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The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between health-related quality of life (HRQL) and disease severity using lung function measures.
A survey was performed in subjects with COPD in Sweden. 168 subjects (70 women, mean age 64.3 years) completed the generic HRQL questionnaire, the Short Form 36 (SF-36), the disease-specific HRQL questionnaire; the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), and the utility measure, the EQ-5D. The subjects were divided into four severity groups according to FEV1 per cent of predicted normal using two clinical guidelines: GOLD and BTS. Age, gender, smoking status and socio-economic group were regarded as confounders.
The COPD severity grades affected the SGRQ Total scores, varying from 25 to 53 (GOLD p = 0.0005) and from 25 to 45 (BTS p = 0.0023). The scores for SF-36 Physical were significantly associated with COPD severity (GOLD p = 0.0059, BTS p = 0.032). No significant association were noticed for the SF-36, Mental Component Summary scores and COPD severity. Scores for EQ-5D VAS varied from 73 to 37 (GOLD I-IV p = 0.0001) and from 73 to 50 (BTS 0-III p = 0.0007). The SGRQ Total score was significant between age groups (p = 0.0047). No significant differences in HRQL with regard to gender, smoking status or socio-economic group were noticed.
The results show that HRQL in COPD deteriorates with disease severity and with age. These data show a relationship between HRQL and disease severity obtained by lung function.
Keywords:Health-related quality of life; COPD; disease severity; epidemiological, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD); St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and is currently the fourth leading cause of death in the US [1]. It is a slowly progressive disease, characterized by lung function impairment with airway obstruction [2,3]. Common symptoms are cough, sputum production and shortness of breath. Smoking and different air pollutants, such as are well-known risk factors for COPD [3,2].
The prevalence of COPD varies considerably between countries and areas, from 3% in India [4] to 23% in the inner-city population of Manchester, UK [5]. The US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III survey puts the prevalence of COPD in the US at 7% [6]. The figure in Spain is similar, 9% [7]. In Sweden, the prevalence of COPD in those aged above 45 years was estimated to be 8% according to the British Thoracic Society (BTS) criteria and 14% according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines [8]. However, there are a considerable number of subjects with COPD who have not been diagnosed as such. In Europe and also in Sweden only one-quarter to one-third of those with COPD have been diagnosed as having COPD or with different labelling of the disease [8-11].
Over the past decade, more and more research on the development and validation of questionnaires has been undertaken to quantify the impact of disease on daily life and well-being from the COPD subject's point of view [12]. Health-related quality of life (HRQL), and preference-based HRQL instruments (utility instruments) are increasingly used in clinical studies. Although their use is established in many fields, such as oncology and gastrointestinal disease, questionnaires are rarely used as primary endpoints in randomised clinical studies of respiratory disease. One possible reason may be the lack of information about the patients' deterioration in HRQL when the disease progresses. The Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36) and St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) are generic and disease-specific HRQL questionnaires, respectively [13,14]. The SF-36 has been used in a number of therapeutic areas, including COPD, while the SGRQ has been widely used in both COPD and asthma research. The EQ-5D is a generic, preference-based utility measure and has been used in a number of therapeutic areas [15].
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between HRQL and COPD stages using forced expiratory volume in one second as a percentage of predicted normal values (FEV1 % predicted) by means of two clinical guidelines for COPD, taking into account the influence on HRQL of age, gender, smoking status and socio-economic background. The association between HRQL and forced vital capacity as a percentage of predicted normal values (FVC % predicted) was also evaluated.
Study sample
A total of 202 subjects with COPD, recruited from a representative sample of the general population in northern Sweden, were invited; 176 subjects took part in this survey and data from 168 subjects were available [16]. The study cohort was derived from the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden (OLIN) Studies [8,9], which has previously been described in detail [16].
After initial instruction from the administrator, a qualified nurse, the questionnaires were completed unaided by subjects in the order SF-36, SGRQ and EQ-5D. A few subjects did not complete all questionnaires.
Definition and severity of COPD
The subjects were divided into four severity groups according to FEV1% predicted (pre-bronchodilator) using two different guidelines: the updated version (not yet published) of the GOLD guidelines [3] and the BTS guidelines [2]. The definition and severity criteria are described in Table 1. Calculation of FEV1predicted normal values for FEV1 was based on the reference values from ERS guidelines. In addition, levels of FVC % predicted were also used in the analysis instead of COPD severity stages.
Table 1. Severity criteria of COPD
HRQL questionnaires
Short Form 36
The most widely used generic questionnaire, the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36), has been widely accepted in recent years as the best generic HRQL measurement. It contains 36 items divided into eight domains: Physical Functioning (PF), Role-Physical (RP), Bodily Pain (BP), General Health (GH), Vitality (VT), Social Functioning (SF), Role-Emotional (RE) and Mental Health (MH). These domains create a profile of the subject. Two summary scores can also be aggregated, the Physical Component Summary (PCS) and the Mental Component Summary (MCS). Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores representing better HRQL.
St George's Respiratory Questionnaire
The best-known and most frequently used disease-specific HRQL questionnaire for respiratory diseases, is the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) [14,17]. The SGRQ is a standardized, self-administered questionnaire for measuring impaired health and perceived HRQL in airways disease. It contains 50 items, divided into three domains: Symptoms, Activity and Impacts. A score is calculated for each domain and a total score, including all items, is also calculated. Each item has an empirically derived weight. Low scores indicate a better HRQL. Recent publications by the developer (PW Jones) have confirmed that the minimal important difference relevant to the patients (MID) is 4 on a scale of 0 to 100 [18,19].
The EQ-5D is a generic, preference-based utility questionnaire and consists of two parts, the EQ-5D VAS and the EQ-5D index. The EQ-5D has been used in a number of therapeutic areas and contains a vertical rating scale from 0 to 100 (EQ-5D VAS), with 0 = death/worst possible health and 100 = best possible health. The EQ-5D index is a five-item questionnaire ranging from 0 to 1. The items consist of mobility, self-care, usual activity, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each item has three levels: no problem, some problem and severe problem [15]. For the EQ-5D index, 0.03 has been regarded as the MID [20].
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using an analysis of covariance model with HRQL scores as dependent variable. Three different approaches to analysis were performed using different classification of severity of COPD from GOLD and BTS guidelines. This classification was used as factor in the analysis. In all cases age, gender, smoking status and socio-economic background was used as covariates. These variables showed sign of influence on the HRQL measures and for the sake of comparability a unified model was selected for the analysis. An additional classification of severity based on FVC % predicted normal was also investigated with the same model with classification into four groups: stage I: > 95%, stage II: 95-81%, stage 3: 80-66% and stage IV; < 66%. These levels were chosen to have approximately equal number of patients in each group. Data presented in tables are adjusted least-square means from the adopted model.
Subject characteristics
The mean age of the 168 subjects (70 women) was 64.3 years (range: 28–80 years). In the six age groups (the lowest < 45 and the highest > 79 years), 57 of the subjects were smokers and 85 were ex-smokers. Three socio-economic groups were identified (manual employees, non-manual employees and unemployed including housewives). Of the 138 'employees', 65 were still working and 73 had retired, and of these, 40 had retired before the normal age of retirement. Table 2 shows the subjects' characteristics.
Table 2. Subject characteristics
HRQL in relation to COPD severity according to GOLD
The differences in SF-36 PCS between the four severity groups were statistically significant (p = 0.0059). The scores for SF-36 (PCS) were 42 in the stage I group and 29 in the stage IV group. The corresponding scores for SF-36 MCS were 55 and 48 in stages I and IV respectively (p = 0.19) (Table 3).
Table 3. Health-related quality of life scores, adjusted mean values (± SD) – GOLD criteria
There was also a statistically significant difference in the SGRQ scores between the severity groups (p = 0.0005). The severity grades affected the level of SGRQ Total as follows: stage I: 25, stage II: 32, stage III: 36 and stage IV: 53 (Table 3, Figure 1).
Figure 1. SGRQ, Total score (adjusted mean values) in GOLD and BTS stages. p-values by test for trend.
The scores for EQ-5D VAS were 73 in stage I and 37 in stage IV (p = 0.0001). EQ-5D index showed the following scores: stage I: 0.84 and stage IV: 0.52 (p = 0.0008) (Table 3).
HRQL in relation to COPD severity according to BTS
The scores for SF-36 (PCS) were 42 in the group labelled stage 0 and 35 in stage III (p = 0.032). The corresponding scores for SF-36 MCS were 55 and 50 in stages 0 and III, respectively (p = 0.29) (Table 4).
Table 4. Health-related quality of life scores, adjusted mean values (± SD) – BTS criteria
The severity grades affected the level of SGRQ Total scores as follows: stage 0: 25, stage I: 32, stage II: 34, and stage III: 45. There was a statistically significant difference in the SGRQ Total scores between the severity groups (p = 0.0023) (Table 4, Figure 1).
The scores for EQ-5D VAS were 73 in stage 0 and 50 in stage III (p = 0.0007). The EQ-5D index scores were 0.84 and 0.63 in stages 0 and III, respectively (p = 0.0041) (Table 4).
Influence of age, gender, smoking status and socio-economic group
The level of SF-36 PCS varied in the age groups from 44 ( < 45 years) to 36 ( > 79 years), with no statistical significance between the age groups. The level of SF-36 MCS was somewhat higher, 56 in the low age group and 51 in the high age group (not significant). The scores for SGRQ varied from 29 ( < 45 years) to 44 ( > 79 years) and they were statistically significant (p = 0.0047) (Figure 2). The scores for EQ-5D VAS varied as follows: 86 ( < 45 years) to 81 ( > 79 years). No statistical difference in EQ-5D VAS and EQ-5D index between the age groups could be seen.
Figure 2. SGRQ, Total score (mean values) in the six age groups. p-values by test for trend.
The gender comparison showed only a statistically significant difference in SF-36 PCS, with scores of 44 for the men and 35 for the women (p = 0.0005).
The mean scores for SGRQ Total were 26, 36 and 31 in the non-smoker, ex-smoker and smoker groups, respectively (not significant).
No significant differences were seen in the other two instruments. Socio-economic group showed no difference for any instrument.
HRQL in relation to FVC % predicted
The four stages of FVC % predicted ( > 95%, 95-81%, 80-66%, < 66%) had an impact on HRQL similar to the stages of FEV1 % predicted outlined from GOLD and BTS. SGRQ total score varied from 26 ( > 95%) to 43 ( < 66%) (p = 0.0002) (Table 5). Using the GOLD stages, the number of patients was unequally distributed and the SGRQ Total scores were 26 ( > 80%, n = 81), 40 (79-50%, n = 68) and 46 (49-30%, n = 10) (p < 0.0001). No patient had a value less than 30% predicted.
Table 5. Health-related quality of life scores, adjusted mean values (± SD) using FVC% predicted normal value
Correlations between the instruments
Table 6 shows the Pearson correlation coefficients between the different instruments and FEV1 % and FVC % predicted. All the questionnaires were correlated with each other. The correlation coefficients between SGRQ and SF-36 PCS/MCS were -0.62 and -0.42, respectively. The lowest correlation was seen between SF-36 MCS and SF-36 PCS (r = 0.22). The correlations between SGRQ and either FEV1 % predicted or FVC % predicted were similar (-0.34 and -0.37, respectively).
