text:
The LG Nexus 4 is now starting to receive an update to Android 4.2.2, after first being spotted on the Galaxy Nexus, Nexus 10 and Nexus 7.Read More »
Android Jelly Bean 4.2.2 Starting to Roll Out to Galaxy Nexus, Nexus 7 and Nexus 10
It looks Android 4.2.2 is starting to roll out to Galaxy Nexus, Nexus 7 and the Nexus 10. The update was first reported to Reddit, and it seems that the update is all about "performance and stability" fixes. What kind of performance updates? One user says that it improved his Bluetooth ...Read More »
Eric Schmidt plans to sell 42% stake in Google during 2013
A new report indicates that Google boss Eric Schmidt plans to sell 3.2 million Google shares worth $2.5bn over the course of 2013.Read More »
Google Chromebook Pixel with 2560 x 1700 Touchscreen (Video)
Up until now, the Chromebook series running on Chrome OS was supposed to be thin, light and cheap. While the "cheap" part is certainly debatable, it looks like Google is ready to step it up several notches with the upcoming Chromebook Pixel.Read More »
Is Google working on Google+ Based iMessage rival?
Reports over at Android Central are suggesting that Google could be working on their very own integrated messaging application. The rumors stem from a screenshot taken of Chrome OS running a never seen before application. From the screenshot the applications appears to be a notification bar allowing Google users to keep an ...Read More »
Google Doubles the Number of Schools Using Chromebooks in Just 3 Months
Google have just announced that there are now over 2000 schools worldwide using their Chromebook line and other Chrome OS-based devices for education.Read More »
Google Granted Patent for Multi-Flash
On most smartphones, your camera tends to have just one or two flashes to help it out, but Google may change all that with its new multi-flash patent.Read More »
LG Nexus 4 White Version Spotted in New Photo
A new shot of the LG Nexus 4 has shown up on the net, .showing off the LG Nexus 4 decked out in a white with silver-trimming around the LED flash.Read More »
Nexus 7 Sucessor in the Works, to Be Announced at Google I/O?
Could a new Nexus 7 successor be on its way? A new rumor claims Asus and Google are preparing to unveil such a device at Google I/O on May 15th.Read More »
Google Plus Second Most Popular Social Network
The social networking world has changed quite a bit since it first emerged. MySpace has come and went, and returned again. Facebook has grown to be the most powerful offering on the market, and now it seems that Google's relative newcomer Google+ is now in second place for control over the social market.Read More »
How Google Handles Requests From the Feds
In the past Google has taken a lot of flak over the amount of data they collect on their users. This would be a goldmine in the wrong hands, which makes us curious how much info Google willing releases to law enforcement. The answer? Apparently Google is pretty tight lipped about what they know about you, unless all the T's are crossed and the I's dotted.Read More »
FCC Filing Reveals Google Working On Wireless Network
In July of last year, Google unveiled Fiber, an experimental internet service based on fiber optics. Now, Google may be taking their internet service provider role one step further.Read More »
Google confirms solving Nexus supply is a main priority
Google's Larry Page has confirmed that he is planning to make Nexus 4 and 10 supply shortages a main priority.Read More »
LG Blames Google for Nexus 4 Shortages
LG is pointing the finger at Google yet again for shortcomings in the UK Nexus 4 Supply, and really in the supply across the entire Globe. Google's reply is it had no idea the demand would be so high.Read More »
Google Looking into Alternative Ways to Login
Google has recently voiced its concerns, along with many others, of traditional password based-security and how it really isn't all that secure. In a research paper being published later this month, two of Google's security experts stated, "we feel passwords and simple bearer tokens such as cookies are no longer sufficient to keep users safe."Read More »


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And too few insights gleaned from them
Exit Strategy
November 1, 2012|
Large RNA-protein packets use a novel mechanism to escape the cell nucleus.
November 1, 2012|
Large RNA-protein packets use a novel mechanism to escape the cell nucleus.
November 1, 2012|
From basic research to beneficial therapies
October 24, 2012|
Swapping chromosomes from one human egg to another could eliminate mitochondrial DNA mutations that cause disease.
October 12, 2012|
Keith Campbell, a biologist who was part of the effort to clone Dolly the sheep, has passed away at the age of 58.
October 1, 2012|
Laboratory-raised populations of dung beetles reveal a mother's extragenetic influence on the physiques of her sons.
September 27, 2012|
Google Maps is adding panoramic images of coral reefs to its Street View option, allowing web surfers to better navigate the oceans.
September 24, 2012|
Researchers create the first atlas of gene activity in the human brain.
September 17, 2012|
Mice raised in isolation from their mothers developed cognitive deficits similar to those of babies raised in orphanages where physical contact is infrequent.
September 1, 2012|
The brain's phagocytes follow an ATP bread trail laid down by calcium waves to the site of damage.
July 31, 2012|
Japanese astronauts deliver an aquarium to the International Space Station to study the effects of microgravity on marine life.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
AM/FM Radio Teaching Element
These slides, from the Technological Education Pathways Partnership (TEPP), lead students in an activity to take apart a standard clock radio to explore how its components function. Topics covered include the primary and secondary voltage of the power supply, the clock function of the device, and the radio receiver function. The PowerPoint file consists of 13 slides, and includes the information for the clock radio model used in the examples.
Math Videos Captioned and Signed...
This is one video in the series of lessons on math provided by DeafTEC. Gary Blatto-Vallee, a math and science instructor at the National Technical Institute...
NASA Community College Aerospace Scholars (NCAS) is a fully funded, STEM-related program that is sure to get educators' attention. The opportunity begins with...
This site from PBS outlines a lesson plan (intended for grade levels 5-8) concerning gratitude for the earth's diverse ecologies. The page offers a two...
The Visible Human Project is one of the groundbreaking initiatives that makes the National Library of Medicine so fascinating. Using donated cadavers, the...
Completing Free Code Camp is no easy task. In fact, students log over 1,600 coding hours by the time they complete all the classes, tasks, and projects that...
AMSER is a portal of educational resources and services built specifically for use by those in Community and Technical Colleges but free for anyone to use.
AMSER is funded by the National Science Foundation as part of the National Science Digital Library, and is being created by a team of project partners led by Internet Scout.
Make sure to check out AMSER's AMSER Science Reader Monthly. The AMSER SRM provides readers with a useful online collection of information about a particular topic related to applied math and science by combining freely available articles from popular journals with curriculum, learning objects, and web sites from the AMSER portal. The AMSER Science Reader Monthly is free to use in the classroom and is available here and can also be found under the About tab on the AMSER homepage.
Manage your resources
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text:
Most Popular Titles With Hal B. Wallis
- Job Types
- Movies or TV
- Genres
- Keywords
- IMDb Rating
- Instant Watch Options
- In Theaters
- On TV
- Release Year
1. Casablanca (1942)
PG | 102 min | Drama, Romance, War
Set in unoccupied Africa during the early days of World War II: An American expatriate meets a former lover, with unforeseen complications.
Writers: Julius J. Epstein, Philip G. Epstein, Howard Koch, Murray Burnett, Joan Alison | Director: Michael Curtiz | Stars: Humphrey Bogart, Ingrid Bergman, Paul Henreid, Claude Rains
Votes: 346,754
2. Rooster Cogburn (1975)
PG | 108 min | Adventure, Drama, Western
Marshal Rooster Cogburn unwillingly teams up with Eula Goodnight to track down the killers of her father.
Writers: Charles Portis, Martha Hyer | Director: Stuart Millar | Stars: John Wayne, Katharine Hepburn, Anthony Zerbe, Richard Jordan
Votes: 7,068
3. Dames (1934)
Approved | 91 min | Comedy, Musical, Romance
Multi-millionaire Ezra Ounce wants to start a campaign against 'filthy' forms of entertainment, like Broadway-Shows. He comes to his relatives families and makes them members of his ... See full summary »
Writers: Delmer Daves, Robert Lord | Directors: Ray Enright, Busby Berkeley | Stars: Joan Blondell, Dick Powell, Ruby Keeler, Zasu Pitts
Votes: 1,142
4. True Grit (1969)
M | 128 min | Adventure, Western, Drama
A drunken, hard-nosed U.S. Marshal and a Texas Ranger help a stubborn teenager track down her father's murderer in Indian territory.
