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The non-coding regulatory sequences of the prostate specific antigen (PSA) are described. Non-human transgenic animals are also provided which express human PSA, which is non-naturally occurring in non-human animals.
1. An isolated nucleic acid sequence comprising a 5' non-coding regulatory sequence about 6 kb in length of human prostate specific antigen gene and a 3' non-coding regulatory sequence of human prostate specific antigen gene.
2. The nucleic acid sequence of claim 1, wherein said 3' non-coding regulatory sequence comprises a sequence about 2 kb in length.
3. The nucleic acid sequence of claim 1, further comprising an intron of human prostate specific antigen gene.
4. A nucleic acid construct, comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence operatively linked to the nucleic acid sequence of claim 1.
5. The nucleic acid construct of claim 4, further comprising a transcriptional and translational initiation region and a transcriptional termination region functional in an animal cell.
6. The nucleic acid construct of claim 4, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes an agent selected from the group consisting of an immunomodulator, a biological response modifier, an antisense nucleic acid, and a ribozyme.
7. The nucleic acid construct of claim 4, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes a biologically active protein.
8. The nucleic acid construct of claim 4, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence contains an antisense RNA for regulating expression of an endogenous coding sequence.
9. An isolated prostate cell or coagulating gland/seminal vesicle cell, wherein said cell is isolated from a transgenic mouse comprising a nucleic acid construct according to claim 4.
10. A non-human transformed cell comprising the nucleic acid construct of claim 4, wherein said cell expresses said heterologous sequence.
11. An isolated transformed cell comprising the nucleic acid construct of claim 4, wherein said cell expresses said heterologous sequence.
12. A transgenic mouse, comprising a nucleic acid construct according to claim 4, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence is expressed in prostate tissue at detectable levels.
13. A transgenic mouse that expresses human prostate specific antigen in prostate tissue, said human prostate specific antigen otherwise not naturally occurring in said mouse, said expression being conferred by a transgene contained in the somatic and germ cells of said mouse, said transgene comprising a nucleic acid sequence which encodes a human prostate specific antigen polypeptide operably linked to a human prostate specific antigen non-coding regulatory sequence, wherein said expression of human prostate specific antigen in said prostate tissue is at detectable levels in said mouse.
14. A method for producing a transgenic mouse that expresses detectable levels of human prostate specific antigen in prostate tissue, human prostate specific antigen otherwise not naturally occurring in said mouse, said method comprising:
a) introducing a transgene into an embryo of a mouse, said transgene comprising a DNA construct encoding a human prostate specific antigen operably linked to a human prostate specific antigen non-coding regulatory sequence,
b) transplanting said embryo into a pseudopregnant animal,
c) allowing said embryo to develop to term, and
d) identifying at least one transgenic offspring containing said transgene that expresses human prostate specific antigen at detectable levels in prostate tissue.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein said introducing of said transgene into said embryo is by introducing an embryonic stem cell containing said transgene into said embryo.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein said introducing of said transgene into said embryo is by infecting said embryo with a retrovirus containing said transgene.
The present invention was made with support under grant numbers CA11198, POAG 104643 and CA70218 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in this invention.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to transgenic non-human animals which express a gene not naturally occurring in the animal. More specifically, the invention relates to transgenic non-human animals which express human prostate specific antigen.
2. Description of Related Art
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in American men. Although this disease is rarely seen in men under the age of 50, the incidence of prostate cancer increases rapidly in subsequent decades of life. Surgery, radiation and hormonal therapies are the standard treatments for prostate cancer, however, these conventional therapies ultimately are ineffective for metastatic disease. Immunotherapy mediated through cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) offers a promising treatment avenue, since T cells, in principle, can migrate throughout the body and specifically recognize and destroy metastatic tumor cells in an antigen specific manner.
Prostate cancer cells express a well characterized antigen, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), whose expression is widely used clinically as a marker for prostate cancer. PSA, a kallikrein with serine protease activity, has a highly restricted tissue distribution and is expressed in the normal epithelial cells of the prostate gland, the same cell type from which most prostate tumors arise. Neither the regulation of PSA expression nor the role of PSA in normal or neoplastic prostate cells is well understood.
An obvious concern in using PSA as a target antigen for immunotherapy is that it is a self-antigen. To date, much of the work on tumor immunotherapy has implicitly assumed that it is necessary to identify and characterize antigens that are specifically and uniquely expressed in tumors but not in normal tissues. However, this assumption may not be warranted. For example, recent work has revealed that many targets for anti-melanoma CTL, such as tyrosinase, MART-1, gp100 and gp75, are normal self-antigens specific to the melanocyte lineage (V. Brichard et al., J. Exp. Med. 178:489-495, 1993; A. B. Bakker et al., J. Exp. Med. 179:1005-1009, 1994; S. L. Topalian et al., Proc. Natl. Aca. Sci USA 91:3515-3519, 1994; R. F. Wang et al., J. Exp. Med. 181:799-804, 1995). Further, the existence of a number of tissue-specific autoimmune diseases supports the concept that self-reactive immune effectors can be activated under appropriate conditions. Taken together, these findings raise the possibility that tissue-specific differentiation antigens could serve as targets for immunotherapy for other cancers besides melanoma. Thus, it may not be necessary to first isolate anti-tumor CTL from patients in order to identify the target antigens for characterization. Instead, it may be possible to induce a cell-mediated immune response against a normal tissue-specific antigen whether or not such responses typically occur in patients.
The study of PSA as a potential target antigen for immunotherapy, as well as other studies investigating its physiologic role, has been hampered by the lack of appropriate animal models. There is no currently available mouse system to model the salient immunological aspects of prostate cancer, as no prostate-specific kallikrein has been reported for mice.
The present invention is based on the discovery of the regulatory region of the human PSA gene and the production a transgenic non-human animal that expresses the human PSA gene. Using a 14 kb genomic DNA region which encompasses the entire human PSA gene and adjacent flanking sequences, a series of human PSA transgenic mice were generated. In the six independent lines of transgenic mice, the expression of the human PSA transgene, driven by its own cis-acting regulatory elements, was specifically targeted to the prostate. Tissue distribution analysis demonstrated that PSA transgene expression was similar to the human expression pattern. Immunohistochemical analysis of the prostate tissue also showed that the expression of the PSA transgene was confined to the ductal epithelial cells. Despite expressing PSA as a self-antigen in the prostate, these transgenic mice were able to mount a cytotoxic immune response against PSA expressed by tumor cells, indicating that expression of the transgene had not resulted in complete nonresponsiveness.
In a first embodiment, the present invention provides a nucleic acid construct containing a non-coding regulatory sequence isolated from a human prostate specific antigen gene. The non-coding regulatory sequence is operably associated with a nucleic acid sequence which expresses a product, such as a protein of interest or an antisense RNA, for example. The nucleic acid sequence is heterologous to the non-coding sequence. The non-coding regulatory sequence of the present invention is the human prostate specific antigen promoter and/or enhancer region, which allows tissue-specific expression in the prostate.
In another embodiment, the prostate specific antigen regulatory sequence is used to provide increased transcription of a nucleic acid sequence, specifically in the prostate of an animal. Such nucleic acid sequences include therapeutic genes such as thymidine kinase as a suicide gene or other genes such as those encoding growth factors or growth factor receptors which could be involved in prostate cancer or in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
In yet another embodiment, the invention provides transgenic non-human animals characterized as expressing human prostate specific antigen, which is non-naturally occurring in the animal.
FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of the PSA-1 transgene construct. The lambda clones, 60-2.1P1 and 11-1P1, and the assembled PSA-1 transgene construct are depicted in relation to the genomic map. Solid boxes indicate exons, and open box indicates 3' untranslated region of the PSA gene. The 5' untranslated region is not included because of its small size.
FIG. 1B shows a Southern blot of genomic DNA from mouse tails used to analyze the incorporation of the PSA-1 transgene construct into the mouse genome. Lanes a to c show normal mouse DNA with an additional equivalent of 10, 1 and 0 copies of the pBS/PSA-1 plasmid per diploid genome to serve as copy number controls; lanes d to l show 9 independent PSA1 transgenic founders designated as P1-1 through P1-9, respectively; lane m shows human hepatoma G2 DNA as a positive control.
FIG. 1C shows a restriction map of PSA structural gene and regulatory regions.
FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C show RT-PCR analysis of the expression of PSA transgene in the prostate of the PSA1 transgenics. PSA PCR products were visualized by either ethidium bromide staining (A), or Southern blotting using an internal fragment as the probe (B), and b-actin PCR products by ethidium bromide staining (C). Lane a, non-transgenic; b, P1-2; c, P1-4; d, P1-6; e, P1-7; f, P1-8; g, P1-9; h, LNCaP.