Table 6. Pearson's correlation coefficients (r)
The present study confirms that disease severity (based on FEV1) and age influenced HRQL among subjects with COPD. HRQL was strongly related to impaired FEV1 in our study, which is in contrast to some previous studies [21]. The relationship between disease severity using FEV1% predicted and HRQL was made obvious by staging the disease according to the GOLD and BTS guidelines. Once COPD has been diagnosed, neither gender, smoking status nor socio-economic group predicted the level of HRQL.
The relationship between disease severity and HRQL across different chronic conditions, such as ischemic stroke, Parkinson's disease and coronary heart disease, has been examined [22]. It was concluded that in Parkinson's disease the relationship between disease severity and HRQL is linear, whereas in other diseases, such as chronic coronary heart disease, a non-linear relationship was observed. One of the most important implications of a non-linear relationship is that similar changes in disease severity may have a different effect on measured HRQL. Comparing other studies with the present results, some results highlight the fact that physical functioning is one of the most important predictors of HRQL in older subjects. The present results add the clinical value of multidimensional and complex measures of HRQL as previously described [23]. A moderate association between HRQL and COPD severity stage using FEV1 % predicted was seen in another study; however, a large variation in deterioration was observed within each stage of severity, indicating that both clinical and HRQL measures should be considered in the assessment of these patients [24]. In a study by Mahler et al, the decline in lung function over time may predict various components of general HRQL [25].
On the other hand, only a few studies have highlighted a relationship between disease severity and HRQL in COPD. A recent publication supports our findings by showing that GOLD stages of COPD severity differ significantly in SGRQ [26]. However, it was observed that the upper limit of stage IV marks a threshold for dramatic worsening of HRQL, whereas a change from stage 0 to II does not correspond to any meaningful difference in HRQL.
A moderate relationship between the disease stage of COPD and HRQL was found [27]. Our findings confirm these results as patients with COPD have significant decreases in HRQL, and the latter deteriorates in parallel with lung function impairment. An observational study was conducted to explore the relationship between various determinants of disease severity and HRQL [28]. According to its results, lung function and HRQL express several different aspects of disease severity in COPD.
As was found in a study of asthma [29], no gender difference was seen in our study. However, this is not always the case, as women tend to be more sensitive to changes in HRQL [30].
Smoking status did not affect the subjects' HRQL in the present study once COPD had been established. There are various results for the association between smoking status and HRQL. One study showed that COPD patients who continue smoking have a significantly lower HRQL than those who quit smoking [31]. On the other hand, current smoking has been associated with a better HRQL in the study by Wijnhoven et al. [28]. The explanation given was that subjects who do not quit smoking might be those with a less severe stage of disease. One limitation with the present results might be the low number of subjects in the very severe stage group, however, the ANCOVA analysis compensate for the skew distribution.
The correlations between lung function and HRQL have been shown to be weak in a number of studies [21]. In the present study the SGRQ Total score ranged from 23 in GOLD stage I to 56 in GOLD stage IV (according to BTS 23–47). The correlation between FEV1 % predicted and the HRQL measurement varied between -0.34 and 0.10, with the highest correlation (-0.34) between FEV1 % predicted and SGRQ Total score. One reason for the difference in correlation between lung function and HRQL may be the influence of psychosocial variables on the HRQL outcome. The subjects in our study seemed to score their HRQL better compared to other subject groups with similar lung function. One study supported the view that the association between lung function and HRQL can be predicted by perceived self-efficacy for functional activities [32]. That study suggested that both biomedical and psychosocial influences should be taken into account in order to provide optimum assessment and treatment. The correlations in this study were stronger than previous seen and another reason might be that disease severity was considered as a category rather than a continuous variable.
Using FVC % predicted did not add any additional information; however, it supported the view that the level of lung function measured by volume has a similar but lower association with HRQL compared with FEV1 in subjects with COPD.
In conclusion, the results show that the level of health-related quality of life of COPD subjects deteriorates considerably with increasing severity of disease and that the deterioration is linearly related to a decrease in FEV1 % predicted normal values. A higher age also affected the COPD subjects' HRQL, while gender, smoking status and socio-economic group did not, once COPD had been established.
Authors' contributions
Elisabeth Ståhl participated in the study design, evaluation of results and drafted the manuscript
Anne Lindberg, provided with subjects
Sven-Arne Jansson performed the interviews with the subjects
Eva Rönmark provided with subjects
Klas Svensson performed the statistical analysis
Fredrik Andersson participated in the study design
Claes-Göran Löfdahl gave support with interpretation of the results
Bo Lundbäck participated in the study design and responsible for the OLIN studies
All authors read and approved the final manuscript
This study was funded by a grant from AstraZeneca.
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GOLF: Eddie Pepperell reveals his crazy week ahead of launching Wentworth bid
9:00am Thursday 21st May 2015
EDDIE Pepperell is hoping for a calm start to his BMW PGA Championship campaign today after an astonishing week, which has featured lost clubs, two unnecessary flights and a change of coach.
Ryan Clarke admits to uncertain Oxford United future
9:30am Wednesday 20th May 2015
RYAN Clarke admits he would listen if the right opportunity came up this summer after being told he would not be certain of being Oxford United's No 1 goalkeeper next season.
Oxford United goalkeeper's shirt is up for grabs
9:00am Tuesday 19th May 2015
Ryan Clarke has been told he will not be guaranteed to be Oxford United's No 1 goalkeeper next season as head coach Michael Appleton keeps his options open.
Oxford United's pre-season to include games with Coventry City and Eastleigh
12:00pm Monday 18th May 2015
OXFORD United have announced their first pre-season fixtures, which include games against Eastleigh and Coventry City.
GOLF: Eddie Pepperell in the mood ahead of key month on European Tour
9:00am Thursday 14th May 2015
EDDIE Pepperell says he has "good vibes" about the next month as the Abingdon golfer looks to kickstart his season with a series of events closer to home.
Patience pays off for Oxford United as Liam Sercombe signs
9:30am Wednesday 13th May 2015
PATIENCE paid off for Oxford United as they made up for missing out on Liam Sercombe in January by signing him on a free transfer.
Liam Sercombe delighted to make Oxford United switch
6:00am Wednesday 13th May 2015
LIAM Sercombe cannot wait to get stuck into a new challenge after becoming Oxford United's second signing in as many days.
We had to be quick off the mark to sign Kemar Roofe, says Mark Ashton
8:00am Tuesday 12th May 2015
Oxford United had to move quickly or they would have risked missing out on Kemar Roofe's signature, according to chief executive Mark Ashton.
Oxford United fans played a big role in my transfer from West Brom, says Kemar Roofe
6:00am Tuesday 12th May 2015
Oxford United have made a statement about their intentions this summer by making Kemar Roofe the first signing of the close season.
Oxford United close to unveiling Kemar Roofe signing
5:54pm Monday 11th May 2015
KEMAR Roofe is close to being announced as returning to Oxford United on a permanent basis, the Oxford Mail understands.
Callum O'Dowda set for England double with Republic of Ireland
2:27pm Monday 11th May 2015
CALLUM O'Dowda will face two games against England teams next month after being called up by the Republic of Ireland Under 21s.
Defender Skarz is first out-of-contract player to sign new deal for Oxford United
9:10am Friday 8th May 2015
Joe Skarz has become the first out-of-contract Oxford United player to resolve his future by signing a new long-term deal.
GOLF: Eddie Pepperell in Pro-Am field at Oxford
7:00am Friday 8th May 2015
EDDIE Pepperell will warm up for next week's Spanish Open by playing at Oxford Golf Club today.
Hundreds of Oxford United supporters flock to buy new season tickets on first day
9:00am Thursday 7th May 2015
OXFORD United sold 250 season tickets yesterday after supporters reacted enthusiastically to the club cutting prices.
Oxford United dismiss option of moving away supporters
9:20am Wednesday 6th May 2015
AWAY supporters at the Kassam Stadium will not be moved next season after Oxford United considered a variety of alternatives.
Oxford United reduce season ticket prices for 2015/16 campaign
9:00am Wednesday 6th May 2015
OXFORD United have taken the bold step of reducing prices for season tickets across the board when they go on sale this morning.
Michael Appleton optimistic Oxford United's form can be transferred to next season
9:00am Tuesday 5th May 2015
Michael Appleton is confident Oxford United's strong form at the end of the season can be translated into prolonged success across the whole of the next campaign.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Multigrain-Herb Stuffing
Level: Moderate
Yield: About 10 cups
Advertisement - Continue Reading Below
- 3 tbsp. margarine or butter
- 0.50 bunch celery
- 3 medium onions
- 0.75 tsp. dried oregano leaves
- 0.75 tsp. coarsely ground black pepper
- 1.50 loaves multigrain bread
- 1 can chicken broth
- In 12-inch skillet over medium heat, in hot margarine or butter, cook celery and onions until golden brown, stirring occasionally. Stir in 1/4 cup water; reduce heat to low; cover and continue cooking until celery and onions are very tender.
- In very large bowl, toss celery mixture with oregano, pepper, bread cubes, chicken broth, and 3/4 cup water to mix well. Use to stuff 12- to 16-pound turkey. Or, spoon stuffing into 13" by 9" glass baking dish; cover with foil and bake in preheated 325 degrees F. oven 45 minutes or until heated through.
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How to Make an Uncle Sam Hat Cake
Because America's birthday deserves a little something special.
Wish Bone Recalls Ranch Dressing Due to a Dangerous Mistake
Double-check your dressing, everyone.
General Mills Plans to Remove Artificial Flavors From All Cereals
Although, it may be a while before they fully transition Lucky Charms.
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text:
Definition: This entry contains the average number of years to be lived by a group of people born in the same year, if mortality at each age remains constant in the future. The entry includes total population as well as the male and female components. Life expectancy at birth is also a measure of overall quality of life in a country and summarizes the mortality at all ages. It can also be thought of as indicating the potential return on investment in human capital and is necessary for the calculation of various actuarial measures.
Source: CIA World Factbook - Unless otherwise noted, information in this page is accurate as of January 1, 2014See also: Life expectancy at birth map
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text:
1941 Chevrolet Special Deluxe 4 door CoupeCar runs great excellent condition new rebuilt engine very low mileage 454 engine modified body.1941 2 door Chevy... More
1941 Chevrolet Special Deluxe, Fresh 350 bored 60 over, crank shaft turn, all new pistons and rings, new cam and lifters, new oil pump... More
283 Chevy, automatic trans Heidts front end with disc brakes Power brakes Power steering... More
~CALL US FOR A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE CAR! WE DO A 150+ POINT CHECK ON EACH VEHICLE AND ARE HAPPY TO SHARE... More
This 1940 Chevrolet Special Deluxe Coupe is an outstanding driver with modern drive train. 350 w/ TH350, GM 10 bolt rear end, Mustang II... More
1941 Chevrolet Special Deluxe Four Door Sport Sedan. Wonderful Pre-War Chevrolet. Excellent Survivor automobile with recent mechanical service including an engine rebuild with receipt.... More
1941 Chevy special deluxe 2dr, stored for 30 years, 51,xxx miles, nice orig int, heater, clock, radio, 4 new www tires, 6 cyl, 3 speed,... More
1940 Chevrolet Special DeLuxe two door sedan,a very solid car,just out of lengthy storage,with only one repaint from new.The car has a presentable original... More


