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A book by Silvana Franco
The tragic. The comic. The inspirational. Poignant tales that show what forms the fabric of today's physicians. Practicing neurologist Frederic A. Mendelsohn takes you on an insider's journey … see full wiki
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A book by Silvana Franco
The first book in the "Twilight Saga" by Stephenie Meyer.
Mini-series of young adult novels by Ann Brashares
A book by Dave Pelzer.


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22 years of experience
22 years of experience
Inner Sunset
350 Parnassus Ave
Ste 905
San Francisco, CA 94117 Phone number & directions
350 Parnassus Ave
Ste 905
San Francisco, CA 94117 Phone number & directions
License & Identifications
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Learn more about Dr. James Bourgeois:
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Specialties & Research
Dr. James Bourgeois, MD, OD is board certified in Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine.
- He has special expertise in 17 areas:
- Ataxia
- Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) / Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Bipolar Disorder / Manic Depressive Disorder
- Cognition Disorders
- Dementia Related Behavioral Disorders
- Depression
- Depressive Disorder
- Drug Abuse (Substance-Related Addiction Disorders)
- Fragile X Syndrome
- Insomnia
- Mental Disorders
- Mood Disorders
- Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
- Psychotic Disorders
- Schizophrenia
- Sleep Disorders
- Tremor
Education & Awards
Dr. Bourgeois graduated from Uniformed Services University, Bethesda.
Dr. Bourgeois has 1 hospital affiliations:
- David Grant Med Ctr, Travis Afb, Ca
Home > Find a Psychiatrist > CA > San Francisco Psychiatrists > Dr. James Bourgeois, MD, OD
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- Additional Information
- Dr. James Alan Bourgeois MD and OD is a male Psychiatrist, has 22 years of experience and practices in Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine.
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Dr. James Bourgeois practices Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine near San Francisco, CA.
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Publications (5)0 Total impact
Conference Paper: Automatic multimodal descriptors of rhythmic body movement[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Prolonged durations of rhythmic body gestures were proved to be correlated with different types of psychological disorders. To-date, there is no automatic descriptor that can robustly detect those behaviours. In this paper, we propose a cyclic gestures descriptor that can detect and localise rhythmic body movements by taking advantage of both colour and depth modalities. We show experimentally how our rhythmic descriptor can successfully localise the rhythmic gestures as: hands fidgeting, legs fidgeting or rocking, significantly higher than the majority vote classification baseline. Our experiments also demonstrate the importance of fusing both modalities, with a significant increase in performance when compared to individual modalities.Proceedings of the 15th ACM on International conference on multimodal interaction; 12/2013
Conference Paper: Crowdsouring in emotion studies across time and culture[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Crowdsourcing is becoming increasingly popular as a cheap and effective tool for multimedia annotation. However, the idea is not new, and can be traced back to Charles Darwin. He was interested in studying the universality of facial expressions in conveying emotions, thus he had to consider a global population. Access to different cultures allowed him to reach more general conclusions. In this paper, we highlight a few milestones in the history of the study of emotion that share the concepts of crowdsourcing. We first consider the study of posed photographs and then move to videos of natural expressions. We present our use of crowdsouring to label a video corpus of natural expressions, and also to recreate one of Darwin's original emotion judgment experiments. This allows us to compare people's perception of emotional expressions in the 19th and 21st centuries, showing that it remains stable through both culture and time.Proceedings of the ACM multimedia 2012 workshop on Crowdsourcing for multimedia; 10/2012
Conference Paper: Real-time inference of mental states from facial expressions and upper body gestures[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We present a real-time system for detecting facial action units and inferring emotional states from head and shoulder gestures and facial expressions. The dynamic system uses three levels of inference on progressively longer time scales. Firstly, facial action units and head orientation are identified from 22 feature points and Gabor filters. Secondly, Hidden Markov Models are used to classify sequences of actions into head and shoulder gestures. Finally, a multi level Dynamic Bayesian Network is used to model the unfolding emotional state based on probabilities of different gestures. The most probable state over a given video clip is chosen as the label for that clip. The average F1 score for 12 action units (AUs 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12, 15, 17, 18, 25, 26), labelled on a frame by frame basis, was 0.461. The average classification rate for five emotional states (anger, fear, joy, relief, sadness) was 0.440. Sadness had the greatest rate, 0.64, anger the smallest, 0.11.Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition and Workshops (FG 2011), 2011 IEEE International Conference on; 04/2011
Conference Paper: 3D Corpus of Spontaneous Complex Mental States[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Hand-over-face gestures, a subset of emotional body language, are overlooked by automatic affect inference systems. We propose the use of hand-over-face gestures as a novel affect cue for automatic inference of cognitive mental states. Moreover, affect recognition systems rely on the existence of publicly available datasets, often the approach is only as good as the data. We present the collection and annotation methodology of a 3D multimodal corpus of 108 audio/video segments of natural complex mental states. The corpus includes spontaneous facial expressions and hand gestures labelled using crowd-sourcing and is publicly available.Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction - 4th International Conference, ACII 2011, Memphis, TN, USA, October 9-12, 2011, Proceedings, Part I; 01/2011
Conference Paper: Interpreting Hand-Over-Face Gestures[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: People often hold their hands near their faces as a gesture in natural conversation, which can interfere with affective inference from facial expressions. However, these gestures are valuable as an additional channel for multi-modal inference. We analyse hand-over-face gestures in a corpus of naturalistic labelled expressions and propose the use of those gestures as a novel affect cue for automatic inference of cognitive mental states. We define three hand cues for encoding hand-over-face gestures, namely hand shape, hand action and facial region occluded, serving as a first step in automating the interpretation process.Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction - Fourth International Conference, ACII 2011, Memphis, TN, USA, October 9-12, 2011, Proceedings, Part II; 01/2011
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Thursday, March 26, 2015
Lens on Stays Pending Appeal
Jill Lens has posted on SSRN a draft of her article, Stays Pending Appeal: Why the Merits Should Not Matter, which will be published in the Florida State University Law Review. Here's the abstract:
In Nken v. Holder, the Supreme Court delineated the standards that should guide a court's discretion in deciding whether to stay injunctive relief pending appeal. A "critical" factor is whether the stay applicant has made a "strong showing" of her likelihood to succeed on the merits of the appeal. Because of the critical label, it is not surprising to see courts issue long decisions extensively predicting the decision of the appellate court on the merits. To preserve her interest in judicial review, the stay applicant must effectively show that she will win the appeal.
Stays play an important role in appellate judicial review, but have received little academic commentary. This Article is the first to specifically argue against the evaluation of the merits within the decision to stay injunctive relief pending appeal. An evaluation of the merits, and the current emphasis on the factor, is not supported historically, theoretically, or practically. Instead the Court should look to whether a stay is necessary — due to any potentially changing circumstances, harm to the parties, and the public interest, similar to the other three Nken factors. The Article is also the first to argue that courts must explain their decisions on stays. Otherwise, the decisions seem unjustified, inconsistent, and illegitimate.
March 26, 2015 in Federal Courts, Recent Scholarship, Supreme Court Cases | Permalink | Comments (0)
Tuesday, March 24, 2015
SCOTUS Decision on Agency Determinations and Issue Preclusion
Today the Supreme Court decided B&B Hardware, Inc. v. Hargis Industries, Inc., a case about the preclusive effect of determinations made by the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTAB) when reviewing trademark registrations. Writing for a seven-Justice majority, Justice Alito concludes that "a court should give preclusive effect to TTAB decisions if the ordinary elements of issue preclusion are met."
Going forward, parties in trademark litigation will likely continue to litigate whether "the ordinary elements of issue preclusion" are, in fact, met with respect to any given TTAB decision. As Justice Ginsburg emphasizes in her brief concurrence, the Court recognizes that "for a great many registration decisions issue preclusion obviously will not apply." Ginsburg explains that "contested registrations are often decided upon a comparison of the marks in the abstract and apart from their marketplace usage," and that, if so, "there will be no preclusion of the likelihood of confusion issue in a later infringement suit."
What may be of broader interest is the Court's discussion of "whether an agency decision can ever ground issue preclusion." The answer: yes, it can. Quoting a number of earlier decisions (citations omitted), Justice Alito writes:
"[B]ecause the principle of issue preclusion was so well established at common law, in those situations in which Congress has authorized agencies to resolve disputes, courts may take it as given that Congress has legislated with the expectation that the principle of issue preclusion will apply except when a statutory purpose to the contrary is evident. This reflects the Court's longstanding view that when an administrative agency is acting in a judicial capacity and resolves disputed issues of fact properly before it which the parties have had an adequate opportunity to litigate, the courts have not hesitated to apply res judicata to enforce repose."
