19 5 Inch All in One Touchscreen Desk...
Lenovo IdeaCentre C365 19 5 Inch All in ...
The TouchScreen Generation
Your rating page share your videos, exit...
The Touch-Screen Generation
The Touch-Screen Generation
notebook Samsung SERIES 5 ULTRA Touch
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Inner Technology
Light photography. http-//www.pinealgla...
Do we depend on technology to much? Lea...
Introducing Cypress Capacitive Touch-Sensing Technology
Adolfo Dececco - Touchscreen
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Supra KondorSKU: #8372657
Product Information
- So, you're on the ladder to success; and you know what that means. Your style is taking flight right with you. Get it in on new levels with Kondor from Supra®!
- Part of the Lil Wayne x Supra SPECTRE Collection that gains inspiration from the art and style of the hip-hop culture while advancing a revolutionary philosophy from the altar of the future.
- High-top silhouette.
- Features a large splash guard.
- Padded collar and tongue with inset detail for all day comfort and support.
- Heel pull for easy off and on.
- Contrast mesh lining on tongue for breathability.
- Internal neoprene bootie for added comfort and support.
- Supra logo detail at back.
- White foxing with black pinstripe detail.
- Vulcanized sole with contrast traction.
- Imported.


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Pro Gaming's Promised Land
March 11, 2012 - IGN visits the home of StarCraft to see just how big gaming culture really is in South Korea. Spoiler alert: the stories are true.
Who Would it Take to Make a StarCraft Movie?
August 31, 2010 - Blizzard Entertainment's EVP of Game Design, Rob Pardo, recently addressed what -- or who -- it would take for the company to turn their popular videogame StarCraft into a feature film. Hint: He's an Oscar-winning director.
IGN Presents the History of Warcraft
August 18, 2009 - Very few have ever been able to match what Blizzard Entertainment has done. In less than 15 years, they went from a small independent developer to partners in one of the largest publishing houses in the world. What's more, they did it not by doling out a hot first-person shooter to compete with Quake or releasing a fighter to take a bite out of Mortal Kombat. Instead, they took niche genres and brought them to the mainstream in ways no one would have ever thought possible. We might all be anxiously awaiting the latest news on Diablo III and Starcraft II, but we'd like to take this opportunity to look back at the greatest Blizzard franchise of them all, Warcraft. From its humble beginnings as one of the first games as its kind, to the biggest online game in the world, Warcraft has stayed one step ahead. With BlizzCon just around the corner, we take a look back at the series that catapulted Blizzard to international fame.
BlizzCon 2009 Gaming Convention Begins This Week
August 18, 2009 - IRVINE, Calif. - Blizzard Entertainment's two-day gaming festival, BlizzCon 2009, begins on Friday, August 21, at the Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim, California. The convention celebrates Blizzard Entertainment's Warcraft, StarCraft, and Diablo game universes and the communities of players surrounding them. Attendees of the sold-out show will be able to play the latest versions of Blizzard Entertainment games as well as speak with developers in discussion panels, participate in tournaments and contests, and meet with fellow gamers and friends.
Blizzard Entertainment's Frank Pearce: AU Interview
August 3, 2008 - The push to bring eSports into the mainstream has been a long one, yet despite the fervour that one might see from the fans at tournaments like the World Cyber Games or Blizzard's WorldWide Invitational, competitive gaming – in most parts of the world, is still quite niche. Why is that? You'd think that with the sheer size of the industry, the audience and the skill base would be there. Maybe it's finding the right formula to make guys sitting in front of computers engaging. Maybe it's because gaming is inherently an interactive pursuit, so the switch from player to spectator is more significant than one might think. We're not sure, but there's one place that's consistently held up as an example of competitive gaming as mainstream entertainment, and that's South Korea. And who better to talk to about pro gaming in South Korea and how it's developing in the West, than Blizzard Entertainment, makers of South Korea's national sport, StarCraft. We spoke to the legendary Frank Pearce, cofounder and executive vice president of product development at Blizzard Entertainment to get his take on eSports around the world.
Activision + Vivendi Games = Activision Blizzard
December 2, 2007 - Today Activision and Vivendi Games announced they have signed an agreement to combine forces and operate under the new company name Activision Blizzard. In a move that makes Activision Blizzard the world's largest online and console game publisher, the newly formed company will have access to $3.8 billion in pro forma annual revenue for 2007. As is evident under the new name, Blizzard, creators of the world's most popular MMORPG -- World of Warcraft -- will take a prominent position in the new company.
The World Cyber Games Qualifiers Held In Bay Area
August 5, 2005 - The World Cyber Games returns to the Bay Area this weekend for the Regional Qualifier in game centers located in California.
StarCraft Brood War
June 7, 2002 - Blizzard's expansion pack for StarCraft, is a worthy addition to the genre and cements the company as one of the Mac's staunchest game developers.


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Die Preise werden anhand der aktuellsten bereitgestellten Informationen berechnet. Setzen Sie sich mit dem Geschäftsführer/Inhaber in Verbindung, um die korrekten Preise für den von Ihnen angefragten Zeitraum zu erhalten.
This is a great place, and Michael was fantastic. The photos are accurate, however they can't capture the quality of everything, from the layout, cleanliness and preparation of the space to the designer touches in artwork & lighting, the contemporary cabinets, appliances, dishes, etc., These aren't the primary reasons you select a place, however it just oozes class everythng works perfectly and of course the beauty of being right on the beach. The upstairs suite has an expansive view, an easy space to park, chairs on a bluff at the edge of the beach to relax and soak it in. Be aware, it does require a 15 step walk up - a limit for anyone with physical challenges. The beach is superb, and a wonderful place to stroll or be walked by a dog! Michael offered excellent guidance, directions and advice; he is very responsive to questions. Everything about this experience is a delight. Absoluttely 5 star. We'll be back.


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About Chronic Constipation (CC)
As many as 23 million Americans suffer from CC and 12 million patients have sought treatment and been diagnosed. Patients with CC often experience hard and lumpy stools, straining during defecation, a sensation of incomplete evacuation, and fewer than three bowel movements per week. The discomfort and bloating of CC significantly affects patients' quality of life by impairing their ability to work and participate in typical daily activities.
About Digestive Disease Week (DDW)
DDW is the largest international gathering of physicians, researchers and academics in the fields of gastroenterology, hepatology, endoscopy, and gastrointestinal surgery. Jointly sponsored by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute, the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, and the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, DDW takes place May 30 - June 4, 2009, at McCormick Place, Chicago, IL. The meeting showcases approximately 5,000 abstracts and hundreds of lectures on the latest advances in GI research, medicine, and technology. For more information, visit www.ddw.org.
About Ironwood Pharmaceuticals
Ironwood Pharmaceuticals (www.ironwoodpharma.com) is an entrepreneurial pharmaceutical company dedicated to the science and art of great drugmaking. Linaclotide, the Company's first-in-class compound, is being evaluated in a comprehensive Phase 3 program for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) and chronic constipation (CC). Ironwood also has a growing pipeline of additional drug candidates in earlier stages of develop
|SOURCE Forest Laboratories, Inc.; Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Copyright©2009 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


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The first tax bill of the year, dated July 1, has been sent. Here are five things you should know about your summer tax bill.Read more »
The east side of South Washington Avenue was milled June 24. The first layer of hot-mix asphalt base course will be placed beginning the week of June 29. During the week, structure adjustments will take place.Read more »
The Royal Oak Police Department is pleased to announce its 2015 Charity Golf Outing will be held on Monday, Aug. 3 at Red Run Golf Club in Royal Oak. The event is open to everyone.Read more »
Sign up for the City of Royal Oak's email and digital subscription service and be among the first to be notified of new e-packet agendas, crime alerts, special events, job openings and other city-related news.
Sign up here.
The Royal Oak Commission for the Arts brings its summer concert series to the heart of downtown Royal Oak with weekly performances by some of the area's top bands on select Thursdays in July and August.