FIGS. 3A-D show analyses of the tissue distribution of PSA mRNA in the PSA1 transgenics by Northern blotting. Five μg of the total RNA isolated from various tissues of a male P1-6 (A), a male P1-8 (B), a male P1-9 (C), and a female P1-9 (D) transgenic mice were resolved on 1% formaldehyde-agarose gels, transferred to nylon membranes, then hybridized with the labeled PSA cDNA probe. These tissues were: lane a, prostate; b, testis; c, coagulating glands/seminal vesicle; d, spleen; e, kidney; f, liver; g, thymus, h, heart, i, lung; j, salivary glands; k, brain; l, ovary; m, uterus; and n, 5 μg of LNCaP total RNA in each blot to serve as an internal control.
FIGS. 4A-D show the localization of PSA expression in the prostate of the PSA1 transgenics by immunohistochemical staining. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections from the prostate of a P1 -9 transgenic (A, B) and a nontransgenic control (C, D) were incubated with rabbit anti-human PSA (A, C) or control rabbit immunoglobulin (B, D), followed by HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit Ig, and then visualized by adding diaminobenzidine as the chromogen.
FIGS. 5A-D show graphs illustrating the cytotoxic activity of TIL from line 1/PSA tumors. Nontransgenic (A, C), and transgenic mice (B, D) were injected in the hind flank i.m. with 2�104 line 1/PSA cells. Tumors were allowed to grow for 20 days, and TIL were isolated and used as effector cells in a 6-hr 51 Cr-release assay. Targets were line 1 (squares) and line 1/PSA (circles) induced to express class I with dimethyl sulfoxide.
The present invention allows production of non-human transgenic animals that express human prostate specific antigen. This exemplary animal model provides a system for identifying factors associated with non-responsiveness to PSA. Such factors allow the development of immunotherapy regimes for human prostate cancer using PSA as the target antigen. Identification of the PSA regulatory elements also allows construction of specific gene therapy vectors for targeting to the prostate. For example, the prostate-specific regulatory sequences can be used in conjunction with "suicide" genes or other therapeutic genes to treat diseases of the prostate.
The PSA gene regulatory sequence is located in the non-coding region of the gene and exhibits strong expression in prostate tissue. Approximately 6 kilobases (kb) of 5' non-coding sequence and 2 kb of 3' non-coding sequence was isolated upstream and downstream, respectively, from the coding sequence, as described in the Examples herein. FIG. 1C shows a restriction map of the PSA gene, including coding and non-coding regions. Since the PSA coding region is also included in the construct, the regulatory region may also include non-coding intron sequences. The transcription regulatory sequences include transcriptional control regions such as TATAA and CAAT box sequences as well as sequences which regulate the tissue specificity of the transcribed product. In the nucleic acid construct of the invention, the ATG start codon is typically provided by the nucleic acid sequence expressing the product of interest.
As used herein, the term "regulatory sequence" or "regulatory element" refers to a nucleic acid sequence capable of controlling the transcription of an operably associated gene. A regulatory sequence of the invention may include a promoter, an enhancer and/or a silencer, for example. Therefore, placing a gene under the regulatory control of a promoter or a regulatory element means positioning the gene such that the expression of the gene is controlled by the regulatory sequence(s). In general, promoters are found positioned 5' (upstream) of the genes that they control. Thus, in the construction of promoter gene combinations, the promoter is preferably positioned upstream of the gene and at a distance from the transcription start site that approximates the distance between the promoter and the gene it controls in the natural setting. As is known in the art, some variation in this distance can be tolerated without loss of promoter function. Similarly, the preferred positioning of a regulatory element, such as an enhancer, with respect to a heterologous gene placed under its control reflects its natural position relative to the structural gene it naturally regulates. Enhancers are believed to be relatively position and orientation independent in contrast to promoter elements. The noncoding sequences or intron sequences (e.g., which contain regulatory sequences) which are used in the invention construct are not more than about 9 kbp in length.
One may identify a convenient restriction site in the 5' untranslated region of the PSA gene at the ends of the nucleic acid sequence of interest. Alternatively, an adaptor which will join the nucleic acid sequence of interest to the PSA gene may be used. Another strategy which may employed is to introduce a multiple cloning site into the 5'-untranslated region of the PSA gene for the purpose of inserting the nucleic acid sequence of interest.
As an alternative strategy, a plasmid as exemplified in FIG. 1C, which has a unique HindIII site for insertion of a nucleic acid sequence of interest, can be designed. This allows prostate tissue-specific expression of the inserted cDNA or genomic clone. Further modifications of the vector include the addition of a polylinker at the unique HindIII site.
Regulatory sequence function during expression of a gene under its regulatory control and can be tested at the transcriptional stage using DNA/RNA and RNA/RNA hybridization assays (e.g., in situ hybridization, nucleic acid hybridization in solution or solid support) and at the translational stage using specific functional assays for the protein synthesized (e.g., by enzymatic activity, by immunoassay of the protein, by in vitro translation of mRNA or expression in microinjected xenopus oocytes).
As used herein, the term "nucleic acid sequence" refers to a polymer of deoxy-ribonucleotides or ribonucleotides, in the form of a separate fragment or as a component of a larger construct. Nucleic acids expressing the products of interest can be assembled from cDNA fragments or from oligonucleotides which provide a synthetic gene which is capable of being expressed in a recombinant transcriptional unit. Polynucleotide or nucleic acid sequences of the invention include DNA, RNA and cDNA sequences.
Nucleic acid sequences utilized in the invention can be obtained by several methods. For example, the DNA can be isolated using hybridization procedures which are well known in the art. These include, but are not limited to: 1) hybridization of probes to genomic or cDNA libraries to detect shared nucleotide sequences; 2) antibody screening of expression libraries to detect shared structural features and 3) synthesis by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sequences for specific genes can also be found in GenBank, National Institutes of Health computer database.
The phrase "nucleic acid sequence expressing a product of interest" refers to a structural gene which expresses a biologically active protein of interest or an antisense RNA for example. The term "structural gene" excludes the non-coding regulatory sequence which drives transcription. The structural gene may be derived in whole or in part from any source known to the art, including a plant, a fungus, an animal, a bacterial genome or episome, eukaryotic, nuclear or plasmid DNA, cDNA, viral DNA or chemically synthesized DNA. A structural gene may contain one or more modifications in either the coding or the untranslated regions which could affect the biological activity or the chemical structure of the expression product, the rate of expression or the manner of expression control. Such modifications include, but are not limited to, mutations, insertions, deletions and substitutions of one or more nucleotides. The structural gene may constitute an uninterrupted coding sequence or it may include one or more introns, bound by the appropriate splice junctions. The structural gene may also encode a fusion protein. It is contemplated that introduction into animal tissue of nucleic acid constructs of the invention will include constructions wherein the structural gene and its regulatory sequence e.g., PSA regulatory sequence, are each derived from different animal species.
The term "heterologous nucleic acid sequence" as used herein refers to at least one structural gene which is operably associated with the regulatory sequence of the invention. The nucleic acid sequence originates in a foreign species, or, in the same species if substantially modified from its original form. For example, the term "heterologous nucleic acid sequence" includes a nucleic acid originating in the same species, where such sequence is operably linked to a regulatory sequence that differs from the natural or wild-type regulatory sequence (e.g., PSA regulatory sequence).
The term "operably associated" refers to functional linkage between the regulatory sequence and the structural gene regulated by the regulatory sequence. The operably linked regulatory sequence controls the expression of the product expressed by the structural gene. Alternatively, the functional linkage also includes an enhancer element.
"Promoter" means the minimal nucleotide sequence sufficient to direct transcription. Also included in the invention are those promoter elements that are sufficient to render promoter-dependent gene expression controllable for cell-type specific, tissue specific, or inducible by external signals or agents; such elements may be located in the 5' or 3' regions of the native gene, or in the introns.
"Gene expression" means the process by which a nucleotide sequence undergoes successful transcription and translation such that detectable levels of the delivered nucleotide sequence are expressed in an amount and over a time period so that a functional biological effect is achieved. "Expressible genetic construct" as used herein means a construct which has the PSA regulatory sequences positioned with a nucleic acid encoding a desired product, such that the nucleic acid is expressed.
Examples of genes encoding therapeutic agents which can be used in the invention construct, for example for immunotherapy, include genes encoding toxins. The nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein of interest in the invention construct includes immuno-modulators and other biological response modifiers. The term "biological response modifiers" encompasses substances which are involved in modifying the immune response in such manner as to enhance the destruction of tumor, for example. Examples of immune response modifiers include such compounds as lymphokines. Lymphokines include tumor necrosis factor, the interleukins, lymphotoxin, macrophage activating factor, migration inhibition factor, colony stimulating factor, and interferon. Included in this category are immunopotentiating agents including nucleic acids encoding a number of the cytokines classified as "interleukins". These include, for example, interleukins 1 through 12. Also included in this category, although not necessarily working according to the same mechanisms, are interferons, and in particular gamma interferon (γ-IFN), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Nucleic acids encoding growth factors, toxic peptides, ligands, receptors, suicide factors (e.g., TK) or other physiologically important proteins can also be introduced into specific cells of the prostate.