The Court then addresses – and dismisses – potential constitutional concerns with agency preclusion. Although Justice Alito finds that Hargis did not present any direct constitutional challenge, he discusses the Seventh Amendment and Article III in the context of Hargis's "statutory argument that we should jettison administrative preclusion in whole or in part to avoid potential constitutional concerns." Alito writes that "the Seventh Amendment does not strip competent tribunals of the power to issue judgments with preclusive effect; that logic would not seem to turn on the nature of the competent tribunal." And he rejects the argument that "it might violate Article III if an agency could make a decision with preclusive effect in a later proceeding before a federal court."
Justice Thomas writes a dissenting opinion, joined by Justice Scalia, that is much more skeptical of agency preclusion. His opinion begins:
The Court today applies a presumption that when Congress enacts statutes authorizing administrative agencies to resolve disputes in an adjudicatory setting, it intends those agency decisions to have preclusive effect in Article III courts. That presumption was first announced in poorly supported dictum in a 1991 decision of this Court, and we have not applied it since. Whatever the validity of that presumption with respect to statutes enacted after its creation, there is no justification for applying it to the Lanham Act, passed in 1946.
[Cross-posted at PrawfsBlawg]
March 24, 2015 in Recent Decisions, Supreme Court Cases | Permalink | Comments (2)
Monday, March 23, 2015
Advisory Committee Agenda Includes Class Action Amendment "Sketches," Loser-Pays Report
The Advisory Committee on Civil Rules has released the 640-page agenda for its April 9-10, 2015 meeting.
The agenda includes many items that are of interest. The following is far from an exhaustive list:
- In the Draft Minutes for the Committee's October 30, 2014 meeting (p. 39):
"Judge Campbell reported that the Forms Working Group in the Administrative Office has already begun deliberating what response they might make if the proposed abrogation of Rule 84 and the Rule 84 Forms is approved by the Supreme Court and Congress. They have begun to think about new forms that might be created. This Committee will keep in touch with the Working Group, perhaps by means as formal as appointing a liaison member."
- The Report of the Rule 23 Subcommittee considers the following topics. Some contain "sketches" of possible amendments to the rule on class actions (p. 243):
- Settlement approval criteria (p. 246)
- Settlement class certification (p. 253)
- Cy pres treatment (p. 263)
- Dealing With Objectors (p. 272)
- Rule 68 Offers and Mootness (p. 277)
- Issue Classes (p. 281)
- Notice (p. 284)
- The Discovery Subcommittee reports on "Requester Pays Issues." (p. 333)
March 23, 2015 in Class Actions, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure | Permalink | Comments (1)
Two Interesting SCOTUS Cert Grants Today
Today's order list from the Supreme Court includes grants of certiorari in two cases.
DIRECTV v. Imburgia (No. 14-462) will ask the Court once more to address arbitration agreements and the Federal Arbitration Act. The question presented is:
Whether the California Court of Appeal erred by holding, in direct conflict with the Ninth Circuit, that a reference to state law in an arbitration agreement governed by the Federal Arbitration Act requires the application of state law preempted by the Federal Arbitration Act.
Montgomery v. Louisiana (14-280) involves the retroactivity of the Court's 2012 decision in Miller v. Alabama, which held that the Eighth Amendment forbids sentencing schemes that mandate life-without-possibility-of-parole sentences for juvenile homicide offenders. The question presented in the cert. petition is:
Whether Miller adopts a new substantive rule that applies retroactively on collateral review to people condemned as juveniles to die in prison?
But the Court also asked the parties to address whether it even has jurisdiction:
Do we have jurisdiction to decide whether the Supreme Court of Louisiana correctly refused to give retroactive effect in this case to our decision in Miller?
[Cross-posted at PrawfsBlawg]
March 23, 2015 in Recent Decisions, Supreme Court Cases | Permalink | Comments (0)
Friday, March 20, 2015
Macfarlane on A New Approach to Local Rules
Katherine Macfarlane (Louisiana State University) has published in the Stanford Journal of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties (Vol. 11, 2015) an article entitled A New Approach to Local Rules.
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure no longer govern all non-substantive decisions in federal civil litigation. Rather, control over a case's procedural course has shifted to district courts' local rules, of which there are currently more than 6,000. Despite the proliferation of local rules and their increasing importance, federal procedural scholarship remains focused on the Federal Rules. That scholarship is rigorous, highlighting the Federal Rules' history and purpose, and proposing ways that the Rules might adapt to the evolving nature of federal litigation. Local rules should be subject to similar scrutiny. However, it is not enough to borrow theories applied to the Federal Rules. A new approach is needed.
Scrutiny of local rules must first consider how they are created. Though Federal Rules are amended through a process that requires public comment and debate, local rules are adopted or amended through a process that does not automatically give notice of impending changes to affected parties, nor does it provide all affected parties with a meaningful way to comment. Applying this new approach and its focus on meaningful notice and comment, the Article compares local patent rules to local rules governing pro se prisoner litigation, arguing that when parties are not allowed to participate in the local rule adoption and amendment process, the rules that result are procedurally and substantively unfair. Finally, it proposes how District Courts can ensure that all parties potentially affected by proposed local rules receive actual notice and a real opportunity to comment.
March 20, 2015 in Federal Courts, Recent Scholarship | Permalink | Comments (0)
Wednesday, March 18, 2015
Has Conley v. Gibson really been overruled? (And did the Fourth Circuit just tee up the next big SCOTUS case on pleading?)
Over at PrawfsBlawg, Dave Hoffman has a post up on the empirical impact of Twombly and Iqbal. That issue has been hotly debated, but there's no question that federal courts are continuing to struggle with what those decisions mean for how judges should decide Rule 12(b)(6) motions. A particularly difficult question has been the vitality of pre-Twombly Supreme Court precedents like Conley v. Gibson and Swierkiewicz v. Sorema.
These issues were on display last Friday (the 13th, by the way) as a divided Fourth Circuit panel affirmed the dismissal of an employment discrimination claim in McCleary-Evans v. Maryland Department of Transportation (No. 13-2488). The majority opinion by Judge Niemeyer rejected the plaintiff's reliance on Swierkiewicz, emphasizing that the Supreme Court in Swierkiewicz had "applied a pleading standard more relaxed than the plausible-claim standard required by Iqbal and Twombly." In dissent, Judge Wynn argued that the majority had improperly "ignore[d] the factual underpinnings of the Swierkiewicz holding, looking solely to the Supreme Court's 2009 decision in Iqbal to guide its decision," and noted that lower federal courts "have no authority to overrule a Supreme Court decision no matter how out of touch with the Supreme Court's current thinking the decision seems."
Twombly and Iqbal are problematic decisions in many respects, and diagnosing their flaws is important. Even more important, though, is the question of how courts should be applying Twombly and Iqbal, especially in relation to pre-Twombly Supreme Court case law. Properly understood, Twombly and Iqbal can and should be read to preserve the notice-pleading approach that the Supreme Court repeatedly employed during the half-century before Twombly. I've laid out this argument here and here, and explained how the basic framework Iqbal articulated can be applied in a way that is consistent with notice pleading and pre-Twombly precedent. This understanding of Twombly and Iqbal is confirmed by more recent Supreme Court pleading decisions—especially the 2014 decision in Johnson v. City of Shelby—which cast doubt on the presumption that the Court's pre-Twombly case law even is "out of touch with the Supreme Court's current thinking."
I may have more posts on pleading as March marches on, but for now I wanted to address the one—and only—instance where the Twombly and Iqbal opinions directly call into question any aspect of pre-Twombly case law. That, of course, was Twombly's "retirement" of Conley's statement that "a complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief."
March 18, 2015 in Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Recent Decisions, Supreme Court Cases, Twombly/Iqbal, Weblogs | Permalink | Comments (2)
Tuesday, March 17, 2015
Fitzpatrick on Class Actions
Brian Fitzpatrick (Vanderbilt) has posted two new articles to SSRN on class actions.
The End of Class Actions: In this Article, I give a status report on the life expectancy of class action litigation following the Supreme Court's decisions in Concepcion and American Express. These decisions permitted corporations to opt out of class action liability through the use of arbitration clauses, and many commentators, myself included, predicted that they would eventually lead us down a road where class actions against businesses would be all but eliminated. Enough time has now passed to make an assessment of whether these predictions are coming to fruition. I find that, although there is not yet solid evidence that businesses have flocked to class action waivers — and that one big category of class action plaintiffs (shareholders) remain insulated from Concepcion and American Express altogether — I still see every reason to believe that businesses will eventually be able to eliminate virtually all class actions that are brought against them, including those brought by shareholders.
An Empirical Look at Compensation in Consumer Class Actions: Consumer class actions are under broad attack for providing little in compensation to class members. One response to this charge is the argument that one of us has made elsewhere: consumer class actions should not be measured by their compensatory value but by their deterrence value. But here we take up this critique of consumer class actions on its own terms: can they serve a meaningful compensatory role? Scholars have taken up this question before, but they have been stymied by the lack of available data. In this article, we present original data on the distribution of class action settlements in fifteen related small-stakes consumer class action lawsuits against some of the largest banks in the United States. We obviously can make no claim that these settlements are representative of most consumer class actions. Nonetheless, we believe our findings support the notion that, under certain circumstances, consumer class actions can indeed serve a meaningful compensatory role: when they eschew claim forms in favor of automatic distributions and when they rely on direct deposits or standard-sized checks rather than the cheaper, postcard-sized variety to make those distributions.