Writers: Charles Portis, Marguerite Roberts | Director: Henry Hathaway | Stars: John Wayne, Kim Darby, Glen Campbell, Jeremy Slate
Votes: 30,389
5. The Maltese Falcon (1941)
Not Rated | 100 min | Crime, Drama, Film-Noir
A private detective takes on a case that involves him with three eccentric criminals, a gorgeous liar, and their quest for a priceless statuette.
Writers: John Huston, Dashiell Hammett | Director: John Huston | Stars: Humphrey Bogart, Mary Astor, Gladys George, Peter Lorre
Votes: 100,612
6. The Rose Tattoo (1955)
Unrated | 117 min | Comedy, Drama, Romance
An Italian-American neighborhood in Louisiana is disturbed when truck driver Rosario Delle Rose is killed by police while smuggling. His buxom widow Serafina miscarries, then over a period ... See full summary »
Writers: Tennessee Williams, Hal Kanter | Director: Daniel Mann | Stars: Anna Magnani, Burt Lancaster, Marisa Pavan, Ben Cooper
Votes: 2,408
7. Blue Hawaii (1961)
PG | 102 min | Comedy, Musical
Chad Gates has just gotten out of the Army, and is happy to be back in Hawaii with his surf-board, his beach buddies, and his girlfriend. His father wants him to go to work at the Great ... See full summary »
Writers: Allan Weiss, Hal Kanter | Director: Norman Taurog | Stars: Elvis Presley, Joan Blackman, Angela Lansbury, Nancy Walters
Votes: 3,578
8. The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938)
PG | 102 min | Action, Adventure, Romance
When Prince John and the Norman Lords begin oppressing the Saxon masses in King Richard's absence, a Saxon lord fights back as the outlaw leader of a rebel guerrilla army.
Writers: Norman Reilly Raine, Seton I. Miller | Directors: Michael Curtiz, William Keighley | Stars: Errol Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, Basil Rathbone, Claude Rains
Votes: 36,526
9. The Sons of Katie Elder (1965)
Approved | 122 min | Western
Ranch owner Katie Elder's four sons determine to avenge the murder of their father and the swindling of their mother.
Writers: William H. Wright, Allan Weiss, Harry Essex, Talbot Jennings | Director: Henry Hathaway | Stars: John Wayne, Dean Martin, Martha Hyer, Michael Anderson Jr.
Votes: 9,259
10. Barefoot in the Park (1967)
Approved | 106 min | Comedy, Romance
Paul, a conservative young lawyer, marries the vivacious Corrie. Their highly passionate relationship descends into comical discord in a five-flight New York City walk-up apartment.
Writer: Neil Simon | Director: Gene Saks | Stars: Robert Redford, Jane Fonda, Charles Boyer, Mildred Natwick
Votes: 10,272
11. Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957)
Approved | 122 min | Western
Lawman Wyatt Earp and outlaw Doc Holliday form an unlikely alliance which culminates in their participation in the legendary Gunfight at the O.K. Corral.
Writers: Leon Uris, George Scullin | Director: John Sturges | Stars: Burt Lancaster, Kirk Douglas, Rhonda Fleming, Jo Van Fleet
Votes: 9,303
12. Dodge City (1939)
Approved | 104 min | Western
A Texas cattle agent witnesses first hand, the brutal lawlessness of Dodge City and takes the job of sheriff to clean the town up.
Writer: Robert Buckner | Director: Michael Curtiz | Stars: Errol Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, Ann Sheridan, Bruce Cabot
Votes: 3,092
13. Becket (1964)
PG-13 | 148 min | Biography, Drama, History
An English king comes to terms with his affection for his close friend and confidant, who finds his true honor by observing God's divine will rather than the king's.
Writers: Jean Anouilh, Lucienne Hill, Edward Anhalt | Director: Peter Glenville | Stars: Richard Burton, Peter O'Toole, John Gielgud, Gino Cervi
Votes: 10,290
14. The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (1946)
Unrated | 116 min | Drama, Film-Noir
A ruthless, domineering woman is married to an alcoholic D.A., her childhood companion who is the only living witness to her murder of her rich aunt seventeen years earlier.
Writers: Robert Rossen, John Patrick | Director: Lewis Milestone | Stars: Barbara Stanwyck, Van Heflin, Lizabeth Scott, Kirk Douglas
Votes: 4,967
15. Angels with Dirty Faces (1938)
Approved | 97 min | Crime, Drama, Film-Noir
A priest tries to stop a gangster from corrupting a group of street kids.
Writers: John Wexley, Warren Duff, Rowland Brown | Director: Michael Curtiz | Stars: James Cagney, Pat O'Brien, Humphrey Bogart, Ann Sheridan
Votes: 14,845
16. Anne of the Thousand Days (1969)
M | 145 min | Drama, History
Henry VIII of England discards one wife, Katharine of Aragon, who has failed to produce a male heir, in favor of the young and beautiful Anne Boleyn.
Writers: Bridget Boland, John Hale, Richard Sokolove, Maxwell Anderson | Director: Charles Jarrott | Stars: Richard Burton, Geneviève Bujold, Irene Papas, Anthony Quayle
Votes: 4,738
17. Sergeant York (1941)
Approved | 134 min | Biography, Drama, History
A hillbilly sharpshooter drafted in WW1 despite his claim to be a pacifist, who ends up becoming a war hero.
Writers: Abem Finkel, Harry Chandlee, Howard Koch, John Huston, Alvin C. York, Tom Skeyhill | Director: Howard Hawks | Stars: Gary Cooper, Walter Brennan, Joan Leslie, George Tobias
Votes: 11,493
18. Jezebel (1938)
Approved | 104 min | Drama, Romance
A haughty headstrong Southern Belle in Antebellum Louisiana loses her fiance due to her stubborn vanity and pride and vows to get him back.
Writers: Clements Ripley, Abem Finkel, John Huston, Owen Davis | Director: William Wyler | Stars: Bette Davis, Henry Fonda, George Brent, Margaret Lindsay
Votes: 8,067
19. 42nd Street (1933)
Unrated | 89 min | Comedy, Musical, Romance
A producer puts on what may be his last Broadway show, and at the last moment a chorus girl has to replace the star...
Writers: Rian James, James Seymour, Bradford Ropes | Director: Lloyd Bacon | Stars: Warner Baxter, Bebe Daniels, George Brent, Ruby Keeler
Votes: 7,345
20. Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942)
Approved | 126 min | Biography, Drama, Musical
A film of the life of the renowned musical composer, playwright, actor, dancer and singer George M. Cohan.
Writers: Robert Buckner, Edmund Joseph | Director: Michael Curtiz | Stars: James Cagney, Joan Leslie, Walter Huston, Richard Whorf
Votes: 10,227
21. Dark Victory (1939)
Approved | 104 min | Drama, Romance
A young socialite is diagnosed with an inoperable brain tumour, and must decide whether she'll meet her final days with dignity.
Writers: Casey Robinson, George Emerson Brewer Jr., Bertram Bloch | Director: Edmund Goulding | Stars: Bette Davis, George Brent, Humphrey Bogart, Geraldine Fitzgerald
Votes: 6,812
22. Captain Blood (1935)
Approved | 119 min | Action, Adventure
An enslaved doctor and his comrades in chains escape and become pirates of the Caribbean.