Sense or antisense nucleic acids can also be used in the invention construct. For example, a sense polynucleotide sequence (the DNA coding strand) encoding a polypeptide can be introduced into the cell to increase expression of a "normal" gene. Other cell disorders can also be treated with nucleic acid sequences that interfere with expression at the translational level. This approach utilizes, for example, antisense nucleic acid, ribozymes, or triplex agents to block transcription or translation of a specific mRNA, either by masking that mRNA with an antisense nucleic acid or triplex agent, or by cleaving it with a ribozyme. Alternatively, the method includes administration of a reagent that mimics the action or effect of a gene product or blocks the action of the gene. Therefore, when a prostate tumor is etiologically linked with over expression of a polynucleotide, it would be desirable to administer an inhibiting reagent such as an antisense polynucleotide.
The use of antisense methods to inhibit the in vitro translation of genes is well known in the art (see, e.g., Marcus-Sakura, Anal. Biochem., 172:289, 1988). Antisense nucleic acids are nucleic acid molecules (e.g., molecules containing DNA nucleotides, RNA nucleotides, or modifications (e.g., modification that increase the stability of the molecule, such as 2'-O-alkyl (e.g., methyl) substituted nucleotides) or combinations thereof) that are complementary to, or that hybridize to, at least a portion of a specific nucleic acid molecule, such as an RNA molecule (e.g., an mRNA molecule) (see, e.g., Weintraub, Scientific American, 262:40, 1990). The antisense nucleic acids hybridize to corresponding nucleic acids, such as mRNAs, to form a double-stranded molecule, which interferes with translation of the mRNA, as the cell will not translate a double-stranded mRNA. Antisense nucleic acids used in the invention are typically at least 10-12 nucleotides in length, for example, at least 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, or 100 nucleotides in length. The antisense nucleic acid can also be as long as the target nucleic acid with which it is intended to form an inhibitory duplex. As is described further below, the antisense nucleic acids can be introduced into cells as antisense oligonucleotides, or can be produced in a cell in which a nucleic acid encoding the antisense nucleic acid has been introduced by, for example, using gene therapy methods.
The present invention also provides gene therapy for the treatment of a tumor or disease which is in the prostate. Such therapy would achieve its therapeutic effect by introduction of the appropriate polynucleotide which contains a therapeutic gene for example, into cells of subjects having the disorder. Delivery of invention constructs can be achieved using a recombinant expression vector such as a chimeric virus or a colloidal dispersion system.
Gene therapy methods as described herein can be performed in vivo or ex vivo. In addition, it may be preferable to remove the majority of a tumor prior to gene therapy, for example surgically or by radiation.
Various viral vectors which can be utilized for gene therapy as taught herein include adenovirus, herpes virus, vaccinia, or, preferably, an RNA virus such as a retrovirus. Preferably, the retro viral vector is a derivative of a murine or avian retro virus. Examples of retro viral vectors in which a single foreign gene can be inserted include, but are not limited to: Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMuLV), Harvey murine sarcoma virus (HaMuSV), murine mammary tumor virus (MuMTV), and Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV). Preferably, when the subject is a human, a vector such as the gibbon ape leukemia virus (GaLV) is utilized. A number of additional retro viral vectors can incorporate multiple genes. All of these vectors can transfer or incorporate a gene for a selectable marker so that transduced cells can be identified and generated. By inserting a sequence (including promoter region) of interest into the viral vector, along with another gene which encodes the ligand for a receptor on a specific target cell, for example, the vector is now target specific. Preferred targeting is accomplished by using an antibody to target the retro viral vector. Those of skill in the art will know of, or can readily ascertain without undue experimentation, specific polynucleotide sequences which can be inserted into the retro viral genome, for example, to allow target specific delivery of the retro viral vector containing the polynucleotide.
Since recombinant retro viruses are defective, they require assistance in order to produce infectious vector particles. This assistance can be provided, for example, by using helper cell lines that contain plasmids encoding all of the structural genes of the retro virus under the control of regulatory sequences within the LTR. These plasmids are missing a nucleotide sequence which enables the packaging mechanism to recognize an RNA transcript for encapsidation. Helper cell lines which have deletions of the packaging signal include but are not limited to ψ2, PA317 and PA12, for example. These cell lines produce empty virions, since no genome is packaged. If a retro viral vector is introduced into such cells in which the packaging signal is intact, but the structural genes are replaced by other genes of interest, the vector can be packaged and vector virion produced.
Another targeted delivery system for the invention construct is a colloidal dispersion system. Colloidal dispersion systems include macromolecule complexes, nano-capsules, microspheres, beads, and lipid-based systems including oil-in-water emulsions, micelles, mixed micelles, and liposomes. The preferred colloidal system of this invention is a liposome. Liposomes are artificial membrane vesicles which are useful as delivery vehicles in vitro and in vivo. It has been shown that large unilamellar vesicles (LUV), which range in size from 0.2-4.0 um can encapsulate a substantial percentage of an aqueous buffer containing large macromolecules. RNA, DNA and intact virions can be encapsulated within the aqueous interior and be delivered to cells in a biologically active form (Fraley, et al., Trends Biochem. Sci., 6:77, 1981). In order for a liposome to be an efficient gene transfer vehicle, the following characteristics should be present: (1) encapsulation of the genes of interest at high efficiency while not compromising their biological activity; (2) preferential and substantial binding to a target cell in comparison to non-target cells; (3) delivery of the aqueous contents of the vesicle to the target cell cytoplasm at high efficiency; and (4) accurate and effective expression of genetic information (Mannino, et al., Biotechniques, 6:682, 1988).
In another embodiment, the present invention provides a transgenic non-human animal that expresses human prostate specific antigen. Using a 14 kb genomic DNA region which encompasses the entire human PSA gene and adjacent flanking sequences, a series of human PSA transgenic mice were generated as the exemplary model animals. In the six independent lines of transgenic mice generated, the expression of the human PSA transgene, driven by its own cis-acting regulatory elements, is specifically targeted to the prostate. Tissue distribution analysis demonstrated that PSA transgene expression closely follows the human expression pattern. Immunohistochemical analysis of the prostate tissue also showed that the expression of the PSA transgene is confined to the ductal epithelial cells. Despite expressing PSA as a self-antigen in the prostate, these transgenic mice were able to mount a cytotoxic immune response against PSA expressed by tumor cells, indicating that expression of the transgene has not resulted in complete nonresponsiveness.
The "non-human animals" of the invention comprise any non-human animal having a prostate. Such non-human animals include vertebrates such as rodents, non-human primates, sheep, dog, cow, pig, amphibians, and reptiles. Preferred non-human animals are selected from the rodent family including rat and mouse, most preferably mouse. The "transgenic non-human animals" of the invention are produced by introducing "transgenes" into the germline of the non-human animal. Embryonal target cells at various developmental stages can be used to introduce transgenes. Different methods are used depending on the stage of development of the embryonal target cell. The zygote is the best target for micro-injection. In the mouse, the male pronucleus reaches the size of approximately 20 micrometers in diameter which allows reproducible injection of 1-2 pl of DNA solution. The use of zygotes as a target for gene transfer has a major advantage in that in most cases the injected DNA will be incorporated into the host gene before the first cleavage (Brinster et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:4438-4442, 1985). As a consequence, all cells of the transgenic non-human animal will carry the incorporated transgene. This will in general also be reflected in the efficient transmission of the transgene to offspring of the founder since 50% of the germ cells will harbor the transgene. Microinjection of zygotes is the preferred method for incorporating transgenes in practicing the invention.
The term "transgenic" is used to describe an animal which includes exogenous genetic material within all of its cells. A "transgenic" animal can be produced by cross-breeding two chimeric animals which include exogenous genetic material within cells used in reproduction. Twenty-five percent of the resulting offspring will be transgenic i.e., animals which include the exogenous genetic material within all of their cells in both alleles. 50% of the resulting animals will include the exogenous genetic material within one allele and 25% will include no exogenous genetic material.
Retroviral infection can also be used to introduce transgene into a non-human animal. The developing non-human embryo can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage. During this time, the blastomeres can be targets for retro viral infection (Jaenich, R., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 73:1260-1264, 1976). Efficient infection of the blastomeres is obtained by enzymatic treatment to remove the zona pellucida (Hogan, et al. (1986) in Manipulating the Mouse Embryo, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). The viral vector system used to introduce the transgene is typically a replication-defective retro virus carrying the transgene (Jahner, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:6927-6931, 1985; Van der Putten, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 82:6148-6152, 1985). Transfection is easily and efficiently obtained by culturing the blastomeres on a monolayer of virus-producing cells (Van der Putten, supra; Stewart, et al., EMBO J. 6:383-388, 1987). Alternatively, infection can be performed at a later stage. Virus or virus-producing cells can be injected into the blastocoele (D. Jahner et al., Nature 298:623-628, 1982). Most of the founders will be mosaic for the transgene since incorporation occurs only in a subset of the cells which formed the transgenic nonhuman animal. Further, the founder may contain various retro viral insertions of the transgene at different positions in the genome which generally will segregate in the offspring. In addition, it is also possible to introduce transgenes into the germ line, albeit with low efficiency, by intrauterine retro viral infection of the midgestation embryo (D. Jahner et al., supra).