text:
Thank you for booking your party with us. To confirm your booking please complete and return the enclosed booking form and deposit to: Pamper Parties, Burnside, Middle Street, Nazeing, Essex, EN9 2LD. The following terms and conditions apply to all parties booked through us. By signing the booking form you agree that you have read and agree to the terms and conditions as set out below. A deposit of £75 is required with completed booking form (non refundable if party is cancelled within 28 days of taking place). Please make cheques payable to "Pamper Parties" BALANCE IS DUE IN FULL IN CASH ON DATE OF PARTY Please allow 15 minutes setting up time each side of your party. Pop and Rock Star Parties are experience Parties. Our main aim is to get a perfect recording and pop video of your chosen song, we are not entertainers. We do however provide activities such as karaoke, guitar hero, dance mat and games for the children to be doing whilst we are not recording. These activities are not supervised by us. Total no. of guests includes birthday child. Limo Ride is for a maximum of 8 guests (it is illegal for a limousine to carry more than 8 people) At least 1 guest must be over 18. For groups larger than 8 people the limo ride may be split in to two lots of ½ hour journeys. Party descriptions are subject to change without prior notice. Free Invitations subject to availability. Party bag items are subject to change . (page 1 of 3) Booking Form To book your party please complete the following form found on pages 2 and 3 then return complete with a deposit made payable to "L. Morgan" Send to: Pamper Parties, Burnside, Middle St, Nazeing, Essex, EN9 2LD Your Details Name ……………………………………………………………………………….. House Name / No ..................................................................................................... Street Name............................................................................................................... Town ……………………………………………………………….……………………..... County………………………………………………………………………………………. Postcode…………………………………………………………………………………… Phone No…………………………………………………………….………………….…. Mobile……………………………………………………………………………………….. Email………………………………………………………………………......................... Party Details Name of Birthday Boy / Girl…………………………………………………………….. Age of Children…………………………………………............................................... Address of party (if different from above) …………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. Party Date ……………………………………………………………………………...... Party Start Time…………………………………………………………………………… (page 2 of 3) Please Select the party you require and any extra services that you wish to add. Item Choose Your Party Below Price Qty Total Price ↓ £169 £20 £199 £20 £399 £30 £140 £15 £350 £140 £15 £30 £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ Pop Star Party (8people) Extra Person Pop Diva Party ( 8 people) Extra Person Pop V.I.P. Party ( 7 people) Extra Person Rock Star Party (8 people) Extra Person Rock Legend Party ( 8 people) Extra Person Rock V.I.P. Party (7 people) Extra Person Choose Your Extras ↓ £15.00 £5.00 £4.00 £120.00 £2.00 £2.00 £5.00 Free Grand Total Extra Framed Disc Extra DVD Extra CD Party Bags – (See order form / order online) Pamper Session (up to 8 girls) Scratch Design A Door Hanger (per person) Design Your Own denim Purse (per person) Kids Bubbly (per bottle) Invitations (please state no.reqd) £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ I hereby agree that I have read and agree to the terms and conditions set out on page 1. I have enclosed a deposit of £………. Signed …………………………………………………………Date……………………… (page 3 of 3)
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text:
Albanian Journal of Agricultural Sciences (AJAS)
(Open Access)
The Albanian Journal of Agricultural Sciences (AJAS) is an International official journal of the Agricultural University of Tirana, (Universiteti Bujqësor i Tiranës, UBT) Albania. AJAS is an open-access, peer reviewed journal, that considers original articles, reviews and short communications of high scientific standard in the full spectrum of biological and agricultural sciences. All users have right to access freely online all the articles published by AJAS without any charge.
All users shall have the right to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles. The first issue was released on 2002. It was published only on printed version, twice a year in Albanian language, and all the papers had an English summary. Since 2010, the journal is published online, in English language.
Key title: Albanian journal of agricultural sciences
Frequency: Quarterly
Abbreviated key title: Albanian j. agric. sci.
Actual volume/issue: 2015; 14 (2)
1st International Conference "Biotechnology in Agriculture" (Special edition)