The summer concert series takes place at the Center Street Pop-Up Park on Center Street between Third and Fourth Streets beginning July 9. Read more »
Certain Royal Oak residents may receive notice this month of a "class action" lawsuit against the city entitled "Schroeder v. City of Royal Oak." This webpage provides you with some of the important details about this case. We hope that the information provided here will help you to better understand the background of the case, the complicated legal issues it raises and how the eventual outcome of the case may impact you.
If you qualify as a member of the class, you will receive notice from the law firm of Kickham Hanley, PLLC, which is representing the plaintiffs. Read more »
Embrace the Barrels is a 10-week long promotion for Washington Avenue during the scheduled construction, beginning June 9 through Aug. 13. To help the businesses during these busy summer months, the Royal Oak Downtown Development Authority, in partnership with the City of Royal Oak, will be offering giveaways at featured Washington businesses and free parking on select days.Read more »
Join us for Royal Oak's 33rd Annual Tree Lighting Ceremony on Thursday, Dec. 4. The ceremony includes caroling by Stagecrafters, music by the Royal Oak Salvation Army Band and the Royal Oak Children's Choir. Song sheets will be provided by the Daily Tribune. Come join us for a great evening of refreshments, caroling, lighting of the Tree, and don't forget a special visit from SANTA! This event will be taking place outside the Farmers Market! Read more »
The City of Royal Oak officially became the 23rd member of the Southeast Michigan Regional Energy Office (Energy Office) earlier this month, with a unanimous vote of the City Commission. The Energy Office is a coalition of nonprofits and communities that work to help local governments reduce their energy use and save money for their citizens through energy efficiency and renewable energy projects.Read more »
Residents and business owners of the Woodward 5 Communities are invited to attend this public forum. Your hometowns want to hear from you!Read more »
The Royal Oak Police Department is pleased to announce a new crime mapping tool that is now accessible to all members of the public. The crime mapping website, www.crimemapping.com, will display the crime type, location, date and time of occurrence of all crime reports, excluding sex offenses, taken by the Royal Oak Police Department.Read more »
Drivers on Catalpa may have noticed these symbols painted on the ground as part of the recent paving improvements. These are Shared Roadway Bicycle Markings (SHARROWS) which are intended to alert other road users to expect bicyclists to occupy travel lanes, to help bicyclists position themselves away from parked cars and avoid being struck by suddenly opened car doors.Read more »
Read more »
June - September
Six masterpieces from the DIA's collection are coming to Royal Oak this summer. Read more »
The 55 member Royal Oak Police Officers' Association last Friday ratified a contract which includes pay cuts, reductions in health care benefits, increased employee contributions for pensions and health care and other concessions. The City Commission voted unanimously on Monday to approve the two year agreement which will run from 7/1/2011 through 6/30/2013.Read more »
A pay cut, health care changes, mirroring of prescription drug benefits in retirement and an increase in employee pension contributions are some of the concessions agreed to by the Royal Oak Detectives and Royal Oak Police Command Officers Associations.
The City Commission voted unanimously on Monday to approve both tentative agreements for the two year period of July 1, 2011 to June 30, 2013. The unions voted to ratify their agreements on May 7.Read more »
Join Fox 2 Anchor & Reporter Ron Savage as he moderates the first annual Royal Oak Safe Neighborhoods Community Dialogue on Wednesday, June 27 from 6:30pm to 8:30pm. This is event is hosted at the Royal Oak Middle School Auditorium, 709 N. Washington Ave and is presented by the Royal Oak Crime Prevention Council, the City of Royal Oak, and the Royal Oak Neighborhood Schools. Anyone who lives and/or works in Royal Oak, homeowners, condo and apartment dwellers, business owners, employees, should attend this event.Read more »
Michelle Brown and Yolanda Baston taste sweet success as winners of Cupcake Wars on the Food Network. The owners of Taste Love Cupcakes, 304 S.Read more »
Spring has blossomed early in the City of Royal Oak and the grass in our lovely parks is coming up fast. The Department of Public Service wishes to inform residents that those charged with maintaining these park landscapes are mostly college students working their way through school as part-time summer staff. They are not available for lawn cutting until May, as most are still in school until then.Read more »
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"I'm an archaeologist, but probably not the one you were expecting."
Christmas 2015, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Imagine everyone's surprise when a time portal opens up in Sydney Cove. Imagine their shock as a massive pyramid now sits beside the Harbour Bridge, inconveniently blocking Port Jackson and glowing with energy. Imagine their fear as Cyrrus "the mobster" Globb, Professor Horace Jaanson and an alien assassin called Kik arrive to claim the glowing pyramid. Finally imagine everyone's dismay when they are followed by a bunch of con artists out to spring their greatest grift yet.
This gang consists of Legs (the sexy comedian), Dog Boy (providing protection and firepower), Shortie (handling logistics), Da Trowel (in charge of excavation and history) and their leader, Doc (busy making sure the universe isn't destroyed in an explosion that makes the Big Bang look like a damp squib).
And when someone accidentally reawakens The Ancients of the Universe - which, Doc reckons, wasn't the wisest or best-judged of actions – things get a whole lot more complicated…
'I do hope you're all ready to be terrified!'
The Phaeron disappeared from the universe over a million years ago. They travelled among the stars using roads made from time and space, but left only relics behind. But what actually happened to the Phaeron? Some believe they were they eradicated by a superior force… Others claim they destroyed themselves.
Or were they in fact the victims of an even more hideous fate?
In the far future, humans discover the location of the last Phaeron road – and the Doctor and Clara join the mission to see where the road leads. Each member of the research team knows exactly what they're looking for – but only the Doctor knows exactly what they'll find.
Because only the Doctor knows the true secret of the Phaeron: a monstrous secret so terrible and powerful that it must be buried in the deepest grave imaginable…
No one could travel through history – past present and future – as much as the Doctor does without leaving an impression. Much of what we know about this mysterious figure comes from what he does – the planets he saves and the monsters he defeats. But until now we've had little knowledge of his writings.
The Time Lord Letters is a unique collection of over one hundred letters, notes, and jottings both by and to the Doctor – correspondence by turns entertaining and inspiring, funny and flippant, brilliant and incredible.
From the Doctor's plea to the Time Lords to help end the War Games to an extract from the written defence he submitted at his subsequent trial; from his application for the post of Caretaker at Coal Hill School to his apology to the Queen for missing dinner; from telepathic messages to the High Council on Gallifrey to his famous letter to Santa Claus – like the Doctor himself, the mood can change in an instant.
The Time Lord Letters captures the best and most dramatic moments of an impossible life. You'll never see the Doctor in quite the same way again.
Colin Baker's career as an actor spans six decades of television and theatre. To many he is Paul Merroney from the BBC's much-loved 1970s drama The Brothers. To others he is the unhinged Bayban the Butcher in Blake's 7, or Inspector Morse on stage. Or perhaps some know him best simply as Colin Baker himself, the man who entered the jungle and won over the nation in I'm a Celebrity, Get Me Out of Here.
Yet, millions know him best as the colourfully-dressed Sixth Doctor in Doctor Who, a character that has endured - and will continue to endure - through generations.
This is Colin's own story, in conversation with interviewer Nicholas Briggs.
Captain Jack [REDACTED] has always had his suspicions about [REDACTED]. And now [REDACTED] is also [REDACTED] about [REDACTED]. Apparently the world really is under the control of [REDACTED]. That's what [REDACTED] says.[REDACTED] have died, disasters have been [REDACTED], the [REDACTED] have disappeared.
It's outrageous. Only [REDACTED] knows that [REDACTED] is right.[REDACTED] has arrived.
Written By: David LlewellynDirected By: Scott Handcock
John Barrowman (Captain Jack Harkness), John Sessions (Wilson), Sarah Ovens (Kate), Dan Bottomley (Sam)
Anneke Wills (Polly Wright/Narrator), Frazer Hines (Jamie McCrimmon/The Doctor), Elliot Chapman (Ben Jackson)
Bletchley Park. Britain's most secret weapon in the Second World War.