Writers: Rafael Sabatini, Casey Robinson | Director: Michael Curtiz | Stars: Errol Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, Lionel Atwill, Basil Rathbone
Votes: 9,189
23. Now, Voyager (1942)
Not Rated | 117 min | Drama, Romance
Boston spinster blossoms under therapy and finds impossible romance.
Writers: Casey Robinson, Olive Higgins Prouty | Director: Irving Rapper | Stars: Bette Davis, Paul Henreid, Claude Rains, Gladys Cooper
Votes: 10,237
24. The Letter (1940)
Approved | 95 min | Crime, Drama, Film-Noir
The wife of a rubber plantation administrator shoots a man to death and claims it was self-defense, but a letter in her own hand may prove her undoing.
Writers: W. Somerset Maugham, Howard Koch | Director: William Wyler | Stars: Bette Davis, Herbert Marshall, James Stephenson, Frieda Inescort
Votes: 7,678
25. Easy Come, Easy Go (1967)
PG | 95 min | Adventure, Comedy, Music
A frogman working for the U.S. Navy dives for buried treasure.
Writers: Allan Weiss, Anthony Lawrence | Director: John Rich | Stars: Elvis Presley, Dodie Marshall, Pat Priest, Pat Harrington Jr.
Votes: 854
26. Desperate Journey (1942)
Approved | 107 min | Action, Adventure, Drama
When the crew of a downed British bomber escape from their Nazi captors with Top Secret intelligence, they make a desperate journey to get out of Germany alive.
Writer: Arthur T. Horman | Director: Raoul Walsh | Stars: Errol Flynn, Ronald Reagan, Nancy Coleman, Raymond Massey
Votes: 1,355
27. High Sierra (1941)
Passed | 100 min | Adventure, Crime, Drama
After being released from prison, notorious thief Roy Earle is hired by his old boss to help a group of inexperienced criminals plan and carry out the robbery of a California resort.
Writers: John Huston, W.R. Burnett | Director: Raoul Walsh | Stars: Ida Lupino, Humphrey Bogart, Alan Curtis, Arthur Kennedy
Votes: 10,597
28. The Sea Hawk (1940)
Approved | 127 min | Action, Adventure, Romance
Geoffrey Thorpe, a buccaneer, is hired by Queen Elizabeth I to nag the Spanish Armada. The Armada is waiting for the attack on England and Thorpe surprises them with attacks on their galleons where he shows his skills on the sword.
Writers: Howard Koch, Seton I. Miller | Director: Michael Curtiz | Stars: Errol Flynn, Brenda Marshall, Claude Rains, Donald Crisp
Votes: 6,566
29. The Man Who Came to Dinner (1942)
Approved | 112 min | Comedy, Romance
When acerbic critic Sheridan Whiteside slips on the front steps of a provincial Ohio businessman's home and breaks his hip, he and his entourage take over the house indefinitely.
Writers: Julius J. Epstein, Philip G. Epstein, George S. Kaufman, Moss Hart | Director: William Keighley | Stars: Bette Davis, Ann Sheridan, Monty Woolley, Richard Travis
Votes: 4,576
30. A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935)
Approved | 133 min | Comedy, Fantasy, Romance
Theseus, Duke of Athens, is going to marry Hyppolyta, Queen of the Amazons. Demetrius is engaged with Hermia, but Hermia loves Lysander. Helena loves Demetrius. Oberon and Titania, of the ... See full summary »
Writers: William Shakespeare, Charles Kenyon, Mary C. McCall Jr. | Directors: William Dieterle, Max Reinhardt | Stars: James Cagney, Dick Powell, Ian Hunter, Verree Teasdale
Votes: 2,106
31. Don't Give Up the Ship (1959)
89 min | Comedy
John Paul Steckler was the Junior Officer aboard a destroyer when WWII ended. He gets stuck with the job of sailing the ship to the states to be decommissioned. Now years latter, no one ... See full summary »
Writers: Herbert Baker, Edmund Beloin, Henry Garson, Ellis Kadison | Director: Norman Taurog | Stars: Jerry Lewis, Dina Merrill, Diana Spencer, Mickey Shaughnessy
Votes: 439
32. Sorry, Wrong Number (1948)
Approved | 89 min | Drama, Film-Noir, Thriller
Whilst on the telephone, an invalid woman overhears what she thinks is a murder plot and attempts to prevent it.
Writer: Lucille Fletcher | Director: Anatole Litvak | Stars: Barbara Stanwyck, Burt Lancaster, Ann Richards, Wendell Corey
Votes: 6,712
33. King Creole (1958)
PG | 116 min | Crime, Drama, Musical
Having flunked graduation for a second time and needing cash to support his crabby (and thus unemployed) father, Danny Fisher takes a job as a singer in the King Creole nightclub - about ... See full summary »
Writers: Herbert Baker, Michael V. Gazzo, Harold Robbins | Director: Michael Curtiz | Stars: Elvis Presley, Carolyn Jones, Walter Matthau, Dolores Hart
Votes: 3,020
34. The Rainmaker (1956)
Approved | 121 min | Romance, Western
Lizzie Curry is on the verge of becoming a hopeless old maid. Her wit and intelligence and skills as a homemaker can't make up for the fact that she's just plain plain! Even the town ... See full summary »
Writer: N. Richard Nash | Director: Joseph Anthony | Stars: Burt Lancaster, Katharine Hepburn, Wendell Corey, Lloyd Bridges
Votes: 2,475
35. Fun in Acapulco (1963)
PG | 97 min | Comedy, Music
Mike works on a boat in Acapulco. When the bratty daughter of the boat owner gets him fired, Mike must find new work. Little boy Rauol helps him get a job as a lifeguard and singer at a ... See full summary »
Writer: Allan Weiss | Director: Richard Thorpe | Stars: Elvis Presley, Ursula Andress, Elsa Cárdenas, Paul Lukas
Votes: 1,815
36. Girls! Girls! Girls! (1962)
PG | 106 min | Musical, Comedy
When he finds out his boss is retiring to Arizona, a sailor has to find a way to buy the Westwind, a boat that he and his father built. He is also caught between two women: insensitive club singer Robin and sweet Laurel.
Writers: Allan Weiss, Edward Anhalt | Director: Norman Taurog | Stars: Elvis Presley, Stella Stevens, Jeremy Slate, Laurel Goodwin
Votes: 1,763
37. Little Caesar (1931)
79 min | Crime, Drama, Film-Noir
Rico is a small-time hood who knocks off gas stations for whatever he can take. He heads east and signs up with Sam Vettori's mob. A New Year's Eve robbery at Little Arnie Lorch's casino ... See full summary »
Writers: W.R. Burnett, Robert N. Lee, Francis Edward Faragoh | Director: Mervyn LeRoy | Stars: Edward G. Robinson, Douglas Fairbanks Jr., Glenda Farrell, William Collier Jr.
Votes: 7,871
38. The Petrified Forest (1936)
Not Rated | 82 min | Crime, Drama, Film-Noir
A waitress, a hobo and a bank robber get mixed up at a lonely diner in the desert.
Writers: Charles Kenyon, Delmer Daves, Robert E. Sherwood | Director: Archie Mayo | Stars: Leslie Howard, Humphrey Bogart, Bette Davis, Genevieve Tobin
Votes: 8,728
39. G.I. Blues (1960)
PG | 104 min | Comedy, Musical
Tulsa is a specialist in the US Army stationed in Germany. He loves to sing and has dreams to run his own nightclub when he leaves the army....but dreams don't come cheap. Tulsa places a ... See full summary »
Writers: Edmund Beloin, Henry Garson | Director: Norman Taurog | Stars: Elvis Presley, Juliet Prowse, Robert Ivers, James Douglas
Votes: 2,104
40. They Died with Their Boots On (1941)
Approved | 140 min | Biography, Drama, Romance
Highly fictionalized account (see 'goofs' for examples) of the life of George Armstrong Custer from his arrival at West Point in 1857 to his death at the battle of the Little Big Horn in ... See full summary »
Writers: Wally Kline, Æneas MacKenzie | Director: Raoul Walsh | Stars: Errol Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, Arthur Kennedy, Charley Grapewin
Votes: 4,124
41. 5 Card Stud (1968)
PG | 103 min | Western, Mystery
The players in an ongoing poker game are being mysteriously killed off, one by one.