A third type of target cell for transgene introduction is the embryonal stem cell (ES). ES cells are obtained from pre-implantation embryos cultured in vitro and fused with embryos (M. J. Evans et al. Nature 292:154-156, 1981; M. O. Bradley et al., Nature 309: 255-258, 1984; Gossler, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 83: 9065-9069, 1986; and Robertson et al., Nature 322:445-448, 1986). Transgenes can be efficiently introduced into the ES cells by DNA transfection or by retro virus-mediated transduction. Such transformed ES cells can thereafter be combined with blastocysts from a nonhuman animal. The ES cells thereafter colonize the embryo and contribute to the germ line of the resulting chimeric animal. (For review see Jaenisch, R., Science 240: 1468-1474, 1988).
"Transformed" means a cell into which (or into an ancestor of which) has been introduced, by means of recombinant nucleic acid techniques, a heterologous nucleic acid molecule. "Heterologous" refers to a nucleic acid sequence that either originates from another species or is modified from either its original form or the form primarily expressed in the cell.
"Transgene" means any piece of DNA which is inserted by artifice into a cell, and becomes part of the genome of the organism (i.e., either stably integrated or as a stable extrachromosomal element) which develops from that cell. Such a transgene may include a gene which is partly or entirely heterologous (i.e., foreign) to the transgenic organism, or may represent a gene homologous to an endogenous gene of the organism. Included within this definition is a transgene created by the providing of an RNA sequence which is transcribed into DNA and then incorporated into the genome. The transgenes of the invention include DNA sequences which encode human prostate specific antigen which may be expressed in a transgenic non-human animal. The term "transgenic" as used herein additionally includes any organism whose genome has been altered by in vitro manipulation of the early embryo or fertilized egg or by any transgenic technology to induce a specific gene knockout. The term "gene knockout" as used herein, refers to the targeted disruption of a gene in vivo with complete loss of function that has been achieved by any transgenic technology familiar to those in the art. In one embodiment, transgenic animals having gene knockouts are those in which the target gene has been rendered nonfunctional by an insertion targeted to the gene to be rendered non-functional by homologous recombination. As used herein, the term "transgenic" includes any transgenic technology familiar to those in the art which can produce an organism carrying an introduced transgene or one in which an endogenous gene has been rendered non-functional or "knocked out."
The above disclosure generally describes the present invention. A more complete understanding can be obtained by reference to the following specific examples which are provided herein for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
In brief, a PSA cDNA clone described previously (C. Wei et al., Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 42:362-368, 1996) was used to screen a human lymph node genomic library (ATCC, Rockville, Md., 20852 USA, Accession No. ATCC 57760). A lambda clone encompassing the PSA gene was isolated (clone 60-2.1P1)(FIGS. 1a and 1c). The 5' end of this clone was then used as a probe to screen a human chromosome 19-specific genomic library (ATCC 57711) to isolate clone 11-1P1 (FIGS. 1a and 1c). These lambda clones were engineered by standard recombinant DNA techniques into pBluescript vector, resulting in a plasmid clone called pBS/PSA-1.
After removing the vector sequence, the PSA-1 transgene construct was microinjected into fertilized embryos from the intercross of (C57BL/6J X DBA/2J) F1 hybrid mice as described (Dragone et al., Proc. Natl. Aca. Sci USA 92:626-630, 1995). Transgenic founders, collectively called PSA1 transgenics, were backcrossed to BALB/cByJ mice (H-2d) to established transgenic lines semi-syngeneic to the PSA-expressing line 1 cells (H-2d) used in the TIL experiments described below. Line 1 is a small cell lung carcinoma cell line derived from a female BALB/c mouse (J. M. Yuhas, Cancer Res. 34: 722-728, 1974). Line 1/PSA, a PSA-expressing line 1 transfectant, was generated and characterized previously (C. Wei, supra). LNCaP, a human prostatic cell line, was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (CRL 1740).
Transgenic mice were generated using the PSA-1 transgene construct which covers 14 kb of genomic sequence. It contains approximately 6 kb of 5' flanking sequence and 2 kb of 3' flanking sequence, in addition to the PSA coding region. Therefore, the PSA regulatory region may also include non-coding intron sequences. FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of the PSA-1 transgene construct. The lambda clones, 60-2.1P1 and 11-1P1, and the assembled PSA-1 transgene construct are depicted in relation to the genomic map. Solid boxes indicate exons, and open box indicates 3' untranslated region of the PSA gene. The 5' untranslated region is not included because of its small size.
Of the 94 offspring generated and screened, nine founders were identified which had incorporated the transgene. FIG. 1B shows a Southern blot of genomic DNA from mouse tails used to analyze the incorporation of the PSA-1 transgene construct into the mouse genome. Extracted DNA was digested with Bam HI, resolved on a 0.7% agarose gel, transferred to a nylon membrane, and probed with labeled PSA cDNA. (lanes a to c) normal mouse DNA with an additional equivalent of 10, 1 and 0 copies of the pBS/PSA-1 plasmid per diploid genome to serve as copy number controls; (lanes d to l) 9 independent PSA1 transgenic founders designated as P1-1 through P1-9, respectively; lane m is human hepatoma G2 DNA to serve as a positive control.
Of the nine founders, six were able to transmit the transgene through their germline and the transgenic lines P1-2, P1-4, P1-6, P1-7, P1-8 and P1-9 were established. The transgenic lines varied in the number of copies of the transgene they had incorporated, as determined by comparing transgenic bands to copy number controls of plasmid. High copy-number transgenic lines (approximately 10 copies per diploid genome) included lines P1-4, P1-6, P1-8 and P1-9, whereas P1-2 and P1-7 were low copy-number lines (approximately 1 copy per diploid genome).
Southern blot analysis to identify mice which have incorporated the transgene and Northern blot analysis to analyze the tissue distribution of the transgene expression were performed as described (J. Sambrook, Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Press, Plainview, N.Y.) 1989). In both cases, the probe used was the full-length PSA cDNA labeled by the random hexamer method. For RT-PCR analysis, total RNA isolated from various tissues was reverse transcribed and subjected to PCR amplification using the following intron-spanning primer sets with the indicated numbers of cycle: PSA PCR primer set (5'CTTGTGGCCTCTCG3', SEQ ID NO:1 and 5'GAGGGTGAACTTGC3', SEQ ID NO:2; 35 cycles), mouse b-actin PCR primer set (5'ATGGATGACGATATCGCTG3', SEQ ID NO:3 and 5'ATGAGGTAGTCTGTCAGGT3', SEQ ID NO:4; 25 cycles) and human b-actin PCR primer set (5'GTGGGGCGCCCCAGGCACCA3', SEQ ID NO:5 and 5'CTCCTTAATGTCACGCACGATTTC3', SEQ ID NO:6; 25 cycles). PSA RT-PCR products were further analyzed by Southern blotting using an internal fragment (nt158 to nt524) as the probe, which was also labeled by the random hexamer method.
RT-PCR analysis was performed to examine the expression of human PSA transgene in the prostate of the transgenic mice. Total RNA, isolated from mouse prostate and the human prostatic cell line LNCaP, was reverse transcribed into cDNA, which was then subjected to PCR amplification using PSA-specific primers. FIG. 2 shows Northern blots analyzing the expression of PSA transgene in the prostate of the PSA1 transgenics. Total RNA was isolated from the prostate of the nontransgenic and six PSA1 transgenic lines and the human prostatic cell line LNCaP, and RT-PCR was performed with PSA-specific primers, mouse and human b-actin primers. PSA PCR products were visualized by either ethidium bromide staining (A), or Southern blotting using an internal fragment as the probe (B), and b-actin PCR products by ethidium bromide staining (C). Lane a, non-transgenic; b, P1-2; c, P1-4; d, P1-6; e, P1-7; f, P1-8; g, P1-9; h, LNCaP.
As shown in FIG. 2A, prostate RNA from all the transgenic lines, as well as RNA from LNCaP, resulted in bands by ethidium bromide staining; whereas prostate RNA from the nontransgenic control did not, indicating that the PSA PCR primers do not cross-react with any mouse gene product. To further ensure that the amplified bands corresponded to PSA, they were probed with a fragment of PSA cDNA which is internal to the RT-PCR product. All the transgenic lines showed hybridization to the internal fragment (FIG. 2B), demonstrating that human PSA mRNA is expressed in the prostate of all the six independent PSA1 transgenic lines. RT-PCR was also performed using mouse and human b-actin primer sets to ensure the integrity of the isolated mouse prostate RNA and LNCaP RNA, respectively (FIG. 2C).