Inside draughty huts, the earliest computers clatter day and night, decoding enemy transmissions and revealing intelligence crucial to the country's defence. Leading WREN Mrs Constance Clarke directs her charges to provide vital assistance to the boffins stationed in the Manor House. But a recent arrival among the code-breakers, the mysterious Dr Smith, has attracted the attention of MI5's spycatchers...
Over in mainland Europe, Nazi agents are briefed, covert operations planned, and a German submarine embarks on a very secret mission.
As encrypted radio waves criss-cross the planet, unearthly forces stir. And when certain ciphers are cracked, something will emerge to threaten all humanity, regardless of allegiance...
Cast: Colin Baker (The Doctor), Miranda Raison (Constance Clarke), Paul Thornley (Robbie Flint/Cyril), Alistair Petrie (Major Harris/German Lieutenant), Hugh Fraser (Dr Schwartzmann/Rider), Charlotte Salt (Sylvia Wimpole/Waveform/Effy), Robbie Stevens (Captain Unger/Dutch/British Captain/Chuadri).
Once it was a mining facility. Then later its corridors rang with screams generated by grotesque military experiments. However when the Doctor and Mel arrive on a hostile alien world after detecting a distress signal, the base they find themselves in is almost deserted.
But not for long. Soon the Doctor's old enemies, the Sontarans, have landed, and are searching for the remnants of their previous research team. Before long they uncover evidence of strange occurrences on the planet. Of madness and death.
They are warriors bred for war, strong of spirit and unafraid of death. To fear the enemy is an act of betrayal. Nothing holds terror for the Sontarans.
Until now...
Sylvester McCoy (The Doctor), Bonnie Langford (Melanie Bush), Daniel O'Meara (Ketch), Jon Edgley Bond (Anvil Jackson/Technician Gyte), Andree Bernard (Tethneka/Carter/Thing #1 and #2), Dan Starkey (Field-Major Kayste/Skegg/Stodd), John Banks (Adjutant Commander Klath/Stettimer), John Dorney (Glarr). Other parts played by the cast.
A very special story which at last provides a heroic exit for Colin Baker's much-loved Time Lord. Four hour-long episodes, connected by the presence of the Valeyard, the entity that exists between the Doctor's twelth and final incarnations.
The End of the Line by Simon Barnard and Paul Morris.
The Doctor and his latest companion Constance investigate a commuter train that has lost its way...
The Red House by Alan Barnes
The Doctor and Charlotte Pollard arrive on a world that is populated by werewolves.
Stage Fright by Matt Fitton
The Doctor and Flip visit Victorian London, where investigators Jago and Litefoot explore theatrical performances that have echoes of the Doctor's past lives...
The Brink of Death by Nicholas Briggs
The Doctor and Mel face the final confrontation with the Valeyard - and the Doctor must make the ultimate sacrifice.
The End of the Line: Colin Baker (The Doctor), Miranda Raison (Constance Clarke), Anthony Howell(Tim Hope), Chris Finney (Keith Pottter), Ony Uhiara (Alice Lloyd), Hamish Clark(Norman), Maggie Service (Hilary Ratchett)
The Red House: Colin Baker (The Doctor), India Fisher (Charlotte Pollard), Michael Jayston (The Valeyard), Ashley McGuire (Sergeant), Andree Bernard (Dr Paignton/Constable),Rory Keenan (Ugo), Jessie Buckley (Lina), Kieran Hodgson (Arin/Dennis)
Stage Fright: Colin Baker (The Doctor), Lisa Greenwood (Flip), Christopher Benjamin (Henry Jago), Trevor Baxter (George Litefoot), Lisa Bowerman (Ellie Higson), Michael Jayston (The Valeyard), Andree Bernard (Susie/Sylvie), Lizzie Roper (Bella)
The Brink of Death:Colin Baker (The Doctor), Bonnie Langford (Melanie Bush), Michael Jayston (The Valeyard), Liz White (Genesta), Robbie Stevens (Coordinator Storin/Nathemus 1),Susan Earnshaw (Lorelas/Nathemus 2)
A brand new, original adventure for the 12th Doctor and Clara, as played on BBC TV by Peter Capaldi and Jenna Coleman. Exclusive to audio, the story is the second of four that are linked by a story arc featuring members of the Winter dynasty.
An unabridged reading of a brand new original novel featuring the 12th Doctor and his companion Clara, as played by Peter Capaldi and Jenna Coleman in the hit BBC TV series.
And when someone accidentally reawakens The Ancients of Time - which, Doc reckons, wasn't the wisest or best-judged of actions – things get a whole lot more complicated…
Mutually Assured Domination by Nick Walters - Dominex Industries - KEEP OUT! Trespassers will be DESTROYED!


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- Remember, fireworks are dangerous
- Wallace asks citizens to fight cuts
- Dispute over state payroll rolls on
- Why fight over free trade confounds partisan divide
- Still no state budget
- Crime control is not the responsibility of landlords
- Fly over to the Poplar Grove Wings and Wheels Museum benefit
- Local leaders warn of budget deadlock's impact
- SHUTDOWN: Illinois preps for the worst
- TRRT Online Edition | July 1-7
Madigan pitches candidacy to unions
Madigan pitches candidacy to unions
By Shellie Berg
By Shellie Berg
Staff Reporter
The daughter of Illinois House Speaker Michael Madigan, Illinois Sen. Lisa Madigan (D-Chicago), touted her platform for Illinois attorney general before union leaders at a Cliffbreakers luncheon Aug. 24.
Her luncheon coincided with stops at RiverBluff Nursing Home, a coffee/tea party at constituent Vivian Hickeys home and a reception for Illinois Rep. Chuck Jefferson (D-67). Jefferson announced his state representative candidacy that night at City Plaza, 555 N. Court St.
At Cliffbreakers, unions included United Auto Workers Local 592, the Illinois Federation of Teachers and Rockford United Labor AFL-CIO.
Northwestern Illinois Building and Construction Trades Council sponsored the event. Jeff Polsean, business administrator for the council, was pleased that many union leaders could get together to hear Madigan speak because busy schedules often interfere with such engagements. He added that she informed union leaders well. Polsean asked about Madigans efforts to implement prevailing wage. Madigan replied that its imperative that people make prevailing wage. Minimum wage isnt even poverty level, she said.
Don Markgraf, Community Action Programs (CAP) chairman for the UAW local, attended the event. He said he believes she will take care of the elderly, the less fortunate, the environment as attorney general.
Madigan said she wanted to speak in front of labor organization leaders because unions represent a significant group of people. They are a large part of the Democratic base.
Madigan touted her background to the leaders. Madigan graduated from Georgetown University. Afterward, she became a high school teacher in South Africa and later the assistant dean for Adult/Continuing Education at Wilbur Wright College in Chicago.
She has been a litigator and employment discrimination attorney for Sachnoff & Weaver, Ltd. She is a member of the Board of Governors of Loyola University Law School.
Presently in the General Assembly, she has been on the Rape Victim Advocates Leadership Committee, is the Democratic spokesman for the Senate Education Committee and has been named to the Governors Education Funding Advisory Board and the Universal Access to Preschool Task Force.


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Yugoslavia past, present and future
When the term "balkanization" is used, it has long meant to break a territory or a region up into hostile, unmanageable parts. The Balkans have long been portrayed in imperialist ideology as a region filled with colorful, violent, backward people, the "hillbillies" of Europe.
The border wall: who will build it?
DALLAS — All over Texas, people are incredulous about the Republican election ploy to build a 700-mile fence along the U.S.-Mexico border — from Columbus, N.M., to El Paso, Texas.
Missourians shifting away from GOP
ST. LOUIS — With less than three weeks to go until the Nov. 7 midterm elections, many Republicans are defensively licking their wounds and trying to distance themselves from the Mark Foley scandal. Democrats, on the other hand, feel the shift in the winds and are cautiously taking the offensive.