March 17, 2015 in Class Actions, Recent Scholarship | Permalink | Comments (0)
Tidmarsh on Zimmerman on Presidential Settlements
Now available on the Courts Law section of JOTWELL is an essay by Jay Tidmarsh entitled The Settler-in-Chief. Jay reviews Adam Zimmerman's recent article, Presidential Settlements, 163 U. Pa. L. Rev. (forthcoming 2015).
March 17, 2015 in Recent Scholarship, Weblogs | Permalink | Comments (0)
Friday, March 13, 2015
Would the Alabama Supreme Court prefer no marriage at all?
There's an interesting paragraph in this week's order from the Alabama Supreme Court, which confirmed that Mobile County probate judge Don Davis is subject to its earlier mandamus ruling even though he is also the subject of a federal-court injunction. In trying to make sense of this situation, Judge Davis had stopped issuing marriage licenses altogether.
Here's what the Alabama Supreme Court said (emphasis mine) on p.9:
Section 30-1-9, Ala. Code 1975, provides that Judge Davis "may" issue "marriage licenses." To the extent he exercises this authority, he must issue those licenses in accordance with the meaning of the term "marriage" in that Code section and in accordance with other provisions of Alabama law, as discussed in our March 3 opinion.
Is the implication here that Judge Davis has no obligation to issue marriage licenses to anyone? That he can refuse to issue them across the board, just as long as no marriage licenses are issued to same-sex couples?
Meanwhile, expect some more activity in federal court next week. Judge Granade has ordered Judge Davis to file a response to the Strawser plaintiffs' motion for class certification by Tuesday, March 17.
[Cross-posted at PrawfsBlawg]
March 13, 2015 in Class Actions, Current Affairs, Federal Courts, Recent Decisions, State Courts | Permalink | Comments (0)
Wednesday, March 11, 2015
New developments in the Alabama same-sex marriage litigation
The litigation over Alabama's ban on same-sex marriage has taken many twists and turns in these early months of 2015, but the main action has been in two arenas: the Alabama Supreme Court and U.S. District Judge Callie Granade's courtroom in the Southern District of Alabama. Of course, everyone will be watching the U.S. Supreme Court as well, where Obergefell v. Hodges will be argued next month. And it was the Supreme Court's February order refusing to stay Judge Granade's initial injunction that began the latest round of activity. Here's where things stand:
The Alabama Supreme Court said its piece last week, granting a writ of mandamus ordering all Alabama probate judges to stop granting marriage licenses. The merits of that ruling are certainly open to debate—both on the key constitutional issue and the standing/jurisdiction issue—but there are a few things to keep in mind going forward. First, the mandamus action was brought by two groups opposing same-sex marriage (acting as "relators" for the State of Alabama) against the Alabama probate judges. No individuals or couples who might wish to challenge Alabama's same-sex marriage ban were parties to that proceeding, so as a matter of preclusion the ruling by the Alabama Supreme Court does not prevent them from seeking relief in federal court.
Second, the court ordered Alabama probate judges not to issue new same-sex marriage licenses (and it seems to have had that effect), but it ignored the relators request to order Alabama probate judges "not to recognize any marriage licenses issued to same sex couples." In doing so, the court avoided one potential direct conflict with the federal judiciary, insofar as Judge Granade had previously ordered Mobile County probate judge Don Davis to issue marriage licenses to four same-sex couples in the Strawser case. Indeed, the Alabama Supreme Court's order asked Davis to "advise" it "as to whether he is bound by any existing federal court order regarding the issuance of any marriage license other than the four marriage licenses he was ordered to issue in Strawser." His deadline was last Thursday (3/5), but he's asked for more time to respond. [Update: Today the Alabama Supreme Court posted on its website an order confirming that Judge Davis was also subject to its mandamus ruling, but only after determining for itself (whether correctly or not) that Judge Granade's injunction did not extend beyond those four licenses.]
March 11, 2015 in Class Actions, Current Affairs, Federal Courts, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, In the News, Recent Decisions, State Courts, Supreme Court Cases | Permalink | Comments (0)
Annual Federal Courts Data, Final Government Arbitration Study Released
In a data bonanza for numbers geeks, the federal government separately released two reports yesterday: the long-awaited Final Arbitration Study by the Consumer Finance Protection Bureau and the less-awaited Judicial Business of the United States Courts: Annual Report of the Director 2014.
I will post more about each of these reports as I digest them. The CFPB report is over 700 pages long and contains a wealth of empirical information about arbitration clauses in consumer financial instruments such as credit cards. This information includes the effect of arbitration clauses on consumer prices (none) and the interplay of arbitration clauses and class actions. As for the 2014 federal courts data, I will add pertinent measures to my existing database to enable a longer-term view.
March 11, 2015 in Class Actions, Federal Courts, In the News | Permalink | Comments (0)
Tuesday, March 10, 2015
Hines and Hines on Punitive Damages
Laura J. Hines (University of Kansas School of Law) and N. William Hines (University of Iowa College of Law) have posted on SSRN their article, Constitutional Constraints on Punitive Damages: Clarity, Consistency, and the Outlier Dilemma, 66 Hastings L.Rev. No. 2, 2015, U Iowa Legal Studies Research Paper No. 15-04.
It is now almost 20 years since the Supreme Court added a constitutional dimension to U.S. punitive damages law. In 1996, in BMW v. Gore the Court created three "Guideposts" to assist lower courts in implementing the newly required due process review of all punitive damages awards to check for unconstitutional excessiveness. The authors were curious to learn how these "Guideposts" were working out in practice with state and federal courts conducting this mandated excessiveness review. To help satisfy this curiosity the authors collected and carefully studied all of the 527 state and federal punitive damages judicial opinions published between 2003 and 2013. This paper reports the results of this project.
March 10, 2015 in Recent Scholarship | Permalink | Comments (0)
Tuesday, March 3, 2015
Alabama Supreme Court Issues Writ of Mandamus, Enjoins Probate Judges from Issuing Marriage Licenses to Same-Sex Couples
This evening the Alabama Supreme Court granted the petition for a writ of mandamus that had been filed earlier this month by two groups opposing same-sex marriage, purporting to be "relators" for the State of Alabama. Here is the 134-page per curiam opinion, which concludes with an order enjoining Alabama probate judges from issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples.
Here is the full text of the order:
The named respondents are ordered to discontinue the issuance of marriage licenses to same-sex couples. Further, and pursuant to relator Judge Enslen's request that this Court, "by any and all lawful means available to it," ensure compliance with Alabama law with respect to the issuance of marriage licenses, each of the probate judges in this State other than the named respondents and Judge Davis are joined as respondents in the place of the "Judge Does" identified in the petition. Within five business days following the issuance of this order, each such probate judge may file an answer responding to the relator's petition for the writ of mandamus and showing cause, if any, why said probate judge should not be bound hereby. Subject to further order of this Court upon receipt and consideration of any such answer, each such probate judge is temporarily enjoined from issuing any marriage license contrary to Alabama law as explained in this opinion. As to Judge Davis's request to be dismissed on the ground that he is subject to a potentially conflicting federal court order, he is directed to advise this Court, by letter brief, no later than 5:00 p.m. on Thursday, March 5, 2015, as to whether he is bound by any existing federal court order regarding the issuance of any marriage license other than the four marriage licenses he was ordered to issue in Strawser.
The last sentence, of course, refers to the federal injunction issued by Judge Callie Granade against Mobile County probate judge Don Davis last month.
March 3, 2015 in Current Affairs, Federal Courts, In the News, Recent Decisions, Standing, State Courts | Permalink | Comments (0)
Monday, March 2, 2015
The Dress, Justice Holmes & Erie
What's the half-life for internet-breaking social media sensations these days? It seems to get shorter and shorter, so I figured I should address #TheDress sooner rather than later. Is it White & Gold, or Blue & Black? For all the snark, memes, and celebrity tweets the dress has inspired, a crucial piece of historical context has been overlooked.
Ninety years ago, there was a kerfuffle in Bowling Green, Kentucky that bears striking similarities to the one that now threatens the marital harmony of Kim & Kanye. Back then, the dispute was between Black & White taxis and Brown & Yellow taxis. A federal lawsuit was filed that made its way all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, where it prompted a strong dissent from Justice Holmes. Holmes attacked the majority for reading the 1842 decision in Swift v. Tyson to allow the federal court to disregard Kentucky law on the enforceability of a contract giving Brown & Yellow the exclusive ability to solicit customers at the Bowling Green train station.