text:
A mirror disposed within and protected by a housing that is itself mounted to accommodate major position adjustments rotates and tilts about vertically and horizontally disposed axes to provide minor position adjustments with respect to the mounting axis for the mirror housing. Separate reversible rotate and tilt motors disposed within the housing and controlled by remote switches power such minor positon adjustments. One top or bottom end of the mirror is associated with and interconnected to a bushing establishing one fixed control pivot for localizing rotation and tilting of the mirror, while the opposite end of the mirror may be moved to varied angular positions with respect to said fixed control pivot whereby the mirror is tilted about a horizontal axis. The rotate and tilt motors are variously mounted on the case or on the mirror itself and are interconnected by linkage means to the mirror or to an intermediate shaft in a manner providing movement for the mirror and housing or for the mirror with respect to the housing.
1. Vehicle rear view mirror positioning apparatus, for making mirror adjustments in rotary and tilt positions for the planar mirror, mounted in a housing having one transparent wall facing the mirror surface, comprising:
(a) generally rectangular housing means having one transparent wall and at least one metal wall,
(b) mounting means for said housing including a pair of generally horizontal arms depending outwardly from the vehicle,
(c) rear view mirror means mounted in said housing,
(d) mirror mounting means including a shaft secured between said arms and extending through said housing means interconnected with said rear view mirror means and arranged to tilt said housing means and said rear view mirror in one plane and rotate said housing means and said rear view mirror in another plane, said housing means being pivotally mounted to the top of said shaft for tilting and rotational movement,
(e) a pair of individually activated motors mounted in said housing, and
(f) linkage means separately interconnecting said one metal wall and said housing means and said rear view mirror, one said linkage means and motor arranged to tilt said housing means and said mirror on actuation, and the other said linkage means and motor arranged to rotate said housing means and said mirror on actuation.
2. Vehicle rear view mirror positioning apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said shaft is mounted and arranged generally vertically when mounted on a vehicle, and supporting said housing means for tilting and rotate movement, said rear view mirror being secured to said housing means for mounting and movement therewith.
3. Vehicle rear view mirror positioning apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said motors are shafted and include a disc mounted on each shaft, and said motors are mounted at 90 degrees to each other and said linkage means includes a lever arm eccentrically mounted on each disc.
Many previous inventors have developed apparatus and mechanisms for the remote control of the rear view mirrors that are mounted exteriorly of the passenger compartments of automobiles or trucks. It is acknowledged that mechanical linkage and motor driven types of such mirror control apparatus have previously been provided and used. The earlier developments that have obviously been made in recognition of the potential demand for such capabilities are believed on an overall basis to be less efficient and costlier than the present embodiments of the invention shown and described herein.
The present invention is primarily adapted for use with the type of rear view mirrors now used on trucks and larger vehicles. The mirrors used for this type of service are generally of substantial size, and, accordingly, a strong and efficient type of apparatus is required to make the minor adjustments in mirror positioning. While predominant components of the present invention embodiments are used to attain minor position adjustments, it should be recognized that major position adjustments can still be made when the mirror assembly is being mounted on the supports attached to the vehicle or its cab, or at later times when such major adjustments are required. Actually the mirror assemblies presented herein are adaptable for replacement installation on the existing mounts and brackets already provided on most truck type vehicles.
In all embodiments of the invention, separate rotate and tilt motors are provided that are interconnected by eccentric drive and linkage components to the mirror element; or to an intermediate shaft connected to the mirror; or to a housing providing a mount for the mirror. The motors are separately energized in forward or reverse directions to change the tilt and rotate position of the mirror about respective horizontal and vertical axes as necessary to change the mirror position for proper viewing.
FIG. 1 is a side cross-sectional elevation of a first embodiment of the invention,
FIG. 2 is a top cross-sectional elevation taken along the line 2--2 of FIG. 1,
FIG. 3 is a side cross-sectional elevation of a second embodiment of the invention,
FIG. 4 is a top cross-sectional elevation taken along the line 4--4 of FIG. 3,
FIG. 5 is a side cross-sectional elevation of a further embodiment of the invention, and
FIG. 6 is a top cross-sectional elevation taken along the line 6--6 of FIG. 5.
In FIG. 1 the rear view mirror 10 has a case 11 that includes a back wall 12, a right side wall 13, a left side wall 14 and intersecting chamfer sections 16 and 17. The front of the case is essentially open except for the return lips 18 and 19 illustrated, which are provided by the main case structure itself or which can be provided by a separate rim (not shown) to facilitate placement and replacement of the mirror 21 closing the front wall portion. In addition to the described walls, the top end 22 and a dished bottom end 23 are provided. The dished bottom end 23 is formed on a radius about a center located in the general position of the top rod receptacle 24 that provides support for a spherical grommet 26 that facilitates rocking movement of the mounting rod 25. In this embodiment of the invention the rod 25 extends through the top and bottom ends 22 and 23 of the case, and threads on the rod ends pass through a mirror mount structure 27 and 28 so the mirror 10 is held in fixed major positions by mounting nuts 29 and 31 that are engageable to the threads on the mounting rod. An opening 32 that may be of elongated, rectangular or of oval shape having a longest axis oriented in a front wall to back wall orientation is provided.
A cover plate 33 positioned exteriorly of the case has a hole through which the rod 25 extends. The cover plate 33 overlaps the opening 32 to prevent entrance of moisture therethrough. For further moisture protection, a rubber or other resilient disk 34 is provided that is positioned against the interior surface of the lower or bottom end 23. This disk itself is engaged about the rod 25, and both the disk 34 and cover plate 33 move with the rod as it moves to varied positions of adjustment with respect to the opening 32 and, accordingly, with respect to the case 11. For this embodiment of the invention the mirror 21 is disposed in a fixed position with respect to the case, and position adjustments of the mirror are made when the entire case is moved.
When making minor adjustment of a mirror assembly 10 in place on a motor vehicle, such as an automobile or truck, it is usually necessary to provide for tilting movements of the mirror element in which the lower end (and/or the upper end the mirror) is moved in and out so that objects on the ground or at higher elevations may be observed. In addition to this required tilting movement, some rotation of the mirror about a vertically oriented axis must be provided so that objects close to the rear of the vehicle or outwardly therefrom may be seen. This required tilting and rotational adjustment for the mirror position is, in this embodiment of the invention, accomplished through provision of a plurality of motors that may be mounted on the case 11 for movement therewith. A rotate motor 36 is shown positioned on the back wall 12 of the case 11 with the axis of the motor being disposed in a horizontal type orientation. An eccentric drive plate 37 on the shaft of the motor has a crank pin 38 that is disposed eccentrically with respect to the output shaft 39 of the motor or of the gear reduction components thereof. When the motor is of a gearhead type, the rotation of the eccentric drive plate 37 will be at a speed less than the rotational speed of the motor armature itself. As the eccentric drive plate 37 is rotated in forward or reverse directions, as controlled by separate switch controls (not shown), a connecting rod 41 will be caused to reciprocate in and out or forwardly and rearwardly along a general line corresponding to that of the front to rear orientation of the mirror case. The connecting rod 41 is joined to a torque arm 42 by a connecting pin 43. Torque arm 42 is mounted on the mounting rod 25 through use of a slip joint bushing 44, and, accordingly, the reciprocal force transmitted by the connecting rod 41 provides a rotative torque force that is exerted by the slip joint bushing 44 to the mounting rod 25. An adjusting screw 45 is provided so that the torque that can be transmitted to the rod 25 by the bushing 44 is adjustable. The adjusting screw should be set so the torque force that is to be transmitted will be adequate to assure rotative movement of the mirror assembly 10 about its vertically disposed axis (herein defined by the mounting rod 25). The slip joint connection is provided at this position, however, since it is quite possible that some unknowing user-driver might try to make manual adjustments of the rotative position of the mirror by forcibly turning the mirror with respect to its mounting rod 25. In order to avoid damage to the interconnecting linkage and to the eccentric drive, the gear reducers and the rotate motor 36 itself, the described slip joint is provided so that such forced position adjustments will not damage the mirror rotating components.
A tilt motor 46 provides the desired tilting movement of the mirror. This motor, which is again mounted on the back 12 of the mirror case 11, provides a gearhead drive for eccentric drive plate 47. Crank pin 48 interconnects the eccentric drive to a crank arm 51 that is pivotally connected to a clip 54 engaged about the rod 25. With this arrangement, as the motor 46 is rotated to power the eccentric drive plate 47, the distance between the tilt motor 46 and the rod will be increased or decreased, and, accordingly, the bottom portion of the mirror assembly 10 will be tilted in and out with respect to the lower mirror mount 28.
For this embodiment of the invention the mounting rod 25 effectively becomes an operative anchor, and the entire case 11 together with the mirror 21 is tilted and rotated with respect thereto. While the rod operates somewhat as an anchor with other components being moved with respect thereto through use of the drive motors 36 and 46, it is true that the provided operative anchor itself is not permanent and absolute. Instead major adjustments in the relative positioning of the mirror assembly 10 can still be made by loosening the nuts 29 and 31 so that the anchor rod 25 can be rotated together with the total mirror assembly 10. Where slots are provided in the mounting components 27 or 28, major tilt movements of the mirror assembly are similarly possible.
In setting up the mirror assembly 10 for use, it is intended that the drive motors and their respective associated eccentrics will be rotated to a somewhat neutral position, and the mirror assembly will then be moved to a zero adjusted position before the securing nuts 29 and 31 are tightened to hold the mirror assembly and anchor rod 25 in this intended zeroed position. After such position has been established, the motors 36-46 can be activated to derive desired minor adjustments in the rotative and tilt positions for the mirror assembly. In this preferred embodiment of the invention, the top rod receptacle 24 and the bushing grommet 26 provide a somewhat fixed control pivot for the assembly.
A second embodiment of the invention is shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 wherein the total mirror assembly is designated by the number 60. For this embodiment the case 61 is used as the anchor related component, and mirror 71 is moved with respect to the case 61. In general, many structural features for this embodiment are similar to those previously described. A back wall 62 and side walls 63 and 64 are provided together with the top and bottom ends 72 and 73. Stub shafts 79 and 81 extend outwardly from the top and bottom ends 72 and 73, and these stub shafts may be engaged to the top and bottom supports 27 and 28 of the conventional mirror mounting system. A rod 75 is utilized which is free to move relative to the case. A pivot bushing 74 at the top of the case provides a center for turning and tilting movements for rod 75. This element, accordingly, is the fixed control pivot for this mirror assembly 60. A curved track 82 is provided at the bottom of the case, and rod 75 is engaged in a boss 83 of a slide 84 which moves along track 82. Slide 84 extends forwardly, and a foot piece 85 on the slide 84 is engaged to the back of the mirror 71. The guide 82 can itself be moved to rotated positions with respect to the bottom end 73 of the case 61. A mirror support arm 66 extends forwardly from the pivot rod 75 adjacent upper fixed control pivot bushing 74. This support arm 66 is again engaged to the back of the mirror 71, and, accordingly, the mirror 71 moves with the support arm 66, the pivot rod 75 and the lower slide 84. As in the previous embodiment of the invention, rotation of the mirror is accomplished through activation of the rotate motor 86. This motor of gearhead type drives the eccentric plate 87 to move the crank pin 88. The connecting rod 91 interconnects the crank pin and connecting pin 93 to exert a torque force on torque arm 92 and on slip joint 94 as necessary to rotate the pivot rod 75. When the rod 75 is rotated, the mirror will be rotated. Gearhead tilt motor 96 drives eccentric 97 to move connecting rod 101 and clip 104. As in the previous instance, this movement causes the rod 75 to be tilted and, accordingly, accomplishes tilting movements of the mirror 71 which is attached to the rod.
For the third embodiment of the invention, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the mirror assembly 110 again comprises a case 111 having a back wall 112. The mirror 121, which is disposed forwardly, is mounted on a backup plate 125. The rotate motor 136 and the tilt motor 146 are mounted on the backup plate 125, and links 141 and 151 interconnect the respective eccentric drives 137 and 147 to anchor pivots 143 and 154, respectively. The anchor pivots 143 and 154 are secured to the back wall 112 of the case 111, and, accordingly, it is this back wall 112 for the entire case which provides the anchor element in this embodiment of the invention. When the rotate motor 136 is energized, the distance between the back wall and the backup mounting plate 125 will be changed. Since the motor 136 is mounted in an eccentric position with respect to the center of the mirror 121, energization of this rotate motor 136 will cause rotation of the mirror 121. The desirable tilt movement for the mirror 121 is derived through operation of the tilt motor 146. For this installation the interconnecting link 151 is disposed on a center line for the mirror, and, accordingly, the mirror will be tilted in and out as this motor is operated.
Seals 126 and 134 are provided at the top and bottom of the case 111 so that excess moisture will not be admitted to the interior of the motor when the mirror is tilted or rotated. The top seal 126 which engages the top end of the mirror has a central boss which extends through the case 111, as illustrated, to provide the fixed center pivot for this assembly. Necessarily, the entire seal 126 rotates with the mirror about such boss when the mirror is rotated by actuation of the rotate motor 136. In mounting this particular mirror, an adapter bushing 128 is utilized. It is intended that the lower surface of the bushing will be engaged with a fender or other structural element on an automobile or truck to support the entire case 111. A flat resilient washer 135 is disposed intermediate the bushing 128 and the lower end 123 of the case. A central mounting bolt 131 extends through the case and the adapter so that the mirror assembly 110 can be secured to the vehicle. Necessarily, major adjustments in the positioning of the mirror assembly 110 may be made through manipulation of the adapter bushing 128 and the mounting bolt 131 when the mirror assembly is being installed. For this combination, the entire case 111 and its mounting adapter 128 provide the operative anchor for the assembly.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
Original Image