To examine the tissue expression of PSA mRNA, Northern blot analysis was performed on a panel of tissues isolated from males of a nontransgenic control and three independent transgenic lines (P1-6, P1-8 and P1-9). FIG. 3 shows an analysis of the tissue distribution of PSA mRNA in the PSA1 transgenics by Northern blotting. Five μg of the total RNA isolated from various tissues of a male P1-6 (A), a male P1-8 (B), a male P1-9 (C), and a female P1-9 (D) transgenic mouse were resolved on 1% formaldehyde-agarose gels, transferred to nylon membranes, then hybridized with the labeled PSA cDNA probe. These tissues were: lane a, prostate; b, testis; c, coagulating glands/seminal vesicle; d, spleen; e, kidney; f, liver; g, thymus, h, heart, i, lung; j, salivary glands; k, brain; l, ovary; m, uterus; and n, 5 mg of LNCaP total RNA in each blot to serve as an internal control. Areas between 1 and 2 kb of the blots are shown, hence, only the 1.5 kb major transcript and the 1.9 kb minor alternatively spliced product are visible.
The PSA cDNA probe did not cross-react with any of the mouse kallikrein gene products, as none of the tissues from the nontransgenic control hybridized to the probe. In contrast, an intense band of 1.5 kb, corresponding to the major transcript of human PSA mRNA (D. M. Peehl et al., Cancer 75 (Suppl), 2021-2026 1995; P. H. Riegman et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 155: 181-188, 1988), was evident in the prostate of the three PSA1 transgenic lines analyzed and in LNCaP (FIGS. 3A to C). By normalizing to the hybridization intensity of the PSA mRNA in LNCaP, the expression levels of the PSA transgene in P1-6, P1-8 and P1-9 were 0.65-, 1.45- and 1.65-fold of the level seen in LNCaP, respectively. Furthermore, like LNCaP and two other human prostate tumor lines (PC 82 and PC EW) (P. H. Riegman et al., supra), four minor alternatively spliced transcripts with the sizes of 5.6, 4.7, 3.2 and 1.9 kb were also observed for the transgene in the prostate of these transgenic mice. This indicates that the PSA transgene not only is expressed in the prostate of the transgenics, but also processed the same way as in humans. The lower molecular weight products, seen in the prostate RNA blot, may represent alternative splicing as well as partial degradation of the RNA.
Even though the Northern blots were intentionally over-exposed, the PSA transgene message was not detectable in testis, spleen, kidney, liver, thymus, heart, lung, salivary glands and brain in any of the three transgenic lines analyzed (FIGS. 3A to C). Significantly, salivary glands and kidney, which are known to express high levels of mouse kallikreins (B. H. Van Leeuwen et al., J. Biol. Chem 261: 5529-5535, 1986; J. A. Clements et al., Endocr. Rev. 10: 339-419, 1989), were negative for transgene expression. In addition, the thymus, a critical tissue in the induction of immue tolerance, was also negative. Serial dilution analysis of the LNCaP RNA showed that the Northern blot analysis could detect as little as 0.5% of the PSA expression level seen in LNCaP. Since levels of PSA mRNA in the prostate of these transgenics were comparable to that of the LNCaP, if PSA is expressed in any of the non-prostate tissues, their levels must be less than 0.5% of that detected in the prostate. Of interest was the weak, but detectable expression in the RNA isolated from coagulating glands/seminal vesicle tissue. Based on developmental and anatomical studies, the coagulating glands in rodents are thought to be analogous to the middle lobe of the human prostate (D. Price et al., Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 12: 1-27, 1963). Hence, expression of human PSA transgene in this tissue would be expected if the transgenic mice were to mimic the human expression pattern. Further Northern blot analysis was also performed on a panel of tissues isolated from a female of the P1-9 transgenic line. No transgene expression was observed in any tissues of the female transgenic mouse, including ovary and uterus (FIG. 3D). These data show that the human PSA transgene is specifically expressed in the prostate tissue but is not expressed detectably in most other tissues. The highly restricted tissue distribution of the PSA transgene is strikingly similar to the PSA expression pattern reported for humans (D. M. Peehl et al., supra), 2021-2026, 1995; J. A. Clements et al., Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 99:C1-C6, 1994). Further, male mice as described in FIG. 3 were found to express PSA in serum at approximately the same levels as human males (2-5 ng/ml).
The expression of PSA in the prostate gland was examined by immunocytochemical analysis. Immunohistochemistry using a specific rabbit anti-human PSA antibody demonstrated expression of PSA in the ductal epithelial cells, with the presence of secretory material in the lumen of the glands from the transgenic mice (FIG. 4A). FIGS. 4A-D show the localization of PSA expression in the prostate of the PSA1 transgenics by immunohistochemical staining. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections from the prostate of a P1-9 transgenic (panels A, B) and a nontransgenic control (panels C, D) were incubated with rabbit anti-human PSA (panels A, C) or control rabbit immunoglobulin (panels B, D), followed by HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit Ig, and then visualized by adding diaminobenzidine as the chromogen.
Control sections, in which the primary rabbit anti-PSA antibody was replaced with normal rabbit immunoglobulin, showed little staining (FIG. 4B). This pattern was essentially identical to the staining we had observed on human prostate sections using these reagents. Prostate tissue from nontransgenic mice exhibited no staining above background (FIGS. 4C and D). Thus, these results demonstrate that the PSA protein is present in the epithelial cells of the prostate in the transgenic mice, in a manner strikingly reminiscent of the human pattern of expression.
To determine if the PSA transgenic mice were capable of mounting an immune response to PSA expressed by a tumor, transgenic (line P1-9) and nontransgenic mice were injected with 2�104 line 1/PSA cells i.m. in the rear flank. Prostate tissues removed from nontransgenic or transgenic mice were fixed in formalin, embedded with parafin, and sections (5 μm) were placed onto poly-L-lysine-coated slides. Following quenching of endogenous peroxidase, the sections were blocked with normal goat serum, stained with a 1:200 dilution of rabbit anti-human PSA (Dako) followed by goat anti-rabbit Ig conjugated to horse radish peroxidase (Dako), and visualized by adding metal-enhanced DAB (Pierce) as the substrate.
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were purified from tumors grown in transgenic or nontransgenic mice 20 days after injection of 2�104 line 1/PSA cells using paramagnetic beads (Dynal) conjugated with anti-Thy-1 monoclonal antibody, as described previously (A. J. McAdam et al., J. Immunother 15: 155-164, 1994). TIL from tumor-bearing mice were assayed for cytotoxic activity in a standard six-hour assay, against 51 Cr-labeled target cells (2000/well) at various effector-to-target ratios, as previously described (J. L. Maryanski et al., Eur. J. Immunol 12: 401-406, 1982).
To determine if the PSA transgenic mice were capable of mounting an immune response to PSA expressed by a tumor, transgenic (line P1-9) and nontransgenic mice were injected with 2�104 line 1/PSA cells i.m. in the rear flank. Twenty days later, mice were sacrificed and the tumors removed. TIL were isolated from the tumors and the ability of these primary CTL to lyse parental line 1 or line 1/PSA tumor cells was evaluated in a six-hour 51 Cr-release assay. Results of two such experiments are illustrated in FIG. 5. FIGS. 5 A-D show graphs illustrating the cytotoxic activity of TIL from line 1/PSA tumors. Nontransgenic (A, C), and transgenic mice (B, D) were injected in the hind flank i.m. with 2�104 line 1/PSA cells. Tumors were allowed to grow for 20 days, and TIL were isolated and used as effector cells in a 6-hr 51 Cr-release assay. Targets were line 1 (squares) and line 1/PSA (circles) induced to express class I with dimethyl sulfoxide as described previously (D. W. Bahler et al., J. Immunol. 134: 2790-2798, 1985).
The nontransgenic mice were able to mount a vigorous response specific for the PSA antigen, as the PSA-expressing tumor cells were lysed to a high level while the control parental line 1 cells were not lysed (FIGS. 5A, C). The transgenic female mice, being negative for transgene expression, also showed a high level of PSA-specific lysis as expected (data not shown). Remarkably, despite the expression of PSA as a self-antigen in the prostate of the transgenic male mice, they also responded specifically to the PSA-expressing tumor cells (FIGS. 5B, D). Although the CTL response appears similar between transgenic and nontransgenic mice, further analysis at the clonal level will be necessary to determine if the responses in the transgenic and nontransgenic mice are indeed identical. Nevertheless, it appears that these transgenic mice are able to mount a PSA-specific cytolytic response, indicating that expression of the transgene in the prostate has not resulted in complete nonresponsiveness.
Although the invention has been described with reference to the presently preferred embodiment, it should be understood that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is limited only by the following claims.