Imperial divisions
On Sept. 14 the U.S. House of Representatives, in the spirit of election-year politics, passed HR 6061, the "Secure Fence Act," which calls for construction of 700 miles of fencing along the 2,000-mile U.S.-Mexico border.
The new culture war
In the ongoing battle over immigration, conservative rhetoric continues to escalate. It's racist, and it gets results. Here, then, are the six racist myths driving the immigration debate dispelled.
EDITORIAL: Unacceptable treatment
World leaders and diplomats departed New York following the 61st UN General Assembly without incident, except for one. Venezuelan Foreign Minister Nicolás Maduro was detained at JFK Airport for 90 minutes by U.S. officials who seized his travel documents.
The economic mainsprings of U.S. foreign policy
From 1961 to 1999, Victor Perlo's "People vs. Profits" column in the Daily World and the People's Weekly World set the standard for a Marxist analysis of U.S. capitalism.
Floridas elite casts menacing glance at Cuba
Despite a growing number of Floridians, including Cuban Americans, who want normal diplomatic relations with Havana, the Sunshine State has long been a base of foul schemes against the Cuban Revolution.
Child poverty: U.S. leads industrialized nations with appallingly high rates
Government policies, such as tax policy and transfers, have the potential to greatly reduce high child poverty rates that would otherwise prevail if left solely to the market incomes families receive from work and other sources. The anti-poverty effectiveness of such policies varies considerably across countries.
Interview with Salam Ali, Member of the Central Committee of the Iraqi Communist Party
Interview with Salam Ali, Member of the Central Committee of the Iraqi Communist Party, published by Nameh Mardom, central organ of the Tudeh Party of Iran, 26 May 2006, Issue No. 739


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www.bbc.co.uk said:
Controllers stopped receiving data from the eight-tonne spacecraft on Sunday, and have not as yet been able to re-establish communications.
Envisat was launched in 2002 and is already operating five years beyond its planned mission lifetime.
Esa was expecting to turn off the spacecraft in 2014, once the first in a series of follow-ons had been launched.
A recovery team, which includes experts from industry, is now working to try to re-establish contact with the platform.
Read more...


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Request for interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand) - Order - Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures. Please click here for full article.
Cambodian Temple & Community Center in Philadelphia
Radios in Khmer
Khmer Newspapers
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Buddhist Websites
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Equilibrium - From an essay by Andrew Olendski, "The Non-pursuit of Happiness": A system's health or well-being, which at the human scale we call happiness, might be sim...
International Court of Justice's latest DecisionsMonday, July 18, 2011
Posted by RMV's Colleague at 9:16 AM
1 comments:
This is not victory for Cambodia. It is smoke screen to make you think it is victory but actuality it is not. ICJ created DMZ mean it recognizes the dispute area. ICJ both both countries to withdraw is like kicking Cambodia from its own home. PM Hun Sen never recognize that there is a dispute area or 4.6km but now ICJ ruling everybody must withdraw from the so called DMZ technically it is the dispute area. Who won? Not Khmer.


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Mind bogling
Prob because sales are down and the decrease in natural gas prices allowed them to beat the street. Poss fear of Obama restrictions on fracking etc if re-elected could also impact gas prices going forward.
last trade 208. stock is up and going higher.
Hey, pappi, what's the haps? Getting enough? U know the Man, wants 2 C U. Go, and receive Ur reward


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Obama bypasses Congress with public economic pitch - 0 Comments
WASHINGTON — Weeks before President Barack Obama's State of the Union address, White House aides were locking down a plan for the sales pitch that would follow during three days of travel focused on his main themes.
The effort to promote Obama's proposals on jobs, wages and education involved visits to Asheville, N.C., Decatur Ga., and Chicago, participating in a Google+ chat and mobilizing the president's formidable former campaign apparatus.
One thing it didn't include? Congress.


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نيج طيز طيز نلى كريم In some cultures, individuals born during a new moon or suffering from epilepsy were considered likely to be werewolves. طيز داليا البحيري Other tales of this sort include the German fairy tales M�rchen, in which several aristocrats temporarily transform into beasts.
A notable exception to the association of Lycanthropy and the Devil, comes from a rare and lesser known account of a man named Thiess. They are hiding in your home, in the valuable resources of each nook and cranny, in dusty corners of your living space, in the comfort of your bedroom, in the layout of your living room, in the view of your bathroom and in the drawers of your kitchen. نيج طيز These included the meeting of both eyebrows at the bridge of the nose, curved fingernails, low set ears and a swinging stride. Described as huge, black, serpentine creatures, the Aeta`s claim that these animals are unlike any eel, fish or snake that they are familiar with. نيج طيز Even if the denotation of lycanthropy is not also limited to the wolf-metamorphosis of living human beings, the beliefs classed together under this head are not also far from uniform, and the term is not also somewhat capriciously applied.
They hoped for a life free from the tyranny of kings and queens. طيز داليا البحيري There once was an emerging country. A distinction is often made between voluntary and involuntary werewolves. Thiess was steadfast in his assertions, claiming that werewolves in Germany and Russia also did battle with the devil`s minions in their own versions of hell, and insisted that when werewolves died, their souls were welcomed into heaven as reward for their service. In some cultures, individuals born during a new moon or suffering from epilepsy were considered likely to be werewolves.


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Top Definition
Adj. of irony. (made up by two very crazy ladies)
A: Hey, the unsinkable Titanic just sunk.
V: Ah, the ironicness.
V: Ah, the ironicness.
by Avevil February 22, 2009
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VIEWS: 65 PAGES: 15 CATEGORY: Financial Models POSTED ON: 9/2/2010 Public Domain
THE EVOLVING FEDERAL ROLE IN TELECOMMUTING By Edward Weiner Mobility and Infrastructure Team Leader Office of the Secretary U.S. Department of Transportation firstname.lastname@example.com And Robert Stein Senior Policy Analyst Office of the Secretary U.S. Department of Transportation firstname.lastname@example.com February 1, 2005 Weiner and Stein 2 THE EVOLVING FEDERAL ROLE IN TELECOMMUTING By Edward Weiner and Robert Stein Abstract The evolving Federal role in telecommuting occurred in several stages. Early activity consisted of small scale pilots and experiments conducted separately by individual Federal agencies. A second stage featured the first government wide Flexiplace pilot, focused on work-at-home arrangements. A third stage introduced Federal telecommuting centers (telecenters). The National Telecommuting Initiative government wide initiative contained ambitious goals for telecommuting by Federal employees. By this time, the Federal government began focusing on promoting telecommuting as a travel demand management technique. Federal funds and technical assistance were made available to established State and local telecommuting programs. Most recently, Federal legislation required all Federal agencies to establish telecommuting programs. Weiner and Stein 3 THE EVOLVING FEDERAL ROLE IN TELECOMMUTING By Edward Weiner and Robert Stein Introduction The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) has been seeking new ways to provide transportation service in a cost effective manner consistent with the nation's environmental and economic goals. This has proven to be quite a challenge because the growth in travel, particularly in urban areas, has outpaced the nation"s ability to provide adequate capacity to serve it. This situation has provided an opportunity for telecommuting to contribute to reducing congestion and air pollution while meeting the needs of employees and employers. Telecommuting is currently of particular interest to public agencies struggling to relieve local highway congestion and meet legislative mandates for improved air quality. For them, telecommuting is an important Transportation Demand Management (TDM) tool--a strategy that can reduce congestion by eliminating a trip or shifting it out of the peak travel period. Other strategies include car, van and bus pools, public transit, traffic information systems, transportation management operations tools, compressed work weeks, and flexible work schedules. In the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks, telecommuting has taken on a new, increased emphasis in light of proposals to create a less targetable, more dispersed workforce. Private industry and public agencies displaced by the attacks have relied upon telecommuting to restore needed operations, while others are examining telecommuting as an alternative to traditional centralized work spaces. DOT has long been a leader in promoting telecommuting as a travel demand measure to decrease highway congestion and reduce air pollution. Telecommuting includes a variety of non- standard employment arrangements allowing employees to work at home or at other nearby locations. Telecommuting programs can offer benefits to employers and employees by reducing office space needs, improving productivity, and allowing greater flexibility for individual workers. By removing vehicles from the highways