Writers: Marguerite Roberts, Ray Gaulden | Director: Henry Hathaway | Stars: Dean Martin, Robert Mitchum, Inger Stevens, Roddy McDowall
Votes: 2,128
42. All Through the Night (1941)
Approved | 107 min | Action, Comedy, Crime
Runyonesque Broadway gamblers turn patriotic when they stumble onto a cell of Nazi saboteurs.
Writers: Leonard Spigelgass, Edwin Gilbert, Leo Rosten | Director: Vincent Sherman | Stars: Humphrey Bogart, Conrad Veidt, Kaaren Verne, Jane Darwell
Votes: 2,441
43. Santa Fe Trail (1940)
Approved | 110 min | Adventure, Biography, Drama
The story of Jeb Stuart, his romance with Kit Carson Holliday, friendship with George Custer and battles against John Brown in the days leading up to the outbreak of the American Civil War.
Writer: Robert Buckner | Director: Michael Curtiz | Stars: Errol Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, Raymond Massey, Ronald Reagan
Votes: 2,083
44. The Roaring Twenties (1939)
Not Rated | 106 min | Crime, Drama, Film-Noir
Three men attempt to make a living in Prohibitionist America after returning home from fighting together in World War I.
Writers: Jerry Wald, Richard Macaulay, Robert Rossen, Mark Hellinger | Director: Raoul Walsh | Stars: James Cagney, Humphrey Bogart, Priscilla Lane, Gladys George
Votes: 8,564
45. Mary, Queen of Scots (1971)
PG-13 | 128 min | Biography, Drama, History
Mary Stuart, who was named Queen of Scotland when she was only six days old, is the last Roman Catholic ruler of Scotland. She is imprisoned at he age of 23 by her cousin Elizabeth Tudor, ... See full summary »
Writer: John Hale | Director: Charles Jarrott | Stars: Vanessa Redgrave, Glenda Jackson, Patrick McGoohan, Timothy Dalton
Votes: 2,898
46. Boeing, Boeing (1965)
102 min | Comedy
A friend visits his philandering friend just as that man's scheme of being secretly simultaneously engaged to three flight attendants goes awry.
Writers: Edward Anhalt, Marc Camoletti | Director: John Rich | Stars: Tony Curtis, Jerry Lewis, Dany Saval, Christiane Schmidtmer
Votes: 1,674
47. Loving You (1957)
Approved | 101 min | Drama, Musical
Deke Rivers is a delivery man who is discovered by publicist Glenda Markle and country-western musician Tex Warner who want to promote the talented newcomer to fame and fortune, giving him ... See full summary »
Writers: Herbert Baker, Hal Kanter, Mary Agnes Thompson | Director: Hal Kanter | Stars: Elvis Presley, Lizabeth Scott, Wendell Corey, James Gleason
Votes: 1,258
48. Knute Rockne All American (1940)
Approved | 98 min | Biography, Drama, Sport
The story of legendary Notre Dame football player and coach Knute Rockne.
Writers: Robert Buckner, Mrs. Knute Rockne | Directors: Lloyd Bacon, William K. Howard | Stars: Pat O'Brien, Gale Page, Ronald Reagan, Donald Crisp
Votes: 1,266
49. They Drive by Night (1940)
Approved | 95 min | Crime, Drama, Film-Noir
Two brothers struggle as wildcat truck drivers; one comes to harm, the other is accused of his friend's murder.
Writers: Jerry Wald, Richard Macaulay, A.I. Bezzerides | Director: Raoul Walsh | Stars: George Raft, Humphrey Bogart, Ann Sheridan, Ida Lupino
Votes: 5,040
50. Come Back, Little Sheba (1952)
Approved | 99 min | Drama, Romance
An emotionally remote recovering alcoholic and his dowdy, unambitious wife face a personal crisis when they take in an attractive lodger.
Writers: Ketti Frings, William Inge | Director: Daniel Mann | Stars: Burt Lancaster, Shirley Booth, Terry Moore, Richard Jaeckel
Votes: 3,218


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text:
For years, the triennial confab has been remarkable mostly for airy oratory by national leaders playing to the crowd back home.
That was the era of airy elegance and feeble clown shows, of yuck-yuck punchlines and toothy performers saying "Gee whiz!"
It was this combination of elusive, airy wit, and easy charm—and her passion for me—that was my lifeline.
late 14c., "of the air, made of air," from air (n.1) + -y (2). Meaning "breezy" is attested from 1590s; that of "lively" is from 1640s. Sense of "vain, unsubstantial" is from 1580s. Disparaging airy-fairy is attested from 1920 (earlier in a sense of "delicate or light as a fairy," which is how Tennyson used it in 1830).


text:
From the Editors
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Democracy, Democracy, But The Courts Can't Touch Me
Through the release of a controversial set of executive decrees, President Mohamed Morsi has granted himself unheralded powers—powers normally reserved for dictators, not democratic leaders. The raft of decrees effectively renders him as "above the law," meaning that the jurisdiction of Egypt's courts no longer applies to the Egyptian president, or any of his Islamist-controlled executive bodies—an unprecedented move that not even Hosni Mubarak himself dared to employ.
The promises of democracy, social justice, and transparency in government remain as out of reach right now as they were during the Mubarak era. Egypt's president holds executive powers and legislative powers (which he usurped based on the dissolution of Parliament last June), and is no longer checked by any judicial authority. Thus any hope of a system of "checks and balances" is now in tatters. Morsi claimed in his speech on Friday that he does not seek to monopolize power. Yet his recent actions seem to suggest otherwise.
The timing of the decrees arrival is no surprise. No doubt buoyed by his elevated status following the Gaza ceasefire, Morsi did what any politician strives to do: ride a wave of public goodwill and use it to advance his own interests.
Morsi declared the upper chamber of Parliament immune from judicial dissolution at a time when the Egyptian judiciary was widely expected to issue rulings that would adversely affect the Muslim Brotherhood, such as the dissolution of the upper house of Parliament, the Shura Council, and possibly a declaration that the Constituent Assembly was unconstitutional. Last June, the Supreme Constitutional Court dissolved the parliament's lower chamber, which was dominated by the Muslim Brotherhood.
More importantly, the decree sets the Constituent Assembly, a hundred-member constitution-drafting body, out of the reach of the courts. The Assembly, which is more than seventy-percent Islamist, has been plagued with problems, most notably fierce criticism of its composition, which is said to favor Islamist political currents. Recently, a majority of the assembly's non-Islamist members resigned in protest of the dominance of Islamist political groups of the constitution writing process.
While the fate of the Constituent Assembly is unclear, a bleak future awaits in the event that it remains tasked with the drafting Egypt's new constitution. Already, a tentative first draft of the constitution institutes the entrenchment of religion in government affairs to a level unprecedented in Egypt's history. The draft constitution gives Parliament unlimited powers of interpretation of sharia, which would be the "primary source of legislation." In other words, the draft constitution, if ratified, could result in a mode of governance with an extremely conservative Islamist orientation.
By placing the constituent assembly and the Shura Council, along with his own executive decisions, out the reach of Egypt's courts, Morsi has effectively told the Egyptian people that not only is he above the law, but that he is the law. He has declared these powers for himself based, not on any legal reasoning, but rather the absence of any restraints that could prevent him from taking these decisions.
These moves seem to be geared toward promoting the Brotherhood's influence inside the Egypt's judiciary, famed for its non-partisan orientations and independence from political jockeying. The courts have already dealt Morsi multiple embarrassing defeats, including rebuffing his attempt to reinstitute the dissolved parliament. After Morsi had attempted to oust Prosecutor-General Abdel Meguid Mahmoud last month, prominent judges publicly protested, arguing that the President did not have that authority to do so. Mahmoud, a Mubarak-era figure, is one the causalities of Morsi's latest decrees.