To Holmes, the majority improperly accepted the "fallacy" that parties in federal court "are entitled to an independent judgment on matters of general law." The Swift opinion itself—Holmes contended—was written by Justice Story "under the tacit domination" of this fallacy. Holmes explained:
March 2, 2015 in Current Affairs, Federal Courts, Supreme Court Cases | Permalink | Comments (0)
Saturday, February 28, 2015
House Committee Hearing on CAFA Dominated by US Chamber of Commerce
I wanted to post a quick blurb about my testimony yesterday before the Subcommittee on the Constitution and Civil Justice of the House Judiciary Committee in the hearing on The State of Class Actions Ten Years After the Class Action Fairness Act.
Here is the Prepared Statement I submitted 48 hours in advance of the hearing.
Not surprisingly given Republicans' control of the House, of the four witnesses testifying at the hearing, I was the only one offered by the Democrats. The others were representing the US Chamber, DRI-the Voice of the Defense Bar, and Skadden Arps.
Continuing the proud tradition of "tort reformers" in spinning corporations' huge legal victories as tragic defeats, one would have never known that Wal-Mart v. Dukes, AT&T Mobility v. Concepcion, and American Express v. Italian Colors (among many other corporate victories in the Supreme Court, the Advisory Committee, and state legislatures) had ever happened. Instead, listening to the Republican-sponsored witnesses and members of the Committee and Subcommittee, it seemed instead that democracy itself, and even the world economy, were threatened by legions of liberal federal judges granting class certifications in cases in which no class members had been injured. (Yes, the new urban myth of corporate interests is the so-called "no injury" class.)
As a former litigator, it was agony sitting there and not being able to object ("Mischaracterizes the evidence!" "Assumes facts not in evidence!" "Irrelevant!") to some of the things coming out of people's mouths.
It was also depressing to calculate how much I would have earned at the going hourly rate of an attorney with my background and experience in an urban market IF ANYONE HAD BEEN PAYING ME -- which of course, no one was. (My dear law school, St. Thomas, reimbursed my measly travel expenses.)
Somehow, I doubt that the other three witnesses were appearing pro bono.
But someone has to stand up for rights of injured, cheated, and discriminated-against Americans and the plaintiffs' lawyers who represent them. I am honored to have tried my best to do so.
February 28, 2015 in Class Actions, Current Affairs, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Mass Torts | Permalink | Comments (0)
Thursday, February 26, 2015
Erbsen on Klerman & Reilly on Forum Selling
Now available on the Courts Law section of JOTWELL is an essay by Allan Erbsen entitled Judicial Competition for Case Filings in Civil Litigation. Allan reviews a recent article by Daniel Klerman & Greg Reilly, Forum Selling, the current draft of which you can find on SSRN.
February 26, 2015 in Federal Courts, Recent Scholarship, State Courts, Weblogs | Permalink | Comments (0)
Tuesday, February 24, 2015
A New Federal Lawsuit, Plus Other Developments in the Alabama Marriage Litigation
A new lawsuit was filed in federal court today by Cari Searcy, the plaintiff whose earlier case led to the initial ruling by Judge Callie Granade declaring Alabama's same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional. Searcy and Kimberly McKeand were legally married in California, but Searcy's petition to adopt McKeand's biological son was denied because of Alabama's prohibition on recognizing same-sex marriages.
The complaint filed today alleges that Mobile probate judge Don Davis—who is already subject to an injunction issued by Judge Granade in the Strawser case—has still refused to grant Searcy an "unqualified adoption." Instead the order granting custody to Searcy (Exhibit C to the complaint) states that it is "qualified in nature, and the Court will not issue a final adoption order until a final ruling is issued in the United States Supreme Court on the Marriage Act cases before it." Searcy seeks an injunction ordering Davis to grant the adoption sought and to strike the "qualified" order. According to the docket sheet, this new case—Searcy v. Davis—has been assigned to Judge Granade as well.
Meanwhile, the Alabama Supreme Court is still considering the Emergency Petition for a Writ of Mandamus that was filed earlier this month by two groups opposing same-sex marriage, ostensibly as "relators" for the State of Alabama. The petition seeks an order compelling probate judges in Alabama not to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples or to recognize any marriage licenses issued to same-sex couples. Last week, Judge Granade had denied requests—both by the Strawser plaintiffs and by the Jefferson County probate judge who had sought to intervene in the federal litigation—to compel Alabama Attorney General Luther Strange to appear in the Alabama Supreme Court mandamus proceeding and cause its dismissal. So the ball is now squarely in the Alabama Supreme Court's court. Briefing was complete as of last Friday (2/20), with a number of Alabama probate judges filing responses opposing the mandamus petition (e.g., this response by the probate judges in Jefferson County and Madison County).
February 24, 2015 in Current Affairs, Federal Courts, In the News, Recent Decisions, State Courts | Permalink | Comments (0)
Monday, February 23, 2015
Dodge on International Comity
Bill Dodge has posted on SSRN a draft of his article, International Comity in American Law, which will be published in the Columbia Law Review. Here's the abstract:
International comity is one of the principal foundations of U.S. foreign relations law. The doctrines of American law that mediate the relationship between the U.S. legal system and those of other nations are nearly all manifestations of international comity — from the conflict of laws to the presumption against extraterritoriality; from the recognition of foreign judgments to doctrines limiting adjudicative jurisdiction in international cases; and from a foreign government's privilege of bringing suit in the U.S. courts to the doctrines of foreign sovereign immunity. Yet international comity remains poorly understood. This article provides the first comprehensive account of international comity in American law. It has three goals: (1) to offer a better definition of international comity and an analytic framework for thinking about its manifestations in American law; (2) to explain the relationship between international comity and international law; and (3) to challenge two widespread myths — that international comity doctrines must take the form of standards rather than rules and that international comity determinations should be left to the executive branch. I show that international comity doctrines are frequently expressed as rules rather than standards, and that courts are usually in a better position to apply them than the executive branch.
February 23, 2015 in Federal Courts, International Courts, International/Comparative Law, Recent Scholarship, Subject Matter Jurisdiction | Permalink | Comments (0)
Friday, February 20, 2015
Thomas & Price on the Federal Rulemaking Process and Atypical Cases
Suja Thomas and Dawson Price have posted on SSRN a draft of their article, How Atypical Cases Make Bad Rules: A Commentary on the Rulemaking Process, which will be published in the Nevada Law Journal. Here's the abstract:
Commentators have criticized the rulemaking process for decades. Legal scholarship has focused primarily on challenging its constitutionality, questioning whether different actors make better rulemakers, and arguing that some entities have too much power and others have too little. Other commentators have focused on the tools that should be employed by rulemakers when evaluating proposals, focusing on the importance of empirical studies to support rule changes and the role of bias in the formulation of certain rules. In this symposium article, we add to this scholarship by arguing that advisory committees should refrain from proposing and adopting rule amendments that are motivated by atypical cases. Such rules will also affect typical cases, creating bad law for typical cases because the rules were not formulated for such cases. The article describes the thesis of a previous article on how atypical cases make bad law and applies the framework to a current amendment to change the scope of discovery, showing atypical cases make bad rules.
February 20, 2015 in Discovery, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Recent Scholarship | Permalink | Comments (0)
Wednesday, February 18, 2015
Frost on State Courts and Lower Federal Court Precedent
Amanda Frost has posted on SSRN her recently published article, Inferiority Complex: Should State Courts Follow Lower Federal Court Precedent on the Meaning of Federal Law?, 68 Vand. L. Rev. 53 (2015). This has been an important issue, of course, in the recent litigation over Alabama's same-sex marriage ban. Last week Alabama Supreme Court Justice Bolin cited the article in an opinion concurring in the refusal to hear the Mobile probate judge's action seeking clarification of Chief Justice Moore's earlier order instructing probate judges not to issue same-sex marriage licenses.
Here's the abstract:
February 18, 2015 in Federal Courts, Recent Scholarship, State Courts | Permalink | Comments (0)


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Love Minus Eighty
By Will McIntosh
(Orbit, Paperback, 9780316217781, 432pp.)
Publication Date: June 11, 2013
List Price: $16.00*
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In the future, love is complicated and death is not necessarily the end. Love Minus Eighty follows several interconnected people in a disquieting vision of romantic life in the century to come.
There's Rob, who accidentally kills a jogger, then sacrifices all to visit her in a cryogenic dating facility, seeking forgiveness but instead falling in love.
Veronika, a shy dating coach, finds herself coaching the very woman who is stealing the man she loves.
And Mira, a gay woman accidentally placed in a heterosexual dating center near its inception, desperately seeks a way to reunite with her frozen partner as the years pass.
In this daring and big-hearted novel based on the Hugo-winning short story, the lovelorn navigate a world in which technology has reached the outer limits of morality and romance.


