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A method and apparatus for an FCC process uses means for dissipating turbulent flow at the outlet of a disengaging vessel to provide a quick separation of catalyst from product vapors and to prevent reentrainment of catalyst into the disengaging vessel. The process and apparatus use a riser for the conversion of an FCC feedstock and direct the effluent from the riser directly into a disengaging vessel to separate catalyst from the product vapors. Catalyst is directed downwardly out of the outlet of the disengaging vessel and through a series of dissipator plates that dissipate turbulent flow by eliminating the tangential velocity that would be other-wise introduced by the vortex and would lead to reentrainment of catalyst. A stripping vessel is located immediately below the disengaging vessel outlet to receive catalyst as it leaves the dissipator plates.
1. A fluid catalytic cracking apparatus comprising:
(a) a reactor vessel;
(b) a tubular riser having an inlet end for receiving feed and catalyst and an outlet end;
(c) an elongated disengaging vessel located in said reactor vessel having an upper end and a lower end, means for tangentially directing the outlet end of said riser into an upper end of said disengaging vessel, and a gas outlet at the top of said disengaging vessel, said lower end of said disengaging vessel having an open bottom wherein the outermost portion of said open bottom is unoccluded to permit unobstructed fluid and particulate flow;
(d) a stripping vessel located directly below said disengaging vessel, said stripping vessel having an inlet in open communication with said open bottom of said disengaging vessel and an outlet for withdrawing catalyst from the stripping vessel;
(e) means for adding stripping gas to said stripping vessel; and,
(f) a segregation zone located in said stripping vessel comprising means for dissipating turbulent flow below said open bottom of said disengaging vessel.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein a vortex stabilizer tube extends upward from said open bottom into said disengagement vessel.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the diameter of said vortex stabilizer is less than 20% of the diameter of the open bottom and said open bottom is unoccluded except for said vortex stabilizer.
4. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said riser passes through said disengaging vessel and provides said vortex stabilizer.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said means for dissipating turbulent flow comprises partition plates and said vertical plates extend horizontally and vertically and border an unobstructed area located immediately below said open bottom of said disengaging vessel.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein said stripper vessel has a larger diameter than the bottom of said disengaging vessel, said vertical plates extend from the wall of said stripping inwardly to define at least two circumferentially extended chambers located below and to the outside of said open bottom of said disengaging vessel.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein at least one inner stripping baffle and one outer stripping baffle are located in said stripping vessel below said means for isolating turbulent flow.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said gas outlet is in the center of said disengaging vessel and communicates with at least one cyclone, said cyclone has a dip-leg for returning catalyst to the reactor vessel and a vapor outlet for discharging a vapor product stream.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein means are provided for communicating the bottom of said reactor vessel with said stripping vessel.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said stripping vessel comprises a first section fixed to the lower portion of said reactor vessel and a second section fixed to said disengaging vessel and a slip joint is provided between the upper end of said first section and the lower end of said second section.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said apparatus includes means for adding fluidizing fluid to a lower portion of said reactor vessel and at least one vent opening defined in said stripping vessel or said disengaging vessel for venting fluidizing fluid from said reactor vessel.
12. A fluid catalytic cracking apparatus comprising:
(a) a reactor vessel;
(b) a tubular riser having an inlet end for receiving feed and catalyst and an outlet end;
(c) an elongated disengaging vessel located in said reactor vessel having an upper end and a lower end, said upper end having a tangential inlet in direct communication with said outlet end of said riser and a central gas outlet at the top of said disengaging vessel and said lower end having a vertically extending sidewall, an open bottom and a plurality of circumferentially spaced ports at the bottom of said vertically extending sidewall;
(d) a stripper vessel having an upper end located in said reactor vessel and into which said lower end of said disengaging vessel extends, means in the top of said stripper vessel for dissipating turbulent catalyst flow, a catalyst outlet in the lower end of said stripper vessel, at least one inner stripping baffle and at least one outer stripping baffle located between the top of said stripper vessel and said catalyst outlet, and means for introducing a stripping fluid into said stripping vessel;
(e) a vortex stabilizer extending into the lower end of said disengaging vessel; and,
(f) means for withdrawing vapors from said reactor vessel.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said stripping vessel has a larger diameter than said disengaging vessel and said means for dissipating turbulent catalyst flow comprises at least two dissipator plates extending inwardly from the walls of said stripper vessel with each dissipator plate lying in a common plane with the centerline of said stripper vessel, said dissipator plates having a central portion, with the top of said central portion spaced below said lower end of said disengaging vessel, and said dissipator plates having an outer portion that extends up the sides of said stripping vessel to at least the bottom of said lower end of said disengaging vessel.
14. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein a first equalization port communicates the bottom of said reactor vessel with the interior of said stripping
15. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein a second equalization port communicates the reactor vessel with at least one of said disengaging vessel and the top of said stripping vessel.
16. A process for the fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) of an FCC feedstream, said process comprising:
(a) passing FCC catalyst and said FCC feedstream to a riser reaction zone and contacting said feedstream with said FCC catalyst in said riser reaction zone to convert said feedstream to product vapors;
(b) discharging a mixture of said product vapors and spent FCC catalyst from said riser directly into a disengaging vessel and directing said mixture tangentially into said disengaging vessel to form an inner and outer vortex in said disengaging vessel;
(c) emptying catalyst particles in closed communication from the bottom of said disengaging vessel directly into the top of a subadjacent stripping vessel;
(d) injecting a stripping gas into said stripping vessel and contacting said catalyst particles with said stripping gas to desorb hydrocarbons from said catalyst particles;
(e) discharging a gaseous stream of desorbed hydrocarbons and stripping gas upwardly from said stripping vessel, dissipating the turbulent flow of fluid and catalyst particles at the top of said stripping vessel, and passing said desorbed hydrocarbons and stripping gas out of the top of said stripping vessel and into the bottom of said disengaging vessel;
(f) maintaining a relatively dense bed of catalyst below the top of said stripping vessel;
(g) withdrawing said product vapors and said gaseous stream from the top of said disengaging vessel through an outlet;
(h) passing said product vapor and said gaseous stream from said outlet to a separator to recover additional catalyst particles;
(i) recovering a product stream from said separator; stripping catalyst particles from said separator to remove entrained hydrocarbons;
(k) removing spent FCC catalyst from the lower end of said stripping vessel and transferring said spent catalyst to a regeneration zone;
(l) regenerating said FCC catalyst in said regeneration zone by the oxidative removal of coke; and,
(m) transferring FCC catalyst from said regeneration zone to said riser reaction zone.
17. The process of claim 16 wherein said disengaging vessel is contained in a reactor vessel and said mixture of said product and spent FCC catalyst is discharged such that none of said mixture enters the volume of said reactor vessel located outside of said disengaging vessel.
18. The process of claim 16 wherein catalyst particles flow out vertically and radially from the lower end of said disengaging vessel through a plurality of slots located in the lower end of said disengaging vessel.
19. The process of claim 16 wherein a plurality of dissipator plates dissipate turbulent flow at the top of said disengaging vessel and said dissipator plates have side portions that extend up to the opening of said disengagement vessel and said dissipator plates and the wall of said stripping vessel define a plurality of chambers that collect at least a portion of the catalyst particles emptying from said disengaging vessel.
20. The process of claim 19 wherein said cyclone discharges catalyst particles into said reactor vessel and catalyst particles flow from said reactor vessel into said stripping vessel through a port in the wall of said stripping vessel.
21. The process of claim 20 wherein a fluidizing fluid is injected into the bottom of said reactor vessel, said fluidizing fluid is vented into said separator via an orifice opening in at least one of said stripping vessel and said disengaging vessel.
22. The process of claim 21 wherein said FCC catalyst is removed from said stripping vessel, passes through a secondary stripping vessel, and is transferred from said secondary stripping vessel to said regeneration zone.
23. The process of claim 16 wherein a vortex stabilizer extends upwardly from the bottom of said disengaging vessel.
24. The process of claim 23 wherein said vortex stabilizer comprises a portion of a riser conduit.
This application is a continuation in part of U.S. Ser. No. 613,037 which has issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,158,669 on Oct. 27, 1992, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) units. More specifically this invention relates to methods for separating catalyst from product vapors in an FCC reaction zone.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The fluidized catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons is the main stay process for the production of gasoline and light hydrocarbon products from heavy hydrocarbons such as vacuum gas oils. Large hydrocarbon molecules associated with the heavy hydrocarbon feed are cracked to break large hydrocarbon chains thereby producing lighter hydrocarbons. These lighter hydrocarbons are recovered as product and can be used directly or further processed to raise the octane barrel yield relative to the heavy hydrocarbon feed.
The basic equipment or apparatus for the fluidized catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons has been in existence since the early 1940's. The basic component of the FCC process include a reactor, a regenerator and a catalyst stripper. The reactor includes a contact zone where the hydrocarbon feed is contacted with a particulate catalyst and a separation zone where product vapors from the cracking reaction are separated from the catalyst. Further product separation takes place in a catalyst stripper that receives catalyst from the separation zone and removes entrained hydrocarbons from the catalyst by countercurrent contact with steam or another stripping medium. The FCC process is carried out by contacting the starting material, whether it be vacuum gas oil, reduced crude or another source of relatively high boiling hydrocarbons with a catalyst made up of a finely divided or particulate solid material. The catalyst is transported like a fluid by passing gas or vapor through it at sufficient velocity to produce a desired regime of fluid transport. The contact of the oil with fluidized material catalyses the cracking reaction. During the cracking reaction coke is deposited on the catalyst.
Coke is comprised of hydrogen and carbon and can include other materials in trace quantities such as sulfur and metals that enter the process with the starting material. Coke interferes with the catalytic activity of the catalyst by blocking active sites on the catalyst surface where the cracking reactions take place. Catalyst is transferred from the stripper to a regenerator for purposes of removing the coke by oxidation with an oxygen-containing gas. An inventory of catalyst having a reduced coke content, relative to the catalyst in the stripper, hereinafter referred to as regenerated catalyst, is collected for return to the reaction zone. Oxidizing the coke from the catalyst surface releases a large amount of heat, a portion of which escapes the regenerator with gaseous products of coke oxidation generally referred to as flue gas. The balance of the heat leaves the regenerator with the regenerated catalyst. The fluidized catalyst is continuously circulated from the reaction zone to the regeneration zone and then again to the reaction zone. The fluidized catalyst, as well as providing a catalytic function, acts as a vehicle for the transfer of heat from zone to zone. Catalyst exiting the reaction zone is spoken of as being spent, i.e., partially deactivated by the deposition of coke upon the catalyst. Specific details of the various contact zones, regeneration zones, and stripping zones along with arrangements for conveying the catalyst between the various zones are well known to those skilled in the art.
The rate of conversion of the feedstock within the reaction zone is controlled by regulation of the temperature of the catalyst, activity of the catalyst, quantity of the catalyst (i.e., catalyst to oil ratio) and contact time between the catalyst and feedstock. The most common method of regulating the reaction temperature is by regulating the rate of circulation of catalyst from the regeneration zone to the reaction zone which simultaneously produces a variation in the catalyst to oil ratio as the reaction temperatures change. That is, if it is desired to increase the conversion rate an increase in the rate of flow of circulating fluid catalyst from the regenerator to the reactor is effected. Since the catalyst temperature in the regeneration zone is usually held at a relatively constant temperature, significantly higher than the reaction zone temperature, any increase in catalyst flux from the relatively hot regeneration zone to the reaction zone affects an increase in the reaction zone temperature.
The hydrocarbon product of the FCC reaction is recovered in vapor form and transferred to product recovery facilities. These facilities normally comprise a main column for cooling the hydrocarbon vapor from the reactor and recovering a series of heavy cracked products which usually include bottom materials, cycle oil, and heavy gasoline. Lighter materials from the main column enter a concentration section for further separation into additional product streams.
The catalyst particles employed in an FCC process have a large surface area, which is due to a great multitude of pores located in the particles. As a result, the catalytic materials retain hydrocarbons within their pores and upon the external surface of the catalyst. Although the quantity of hydrocarbon retained on each individual catalyst particle is very small, the large amount of catalyst and the high catalyst circulation rate which is typically used in a modem FCC process results in a significant quantity of hydrocarbons being withdrawn from the reaction zone with the catalyst.
Therefore, it is common practice to remove, or strip, hydrocarbons from spent catalyst prior to passing it into the regeneration zone. It is important to remove retained spent hydrocarbons from the spent catalyst for process and economic reasons. First, hydrocarbons that entered the regenerator increase its carbon-burning load and can result in excessive regenerator temperatures. Stripping hydrocarbons from the catalyst also allows recovery of the hydrocarbons as products. Avoiding the unnecessary burning of hydrocarbons is especially important during the processing of heavy (relatively high molecular weight) feedstocks, since processing these feedstocks increases the deposition of coke on the catalyst during the reaction (in comparison to the coking rate with light feedstocks) and raises the combustion load in the regeneration zone. Higher combustion loads lead to higher temperatures which at some point may damage the catalyst or exceed the metallurgical design limits of the regeneration apparatus.
The most common method of stripping the catalyst passes a stripping gas, usually steam, through a flowing stream of catalyst, countercurrent to its direction of flow. Such steam stripping operations, with varying degrees of efficiency, remove the hydrocarbon vapors which are entrained with the catalyst and hydrocarbons which are adsorbed on the catalyst. Contact of the catalyst with a stripping medium may be accomplished in a simple open vessel as demonstrated by U.S. Pat. No. 4,481,103.
The efficiency of catalyst stripping is increased by using vertically spaced baffles to cascade the catalyst from side to side as it moves down a stripping apparatus and countercurrently contacts a stripping medium. Moving the catalyst horizontally increases contact between the catalyst and the stripping medium so that more hydrocarbons are removed from the catalyst. In these arrangements, the catalyst is given a labyrinthine path through a series of baffles located at different levels. Catalyst and gas contact is increased by this arrangement that leaves no open vertical path of significant cross-section through the stripping apparatus. Further examples of these stripping devices for FCC units are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,440,620; 2,612,438; 3,894,932; 4,414,100; and 4,364,905. These references show the typical stripper arrangement having a stripper vessel, a series of baffles in the form of frusto-conical sections that direct the catalyst inwardly onto a baffle in a series of centrally located conical or frusto conical baffles that divert the catalyst outwardly onto the outer baffles. The stripping medium enters from below the lower baffle in the series and continues rising upward from the bottom of one baffle to the bottom of the next succeeding baffle. Variations in the baffles include the addition of skirts about the trailing edge of the baffle as depicted in U.S. Pat. No. 2,994,659 and the use of multiple linear baffle sections at different baffle levels as demonstrated by FIG. 3 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,500,423. A variation in introducing the stripping medium is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 2,541,801 where a quantity of fluidizing gas is admitted at a number of discrete locations.
As the development of FCC units has advanced, temperatures within the reaction zone were gradually raised. It is now commonplace to employ temperatures of about 525� C. At higher temperatures, there is generally a loss of gasoline components as these materials crack to lighter components by both catalytic and strictly thermal mechanisms. At 525� C., it is typical to have 1% of the potential gasoline components thermally cracked into lighter hydrocarbon gases. As temperatures increase, to say 550� C., most feedstocks can lose up to 6% or more of the gasoline components to thermal cracking. However, the loss of gasoline can be offset by the often more desirable production of light olefins.
One improvement to FCC units, that has reduced the product loss by thermal cracking, is the use of riser cracking. In riser cracking, regenerated catalyst and starting materials enter a pipe reactor and are transported upward by the expansion of the gases that result from the vaporization of the hydrocarbons, and other fluidizing mediums if present upon contact with the hot catalyst. Riser cracking provides good initial catalyst and oil contact and also allows the time of contact between the catalyst and oil to be more closely controlled by eliminating turbulence and backmixing that can vary the catalyst residence time. An average riser cracking zone today will have a catalyst to oil contact time of 1 to 5 seconds. A number of riser reaction zones use a lift gas as a further means of providing a uniform catalyst flow. Lift gas is used to accelerate catalyst in a first section of the riser before introduction of the feed and thereby reduces the turbulence which can vary the contact time between the catalyst and hydrocarbons.
