text:
The present invention includes multi-layer micro-channeled heat sinks, multi-layer micro-channeled heat sink devices, and multi-layer micro-channeled heat sink systems. The invention also includes machines or electronic devices using these aspects of the invention. The present invention also includes an electronic device with multi-layered micro-channeled heat sink. The invention utilizes the multi-directional flow of coolant through the individual heat sink layers so as to minimize heat gradients. The present invention is also capable of reducing the undesirable temperature variation in the streamwise direction for the micro-channel heat sink instead of increasing the pressure drop.
1. A multi-layer micro-channel heat sink for use with a heat generating surface, said micro-channel heat sink comprising:
at least three layers, each said layer adjacent to and in thermal communication with at least one other said layer, wherein one said layer is adjacent to and in thermal communication with said heat generating surface, each said layer comprising an input, an output and at least one micro-channel for transporting a coolant from said input to said output of a respective layer, wherein each said layer is configured such that coolant flowing through said layer flows in a different direction than coolant flowing through an adjacent layer;
a flow splitter, said flow splitter in fluid communication with each said input, said flow splitter adapted to receive a common flow of coolant and to deliver coolant to each said input;
a flow combiner, said flow combiner in fluid communication with each said output, said flow combiner adapted to receive coolant from each said output and combine said received coolant into a common flow of coolant; and
a coolant circulating device for supplying said flow splitter with a common flow of coolant and for receiving said common flow of coolant from said flow combiner so as to circulate coolant across each said layer of said plurality of layers.
2. A multi-layer micro-channel heat sink according to
3. A multi-layer micro-channel heat sink according to
4. A multi-layer micro-channel heat sink according to
5. A multi-layer micro-channel heat sink according to
6. A multi-layer micro-channel heat sink according to
7. A multi-layer micro-channel heat sink according to
8. An electronic device with multi-layer micro-channel heat sink, said electronic device comprising:
electronic circuitry capable of generating heat;
at least three layers, each said layer adjacent to and in thermal communication with at least one other said layer, wherein one said layer is adjacent to and in thermal communication with said electronic circuitry, each said layer comprising an input, an output and at least one micro-channel for transporting a coolant from said input to said output of a respective layer, wherein each said layer is configured such that coolant flowing through said layer flows in a different direction than coolant flowing through an adjacent layer;
a flow splitter, said flow splitter in fluid communication with each said input, said flow splitter adapted to receive a common flow of coolant and to deliver coolant to each said input;
a flow combiner, said flow combiner in fluid communication with each said output, said flow combiner adapted to receive coolant from each said output and combine said received coolant into a common flow of coolant; and
a coolant circulating device for supplying said flow splitter with a common flow of coolant and for receiving said common flow of coolant from said flow combiner so as to circulate coolant across each said layer of said plurality of layers.
9. An electronic device according to
10. An electronic device according to
11. An electronic device according to
12. An electronic device according to
13. An electronic device according to
14. An electronic device according to
15. An electronic device according to
This application is a divisional application of application Ser. No. 09/613,998 filed Jul. 11, 2000 abandoned that was a continuation-in-part application of application Ser. No. 09/369,564 filed Aug. 6, 1999 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,457,515.
The present invention is in the field of electronic cooling and temperature regulation.
This invention relates to heat sink apparatus useful in electronic devices. More specifically, this invention relates to the removal of heat from microelectronics that are useful in computerized devices
The problem of heat removal has become an important factor in the advancement of microelectronics, due to drastically increased integration density of chips in digital devices as well as an increased current-voltage handling capability of power electronic devices. The task of removing a large amount of dispersed heat from a constrained, small space is often beyond the capability of conventional cooling techniques. New methods with heat removal capabilities at least one order larger than that of conventional ones are therefore required.
Although described with respect to the fields of computers and microelectronics, it will be appreciated that similar advantages of a high performance and compact cooling scheme may be realized in other applications of the present invention. Such advantages may become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the present disclosure or through practice of the invention.
The present invention includes heat sinks, heat sink devices, and heat sink systems. The present invention may also be used as a heat source, a heat source device, and in heat source systems, in accordance with methods of heat transfer known to one skilled in the art. The invention also includes machines or electronic devices using these aspects of the invention. The present invention may also be used to upgrade, repair or retrofit existing machines or electronic devices or instruments of these types, using methods and components known in the art.
The present invention is based on a multi-layer micro-channel heat sink design. Micro-channel heat sink has been studied and tested as a high performance and compact cooling scheme in microelectronics cooling applications. It is shown that the thermal resistance as low as 0.03� C./W is obtainable for micro-channel heat sinks, which is substantially lower than conventional channel-sized heat sinks. Design factors that have been studied include coolant selection (air and liquid coolant), inclusion of phase change (one phase and two phase), and structural optimization.
One drawback of micro-channel heat sink is the relatively higher temperature rise along the micro-channels compared to that for the traditional heat sink designs. In the micro-channel heat sink the large amount of heat generated by semiconductor chips is carried out from the package by a relatively small amount of coolant, the coolant thereby exiting at a relatively high temperature.
This undesirable temperature gradient is an important consideration in the design of an electronic cooling scheme. A large temperature rise produces thermal stresses in chips and packages due to the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch among different materials thus undermining device reliability. Furthermore, a large temperature gradient is undesirable for the electrical performance since many electrical parameters are adversely affected by a substantial temperature rise. For instance, in power electronic devices electrical-thermal instability and thermal breakdown could occur within a high temperature region.
In one-layered micro-channel heat sink design, increasing the pressure drop across the channels can control bulk temperature rise along the channels. A larger pressure drop forces coolant to move faster through the channel. This requires a more powerful pumping power supply, generating more noise, and requiring bulkier packaging. Multi-phase micro-channel heat sink is an alternative method for eliminating the temperature variations, in which the utilization of latent heat can achieve a uniform temperature profile on the heating surface. However, a multi-phase scheme can have several drawbacks, such as a complicated structure and a much larger pressure drop required for the gas-liquid mixture to flow inside the minute conduits.
The present invention reduces the undesired temperature variation in the streamwise direction for the micro-channel heat sink by a design improvement, instead of increasing the pressure drop. The design in the present invention is based upon stacking multiple layers of micro-channel heat sink structures, one atop the other, with coolant flowing in different directions in each of the adjacent micro-channel layers. For such an arrangement, streamwise temperature rise for the coolant and the substrate in each layer may be compensated through conduction between the layers, resulting in a substantially reduced temperature gradient. The flow loop can be similar to the one designed for the one-layered micro-channel heat sink, except that the flow loop should branch to allow the coolant to flow from different directions, or the same direction, into each of the layers.
In the present invention, the thermal performance of the proposed multi-layered micro-channel heat sink is examined numerically using a finite element method. Optimization issues for design parameters are addressed as well. Although a one-layered micro-channel heat sink has been extensively studied, the proposed multi-layered structure concept has never been reported.
The present invention includes a multi-layered micro-channeled heat sink for use with a heat-generating surface. The heat sink has at least one first layer having a plurality of micro-channels. One of these first layers is in thermal contact with the heat-generating surface. The heat sink also has at least one second layer comprising a plurality of micro-channels. Each second layer is in thermal contact with at least one first layer. Preferably, the layers alternate between first and second layers. The heat sink also comprises a device for circulating a coolant through these layers. The coolant preferably flows through each first layer in a common direction and through each second layer in a direction opposite that common direction.
Also included in the present invention is a multi-layered micro-channeled heat sink for use in conjunction with heat-generating surface. The heat sink contains multiple layers, each layer comprised of several micro-channels. Each layer is in thermal contact with at least one other layer. One of the layers is also in thermal contact with the heat-generating surface. The heat sink includes a device for circulating a coolant or other heat-transferable fluid through these layers, such that coolant flows through at least two of the layers in different directions. Preferably, coolant flows through each adjacent layer in a different direction.
The present invention also includes an electronic device with multi-layered micro-channeled heat sink. The device includes electronic circuitry capable of generating heat. The device contains a plurality of layers, each layer comprised of a plurality of micro-channels. Each layer is in thermal contact with at least one other layer, and one of the layers is also in thermal contact with the electronic circuitry. The electronic device also includes a device for circulating a coolant through the layers, such that the coolant flows through at least two of the layers in different directions.
The heat sink or electronic device may be made of any appropriate material consistent with its intended function as reflected in the present disclosure. For instance, the channel walls may be made of silicon. The systems can be augmented by the addition of any related device, including a cooling or heating device, a heat exchange device, a coolant or heating fluid filter, a coolant or heating fluid reservoir, and/or a flow-generating device. Typically, the dimensions of the individual micro-channels should be less than one-sixteenth of an inch in height and width, and comparable to the size of the heat generating or heat absorbing substrate in length. EDM is an example of a technique that may be used to create these micro-channels, among other methods of micro machining known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Coolant, as used in this disclosure, refers to any liquid, gel, or other flowable material that is capable of transferring heat to or from a specified device. Flowing coolant may be used to transfer heat from a device, thereby cooling it, or to a device, thereby heating it.
FIG. 1 is (a) a schematic for three-layered micro-channel heat sink concept and (b) shows one embodiment of the cooling set-up for the proposed three-layered structure in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows the computational domain based on symmetry considerations in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows the temperature distribution in normal (y) direction at different x and z locations in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 4 shows the temperature distribution in x direction in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 5 shows heat flux vector plots at z=O and z=L for Re=143.6 in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 6 shows a) the temperature distribution in streamwise (z) direction for a two-layered micro-channel heat sink and b) the temperature distribution in streamwise (z) direction for a one-layered micro-channel heat sink in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 7 shows the effects of Wch/Wfin and ΔP1/ΔP2, on the normal and streamwise thermal resistances in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 8 shows the streamwise temperature distribution for partially heated cases in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 9 is an exploded perspective view of another multi-layered micro-channel heat sink in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a front view of a feeding mechanism that may be used in conjunction with the multi-layered micro-channel heat sink of FIG. 9 in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 1(a) shows a preferred multi-layer heat sink 9 comprising three layers, each layer comprised of several micro-channels 10. The heat sink 9 may be made from a conductive or semi-conductive material such as silicon. The cooling setup 11 for the preferred two-layered heat sink 9 is shown in FIG. 1(b). Coolant is drawn from a coolant reservoir 12 by a flow-transporting device 13. The coolant is passed through a coolant filter 14 to either a heat exchanger 15 or through a bypass valve 16 back to the reservoir 12. Coolant passing through the heat exchanger 15 is then bifurcated into two separate paths of flow, each path passing coolant through a separate flow meter 17. For devices with more layers, the flow may branch into multiple paths by flow splitter 21. Each flow path is then passed through one of the layers of the heat sink 9, which is in thermal contact with a heat-generating substrate 18. The heat-generating substrate 18 may comprise electric circuitry capable of generating heat. After passing through the micro-channels of each layer, the flow of coolant is combined by flow combiner 22, the flow of coolant the passes through a cooler 19 and is then sent back to the coolant reservoir 12. A drain 20 is also provided to allow the changing of coolant. A series of thermocouples 23 monitor the temperature of the coolant at various locations through out the cooling set-up. The ratio of coolant volume flow rate through each layer may be varied.
It should be recognized that the device is not limited to two layers, and in fact may have several stacked layers. It is preferred that no adjacent layers have coolant flowing in a common direction, so as to minimize the presence of heat gradients in the heat generating substrate. Since each channel may have coolant flowing in one of two opposing directions, and the channels in each layer do not necessarily need to be parallel to those of an adjacent layer, there may also be multiple directions of flow. For instance, in a square heat sink a given layer may have micro-channels positioned perpendicular to or opposite to the direction of micro-channels in an adjacent layer. Since flow may go through the micro-channels in either direction, the presence of perpendicular channels provides for the possibility of 4 directions of flow through the heat sink. It should be recognized that the number of directions of flow is limited only by practicality.