Egypt's quest for democracy lies in large part within the judicial branch. That the judiciary is only one official body separating Egyptians from complete autocracy puts partisans of the 25 January Revolution in an awkward spot. On the one hand, many of Egypt's top judges are remnants of Mubarak's era. At the same time, if allowed to stand, the decree's "unprecedented assault on judicial independence" would result in inviolable rights that would render any hints of democracy in Egypt meaningless, particularly the right to a fair trial and an impartial hearing. Crucially, it would also mean that there would be no channel to challenge Morsi and the Islamist-dominated constituent assembly and shura council. The judges club has called for the entire judiciary to go on strike, including all judges and prosecutors, until the decree is overturned. Alexandria's entire court system has already been declared closed. While the courts cannot legally challenge the decrees, having been banned from doing so, an outright challenge such as the strike puts the legitimacy of Morsi's action in serious question. Besides the strike, the ongoing battles in Tahrir Square will be crucial in the next few weeks.
Now that Morsi has granted himself absolute power, he will no doubt be itching to use it. Meanwhile, the hope for democracy in Egypt will in no small part lie within the fate of Egypt's third branch of government.
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text:
East Bay Congressman John
Garamendi (D.Calif.) toured BART to see how a new construction project, using
$13 million in federal stimulus money, is putting thousands of people to work
and will ultimately provide more seating, more trains and improved on-time
performance for BART commuters riding between Pleasant Hill, Oakland and San
says it is ready for an exciting 2010 with major projects and new initiatives
that will benefit passengers, increase service, rebuild infrastructure, and put
America's railroad at the center of intercity and high-speed passenger rail
development and expansion.
When Hampton Roads
Transit's board meets in special session Jan. 11 to discuss the future of
embattled President Michael Townes, the members cannot immediately fire him, The
Virginian-Pilot reports. Townes' contract requires that he be given 30 days
notice of a vote to terminate his employment. That notice was given Dec. 28,
when four board members wrote him demanding that he resign or they would
introduce a resolution to dismiss him at the Jan. 28 board meeting.
Denver's Regional Transportation
District -- in the wake of a fatal commuter rail crash in Los Angeles -- is
installing $3 million in safety technology, The Denver Post reports. The Automatic
Train Stop technology, or ATS, is designed to prevent trains from going through
a red signal, the cause of the 2008 Los Angeles accident in which 25 people
were killed.
The very foundation of the
Burlington, Iowa, railroad bridge project over the Mississippi River may have
to be shifted before significant work can continue on-site for increasing the navigation
channel by constructing a lift-span, the Burlington Hawkeye reports. In
drilling foundations for a new pier on the east side of the span to support the
new lift-span, contractors encountered large rocks and sheet metal that
prevented them from finding bedrock and securing the foundations.
Unitrac has been named a key supplier and valuable
partner in the CSX Transportation supply chain. The company has been identified
as a key supplier that goes that extra mile by providing quality products and
timely deliveries.
The American Public
Transportation Association has launched the Center for High-Speed Rail to advance
and promote high-speed rail in the United States. The Website for the Center
for High-Speed Rail is www.highspeedrailonline.org .
With the extension and a
new method for painting the bridge, Gadsden, Ala., officials think the project
will be completed before the grant expires in September, the Gadsden Times
reports. The city received a grant for $500,000 from the Federal Railroad
Administration in 2005 for the CSX Transportation Railroad Bridge coating
project, but the appropriation was reduced because of across-the-board
rescissions by the Federal Highway Administration.
Reading Blue Mountain and
Northern Railroad has acquired a short-line between Towanda and Monroeton in northeastern
Pennsylvania. RBMN, which currently operates more than 300 miles of railroad in
Eastern Pennsylvania, purchased the assets of the approximately six-mile
Towanda-Monroeton Shippers Lifeline Railroad Inc. from former owner, Joseph
Zadrusky of Scranton, on Dec. 30, 2009. The line is approximately 40 miles
north of RBMN's current terminus in Mehoopany, Pa. RBMN will be able to connect
its two properties by working with Lehigh Railway L.L.C., which leases a
Norfolk Southern line that connects to the Towanda-Monroeton line in Towanda.
The line will become part of the RBMN system.
Paducah & Louisville
Railway is looking for incentives to build a new headquarters in downtown
Paducah rather than move to one of the other cities where it does business, according to The Paducah Sun.
Railroad President Tony Reck told The Sun that the company is hoping to
stay in Western Kentucky, but isn't close to making a commitment to any place.
Remember Me


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A method and apparatus for rapid fixation and decalcification of calcified tissues using a MW oven with adjustable variable continuous power output, a specialized tissue handling system and an external temperature control device to maintain reagent temperature control external to the MW environment. Tissues are placed in cassettes, which are then placed in a tissue handling system. The tissue handling system also provides a specialized external container, which allows for the recirculation and cooling of reagents external to the MW cavity. The external device is a recirculation device having both heating and cooling capacities for a range of different processing reagents.
1. A method to decalcify a tissue specimen, said method comprising the steps of:
suspending a fixated tissue specimen in a circulating fluid stream of a decalcification reagent; and
placing the specimen in a microwave oven;
irradiating the specimen with microwave radiation;
supplying a reservoir for the fluid stream external to the microwave oven;
controlling the temperature of the reservoir with a heating and cooling apparatus associated with the reservoir;
operating the microwave oven in the range of about 450 watts or less power; and
selecting the decalcification reagents from the group consisting of: EDTA, formic acid-based reagents, nitric acid-based reagents, hydrochloric acid-based reagents, sulphuric acid-based reagents, acetic acid-based reagents, Decal�, Decal Stat�, Formical-2000�, and Immunocal�.
2. The method of
controlling the fluid adjacent to the specimen inside the microwave oven with a backup temperature control loop that uses the microwave oven to maintain a setpoint temperature in the event of a failure of the reservoir heating and cooling apparatus.
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
The present invention relates to a methodology and apparatus for rapid tissue decalcification and fixation employing a microwave ("MW") oven with variable adjustable low wattage, a specialized tissue handling device and external reagent temperature control to gain the maximum benefit of MW irradiation without the heating problems associated with other MW methods.
Clinical and research analysis of tissue samples is an ongoing science. Bone tissue samples require that the calcium be removed prior to sectioning of tissue for microscopic analysis. In prior art it is known that MW irradiation of tissue samples will accelerate the process of decalcification and fixation when compared to routinely accepted bench tissue specimen processing methods. Prior art methods immerse a tissue sample in a reagent in a container placed in a MW oven. Prior art reagents include fixatives, acids, and chelators, as well as mixtures of those reagents. Prior art has demonstrated that use of corrosive acids must be carefully monitored and controlled to avoid tissue specimen destruction. Known MW irradiation methods require reagent changes for each one of multiple runs of the MW process. In prior art, elevated temperatures are commonly used for each cycle. Using prior art, MW-assisted/temperature-based processing methods have required these multiple reagent changes and a temperature control between 37� C. and 45� C. to maintain best sample quality, although prior art also demonstrates use of much higher temperatures. It has been demonstrated in prior art that temperatures above 45� C. have accelerated the process further, but also has demonstrated tissue damage at those temperatures. Temperature control, by whatever means, is done by turning the magnetron on and off at an uncontrolled rate to maintain a preset temperature maximum. Using this known approach, the amount of MW energy applied to the sample will vary from run to run. These MW assisted methods, by necessity, rely on a temperature maximum or restriction that is above the ambient temperature to insure that the magnetron would activate and produce microwaves.