In most reactor arrangements, catalysts and conversion products still enter a large chamber for the purpose of initially disengaging catalyst and hydrocarbons. The large open volume of the disengaging vessel exposes the hydrocarbon vapors to turbulence and backmixing that continues catalyst contact for varied amounts of time and keeps the hydrocarbon vapors at elevated temperatures for a variable and extended amount of time. Thus, thermal cracking can be a problem in the disengaging vessel. A final separation of the hydrocarbon vapors from the catalyst is performed by cyclone separators that use centripedal acceleration to disengage the heavier catalyst particles from the lighter vapors which are removed from the reaction zone.
In order to minimize thermal cracking in the disengaging vessel, a variety of systems for directly connecting the outlet of the riser reactor to the inlet of a cyclone are suggested in the prior art. A majority of the hydrocarbon vapors that contact the catalyst in the reaction zone are separated from the solid particles by ballistic and/or centrifugal separation methods within the reaction zone. Directly connecting the inlet of a first cyclone and the outlet the first cyclone to the inlet of a second cyclone in what has been termed a "direct connected cyclone system" can greatly reduce thermal cracking of hydrocarbons. Unfortunately in most cases direct connected cyclones will increase the complexity of operating an FCC unit. When the cyclones are directly connected to the riser any pressure surges that normally occur in the FCC unit can cause the cyclones to malfunction and lead to the carry-over of catalyst into the main column and separation facilities for the recovery of the product. A number of different riser and cyclone arrangements are shown in the prior art to increase the reliability of the cyclone operation when the riser is directly connected thereto.
One way in which to overcome the problem of pressure surges and catalyst carry over is to connect a separation device having a large capacity to the outlet of the riser. Such a separation device is shown in FIG. 8 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,689,206. This separation device provides a disengagement of the catalyst and product vapor mixture before the mixture enters the relatively small volume of an ordinary cyclone. Due to its large volume the separation device is not easily overloaded and ordinary pressure surges will not interrupt its operation. However such large separation devices suffer from low separation efficiencies that increase the particle load on the downstream cyclones or require the use of two stage cyclones or must have a relatively long length to provide a high separation efficiency. Reduced efficiencies are in large part caused by the reentrainment of catalyst particles with the gas as it flows out of the separation device.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,692,311 issued to Parker et al. shows an apparatus for the separation of fluidized catalyst particles from gaseous hydrocarbons that comprises a cyclone zone having a tangential particle gas inlet and a vortex stabilizer in a lower section of the zone.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,689,206 issued to Owen et al. shows a separation device for an FCC reactor that is used at the end of a riser to impart a tangential velocity to catalyst particles that enter a confined separation zone. This reference also discloses the direct connection of the outlet from the confined separation zone to a cyclone separator.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,749,471 issued to Kam et al. discloses a direct connected cyclone system wherein an FCC riser reaction zone is directly connected to a first stage cyclone and transfers catalyst particles in close communication from the reactor riser to a first stage cyclone and from the first stage cyclone to a second stage cyclone from which product vapors are directly removed from the reactor.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,927,527 issued to Haddad et al. shows a combination separation and stripping device attached directly to a reactor riser, a mixture of gases and an FCC catalyst are transferred directly from the reactor riser and tangentially enter a separation device through which a stripping gas passes upwardly in countercurrent contact with the catalyst particles and from which stripping gas and vapors are withdrawn from a series of central openings.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,623,446 issued to Haddad et al. shows a direct connected cyclone system for an FCC reactor wherein stripping gas from the reactor vessel is vented into a conduit that directly connects a first stage or riser cyclone with a second stage cyclone.
It is an object of this invention to provide a catalyst separation system for use inside a reactor vessel that will provide a quick disengagement between catalyst and product vapors and be simple and reliable to operate.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a disengaging system for reactor products and catalysts that is not susceptible to overload from pressure surges and is relatively compact.
A further object of this invention is to provide a separation vessel that can receive the entire effluent from a reactor riser and provide a high separation efficiency without a susceptibility to overload from pressure surges.
A further object of this invention is to provide an FCC process that provides a quick separation of catalyst from product vapors and is not susceptible to overload from pressure surges or changes in operation of the reactor system.
The objects of this invention are provided by a separation system that is directly connected to the outlet of the riser and provides a high degree of separation by using a centrifugal separation within a disengaging vessel and means for dissipating turbulent flow at the bottom of or below the disengaging vessel to improve catalyst separation and prevent catalyst reentrainment. In one arrangement this means takes the form of partitions or dissipators that are located immediately below the outer vortex that is formed in most centrifugal particle separations. Ordinarily, a tangential velocity is introduced by the vortex, and if not dissipated will create turbulence that will reentrain free catalyst. Contact with the plates, or other means, dissipates these tangential velocities and reduces turbulence immediately below the vortex. The dissipating means can also be arranged to trap catalyst particles as they fall from the vortex to reduce the particle velocity and prevent reentrainment.
Accordingly, in one embodiment, this invention is a fluid catalytic cracking apparatus that includes a reactor vessel, a tubular riser having an inlet end for receiving feed and catalyst and an outlet end. An elongated disengaging vessel is located in the reactor vessel and has an upper and a lower end. The upper end of the disengaging vessel communicates directly with the outlet end of the riser and a has gas outlet at the top. The lower end has an open bottom wherein the outermost portion of the open bottom is unoccluded to permit unobstructed fluid and particulate flow. A stripping vessel is located directly below the disengaging vessel. The stripping vessel has an inlet that communicates directly with the open bottom of the disengaging vessel and an outlet for withdrawing catalyst from the stripping vessel. Means are provided for adding stripping gas to the stripping vessel. A segregation zone is located in the stripping vessel and includes means for dissipating turbulence at or below the bottom to the disengaging vessel.
In a more limited embodiment, this invention comprises a fluid catalytic cracking apparatus that includes a reactor vessel and a tubular riser having an inlet end for receiving feed and catalyst and an outlet end. An elongated disengaging vessel is located in the reactor vessel and has upper and lower ends. The upper end of the disengaging vessel has a tangential inlet in direct communication with the outlet end of the riser and a central gas outlet at the top. The lower end has a vertically extending sidewall, an open bottom and a plurality of circumferentially spaced ports at the bottom of the vertically extending sidewall. A stripper vessel having an upper end located in the reactor vessel and into which the lower end of the disengaging vessel extends is located immediately below the disengaging vessel. Means for dissipating turbulence are located in the stripper vessel. The stripper vessel also has a catalyst outlet at its lower end and at least one inner and at least one outer stripping baffle located between the top of the central portion of the dissipator plates and the catalyst outlet and means for introducing a stripping fluid into the stripping vessel. A vortex stabilizer extends into the lower end of the disengaging vessel. Means are provided for withdrawing gas from the open volume of the reactor vessel.
In an alternate embodiment this invention is a process for the fluidized catalytic cracking of an FCC feedstream. The process includes the steps of passing an FCC catalyst and the FCC feedstream to a riser reaction zone and contacting the feedstream with the FCC catalyst in the riser reaction zone to convert the feedstream to product vapors, discharging a mixture of the product vapors and the spent FCC catalyst from the riser directly into a disengaging vessel, and directing the mixture tangentially into the disengaging vessel to form an inner and outer vortex of product gases in the disengaging vessel, emptying catalyst particles from the bottom of the disengaging vessel directly into the top of a subadjacent stripping vessel. The process includes injecting a stripping gas into the stripping vessel and contacting the catalyst particles with the stripping gas to desorb hydrocarbons from the catalyst particles, discharging a gaseous stream of desorbed hydrocarbons and stripping gas upwardly through the stripping vessel, dissipating turbulence of said gaseous stream and said desorbed hydrocarbons as it flows into said disengaging vessel through an open volume of the stripping vessel located below the bottom of the disengaging vessel and out of the top of the stripping vessel into the bottom of the disengaging vessel; maintaining a relatively dense bed of catalyst below the top of the stripping vessel; withdrawing the product vapors and the gaseous stream from the top of the disengaging vessel through an outlet; passing the product vapor and the gaseous stream from the outlet to a separator to recover additional catalyst particles; recovering a product stream from the separator; transferring catalyst particles from the separator to a lower portion of the stripping vessel; removing spent catalyst from the lower end of the stripping vessel and transferring spent catalyst to a regeneration zone; regenerating the FCC catalyst in the regeneration zone by the oxidative removal of coke; and transferring FCC catalyst from the regeneration zone to the riser reaction zone.
Additional details and embodiments of this invention can be found in the following detailed description of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a sectional elevation of a reactor riser, reactor vessel and regenerator arrangement that incorporates the separation system of this invention.
FIG. 2 is an enlarged detail of the separation section located in the reactor vessel of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a section of the enlarged separation section taken across lines 3/3 of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a detailed cross-section of a secondary stripper section shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of the upper section of the reactor shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 6 is a sectional elevation of an alternate form of a reactor riser, reactor vessel and regenerator arrangement that incorporates the separation system of this invention.
Looking first at a more complete description of the FCC process, the typical feed to an FCC unit is a gas oil such as a light or vacuum gas oil. Other petroleum-derived feed streams to an FCC unit may comprise a diesel boiling range mixture of hydrocarbons or heavier hydrocarbons such as reduced crude oils. It is preferred that the feed stream consist of a mixture of hydrocarbons having boiling points, as determined by the appropriate ASTM test method, above about 230� C. and more preferably above about 290� C. It is becoming customary to refer to FCC type units which are processing heavier feedstocks, such as atmospheric reduced crudes, as residual crude cracking units, or residual cracking units. The process and apparatus of this invention can be used for either FCC or residual cracking operations. For convenience, the remainder of this specification will only make reference to the FCC process.
The chemical composition and structure of the feed to an FCC unit will affect the amount of coke deposited upon the catalyst in the reaction zone. Normally, the higher the molecular weight, Conradson carbon, heptane insolubles, and carbon/hydrogen ratio of the feedstock, the higher will be the coke level on the spent catalyst. Also, high levels of combined nitrogen, such as found in shale-derived oils, will increase the coke level on spent catalyst. Processing of heavier feedstocks, such as deasphalted oils or atmospheric bottoms from a crude oil fractionation unit (commonly referred to as reduced crude) results in an increase in some or all of these factors and therefore causes an increase in the coke level on spent catalyst. As used herein, the term "spent catalyst" is intended to indicate catalyst employed in the reaction zone which is being transferred to the regeneration zone for the removal of coke deposits. The term is not intended to be indicative of a total lack of catalytic activity by the catalyst particles.
The reaction zone, which is normally referred to as a "riser", due to the widespread use of a vertical tubular conduit, is maintained at high temperature conditions which generally include a temperature above about 427� C. Preferably, the reaction zone is maintained at cracking conditions which include a temperature of from about 480� C. to about 590� C. and a pressure of from about 65 to 500 kPa (ga) but preferably less than about 275 kPa (ga). The catalyst/oil ratio, based on the weight of catalyst and feed hydrocarbons entering the bottom of the riser, may range up to 20:1 but is preferably between about 4:1 and about 10:1. Hydrogen is not normally added to the riser, although hydrogen addition is known in the art. On occasion, steam may be passed into the riser. The average residence time of catalyst in the riser is preferably less than about 5 seconds. The type of catalyst employed in the process may be chosen from a variety of commercially available catalysts. A catalyst comprising a zeolitic base material is preferred, but the older style amorphous catalyst can be used if desired. Further information on the operation of FCC reaction zones may be obtained from U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,541,922 and 4,541,923 and the patents cited above.
As previously mentioned an FCC process unit comprises a reaction zone and a catalyst regeneration zone. This invention may be applied to any configuration of reactor and regeneration zone that uses a riser for the conversion of feed by contact with a finely divided fluidized catalyst maintained at an elevated temperature and at a moderate positive pressure. In this invention, contacting of catalyst with feed and conversion of feed takes place in the riser. The riser comprises a principally vertical conduit and the effluent of the conduit empties into a disengaging vessel. One or more additional solids-vapor separation devices, almost invariably a cyclone separator, is normally located within and at the top of the large separation vessel. The disengager vessel and cyclone separate the reaction products from a portion of catalyst which is still carried by the vapor stream. One or more conduits vent the vapor from the cyclone and separation zone. After initial separation the spent catalyst passes through a stripping zone that is located directly beneath the disengaging vessel. It is essential to this invention that the stripping vessel is located below the disengaging zone and that the upper portion of the stripping vessel contain means for dissipating turbulence at the outlet of the disengaging vessel. After the catalyst has passed through the stripping zone it can be transferred to the reactor vessel or pass through one or more additional stages of stripping.
Once stripped, catalyst flows to a regeneration zone. In an FCC process, catalyst is continuously circulated from the reaction zone to the regeneration zone and then again to the reaction zone. The catalyst therefore acts as a vehicle for the transfer of heat from zone to zone as well as providing the necessary catalytic activity. Catalyst which is being withdrawn from the regeneration zone is referred to as "regenerated" catalyst. As previously described, the catalyst charged to the regeneration zone is brought into contact with an oxygen-containing gas such as air or oxygen-enriched air under conditions which result in combustion of the coke. This results in an increase in the temperature of the catalyst and the generation of a large amount of hot gas which is removed from the regeneration zone and referred to as a flue gas stream. The regeneration zone is normally operated at a temperature of from about 600� C. to about 800� C. Additional information on the operation of FCC reaction and regeneration zones may be obtained from U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,431,749; 4,419,221 (cited above); and 4,220,623.
The catalyst regeneration zone is preferably operated at a pressure of from about 35 to 500 kPa (ga). The spent catalyst being charged to the regeneration zone may contain from about 0.2 to about 5 wt. % coke. This coke is predominantly comprised of carbon and can contain from about 3 to 15 wt. % hydrogen, as well as sulfur and other elements. The oxidation of coke will produce the common combustion products: carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and water. As known to those skilled in the art, the regeneration zone may take several configurations, with regeneration being performed in one or more stages. Further variety in the operation of the regeneration zone is possible by regenerating fluidized catalyst in a dilute phase or a dense phase. The term "dilute phase" is intended to indicate a catalyst/gas mixture having a density of less than 320 kg/m3. In a similar manner, the term "dense phase" is intended to mean that the catalyst/gas mixture has a density equal to or more than 320 kg/m3. Representative dilute phase operating conditions often include a catalyst/gas mixture having a density of about 15 to 150 kg/m3.
FIG. 1 shows a traditional stacked FCC reactor/regenerator arrangement that has been modified to incorporate the separation system of this invention. In its basic operation, feed enters the lower end of a riser 10 through a nozzle 12 where it is contacted with fresh regenerated catalyst from a regenerated catalyst conduit 14. A valve 16 controls the rate of catalyst addition to riser 10. Steam may also be added with the feed through nozzle 12 in order to achieve the desired feed velocity and help the dispersion of feed into the stream of catalyst particles. Feed hydrocarbons are cracked by contact with the catalyst in the riser and spent catalyst and product vapors exit the upper end of riser 10 through a horizontal pipe section 18. Pipe section 18 discharges the catalyst and product vapor mixture directly into a disengaging vessel 20. A reactor vessel 19 contains stripping gas, spent catalyst and product vapors. Catalyst disengaged from the stripping gas and product vapors in disengager 20 pass downwardly into a stripping vessel 22. Steam entering stripping vessel 22 through a nozzle 24 countercurrently contacts catalyst particles to strip additional hydrocarbons from the catalyst. Catalyst exits stripping vessel 22 through nozzle 26 and enters a second catalyst stripper 28. Steam entering stripping vessel 28 through nozzle 30 again countercurrently contacts the catalyst particles to remove additional hydrocarbons from the catalyst. Stripping gas and separated hydrocarbons rise upwardly through stripping vessels 28 and 22 and are withdrawn in a manner hereinafter more fully described through disengaging vessel 20 and a central gas outlet 32. A manifold 34 conducts stripping fluid and product vapors into cyclones 36 that effect a further separation of catalyst particles from the stripping fluid and product vapors. A manifold 38 collects stripping fluid and product vapors from the cyclone 36 which are removed from the reactor vessel by conduits 40. Product vapor and stripping fluid are taken from manifold 38 to product separation facilities of the type normally used for the recovery of FCC products.
All of the spent catalyst from the reactor section is directed into the regenerator. Spent catalyst collected by cyclones 36 drops downwardly through dip-legs 42 and collects as a dense bed 44 in a space between the wall of reactor vessel 19 and the outside of stripping vessel 22. A plurality of ports 46, hereinafter more fully described, transfer catalyst from bed 44 to the interior of stripping vessel 22. Spent catalyst stripped of hydrocarbons is withdrawn from the bottom of vessel 28 through spent catalyst conduit 48 at a rate regulated by control valve 50.