In manufacturing the micro-channeled heat sink, equipment and techniques may be used that are similar to those developed and employed in the electronics semiconductor industry. One such technique that may be used to manufacture the heat sinks is silicon surface micro-machining. In a preferred example of this technique, layers of a sacrificial material such as an oxide are deposited on the surface of a silicon wafer at the location of the grooves of the heat sink. Polysilicon may be used as a structural material that is then deposited on the wafer structure, where the walls of the heat sink are located, and then etched to form the grooves and the walls. Two silicon wafers may then be bonded together using wafer-bond or other appropriate techniques. The top surface of the first layer may be covered by bonding a top layer of a polysilicon or other appropriate substrate. The wafer structure may then be cut and packaged into the final design. ps Materials and Methods
Optimization of the Heat Sink: The parameters that are used to evaluate the thermal performance of a heat sink are the normal and the streamwise thermal resistances. The normal thermal resistance is defined as
where ΔTn max is the maximum temperature rise from the coolant in the bottom channel to the bottom surface of the heat sink that is attached to the heat-generating chips and q is the heat flux at the bottom surface. The streamwise thermal resistance is related to the rate of the streamwise temperature gradient and the applied heat flux, and is defined by
where ΔT2 max denotes the maximum temperature increase along the z direction on the bottom surface of the silicon.
The task of optimization is to find the optimal design parameters that would minimize the cited two thermal resistances in the normal and streamwise directions. Pertinent geometrical parameters related to the thermal performance of a two-layered micro-channel heat sink are the ratio of channel height to channel width, the ratio of fin width to the channel width, the size of the channels, and the streamwise channel length of the heat sink. It has been established that in the one-layered structure, smaller channel size and larger ratio of channel height to width can reduce the normal thermal resistance, as long as such a design will satisfy the structural consideration. These observations are also valid for two-layered structures. It has been reported that the optimal ratio of channel width to fin width is about 1.0 for the one-layered structure. This result may not be true for a two-layered design because the heat dissipation pattern through the channel and the fin, as discussed previously, are quite different between the one-layered and two-layered structures.
The effects of the wch/wfin on the normal thermal resistance, Rn th, is shown in FIG. 7 for both the two-layered and the one-layered structures under the same operating conditions. It should be noted that wch/wfin variations did not have a significant impact on the streamwise thermal resistance, Rn th. In the two-layered structure, the minimum Rn th is obtained at the wch/wfin ratio of 0.6, compared to 1.0 for the one-layered structure. This means that the fins for an optimal two-layered micro-channel heat sink may be thicker than the fins of the one-layered structure having the same patch width. The reason for this difference in fin thickness is that the fin for the bottom layer in the two-layered structure transports a higher percentage of heat (to both the bottom and top channels) than the fin for the one-layered structure; and a thicker fin apparently facilitates this heat transfer. It should be noted that the normal thermal resistance varies only slightly in the range of wch/wfin less than 0.6. Considering the difficulty of fabrication of smaller channels, wch/wfin of 0.6 is therefore recommended as the optimal ratio for the practical design of a two-layered micro-channel heat sink.
The effects of the ratio of the pressure drops in the bottom and top layer, ΔP1/ΔP2 on the streamwise thermal resistance, Rz th, for both the one-layered and two-layered structures are also plotted in FIG. 7. It should be noted that ΔP1/ΔP2 variations did not have a significant impact on the normal thermal resistance, Rn th. In order to compare the two cases, the same heat flux is again used for both cases and the flow rate used for the one-layered case is set equal to the sum of the flow rates in the top and the bottom layers for the two-layered case. It should be noted that for the one-layered channels, the amount of heat carried out by the coolant flow is proportional to the flow rate, which in turn is proportional to the pressure drop applied across the channels. For the two-layered channels, given the total amount of the flow rate of coolant in both channels, it requires knowledge of the optimal pressure drop ratio that can minimize the streamwise thermal resistance. It can be observed in FIG. 7 that as ΔP1/ΔP2 increases from 0.7 to about 3.0, the streamwise thermal resistance rate decreases significantly from 17.2� C./cmW to 11.40� C./cmW Further increase of this pressure ratio does not significantly reduce the thermal resistance. Based on this fact, a pressure ratio of 2.5-3.0 is recommended as an optimal ratio for a practical two-layered design. This optimal pressure ratio is also found to hold true for the partially heated cases as shown in FIG. 7.
Another geometric parameter that can be optimized in the design of a two-layered micro-channel heat sink is the channel length. The streamwise temperature distribution in FIG. 6 indicates that a large portion of the temperature rise occurs at the two ends of the channels. This is due to relatively intense heat transfer between the low-temperature coolant of one layer at its inlet and the high-temperature coolant of the opposite layer at its outlet, within a short distance. This implies that the two-layered micro-channel can be constructed with a longer length in the streamwise direction, so that the heat-generating semiconductor chips can be mounted in the mid section of the heat sink to avoid the two high temperature gradient regions at both ends of the channels. This idea is implemented in our calculations by modifying the boundary condition at the bottom of the heat sink to one of partial heating, specifically, three-fifth of the total length at the mid section of the channel is exposed to heat flux. FIG. 8 shows the streamwise temperature distribution at x=40 and y=0 (at the bottom surface) of this partially heated case. The overall channel length is kept at 8000 μum, which is the same as the length used for the fully heated case. The heated region is restricted from z=1600 μm to z=6400 μm. All other parameters are kept the same as for the fully heated case discussed previously. The temperature increases from 27.6� C. to 29.5� C. and decreases from 29.7� C. to 25.0� C. within the two end regions. In the heated region where the semiconductor chip is mounted, the temperature variation is only about 0.5� C. This demonstrates that a longer micro-channel design can indeed substantially reduce the streamwise temperature variation. It should be pointed out that the one-layered design does not have these characteristics. A longer channel length in the one-layered structure will not affect the streamwise temperature rise due to the absence of the heat transfer mechanism between the coolant flows within the top and the bottom layers.
As shown in FIG. 2, the heat sink has two layers of rectangular channels and fins. The width and height of each of the channels are 2Wch and Hch respectively. The width and height of each of the vertical fins are 2Wfin and Hch and the width and height of each of the horizontal fins are 2(Wfin+Wch) and Hba. respectively. The length of the channel in the streamwise direction is L. Flow in the bottom channel is along the z direction and flow in the top channel is opposite to the z direction.
Previous numerical works on the one-layered micro-channel heat sink are mostly based on a two-dimensional model. However, a three-dimensional model is necessary in this work because the temperature distribution in the two-layered structure is expected to be three-dimensional, along with a non-linear distribution in a streamwise direction. For the fin region shown in FIG. 2, the three dimensional conduction equation with constant thermal conductivity as given below is utilized.
The flow in each of the micro-channels is assumed to be unidirectional. That is, the inlet and outlet hydraulic effects may be neglected. This assumption can be justified by noting that the inlet and the outlet dimensions of the micro-channel's cross section are at least one order of magnitude less than the length of the channel. This allows the attainment of an analytical expression for the velocity profile. The temperature distribution within the micro-channel can then be obtained from the following energy equation
where w is the streamwise velocity component. As mentioned before, the velocity distribution inside the channel, w, can be obtained analytically as
where the average velocity is given by
and where Wch is the channel width and Hch1,2 is the channel height for either the lower or upper layer.
Based on the symmetry conditions, the central surface of the fin and the channel are taken as adiabatic. The top surface of the system is assumed to be adiabatic as well, because thermally insulated materials usually cover it. A uniform heat flux, q is applied to the bottom of the composite micro-channel which is attached to the heat generating chip. The coolant is assumed to enter each of the micro-channels at a constant temperature. Adiabatic conditions are utilized at the exits of each of the micro-channels. This is because conductive heat transfer at the exit is estimated to be less than 1% of the imposed heat transfer at the bottom surface. The micro-channel heat sink is presumably made of silicon, and water is used as the coolant.
The Reynolds Number (Re) is defined in the usual manner as
where D1,2 are the hydraulic diameters of the lower and the upper channels, respectively, which are defined by
The numerical scheme is based on the finite element discretization using Galerkin Method of weighted residuals. Eight-node iso-parametric brick elements are used in the computations. A normal case ran for about four hours on a R-10000 silicon graphic workstation.
The temperature profiles in the y direction at various x and z locations are plotted in FIG. 3. The parameters used in generating FIGS. 3, 4, 5 and 6 which are based on some typical generic conditions for these type of applications are listed in Table 1. FIGS. 3a, 3 b, 3 c correspond to z=0, 0.5L, L which in turn signify the lower layer inlet/upper layer outlet, middle of the channel, and lower layer outlet/upper layer inlet, respectively. The curves in each figure correspond to different x locations labeled as a, b, c and d in FIG. 3.
The temperature in the base section is virtually constant due to the large ratio of the thermal conductivity of silicon to water. This implies that the conduction contribution to the overall thermal resistance in the y direction is insignificant and the thickness of the silicon at the base is not a crucial factor for the thermal performance of the heat sink. The fluid temperature in the central channel domain is basically constant until it reaches the boundary layer region at which point the fluid temperature rises rapidly towards the solid surface temperature.
Due to the conduction effect on the coolant, the upper and lower layers of the fluid have apparent temperature difference. At the two ends of the channels, there are regions where the outlet coolant temperature for one layer is higher than the temperature of the surrounding substrate cooled by the other coolant layer at its inlet. This implies that for each layer, heat dissipates from substrate to coolant at its inlet, as it does in one layered micro-channel heat sink, but in addition heat transfer also occurs from the heated coolant to the substrate around its outlet. This feature is unique and occurs only in the two-layered heat sink design. It is also observed that temperature distribution in the y direction at various z positions is quite different. For example, the temperature in solid domain remains almost constant with height in FIGS. 3b and 3 c, but in FIG. 3a, it drops only until the mid-section of the lower channel and then it increases gradually with height. This is also different from a one-layered structure where the temperature profile should be invariant in streamwise distance.
Temperature profiles in the x direction are plotted in FIG. 4. FIGS. 4a, 4 b and 4 c correspond to different z positions of 0, 0.5L, and L respectively. The curves in each figure correspond to different y locations labeled as A, B, C and D in FIG. 4. All curves in FIG. 4 change abruptly at the interface between the fin and the channel. The temperature profiles at the base of the lower layer, as represented by the curves in FIGS. 4a and 4 b, display a temperature increase from the central surface of the fin to the central surface of the channel. This is indicative of a heat flux parallel to the base surface, the direction of which is from the channel side to the fin side.
The heat flux paths suggested in FIG. 4 can be seen clearly in the heat flux vector plots displayed in FIG. 5. FIG. 5 illustrates that the heat input at the bottom surface of the heat sink is dissipated in two ways: a "direct" path which is by conduction through the base layer and convection from the lower layer of the channel; and an "indirect" path which is by conduction through the vertical fin and the upper base layer as well as convection from the upper layer channel. As seen in FIG. 5, the "direct" path dominates the heat transfer process around z=0 whereas around z=L the main heat flux flows through the "indirect" path. This is because around z=0, as seen in FIG. 5a, which corresponds to the lower channel inlet and the upper channel outlet, the coolant in the lower channel is cooler than that in the upper channel, so the "direct" heat flux path is more significant than the "indirect" path. The opposite scenario is the case around z=L as seen in FIG. 5b where the heat flux along the "indirect" path is dominant.
FIGS. 6a shows the temperature distribution along the channels, corresponding to the central surface of the fin. The four curves in FIG. 6a correspond to different y. locations labeled as A, B, C and D. The results for the streamwise temperature distribution within the one-layered channel structure is shown in FIG. 6b. For comparative purposes, the pressure drop and other parameters are kept the same as those used in the two-layered structure.
As shown in FIG. 6a, the streamwise temperature distribution at different y positions, denoted by the curves A to D, are close to each other, with maximum value occurring approximately at the center of the channels regardless of the y location. The maximum temperature difference in the streamwise direction in the two-layered structure is around 5� C. as seen in FIG. 6a. The benefits of the two layered micro-channel system become apparent when the maximum temperature difference for the two layered system shown in FIG. 6a is compared with that for the one layered channel shown in FIG. 6b. As seen in FIG. 6b, the maximum temperature difference for the one layered micro-channel system is about 15� or about 300% higher than that for the two-layered micro-channel system for the same set of parameters. Therefore, the two-layered micro-channel heat sink can reduce the streamwise temperature difference more effectively than the traditional one-layered design.
The preferred embodiments herein disclosed are not intended to be exhaustive or to unnecessarily limit the scope of the invention. The preferred embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the present invention so that others skilled in the art may practice the invention. Having shown and described preferred embodiments of the present invention, it will be within the ability of one of ordinary skill in the art to make alterations or modifications to the present invention, such as through the substitution of equivalent materials or structural arrangements, or through the use of equivalent process steps, so as to be able to practice the present invention without departing from its spirit as reflected in the appended claims, the text and teaching of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. It is the intention, therefore, to limit the invention only as indicated by the scope of the claims and equivalents thereof.
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3. M. B. Keiner, S. A. Kuhn and K. Haberger, High performance forced air cooling scheme employing micro-channel heat exchangers, IEEE Trans. On Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology Part A 18, 795-804 (1995)
4. V. K. Samalam, Convective heat transfer in micro-channels, J. of Electronics Materials 18, 611-17 (1989)
5. A. Weisberg, H. H. Bau and J. Zemel, Analysis of micro-channels for integrated cooling, Int. J. Heat & Mass Transfer 35, 2465-74 (1992)
6. M. B. Bowers and I. Mudawar, Two-phase electronic cooling using mini-channel and micro-channel heat sinks: part I- design criteria and heat diffusion constraints, Trans. of the ASME, J. of Electronic Packaging 116, 290-7 (1994)
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|Page: 12 |