Time savings in processing samples will have a direct effect on surgical and clinical pathology, drug development and basic research in a wide range of fields from veterinary to human medicine and clinical pathology as well as research in medicine and the pharmaceutical industry. Reduction in times when using MW processing over established room temperature methods have been reported to be from 10 to 100 fold.
What is needed is a decalcification and fixation methodology that: 1) Utilizes a range of wattage between 50 w and 750 w MW processing; 2) uses a reagent circulation system as opposed to a static immersion system; 3) uses non-corrosive reagents; and 4) creates time saving as addressed above while producing quality and consistent results. The present invention addresses each of these needs.
The main aspect of the present invention is to provide an improved method for decalcification and fixation of mineralized samples utilizing apparatus consisting of off-the-shelf components that control all processing variables.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide standardization of the described process across the clinical and research community.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a MW-assisted method not relying on MW heating as a component of the process but consisting of a continuous MW energy during the entire process.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide for adjustment of the wattage output of the MW oven to optimize tissue decalcification and fixation turn-around time.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a system that, for the first time, controls all processing parameters in the decalcification and fixation of tissue. Such parameters include the amount of MW irradiation, wattage, temperature, time, etc.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide for the control of all processing variables associated with previously published MW decalcification and fixation methods and test their validity.
Another aspect of the present invention is to increase productivity by reducing tissue sample turn around time in all settings while producing excellent processing results.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide for a processing method utilizing commonly accepted reagents.
Another aspect of the present invention is to gain a rapid turn around time formerly dependent on the use of corrosive acids by substituting EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) and formalin in a MW environment.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide an identifiable tissue specimen cassette and a cassette holder (tissue handling device) for holding tissue specimen cassettes in place during processing.
Other aspects of this invention will appear from the following description and appended claims, reference being made to the accompanying drawings forming a part of this specification wherein like reference characters designate corresponding parts in the several views.
The present invention provides rapid decalcification and fixation of mineralized tissues. The process utilizes a MW oven, which has adjustable wattage output to maintain operation within a narrow set of parameters. Tissue handling and identification with this system can be accomplished by standardized methods combined with a specialized containment device that is both solvent resistant and MW transparent. A MW oven operating at 2.45 GHz was used in the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Further aspects of the system of the present invention are the variable wattage processing parameters that can be employed, for the first time, in the decalcification and fixation of tissue samples.
The present invention can increase productivity in all settings described and is anticipated to produce excellent processing results when ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 10% neutral buffered formalin are combined. EDTA is known to preserve tissue ultrastructure when the decalcification process is accelerated in the MW. Other reagents can be used, some of which are described below.
Further aspects of the present invention speak directly to the problems associated with other MW methods. The invention provides for the control of all processing variables associated with previously published MW decalcification methods. The present invention also suggests a non-thermal MW effect as a processing variable in simultaneous decalcification and fixation procedures.
The present invention utilizes a methodology for decalcification and fixation using off-the-shelf apparatus that consists (but not limited to) the following hardware apparatus and processing methodology:
A. Use of MW oven with a continuous power output range from 50 w to 750 w. Magnetron power settings are adjustable within a narrow range (typically +/−25 w) and maintain internal temperature control to about +/−0.5� C.
B. Use of a wide range of reagents such as EDTA and formalin (or others as acceptable).
C. Use of off-the-shelf hardware processing apparatus such as (but not limited to):
a. MW oven (see above) with adjustments for continuous power outputs of approximately 50 w to 750 w, time, temperature, monitoring probe, and input/output ports for external reagent circulation channels, and processing time control settings between about 1 sec and 100 hours.
b. An external recirculation device for continuous reagent recirculation, mixing, agitation, and temperature control which has both heat and cooling capabilities for the circulating reagent in order to maintain constant temperature, within narrow limits, of the reagent being circulated through a tissue handling device. The external recirculation device has an input and an output hose with a duplex pump to recirculate the reagent as it is being heated or cooled.
c. An internal MW oven processing bath into which is placed a tissue handling device.
d. A removable tissue handling device, which contains tissue(s) enclosed in histology tissue cassettes for decalcification and fixation.
e. A lid for the tissue handling device, which has one hole for a temperature probe.
f. An internal MW oven over-fill safety tray to capture any reagent spillage.
g. Utilization of anti-siphon and flow control devices to maintain a uniform reagent level within the tissue handling device to insure that tissue samples are continuously under reagent throughout the process.
h. Utilization of tissue histology cassettes capable of holding tissue samples and capable of being inserted into the tissue handling device.
i. Histology cassette tissue specimen holder, which is placed into the tissue handling device to secure and identify individual mineralized tissues.
j. Temperature probe inserted through the lid hole of the tissue handling device and into reagent contained within the tissue handling device. The temperature probe is used for monitoring and recording of the processing reagent temperature and can be used as a secondary reagent temperature control in case of any failure in the temperature control of the recirculation apparatus.
k. Use of materials that are both MW transparent and solvent resistant for the aforementioned trays, lids, handling devices, cassettes, tubing, etc. The materials used can be PTFE, polypropylene, polyethylene, silicone or similar materials.
l. Other components as required.
The above components and reagents, when used with the methodology of the present invention, will insure fixation and decalcification of the tissue samples at temperatures in the range of approximately 5� C. to 45� C. via continuous MW irradiation during the process. The results will show significant time savings exceeding 90% over routine processing methods and will be able (with accumulated tissue processing history) to result in one-step automatic processing of tissue samples for fixation and decalcification.
Typical specifications for a bath circulator are as follows:
A) Refrigeration and Heating System
1. Recirculation Temperature Range: −25� C. to 150� C.
2. Cooling Capacity: 500 watts at 20� C. reagent temp.
3. Temperature Stability: +/−0.01� C.
4. Heater Wattage: 2000 watts
B) Pumping System
1. Pump Flow: 15 liters per minute max.
2. Pump Pressure: 0.5 bar (16′ head) max.
3. Pump type: Force and suction
C) General Specifications
1. Seamless stainless steel reservoir for easy cleaning and excellent reagent compatibility.
2. Reservoir drain for efficient reagent changes.
3. Wetted materials: Stainless steel, or other non-corrosive materials.
4. Reservoir Volume: 7 liters (1.9 gallons)
5. Unit dimensions: Approximately 60 cm�24 cm�45 cm.
6. Certifications: UL, CSA, CE Mark as required.
The non-uniform sample heating attributed to prior MW processes is not relevant with the present invention due to the volume and depth of reagent required within the MW cavity. Prior art has demonstrated that uneven sample heating, due to the presence of hot and cold spots within the MW cavity, can be greatly mitigated through the external recirculation and cooling of a similar reagent volume. Prior art also demonstrates that MW-assisted formalin fixation is a wattage dependent, not temperature dependent, process.
The combination MW-assisted decalcification and fixation will produce faster turnaround times. This outcome will facilitate: 1) diagnostic evaluation of surgical or clinical specimens; 2) faster treatment; 3) more efficient drug development and testing schedules; and 4) less wasted time in basic research for veterinary or human medicine.
The present invention outlines a methodology and apparatus, for the first time, that replaces MW-mediated sample temperature control with an external means based on the recirculation and cooling and/or heating of the processing reagent to maintain a constant temperature within the MW environment. This change makes the standardization of MW assisted processing a reality for the first time through the control of all of the processing variables (duration of MW sample exposure, wattage, temperature, time, sample processing environment). The key variable covered by the present invention is the ability to provide continuous MW energy between 50 w and 750 w for any time period between 1 second and 100 hours.