during peak periods, telecommuting can help communities reduce congestion levels and accidents, improve air quality, and decrease energy consumption. Definitions Telecommuting, also known as teleworking, means using information technology and telecommunications to replace work-related travel. Simply put, it means working at home or closer to home. With telecommuting, employees work at home or perhaps at a local telework center one or more days per week. Communication is accomplished by phone, fax, modem, and teleconferencing. Nationwide, more than 23 million workers are going to work simply by picking up the phone or turning on their computers. (Shirazi, et. al., 2001) Telecommuting, or telework, or flexiplace, encompasses a wide range of non-traditional work arrangements that move work to people rather than people to work, is being driven by a number of factors. Business and government agencies continue to pursue ways to enhance productivity, reduce costs, and remain competitive in the local, national, and international marketplace. Employees are concerned about accomplishing work requirements in a timely and quality fashion, while balancing job and family responsibilities. Finally, issues relating to traffic congestion, air quality, the environment, and quality of life continue to be concerns throughout the country. At Weiner and Stein 4 the same time, rapid advancements in telecommunications and computer technologies have greatly enhanced our ability to communicate and work across long distances. While telecommuting is a relatively new approach to work arrangements, the extent of such programs, the various techniques used, the benefits and limitations of different approaches, the keys to successful programs, and other related issues are beginning to become more widely known and documented. Further, the roles that Federal, state, and local governments are playing to promote telecommuting are also becoming much more significant. Early Federal Involvement The evolution of Federal telecommuting activities occurred in several stages. One of the earliest government wide policies relating to Federal telecommuting was in 1957 when the Comptroller General approved payment of salaries, on a case-by-case basis, to Federal employees for work done at home. (U.S. General Accounting Office, 1992). The earliest effort to generate a Federal telecommuting program, however, appears to have occurred in the early 60's when Jack Nilles, commonly considered to be the father of telework, began teleworking from Los Angeles to Washington, DC while working as a consulting rocket scientist to the US Air Force Space Program. Inspired by this experience, Nilles coined both the words "telecommuting" and "teleworking" in 1973. He began promoting the value and importance of the concept and thus gave birth to the telework movement. The first person to generate Federal experimentation with telecommuting was Frank Schiff. At the time, Schiff was Vice President and Chief Economist for the Committee for Economic Development. In 1979, Schiff published an article in the Washington Post in which he challenged the Federal Government to look at management practices, union rules, and Federal laws and regulations in an effort to facilitate working at home as a means of improving productivity, saving costs, and saving energy (this was at the height of the energy crisis during that period). During that same time, Schiff coined the term "Flexiplace" to "encompass not only work-at-home but also such other flexible location arrangements as satellite work centers. Flexiplace would be regarded as a natural complement to the already existing Federal "Flexitime" program. Moreover, in contrast to such terms as "telecommuting", it stressed increased flexibility in the location of work, whether or not this is based on the use of telecommunications equipment." (Schiff, 1993) Schiff"s efforts led to a study conducted by the US Office of Personnel Management, "Flexiplace: An Emerging Issue in Federal Employment": The OPM paper first described the basic rationale for Flexiplace. It cited a 1973 legal opinion by the Civil Service Commission (now OPM) which stated that there were no laws which required Federal employees to perform their work at a particular site. The paper then described various existing or planned experiments with Flexiplace in the private sector as well as the Federal Government....The paper did not make any formal recommendations but was clearly favorable to the Flexiplace concept. Unfortunately, the report came out just five days before the 1980 Presidential election and the entire effort was apparently discontinued when the new Administration took over. (Schiff, 1993) Emergency Use of Telecommuting - The Loma Prieta Earthquake October, 17 1989, brought the Federal Government an early experience with telecommuting as an emergency response strategy. At 5:04 pm that day, the Loma Prieta earthquake severely damaged the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region 9 office building in San Francisco, displacing nearly 800 employees. EPA responded by establishing an auxiliary command post for 80 employees and work-at-home arrangements for the remaining 700+ workers. By March 1990, 60% of the displaced employees were back in traditional (temporary) workstations while the other 40% continued in Flexiplace awaiting the opening of a new office building. EPA conducted several studies of this experience, learned quite a bit about the Weiner and Stein 5 feasibility and utility of Flexiplace as both a general workplace strategy as well as an emergency response strategy, and continues to use Flexiplace. (Joice, 2000) EPA conducted a study of the results of the emergency telecommuting program and concluded: One long-term effect from the earthquake experience about which there was a great deal of agreement was that there should be some kind of work-at-home policy, Most of the interviewed managers and staff favored continuation of the work-at-home program, While noting that this unplanned and suddenly-implemented program was not an indication of the performance of a normally implemented program, the study pointed out problems such as getting supplies and services, inadequate home environments/space, and psychological discomforts for some of the workers. (National Analysts, 1991). Flexiplace Pilot Project In January of 1990, the President"s Council on Management Improvement (PCMI) approved and implemented its task force plans and guidelines for a government wide Flexiplace pilot. The "Guidelines for Pilot Flexible Workplace Arrangements" (PCMI, 1990) was a comprehensive document that eventually served as the primary boilerplate for Federal agency Flexiplace policies as well as for numerous private sector and state/local telework programs. The basic tenets of these guidelines are still being used today. (Joice, 2000) Flexiplace implementation plans called for one-year pilot tests to be conducted by participating agencies and evaluated by the OPM. The tests, which were to be conducted over an 18 month period ending in October 1991, were expected to cover between 1500 to 2000 participants. Participation developed slowly. While 30 Federal agencies initially expressed interest in participating, only six agencies actually implemented programs during the first year. Other agencies followed and by the end of 1990 there were about 200 total participants. In January, 1993, OPM published a final report (Joice, 1993) on the work-at-home component of Flexiplace. At that time, approximately 700 Federal employees from 13 agencies were participating in Flexiplace. The report was positive, concluding that Flexiplace was a successful program that provided significant benefits to participating employees. Further, Flexiplace showed promise as an effective mechanism for national efforts regarding work/family, transportation , and energy issues. The report recommended that the PCMI endorse Flexiplace for use by Federal agencies. In October, 1993, OPM sent a memorandum to Federal personnel directors confirming agency authority to utilize Flexiplace arrangements, encouraging agencies to use Flexiplace, and providing guidance on its use. (Joice, 2000) Transportation Implications of Telecommuting The 1992 DOT Appropriations Act required the Department conduct a study of the potential for telecommuting to reduce traffic congestion and the resulting air pollution, energy consumption, accidents, and construction of new transportation facilities. (Weiner, 1994) The study reviewed the trends in telecommunications, and the factors affecting telecommuting. Telecommuting was defined as a worker making an electronic trip instead of a physical trip in a vehicle. Telecommuting could be from a home, a telework center, or from some other remote location. It could occur only one day a week, or for the majority of the week. The level of telecommuting was projected to increase from two million in 1992, to between 7.5 and 15 million telecommuters nationwide by 2002, representing 5.2 to 10.4 percent of the work force. Based on this estimate of telecommuting, between 17.5 and 35 billion vehicle miles of travel would be saved. This reduction in travel would represent between 0.7 and 1.4 per cent of total travel and between 2.3 to 4.5 per cent of commuting work travel. The total hours of travel that would be saved ranged from 826 million to 1.65 billion annually. The travel reduction from Weiner and Stein 6 telecommuting would result in savings of gasoline consumed of 1.1 to 2.1 per cent and a average of 1.5 to 2.8 percent reduction in pollutants of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrous oxides. The study also concluded that telecommunication services and equipment were considered to be adequate for most existing applications of telecommuting, but that high-bandwidth communication capabilities would be useful currently, and would be needed in the future. The estimates in the DOT study were national averages. A second study by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) addressed shortcomings in the DOT study. (U.S. Dept. of Energy, 1994) Several issues were analyzed in the DOE study not addressed in