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I wrote this as a response to a poem one of my friends wrote. Her name is Kira Burton. She's on wordpress. You should follow her: 260 more words
Tags » Aquarians
Hello world! What's this button do?!
This is me. 12:05 am. I'm a writer. What makes me any different than the rest of the world? How do I stand out? 216 more words
Happy Birthday, Me!
Finding the art in this Tuesday had its own unique set of challenges. First, I was away from my cabin–sojourning in the city. Secondly, it was my birthday. 671 more words
You say it's your birthday?
So many birthdays today and this week. Wow I know a lot of Aquarians. Yay, us. Mine was today.
I think perhaps that some people find birthdays to be a bigger deal for adults than I do. 1,249 more words
Age of Aquaria
Everyone has a superpower and you don't need a cape and your undies on the outside to claim it. It may be something fabulous (you can fly?) or something mundane that makes day to day living so much easier, but no matter who you are it's tucked in there somewhere. 393 more words
Aquarian crises
Ever since I started my astrology training, I can't help myself but noticing how badly we understand what the zodiac signs represent. It's as if we now what they describe but we do not have an insight. 414 more words


text:
Clear Windows, Office and Internet History Software
This software offers a solution to users who want to clear selected history folders in one go. Using the clearly marked tabs and check...
This software offers a solution to users who want to clear selected history folders in one go. Using the clearly marked tabs and check...
Microsoft is tweaking its browser strategy ahead of making 'Spartan' available to Windows 10 users.
Chinese hardware manufacturer Lenovo has come under fire for allegedly shipping consumer Windows laptops with software that hijacks secure website connections, as well as inserting ads into search results.
Microsoft has joined the asm.js bandwagon, and will bring support for the speedy JavaScript subset to its next major version of Windows.
A search for a good $100 tablet turned up not one but two from a major brand. One runs Windows 8.1 and the other Android.
Microsoft has revealed a few new tidbits about Spartan, its new 'modern' browser for Windows 10, and its relationship with IE.
Microsoft is planning to roll out a new browser when it debuts Windows 10, according to sources. But IE isn't going completely away.
Microsoft is no longer legally required to remind Windows users in the European Union that they have a choice of browsers beyond IE, as has been the case for the past five years.
Seven updates include one to Exchange Server which was scheduled for last month and withheld.
Three updates are rated critical. The critical update for Office affects Office for Mac as well.
The most serious vulnerability could allow an attacker to gain control of a Windows Server just by sending packets. For undisclosed reasons, Microsoft withheld two updates scheduled for release.
A total of 24 vulnerabilities, many severe and a few being exploited in the wild, have been revealed and patched.
A total of four updates will be released next Tuesday. One is a critical update for Internet Explorer.
Microsoft is adding iOS and Windows Phone email-profile provisioning and IE 11 Enterprise Mode support to its Windows Intune device-management service.
Updates released today address a total of 37 vulnerabilities in Windows, Internet Explorer, Office, SharePoint Server 2013, the .NET Framework and SQL Server.
Next Tuesday Microsoft will release nine updates to Windows, Internet Explorer, the .NET Framework, SQL Server and Office. Two updates to Windows and IE are critical.
Critical updates for Windows and IE and other less-severe Windows patches will be released on Tuesday.
New updates for Internet Explorer 11 are included with the Windows 8.1 Update and will be pushed out to Windows 7 users next week as well. A key change is Enterprise Mode IE, which eases compatibility hassles with old internal web apps. And there's good news on the HTML 5 front.
Microsoft and Windows Phone makers are experimenting with new OS licensing options in an attempt to try to grow Windows Phone's market share beyond four percent globally.
Windows XP's next-to-last Patch Tuesday saw four updates to it. Office 2003 is also going off support, but no updates were released today for it.
Microsoft looks to be ready to trade OEMs a cheaper version of Windows 8.1 in exchange for shipping new devices with Bing preloaded as the default search engine.
Windows 10
How much does an iPhone 6 really cost? (Hint: It's way more than $199)
How to survive an iPhone liquid submersion (hint: it's not rice)