text:
22-9108 - Apple Genius Repair Tool Kit
Apple authorized tool kit used for servicing Apple branded products.
Mfr Name: Distributed By MCM
Mfr Number: 22-9108
See all items in Technician Kits
258SA - 258SA Eremtweezer
Professional tweezers designed for precision electronics work.
Mfr Name: Erem
Mfr Number: 258SA
See all items in Tweezers
Easy and quickly bought my TV component and used tutorial to fix. Now have a working TV again for a tiny fraction of cost of a new TV, so very satisfied.


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VIEWS: 2 PAGES: 1 POSTED ON: 10/1/2012 Public Domain
Report of Claim Form For all losses excluding automobile claims and workers compensation claims. For automobile and workers compensation claims, please complete the appropriate forms online. Please complete this form and submit to Bridge Marine Insurance. Your claim will be reported within 24 hours and a copy Bridge Marine Insurance of this form will be kept on record. We will follow up with your claim on a weekly basis to be sure it is handled correctly. If 128 Route 6A 2nd Floor you have any questions, please contact us. Sandwich, MA USA 02563 Date/Time Reported Person Filing Report Phone: 508.619.4668 Fax: 508.588.5148 Named Insured / Name of Business bridgemarineinsurance.com Address Date of Loss: Time of Loss Type of Loss What Building (if applicable) Claimant Info Injured Party / Owner of Damaged Property Address of Injured Party / Property Owner Type of Injury / Type of Damaged Property Insured Info Who caused damage / injury To whom was it reported Witnesses / Other parties Description of Loss Were police contacted? Yes No If yes, which department, violation, citation Details on Loss Remarks/ Comments By submitting this loss you warrant that the information on this form is completely to the best of your ability and correct as to all information provided. This form may be used by Bridge Marine Insurance and the insurance company to investigate, negotiate and settle your insurance claim. This form is not a guarantee of coverage and does not guarantee your claim has been filed. If you do not hear back from Bridge Marine Insurance within 24 hours with further claim details, please call to be sure a claim has been set up. Signature Title Please click Submit once complete to send a copy of this form to Bridge Marine Insurance. You can also choose to "Print Form" and mail or fax a copy to us. Submit via Email Print Form
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Diesel engines have for a long time been associated with thick smoke and noisy trucks. This had led to a preference for gasoline cars which are deemed cleaner and quieter. Due to recent technological trends and innovations, this negatives have slowly been eliminated. Diesel powered engines can perform as well as gasoline engines. It has however taken longer for the market to shed off the earlier image and it's probably why in the U.S cars using diesel sell. Let's look at Diesel engine efficiency vs. gasoline.
Reliability and weight
Diesel engines have higher compression ratio compared to gasoline engines. This allows for more efficiency. In order to withstand the high compression ratio, diesel engines are built with robust parts. This largely contributes to the engine's reliability. This engines are serviced less than gasoline engines. However, stronger parts could mean more weight and that is why engine powered vehicles may be considered heavier. Modern technology has significantly reduced this weight with new manufacturing methods.
Fuel costs
Gasoline is relatively cheaper than diesel. The overall fuel cost, cannot be viewed from this perspective only. Diesel has more energy per unit weight when compared to gasoline. Less diesel will therefore be required to produce the same amount of energy. If all the other factors contributing to fuel usage like the make of the vehicle are held constant, the cost of fuel for both types of engines will have very little difference.
Traditionally, diesel engines emit a lot of smoke compared to gasoline engines. This has been due to the fact that diesel contains sulphur and it does not burn as smoothly. Due to pressure from the government, sulphur is no longer present in diesel oil. Diesel cars are also becoming cleaner due to the fitting of filters on the exhausts.
All factors considered, the choice between a diesel engine and gasoline engine will depend on the needs of the consumer. Ultimately, it will be the consumer's decision to make.