In a regenerator 52 the catalyst is regenerated by oxidizing coke from the surface of the catalyst particles and generating flue gas that contains H2 O, CO and CO2 as the products of combustion. The catalyst enters regenerator 52 through a nozzle 54 and is contacted with air entering the regeneration vessel through a nozzle 56. This invention does not require a specific type of regeneration system. The regeneration vessel pictured in FIG. 52 ordinarily operates with a dense bed 58 in its lower section. Some form of distribution device across the bottom of the regeneration vessel distributes air over the entire cross-section of the vessel. A variety of such distribution devices are well known to those skilled in the art. Alternatively, this invention can be practiced with a regeneration zone that provides multiple stages of coke combustion. Furthermore, the regeneration zone can achieve complete CO combustion or partial CO combustion. In the dense bed operation, as depicted in FIG. 1, flue gas and entrained catalyst particles rise up from bed 58. A first stage cyclone 60 collects flue gas and performs an initial separation of the catalyst particles which are returned to bed 58 by dip-leg 62 and the flue gas which is transferred by a conduit 64 to a second cyclone 66. A further separation of catalyst from the flue gas takes place in cyclones 66 with the catalyst particles returning to bed 58 via a dip-leg 68 and the flue gas leaving the upper end of cyclone 66 and the regeneration vessel via a collection chamber 70 and a flue gas conduit 72.
A more complete understanding of the operation and arrangement of disengaging vessel 20 and stripping vessel 22 is obtained by reference to FIG. 2. FIG. 2 shows disengaging vessel 20 located completely within reactor vessel 19. Disengaging vessel 20 operates with the mixture of spent catalyst and product vapors entering the upper end of disengaging vessel 20 tangentially through horizontal conduit 18. Tangential entry of the gases and solids into disengaging vessel 20 forms the well-known double helix flow pattern through the disengaging vessel that is typically found in the operation of traditional cyclones. Catalyst and gas swirls downwardly in the first helix near the outer wall of vessel 20 and starts back upwardly as an inner helix that spirals through the center of disengaging vessel 20 and exits the top of the disengaging vessel through central gas outlet 32. The spinning action of the gas and catalyst mixture concentrates the solid particles near the wall of vessel 20. Gravity pulls the particles downward along the wall of vessel 20 and out through a lower outlet 74. The efficiency of the disengager is improved by controlling the positioning of the double helix with a vortex stabilizer 76 that is located in the center of disengaging vessel 20. More than 95% of the solids passing through conduit 18 are removed by disengaging vessel 20 so that the gas stream that exits through conduit 32 contains only a light loading of catalyst particles. The vortex shape is also enhanced by giving disengaging vessel 20 a slight frusto-conical shape such that the upper section has a larger diameter than the lower section. It is also preferred that disengaging vessel 20 be designed such that the bottom of the outer helix ends at or about the bottom of opening 74. This design differs from traditional cyclones which are designed such that they will have a much longer length than the outer helix length. The required space for disengaging vessel 20 has been reduced by designing it such that the bottom of the outer helix extends to or only slightly below the outlet 74. The length of the disengager required for a specific helix configuration will depend on its size and the gas velocity. For disengagers of average size, those ranging from 5 to 10 feet in diameter, the length of the disengager from the bottom of the gas and catalyst inlet to the outlet 74 will be 2 to 3 times the largest diameter of the disengaging vessel.
As the solids leave disengaging vessel 20 through outlet 74, it tends to be reentrained by gas that is circulating near opening 74 or entering disengaging vessel 20 through opening 74. Locating the outlet 74 near the bottom of the outer helix of the disengaging vessel can create turbulence that will reentrain additional catalyst. Stripping gas and stripped hydrocarbons flowing upwardly from the stripping vessel into the disengaging vessel can also reentrain catalyst particles. In one embodiment of this invention, a portion of catalyst particles exit outlet 74 radially through a series of slots or ports 78 that extend circumferentially around the lower portion of outlet 74. Typically, the outlet will have 8 to 24 of such slots spaced around the outside. These slots will usually vary from 12 to 24 inches in height and approximately 3 to 6 inches in width. The slots improve the separation efficiency by containing the vortex that is near the outlet 74 while allowing catalyst particles to spray outwardly under the influence of the vortex into the outer portion of stripping vessel 22, thereby clearing the central portion of outlet 74 for the influx of gas.
Disengaging vessel 20 opens directly into the top of stripping vessel 22. Swirling gas flow associated with the cyclonic vortex and the countercurrent flow of gas upwardly from the stripping vessel 22 normally would create a long zone of turbulence below outlet 74. The effect of any turbulence is reduced by providing means for dissipating the turbulence below the disengaging vessel. FIG. 2 shows one means of dissipating turbulence below the disengaging vessel in the form of a set of plates 80 that function to dissipate any turbulence associated with the swirling action of the helical gas flows. Other means for dissipating turbulence include a helical trap consisting of means for impacting the catalyst particles and directing them downward. Referring again to FIG. 2, the dissipator plates are spaced below the bottom of opening 74 such that an open area 84 provided between the top 82 of the central portion of the dissipator or partition plates 80, and the bottom of outlet 74. The length of this space is indicated by Dimension A and will preferably be equal to approximately half the diameter of the outlet 74. This space is provided and the top 82 of plates 80 is not brought all the way up to the bottom of opening 74 in order to reduce the velocity of the descending vortex before it contacts the dissipator plates. In an alternate arrangement, the top of plates 80 may be sloped along lines 82'. In a yet further arrangement, the means for dissipating turbulence can consist of several radially spaced vanes extending from a control support such as vortex stabilizer 76.
The dissipator plates 80 are attached to the inner walls of stripper 22 and extend inwardly to the center line of vessel 22. Plates 80 can have a slanted or spiral arrangement but, are preferably arranged vertically. In most cases at least four dissipator plates will extend inwardly from the walls of vessel 22 and divide the cross-section of the stripper vessel in the region of the dissipator plates into four quadrants. Plates 80 dissipate any horizontal components of gas flow that extend below the open area 84. The plates 80 also provide a convenient means of locating and supporting vortex stabilizer 76 and stripper baffle 88. The vertical orientation of plates 80 obstruct any tangential or horizontal components of gas velocity such that the effects of any vortex does not extend past upper plate section 82. In addition, the horizontal momentum of any catalyst particles that extend below plate boundary 82 is stopped by plate 80 so that the particles have a more direct downward trajectory and the total distance traveled by the particles through the stripping vessel is reduced. Reducing the travel path of the particles through stripping vessel 22 lessens the tendency of catalyst reentrainment. In a preferred arrangement, at least one dissipator plate bisects the cross-section of the stripping vessel 22. At minimum, the Diameter B of the dissipator plates about the central portion 82 should be at least equal to the diameter of outlet 74. The effectiveness of the dissipator plates is increased by having the Diameter B at least slightly larger than the diameter of outlet 74. The stripping vessel can be arranged such that its outer wall has a diameter equal to Dimension B. The effectiveness of the dissipator plates can be further increased by increasing the diameter of stripping vessel 22 relative to Dimension B and providing the dissipator plates with an outer section 86 that extends outwardly to the region beyond Dimension B and above the central portion 82 of the plates. Outer section 86 preferably extends above outlet 74 and more preferably above the top of slots 78. 'ne additional plate area provided by sections 86 of the dissipator plates 80 serves to further reduce tangential gas velocity components and moreover to provide a relatively stagnant area for collecting catalyst particles that accumulate on the outside wall of stripper vessel 22. Plate sections 86 function to further direct catalyst particles, that would otherwise become entrained in the upflowing stripping gas and swirling gas associated with the cyclonic separation, to flow downwardly into the stripping vessel.
As the catalyst flows downwardly, it is countercurrently contacted with the stripping gas from nozzle 24. In order to improve the stripping efficiency, conical baffles are provided to increase the contact between the solid particles and the stripping gas in the middle or lower sections of the stripping vessel. These stripping baffles have the usual cone arrangement that is ordinarily found in FCC strippers. In one particular arrangement, an uppermost inner cone type baffle 88 is attached to partition plates 80 and a lower outer cone 90 is attached to the wall of stripping vessel 22. These baffles can be of any ordinary design well known to those skilled in the art and commonly used in FCC strippers. Preferably, the stripper baffles will be provided with skirts that depend downwardly from the lower conical portion of the baffle. It is also known that such skirts can be perforated to increase the contacting efficiency between the stripping fluid and the catalyst particles.
FIG. 2 depicts an arrangement of the stripping vessel wherein an upper portion 22' is located in the reactor vessel 19 and a lower portion 22" extends below the interior of reactor vessel 19. This arrangement facilitates the location of nozzle 26 for the withdrawal of spent catalyst from the stripping vessel.
The stripping vessel and the disengaging vessel may be supported from the reactor vessel 19 in any manner that will allow for thermal expansion between disengaging vessel 20 and reactor vessel 19. One support arrangement uses a solid stripping vessel fixed to the bottom shell of reactor vessel 19 and a disengaging vessel fixed rigidly thereto. In such an arrangement, thermal expansion of the disengaging vessel and the upper portion 22' of the stripping vessel is provided by expansion joints in the conduit 18 and the central outlet 32 or the manifolds located thereabove.
FIG. 2 shows an arrangement wherein the upper portion 22' is fixed to the bottom of disengaging vessel 20 and a slip joint is provided between the upper portion 22' and the lower portion 22" of the stripping vessel.
Catalyst bed 44 surrounds the location of stripper section 22'. The lower portion of reactor vessel 19 must have a catalyst inlet to transfer catalyst from bed 44 to stripper vessel 22. In the arrangement of FIG. 2, catalyst drains into the stripper vessel through the slots 46 in the manner previously described. Fluidizing gas, which is generally steam, distributed to the bottom of bed 44 by distributor 98 facilitates the transport of catalyst into the stripping vessel through slots 46 and strips the catalyst discharged from the dip-legs of the reactor cyclones.
In addition to the slots for catalyst passage, the slip joint arrangement of FIG. 2 shows additional slots in the upper portion of lower stripper section 22'. These slots provide clearance for the dissipator plates as the disengaging vessel and upper stripper section 22 grow downward with respect to the lower stripper section 22'.
The slots are sized to maintain a bed of dense catalyst in the bottom of the reactor vessel. This bed prevents stripped vapors from entering the open volume of the reactor vessel. FIG. 3 depicts the dissipator plates, upper stripper baffle, slip joint and slots in plan view. Looking at FIG. 3, four dissipator plates are shown spaced 90� apart and extending from the outer wall of the upper stripper section 22' to the outside of vortex stabilizer 76. Vortex stabilizer 76 is centrally supported from the dissipator plates. The slots 92 spaced about the upper end of section 22" lie directly beneath the dissipator plates 80 to prevent interference between the bottom of the dissipator plates and the top of section 22". Slots 46 are spaced regularly about the lower periphery of section 22'. Four to sixteen of such slots 46 are usually provided. The slots are sized to maintain a catalyst level in bed 44 and prevent the leakage of gas outwardly from the stripping vessel into the open area of reactor vessel 19. For a typical arrangement, the slots 46 will be 500 to 1000 mm in height and from 300 to 400 mm wide. Slots 92 are sized as necessary to provide adequate clearance for the dissipator plates; for an ordinary arrangement, slots approximately 250 mm�250 mm will provide adequate clearance.
Catalyst that leaves the stripping vessel through nozzle 26 enters the secondary stripping vessel 28. Stripping vessel 28, shown in more detail by FIG. 4, operates in a conventional manner. Catalyst passes downwardly through the stripper and is cascaded side to side through a series of inner baffles 100 and outer baffles 102. Catalyst is withdrawn through ports 104 in a lower portion of a support conduit 106 to which inner stripper baffles 100 are attached. Ports 104 direct the catalyst into conduit 48 for transfer into regenerator vessel 52 in the manner previously described. Stripping baffles 100 and 102 may again be provided with dependent skirts and orifices to increase the contact between catalyst and steam that enters the stripping vessel through nozzle 30. Steam or other stripping fluid that contacts the spent catalyst rises countercurrently to the catalyst and flows out of stripping vessel 28 through nozzle 26.
All of the stripping steam as well as displaced hydrocarbons flow upwardly through the upper stripping vessel and into the disengaging vessel where they are withdrawn with product vapors through the central gas tube 32. FIG. 5 shows the upper portion of reactor vessel 19. The top of disengaging vessel 20 extends into the upper section of reactor vessel 19. The disengaging vessel is supported by support lugs (not shown) which are attached to the wall of vessel 19. Central gas nozzle 32 extends upwardly and branches into a manifold that provides transfer conduits 32 having arms 110. Each of arms 110 is connected to a cyclone inlet 112 for cyclones 36. The upper section of the manifold arms and cyclones are supported by gas outlet tubes 40. An expansion joint 114 is provided in the branch arms to accommodate differential thermal expansion between the gas tube and branch arms and the shell of reactor vessel 19.
All of the product vapors, stripped hydrocarbons, stripping fluid and fluidizing gas enter central gas outlet 32 from the disengaging vessel in the manner previously described. Pressure equalizer ports 116 are provided in the sides of central gas tubes 32 and communicate the open area of the reactor vessel with the interior of the gas tube to vent fluidizing gas from the open area of the reactor vessel. The ports 116 are sized to maintain a suitable pressure drop usually less than 0.7 kpag between the open area of the reactor vessel and the central gas conduit 32. Of course, venting of gases from the open area of the reactor can be provided by a vent located in the branch arms 110, the cyclone inlets 112, or even a separate cyclone vessel located within or outside of the reactor vessel 19. In addition, it is clear to those skilled in the art that this invention can be used with any number of secondary cyclones 36.
In another embodiment the disengaging vessel and stripping vessel of this invention has an arrangement that uses a central riser and a single stripping zone in a configuration that has the regeneration vessel to the side of the stripping vessel and disengaging vessel. FIG. 6 illustrates this arrangement wherein a regeneration vessel 120 supplies regenerated catalyst in the same manner as previously described for regeneration vessel 52 via a nozzle 122 at a rate regulated by a control valve 124. The regenerated catalyst contacts feed injected into a riser 126 by nozzle 128. Feed reacts with the hot catalyst as it travels up external riser portion 126 and through internal riser portion 130. Internal riser section 130 passes concentrically through a stripping vessel 132 and a disengaging vessel 134 contained in a reactor vessel 135. The top of riser 130 terminates with a pair of ducts 136 that tangentially direct the catalyst and hydrocarbon vapors into the upper portion of disengaging vessel 134. Tangentially direct a catalyst again forms a double helix in disengaging vessel 134 which serves to separate catalyst from the vapors. In order to minimize interference with the inner helix, ducts 136 may have a spiral form that further accommodates the helical flow of catalyst around the riser. Separated hydrocarbon vapors along with stripping fluid from stripping vessel 132 are collected by a central outlet tube 140 and passed through a manifold 142, cyclones 144, outlet tubes 146, and manifold 148 in the manner previously described to provide a relatively catalyst-free stream of product vapors taken from manifold 148.
Catalyst from dip-legs 150 empty into the bottom of reactor vessel 135 where a fluidizing fluid from a distributor 168 contacts the catalyst to facilitate flow of the catalyst into the upper section of stripper 132 via ports 170. Fluidizing gas and other vapors in the reactor are vented back into the stagnant area associated with plate portions 156 at the top of the stripper through a conduit 172. Fluidizing gas and other vapors from the reaction zone can be also or alternately vented into the top of the disengaging vessel through an orifice opening 174. Relative to the disengaging vessel and the stripping vessel, it is preferable to vent fluid from the reactor vessel into the stripping vessel because it will be in an environment better protected from the erasive effects of catalyst.
Catalyst from disengaging vessel 136 along with catalyst from dip-legs 150 of cyclones 144 enters the top of stripping vessel 132. Catalyst from the disengaging vessel falls through an open section 152 before contacting dissipator plates 154. Catalyst from dip-legs 150 enters the top of the stripper at a relatively stagnant area formed by an outer portion 156 of dissipator plates 154. Catalyst drops below the dissipator plates and cascades back and forth through a series of inner baffles 158 attached to riser section 130 and outer baffles 160 attached to the wall of stripping vessel 132. The downwardly cascading catalyst countercurrently contacts upwardly rising steam that enters stripper 132 through a distributor ring 162. Stripped catalyst from stripper 132 flows through a spent catalyst conduit 164 and into regeneration vessel 120 at a rate regulated by a control valve 166.
The description of this invention in the context of a specific embodiment is not meant to limit the invention to the details disclosed herein.
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Located on the lakefront of Lake Taupo, our self-contained, serviced, motel accommodation has a range of studios and one bedroom units, all with spa baths. We also have two lake front apartments, located on the lake edge these beautiful apartments are pure luxury. We can cater for family holidays, romantic weekends, relaxing getaways, and business travel. We can also accommodate large group bookings for conferences and teams attending events or tournaments here in the Great Lake Taupo Area.
Enjoy spectacular views of Lake Taupo and the mountains from one of our lake view studios or one bedroom units.
Our stunning ground floor two bedroom two apartment and first floor three bedroom apartment are both located on the lakefront, and have uninterrupted views of Lake Taupo and the mountains of Tongariro National Park. Both have full kitchen facilities, large living and dining areas, three ensures, one with a spa bath, private spa pool, internal garage, BBQ, as well as access to our pool area and all our other facilities and services, and are serviced daily.
Soak up some sun or read a book on one of our sun loungers. Enjoy dinner outside in our large patio area or cook outside in our BBQ area. Pool towels are available for free at reception and all our rooms have bath robes.
You can give credit towards accommodation, or create an all inclusive package. The choice is yours, and we can help you build the perfect package to suit your budget.
Call us now on 0800 733 378 (0800 REEF STAY) or email email@example.com