text:
Southern Utah 19
(1-1, 0-1 away)
San Diego State 35
(1-1, 1-0 home)
8:30 PM ET, September 12, 2009
Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego, CA
Top Performers
Passing: R. Lindley (SDSU) - 287 YDS, 2 TD
Rushing: A. Minefee (SUU) - 12 CAR, 111 YDS, 1 TD
Receiving: V. Brown (SDSU) - 6 REC, 142 YDS, 1 TD
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69 Saab Sonnet V-4 for restoration. All fiberglass parts still good, 1 small hole on front hood bulge. The floor pan and rocker is rusted out.... More
A very rare 1991 Saab 900SE Turbo Convertible with factory SPG appearance package (Special Performance Group) and only 76690 actual miles. This Saab runs... More
2001 Saab 9-5 AERO wagon, Very good conditon wagon for sailor hauling gear or family wih big dogs. 16" alloys, good tires, all power options, everything... More
1968 Saab Sonett V-4, Two Owners, current owner has owned car since 1970 (after 45 years, its time to move on). Total "body-off" restoration: Powder Coating most... More
1972 Saab 96, fully restored car for daily use. Motor 1500cc V4 Tiago Camara.... More
SAAB: 1971 99E, electronic fuel injection, 189,600 miles, minor rust, restorable, some NOS parts and shop manuals, $750. 419-483-9401, OH.... More
SAAB: 1991 900 hatchback, 5-spd, 140 hp, silver radials, like new, maintained like new; maintained by exacting German professional lady, 72,000 mi, $5,000. 703-534-5015,... More
SAAB: 1991 turbo hatchback, 5-spd, silver/grey leather, Momo alloys, 118K miles, strong driveline, rust-free, some dents, $3,300. 703-534-5015.... More


text:
You are a fan of misscup assembly ? Come to discover the best forums misscup assembly on the internet and share your experience with a community fan of misscup assembly . You can also build a forum misscup assembly and create your online discussion.
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text:
realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Southern Manifesto
A selection of articles related to southern manifesto.
Original articles from our library related to the Southern Manifesto. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Southern Manifesto.
- Pagan Holidays for the Southern Hemisphere
- Many of the readers of RealMagick hail from the Southern Hemisphere. For them, the standard progression of the seasons is shifted... I.e. they are celebrating spring in Brazil, when those of us in the Northern Hemisphere are celebrating Fall. Clearly the "...
Paganism & Wicca >> Holidays
- An Overview of Gospel Music
- Gospels refer to the first four books of the Bible's New Testament. These hymns became integral part of worship services of "Protestants".
>> Poetry & Fable
- Story of the Celts: The Ancient Celts
- The Ancient Celts [ 8 ] What is surprising to most modern readers is just how widespread across Europe the Celts once were. The Celts have been called the "Fathers of Europe," that is north of the Greco-Roman Mediterranean. Long before the Germanic...
History & Anthropology >> Celtic & Irish
- Laguz/Laukaz
- This rune, the fifth rune of the third aett and twenty-first of the Elder Futhark, has two names. Kenaz/Kaunaz is the other rune with two names. Laguz is the best-known name of today's rune. It means "lake." Laukaz is the alternative name and means "leek," a...
Divination >> Rune Stones
- Working with the elements
- Four is the number of the physical universe. Both the square and the cross are symbols of material life in the three-dimensional world. The horizontal line of the cross symbolizes time, and the vertical one depicts space. The corners of the square and the...
Magick >> The Elements
- The Legend of Stonehenge
- Stonehenge has fascinated thousands of people throughout the ages, even today people are still wondering about the origins of the mysterious Stonehenge. Today's scientists and historians are still unable to come to a solid theory of when, why, by whom, and...
Earth Mysteries >> Mystic Places
Southern Manifesto is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Southern Manifesto books and related discussion.
Suggested Pdf Resources
- The Southern Manifesto
- The Southern Manifesto. The 1954 Supreme Court decision, known as Brown v. Board of Education.
- www.nohum.k12.ca.us
- The Southern Manifest and the Black Manifest: A
- The Southern Manifesto and the Black Manifesto: A Comparison.
- www.nohum.k12.ca.us
- Manifesto UPDATE FINAL 071408
- Jul 21, 2008 Southern States Manifesto: Update 2008. HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted VII—The Southern States Manifesto 2002. 24.
- msnbcmedia.msn.com
- 20th/Raffel Reading Assignments: The Civil Rights Movement of the
- "The Southern Manifesto" & White. Citizens Council Documents" (attached). Wednesday, April 13 Thursday, April 14.
- www.lsrhs.net
- customs in the South?
- revcom.us
Suggested News Resources
- The real triumph of that dream King spoke about
- Instead, the response to the court came in the form of the Southern Manifesto, a document of defiance signed by practically every Southern member of the House and Senate, pledging to overturn the Brown decision.
Suggested Web Resources
- Southern Manifesto - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- en.wikipedia.org
- The Southern Manifesto - PBS
- www.pbs.org
- Question of the Month: The Southern Manifesto
- Most of the signatories were Southern Democrats.
- www.ferris.edu
- National Affairs: The Southern Manifesto - TIME
- On the floor of the U.S. Senate last week, Georgia's Walter F.
- www.time.com
- Southern Manifesto
- The "Southern Manifesto". 102 Cong. Rec.
- georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Southern Manifesto Topics
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Who spiked the punch? Vodka or rum, mixed drinks or shots, get recipe ideas for your next party.
About StumbleDNA StumbleDNA
smuratori24's Interests
Independent and edgy, get a different spin from alternative news that's far from mainstream.
We all need a little pampering sometimes. Explore makeup trends, hairstyles, skincare and more.
Are you a bookworm? Do you dream of a Pulitzer? Explore the literature of your favorite authors.
Learn about brain disorders and the symptoms of neurological, psychological and nervous system diseases.
Are you a card shark? Explore the best card games, whether you're playing online or in a casino.
Whether you like romantic comedies or black comedies, have a laugh by Stumbling through funny films.
Rocky Horror. Spinal Tap.The Big Lebowski. Explore the best cult classics, from horror to comedy.
From online dating to speed dating, we can all use some advice to calm those first date jitters.
Love mixes and mashups? Learn more about the top DJs and the best house and club music.
Love a heavy bass line? Explore drum 'n' bass music, DJs and MCs, record labels, subgenres and more.
Got your EDC tickets yet? In the meantime, explore the best electronic and dance songs, festivals and more.
Time to get your workout on! Up your fitness regime with tips on exercise, nutrition, diet and more.
Are you a foodie? Expand your culinary horizons with new recipes, cooking ideas and nutrition tips.
Take care of yourself! Learn about physical and mental health, fitness, nutrition and more.
Tupac or Biggie? Explore the best of hip hop and rap music: the top stars, songs, lyrics, battles and more.
Funny jokes, pictures or quotes...whatever your sense of humor, we have something to make you laugh.
Always first in line for the best new movies? Explore the magic of Hollywood and the cinema.
Music makes the world go round. Discover new bands, songs, lyrics, music videos and more.
Whether in NYC, Miami, Vegas or LA, find out about the hottest lounges, bars or clubs.