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The Novice Bonspiel held March 28th & 29th was a great success and a good time was had by all. Winners 1st Place "A Event" Team Bradley (Langley) Pat Bradley, Berna Bradley, David Loosely & Katie McCormack 1st Place "B Event" Team Oh Sheet (Langley) Troy Matsumiya, Julie Occleshaw, John Tveden & Derek Stanyer 1st […]
Team Canada Curlers Announced for 2016 Youth Winter Olympics – Congratulations Tyler Tardi!!!!
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BC Sisters Team up to Win National Women's Title
Sisters team up to win national women's title By Marcel Vander Wier on April 6, 2015 of the Whitehorse Daily Star With the game in her hands, Ontario skip… [more]
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Winner of TV
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Tickets on Sale Now for Annual Wind-up
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» Views
Thais need to start loving one another again
Publication Date : 21-07-2014
Politics, more often than not, brings out the worst in us. More so in Thailand, which has not had political peace for about a decade. That is to say what happened before the 2006 coup - street protests and the tumultuous share-concealment saga - was democratically "normal."
The current state of affairs is sad, because national harmony had always been the country's strong suit. Political volatility was usually spoken of in total separation from how Thais really felt toward one another. We might have stormy politics, but the bottom line was Thais always loved Thais.
The "reform" promised by the National Council for Peace and Order must end the circle of cut-throat politics. When the stakes are big, everyone wants to win - and to hang on. And by trying to win and hang on, our politicians have resorted to the only tactic they know: they try to make Thais love them and hate their enemies' guts.
While many things have failed in Thailand over the years, political propaganda has worked wonders. Thais have been bitterly divided. Many have come to love their politicians to the point of killing or dying for them.
It's not going to be easy for those advocating reform. Bringing back "peace" is one thing; making Thais love and understand one another again is quite another.
Mistrust, fear and prejudice have been deep-rooted over the past few years. Much of the negative forces have been suppressed thanks to the military bunkers on the streets, but the current "peace" is fragile at best and deceptive at worst.
It doesn't mean we mustn't try, though. The characteristic harmony presented itself during the flood disaster almost three years ago but disappeared just as fast. Somewhere inside the national psyche exists love, understanding and sympathy. Those positive qualities have only been blurred by propaganda and extremism. Thais were made to look straight at their TV screens and assume what they saw was life's true meaning.
They were made to forget to look at both sides. They were made to distance themselves from relatives who held different ideological beliefs. They were made to "unfriend" people supporting "the other side".
Politics is like this everywhere, one may argue. That is true, but Thais this year were in danger of being totally consumed by it. Many people - those in the West in particular - have questioned the NCPO's motives, but the truth is this: the threat of national strife deteriorating into something worse is real.
The reform process will be rocky. Proposed measures favoured by one side will be condemned by the other. Then a post-reform election - its prelude or aftermath - can easily reopen old wounds. Propaganda machines can work in full swing again, if politics remains all about making people love you and hate your enemies.
How can we make politics stop being a game of gaining love and spewing hatred? It goes back to the "stake" issue. When winning an election means not just "working for the country", but also "getting what the country has to offer", everyone wants to win at all costs.
The "losers" won't let go and neither will the "winners". The cut-throat nature of politics brings out the worst in everyone.
Can the reform stop that and make politics bring out the best in us? NCPO leader Prayuth Chan-ocha has not said "Yes" directly, but he has implied several times that if that hadn't been his objective, the coup wouldn't have had a point.
Many people remain unconvinced, obviously, and it's up to him to prove them right or wrong.
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● MANILA: Foreigner in Philippines tests positive for Mers


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Spa Ritual Mini Manicure Includes a blooming bath of Chinese Jasmine, a hand massage with Sweet Almond and Safflower oils, a Slow Ageing Ritual using hand serum and salve, finishing with a nail shape and paint.
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"We were aggressive with Tabby in what we believed he needed to do to get back to the big leagues this season. He's working hard to make that adjustment," general manager Neal Huntington said last week per MLB.com. "He has played very well for them, and as important, he's played hard. He's running well again, and he's showing up for every pitch and getting after it.
"We've been very open with Jose that while we hope his return to the big leagues is with us, he's a guy that may need to get somebody else's attention and have somebody come get him back to the big leagues. If that happens, we'll be happy for him, but if it happens here, that's great for us as well."
In addition, Justin Sellers was transferred to the 60-day DL. Tabata is hitting .352 with four RBI in 28 games for Indianapolis. Boscan did not appear in a game for Pittsburgh after being called up three days ago.


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Playoffs Panel: What about Lionel Hollins' lineups?
We turn back to our Playoffs Panel to gauge the temperature in town about Lionel Hollins' lineups after Sunday's Game 1 Grizzlies loss.
The question:
During the game, Twitter buzzed about the Grizzlies lineups: Tony Allen on the bench for extended minutes, Keyon Dooling playing in the fourth quarter, among other items. What's your take on all of this? What's good and bad, lineup-wise, for the Grizzlies?
Brian Boone, Griz fan: "After one of his best games in a Grizzly uniform Friday night, Tony Allen took a step backwards against OKC in Game 1. Had TA not gotten back-doored repeatedly by Kevin Martin, I believe Hollins would have stuck with TA in the 4th. I expect Allen to give a much more focused effort on both sides of the ball in Game 2, which the Grizz will need to pull off the road victory."
Pat Brown, Griz fan: "Deja vu. We all buzzed about lineups after Game 1 of the Clippers series, and Coach Hollins was praised by Game 6. Defense schemes for Martin, Kevin Durant and others will tweaked by Tuesday. Controlling Durant may not be an easily solved issue. But, if the Grizzlies can neutralize Martin, the series will be back in control."
Peter Edmiston, WHBQ show host and CA 'Numbers Game' analyst: "Lineups of every team in the NBA can be picked apart. Nit-picking is common. But it's hard -- and always will be -- to balance offense and defense. Hollins handles it well, for the most part. Sunday, the Grizzlies were struggling inside so they needed to keep scorers and ballhandlers on the floor. Hard to play TA in that circumstance."
Katee Forbis, Griz fan: "A common theme in Games 1 and 2 of the first round and Game 1 of the second round was Allen being on the bench for extended periods of time. You can't leave the NBA's best perimeter defender on the bench when the majority of OKC's points are coming from the perimeter. I would much rather see Dooling get the majority of his minutes in the first half. The Grizzlies need to play the starters most, if not all, of the fourth quarter."
Ron Higgins, CA reporter: "If your best players are of sound mind and body, and not in foul trouble, they should be on the floor playing and not on the bench hand-checking the Gatorade cooler."
Patrick Kimberlin, Griz fan: "More Tony and less Dooling. I am not sure what Lionel was thinking. Also if Darrell Arthur doesn't play better we may need to give his minutes to Ed Davis."
Cameron Kitchin, Griz fan: "In four games this season versus the Grizzlies, Kevin Durant has averaged 32 points, with no game less than 27. We have won two of those games and lost two. Coach Hollins is correct: we do need to throttle Durant but in the end it will be the rest of the roster that makes the difference. Durant cannot be locked down. The others can. Simply slow Durant, but stop the others, and we'll win this."
Brevin Knight, Griz TV analyst: "This team won 56 regular season games and a first round series 4-2 so I'm going to trust Hollins understands the pulse of this team. The playoffs are about adjustments and making tough decisions. I think TA will play more. If the Grizz make free throws they are up 1-0. Go Grizz!!"
Chase Lucas, Griz fan: "Some of the lineup stuff is up for debate based on small sample size. What shouldn't be is the need for Allen to play starter minutes. The good far outweighs the bad as we've seen in his time here. From the best player in a Game 6 win to 21 minutes. Game 1s: Where "coach by feel" goes wrong."
Stacie Montero, Griz fan: "Dooling getting extended minutes isn't going to work, period. There is absolutely no reason Allen should only play 21 minutes. I know he struggled on offense, but he is one of the best perimeter defenders in the league. They entered the 4th quarter with a nine point lead and it disappeared while TA sat on the bench until the 2:00 mark. Stick him on Martin and let him turn the water off in Game 2."
Brett Moore, Griz fan: "We just need our core 7-8 players to produce while they are in the game. Deja Vu here, but if Mike Conley and Tayshaun Prince step up and we get back to normal at the free throw line, series will be 1-1 coming home to the Forum."
Marlon W. Morgan, CA reporter: "I really wish people would get off Lionel's back about the lineups. They're in the semifinals because he knows what he's doing. People act like Allen can play 48 minutes and shut everybody down. Or that Conley can't rest for a few minutes."
Nick Rahme, Griz fan: "The lineup in Game 1 gave the Grizzlies a chance to win. When Allen cannot finish at the rim like he did in Game 6 last series then he cannot help this team. I give Lionel credit for giving Jerryd Bayless and Quincy Pondexter the opportunity to step up, which they did. Conley needs to be more aggressive and finish his opportunities. We better find a way to stop Durant in the fourth quarter."