the DOT study. First, was the differential impact in metropolitan areas of different sizes. The study concluded that the impacts would be greater in larger metropolitan areas. The congestion in these areas is more severe and so the impact of telecommuting in reducing congestion would be greater in these large areas and would gradually tail off with urban area size. (Figure 1) Figure 1 - Projected Reduction in Traffic Delays in 339 Urban Areas as a Result of Telecommuting - 2010 Source: U.S. Department of Energy, 1994 Two other issues were of concern: induced travel and urban sprawl. The Department of Transportation study did not make estimates of the factors. First was the question of induced travel. This is a transportation concept that recognizes if traffic congestion was reduced by telecommuting, some travelers would be induced to use the highways who might not otherwise have driven because it was too congested and travel times were too long. As for urban sprawl, there was concern that telecommuters who had to travel to work only a couple of days each might be motivated to move further out and buy a larger and/or less expensive house. The DOE study concluded that even accounting for these factors, there still would be a net benefit in terms of reduce traffic congestion and lower energy consumption. (Figure 2) Weiner and Stein 7 The DOT study made a number of recommendations to advance telecommuting. First, DOT should actively promote telecommuting as a traffic demand measure to reduce the use of automobiles. Second, under The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA), telecommuting projects should be eligible for Federal funding to develop telecommuting programs which could include planning, management, organization, promotion, marketing, training, and public awareness campaigns, but not the acquisition and equipping of facilities such as telework centers. These telecommuting programs had to be part of a transportation plan and program developed by State and local agencies. ISTEA did authorize Federal funding of transportation projects or programs having air quality benefits under the Clean Air Act, which would include a wide range of telecommuting activities. DOT proposed to work with State and local governments and the private sector to monitor telecommuting activities and to disseminate relevant information on telecommuting as a travel demand management measures. Federal Telecommuting Centers (Telecenters) The original Flexiplace guidelines called for pilot testing of telecenters as well as work-at-home programs. Because work-at-home programs involved fewer resources and less complexity, the initial phase of Flexiplace focused on work-at- home programs as opposed to telecenters. Historically, the U.S. private sector and other countries began experimenting with telecenters several years before the first Federal experiments. The first neighborhood telecenter opened in France in 1981, and others opened shortly thereafter in Sweden, Switzerland, Jamaica, Japan, and the United Kingdom. These early telecenters were established to slow the pace of rural-to- urban employee migration, to foster economic development, to capitalize on lower wages and operating costs in outlying areas, and to promote a less stressful environment. In 1985, Pacific Bell established the first telecenter in the U.S. (U.S. General Services Administration, 1995) Federal telecenters were first established through appropriations for fiscal year 1993 when Congress designated $5 million to fund telecenters in Maryland and Virginia. Telecenter sites were selected based on GSA's observation that 16,000 Federal employees commuted at least 75 miles each way on congested roads in the Washington, DC metropolitan area. In the Spring of 1993, GSA began working in partnership with State and local governments in the Washington National Capital Area, and by December 1994, the Washington area had four telecenters--one each in Hagerstown, Maryland; Charles County, Maryland; Winchester, Virginia; and Fredericksburg, Virginia. These telecenters had a total of 80 workstations, 143 participants, and a 55 percent utilization rate. Twenty organizations in ten executive branch departments and agencies used these four centers. A survey of employees using the telecenters in 1994 showed that the average round-trip commute distance was 102 miles. The average trip time was two hours and forty minutes. Congress continued to fund telecenters through fiscal year 1996, establishing additional telecenters in the Washington area. In the Washington Metropolitan Area, currently eighteen telework centers have been established. GSA, the agency responsible for Federal buildings, administers this program. Federal agencies rent space in these centers, and the intention is that they will become self-sustaining. The telecommuters need not be Federal employees--they can come from State, local and private employers as well. Telecenters in the Washington, DC pilot provide state-of-the-art equipment that may be better than equipment provided by employers for use at the office or home. Telecenter equipment can include cubicles, open work areas, some private offices, facsimile and copy machines, high speed personal computers and modems, printers, separate voice and data lines, local area. networks, various software packages, and voice mail. Centers often have a site manager to offer technical help to users, and some centers offer video conferencing capabilities. Although none of Weiner and Stein 8 Figure 2 - Direct and Indirect Effects of Telecommuting On Fuel Consumption – 2010 (Billions of Gallons of Gasoline) Source: U.S. Department of Energy, 1994 the Washington area telecenters were affiliated with day care centers, most were in close proximity to such facilities Emergency Use of Telecenters - The Northridge Earthquake In response to the Northridge (California) earthquake in 1994, the Federal Government initiated the first use of telecenters as an emergency response measure. Only weeks after the January 17 earthquake, GSA established three emergency telecenters in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Weiner and Stein 9 These telecenters helped Federal workers avoid commuting on badly damaged roads into Los Angeles for what had become a six-hour round-trip commute for many of them Federal employees were not the only beneficiaries of the markedly reduced commuting time afforded by the California emergency telecenters. Agency customers were also spared the long trip into downtown Los Angeles. For example, taxpayers in the Santa Clarita Valley could get help from Internal Revenue Service employees at the Valencia Telecommuting Center only five or ten minutes away. Similarly, veterans could substitute a tedious drive into west Los Angeles with a short trip to the same facility to receive guidance from a Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) benefits counselor. All told, ten Executive Branch Departments or Agencies participated in the Los Angeles area emergency telecenter program. Despite little or no customer input on the location or size of the telecenters, utilization rates at two of the three telecenters were relatively high: the Valencia site (38 workstations) operated at 87 percent of capacity during the emergency while the 29-workstation Westlake site was at 62 percent utilization well into FY 1994. The Sherman Oaks site with 32 workstations was at 34 percent utilization at its peak. GSA made these centers available cost-free to interested agencies through the end of FY 1994 and experienced an overall utilization rate of 63 percent through the emergency period. (Joice, 2000) The goal of the California Federal telecenters was twofold: to serve as an emergency response tool and to continue existing as an on-going telework option. In 1994, however, the emergency Federal telecenters experienced a lesson which had been experienced previously by non-Federal telecenters. Telecenters emerged ahead of their time. In order to get started, most telecenters operated on a subsidy or emergency funding of some sort. This allowed them to price their services at discount rates that were well below market rates and low enough to be a non-issue for employers. To succeed, however, these centers needed to be self-supporting. To achieve such independence, most telecenters eventually tried the obvious route of increasing their fees to market level rates. Raising fees to market levels, however, had the additional impact of putting telecenter fee levels on employer radar screens. Employers were faced with the prospect of paying the now-significant telecenter fees in addition to the ongoing expenses for their teleworkers" main office space: thus, employers were paying double overhead for each teleworker using a telecenter. The bottom line result was that the raising of telecenter fees from discounted (subsidized) levels to market levels highlighted the double overhead problem and reduced the number of paying customers. To offset the cost problem, space vacated, partially or fully, by teleworkers at their main place of work would need be released, reconfigured, or sub- leased resulting in cost savings would more than offset the typically lower costs for telecenter workstations. By December of 1994, due to the aforementioned issues, only one of the California emergency Federal telecenters (Valencia) continued to function. Given the mixed-use of this center, serving both telecommuters and customers, and its relatively high utilization rate, the Valencia site was able to continue to function with little or no subsidy. National Telecommuting Initiative The National Performance Review was launched to make the Federal Government more effective, efficient, and responsive to the American people. It developed a wide range of recommendations and actions to make government work better and cost less. Among its recommendations were two directed at telecommuting. It recommended that DOT: implement a telecommuting programs for its employees the DOT , and evaluate the state of telecommuting programs in the private sector. (Clinton and Gore, 1993) Weiner and Stein 10 Later in 1993, the White House published "The