The present invention is the first to accelerate the fixation and decalcification processes using classical reagents: 10% neutral buffered formalin and EDTA that do not adversely affect sample quality. The use of 10% neutral buffered formalin is the standard fixative used in surgical and clinical pathology. EDTA, buffered or not, has been shown to preserve the structural integrity of tissues when used for decalcification. The aforementioned reagents are basically well known and widely used within clinical and surgical pathology. Other combinations of fixatives are known to work in combination with EDTA in a MW environment (unpublished research). Other decalcification reagents such as formic acid-based reagents, nitric acid-based reagents, hydrochloric acid-based reagents, sulphuric acid-based reagents, acetic acid-based reagents and mixtures of those reagents as well as proprietary reagents (e.g. Decal�, Decal Stat�, Formical-2000�, Immunocal�) and fixatives such as zinc formalin, glutaraldehyde, paraformaldehyde, glyoxal, alcohol, acetone and proprietary reagents (e.g. Prefer, Preserve™) can also be used.
The present invention provides rapid processing including the ability to do an overnight process, without attendance by a technician. Only end point testing for decalcification would require technician intervention. Thus this process improves current tissue sample turnaround times for the processing of calcified tissues while at the same time provides standardization of the process throughout the clinical and research community.
Tissue handling and identification with the system of the present invention can be accomplished by standardized methods combined with a specialized containment device that is both solvent resistant and MW transparent. The specialized containment device, combined with a reagent container inside the MW, insures that the samples will remain covered by the processing reagent continuously throughout the process of decalcification and fixation. Anti-siphon and flow control devices included as part of the system, as well as the container design used inside the MW cavity insure the samples remain covered with the circulating reagent.
Further aspects of the system of the present invention are the low wattage processing parameters that can be employed, for the first time, in the decalcification and fixation of tissue samples. The continuous movement of the processing reagent around the samples is also a component of the described process. The recirculation device specified must be capable of maintaining a temperature within the specification of the MW maximum wattage used. The recirculation device should be one with push-pull recirculation capabilities for both heating and cooling of the reagent, as required.
The present invention can increase productivity in all settings described and is anticipated to produce excellent processing results when ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 10% neutral buffered formalin are combined. EDTA is known to preserve tissue ultrastructure when the decalcification process is accelerated in the MW.
Further aspects of the present invention speak directly to the problems associated with other MW methods. The invention provides for the control of all processing variables associated with previously published MW decalcification methods. The present invention establishes a MW effect as a processing variable in simultaneous decalcification and fixation procedures. The fixation process will be complete prior to decalcification.
The individual steps in the methodology of the present invention are described below in FIGS. 2A, 2B.
FIG. 1 is a frontal view of the decalcification and fixation apparatus of the present invention.
FIG. 1A is an expanded frontal perspective view of the overfill safety container, tissue processing bath and cassette holder.
FIG. 1B is an expanded breakaway perspective view of the cassette holder shown in FIG. 1A above.
FIG. 1C is a frontal perspective view of standard histology cassette.
FIG. 1D is a frontal view of standard histology cassette showing an internal tissue sample.
FIGS. 2A, 2B are a flow chart depicting the process steps utilized in the methodology of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the percentage of decalcification over time with three different processing methods.
Before explaining the disclosed embodiment of the present invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of the particular arrangement shown, since the invention is capable of other embodiments. Also, the terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation.
FIG. 1 is a frontal view of the decalcification and fixation system apparatus 200 of the present invention. Recirculation device 15 is capable of heating or cooling reagent 1A, 1B via a primary built-in temperature-monitoring device. Inlet tubing 5 and outlet tubing 13 are connected to recirculation device 15 to move decalcification and fixation reagent 1A, 1B for cooling or heating. The portion of reagent 1B in recirculation device 15 is heated or cooled as it is pumped into tissue processing bath 3 where a portion of reagent 1A resides within the recirculation loop. Recirculation device 15 has a duplex pump and can act as a push/pull device as the reagent is heated or cooled. Recirculation device 15 should be specified to be capable of maintaining reagent temperatures to within +/−0.5� C. at 20� when 500 w is being dissipated by MW oven 10. Recirculation device control panel 16 has basic control keys, such as power on/off, temperature setting, temperature display, etc. Recirculation device 15 contains an internal reagent bath 12 and the primary reagent temperature is controlled by recirculation device 15 within its internal reagent bath 12 by the combination of heating and cooling as required. Anti siphon devices 6, 14 help insure that proper reagent levels are maintained within tissue processing bath 3. Tubing 5, 13 is connected through an entry point in the rear of MW oven 10 and enters tissue processing bath 3 to form a closed loop system for recirculation. Tubing 5, 13 are inserted over inlet fitting 21A and outlet fitting 21B within tissue processing bath 3. Tissue processing bath 3 is an open container, which fits into overfill safety container 2. Overfill safety container 2 insures any excess reagent is contained without spillage. Tissue samples are prepared and placed into standard histology cassettes 7, which are in turn placed into cassette holder 400. Cassette holder 400 is then placed inside tissue processing bath 3 and thus into and submersed under the decalcification and fixation reagent 1.
Tissue processing tub lid 4 fits snuggly over tissue processing bath 3. Tissue processing lid has one hole in its top, which receives temperature probe 9 that sits within tissue processing bath 3 and acts as a secondary temperature control (in case of a failure in the temperature control portion of recirculation device 15) for temperature monitoring and recording of the processing reagent 1 temperature. Output from temperature probe 9 can also be monitored by a computer via a RS232 port for temperature data collection. Settings on the MW oven control panel 11 are inputted by the user prior to starting the decalcification and fixation process. Control keys such as power on/off, power settings, start, and reset are inputted.
FIG. 1A is an expanded frontal perspective view 300 of components within the MW oven consisting of overfill safety container 2, tissue processing bath 3 and cassette holder assembly 400. Tissue processing bath 3 fits into overfill safety container 2 and has inlet-fitting 21A attached to its lower side and outlet-fitting 21B attached to its upper side. Outlet-filling 21B maintains the proper reagent level within tissue processing bath 3. Cassette holder assembly 400 is made up of cassette holder top and bottom tray 17, which are identical in manufacture, cassette holder center tray 18, cassette holder posts 19 and cassette holder handle 20. Standard histology cassette(s) 7 are held in place within cassette holder assembly 400 during the decalcification/fixation processing. Tissue processing tub lid 4 has tissue processing container lid handle 23 affixed to its top and straight thru fitting 22 to accommodate temperature probe 9 which sits within tissue processing bath 3.
FIG. 1B is a further expanded breakaway perspective view of cassette holder assembly 400 showing top tray and bottom tray 17, which are identical in manufacture, cassette holder center tray 18, cassette holder posts 19 and cassette holder handle 20. Standard histology cassette(s) 7 are shown held in place within cassette holder assembly 400. Cassette holder handle 20 fits through the entire cassette holder assembly 400 and begins assembly at the bottom of cassette holder assembly 400. Cassette holder handle 20 fits through bottom tray slot 27, then through center tray slot 28, and finally through top tray slot 27 at which point it would snap into place with the top of cassette holder handle 20 protruding for handling and acts to hold the entire cassette holder assembly 400 in place. Center tray 18 has various size retention holes. A three-wide hole 23, a two-wide hole 22, and a one-wide hole 24 can accommodate various histology cassette 7 widths in some cases (only one width shown) or multiple histology cassettes. For example a three-wide hole 23 can accommodate six single-wide histology cassettes (not shown) or three double-wide histology cassettes as shown. Histology cassette(s) 7 can be designed in single- or double-wide widths as needed to accommodate different tissue sample sizes. Center tray 18 has four holder post acceptance holes 25 for inserting holder posts 19. Holder posts 19 function as a height standoff to separate bottom tray 17, center tray 18, and top tray 17. Top and bottom tray 17 have slotted holes 26 of various lengths to accommodate reagent pass through during processing. It should be noted that although only one cassette holder assembly design is shown, other designs are inferred to include accommodation of various other size cassettes such as a thicker cassette holder design which would need a thicker (wider) acceptance hole.
FIG. 1C is a frontal perspective view of standard histology cassette 7. Standard histology cassette(s) 7 are placed within cassette holder assembly 400 (see FIG. 1B). Each histology cassette 7 contains a multiple of reagent pass through holes 29 to insure proper circulation of reagent around the tissue specimen (see FIG. 1D) during processing.