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DEFINITION of 'Lower of Cost and Market Method'
A requirement of GAAP in the United States that inventory be recorded at the lower of either the cost to produce it, the cost to repurchase it or the market value of the inventory.
INVESTOPEDIA EXPLAINS 'Lower of Cost and Market Method'
The lower of cost and market method has two boundaries on the valuation of inventories. The first is the inventory ceiling, which requires that inventory must be reported no higher than the net realizable value less expenses. The second boundary is the inventory floor, which requires that inventory value be reported at no lower than the net realizable value plus normally attainable profit.
Amortization1. The paying off of debt in regular installments over a period ...
Depreciation1. A method of allocating the cost of a tangible asset over its ...
Net Asset Value - NAVA mutual fund's price per share or exchange-traded fund's (ETF) ...
InventoryThe raw materials, work-in-process goods and completely finished ...
Carrying ValueAn accounting measure of value, where the value of an asset or ...
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ...The common set of accounting principles, standards and procedures ...
What are the generally accepted accounting principles for inventory reserves?As with most matters related to generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), accountants assigned with the task of applying ... Read Full Answer >>
How is minimum transfer price calculated?A company that transfers goods between multiple divisions needs to establish a transfer price so that each division can track ... Read Full Answer >>
What Book Value Of Equity Per Share (BVPS) ratio indicates a buy signal?Book value of equity per share (BVPS) is a ratio used in fundamental analysis to compare the amount of a company's shareholders' ... Read Full Answer >>
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What does an unfavorable variance indicate to management?In managerial accounting, an unfavorable variance is discovered when a company's management performs a comparison between ... Read Full Answer >>
Is there a way to include intangible assets in book-to-market ratio calculations?The book-to-market ratio is used in fundamental analysis to identify whether a company's securities are overvalued or undervalued. ... Read Full Answer >>
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Calculating Unlevered Free Cash FlowUnlevered free cash flow (UFCF) is the free cash flow of a business before interest payments.
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Understanding Long-Term DebtLong-term debt is any debt or liability that is due in more than one year.