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text:
- Horoscopes
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Today is the day ... drum roll please ... when we could learn whether there will be more than one St. Patrick's Day parade in and around New London this year.
By way of recap, you might remember that the nonprofit group that has been sponsoring New London's popular parade in recent years - New London Irish Parade Inc. - voted back in September to move the event out of the city.
The group, headed by City Councilor Marie Friess-McSparran, said it was having a hard time negotiating a permit fee for the parade with the city, to abide by Mayor Finizio's new executive order decreeing that the sponsors of all parades and special events pay their own way.
The story here can take on a political tinge, since many contend the disagreement stems from bad blood between Friess-McSparran and Finizio.
Or you can skip the political spin and focus on the competing efforts to conjure up the green around New London.
When the original parade group withdrew, organizers said they would try to put on a parade in a neighboring community, one that might be more agreeable about its fees.
The decision by New London Irish Parade Inc. to abandon the city left a parade void, which a group endorsed by the mayor quickly filled.
Indeed, the new parade group, sponsored by the Downtown New London Association, seems to be going full speed in putting together its first parade, scheduled for Sunday, March 17. They have agreed to a permit fee for the city of $7,500.
The new New London parade, no matter how successful this year, would still have a lot of work ahead to catch up with the granddaddy of Irish parades around here, the annual extravaganza sponsored by the Mystic Irish Parade Foundation. Mystic's parade is scheduled for Sunday, March 24.
The original New London parade group, meanwhile, has still not announced its plans, with St. Patrick's Day just a little over six weeks away.
I caught up this week with Richard Mastrandrea, vice president of the group, who said they may have something to announce today.
Mastrandrea said the group has been in talks with neighboring communities. He said an event might be held March 16, the day before New London's new parade.
I later spoke with Friess-McSparran, the president of the group, and she sounded surprised when I told her Mastrandrea implied there might be an announcement soon about a March 16 parade.
She said she wasn't familiar with all the negotiations involving the nonprofit group. But she suggested that whatever is being planned might fall short of a full parade.
"Different committee members have been working on different things," she said. "I think we are committed to doing something to celebrate St. Patrick's."
Does that mean a parade?
"Like I said, there are different committees working on different things," Friess-McSparran answered, ducking the question as deftly as a parade marcher might avoid the droppings of a horse up front.
But maybe today we will know whether parade two is in the offing somewhere around New London.
This is the opinion of David Collins
'It will be bittersweet': Past St. Paddy's parade organizers on sidelines in New London
Portion of Ocean Avenue in New London is closed after car snaps utility pole
Once again, there's a few sports parents who could use some decaf
Eastern Pequot chairman vows to fight new tribal recognition rule
New London middle school to get nearly $3 million to fund new programs
The Rev. Michel Belt set to retire from St. James Episcopal Church later this summer
The Day's All-Area Boys' Lacrosse Player of the Year: Old Lyme's Henry Hunt
Newly signed state budget changes funding for cities and towns
High Hopes offers equine experience to Camp Harkness campers
Police: Maine man shoots off fireworks mortar tube from top of his head, dies
New London man charged with failing to safeguard gun discharged at middle school
Former East Lyme couple accused in string of residential burglaries
Huge crowds clog region's beaches as holiday weekend draws to close