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Breeze Sites - Website Design & Hosting by The Valley Breeze
The Valley Breeze designs and hosts websites that are beautiful and easy to update. We integrate your social media and have an easy to use content manager. It's quick and easy to add photos, slideshows, videos, testimonials, coupons, events, menus and more. Contact us today for a free design consultation. - email@example.com • 401-334-9555 x154 • breezesites.com


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Dupuytren's Contracture 1 Dupuytren's Contracture Fibrous tissue of the palmar fascia to shorten and thicken Common in men older than 40 years; in persons of Northern European descent; and in persons who smoke, use alcohol, or have diabetes (3 to 33 %) Present with a small, pitted nodule (or multiple nodules) on the palm, which slowly progresses to contracture of the fingers Progresses' faster in <50 yr olds Smoking and alcohol use increase the chance that surgery will be needed 2 Dupuytren's Contracture Found on the palm of the hand proximal to the metacarpo-phalangeal Grade 1 disease presents (MCP) joint. Can be as a thickened nodule bilateral and a band in the palmar Patients usually have aponeurosis; this band difficulty with tasks such may progress to skin as face washing, hair tethering, puckering, or combing, and putting pitting. their hands in their Grade 2 presents as a pockets. peritendinous band, and Note the site of the extension of the affected nodule and the presence finger is limited. of contractures; bands; Grade 3 presents as and skin pitting, flexion contracture tenderness, and dimpling. 3 Fibromyalgia 4 Characteristic features: Chronic widespread pain for at least three monthsTender points in 11 of 18 specific anatomic locations Associated features Anxiety Cognitive difficulties Fatigue Headache (50%) (migraine)* Paresthesias, morniing stiffness Sleep disturbance *?a defect in the serotonergic and adrenergic systems 5 Associated Findings History of trauma, Other disorders commonly childhood abuse, anxiety, associated with FM include: depression, or sleep Irritable bladder disorder (alpha frequency rhythm, termed alpha-delta Dysmenorrhea sleep anomaly ) Premenstrual syndrome Patients with high tender Restless leg syndrome point counts are more likely Temporomandibular joint to report adverse childhood pain experiences like loss of a Noncardiac chest pain parent or abuse Raynaud's phenomenon Irritable bowel syndrome and Sicca syndrome (IBS) (Sjogren"s) 6 Other Diagnoses/Associated Myofascial pain syndrome, Chronic fatigue syndrome, and Hypothyroidism. 7 Myofascial pain syndrome Characterized by painful, tender areas in the muscles. It is a localized disorder without any systemic manifestations. It commonly affects the axial muscles. In contrast to the widespread pain of fibromyalgia, the pain in myofascial pain syndrome arises from trigger points in individual muscles. On examination, the presence of trigger points is characteristic of myofascial pain syndrome. 8 Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) Chronic pain and fatigue are common to chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. CFS an ongoing subclinical inflammatory process manifested by low-grade fever, lymph gland enlargement, and acute onset of the illness, whereas there is no evidence of inflammatory response in fibromyalgia. 9 Hypothyroidism Manifested by profound fatigue, muscle weakness, and generalized malaise, closely resembles fibromyalgia. Patients need to be examined for clinical signs of thyroid dysfunction and, if in doubt, thyroid function tests should be ordered to rule out hypothyroidism. (The differential diagnosis also might include metabolic and inflammatory myopathies (especially in patients taking statins), polymyalgia rheumatica, and other rheumatic diseases. ) 10 optimal intervention is an approach that also includes nonpharmacologic treatments, specifically exercise and cognitive behavior therapy education, cognitive behavior strategies, physical training, and medications for treatment of fibromyalgia 11 FIBROMYALGIA-Review Multi symptom condition 12 Multi symptom condition characterized by chronic widespread pain Muscular pain Numbness Fatigue Impaired memory Sleep abnormalities Leg cramps Joint pain Impaired Headaches concentration Restless legs Nervousness Major depression 13 Patient-Reported Symptoms at Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia 14 15 Features 3 months or longer in all 4 quadrants of the body, but not centered in the joints Lower pain threshold: Allodynia-pain from normally non noxious stimuli Hyperalgesia-increased response to painful stimuli Under diagnosed and undertreated (Prevalence:2% to 4%)/ Onset usually at 20 to 55 years/ F:M 9:1 First-degree relatives of FM patients have 8 times the risk 16 ?etiology Pain amplification Lower levels of metabolites of serotonin and norepinephrine in their cerebrospinal fluid Increased levels of pro-nociceptive transmitters substance P and glutamate that amplify pain impulses 17 No objective laboratory test or marker exists, diagnosis is based on history and physical examination Chronic Widespread Pain for at least 3 months and pain on at least 11 of 18 specified muscle tendon sites of focal tenderness ("tender points" 11/18) Use of a structured interview with questions about generalized fatigue, headache, sleep disturbance, neuropsychiatric complaints, numbness or tingling, and irritable bowel symptoms. 18 POINTS OF TENDERNESS 19 ?TREATMENT Eval Criteria SYMPTOM CRITICAL FOR EVAL% Pain 100 Fatigue 94 Patient global 94 improvement Multidimensional function 86 Tenderness 74 Sleep 66 Health-related quality of life 65 Dyscognition 61 Stiffness 60 20 Current Knowledge About Pharmacotherapies 'Off label' FDA "approved" SNRIs Pregabalin(Lyrica) Anticonvulsants Duloxetine Tricyclic Hydrochloride (Cymbalta) antidepressants (TCAs) Milnacipran Muscle relaxants Hydrochloride(Savella) SSRIs Opioids Nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and Cyclo-oxygenase (COX2) inhibitors 21 Pregabalin Duloxetine Milnacipran (Lyrica) Hydrochloride Hydrochloride (Cymbalta) (Savella) Alpha2 receptor SNRI SNRI 150-225 mg bid 60 mg/d 50 mg bid (start 12.5 75 mg bid Start 30 mg/d for 1 mg/d, increase on day 2 May increase to 150 mg wk, increase to 60 to 12.5 mg bid, bid within 1 wk mg/d on day 4 to 25 mg bid, Maximum dose 225 mg after day 7 to 50 mg bid) bid Maximum dose 200 mg/d Angioedema, Suicidality, orthostatic Suicidality, orthostatic hypersensitivity hypotension, serotonin hypotension, serotonin reactions, peripheral syndrome syndrome edema Dizziness, somnolence, Nausea, dry mouth, Nausea, headache, dry mouth, edema, constipation, constipation, blurred vision, weight somnolence, dizziness, insomnia, hot gain, difficulty with hyperhidrosis, flush, hyperhidrosis, concentration/attention decreased appetite vomiting, palpitations, heart rate increase, dry mouth, hypertension 22
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Celebrity Survivor Cast List
Celebrity Survivor cast list, including photos of the actors when available. This list includes all of the Celebrity Survivor main actors and actresses, so if they are an integral part of the show you'll find them below. You can various bits of trivia about these Celebrity Survivor stars, such as where the actor was born and what their year of birth is. This cast list of actors from Celebrity Survivor focuses primarily on the main characters, but there may be a few actors who played smaller roles on Celebrity Survivor that are on here as well.
Items featured on this poll include everything from Justin Melvey to Gabrielle Richens
If you are wondering, "Who are the actors from Celebrity Survivor?" or "Who starred on Celebrity Survivor?" then this list will help you answer those questions.
In most cases you can click on the names of these popular
- 1
Elton Flatley New South Wales, Australasia, Tamworth
- 2
Gabrielle Richens South East England, Eurasia, Kent
- 3
Ian Dickson Eurasia, Birmingham, Warwickshire
- 4
Justin Melvey DVD Region 4, New South Wales, Oceania
- 5
Wayne Gardner New South Wales, Australasia, Australia
- 6
Fiona Horne DVD Region 4, New South Wales, Oceania
- 7
Imogen Bailey New South Wales, Australasia, Australia


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Kanye West makes joyful album
Kanye West has teased that his upcoming album 'SWISH' will be packed with songs full of "joy".
Kanye West has teased that his upcoming album 'SWISH' will be packed with songs full of "joy".
Nick Jonas, hip hop trio De La Soul and dance act Pendulum have joined Calvin Harris and Kasabian in this year's V Festival line up.
Mariah Carey has revealed she performs all her own stunts in her music videos.
Val Doonichan, who had his own show on the BBC for over 20 years, passed away peacefully aged 88 at his home in Buckinghamshire.
Alexa Goddard has premiered a video for her new single 'We Broke The Sky', taken from her forthcoming debut album on which she has worked with Stargate and Chris Brown.
The much anticipated third album by The Libertines - 'Anthems For Doomed Youth' - will be released on September 4.
Kings of Leon drummer Nathan Followill has revealed the band have started writing songs for their seventh studio album.
The Rolling Stones insist their new career spanning exhibition does not mean they are planning on retiring and they plan to keep on rocking.
Paul McCartney has insisted modern day bands aren't capable of having the same success that The Beatles had.
Nick Jonas has teased he may release a track with Ariana Grande after they "wrote a bunch of songs a couple of years ago" together.