text: This restaurant is conveniently placed in the Ka'anapali Shores resort...and some of the tables have wonderful views, especially at sunset. The food is good and well presented, and there is a reasonable choice. The drinks available are also varied and well prepared, and the staff are excellent. We... read more


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THE VIEW Hosts Jenny McCarthy & Sherrie Shepherd to Exit Daytime Talker
Sherri Shepherd and Jenny McCarthy took a little time to enjoy THE VIEW, but now it appears they have had enough of the scenery.
Shepherd took to Twitter yesterday to reveal news of departure, posting: "The number 7 is God's number of completion & after 7 seasons my time at The View is now complete! So grateful 2 every1 4 their love & support"
She later Tweeted: "Incredibly grateful to my second mom Barbara Walters for pushing me beyond my comfort zone - it's been amazing doing it scared! #joy"
McCarthy, who only joined the show in 2013, quickly took to Twitter to share with her fans: "If Sherri goes ... I go too. #sisters" She later added: "My View will be changing too. As will with many hard working folks. Thanks to everyone at the show for your dedication and an amazing year ... We will be back."
In a statement issued to Deadline, Shephard, 47, confirmed news of her exit, commenting: "After careful consideration, it is time for me to move on. I am extremely grateful to Barbara Walters and Bill Gedde for giving me the opportunity. I look forward to the business opportunities that lay ahead for me and I am incredibly grateful to myView family and my fans for supporting me on this journey."
Shepherd first began her time on the morning talkie as a guest co-host in 2006 and was named a permanent co-host the following year. McCarthy, 41, joined the show this past September following the departures of long-time View co-hosts Elisabeth Hasselbeck and Joy Behar. In May, Barbara Walters departed the show to begin her retirement from journalism. Just this week, Walters made a quick return to the ABC show to plug her exclusive interview with the father of the Santa Barbara shooting suspect.
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text: The gentlemen at the Front Desk were very pleasant. The room was clean. However there was no hot water in the pm or the am. Can't believe it was due to use as there were only a few cars there. We will be returning to Assateague Island, but not to this motel.