text:
|Danielle J. Donnelly, PhD
Associate Professor
Phone: 514-398-7856
Fax: 514-398-7897
danielle [dot] donnelly [at] mcgill [dot] ca (E-mail)
Research interests
Dr. Danielle Donnelly's research focuses on in vitro technologies for genetic improvement of both table and processing cultivars of potato. Field-based selection of somaclonal variants is used for improvement of tuber yield and type while lab-based selections are applied for better storage and phytochemical characters. Dr. Donnelly has extensive research experience in micropropagation and hydroponic technologies, germplasm storage, and certification programs for clonally propagated species.
Watch video on Dr. Donnelly's potato research.
Graduate student applicants (Please use McGill's on-line application process)
Co-supervision is possible with Dr. S. Kubow (School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition) to improve nutrient content of potato.
Co-supervision is also possible with Dr. X.-Q. Li (AAFC Fredericton) to study biochemistry and molecular genetics of potato.
Undergraduate courses:
Botanical Sciences Final Year Project (PLNT 489, 490)
Special Topics (PLNT 450 or 451)
Other Activities
Barbados Interdisciplinary Tropical Studies
Dr. Donnelly directs the Barbados Interdisciplinary Tropical Studies (BITS) summer field semester program in Barbados. This program is a joint program with The University of the West Indies. Click for more information.
Recent publications
Potato and Human Health
Role of Potato in Human Health
- Lovat., C-A., A.M.K. Nassar, S. Kubow., X.-Q. Li, and D.J. Donnelly. 2014. Metabolic biosynthesis of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) antioxidants and implications for human health. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. In Press. (Review article).
- Nassar, A.M.K., K. Sabally, S. Kubow, Y. Leclerc, and D.J. Donnelly (2012) Some Canadian-grown potato cultivars contribute a substantial content of essential dietary minerals. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60: 4688-4696.
- Camire, M., S. Kubow & D.J. Donnelly. 2009. Potatoes and human health. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 49:823-840 (Review article).
Potatoes and Nutrient Content
- Singh, A., K. Sebally, S. Kubow, D.J. Donnelly, Y. Gariepy, V. Orsat, and G.S.V. Raghavan. 2011. Microwave-assisted extraction of phenolic antioxidants from potato peels. Molecules 16:2218-2232.
- Singh, A., K. Sebally, S. Kubow, D.J. Donnelly, V. Orsat, and G.S.V. Raghavan. 2010. Optimization of microwave assisted extraction of antioxidants from potato peel. XVIIth World Congress of the International Commission of Agricultural Engineering (CIGR). Canadian Society for Bioengineering Section IV: Postharvest Technology and Process Engineering. Quebec City, Canada. June 13-17, 2010.
- Oritz-Medina, E., V. Sosle, V. Raghavan & D.J. Donnelly. 2009. A method for intercultivar comparison of potato tuber nutrient content using specific tissue weight proportions. J. Food Science. 74:S177-S181.
- Zhang, Y., M. Fortin, D.J. Donnelly & X.-Q. Li. 2007. Constitutive expression of a new proteinase inhibitor II family gene in potato. Canada-China Special Issue on Potato. J. Huazhong Agr. Univ. 26:71-75.
- Oritz-Medina, E. & D.J. Donnelly, 2003. Total soluble proteins vary between cultivars in fresh and stored tubers. Symposium 3, Potatoes, Healthy Food for Humanity. Int. Hort Congress. Toronto, August 11-17, 2002. Acta Horticulturae 619:263-269.
Genetic Variation through Tissue Culture
Somaclonal Technology for Potato Improvement
- Nassar, A.M.K., S. Kubow, and D.J. Donnelly. (2014) Somatic embryogenesis for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) improvement. Chapter 8 In: Somatic Genome Manipulation. Springer.
- Nassar, A.M.K., S. Kubow, Y. Leclerc, and D.J. Donnelly. (2014) Somatic mining for phytonutrient improvement of 'Russet Burbank' potato. Am. J. of Potato Res.91:89-100
- Nassar, A.M.K., J. Abdulnour, Y. Leclerc, X-Q. Li, & D.J. Donnelly. 2011. Intraclonal selection for improved processing of NB 'Russet Burbank' potato. Am. J. Potato Res. 88:387-397. (Winner of the Potato Association of America's "Outstanding Paper Award for 2012").
Testing Periclinal Chimeral Theory with Somaclones
- Nassar, A.M.K., E. Oritz-Medina, Y.N. Leclerc & D.J. Donnelly. 2008. Periclinal chimeral status of New Brunswick 'Russet Burbank' potato. Am. J. Potato Res. 85:432-437.
Genetic Risk Through Micropropagation
- Oritz-Medina, E. & D. J. Donnelly. 2005. Micropropagation and genetic risk: securing clonal fidelity. P 45-53 In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on True-to-Typeness of Date Palm Tissue Culture-Derived Plants. Marrakech, Morocco, 23-25 May, 2005. Joint publication of the FAO, Date Palm Global Network, UAE University, United Arab Emirates.
Canadian Certification Programs
Potato and Evolution
- Li, X-Q., T. Zhang, & D.J. Donnelly. 2011. Selective loss of cysteine residues and disulphide bonds in a potato proteinase inhibitor II family. PLosONE 6:e18615.
Crop Certification & Variety Protection
- Donnelly, D.J., & A. Dale. 2014. Concept and Laboratory Exercise; Crop Certification Programs and the Production of Specific Pathogen Free Plants. Chap. XIV In: Plant Propagation Concepts and Laboratory Exercises. 2nd Edition. Ed. C. Beyl, R. Trigiano & J. Preece. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
- Dale, A., B.R. Hughes & D.J. Donnelly. 2008. The role of micropropagation in producing specific pathogen-tested plants. HortScience. 43:74-77.
- Hughes, B., A. Dale & D.J. Donnelly. 2008. Micropropagation in the Ontario strawberry plant propagation program. P. 130-135 In: Proceedings of the North American Strawberry Symposium, Feb. 9-12, 2007. Ventura CA, U.S. Ed. Takeda, F., D.F., Handley & E.B. Poling.
- Riché, B. & D.J. Donnelly. 2006. Plant Variety Protection in Canada. In: Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding. Blackwell, Oxford, U.K.
Potato Cultivar Identification
- Li, X.-Q., M. Haroon, S.E. Coleman, A. Sullivan, M. Singh, L. Ward, S.H. DeBoer, T. Zhang & D.J. Donnelly. 2008. Simplified procedure for verifying and identifying potato cultivars using multiplex PCR. Canadian J Plant Science 88: 583-592.
Potatoes and Salinity Tolerance
Salt Tolerance in Potato (Review Article)
- Donnelly, D.J., S.O. Prasher & R.M. Patel 2007. Towards the Development of Salt Tolerant Potato. Chapter 11 In: Potato Biology and Biotechnology: Advances and Perspectives, Eds. MacKerron, D. and H. Ross, Scottish Crop Research Institute Elsevier, UK.
In Vitro or Lysimeter Studies on Potato; Salinity Stress
- Zhang, Y., J.E. Abdulnour, D.J. Donnelly & N.N. Barthakur, 2001. 'Norland' tuber yields are not affected by salinity treatment of parent plants. HortScience 36:770-771.
- Kalifa, A., D.J. Donnelly & N.N. Barthakur, 2000. Phosphorus reduces salinity stress in micropropagated potato. Am J Potato Res 77:179-182.
- Patel, R.M., S.O. Prasher, D.J. Donnelly & R.B. Bonnell, 2000. Effect of initial soil salinity and subirrigation water salinity on potato tuber yield and size. Agric Water Manage 1573:1-9.
- Patel, R.M., S.O. Prasher, D.J. Donnelly R.B. Bonnell & R.S. Broughton, 1999. Subirrigation with brackish water for vegetable production in arid regions. Bioresource Technol 70:33-37.
- Alhagdow, M.M., N.N. Barthakur & D.J. Donnelly, 1999. Salinity tolerance and sodium-potassium interactions in micropropagated potato. Potato Res 42:73-78.
- Khrais, T., Y. Leclerc & D. J. Donnelly, 1998. Relative salinity tolerance of potato cultivars assessed by in vitro screening. Am J Potato Res 75:207-210.
- Zhang, Y. & D.J. Donnelly, 1997. In vitro ranking for salinity tolerance of potato cultivars. Potato Res 40:285-295.
Potatoes and Calcium Uptake
In Vitro Studies
- Habib, A., J. Abdulnour & D.J. Donnelly, 2005/6. Increased calcium availability improves potato micropropagation and microtuberization. Potato Res 47:139-150.
- Arvin, M.J., A. Habib & D.J. Donnelly, 2005. Effects of calcium concentration in medium on microtuberization of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Iranian J Biotech 3:152-156.
- Habib, A. & D.J. Donnelly, 2005. Stimulation of 45Ca2+ uptake into micropropagated potato plantlets by UV light and vitamin D3. Am J Potato Res 82:191-196.
- Habib, A. & D.J. Donnelly, 2003. Vitamin Ds improve calcium uptake in micropropagated potato plantlets. Symposium 3, Potatoes, Healthy Food for Humanity. Int. Hort Congress. Toronto August 11-17, 2002. Acta Horticulturae 619:323-328.
- Habib, A. & D.J. Donnelly. 2002. Calcium translocation and accumulation into potato tubers. Potato Res 45:17-24.
- Barthakur, N.N., D.J. Donnelly & A. Habib, 2002. Transfer of calcium-45 and strontium-90 from medium to plant and their translocation in micropropagated potato. Proceedings of the International Congress on the Radioecology-Ecotoxicology of Continental and Estuarine Environments. 3-7 Sept. 2001, Aix-en-Provence, France. F. Brechignac (Ed.) Radioprotection-colloques Vol. 37. EDP Sciences, France.
- Abdulnour, J.E., D.J. Donnelly & N.N. Barthakur, 2000. The effect of boron on growth and calcium uptake in micropropagated potato plantlets. Potato Res 43:287-295.
- Abdulnour, J.E., D.J. Donnelly & N.N. Barthakur, 1998. Enhanced calcium uptake in micropropagated potato plantlets by macroelement dilution. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.161:81-85.
- Abdulnour, J.E., D.J. Donnelly & N.N. Barthakur, 1998. Cation and total macroelement concentrations influence Ca uptake in micropropagated potato plants. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 161:613-617.
Potatoes and Microtuber Technology
- Donnelly, D.J., S.E. Coleman & W.K. Coleman, 2003. Potato microtuber production and performance: A review. Am J Potato Res 80:103-115.
- Coleman, W.K., D.J. Donnelly & S.E. Coleman, 2001. Potato microtubers as research tools: A review. Am J Potato Res 78:47-55.
Red Raspberry and Freezing Stress
- Palonen, P., D. Buszard & D.J. Donnelly, 2000. Changes in carbohydrates and freezing tolerance during cold acclimation of red raspberry cultivars grown in vitro and in vivo. Physiol Plant, 110:393-401.
- Palonen, P., D. Buszard & D.J. Donnelly, 1999. Two approaches to in vitro screening of raspberry cultivars for cold hardiness. Acta Hortic 505:191-198. Proc 7th Int Rubus/Ribes Symp, January 9-16, 1998, Melbourne, Australia.


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Product Details
Would you like to update product info or give feedback on images?
The recipes look wonderful however I have not had a chance to try them yet so rating the book at this time is not really fair to Ms. ShoyerPublished 1 month ago by Randy Perlson
I bought this cookbook when it was first published, leafed through it and put it aside for Passover. Read morePublished 2 months ago by A Reader
The recipes look great although I have not tried any of them yet. I have tried many of the recipes in Paula Shoyer's first book, The Kosher Baker, and was very pleased with them.Published 3 months ago by Debra Green
You don't have to be kosher. THis is a great baking book with wonderful pictures and clear directions. This is simply a great baking book.Published 6 months ago by Lisa A. Mushnick
Enjoyed this cookbook. I have only had time to make two of the recipes, but they were both great.Published 6 months ago by Alisa
I don't even keep kosher, but I have been so thrilled with Paula Shoyer's book! I was looking for a great resource on Jewish holiday baking, and this book doesn't disappoint. Read morePublished 13 months ago by E.K.


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- Private day trip to Toledo from Madrid with a flexible itinerary
- Sightsee around the UNESCO-listed city with all your logistics sorted
- See top Toledo attractions like Catedral de Toledo and Museo del Greco
- Include a guide with your tour and learn about Toledo's Christian, Jewish and Islamic history
- Choose from a 5- or 8-hour tour by minibus or an 8-hour tour with round-trip express train ticket
What You Can Expect
5-Hour Tour: Driver and Guide
Head to Toledo by air-conditioned minibus or minivan, and as you travel, your guide will chat to you about the ancient city and its countless attractions. The journey takes roughly an hour, leaving you with a good three hours in town to see the city highlights. Many attractions are clustered around the Old Town, so head there first to see Catedral de Toledo – a Mujedar and Renaissance building that represents the heart of Catholic Spain. Stop for pictures outside and learn of its impressive 13th-century history. Continue to Sinagoga del Tránsito – a synagogue that was built at a time when Jewish houses of worship were banned in Christian Spain – and hear tales of the different religions that left their mark on the city.
After stopping for lunch, visit Museo del Greco to see the home of Spanish Renaissance artist El Greco, admiring artifacts that once inspired the painter, and then perhaps visit Museo Sefardi to see a collection of traditional costumes worn by Toledo's Sephardic Jews. Finish with a stroll around the old Jewish quarter before returning to Madrid.
8-Hour Tour: Driver and Guide
Visit Toledo by minibus or minivan, enjoying roughly five hours in the city for a more in-depth look at its highlights. Spend longer at each of the sites included in the 5-hour itinerary, or choose to see more sites instead! Pay a visit to Mezquita de Cristo de la Luz, a glorious 10th-centuy mosque that was later converted to a church, or perhaps check out the Alcázar – Toldeo's medieval fortress that looms over the city. Get your camera ready to capture photo-snapping views!
8-Hour Tour: Train and Guide
Travel from Madrid Atocha Station to Toledo by high speed train . Cutting the journey time by half an hour, this option enables you to spend the most time in Toledo itself. Explore the city by foot and spend longer at each of the sites, enjoying lengthier explanations of the key attractions from your guide. Alternatively, take a more leisurely lunch break -- just as the locals do!
Customer Reviews
June 2015
Wonderful trip to Toledo
June 2015
My family of five had a wonderful time on our day trip to Toledo. Driver was on time, friendly and helpful. Our tour guide spoke excellent English and was very knowledgeable about the area! Thank you for a terrific tour of the city of Toledo! We wouldn't have missed it and would happily recommend this tour to other travelers!!!