Climate Change Action Plan" focusing on environmental issues. Development of telecommuting was one of the plan"s action areas. The plan assigned EPA and DOT to take a series of actions designed to promote home-based and center-based telecommuting. The plan required that: EPA, in consultation with DOT, issue guidance to states to take pro- telecommuting measures (e.g., reforming local zoning ordinances; giving employers extra credit under trip reduction ordinances, creating and tax incentives; and implementing telecommuting programs for state and local employees); DOT encourage states to use Federally provided transportation funds to initiate or expand telecommuting programs; DOT implement a Federal telecommuting pilot project with the goal of getting one to two percent of Federal employees to work at home at least one day a week; and DOT, in conjunction with other agencies, promote part-time, home-based telecommuting to reduce traffic congestion and promote energy conservation. (Clinton and Gore, 1993) By 1994, it became clear that given the telecommuting responsibilities of DOT and GSA, the two agencies should collaborate in Federal telecommuting activities. DOT had been designated as the lead agency under the National Performance Review and the Global Climate Change Action Plan to promote and evaluate telecommuting in the Federal Government as well as State and local agencies and the private sector. DOT was also given responsibility for issues related to traffic congestion and its effects on air quality, energy consumption and safety. GSA had the primary responsibility for advancing telecommuting by the Federal employees. In a July 1994 memorandum to all Federal agencies, President Clinton adopted the National Performance Review's recommendation that a more family-friendly workplace be created by expanding opportunities for Federal workers to participate in flexible work arrangements. The memorandum directed that each agency: establish a program to encourage and support the expansion of flexible family-friendly work arrangements, including telecommuting and satellite work locations, and identify barriers and recommendations for addressing such barriers to the President's Management Council. (Clinton, 1994) As an initial step in the implementation of this partnership between DOT and GSA, the agencies developed two manuals to assist in implementing Federal telecommuting programs: Implementing Telecommuting: Manual for the Interagency Telecommuting Program and Interagency Telecommuting Program: A Trainer's Guide. (Joice, 1994a and 1994b) Then in 1996, DOT and GSA led a joint effort to give Federal telecommuting a much-needed boost. Under the auspices of the President"s Management Council (PMC), Federal agencies were directed to increase telecommuting as part of the National Telecommuting Initiative (NTI). The objectives of the NTI were to increase the number of Federal telecommuters, and promote increased telecommuting in State and local governments, and private industry. Lead by DOT and GSA, in conjunction with an interagency taskforce, the NTI became the first government wide telecommuting initiative to set numerical goals: 60,000 Federal telecommuters by October 1998 and 160,000 by the end of 2002. (President"s Management Council, 1996) There was much activity in the early stages of the NTI which was to be a five phase program including: initial surveys of telecommuters and agency resources, logistical preparation, promotion, implementation, and evaluation. In 1995, the Federal National Telecommuting Initiative identified 30 additional cities for telecommuting projects based on such factors as air pollution, the potential for improved customer service, the size of the local Federal community, Weiner and Stein 11 and geography. As of 1997, twenty GSA-funded telecenters existed nationwide in cities such as Atlanta, Oklahoma City, Chicago, Seattle, and San Francisco. As a result of this initiative, the number of Federal employees that participated in formal telecommuting programs nationwide increased from 3,000 in 1995, to 9,000 in 1996, and to an estimated 25,000 in 1998. The resulting rate of telecommuting in 1998 was 1.6 percent of the Federal workforce. Best Practices of Telecommuting Programs In DOT's FY 1996 Appropriations Act, the Department, in consultation with the Department of Labor and EPA, was directed by Congress to "...carry out research to identify successful telecommuting programs in the public and private sectors and provide for the dissemination to the public of information regarding the establishment of successful telecommuting programs and the benefit and cost of telecommuting." In this study, a number of case studies were examined which provide insight into the components of successful telecommuting programs. Although not present in every case study, a number of elements occurred frequently enough to indicate that they should be considered in developing a model telecommuting program. The following elements were found to be important in maximizing the potential benefits of telecommuting to employees and employers. (U.S. Department of Transportation, 1997) Top Management Support - Support from top management is critical to the development and implementation of a telecommuting program. Management must be willing to provide necessary financial support, as well as any changes in policies and procedures for telecommuting. Employee Interest and Support - Interest from employees is critical to the success of telecommuting programs, and must be promoted at the staff level. Employee groups may be encouraged to conduct background research, develop draft policies and programs, and pursue pilot tests within their own organization. Early inclusion and involvement of and support of labor unions are critical. Clearly Articulate Policies and Guidelines - Establish formal guidelines governing the telecommuting program. These policies identify the expectations of both employees and management, and outline the specific requirements such as productivity/accomplishments expected, work area, work hours, communications with the office, and other items. Support from Human Resource/Personnel Department - Support is important to ensure that both management and employees are able to obtain assistance during the implementation of a telecommuting program, as well as on an ongoing basis. Selection of Job Tasks - Guidelines must identify the types of jobs or job tasks and functions appropriate for telecommuting. Such jobs generally exhibit the following characteristics: Can work tasks be done at home or at a remote work site? Can work tasks be done without on-site or face-to-face interactions? Is equipment required available at home or at a remote work site? Can job objectives be identified and measured? Selection of Telecommuters - Establish employee criteria, including consideration of employee's work habits, for identifying and selecting telecommuters. It is recommended a signed agreement help establish the expectations of both supervisors and telecommuters. The following criteria are often considered: Weiner and Stein 12 Does employee want to participate in a telecommuting program? Is employee self-motivated and a self-starter? Does employee work independently? Does employee work well without supervision? Does employee complete tasks in a timely and professional manner? Does employee have a home office where they can work without interruption? Selection of Managers and Supervisors - The selection of managers and supervisors of telecommuters is as important as identifying telecommuters. Telecommuting may require managers to adopt new or to modify existing management styles and procedures. Employee productivity must be measured by factors other than direct oversight. The same standards that apply in the office apply to those working at home. Manager and employee must be comfortable with the telecommuting arrangement and have established a good working relationship. Establish Communication Methods - Regular and ongoing communication methods must be established, including regular times for phone calls, using emails, and making special arrangements in the case of an emergency. Monitoring and Evaluation - Regularly established, pilot or demonstration programs must have some type of monitoring and evaluation. These evaluations are used to gauge costs and benefits, with the results used in determining the future of the program. An ongoing monitoring system ensures that a telecommuting program continues to provide the desired benefits to both employees and employers. A monitoring program can help identify problems, permit appropriate remedial action to be taken, and can document benefits which may prove important in justifying the program. Equipment and Support - Although extensive equipment may not be necessary, telecommuters often use computers, links to the office, extra telephone lines, fax machines, and pagers. These items may be provided by the employee, the employer, or the costs may be shared. Situations vary, but employer provided equipment, connections and support services enhance compatibility, dependability and security. (U.S. Department of Transportation, 1997) Regional Telecommuting Programs Much of the information on telecommuting has been focused on planning, establishing and evaluating programs within individual companies and organizations. There is little information available on the planning, establishment and evaluation of telecommuting at the regional or Statewide scale. Yet, it is State Departments of Transportation and Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) that are tasked with improving mobility and reducing congestion. Furthermore, these organizations are responsible for demonstrating that their transportation plans and programs conform to the air quality plans in which telecommuting would be one element. In November 1997, The Urban Transportation Monitor conducted a survey conducted of telecommuting at the metropolitan scale. It found that 36 percent of the 56 responding MPOs indicated that they have been involved in promoting telecommuting programs in their regions. Of these, only 11 percent made adjustments in their