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Smith Chamber Sunglasses - Polarized - Road Bike Shop
Road Bike Shop
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|Smith Chamber Sunglasses - Polarized - Men's
Spot the big one on this year's fishing trip with the Smith Polarized Chamber Sunglasses. These shades fight glare so you can spot and reel in a massive halibut. Smith made the glare-fighting polarized lenses with TLT Techlite Glass, which is durable and lightweight. The super burly Grilamid TR90...


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I would stay here again. I was real impressed with the young lady that checked us in(wish I could...
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I would stay here again. I was real impressed with the young lady that checked us in(wish I could...
Great hotel for just a few nights at a great price.
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Great hotel for just a few nights at a great price.
The Sandcastle Oceanfront Resort at the Pavilion hotel appeals to families year-round thanks to its oceanfront pool and residential amenities like a full kitchen and private balconies. Just nine blocks from the popular Myrtle Beach Pavilion -- a visitor's paradise dotted with attractions and rides -- the hotel encourages guests to spend time outdoors, whether it's an alfresco cocktail at the cabana bar or inner tube ride along the lazy river.
Sandcastle Oceanfront Resort at the Pavilion rest efficiencies and suites accommodate four and six guests respectively, and are styled with tropical colors, wood furniture and patterned drapes and bedding. Depending on the layout, guests will have views of the Atlantic Ocean or the city via windows and private balconies. To curb dining expenses, visitors save money by cooking their own meals at in the full kitchen equipped with microwave, stove and small refrigerator.
The outdoor pool area is at the heart of the action. A lazy river teases with its ocean views and free-form construction, while a seasonal outdoor bar invites adults to enjoy cocktails outdoors. On rainy days, Sandcastle Oceanfront Resort at the Pavilion guests have a backup plan: the indoor pool and Jacuzzi.
This is not a comprehensive list of fees. Any amounts listed above may not include taxes and are subject to change.
Customers who viewed Sandcastle Oceanfront at the Pavilion also booked these hotels.
Rates quoted in currencies other than the hotel's base currency are subject to the rate of the international exchange. Rate may change throughout stay. Rate may reflect average nightly rate. Extra charges may apply. Incidental charges, such as room service, are not included in the rate.
The amenities and/or facilities may not be located at the hotel, but within a reasonable distance, and additional charges may apply for use.
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Would recommend
Nice location
Very small room, right next to the beach and a hop skip and a jump to the night life.
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This property allows you to book online with a credit card. After submitting a reservation request, the owner or manager has 24 hours to accept, at which time your card will be charged and you will receive an email confirmation
Recent Governor's Harbour reviews
"Excellent lodging, great views, beautiful grounds, fantastic location! Ms. Jean was such an elegant lady and gracious host and full of information and historic tales. I would recommend to anyone! We loved it. We spent the last 4 days of an 11 day trip to the Bahamas and wished we had spent them all at this location. Don't miss the Friday night fish fry, and the bakery with fresh breads and sweets only a 2 block walk."Guest: Cailey Date of Stay: April 2015 Review Submitted: May 10, 2015View listing
"Our group of six just returned from this villa. We had a nice time and enjoyed the island. The listing states 30 acres but I believe this is shared with the house next door 7 palms which you can see from the back patio. Pluses, very private beach with palapa providing shade, turquoise water and white sugar sandy beach very few beach goers so very quiet and private. 15 minutes from governors harbor and 5 minutes from tippys and the back porch. A little older feeling. Our main issues were the floor plan. All three bedrooms were outside the living room/dining room. Even more awkward was the kitchen was separate from dining room, a separate building so you had to open and close, due to mosquitoes, two doors coming and going to dining room, hard with plates in your hand. Dining is very expensive and something as Common as a fish sandwich can cost $20 or more at the local restaurants. We had planned on cooking. The kitchen was poor. Oven was worthless as the temperature was not accurate,but worse were the preponderance of flys, hundreds maybe thousands when food was being prepared. Our harbor island house we stayed in did not have this problem. We gave up and ate out every lunch and dinner. Lots of sand flys, mosquito bites etc , but that's the tropics. Great place to get away with gorgeous beach but don't think about cooking real meals Ps fly all the way from Malibu ca for pristine beach and privacy and on the morning of our third day a wedding planner walks through the villa, unannounced, to the back patio were we were having coffee. She wanted to meet clients and tour the property, and we had people still sleeping ! After agreeing to come back after we leave the next day , I go for a run on the beach. When I get back she and two people are wondering around the back yard and continue to do so for 20 minutes. My kids and wife say the future groom stormed into the back yard , enraged we wouldn't give them access to our leased villa. All In , the wedding planner sat in our living room For 20 minutes on her phone, supposedly cancelling meeting, then walked around for another 20 minutes. If you value and are willing to pay for privacy like us, you should address this with management prior to renting."Guest: Tim H. Date of Stay: June 2015 Review Submitted: June 14, 2015View listing
"Stunning views, immaculately clean, minimalist charm, we had everything we could ask for plus the sounds of the waves...would recommend to anyone, it could not have been more comfortable and joyful. We like to visit different places...but will certainly consider returning to this spot just because it was so perfect for us. Spent 11 days, could have stayed forever. Our only regret was that the wind was unusually strong during our stay so we did not use the beach, swim out front or make use of the paddle board or kayaks, or sit on our deck for meals. But the beauty of Eleuthera is that if it's windy on one side, good chance it's not on the other - so we spent lots of time exploring the stunning "Caribbean" side. Great snorkeling, deserted beautiful beaches. Cayo Loco supplies really nice beach chairs and towels - we took these with us everywhere, they were much appreciated! Bring a small cooler (we left one there) for lunches as who wants to leave the beach once you get there? Take Maureen up on her offer to supply coconut water - refreshing morning drink. Eleuthera itself was just our speed - have never visited the Bahamas because our impression was that they are very touristy. Not so here...Eleuthera is a true throw back in time. The local people as well as all the expats we met could not be more kind and gracious, it is one of the safer islands we have ever visited. And Cayo Loco is one of the nicest vacation homes we have ever rented. Kudos to Maureen and Alan."Guest: Maura P. Date of Stay: November 2014 Review Submitted: December 8, 2014View listing
"I had the best vacation of my life here. We stayed three weeks. The house itself is lovely, clean, new, with all amenities you would need. We wanted for nothing. It made being away from home very easy. The location was close to everything. The view of Balara Bay was private and outstanding. I snorkeled daily right off my front yard! The tiki hut was perfect for shade and so fun. Chad and Barry, the caretakers, were professional and very personable. They made us feel right at home. We were very comfortable and enjoyed being at Caribbean Blue very much. I kind of wish I could keep it secret, it is that special. Looking forward to visiting again. Thank you for sharing!"Guest: Flouncey Date of Stay: March 2015 Review Submitted: April 20, 2015View listing
Featured Destinations: The Villages, Rosemary Beach, Destin Condo Rentals, Amelia Island, Myrtle Beach, Outer Banks