Amy Winehouse's unheard demos have been destroyed by Universal Music's CEO David Joseph because he thought it "was a moral thing" to do.
U2 are auctioning off a signed guitar along with a host of other money-can't-buy prizes in a bid to raise a fortune for music therapy charity Nordoff Robbins.
The Rolling Stones have announced their first international exhibition, titled 'EXHIBITIONISM', which will open at London's Saatchi Gallery in April 2016.
Naughty Boy has revealed Zayn Malik is working on a "very soulful" album which the former One Direction star has full control over.
Iggy Azalea was "difficult" on the set of her 'Pretty Girls' video with Britney Spears and reportedly "ordered everyone" including Britney Spears around.
The producers of 'Amy' have discovered unreleased music from Amy Winehouse and are campaigning to get it released into an album.
Miley Cyrus is "switching up" her sound for her fifth studio LP, with producer Mike Will Made It revealing they have recorded "eight or ten songs" so far.
FKA twigs has been added to the Way Out West festival line-up joining previously announced acts including Florence + the Machine, The Pet Shop Boys and Beck.
Grace Jones has announced her autobiography 'I'll Never Write My Memoirs' will be released on September 29.
John Legend writes "50-80 songs" each time he makes an album and schedules his studio time to maximise his creativity.


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Stock Photo:
Soldier with rifle on a black background
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The Romeo and Juliet CodePaperback
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- Hardback $16.98
- Publisher: Scholastic US
- Format: Paperback | 300 pages
- Dimensions: 130mm x 203mm x 15mm | 227g
- Publication date: 1 May 2012
- Publication City/Country: New York
- Edition statement: Reprint
- Sales rank: 282,175
Product description
A sudden trip to a seaside house. A boy with brown sugar eyes. And then, a mysterious letter. Felicity's glamorous parents have a secret. When they leave her with distant relatives in Maine, far away from the battles of WWII, Felicity hopes they won't be gone for long. Her new Uncle Gideon hides things. Her Aunt Miami is star-crossed. And Derek, a kid her age, refuses to leave his room. But Felicity needs Derek's help. Gideon is getting coded letters from Felicity's parents, and she's sure they're in trouble. Can Felicity crack the code, heal the family and save her parents, all while surviving her first crush? It's a tall order for a small girl, but Felicity is up for the challenge.
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Phoebe Stone's first novel, ALL THE BLUE MOONS AT THE WALLACE HOTEL, was hailed as "haunting and poetic" by THE NEW YORK TIMES. Her first novel for Arthur A. Levine Books, DEEP DOWN POPULAR, received a starred review in BOOKLIST. THE ROMEO AND JULIET CODE received two stars. And her most recent title, THE BOY ON CINNAMON STREET, received a whopping four starred reviews. Phoebe lives in Middlebury, Vermont.
Review quote
Praise for The Romeo and Juliet Code: "Phoebe Stone's The Romeo and Juliet Code is quite simply the best novel for young readers I've read since "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone.'. . . The Romeo and Juliet Code shows that truth will win out -- and that Stone has written a masterpiece for young readers everywhere. - The Boston Globe"Stone's intricate and lyrical novel, set during WWII, resembles The Secret Garden in all the best ways. . . . Stone's accomplished tale provides a romantic yet realistic perspective on family, perseverance, and adaptation." - Publishers Weekly, starred review"The story's strands satisfyingly come together in a plot full of intrigue, with well-integrated historical and literary references. On top of all that, Flissy is a kick, her ever-so-proper manners and stuffy Briticisms belied by her abundant curiosity and consequent meddling." - The Horn Book, starred review


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Brand SWISS LEGEND
Style 11852C-BB-012
Series Neptune
Style Casual
Gender Men's
Strap Width 24 mm (29mm at widest)
Case Black ion plated stainless steel and light blue silicone
Dial Color Light blue camouflage
Hands Gray and luminous hour and minute. Gray and white second
Markers Gray and luminous Arabic numerals and indices
Clasp Type Buckle
Strap Color Light blue
Strap Material Light blue silicone
Case Shape Round
Bezel Unidirectional, black ion plated stainless steel with light blue top ring
Weight 182g
Movement Swiss made quartz, (ISA 2331/103)
Crystal Mineral
Case Diameter 52 mm
Case Thickness 19mm
Water Resistant 10 ATM/100 meters/330 feet
Calendar Date display at 4:00
Strap Length Up to 8.25 inches
Case Back Screw-down stainless steel
Crown Screw-down
Material Silicone
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text: Close Rare Photos of Joe Paterno 0 0 0 More 0 0 0 View Gallery Next Previous Next Courtesy of Brown University Joe Paterno Longtime Penn State coach Joe Paterno died Jan. 22, 2012, at the age of 85. Paterno played quarterback and cornerback at Brown University, guiding the team to a 15-3 record over the 1948 and 1949 seasons. 1|17 AP Joe Paterno Before taking over as head coach of the Nittany Lions in 1966, Paterno spent 15 seasons as an assistant under coach Rip Engle. 2|17 Lane Stewart/SI Joe Paterno and Franco Harris Franco Harris and Paterno walk off the field after a game against Syracuse. 3|17 AP Joe and Sue Paterno Paterno is embraced by his wife, Sue, following Penn State's 30-6 victory over Texas in the 1972 Cotton Bowl. 4|17 AP Joe Paterno Paterno reviews the Nittany Lion playbook in his office on the Penn State campus. 5|17 AP John Cappelletti and Joe Paterno Heisman trophy winner John Cappelletti and Paterno have fun with an organ grinders monkey after they were awarded trophies at a Saints and Sinners luncheon. 6|17 John Iacono/SI Joe Paterno Paterno diagrams a play on a see-through screen. 7|17 AP Joe Paterno Paterno appeared on the Wheaties box in 2003. 8|17 AP Joe Paterno Paterno brings a pizza to the students in "Paternoville," an area where students camped out days before home football games to obtain the best seats. 9|17 Michael J. LeBrecht II/1Deuce3 Photography Joe Paterno Paterno gets in a fighter's stance during an SI photo shoot. 10|17 Michael J. LeBrecht II/1Deuce3 Photography Joe Paterno Paterno sits at his desk on the Penn State campus. 11|17 Michael J. LeBrecht II/1Deuce3 Joe Paterno The Penn State coach adjusts his tie during an April 2008 SI photo shoot. 12|17 Peter Read Miller/SI Joe Paterno The King of State College stands by the gate of Beaver Stadium. 13|17 ZUMAPRESS.com Joe Paterno Paterno is carried off the field after recording his 409th career win, the most in NCAA Div. 1 football history. 14|17 Penn State Students In Nov. 2011, Penn State students rushed to show support for Paterno after a child sex scandal broke out involving longtime assistant coach Jerry Sandusky. 15|17 Joe Paterno Paterno speaks to reporters about the scandal. 16|17 Penn State Students Penn State students hold a candlelight vigil in remembrance of Paterno. 17|17 Next up NBA In June 2012, Larry Bird stepped down as president of the Indiana Pacers. A month earlier, he was named the league's top GM and became the first person to win MVP, Coach of the Year and Executive of the Year. As Bird prepares for the next stage in his life, SI.com takes a look at some rare photos of "The Hick from French Lick," including this shot of him and the Indiana State cheerleaders. 32 Rare Photos of Larry Bird July 24, 2012 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 More Recommended Galleries College Football 7 Auburn football locker room redesign 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 More College Football 8 New North Carolina football uniforms 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 More College Football 16 Classic Photos of Steve Spurrier 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 More


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Original recipe yields 4 servings
Amount per serving ({{servings}} total)
Based on a 2,000 calorie diet
Ready In
It's my recipe, so of course I love it. If you can find the chipotle in adobo in the store, I really suggest using that. I usually take the whole can, peppers & sauce & grind it in the mini ch...
OK, I made this several times since my first try and I still love it; and you have to try it. But just have to tell you a funny stroy - the first time I made it I read the directions wrong and ...
This was quite good! I was skeptical about the avocado sauce after blending it and taking a taste, but with the fish it's really good! I doubled the whole recipe, which made LOTS of sauce, but i...


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Thursday, July 2, 2015
MegaMan Jacks into Latin America
Manga and animation licensing/publishing company VIZ Media is taking its hit cyber crime fighting action series, MegaMan NT Warrior, to Latin America. Beginning late spring/early summer ... Continue Reading →
Fox Extends American Dad, Creators
Based on the high ratings the new animated series, American Dad, has received since premiering on May 1, Twentieth Century Fox TV reportedly wants more from the show and its makers. ... Continue Reading →
Revenge of the Sponge!