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Nashville Notes
Chris Young Scores His Biggest iTunes Debut Ever with New Single, "I'm Comin' Over"
Kristian Bush Launching International Military Concert Tour with Memorial Day Show at Pearl Harbor
Streamsound RecordsKristian Bush is headed overseas to entertain U.S. troops, though the journey starts closer to home with a Memorial Day Performance at Pearl Harbor in Oahu, Hawaii. The trek will continue with seven performances for service men and women throughout Japan through June 6.
Playing these shows is a true labor of love for Kristian, who comes from a family of U.S. veterans. He says "My father was an officer in the Army and my grandfather served in World War II, and I am so proud of their service. I'll always do whatever I can to support our troops."
Following his shows in Japan, Kristian is making multiple appearances in Nashville during the CMA Music Festival, including a performance at the Bluebird Café on June 9 and another appearance at the Grand Ole Opry June 13.
Kristian's new single, "Light Me Up," is also coming to country radio June 1 as the follow-up to his top-20 hit, "Trailer Hitch." Both tracks are included on Kristian's debut solo project, Southern Gravity, available now.
Copyright © 2015, ABC Radio. All rights reserved.
Brantley Gilbert Looks Forward to Life as a Married Country Rocker
Valory Music Co.Brantley Gilbert has written and recorded several hit songs about his on-again, off-again relationship with his fiancée, Amber. Now that they're settling down and getting married this year, Brantley's worried he won't be able to write more of his signature party songs like "Bottoms Up" and "Country Must Be Country Wide."
He tells the New Orleans Times-Picayune, "What am I going to do when I get to be a married guy? Nobody wants to hear that on every song on the record."
Brantley goes on to say he and Amber have a "really good little love story" going on, and they've had no problem making compromises for their upcoming wedding ceremony. Says Brantley, "She gave us permission -- the guys to get wear boots."
The Platinum Edition of Brantley's latest album, Just As I Am, is now available in stores and online.
Copyright © 2015, ABC Radio. All rights reserved.
Scotty McCreery Talks Baseball and Guitars in Upcoming Online & TV Appearances
Scott Stem/EB MediaScotty McCreery sang "Take Me Out to the Ballgame" during the seventh-inning stretch at the New York Mets vs. St. Louis Cardinals game in New York City Tuesday night. He'll talk about that performance, and his love of baseball, on Sport Illustrated's SI Now Wednesday at 1 p.m. ET at SI.com.
Look for Scotty to also appear on the Road Trip with Anna Dooiman segment of FOX News's FOX and Friends, coming up May 28. The reporter visited Scotty at his show earlier this year in North Dakota to learn how to be his guitar tech. You can see how well she did when the segment airs.
Next up, Scotty begins his gig as a special guest on Rascal Flatts' RIOT Tour 2015 starting May 30 in Noblesville, Indiana.
Copyright © 2015, ABC Radio. All rights reserved.


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Top Definition
A nerd so unpopular at high school the other nerds refuse to socialize with him.
He is such an omega nerd he was never invited to play dungeons and dragons.
by Bill the Cat April 30, 2008
Type your email address below to get our free Urban Word of the Day every morning!
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Original recipe yields 14 servings
Amount per serving ({{servings}} total)
Based on a 2,000 calorie diet
Ready In
New Mexico and California chilies work too. Look for LARGE dark red dried chilies **To save time, after roasting and cleaning the seeds out, lightly simmer the chilies for 20-30min in the broth....
This sauce is easily the best I ever made. I'm a Texan who unfortunately lives out of state and I CRAVE a real enchilada sauce- well this is it. It's as good or better than any I ever had in T...
I followed the directions exactly and this turned out really good. I would recommend adding crushed red pepper before blending to add some heat to this as its very mild.


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Vintage Style Aquamarine Dangle Earrings, EA-1204
Vintage Style Aquamarine Dangle Earrings
Sixteen round brilliant cut diamonds add a total diamond weight of approximately 1.75 carats to this aquamarine earring pair. At the base, two drop shaped briolette cut aquamarines add a soft splash of color. These aquamarine gemstones total approximately 5.0 carats. These earrings are vintage style (New).
International fees >>>
|Item #
|Weight in grams
|Total number of diamonds
|16 round brilliant cut
|Diamond sizes, etc.
|The diamonds measure from 2.80 mm (smallest) to 3.85 mm (largest).
|Total diamond weight
|1.75 Ct. Approx.
|Diamond clarity and color
|clarity VS1-VS2, color H-I-J
|Gemstone name & shape
|Drop shaped briolette cut aquamarines
|Total number of gemstones
|Gemstone length x width
|10.00 x 6.00 mm Approx.
|Total gemstone weight
|5.00 Ct. Approx.
|Gemstone clarity
|VS (Type I)
|Gemstone color: Hue, Tone, Saturation
|very light slightly grayish greenish blue
|Length of drop
|57.0 mm [2.22 in]
|Width of widest point
|6.00 mm [0.23 in]
|Type of back (posts, etc.)
|Post and nut
Click HERE for Important Jewelry Information.
Information about the following topics -- Jewelry Care, Repairs and Insurance, Custom Requests, Jewelry Condition, Gem Treatments, Diamond Grading Reports, Jewelry Classifications, and Warranty -- is available by clicking HERE.
International fees
An order shipped outside the USA includes these non-refundable fees:
- $ 65.00 -- FEDEX Priority shipping with insurance
- $ 108.97 -- Special processing fee
- $ TBD -- Customs duties and fees
FEDEX will send you a separate invoice for customs duties and fees after your purchase has been delivered. Please contact your local customs office regarding the amount of these charges as they are not insignificant.