Kevin Ritz, Griz fan: "Allen, coming off a monster series against the Clippers, has earned a longer leash and should have played more. And any other point guard option would be better than Dooling. There's also the larger question of why Wroten and Davis didn't play more during the regular season, to get them playoff-ready. But Hollins has earned the benefit of the doubt -- to an extent. Let's see how he adjusts in Game 2."
Ron Tillery, CA Griz beat reporter: "What a gross oversimplification with regard to Allen's minutes and trivial minutes of role players in a loss. The lineups are fine. Pondexter should be on the floor when he's playing a good all-around game and Allen is erratic like in Game 1. The Grizzlies' core players (i.e. Conley) must play well."
Paul Young, Griz fan: "I think the Grizz will be OK in this series; the Thunder's superstar just made some great shots in the clutch and we had a few costly turnovers. In terms of adjustments for Game 2, I think that we have to find more minutes for Bayless on the court, so Dooling's time should be limited. While I agree Bayless is better at the 2, he is still a better point guard than Dooling and a legitimate scoring threat."
Will Terrell, Griz fan: "Allen went from playing 30+ minutes in the previous series to 20 minutes (Sunday). Teams are always going crowd the paint against the Grizz, but Allen does so many other things to compensate for the lack of space. He has to play for us to be effective. Hopefully Lionel does not go back to coaching by "feel" and trusts his best players to make plays."
Drew Tucker, Griz fan: "Hollins definitely left us scratching our heads with the lineups (Sunday). However, he showed us last series he could make adjustments and that's what I expect him to do. He needs to never play Dooling again this series and whenever Martin is in the game TA needs to be as well. Free Tony Wroten!"
Austin Webster, Griz fan: "Every guy on the Grizzlies roster has been a standout player at some point in his basketball career and can bring something to the table in this series. Overall the lineups buzzed about in Game 1 did not hurt or help our chances to win the game. Coach Hollins stuck with who he felt comfortable with, and tinkered with lineups when the opportunities presented themselves. This was a "feel out" game. Coach Hollins and his staff will make the appropriate adjustments for Game 2 and we'll be celebrating a WIN come Tuesday night."
David Williams, CA sports editor: "I think Tony Allen's minutes, and Hollins' lineups, are well down on the list of why the Grizzlies let Game 1 slip away. How well did Allen play with the minutes he was given?"
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Hi Alex,
I think you can squeeze ei of 200 out of JCC 200 in PMK. I shot some like that and it looked ok but I liked the shadow detail better at 100. I get full box speed out of Hp5+ with PMK. The only reason I have tried JCC is the glowing reports here on APUG.ORG. It is a nice film. I was in a lot of wind last weekend in very north eastern NM. I asked someone if the wind always blew like this and he said, "No, sometimes it blows from the other direction". I have been in wind in southern AZ that actually blew my camera over. Nothing would have been useable that day. If you need any help with PMK let me know and we can talk about the problems. Don can read the densitys for you if need be.


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The good news just keeps coming for Mila Kunis and Ashton Kutcher as they're reportedly expecting a bundle of joy.
According to a close friend of the couple, the "Forgetting Sarah Marshall" babe is with child courtesy of her "Butterfly Effect" fiancé and they couldn't be more thrilled.
Just after news broke that the happy couple are expecting a child, Ashton Kutcher and Mila Kunis are teaming up for another new project.
On Monday (March 24), CBS unveiled photos of the "Black Swan" star's upcoming guest appearance on "Two and a Half Men."
They're on the road to parenthood, and betrothed couple Ashton Kutcher and Mila Kunis publicly displayed their affection while sitting courtside at the LA Clippers vs. Detroit Pistons basketball game on Saturday (March 22).
The "Oz: The Great and Powerful" hottie looked a bit bashful when the "Kiss Cam" found her, however her "Jobs" hubby-to-be overcame the embarrassment and planted one on her.
Enjoying a sporty date night, Ashton Kutcher and Mila Kunis headed to the Clippers game in Los Angeles on Saturday (March 22).
The "Black Swan" star looked cute in a gray sweater as she smiled with her fiancée, who wore a plaid button-down shirt and Chicago Bears baseball cap.
She met a lot of celebrities growing up thanks to her father's fame, but Zoe Kravitz's most memorable moment was meeting Ashton Kutcher at her house.
Though it's not likely that she'll ever fess up to it, Lindsay Lohan's catalog of alleged gentleman suitors keeps getting juicier.
While he's portrayed himself as a snotty slacker in much of his work, Ashton Kutcher is actually a gentleman at heart.
And when the "Dude, Where's My Car" star decided to propose to his girlfriend Mila Kunis, he first sought the approval of her father Mark.
Making the most of their humpday evening, Ashton Kutcher and Mila Kunis went on a double date with Jon Cryer and his wife Lisa Joyner last night (March 12).
The "Forgetting Sarah Marshall" starlet and her "Jobs" fiancé hit up a Studio City eatery with their pals and exchanged hugs while waiting for the valet afterwards.


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The good folk at Fail Army have put together a compilation of people failing and hurting themselves in a variety of situations.
We're sure you can guess what happens next.
But that's not the weirdest thing about this video. What is up with the f**king batman suit?
Well, that escalated quickly.
That's commitment.
F**k everything about that.
John Day gets a tan
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Saturn LW2 Problem Report
Saturn LW2 Burning Smell Due to Valve Cover Gasket Leak
(3 reports)
A burning smell may develop due to an oil leak form one or both valve cover gaskets. Resealing the valve cover will generally correct this concern. However, the valve covers should be inspected and replaced if damaged.
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oil is low on dip stick
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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Empowerment Sociology
A selection of articles related to empowerment sociology.
Original articles from our library related to the Empowerment Sociology. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Empowerment Sociology.
- Survivalists' Guide for the New Millennium: Chapter 5
- WHERE I LAY MY HEAD IS HOME A foot and light-hearted I take to the open road, Healthy, free, and the world before me, The long brown path before me leading Wherever I choose. Henceforth I ask not for good fortune, I myself am good fortune, Henceforth I...
Philosophy >> Survivalists Guide for the New Millennium
- Resurrection of the Higher Self
- In July of 1989, a controversial article crossed the managing editor's desk of an equally controversial magazine. This article was never actually published in the quarterly publication, then known as The Magical Blend , even though it was well documented by...
Body Mysteries >> Psychoactive Substances
- What is the History of Reiki?
- Usui Shiki Ryoho: The Usui System of Natural Healing Ancient Origins The Development of Usui Reiki Dr. Mikao Usui Dr. Chujiro Hayashi Hawayo Takata Mrs. Takata Talks about Reiki (transcript) Usui Shiki Ryoho: The Usui System of Natural Healing Reiki In Japan...
Body Mysteries >> Reiki
- Trance-formation (The Cosmic Tao of the Sexes)
- The purest outpouring of love between the sexes, is as a miniature super-nova of ecstatic union. Reciprocating pleasure becomes the engine that feeds the fires of passion. Passion becomes dynamic fuel for love. It is an engine that runs with the force of a...
Body Mysteries >> Yoga
- Geodes (OCO)
- Receptive. Element: Water. Athletes and chess players, gamblers and entrepreneurs, job seekers and romance seekers...all love Oco geodes. Victory stone. Related to the Goddess, Geodes are symbols of fertility and a companion to the creativity of the egg. Used...
Earth Mysteries >> Stones, Minerals & Metals
- Degrees in Reiki
- "We are all cells in the same body of humanity." Peace Pilgrim The Reiki system as Mikao Usui developed knows three degrees or levels through which you gradually open up for a great amount of high vibrational energy. All other Reiki systems are...
Body Mysteries >> Reiki
Empowerment Sociology is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Empowerment Sociology books and related discussion.
Suggested Pdf Resources
- Sociology of Empowerment
- Department of Sociology. Soc 153a fall 2010-2011 Gordon Fellman. Sociology of Empowerment.
- www.brandeis.edu
- Developing a Theory of Empowerment
- www.mpow.org
- Cultural Barriers in Women Empowerment: A Sociological Analysis
- 147. Cultural Barriers in Women Empowerment: A Sociological Analysis of Multan, Pakistan. Waqas Ali.
- www.eurojournals.com
- A Sociology of Modelling and the Politics of Empowerment John
- Sep 5, 2006 A sociology of modelling and the politics of empowerment*. ABSTRACT.
- www.anu.edu.au
- siteresources.worldbank.org
Suggested News Resources
- Black American Church Amazing Grace
- The Black Church in the African American Experience, reminded us that the Black church was established as an institution expressly to deal both with the specific salvation theology and empowerment sociology for African Americans and others.
Suggested Web Resources
- Empowerment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- en.wikipedia.org
- Sociology of Empowerment
- Department of Sociology. Soc 153a fall 2010-2011 Gordon Fellman. Sociology of Empowerment.