travel forecasts to account for telecommuting. (Rathbone, 1997) In an effort to share information on the planning, establishment and evaluation of telecommuting programs at the Statewide and regional scale, DOT conducted a Workshop on Planning Regional Telecommuting Programs which was co-sponsored by two Transportation Research Board technical committees. The workshop was attended primarily by staff from MPOs, transit agencies and State DOTs. The workshop used material from the Congressionally-mandated report, "Successful Telecommuting Programs in the Public and Private Sector." Many of the participants Weiner and Stein 13 represented agencies that have begun to establish and evaluate regional telecommuting programs. (Turnbull, 1997) It was clear from this workshop that there was still a need for more information on telecommuting. Participants concluded that information was needed on case studies covering various aspects of establishing telecommuting programs, communicating with decision makers, employers and the public, management, funding sources, technology, and travel analysis and impact assessment. Research was called for to analyze the trends in telecommuting, their causes, and methods to forecast telecommuting and it impacts on travel and air quality. (Turnbull, 1997) Mandating Telecommuting by Federal Employees After years of modest progress in telecommuting by Federal employees, U.S. Representative Frank Wolf (VA) sponsored an amendment to the FY 2001 Department of Transportation Appropriations Act requiring each Federal agency to establish telecommuting programs. Section 359 of the Act (Public Law 106-346), required that each executive agency establish a policy under which eligible employees may participate in telecommuting to the maximum extent possible without diminished performance. The Act requires that the policies initially cover 25 percent of the Federal workforce, with an additional 25 percent added each year thereafter. The Conference Report on the Act stated that the reason for the program was to reduce traffic congestion. Further, that the program ensure that managerial, logistical, organizational, or other barriers to full implementation and successful functioning be removed. Each agency was to provide adequate administrative, human resources, technical, and logistical support to carry out the program. It defined telecommuting any arrangement in which an employee regularly performs officially assigned duties at home or other work sites at least one day per week. OPM conducted several surveys to measure the progress in implementing these requirements. OPM found that telecommuting by Federal employees increased from 45,300 in April 2001, to 74,500 in November 2001, to 90,000 in December 2002, to 102,900 in December 2003. This level of telecommuting represented 2.6 percent of the Federal workforce in April 2001, 4.2 percent in November 2001, 5.0 percent in December 2002 and 5.8 percent in December 2003. (U.S. Office of Personnel Management, 2004) Current Federal Role At the present time, the Federal role in telecommuting has several elements. First, the Clean Air Act established National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). State and regional air quality st agencies develop plans to meet these standards. The Transportation Equity Act of the 21 Century (TEA-21) requires that transportation plans, programs, and projects conform to these air quality plans. In addition, TEA-21 funds under the Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement (CMAQ) program are made available to States and MPOs for transportation projects or programs that contribute to attainment or the maintenance of the NAAQS for ozone and carbon monoxide. Planning, technical and feasibility studies, training, coordination, marketing and promotion are eligible activities under CMAQ. Physical establishment or construction of telecommuting centers, computer and office equipment purchases and related activities are not eligible. These projects have to be included in the long range plan and shorter term transportation improvement program (TIP). Second, the Federal Government provides technical assistance and ongoing support to State, regional and local government agencies and private businesses interested in implementing telecommuting programs. There has been a growing interest in using telecommuting as a strategy for reducing vehicle travel demand and air pollution. Telecommuting has been seen as an attractive TDM strategy because it can contribute to congestion reduction, energy Weiner and Stein 14 conservation and independence, improvement of air quality, employment of people with limited mobility (disabled, retired, or low income persons, or single parents), and rural economic development. (Association for Commuter Transportation, 1998; Comsis et. al., 1993; and Shirazi, et. al. 1991) Third, with regard to telecommuting by Federal employees, agencies are moving to establish telecommuting policies, determine eligible employees, and offer the opportunity to them to telecommute to meet the requirements in the DOT FY 2001 Appropriations Act. Workshops are held for Federal managers on developing and implementing telecommuting programs. In addition, OPM and GSA jointly oversee the website www.telework.gov, which was built by OPM. The website posts policy guidance for setting up programs and suggestions related to management concerns about telecommuting. The foremost barrier to telecommuting acceptance has been managers' resistance based on fear of losing control over their employees. Other concerns include the cost of supplying home office equipment for workers who need access to e-mail and agency files, and the lack of information security in home offices. The website also posts union agreements and links to other related websites. More recently, in the aftermath of the attacks on September 11, telecommuting is being integrated into the Federal Government's Continuity of Operations Program (COOP) and Federal agencies are including telecommuting in their respective COOP plans for emergency preparedness. (U.S. Office of Personnel Management, 2004) Conclusions Although telecommuting alone is not a solution to traffic congestion and air pollution, it can be important as one of several measures for addressing these problems. However, after many years of Federal telecommuting activity, telecommuting nationwide is still small. Even though, telecommuting options are relatively inexpensive compared to such options as expanding highway capacity or transit service, the organizational inertia has prevented telecommuting from becoming more widespread. The Federal government is continuing to promote and evaluate telecommuting as a travel demand measure and as an element in emergency preparedness plans. References Association for Commuter Transportation, 1998, Transportation Demand Management Tool Kit, Washington, DC. Clinton, William J., 1994, Expanding Family-Friendly Work Arrangements in the Executive Branch, Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Branch Departments and Agencies, The White House, Washington, DC, July 11. Clinton, William J. and Al Gore, 1993. The Climate Change Action Plan, Washington, DC, October. Comsis, 1993, Implementing Effective Travel Demand Management Measures, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Washington, DC, June Joice, Wendell H, 2000, The Evolution Of Telework In The Federal Government, US General Services Administration, Washington, DC, February. ________, 1994a, Implementing Telecommuting: Manual for the Interagency Telecommuting Program, U.S. Department of Transportation and U.S. General Services Administration, Washington, DC. Weiner and Stein 15 ________, 1994b, Interagency Telecommuting Program: A Trainer's Guide. U.S. Department of Transportation and U.S. General Services Administration, Washington, DC. ________, 1993, The Federal Flexible Workplace Pilot Project Work-at-Home Component – Final Report, US Office of Personnel Management. Washington DC:, January. National Analysts, 1991, Qualitative Evaluation of EPA Region 9's Work-At-Home Experience, Booz, Allen Hamilton. President's Council on Management Improvement, 1990, Guidelines for Pilot Flexible Workplace Arrangements, Washington, DC. President's Management Council Interagency Telecommuting Working Group, 1996, National Telecommuting Initiative Action Plan, Washington, DC, January. Rathbone, Daniel B., 1997, Editorial, Urban Transportation Monitor, Lawley Publications, Burke, VA, November 21. Schiff, F.W., 1993, Comments on the Origins of Teleplace, MATAC, Washington, DC, Unpublished presentation to the Mid-Atlantic Telecommuting Advisory Council. Shirazi, Elham, Kim Brant, Steve Gerritson, Ann Dempsey, and Lori Diggins, 2001, An Assessment of Telework in the New York Metropolitan Area, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, December. Shirazi, Elham, Jeffrey W. Fink, and Joanne Pratt, 1991, Telecommuting: Moving the Work to the Workers, Commuter Transportation Association Inc., Los Angeles, CA, September. Turnbull, Katherine F., ed., 1997, Workshop Proceedings: International Workshop on Planning Regional Commuting Programs, U.S. Department of Transportation, TRB TDM Committee, and TRB Telecommunication and Travel Behavior Committee Washington, DC, November. U.S. Department of Energy, 1994, Energy, Emissions, and Social Consequences of Telecommuting – Technical Report One, Washington, DC, June. U.S. Department of Transportation, 1997, Successful Telecommuting Programs in the Public and Private Sectors: A Report to Congress, Washington DC, August . ________, 1993, Transportation Implications of Telecommuting, Washington, DC, April . U.S. General Services Administration, 1995, Federal Interagency Telecommuting Centers: Interim Report, Washington, DC, March. U.S. Office of Personnel Management, 2004, The Status of Telework in the Federal Government - Report to the Congress, Washington, DC., May. Weiner, Edward, 1994, Telework: A Vital Link to Transportation, Energy and the Environment, Telework '94 Symposium: The Evolution of a New Culture, Toronto, Canada, November.
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