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$0.99Set in San Francisco a notorious serial killer dubbed the Walker Stalker begins killing helpless victims. This activity coincides with Jake Malone's enrollment in Mortuary School. While attending mortuary school, people Jake knows start getting seriously hurt or wind up dead. Coincidence? Detective Erickson who heads up the Walker Stalker case doesn't think so. Is Jake the killer hiding under the
$0.99This Kitty Tales collection contains six more original short stories from Gracie Roberts to share with your child. Each tale is crafted for a specific reading level and includes a feline character sure to charm and delight young readers/listeners. Join Harvey, Ludlow, Daisy, Gypsum, Enos, and Snow Cat on their adventures and enjoy their Kitty Tales!
Twisted - The Psychopath Next DoorDelve into the mind of a true psychopath. Savannah, your typical coworker, hides a secret, actually many secrets which no one has yet discovered. When Mallory comes to work at the same prestigious law firm in Chicago as Savannah, both strong-willed paralegals are immediately at odds with one another. How does Mallory deal with her boss, Savannah, who on the outside appears to be nothing more than
A Castle Creek Romance (Book #2)A deal she can't refuse! Allison Kincaid can make a great sales pitch. But showing up at Joe Gallahan's motel asking for a favor is her toughest challenge yet. A year ago they were more than just colleagues at a big PR firm. When work came between them, Joe put the blame on Allison and his opinion hasn't changed. She's shocked, however, when Joe agrees to help. Even though she doesn't love his
$3.99The next right thing is the only choiceCammie Copello gets results-even if it means stretching the rules. That's what makes her a great private investigator. It's also what caused the little breach between her and attorney Marc Hamilton. It's too bad, because they made a great team. And, honestly, her career hasn't been the same since.So imagine her surprise when Marc shows up begging for her help
Colby Agency: The Specialists (Book #1443)Two agents' forgotten love is rekindled in USA TODAY bestselling author Debra Webb's Colby Agency: The Specialists series. Someone was out to get Thomas Casey. His profession had taught him to trust no one. So when Johara di Rossi abducted him on his way to his beloved niece's wedding, Thomas assumed the worst-despite their intimate history. Though attachments made him vulnerable, Thomas was
$3.99Coming back has just raised the stakesA single encounter with the gorgeous Laura Cameron and Nick Jordan knows he has a lot to make up for. What he did to her years ago changed their lives dramatically. Unfortunately making amends isn't easy, especially when this sizzling attraction keeps interfering with his good intentions. He's torn between the strong urge to get out of the hometown he despises
Quiet Fury: An Anthology of SuspenseQuiet Fury is a state of being that we've all experienced; calm on the surface, rage bubbling underneath. For most of us, that is a brief moment. Restraint takes over. We grumble and walk away. Some allow the rage to marinate until they are consumed. They cross the line, seek revenge, retribution. Or is it satisfaction?These stories explore each individual's breaking point. Which will win, the
The Preston Andrews Mysteries (Book #12)Murder investigation via the dog's perspective, this humorous mystery has Jones providing background information on the goings on in the Andrews household. His views on work, people and situations are bound to give the reader a giggle as Press and the rest of the Virginia team try to find the killer of a young woman who didn't exist just a very few years before she's found on Press's beach--dead!
$0.99Markham is a private detective, but instead of a client he has a personal stake in this case. He's the one who finds the two kids wandering along a desert highway in the middle of the night. Their father is missing, and Markham's efforts to discover the man's fate draw him into a web of crime, hate . . . and murder. THE MAN IN THE MOON is a 10,000 word novella from legendary author James Reasoner
$2.99Janey in Amber: A woman visiting her mother's house encounters some uncomfortable realities about her own life.Santos del Infierno: In a tale set in the world of Clive Barker's "Hellbound Hearts" (Hellraiser), a man loses his family and gains a new friend—one with a dark agenda.The Strip: At the edge of a city plagued by zombies, a small community gathers to try to watch out for one another's


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DAKINE Freeride Sock - Men'sView Larger Image
Your boots may be awesome, but without the funk-free fresh feeling of the DAKINE Freeride Sock, you might as well have a big slimy bass on your foot.
- Terryloop footbed encourages moisture wicking to reduce foot funk and blisters and provides cushioning for all day park sessions
- Two compression zones keep your foot ready for the next backside three or twenty-footer
- This midweight sock works great for colder days or novice riders or skiers that like a little more cushion for the pushin'
Share your thoughts
What do you think of the
DAKINE Freeride Sock - Men's
? Share a...
Now review from the App. Download


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'Home and Away' Tour of Palm Beach
- Day tour to Palm Beach to see the filming locations in the hit TV show Home and Away
- See the Summer Bay Surf Club, Alf's Bait Shop, the pier, the lighthouse and other outdoor locations in Home and Away
- Explore Palm Beach, the real-life location for Summer Bay, and maybe get lucky and catch the show being filmed
- Hear inside stories about the show from your guide
- Drive along Sydney's coastal route and take in Whale Beach, Avalon Beach and the Bilgola lookout
- Spend time in Manly, a favorite beachside suburb known for its relaxed atmosphere, restaurants, festivals and surfers
Recent Photos of This Tour
What You Can Expect
Follow your expert tour guide to famous locations from Home and Away, including the Summer Bay Surf Club, The Pier, Alf's Bait Shop, the lighthouse and the gorgeous beach. Your guide will share insider information, gossip and tricks of the trade from the set!
With luck, you may catch a day when the show is filming and get to watch the crew in action. The cast will sometimes pose for photographs and give autographs; maybe you'll get a pic with Brax! Popular since its debut in 1987, Home and Away's notable former cast members include Heath Ledger and Naomi Watts.
You'll have free time to stroll around and take in the sights of 'Summer Bay' before heading south to Manly via a coastal route that passes breathtaking views of Whale Beach, Avalon Beach and the Bilgola lookout. Along the way, you might spot migrating whales (in season). You'll also see multi-million dollar homes as you come into Manly, a suburb of Sydney that has become famous for its natural beauty, relaxed atmosphere and beach lifestyle.
Your tour ends in Manly, giving you the option to stay and explore this vibrant beachside suburb at your leisure. You may want to take a walk along the coast, rent a bike or kayak, or check out some of the restaurants and bars along the beach. You can easily catch the Sydney Ferry (own expense) back to Circular Quay to return to Sydney.
Customer Reviews
June 2015
I had a great tour, great tour guide PAUL!!!
Also i was very impressed with the tour of palm beach and seeing other beautiful beaches...
Home and away tour was great,,,,, i meant 2 home and away stars.
June 2015
This was a fantastic tour! Paul the "flaming Gallah" bus driver was immense and had a wealth of interesting knowledge about Australian history, land and architecture. Tania the Home and Away tour guide was very well connected with the cast and we had the best day inspite of the rain. Highly recommended.


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This feature is not on a current W3C standards track, but it is supported on the Firefox OS platform. Although implementations may change in the future and it is not supported widely across browsers, it is suitable for use in code dedicated to Firefox OS apps.
This API is available on Firefox or Firefox OS for installed or higher privileged applications.
data property returns an arbitrary object representing any data passed with the activity.
var options = instanceOfMozActivityOptions.data
Return an object.
If no data are necessary, this property can be
Web Activities is not part of any specification. However, it has some overlap with the proposed Web Intents specification. Mozilla actually proposed Web Activities as a counter proposal to Web Intents. For more information about this, see discussion on the Web Intents Task Force ML.