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Ilfracombe Weather forecast
Current Time
2015-07-05 03:42
Temperature, °C
Pressure , millibars
Humidity, %
Wind , m/s
In Sunday 5 June in Ilfracombe observed rain. The air temperature is between +10°C to +11°C, humidity 100%. Today, the atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg, the wind speed is 6.26 m/s. Wind direction - 207 degrees. Check out the most accurate weather forecast at Ilfracombe for tomorrow and for the next 3 days. If you are interested in the weather Ilfracombe for 5 days or 10 days - please check with an estimated synoptic situation at that time, adjusted for subsequent correction factor.
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Ilfracombe weather forecast for 15 days. Today's weather in Ilfracombe,United Kingdom.


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This is the master list and yachts are listed as we receive each entry. This information is for each of our offices, destinations and our participants.
The * or ** in the left column are for our own use.
Entries listed with their details are finalised but if your yacht is listed with the details missing it shows we have received your entry and we have not yet processed it or we are waiting on some additional information from you.
If you would like an Entry Form please email us.


text:
Permanent Substitute Teacher – Gulfton (IMMEDIATE OPENING)
YES Prep Public Schools - Houston, TX
This job posting is no longer available on YES Prep Public Schools. Find similar jobs:Permanent Substitute Teacher Gulfton jobs - YES Prep Public Schools jobs
About this company
These students are hooked on higher education. The University of Texas System runs nine universities throughout the Lone Star State with a...


text:
I am trying to deploy a cakephp app to iis but am having trouble with the re-writes. I have added the cake recommended web.config file to the root and it seems to work with the clean urls, however it is not finding any styles even for the cake config index.php. Any ideas would be appreciated.
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seems like you dont have rewrite enabled, try http://bakery.cakephp.org/articles/filippo.toso/2008/01/29/cakephp-on-iis
or don't use "pretty" url's
Microsoft IIS doesn't allow the functionality of mod_write which is a must when you are using Cake PHP. You can even use something , which is equivalent to the same on microsoft server,i.e IIS. Check out the link below, it might be of help : http://www.iis.net/download/URLRewrite
Using this Web.config, my app works fine. Is important too, add 777 permissions on cake folder.