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Antitrust experts say publishing is not a special case
October 31, 2012 | 10:30 am
By Chris Meadows
Do publishers deserve special treatment from anti-trust courts? Paid Content reports on antitrust experts who said no at a New York book event this week:
"There's never been a defendant sued for antitrust who didn't think their market was special," said Chris Sagers of Cleveland State University, adding that "agency pricing" (a commission-style pricing system used by the publishers to check Amazon) is just another word for price-fixing.
This is basically in line with the arguments the Department of Justice made in its response to public comments, and its arguments in the hearings concerning whether the proposed settlement should go through; Judge Denise Cote evidently found it convincing, since she permitted the settlement to go through without any delays.
But meanwhile, people like Bob Kohn have been insisting that, no, the publishing market is special, and citing precedents like crazy to support their case. It kind of makes me wonder—will the settlement survive appeal? Will the publishers who didn't choose to settle lose in court as the DoJ's legal theory wins out? The more experts chime in affirmatively, the more likely it starts to seem to me. I look forward to finding out.
* * *
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Appeals court upholds Cote's Apple anti-trust verdict and settlement
Wanted: Your constructive feedback for TeleRead's podcasters—and some graphics talent for this site
Amazon and Penguin Random House agree to contract
Podcast, RSS and email list updates—plus a collection of Joanna Cabot's provocative essays on e-reading
This administration, which we'll no be stuck with for four more years, believes that the Yahoos out in the hinterlands need the benevolent hand of those inside the DC beltway to guide them. Of course it probably doesn't hurt that the lawyers the DOJ has contracted are raking in more money ($400 and up an hour) than almost anyone in the book industry, Big Six executives included. Oh how I hate lawyers!
And I fail to see why, if antitrust and similar laws apply equally well to publishing, the DOJ isn't going after giant Amazon. That's a bit like ignoring GM in the 1950s and attacking little Studebaker.
Wasn't it the "most favored nation" clause in Apple's version of the agency model that was the crux of the matter? The concept of agency pricing (adding a margin to the price demanded by the seller) isn't collusive in and of itself, is it?
As for Amazon, it will surely have its day in the docket.


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Berkeley County receives Connected community certification, releases Technology Action Plan
Berkeley County, SC – Today, Connect South Carolina, joined by Berkeley County Community Partners, Berkeley Chamber of Commerce, and Home Telecom, announced Berkeley County's certified Connected community status and released its Technology Action Plan. It is the first county in the Lowcountry and the eighth certified Connected community in South Carolina.
"One of the goals in completing this assessment has been to identify areas of the county where the digital divide still exists," shared Donna Worden, community champion and Director of the Berkeley County Library System. "As we undertake the projects in the county's recommended Technology Action Plan, community partners will join together to extend broadband throughout the county and increase access to digital literacy resources."
Berkeley County has been working with Connect South Carolina since February 2013 on the Connected Community Engagement Program. This initiative assesses the local broadband landscape, identifies connectivity gaps, and establishes technology-driven goals and objectives to increase broadband access, adoption, and use for families, organizations, and businesses throughout the community.
"Broadband is no longer a luxury, it is essential in our daily lives," said FCC Commissioner and Charleston native Mignon Clyburn. "Broadband is a gateway through which many Lowcountry residents and businesses obtain critical information, find jobs, stay connected with teachers and healthcare providers, and keep up-to-date with family members and friends. We all benefit when everyone is connected." Commissioner Clyburn shared her remarks on a video that can be seen HERE.


text:
Buy houses in Taunton Place, London NW1 - 5 bedrooms
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Chagford Street, London NW1Terraced house for sale - 5 bedrooms
Discreetly situated behind a contemporary façade, lies a brand new, low built, five bedroom house set in a tranquil cobbled mews in Marylebone/ Regent's Park. (contd...) More details
Note: Distances are straight line measurements
- Baker Street (0.1 miles)
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Marketed by Sandfords, NW1. Call 020 3318 7043


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Missouri put up a 194.575 for the second week in a row against LSU.
Feb. 8, 2013
Columbia, Mo.-- Missouri put up a 194.575 score for the second consecutive week against the LSU Tigers on Friday night in the Hearnes Center. LSU scored a 197.275 to win the meet, but several Missouri Tigers matched or set new career high scores at the meet. Freshman Miranda Eubank kicked off the record breaking with a 9.750 score on the vault, and Howard followed that up with a career high 9.850 on vault as well. Sophomore Rachel Updike took first on the balance beam with a career high 9.900 score for her routine.
Missouri put up a 48.675 team total on the vault, thanks to personal bests from Howard and Eubank. Updike also contributed to the team total with a 9.875, and Ostad recorded a 9.650 score on vault. Kappler led off the rotation, in her first of four events on the day, putting up a 9.550.
Missouri hit the bar rotation hard, sticking every routine for a 48.750 team total. Ostad led off the rotation with a 9.725 and Eubank followed up with a career-high 9.800 score. Mackenzie McGill continued the success with a 9.700, while Updike earned a 9.750 score. Medrea anchored the lineup with a 9.775.
The Tigers also performed well on the balance beam, looking confident and strong during their routines. Updike's routine took first with a 9.900 score, while Kappler again led off the rotation and scored a 9.775. Cathryn Aliceaacosta also hit her routine for a 9.750 score. Howard closed out the rotation earning a 9.775 for Mizzou.
Missouri shone on floor as usual, earning a 48.450 team score. The seniors led Mizzou on the event as Howard put up a season-high 9.875 for her routine and Ostad recorded a 9.825 score. Aliceaacosta's 9.800 score and Medrea's 9.775 also contributed to the team total. Kappler anchored the floor lineup at the meet, competing the all-around for the first time in her career. She finished with an all-around total of 38.175 on the night.
Mizzou will hit the road next week to face the Kentucky Wildcats. Next week's meet will be shown on ESPNU on Feb. 21 at 6:30 p.m. Keep checking in to MUTigers.com for more information on Mizzou Gymnastics. Fans can also follow the team on Twitter (@TigerGymnastics) and Facebook (www.facebook.com/MizzouGymnastics).
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NORMAN, Okla. - The Mizzou gymnastics team returns to NCAA Regionals for the first time since...
Katelyn Trevino Named SEC Gymnastics Scholar-At...
Mizzou gymnastics redshirt senior Katelyn Trevino (Ovilla, Texas) was named the Southeastern...
Mizzou Gymnastics Selected to Norman Regional
The Mizzou gymnastics team will travel to Norman, Oklahoma, to compete in the 2015 NCAA Norman...
Mizzou Takes Third in Session One of the SEC...
The Mizzou gymnastics team scored a 195.700 to place third in session one of the 2015 SEC...
Becca Johnson Named to SEC Community Service Team
Senior Becca Johnson of the Mizzou gymnastics team was named to the 2015 Southeastern Conference ...
Mizzou Ready for SEC Championship
The Mizzou gymnastics team begins postseason competition this Saturday as they compete in the...
Mizzou Gymnastics Tallies Season High 196.150...
The Mizzou gymnastics team recorded its highest score in more than three seasons as the squad...
Gymnastics Closes Regular Season Friday Against...
The Mizzou gymnastics team closes out the regular season on Friday, March 13 when the team hosts ...
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text:
Posted October 17, 2000 and updated on April 28, 2009
Why is Keeping The Faith rated PG-13?
Official MPAA Rating: Keeping The Faith is rated PG-13 for for some sexuality and language.
Please read our content details for this movie to help determine if it is suitable for members of your family. We also encourage you to check our full review and our movie information page.