- www.brandeis.edu
- Women Empowerment (Sociology Project) - YouTube
- Oct 16, 2009 Women Empowerment (Sociology Project). simplyalie 5 videos. Subscribe Alert icon Subscribed.
- www.youtube.com
- Empowerment of the marginalized, Sociology Guide
- Empowerment of the marginalized, Sociology Guide.
- www.sociologyguide.com
- Centring Disability as Knowledge Empowerment: Sociology of the
- du-in.academia.edu
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Empowerment Sociology Topics
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Overlooking the waters of Horseshoe Bay, Olive & Anchor offers casual, great value dining for lunch and dinner served in a relaxed atmosphere by friendly and professional staff. Our menu is all about simple, home-made, un-fussy and delicious food using only fresh, local and sustainable produce.
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Saturday, July 4, 2015
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Gumbo soup with chicken, shrimp, chorizo sausage, brown rice, cilantro, green onion
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Fresh mozzarella and beet salad with white balsamic cured red and yellow beets, vine riped tomatoes, baby arugula, fresh mint, cracked pepper, sea salt (gluten-free) (DINNER APPY)
Thai basil chicken with brown rice, wok-fried egg, onion, red pepper, green beans, crispy spinach, basil (DINNER)
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#OneManOneMillionTwitter Stats
@Conscious - Tracking since September 26, 2008
It's not about the amount it's about the allegiance. #OneManOneMillion http://t.co/WGwv5Kb9DL
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@Conscious has posted 2,769 tweets in the last 30 days, which translates to an average of 92.3 tweets per day.
#OneManOneMillion Followers
@Conscious has 5,281 followers.
This account is #1,157,674 in the worldwide rank of the most popular Twitter users.
#OneManOneMillion Following
@Conscious is following 4,655 Twitter accounts.
Last month this account followed 165 users.
#OneManOneMillion Predictions & Milestones
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You are on #OneManOneMillion's Twitter stats page
We track these Twitter stats since September 26, 2008 . You can see how many followers #OneManOneMillion lost or gained and what the prediction is for tomorrow or the next 15 days, together with all kinds of other stats like rank compared to all Twitter users, tweets etc.
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Ross's Reviews > Preacher, Volume 7: Salvation
Preacher, Volume 7: Salvation
by Garth Ennis, Steve Dillon
by Garth Ennis, Steve Dillon
Ross's review
Jun 26, 10
One Hell of a ride. Absolutely worth it. Angels, demons, heaven, hell, feminism, deformed-from-a-failed-suicide teenager, gunslingers, global conspiracies, cannibalism, vampires, drugs, sex, rock 'n' roll, all centered around a mission to bring God to account for his creation. And yes, I left a ton of stuff out.
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2008 Nissan Altima Q&A
2008 Nissan Altima Question: Why is #4 cyl misfiring after new plugs,coil. if I unplug 4 coil nothing happens
It just started running rough. #4 plug was real black and gummy when I replaced it. Every so often there is blow by smoke when he starts the car. if I unplug any of the coils the engine nearly shuts off, but if I unplug #4 nothing happens. Is it the fuel injector? - Dad50
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Actress Veena Malik celebrated her birthday in Dubai
Actress Veena Malik celebrated her 31st birthday with her loving husband Asad Bashir Khan and son Abram in Dubai and A Seven Star hotel Burj Al Arab.
Veena Malik and Asad Bashir Khan Khattak had one of the best outing in the recent months. Having their own mini-world tour, they visited United Kingdom, USA and Canada to … Continue reading Veena Malik Khattak launches a charitable organization in UK
Rating: 2 stars Director Hemant Madhukar's debut film A Flat (featuring Jimmy Shergill and Sanjay Suri) and his second, Mumbai 125 KM is a testament to his irrational obsession with … Continue reading Mumbai 125 KM 3D Review : Both terrifying and technically brilliant in equal measure
Famous actress Veena Malik has given birth to a healthy baby boy. Lastly in the news for her high profile marriage to Asad Bashir Khan Khattack. The news was disclosed … Continue reading Veena Malik and Asad Bashir Khan Khattak are proud parents to Abram Khan
Veena Malik has her claws on Sherlyn Chopra who is already embroiled in a controversy with her Kamasutra 3D director Rupesh Paul. We all know that her career got a … Continue reading Veena Malik: "Where did the apparent playboy cover of Sherlyn Chopra go?"


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New York Giants defensive end Jason Pierre-Paul says he doesn't know who Eagles offensive lineman Demetress Bell is.
"I don't know who that is. Who is that?" Pierre-Paul asked, per the New York Post.
Pierre-Paul was told that Bell is the Eagles' third player to play left tackle.
"Oh man, that's trouble right?" Pierre-Paul said jokingly. "Third one? Hmm, that's trouble."
Even if Pierre-Paul doesn't know who Bell is by name, he better know how to get past him because nothing is ever handed to a player in the NFL.


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The Citarum River in West Java, Indonesia, supports agriculture, water supplies, fisheries, industry, sewerage and electricity. It's the lifeblood of the community around it. But like so many ...On October 12, 2012 / By Beau Baconguis
Greenpeace is an independent organization that does not take money from corporations or government. We rely on individual donations from people just like you.Donate


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Stanton Jobs
Looking for jobs in Stanton? Snagajob has great opportunities with the area's leading companies. And applying for Stanton jobs has never been easier. Look at the job listings below, click on a job title that interests you and hit the "apply now" button. Part-time jobs, teen jobs, student jobs and summer jobs are now just a click away. Start your job search now.
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In the post-Sept. 11 world, biometrics has finally managed to transform its image. Once seen as the ultimate invasion-of-privacy tool, many now view it as a valid security shield that can actually protect citizens from identity thieves and other malevolent types.
But that doesn't mean privacy is no longer a major issue of concern in biometric applications. Privacy advocates warn against the dangers of biometric information being misused or combined with personal data in large databases in such a way as to make it a de facto national identifier.
"One of the reasons privacy is such a problem in this country is that the Social Security number has been so widely adopted," said David Pierce, research director for the Independence Institute. "But if you end up substituting this national ID database and, in effect, turn it into a national biometric database, then the possibility of collecting too much data on individuals becomes all the more serious."
Still, privacy advocates recognize the potential benefits biometrics offers for safeguarding privacy. To ensure that the technology is beneficial and not abused, they suggest that agencies adhere to the following guidelines:
n Adopt strict procedures to ensure that the biometric data is used only for its core purpose and is promptly destroyed when no longer needed.
n Do not share the data with other agencies or with private organizations.
n Keep the biometric data in a separate database and do not link it with other personal identifiers, such as Social Security number, date of birth or mother's maiden name.
n Provide users with an easily accessible privacy policy specific to biometrics that includes all fair information practices.
n If biometric data is somehow compromised, make sure there are procedures in place for users to file a complaint and receive adequate redress.
n Consider having a privacy audit performed. This will provide an objective view of whether system security is appropriate for the data being held, and it can help highlight potential privacy weak points.
n Use biometrics in tandem with a public-key infrastructure or password system. That way if biometric data is corrupted, a user has another way to prove his or her identity.
Main story: Positive ID required
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Three-time Federal 100 winner is leaving government in July.
Members of Congress heaped hard questions on federal IT leaders at a June 16 hearing and suggested strongly that somebody needs to be fired.
Senate bill carves out exemption for supercomputing and other lab IT; an earlier version of the measure would have exempted the entire Department of Energy.
OPM is partnering with CSID to try to manage the fallout from a massive breach of some 4 million federal personnel records.
Steve Kelman applauds the OMB's move to make career employees "goal leaders" for performance management initiatives -- but wishes it had come far earlier in the administration.
In an exclusive interview, Jimaye Sones, who was Defense Information Systems Agency comptroller from 2005 to 2013, says he was reassigned after revealing questionable accounting practices at the agency.
Through computer forensics training and internships, veterans are helping Immigration and Customs Enforcement tackle a backlog in child exploitation cases.
After two months on the job studying DOD's cybersecurity and IT needs, Secretary Ashton Carter is set to unveil a new Pentagon cyber strategy in Silicon Valley.
The failure of massive federal IT projects can usually be traced to poor management. The solution is as multilayered as the projects themselves.
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"In the long history of humankind (and animal kind, too) those who learned to collaborate and improvise most effectively have prevailed"
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"The testimony we've heard has been depressing, totally depressing. NASA has an image of overcoming challenges that are preventing humankind from going into space. It seems that NASA has been unable to overcome the challenge of good financial record-keeping."
"The emergence of an artificial general intelligence is the greatest predicament humankind has ever or, will ever face."
"Not until the creation and maintenance of decent conditions of life for all people are recognized and accepted as a common obligation of all people and all countries - not until then shall we, with a certain degree of justification, be able to speak of humankind as civilized."