Having made a big splash in theaters, SpongeBob SquarePants is returning to the small screen tonight, May 6, with the start of long-awaited, all-new episodes. Nickelodeon will air 20 ... Continue Reading →
Winx Club to Cast Spells on Cartoon Network
A whole lot of "bubble, bubble, toil and trouble" is coming to Cartoon Network in the U.S. Winx Club, 4Kids Entertainment's animated series about teenaged fairies ... Continue Reading →
Lions Gate Passes on HIT Bid
Independent producer/distributor Lions Gate Ent. announced today that it does not intend to make an offer to acquire HIT Entertainment PLC, home to Bob the Builder,Thomas the Tank Engine ... Continue Reading →
Incredibles, Shrek 2 Up for Moonmen
While the live-action comedies Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy and Mean Girls lead the pack with four nods each, there was plenty of love of animated pics as MTV today announced ... Continue Reading →
Sam Jackson is Spike TV's Afro Samurai
Actor/producer Samuel L. Jackson (Pulp Fiction, XXX: State of the Union) will voice and produce Afro Samurai, an animated show set to premiere on MTV Networks cable outlet Spike TV ... Continue Reading →
Animal Planet Catalogs Star Wars Creatures
Are Wookies just overgrown Ewoks? And just what the heck are Taun-Tauns and Dewbacks? All these questions and more will be answered when cable network Animal Planet premieres Animal ... Continue Reading →
FOX Mounts Animation Domination
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BKN Inks with China' sToonMax TV
Animation company BKN International A.G. has pacted with Shanghai-based satellite and cable TV channel ToonMax TV to create Chinese content. ToonMax TV will also license at least 26 ... Continue Reading →


text:
Diana Swenson-Siegel
Original recipe yields 4 servings
Amount per serving ({{servings}} total)
Based on a 2,000 calorie diet
Ready In
These were the BEST fried green tomatoes I've ever had in my entire life. I followed the directions EXACTLY and they couldn't have been any better. The batter stuck perfectly, and held up real...
Loved these tomatoes! Used only egg whites to ensure they came out super crispy and crunchy. Egg yolks can make fried foods a little greasy and sometimes soggy.
The directions to cut the tomatoes so thick is definitely wrong in my opinion. I find they will not get done or tender when cut so thick! I've been cooking for 54 plus years, but am still wi...


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We have a range of UV lights from a small battery operated LED Torch to mains operated desk-top models
Export Quality UV Temporary Tattoo is a non-permanent image on the skin resembling a real tattoo
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text: on May 10, 2013 @ 7:30 PMMay 10, 2013 @ 7:30 PM PublishedChipmaker Nvidia's quarterly results beat expectationsBy Noel RandewichSAN FRANCISCO (Reuters) - Nvidia posted first-quarter earnings and revenue above expectations but its revenue outlook for the current quarter fell short of Street estimates.The Santa Clara, California, chipmaker reported first-quarter revenue rose to $954.7 million on Thursday, from $924.9 million in the year-ago quarter.It said revenue in the current quarter would be $975 million, plus or minus 2 percent.Analysts were expecting revenue of $941 million for the quarter ended in April and $1.0 billion for the quarter ending in July, according to Thomson Reuters I/B/E/S.First-quarter net income was $77.9 million, or 13 cents a share, compared to $60.4 million, or 10 cents a share, in the same quarter last year. Analysts on average expected earnings per share of 10 cents.It had a record GAAP gross margin of 54.3 percent and non-GAAP gross margin of 54.6 percent in the quarter. It said current-quarter gross margins would be about the same.Shares of Nvidia rose 2 percent in extended trade after closing up 0.08 percent at $13.91.(Reporting by Noel Randewich; Editing by Bernard Orr and Carol Bishopric)


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Spend your New Year's Eve with Broadway's greatest living diva, backed by a five-piece orchestra at the sumptuously appointed 54 Below. Detractors may sling mud at her Long Island–Sicilian earthiness, but LuPone's voice and the evident joy she takes in using it make such objections moot. This reprise of her triumphant show that opened the venue in June (a set that combines musical theater, contemporary pop and old-school cabaret tunes) will also feature the requisite Auld Lang Syne faves. The hefty ticket price includes a three-course meal and a champagne toast—oh, and lifelong bragging rights.
Patti LuPone: Far Away Places
|Venue name:
|54 Below
254 W 54th St
New York
|Cross street:
|between Broadway and Eighth Ave
|Subway: B, D, E to Seventh Ave
|7pm; $300. 11pm; $400.


text:
An improved circuit board structure and method of forming the same are provided. The circuit board includes an insulating core and has plated through holes connecting the circuitry on both sides and intermediate layers of the core. A permanent dielectric material is applied on at least one surface of the board covering the circuitry and plated through holes. Vias are formed through the dielectric material and signal lines are formed on the top of the dielectric material connected to the circuitry onto the board through the vias. Additional layers of dielectric material with additional wiring and vias can also be formed for multi-level wiring.
1. A method of forming an improved printed circuit board which board has an insulating core and plated through holes, and which board further includes electrical circuitry on at least one side thereof which circuitry includes lands connected to said plated through holes,
said method comprising the steps of;
providing a permanent dielectric material on at least one surface of said board covering the circuitry and the plated through holes,
forming vias through said permanent dielectric material to communicate with circuitry connected to said plated through holes;
forming electrical circuit lines on said permanent dielectric material at least a portion of which circuit lines overlies said plated through holes and is insulated therefrom, and connecting said circuitry to said wiring on said board through said vias.
2. The invention as defined in claim 1 wherein said dielectric material is a photo resist material and said vias are formed by photo lithography.
3. The invention defined in claim 1 further characterized by providing a second layer of permanent dielectric material overlying the circuit lines and the top surface of said first dielectric material, forming circuit lines on said second layer of dielectric material, and connecting at least a portion of said second circuit lines on said second layer of dielectric material to the first circuit lines on the first layer of dielectric material through vias formed in said second layer of dielectric material.
4. The invention as defined in claim 3 wherein the first circuit lines and the second circuit lines. each includes a series of parallel signal lines and wherein the second circuit lines are generally orthogonal to said first circuit lines,
5. The invention as defined in claim 1 wherein said dielectric material is polytetrafluoroethylene and the vias therein are formed by removing by mechanical or laser means portions of dielectric material.
6. The invention are defined in claim 2 wherein said photoresist material is an epoxy resin having a photo initiator contained therein.
7. The invention as defined in claim 6 wherein said resin includes a multi-function epoxy resin component, a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin component, and a trifunctional epoxy resin component.
This application is a division of application Ser. No. 07/286,593, filed Dec. 16, 1988, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,927,983.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to printed circuit boards, and more particularly to an improved printed circuit board having plated through holes wherein wiring patterns can be formed over the plated through holes to thereby increase the usable space for printed circuitry. In more specific aspects, the present invention provides a printed circuit board wherein one or more layers of insulating material are applied over the board. The circuit board has plated through holes and each layer of insulating material has formed circuit lines thereon and vias for connection to the next underlying layer of metalization.
2. Prior Art
Conventional printed circuit cards and boards utilize drilled and plated through holes for communication between opposite sides and intermediate layers of the board to the wiring formed on both sides of the board. Frequently, the plated through holes will also receive pins for the connection of various types of circuit components. It is usually required that the plated through holes be able to act as a soldering socket for a module and that requires that they be fairly large and that a solderable ring or land of metal be provided around the plated through holes on the surface of the circuit board so as to allow for soldered connections. This type of structure dictates that a large amount of card or board space cannot be used for point to point wiring since the wiring must be done in the spaces between the holes, leaving room between the individual wire lines and between the wire lines and the solder rings. Recently there has been introduced surface modules and thin film chip wiring devices that do not have pins but have other types of connection pads. With this type of structure the space necessary for the holes can be reduced somewhat; nevertheless even with this technology a significant amount of space is used by the holes which is not available for surface wiring. Various techniques have been suggested for various types of wire interconnection wherein plated through holes are present on the board. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,356,786 to Texas Instruments shows a technique where conducting lines can be provided which extend across various openings or holes. This technique, however, has many limitations both in the structures available and the utilization of the holes. Other patents that show techniques for increasing somewhat the wiring density, are U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,554,405 to International Business Machines Corp.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,581,679 to TRW, Inc.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,535,388 to International Business Machines Corp.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,598,166 to GTE Communication Systems; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,179,800 to DuPont Electric Co. None of these are completely effective to utilize the entire surface area of board.
According to the present invention an improved circuit board or card and method of making the same is provided. The circuit board or card includes a printed circuit board or card having an insulating core with wiring on both side thereof with or without intermediate layers of wiring and has plated through holes extending from one surface to the other, at least one of which holes is connected to the wiring. A permanent dielectric material is placed on at least one surface of the card or board covering the wiring and the plated through holes. Vias are formed through the dielectric material to communicate with the wiring which is connected to the plated through holes and electrical circuitry or lines that are formed on the dielectric material. At least a portion of the circuitry or lines overlay the plated through holes and are insulated therefrom. The electrical circuitry on the dielectric material is connected to the circuitry on the underlying card through vias formed in the dielectric material. If required, additional layers of dielectric material and electrical circuitry and lines may be formed in a layer fashion in a similar manner and connected to the underlying layer by means of similar vias.