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Metals and Mining
Company Overview of Severstal Columbus, LLC
Company Overview
Severstal Columbus, LLC manufactures, sells, and distributes flat-rolled steel products in the United States and Mexico. It offers hot and cold rolled, and coated steel products for use in steel sheet applications, as well as for automotive sheet markets. The company was founded in 2005 and is based in Columbus, Mississippi. Severstal Columbus, LLC is a subsidiary of Severstal Columbus Holdings, LLC.
1945 Airport Road
PO Box 1467
Columbus, MS 39701
United States
Founded in 2005
Key Executives for Severstal Columbus, LLC
Severstal Columbus, LLC Key Developments
Severstal North America (SNA) announced earnings results for the second quarter and first half of 2014. For the quarter, the company reported revenue of $1,066 million was up 4.9% quarter on quarter (q/q) driven by higher sales volumes. EBITDA was 33.3% higher q/q at $100 million primarily reflecting improvements at Dearborn's operations. Additionally, in second quarter, SNA became cash positive q/q. For the first half, the company reported revenue of $2,082 million was also up, by 10.6% year on year (y/y), on better pricing and higher utilization rates. EBITDA of the whole division in was up 86.2% y/y at $175 million. Cash generation considerably increased with 344% growth y/y on the back of higher EBITDA and net working capital release.
Severstal North America announced the decision to dissolve its Double Eagle Steel Coating Company partnership with United States Steel Corporation. Over the past several years, there has been a significant decline in the market demand for electrogalvanized (EG) products and a shift toward the new hot dip coated technology. After a thorough review of the business trends and conditions by the Board of Directors, the parties mutually concluded that the economic viability of EG production at Double Eagle could no longer be maintained.
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text:
Leak Detection Companies in Romania
Category: Monitoring & Testing ×
Subcategory: Leak Detection ×
Location: Europe ×
Location: Romania ×
GPR Data LLC
based in Eugene, OREGON (USA)
GPR Data, Inc. established in 1998, is a company using Ground Penetrating Radar for non destructive investigation of earth and concrete. Based in Eugene, Oregon GPR Data Inc. has a servicing area which covers the globe. GPR Data has worked in countries and conditions all over the world. We strive to provide the most innovative solutions to your problems. GPR Data uses the ...
IMR Environmental Equipment, Inc.
based in St. Petersburg, FLORIDA (USA)
IMR Environmental Equipment, Inc. is one of the leading manufacturers worldwide for portable flue-gas analyzers and stationary flue-gas analyzers using electro-chemical and NDIR technology. Furthermore, the product range includes leak detectors (HC, refrigerant), thermometers, manometers and anemometers. IMR has almost 30 years of experience designing, manufacturing and ...
AMBIDETECTOR – Eng. & Instr. Ltd.
based in Setúbal, PORTUGAL
AMBIDETECTOR - Engineering & Instrumentation, Ltd. Is an innovative and assurance quality company in the area of instrumentation, calibration, automation, maintenance, repair and supply founded with the belief that customers deserve a permanent reliable source of advanced services with high performance according to their needs.AMBIDETECTOR – Eng. & Instr. Ltd. provides ...
Sonardyne International Ltd.
based in Hampshire, UNITED KINGDOM
Sonardyne is an international group of companies manufacturing subsea instrumentation. We specialise in the solutions for underwater navigation, underwater acoustic positioning, subsea communications, through-water control and surface and subsea inertial navigation. Applications for our technology are found within the offshore oil exploration, construction, drilling and ...
LumaSense Technologies GmbH
based in Frankfurt, GERMANY
LumaSense Technologies, Inc., provides temperature and gas sensing solutions that optimize the performance of equipment, environments and organizations. We are a trusted partner to both end-user and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), drawing on our proven technologies and deep industry expertise to develop state-of-the-art infrared and fiber optic temperature ...
E2L Products Limited
based in MONMOUTH, UNITED KINGDOM
Specialist in providing innovative telemetry, control and instrumentation products and systems. Design and Manufacture of LANDMARKA low-power radio telemetry systems, ULTRASCAN compressed air leak detectors, partial discharge and corona monitors.
RITEC GmbH
based in Haldenwang, GERMANY
RITEC GmbH located in Haldenwang close to Kempten in Bavaria was set up in 1992. It develops, produces and sells Color-Inspection-TV-camera systems, the so-called `sewer eyes`, mainly for the remotely controlled pipe and sewer inspection. In a competitive market RITEC has concentrated on the niche of the portable camera systems early according to the company motto: ...
Labkotec Oy
based in Pirkkala, FINLAND
Labkotec Oy is a leading Finnish manufacturer and supplier of electronic measuring technology. Labkotec's expertise is regularly relied upon by both industrial enterprises and municipal utility companies. Over the years, we have complemented our expertise in high-precision level gauges for tanks and silos, leak detection systems for liquid containers, and alarm devices ...
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Fab-Seal Industrial Liners Inc. Manufacturer and Installer of Liner Systems. Fab-Seal Industrial Liners, Inc is a manufacturer and installer, providing our customers the best PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) liner systems for both primary and secondary containment, with over 30 years experience. Fab-Seal maintains a large inventory of PVC Flexible Membrane Liner Materials, with a ...
Telegan Gas Detection
based in Oxfordshire, UNITED KINGDOM
Telegan Gas Detection is a specialist in flue gas analysers and gas leak detection. Telegan gas monitoring leads the world in the development of portable emission monitoring, flue gas analysers and gas leak detection.


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http://www.dailytech.com – About 5,200 new tech jobs were added over the period... (General)
http://www.dailytech.com – About 5,200 new tech jobs were added over the period... (General)
http://www.dailytech.com – DailyTech's roundup of hardware reviews from around the web for Monday... (General)
http://www.maximumpc.com – If you're looking for an excuse to upgrade to a newer netbook running Intel's next-gen N450 Atom processor, there are plenty of surefire ways to void your warranty and convince your significant other you're out of options. Submerge it in a tub of water, for example. Or set it on fire. Take a hammer to the chassis, or intentionally drop the unit off a 20-story building. (General)
http://blogs.computerworld.com – Microsoft has quietly made it possible to, sort of, to rent both Windows and Office. read more (General)
http://www.dailytech.com – Google improves local search for iPhone and Android... (General)
http://www.dailytech.com – Japanese buyers continue to embrace hybrids... (General)
http://www.dailytech.com – New system allows surgeons to train before operating... (General)
http://www.downloadsquad.com – An article recently popped up on ReadWriteWeb covering Mark Zuckerberg's interview at the Crunchies. Unfortunately it starts on entirely the wrong foot: it puts words straight into the Facebook CEO's mouth. Words that he never says. (General)
http://www.dailytech.com – The assault on electric/plug-in vehicles continues.... (General)
http://feedproxy.google.com – The computing juice required for creating an epic animated hybrid movie, such as the movie Avatar is exceptional. (General)
http://www.downloadsquad.com – Filed under: Fun, Internet (General)
http://www.downloadsquad.com – Filed under: Security, Search (General)


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1. Preheat oven to 350 degrees Fahrenheit.
2. In a pan, add the bacon and cook until crispy. Remove and set aside.
3. In the same pan, add the diced potatoes and cook until brown.
4. Pop the potatoes into the oven for 10 minutes. Remove and add bacon, salt and pepper and toss well.
5. In the same pan, add the sliced mushrooms and onion and caramelize.
6. Deglaze with some brown stock and season with thyme, salt and pepper.
7. Shape the ground meat into a patty and season with salt and pepper.
8. In a hot skillet, add olive oil and the patty for 5 minutes.
9. Finish the patty in the oven for 8-12 minutes.
10. Plate the potato hash and add the steak over it. Add the deglazed mushrooms and onions on top and serve.


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Nomad Moon
this wiki
Nomad Moon
|Ship Information
|Technical Information
6 Large Ion Cannons
Repulsor Field
The Nomad Moon was an experimental defense station constructed by the Taiidan Republic as part of their ongoing conflict with the Taiidan Imperialist Faction.
Background Edit
The Moon's armaments include six high-powered ion cannons, and emitters at the northern and southern poles of the station generating a massive repulsor field that could repel any ships. Unfortunately it only had average sensors; unless proximity sensors or scouts are nearby to augment them, the repulsor field wouldn't activate against ships small enough to pass through its sensor nets.
During the Beast War, the Nomad Moon was undergoing its final construction, and the Republic offered it as a means of fighting off the Beast. However, it was infected by the Beast hive-ship Naggarok under the pretense of capturing it for the Imperialists, but in reality to defend the Naggarok from the oncoming forces of Kiith Somtaaw, which had led the efforts against the Beast across the galaxy. The former Somtaaw mining ship Kuun-Lan, which had been outfitted by Somtaaw engineers with advanced weapons to transform it into a formidable warship, led the Somtaaw fleet against the infected Nomad Moon, discovering the weakness in its sensors that would allow their Leeches to sneak in and destroy the emitters. Engaging the Beast-Imperialist fleet and destroying enough of their scout ships and proximity sensors, the Kuun-Lan sent in the Leeches to destroy the emitters. With the repulsor field gone, the Somtaaw fleet moved in and destroyed the station.