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Power Cords
Power cords are an essential feature in vacuum cleaners but just like the other parts of a vacuum, they are prone to damage too. The cord might be damaged due to wear and tear or break due to prolonged usage. You can follow these tips to ensure that your vacuum cleaner's power cord is not damaged extensively. You need to remember that your vacuum cord is the power source and without it you have no vacuum. So, ensure that you don't have the cord caught under the vacuum cleaner or your feet as you go about vacuuming your home. Not just that, the cord might be pinched in a door or jammed beneath furniture as well. You will need to check it every time you move from one room to another.
Online shopping for vacuum cleaner power cords lets you shop 24/7 and 7 days a week. The cheap deals and guaranteed best prices online for these vacuum cleaner accessories also draws a huge number of visitors to our website. Also, the choice that you get on the products is amazing. Be sure to view our vacuum review videos and read our GoVacuum blog for more information on the vacuum industry and vacuum shopping.
Kirby 192006 Sentria Upright Vacuum Cleaner Replacement Power Cord or Electrical Cord 35ft, Part 192006S.$32.14Kirby Sentria 192006 Grey Electrical Power Cord Assembly 35ft. In Length. Fits only the Kirby G10 Sentria Models. Part 192006 or 192007. Learn More
Original Kirby G5 Cord - Dark Purple (192097)$29.16Original Kirby G5 Cord - Dark Purple (192097) Learn More
Genuine Kirby Ultimate G, Diamond Ed. Power Cord (Light Grey)$25.00Genuine Kirby Ultimate G, Diamond Ed. Power Cord (Light Grey) Learn More
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2 bedroom mobile home for sale Lakeview Park,Cummings Hall Lane, Noak Hill, RomfordSteps are pleased to present this new 2 bedroom detached park home situated on the sought after retirement complex of Lake View Park in Noak Hill. The property offers a lounge/diner, fitted kitchen, 3 piece bathroom and 2 bedrooms. The property is offered with no onward chain and is available to ... More details ›
2 bedroom bungalow for sale North End, Cummings Hall Lane, Romford,Located in a highly sought after semi rural position within Lake View Retirement Park, is this TWO bedroom detached mobile home. The accommodation comprises spacious lounge and dining area, with generous kitchen, bedrooms & bathroom along with a garden that extends to all four sides of the property. More details ›
£120,000 Guide Price
Guide Price £120,000
2 bedroom bungalow for sale North End Cummings Hall Lane, Noak Hill, Romford, RM3RETIREMENT DEVELOPMENT* *CHAIN FREE* *CASH BUYERS ONLY* *OVER 50's*GUIDE PRICE £120,000Your Move Stewart & Co are pleased to offer this well maintained two bedroom detached mobile home for sale. The property is located in the ever popular NOAK HILL LOCATION. This is a must see. Please note whe... More details ›
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1 bedroom park home for sale Elstree Park, ElstreeA very well presented one bedroom park home on the popular 'Elstree Park'. The home boasts lovely open plan lounge/ diner with and fitted kitchen with a contemporary breakfast bar, modern shower room, double bedroom with space and potential to create a large fitted wardrobe, gas central heat (cont.) More details ›
1 bedroom bungalow for sale Long Meadow Cummings Hall Lane, Noak Hill, Romford, RM3WHAT A VIEWYour Move Stewart & Co are please to offer this one bedroom detached park home which has a stunning view over fields. The property has its own garden, double glazed, gas central heating and is also offer on a chain free basis. Please note you do have to be over 55 for this propert... More details ›
1 bedroom park home for sale Arkley Park, Arkley, ArkleyA lovely one bedroom park home on the sought after Arkley Park. The home boasts bright and spacious lounge / diner, modern kitchen and bathroom and double bedroom with fitted wardrobes. The home further benefits from double glazing, gas central heating, pretty landscaped gardens, allocated p (cont.) More details ›
1 bedroom mobile home for sale North End, Cummings Hall Lane, Noak Hill, Romford, RM3One bedroom static home on an over 55's retirement development in Noak Hill, backing onto the local fishing lake. No onward chain. EPC N/A. More details ›
1 bedroom park home for sale Elstree Park, Barnet Lane, BorehamwoodA one bedroom single unit park home. It is situated on this exclusive semi retirement park in Borehamwood. This well maintained home boasts a pretty exterior, 'Calor' gas central heating and double glazing in addition it is in a wonderful spot on the park looking over Elstree fields. More details ›
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Contests and Giveaways
Make Dad's Day! Father's Day Giveaways - Sunday, June 21!
Celebrate Father's Day with us and make Dad's day! Our mascot, Skipper, will be on the lookout for Fathers with their families - He'll be performing acts of kindness by randomly surprising Dads at the show with a small gift all day long.
"Deck Out Dad" Photo Contest sponsored by West Marine San Diego
Does your Dad need a $500 waterlife makeover? If so, look no further! Come check out the West Marine booth for your chance to enter our Father's Day "Deck Out Dad" photo contest.
We'll have a photo booth and cool props ready for your Dad's photo shoot debut. Post your best Dad photo on Instagram or Facebook with the hashtags #DeckOutDad #WestMarine and you may be selected as the lucky winner of a $500 West Marine gift card for your deserving father. Don't miss your chance to "Deck Out Dad" with West Marine!
Mexican Riviera Sweepstakes!
Unforgettable boating experiences await you on the beautiful blue waters of the Mexican Riviera. Whether you enjoy cruising, sailing, sportfishing, scuba or snorkeling, you'll find world-class resorts and marinas that welcome boaters with authentic Mexican charm. This year, we're pleased to welcome the Mexico Board of Tourism to the show to help you learn more about boating in Mexico. Get details.
Planning a trip to the Mexican Riviera? Here's your chance to win one of seven great prizes—marina services gift certificates, slip rentals and more.
Baja Naval Boatyacht & Marina
Winner will receive:
- Certificate for a free Haul-Out up to 60' vessel
Click HERE to enter!
Marina Coral
Winner will receive:
- A week on 50' slip
- Welcome drinks
Click HERE to enter!
Join the Summer Sailstice
Win one week Sail Charter with Sunsail to the BVI and a lot more!
Sailstice is a worldwide celebration of sailing on the weekend closest to the summer solstice. Join in the fun on San Diego Bay on Saturday, June 20!
Sign up for free via the Summer Sailstice website and sail to win several prizes.
Show attendees can also register at the American Sailing Association booth (#L 170) during the Progressive Insurance San Diego International Boat Show.
Clicke HERE to enter!


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Palladium / Citrine / Diamond
Palladium / White Sapphire
Palladium / Peridot / White Sapphire
Palladium / Ruby / Diamond
Palladium / Blue Topaz / Blue Sapphire
Palladium / Blue Sapphire
Palladium / Peridot
Palladium / Diamond
Palladium / White Sapphire / Blue Sapphire
Palladium / Rhodolite Garnet / Diamond
Palladium / Black Diamond / Amethyst
Palladium / Rhodolite Garnet / Ruby
Palladium / Blue Topaz / Diamond
Palladium / Tanzanite
Palladium / Aquamarine
Palladium / Red Garnet
Palladium / White Sapphire / Diamond
Palladium / Emerald
Palladium / Alexandrite
Palladium / Alexandrite
Palladium / Diamond
Palladium / Pink Sapphire / Blue Topaz
Palladium / Fire Opal
Palladium / Amethyst / Diamond
At Gemvara, we believe that the jewelry you wear should be as unique as you. Every beautiful Gemvara palladium jewelry design will be made just for you. It's jewelry for all life's occasions, from a wedding or holiday to your own personal milestones and celebrations. Gemvara uses only the highest quality materials to craft your palladium jewelry with meticulous attention to detail. Our precious metals are recycled or responsibly mined. Rare and naturally white, palladium is a platinum group metal that weighs a bit less than gold, making it versatile even for large jewelry designs. Our wide selection of palladium jewelry by Ruzanna Davtian, Jeet Palavwala, Gemvara Essentials, and other talented designers means you can find rings, earrings, and necklaces that are exactly your style. You can also shop by style, choosing our New Arrivals, Antique-Inspired, or Zodiac Collections. When our work is done and you open that box, you'll see your design is even more beautiful when brought to life in the finest precious materials.
We can help right away. Chat with a jewelry expert now!


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ClintG 3 years, 3 months ago on Newton Citizen Poll for March 18
Newton Citizen Poll for March 18
Let's review where ID's are legally required:
To buy alcohol, cough medicine and cigarettes To drive a car. To give blood, or mandatory drug tests for employment. To see a Dr. To perform jury duty. To open a Bank Account. These are just a few of the many, but the one area where it is "unconstitutional" to request ID..... TO VOTE!!! Notice that the majority of the places where id is required only affect the person presenting the ID, voting affects everyone in this country.


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Southern Fried Rice est une nouvelle maison d'hôte située sur Kata, la plus belle plage de l'île idyllique de Phuket,... Plus d'info »
Phuket's favourite award winning backpacker lodge - as rated by you, the Hostelworld traveller!! Bodega is a... Plus d'info »
Situated in Kata Night Plaza, Kata Beach area, FIN Hostel is the perfect place to experience Phuket's best surfing... Plus d'info »
Rattana Mansion is located in the heart of Phuket Town next to the main shopping area, spa, food markets and... Plus d'info »
SOM Guesthouse provides, clean, safe and reasonably priced accommodation in Patong Beach, Phuket. Our comfortably... Plus d'info »
Neueroeffenet ! Thai contemporain et moderenes/Hostel chinois, trouvé dans le centre des Phuket Town. Sawas-Dee... Plus d'info »
Baan Suay Backpackers at Karon Beach offers hotel accommodation at hostel prices. We have spacious twin and double... Plus d'info »
Pineapple Guesthouse offers clean, simple and inexpensive accommodation at Karon Beach in Phuket, Thailand,... Plus d'info »
Win Backpacker Hostel is a newly reopened hostel located in the bustling heart of Phuket Town. Phuket is an... Plus d'info »
Located just 1.2 km from Kata beach, Garden Home Kata offers affordable price private room with big swimming pool,... Plus d'info »
Jinta Andaman in Kata beach, Phuket Thailand is the the friendly confort clean and facilities needed four your... Plus d'info »
Blue Garden Hotel is a charming resort in Phuket Thailand. It is only 100 meter away from the beach, in Bangtao beach... Plus d'info »
Welcome to the beautiful island of Phuket and our 'boutique' resort - Phuket Airport Hotel, ideal for both single... Plus d'info »
Phuket a une variété de plages et la ville de Phuket est riche en architecture des maisons classiques Chino-portugais... Plus d'info »
Relax Pub and Rooms is located just .20 Km from the city center and 42 km from the airport, this guesthouse... Plus d'info »
Sleep Sheep Phuket Hostel is located in Phuket Old Town area which is around 20 K.m. Far from beaches. We are offer 9... Plus d'info »
Kata Villa is a small hotel set amongst tropical gardens in Phuket, Thailand. Our 20 double rooms are simple but... Plus d'info »
Nestled in the heart of Patong, Nara Grandeur Hotel Patong is an ideal spot from which to discover Phuket. The hotel... Plus d'info »
- Check in from 14:00 and check out until 12:00. - Cancellation policy: Cancellation made 7 days before arrival will... Plus d'info »
1. Check in Time: after 14:00 2. Check out Time: before 12:00 noon -Check out late will be charged 400 baht an hour... Plus d'info »


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