FIGS. 1a through 1k depict various stages in the manufacture of a improved circuit board according to this invention somewhat diagrammatically; and
FIG. 2 is a plan view representation of a portion of the circuit board formed according to this invention depicting the various line patterns.
Referring now to the drawings and for the present to FIGS. 1a through 1k the various steps in forming a circuit board according to one embodiment of this invention are depicted somewhat diagrammatically. The starting point for the invention is the provision of a personalized circuit board or card 10. The circuit board 10 includes a core 11 formed preferably of a brominated epoxy resin impregnated in glass cloth which is conventional and well-known in the art. The core 11 has a series of through holes 12 plated with copper or other conducting material to provide electrical conductivity from one side of the core 11 to the other side and to intermediate layers as desired. There is typically provided electrical circuitry on one or both sides of the card which includes solderable rings or lands 14 formed around the plated through holes 12. In many cases Copper lines are formed on one or both surfaces of the board in a conventional manner and connect with the solderable rings or lands 14 around each of the plated through holes 12 but these have not been shown for clarity of illustration. These copper lines, if present, serve the purpose of providing electrical connection to the lands from the circuitry which is to be formed as will be described presently. The surface of the circuit board 10 is cleaned by a Benzatriazol spray or by Pumice Scrub or by a Vapor Blast to prepare it for the reception of a permanent photoresist. As shown in FIG. 1b, a layer of permanent photoresist 18 is applied to the surface thereof. Preferably this is a dry photoresist which is applied in sheet form. A preferred type of photoresist that which is described in U.S. Application Ser. No. 062,360 Filed June 12, 1987 entitled "Photoresist Composition and Printed Circuit Boards and Packages Made Therewith". A particularly preferred embodiment of this photoresist is a resin comprised of about 78% SUB, a multi-functional epoxy resin sold by Interez Co.; about 17% Araldite CY179, a Cycloaliphatic epoxy resin sold by Ciba Geigy Corp.; and at about 5% Tactix 742 a trifunctional epoxy resin sold by Dow Chemical Co. To this resin, about 5% by weight of UVE 1014, a photo initiator sold by General Electric Co., is added. This is a sheet or dry film type of photoresist and preferably is applied in sheets having a thickness of about 0.002". This can be applied by conventional practices such as hot roll lamination performed at about 100� to 150� C. with a speed of about two feet per minute and 30 psi air assist. It is important that this photoresist must be capable of being able to be cured to a hard impervious relatively non-reactive insulating material capable of remaining in place on the board and having metal circuitry formed thereon; thus, resists having these properties are characterized herein as permanent photoresists. While other photoresists could be used, this particular photoresist is especially desirable and useful for this application.
At this point, the permanent photoresist 18 is exposed in the desired via pattern for providing interconnection through the photoresist layer 18 to the underlying lands 14 or copper lines. The exposure can be done on a conventional Tamarack exposure tool at about 10 psi photo-master contact pressure, at 750 Millijoules per square centimeter, using a 300-500 nanometer arc 5 kw lamp. The resist is then given a preliminary or partial cure by baking it for about 10 minutes at about 100� C. This partial cure is to increase the differential solubility between the exposed and unexposed photoresist for the subsequent developing step but is not a final cure which will be performed later.
The pattern is then developed preferably in a solution of 94% 1,1,1 MCF Trichloromethane and 6% Gamma Butyrolacetone spray for about 60 seconds at about 30-40 psi followed by a water rinse for about 30-45 seconds and a forced air dry. This will provide a structure as shown in FIG. 1c with vias 20 formed through the permanent photoresist 18. Following the development, the remaining photoresist 18 is subjected to a final or permanent cure by exposing it to about 2 joules on the Tamarack exposure tool and then baking at about 150� C. for one-half hour. This provides a firm, impervious, permanent electrically insulating dielectric material suitable for the reception of metal circuitry thereon. The circuitry is applied in the following way.
The surface of the photoresist 18 is cleaned preferably by a vapor blast of pumice and water. Thereafter a metalization seed layer is applied to the surface of the photoresist 18 and in the vias 20. This is perfectly by vacuum metalization of a chrome copper layer in a vacuum chamber and serves as an adhesion layer for subsequent copper plate of the vias and circuitry. First of all a chrome layer 22 is deposited by vacuum evaporation which typically is about 400 to 800 angstroms thick followed by a vacuum deposition of a copper layer 24 about 3,000 angstroms thick. These are both deposited by conventional vacuum deposit techniques which will provide the structure as shown in FIG. 1d and in more detail in FIG. 1dd.
Following this step a film 26 of dry resist is applied which preferably is a negative resist sold under the tradename Riston T-168 by DuPont Co. This typically is about 11/2 mils thick and is applied by hot roll laminator in a conventional manner. This point in the process is shown in FIG. 1e. The dry film resist 26 is then patterned by exposure to ultraviolet light radiation preferably by using a Tamarack contact exposure tool, the exposure being from about 2-5 seconds at about 60-70 millijoules. The pattern exposed is a negative of the pattern that is desired for the metal line pattern to be applied onto the permanent photoresist 18. The photoresist 26 is also exposed above the location of the lands 14 or other interlayer circuit contact point to which the material lines are to be connected. The pattern is then developed in a conventional manner such as by utilizing a methylchloroform spray followed by a rinse utilizing water spray or freon. This is conventional practice and provides the structure shown in FIG. 1f.
Copper is then plated preferably from an acid electroplating bath typically a copper sulfate in aqueous sulfuric acid. The electroplating provides a copper deposit over the previously seeded layer within the pattern which will become copper lines 32 and copper is deposited into the vias 20. This structure is shown in FIG. 1g.
The previously exposed dry film photoresist 26 is then stripped utilizing a methylene chloride spray at about 18 psi followed by a water spray rinse and air dry. This will remove the exposed dry film resist 26 and allow the copper lines 32 deposited onto the seed layer of chrome 22 and copper 24 and the plated filled vias 20 to remain as shown in FIG. 1h.
At this point the remaining chrome and copper seed layer 22 and 24 is flash etch stripped. The copper preferably is removed with a ferric chloride solution of about 1.28 specific gravity sprayed at about 30� C. for about one minute at a pressure of about 8 psi to reveal the underlying chrome. The chrome is then removed with potassium permanganate composition containing about 60 grams per liter of sodium hydroxide sprayed about 30� C. for about 1.2 minutes at a spray pressure of about 8 psi followed by a rinse in deionized water. The entire structure can then be rinsed in a 75 gram per liter oxalic acid rinse followed by two deionized water rinses. The resulting structure is shown in FIG. 1i.
As can be seen in FIG. 1e, the copper lines 32 can be placed very close together and can actually pass directly over underlying plated through holes 12 allowing for a very close pattern of wiring on the surface of the permanent photoresist 18. Where connections are required, the filled vias 20 provide electrical continuity from the wiring or copper signal lines 32 to the underlying lands 14 (or lines if present) and hence to the plated through holes 12. A similar structure can be provided on the opposite side of the circuit board 10.
If it is desired to place additional wires and particularly if it is desired to have wires running in a direction orthogonal to the copper lines 32 on the photo resist 18, the entire procedure can be repeated to provide an additional layer of lines. In this case a second layer of permanent photo resist 34 which is the same as the photo resist 18, is applied over the copper lines 32 and the layer photo resist 18 as shown in FIG. 1j. The identical process as described above is then repeated to provide a second set of copper lines one of which is shown at 36 on top of the layer 34 of the permanent photo resist preferably running orthogonally to the copper lines 32 all as shown in FIG. 1k. Vias 38 are formed in the second layer 34 of permanent photo resist to provide for interconnection of the copper lines 36 to the copper lines 32. Again, the copper lines 34 can be very closely spaced and can pass over the underlying plated through holes 12 on the circuit board 10.
FIG. 2 shows a Plan view, somewhat diagrammatic, of certain of the lines, vias, and plated through holes indicating how the dense wiring is achieved. Indeed wiring density can be significantly greater than that which can be achieved on the underlying board due to the requirement of not being able to run the lines directly on the board over the holes. Indeed lines as small as 2 mils wide and on 4 mils center can be employed in this invention; whereas, in the prior art when the lines are on the circuit board, the lines very often will have to be 4 mill lines on 9 mils centers to avoid the plated through holes.
The preferred embodiment of the invention utilizes a permanent photoresist and photo lithographic techniques to provide the vias in the permanent photoresists 18 and 34. However, it is possible to utilize permanent dielectric materials other than photoresists. One specific material is polytetrafluoroethylene. In this case, rather than exposing and developing the dielectric layer to provide the vias 20 and 38, mechanical or laser drilling techniques are utilized to provide the vias 18 and 38 at the desired locations. Otherwise the technique of forming the lines and filling the vias with metal are the same as described previously.
While several embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, various adaptations and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
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