text:
About the Author
Knowing that the greatest good comes from helping others without expecting praise, the author of this work has requested that his name be omitted.
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This tiny little book has 19 small pages of text, wide margins and is double spaced. Someone needs to post the size of this small booklet and to remark on the very brief treatment... Read morePublished 6 days ago by Amazon Customer
Nice little book for those who are on the beginners steps for the Creation Process, or Law of Attraction - whatever name you'd like to use it. Read morePublished 1 month ago by C.M.
This works! In fact, it began to work four hours after I read it. My initial reaction was to doubt...but that's the complete opposite of what you should do. Read morePublished 1 month ago by Pated
A very clear and precise guide to putting your thoughts out to the Universe and believing in them. Although written in the early part of the 20th century, it is most current in its... Read morePublished 1 month ago by Michael Thornley


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HotTubWorks Spa Repair Forums
Welcome to the HotTubWorks Spa Repair Forums.
- Forum
- Everything For Hot Tubs & Spas
- Spa Parts, Repair and Troubleshooting
- Circulation pump
Turk videolari arasinda en erotik sahnelerin bulundugu donmadan Full porno izle adresi olarak bilinen xporno sizlerle onerimizdir.
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Thread: Circulation pump
01-11-2014, 10:29 AM #1Junior Member
- Join Date
- Jan 2014
- Posts
- 1
Hi, this is my first post so please bear with me! I have an issue with my 2 speed circulation pump and I am looking for some help!
The wet end was leaking quite badly so I stripped it down and replaced both seals. I refitted the pump to my hot tub and it ran fine for 24 hours. Now when it try's to kick into the second speed it just humms? If I leave it on the 1st speed it circulates water fine and I can see the shaft spinning. When I clicked on the 2nd speed the shaft was still spinning although as I said there was a humming. After 30 secs of this humming I assume the motor is overheating as it cuts out.
So, I am a little bit lost! I removed the pump from the tub again and then ran it dry to see if the 2nd speed would kick in, and it does! So to clarify it looks like it the motor is fine until I put it under load as in let the water run through the motor.
Any ideas what this could be? I don't want to have to replace the pump as they are £300+!
Any advice would be greatly appreciated.
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IEEE 802.11 Jobs in Hertfordshire
Jobs 1 to 2 of 2
Wireless/wi-fi Engineer - Leading .Com Company!
Hatfield, Hertfordshire -
Understanding Recruitment
A fantastic opportunity for a Wireless/wi-fi Engineer to secure a position within a leading software technology company just north of London... As a ground breaking and innovative company we need the Wireless/wi-fi Engineer to work at all levels in order to support and lead the development...
Salary: £45000 - £55000 per annum + bensPosted: Yesterday
Wireless WiFi Engineer
Hatfield, Hertfordshire -
Deerfoot IT Resources Ltd
Wireless network Technology Appraisal. Wireless network Design. Wireless network Planning. Wireless network Installation. Wireless network Surveying. Configuration management of network and client devices. Detailed knowledge of 802.11 protocol stack. Knowledge of enterprise wireless switches (Cisco or Aruba) Wireless troubleshooting, including packet analysis... This role may suite an individual who...
Salary: £40000 - £50000 per annum + BenefitsPosted: 4 days ago


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ISKCON Desire Tree - Devotee Network
Connecting Devotees Worldwide - In Service Of Srila Prabhupada
|An Appeal About Us Donate Contact Us
excerpt from a talk given by Radhanath Swami at the Savoy Hotel, organized by Anil Agarwal. London, UK
Views: 546
inspiring to work for society.
© 2015 Created by ISKCON desire tree network.


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Lian Li Releases the PC-Q33 Mini-ITX Chassis in North America
- Details
- Category: Hardware News
- Published: Friday, 20 December 2013 18:16
- Written by garfi3ld
December 20, 2013, Keelung, Taiwan - Lian-Li Industrial Co. Ltd, today announces a new brushed aluminum Mini-ITX chassis – PC-Q33 – with a flip-open design and space-efficient hardware support.
Front Hinge for Easy Access
The PC-Q33 provides plenty of working space for DIY builders. Builders can swing open the top and front panel of this brushed aluminum chassis providing easy access to the internal components.


text:
Young man found dead in car in St. AlbansFebruary 26,2013
Young man found
dead in car
ST. ALBANS Police in St. Albans are investigating the death of a 17-year old male found slumped inside of a motor vehicle at a park-and-ride area.
Police said a caller alerted them at about 5:45 p.m. Sunday that he knocked on the drivers window in an attempt to rouse the teen, but had no success.
Police found the young man slumped over the steering wheel. After failed attempts to awaken him, a police officer smashed out the front passenger window. He discovered that the teen wasnt breathing and had no pulse. He was taken to a hospital.
The deceased was identified as Logan Newell of Georgia, Vt. No evidence of foul play was detected and Newells cause of death remains unknown.MORE IN Vermont NewsJudging by the campers on the road, strawberries-for-sale signs and last weeks parades and... Full StorySOUTH BURLINGTON A fight between neighbors over trimming rights to a 65-year-old maple tree has... Full StoryWHITE RIVER JUNCTION An inmate at the Springfield jail is facing a felony charge in connection... Full Story
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Because I'll tell you, there are going to be a lot of politicians that are going to try to co-opt the Tea Party movement.
After Japan invaded the Korean Peninsula in 1905, the conquerors sought to co-opt local pride to reinforce Japanese hegemony.
But no matter that difference, we crave to own and co-opt, rather than necessarily understand, it.
1650s, "to select (someone) for a group or club by a vote of members," from Latin cooptare "to elect, to choose as a colleague or member of one's tribe," from com- "together" (see com-) + optare "choose" (see option (n.)). For some reason this defied the usual pattern of Latin-to-English adaptation, which should have yielded *cooptate. Sense of "take over" is first recorded c.1953. Related: Co-opted; co-opting.
see co-opt.


text: Christina-Aguilera By BrandonBaney February 7, 2011 4:46 PM Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Category: Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Leave a comment Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! Best of News Talk KGVO New Study: University of Montana Vastly "Underrated" Largest Fire in Montana Currently 35 Percent Contained Montana Ranked One of the Best Places to Conceal a Firearm Clinical Psychologist Patrick Davis Discusses Pain Treatment on Health Talk Recommended For You Best of the Web


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Im a Youtube junkie! I spend way too much time scouring the site for amazing videos. This is my outlet to share with you some of my discoveries. Enjoy!
Brad Paisley falls on stage
by Shy Guy Shawn
posted Mar 8 2010 7:42AM
Over the weekend Country superstar Brad Paisley hosted a concert in Charleston, SC.
While finishing up a performance of his song "Alcohol" he took a nasty spill on the stage...then continued to get back up...thank the audience...and exited.
Ironically for him, this happened in the closing seconds of what was his encore finale. This also happened to be his last show of the American Saturday Night Tour as well (the show also took place on a Saturday Night).
So i guess if youre gonna take a nasty tumble and possibly injure yourself...better to do it at the end of the show & tour so you dont have to cut the concert (or tour) short to recover from any injuries.
After the fall Brad was taken to the local hospital where he received a CT Scan and eventually discharged with no injuries.
Brad also kept fans updated on his status via twitter, even asking for anyone who had footage of his fall to post it to youtube via the following tweet: "Allright, whoever posts the YouTube footage of it gets a meet and greet. I have got to see it. I hit hard. And I mean freaking hard."
If you remember earlier this summer, rapper Drake also took a nasty spill on stage with a more seious outcome (tore his ACL and had to cancel his remaining dates on the Lil Wayne tour). Thankfully for Brad there was no better or more convienent time for this to happen to him the way it did (even if he would have injured himself). Luck was indeed on his side!
Brad will be kicking off his next tour June 12 in Burgettstown, Pa. Thats a good 3 months to recover from only bruises from this fall.
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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
33 year old man | Fairport, NY, USA | Seeking women 25-35 within 50 miles
Funny,motivated, like to travel
Well here it is.. I have never thought i would be looking on a web site to find someone but why not I guess. I am looking for someone that will be happy eating at a nice resturaunt or just going camping with me. I am a very motivated hard working guy, but will make all the time for the right person. I enjoy spending time with my friends and family. I try to travel on vacation at least twice a year. Some of my favorite places are maui and jamaica, but I'm also happy just hanging out at home. Besides traveling , i enjoy fishing and the outdoors .Im hoping to find someone that is motivated , goal oriented like myself but still likes to have fun. My friends would describe me as funny , caring and genuine . I live and work by the model ( give others more than they expect) .
Camping , Exploring new areas , Travel/Sightseeing
Baseball, Football, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
Don't display my sign
Middle of the Road
I like to travel and visit new places. Hang out with friends. The out doors camping, hiking or just relaxing at home sometimes .
How to assemble a gas grill, but actually im a guy and guys dont read the directions we just figure it out lol!
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|6'1" (185cms)
|3'0" (91cms) to 8'11" (271cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned
|No preference
|Dark brown
|No preference
|Yes, but trying to quit
|No preference
|Social Drinker
|No preference
|Executive / Management
|No preference
Enjoy the outdoors, traveling, spending time with friends and family.
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|No preference
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|Not sure
|Not sure
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Bachelors degree
|Some college


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Manmohan Singh and his wife Gursharan Kaur being welcomed at Air Force Base Galeao
The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh and his wife Smt. Gursharan Kaur being welcomed at Air Force Base Galeao, on their arrival, at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on June 20, 2012.
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