FIG. 1D is a frontal view of standard histology cassette 7 with reagent pass through holes 29 showing internal tissue sample 16, which is held in place by cassette 7 during the decalcification/fixation process.
FIGS. 2A, 2B are a flow chart depicting the process steps utilized in the methodology of the present invention. To start the process (FIG. 2A), the first step 100 is to insure proper hardware setup is in place including the MW oven, the recirculation device, tubing attachments, etc. as shown in FIG. 1 above. In step 101, the hardware install is continued with the install of the over-fill containment safety tray and processing tub into the MW oven, and attachment of the recirculation tubing to the correct fittings on the processing tub. The next step 102 is the mix of the decalcification reagent and the buffered fixative such as EDTA and formalin as previously discussed. Next 103 the user will fill the recirculation device and processing tub with reagent to the correct levels, turn on the recirculation device and correct the tub volumes, then the user would turn off the recirculation device. The process then follows with step 104 in which the calcified tissue is placed into a standard tissue processing cassette (plastic material) and then the cassette is placed into the slot of the cassette holder in a vertical position. In the next step 105, the cassette holder is placed into the processing tub inside the MW oven. Step 106 consists of covering the processing tub with the tub lid, covering the recirculation unit with the unit's lid. The lids act to limit any evaporation of the processing reagent. The temperature probe is then inserted into the reagent through the hole in the processing tub lid, step 107. Continuing on to FIG. 2B, the next step 108 is to set the temperature restriction on the recirculation device and then to active the recirculation device. Then, in step 109, the MW oven wattage, processing time and temperature restriction for the secondary temperature control of the processing reagent is set, followed by activating the MW oven. After the timed MW oven process is complete, step 110, the user removes the temperature probe from the lid of the processing tub, removes the processing tub lid itself, and then removes the cassette holder from the processing tray. The cassette holder contains the tissue cassettes. The user then tests for decalcification end point, step 111, using accepted methods such as X-ray. If the test decision 112 is satisfactory, the process is ended 113. If the test decision 112 is not satisfactory, the user approximates the amount of processing still needed prior to restarting decalcification, choosing time setting matching necessary processing, step 114. The process then proceeds back to step 104 for additional processing. It should be noted that there are two distinct processes occurring during the above decalcification and fixation. The fixation process will be complete prior to decalcification.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the percentage of decalcification over time with three different processing methods. A test was run to determine if the rate of MW assisted decalcification could be influenced by recirculation of the decalcification reagent around tissue samples. A phosphate buffered (pH 6.8-7.4) 10% ethylene diamine tetraacedic acid (EDTA) reagent was used for decalcification. Prior art for MW assisted decalcification has established that EDTA, of all decalcifying reagents, yields the best processing results for tissue structure and immunolabeling after decalcification is completed. The procedures used were as follows:
1) Standard Room Temperature (RT) Processing: Calcified tissues were placed in vials with constant rotation (16 rpm at 30� inclination). 10 ml vials filled with 5 ml of decalcification reagent were kept at room temperature (20� C.) with daily 5 ml changes of reagent until decalcification was complete.
2) Processing with the recirculation of decalcification reagent only: Calcified tissue samples were placed in standard histology cassettes which were placed in the apparatus described in FIG. 1 above. Decalcification reagent was recirculated around the samples at 20� C. until decalcification was complete.
3) Processing with the recirculation of decalcification reagent at constant temperature (20� C.) and continuous MW irradiation at 234 w. Samples were treated identically to the process described in "2" above except for the addition of continuous MW irradiation at 234 w.
Random samples were removed from each processing group at various time intervals, dehydrated and embedded in epon/araldite resin. One-micron sections were cut and evaluated by light microscopy to determine the extent of decalcification (a percent estimate). Determinations were made by the amount of unstained tissue (still calcified bone) present in the sample at each time interval.
The three curves shown in FIG. 3 are the results of:
1) standard RT processing 303;
2) processing with the recirculation of decalcification reagent only 302; and
3) processing with the recirculation of decalcification reagent at constant temperature (20� C.) and continuous MW irradiation at 234 w 301.
It can be seen from the graph of FIG. 3 that tissue processed by standard RT processing 303 required a total of 96 hours for decalcification. Recirculation of decalcification reagent only 302 around the tissue samples (no MW) reduced the time to 39 hours. With the addition of continuous MW irradiation 301, the time was further reduced to 18 hours. Prior art has not described a reagent (reagent) recirculation around samples or continuous MW irradiation; whereas the present invention describes, and the above test demonstrates, that reagent recirculation combined with continuous MW irradiation provides a significant improvement in processing time. As previously described, the method of the present invention be standardized and does not need technician intervention. Prior art describes results employing higher reagent temperatures and MW oven wattages. The optimization of the methodology of the present invention with respect to reagent temperature and MW power output has a positive potential to accelerate the decalcification process even further.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, numerous modifications and variations can be made and still the result will come within the scope of the invention. No limitation with respect to the specific embodiments disclosed herein is intended or should be inferred.
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The Secret to Seared Black Bass
Chef Anne Burrell shares her secrets to perfectly seared black bass, with moist and flaky flesh under impossibly crisp skin. The mild fish is paired with a fresh Bitter Green, Grapefruit & Feta salad. For dessert, Chef Anne knows the tricks to baking light-as-air Lemon Soufflés, finished with silky Crème Anglaise. (Episode: LR0809H)
Upcoming AiringsVIEW FULL TV SCHEDULE
Wed, July 22
Recipes from this episodeAll Secrets of a Restaurant Chef Recipes
Lemon SouffleRecipe courtesy of Anne Burrell
- Cook Time:
- 30 min
Seared Black Bass with Bitter Greens, Grapefruit and Feta SaladRecipe courtesy of Anne Burrell
- Cook Time:
- 12 min


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The Giant Beastcast: Episode 06
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The sequel to Legend of Grimrock expands from a single dungeon to an entire island.
An all-new game to celebrate the original installment's 1984 release.
An open-world action-adventure game by Monolith, set between the events of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.
Fantasy turn-based strategy from Triumph Studios, reviving the long-dormant Age of Wonders franchise.
A standalone version of Shadowrun Returns's expansion, Shadowrun: Dragonfall, with new quests and areas, and improved combat and UI. Also includes a game editor that allows players to create their own SR adventures and share with others
A reimagining of the 1980s adventure game, Shadowgate. Released in 2014 for computers and mobile devices; it includes a soundtrack that was inspired by the NES version of the game, hand-drawn graphics, and a new set of puzzles.
Diablo III: Ultimate Evil Edition brings both Diablo III and its expansion, Reaper of Souls, to consoles (including the series' debut on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One) in one package with several new, exclusive features.
A strategy game by Forever Entertainment.
A re-release of the 2011 co-op action role playing tower defense game. It boasts new modes and balancing tweaks, as well as new a UI and anti-cheat system.
Swords & Poker Adventures is the third game in the Sword & Poker series.
Dragon Tactics is an online puzzle-based combat role-playing game for mobile platforms.
An MMORPG set in the world of Nirn, focusing on the familiar continent of Tamriel, taking place a thousand years before The Elder Scrolls: Skyrim.
Blood, souls, and tears are continually spent as players traverse the land of Drangleic in FromSoftware's third entry in the Souls series.
The Battles of King Arthur is a strategy game by Excalibur Publishing.
Play as the vampire lord Dracula and wreak vengeance against your enemies in this continuation to the Lords of Shadow reboot of the Castlevania franchise.
An Xbox 360 remastering of the original Fable game, including the extra (originally cut) content from Fable: The Lost Chapters. Released on February 4, 2014 in both boxed and digital forms.
SpellForce 2 - Demons of the Past is a role-playing strategy game by Nordic Games.
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