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presented by Amy Hatcher, MS, Director, Mike Judd, Outreach Coordinator Veteran Village of San Diego and Nicole Jones, Assistant Professor Counselor, Cuyamaca College, email@example.com
Workshop Number: CC-F-125
Location: F-512
Cuyamaca College has nearly 500 Veteran students attending each semester and many more students who are active duty military. This means that chances are you have a military student in your classroom. Operation Iraqi Freedom (Iraq) and Operation Enduring Freedom (Afghanistan) Veterans are unlike than those Veterans from other wars such as Vietnam and Desert Storm. Their needs and readjustment issues are diverse. This workshop is designed to provide our faculty and staff with expert knowledge on veteran student behaviors, what to look out for and how to better engage those students in the learning process. Introduction and Overview of the Modern Veteran: We will provide an overview of the modern veteran to promote greater understanding of this growing population of students on our campus. Combat Issues: This module will cover information on Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), PTSD and self medication. The Veteran in the Classroom: We will discuss deployment/behavioral issues.
Please contact Nicole Jones, Counselor, for Pre-Registration at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Gatwick, United Kingdom Hotels & Resorts - The Courtyard by Marriott London Gatwick Airport is a contemporary and well situated place to stay being conveniently located near the airport.
Find great deals on quality Gatwick Airport, United Kingdom hotels & resorts, or indulge at one of our luxury resorts. Take advantage of the many amenities that can be included with your stay such as in-room internet access, wifi, room service, fitness center, pool, hot tub, steam room, and shuttle services to and from the airport. Browse our Gatwick Airport, United Kingdom hotels and resorts and plan your Gatwick Airport, United Kingdom vacation today!

subset: commoncrawl


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Mixer #130 Have you had a special pet before?
Click the "CC" buton to view text.
Hello! Sohayla from Egypt. The question is do you have a pet or do you like a pet?
Actually, this question is so touching for me, as I love all the kinds of pets and I grows up many, but the one I would like to talk about this time is a cat, a kitten that was called Mosat. Mosat is really a strange name in our country. It has never been called to a kitten before, so Mosat was a little lazy, kind, lovely cat. The worst thing that happened is that he got really ill in the last few days and died. He died last January, so there was like months ago, and I still think about him, and I still get sorry and sad, but we should get going, anyway, so thank you very much.


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late 15c., ultimately from Arabic bazahr, from Persian pad-zahr "counter-poison," from pad "protecting, guardian, master" (from Iranian *patar-, cf. Avestan patar-, from PIE *pa-tor-, from root *pa- "to protect, feed") + zahr "poison" (from Old Iranian *jathra, from PIE *gwhn-tro-, from root *gwhen- "to strike, kill;" see bane). Originally "antidote," later specifically in reference to a concoction from solid matter found in the stomachs and intestines of ruminants, which was held to have antidotal qualities (1570s).
bezoar be·zoar (bē'zôr')
A hard indigestible mass of material, such as hair, vegetable fibers, or the seeds and skins of fruits, formed in the alimentary canal.


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[directfb-users] Re: Displaying buffer contents
Sven Neumann <email@example.com> writes: >> Now i want to display this buffer with DirectFB in a window >> surface. I have not found an ImageProvider for PPM, so i tried a >> quick and ugly hack like this: > Is there a particular reason you are using an image provider for this? No, but there is no public interface to put data in a surface (and even less documentation). > It is probably much simpler to create a surface of the right size, > lock it, copy your data to the surface (line by line since you need to > respect the pitch) and unlock the surface. Alternatively you can also Hmmm... first: what is the pitch and how do i respect it? Then: How is this supposed to work? I have to use internal headers and first i don't like this idea and second is this impossible outside the directfb-source-tree (after make install or installation form a distributions package system), because at least config.h is missing. > create a surface around your image data. You don't even need to do the > copying then. That's what the DSDESC_PREALLOCATED flag is good for. OK. Is there any chance to get any useable documentation in the near future? I have read the complete online documentation, quite some examples and never found any hint how to display a buffer of data with directfb. To dive into the source for every little bit of work is quite time consuming and frustrating. So: I want to display video pictures -- so i get a many frames to display. Is there a simple way to say "here is your new buffer" to a surface or is it a suitable way to construct a new surface for every frame? There are two buffers for a surface with preallocated buffer. Which one it the right to use or is it ok to let both data-pointers point to the same buffer? What is the pitch field for, what does it mean, which values are valid? -- Until the next mail..., Stefan. -- Info: To unsubscribe send a mail to firstname.lastname@example.com with "unsubscribe directfb-users" as subject.
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I love Derrick Rose he is a very good point guard
*Chris Paul*
Derrick Rose is an awesome pg....
D.Rose or Rajon Rondo
Rajon Rondo! best in the league.
Gary Payton, for the older retired player that i watched some game footage of. Currently I like Stephen Curry, but that's just because I'm from California.
Would be D rose if it werent for his bad game vs the heat. All time it would be Bob Cousy. Right now probably Kidd.
i cant lie but my favorite point guard is derick rose.
Derrick Rose
So many people!!!! CP3, Rajon Rondo, D-Rose and Russel Westbrook. The best of the best are these guys.
steve nash, d rose, cp3 and im surprised no one has deron williams as one of their favorites the guy is amazing to watch.
Chris Paul is the best point guard in the NBA easy


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MF Global Holdings Ltd. argued in a December 2010 letter to regulators that futures brokers didn't need tighter restrictions on how they invest client funds. Ten months later, as MF Global filed for bankruptcy, about $1.6 billion in customer accounts was missing.
President Barack Obama will try to head off the political impact of rising gasoline prices as Republicans vow to make the price at the pump an issue in the 2012 election campaign.
The bipartisan congressional supercommittee charged with finding $1.5 trillion in budget savings is leaving Washington lobbying firms in a quandary, seeing their clients pitted against one another in a competition for government cash.
Republican presidential front-runners Mitt Romney and Newt Gingrich are on President Barack Obama's side in extending a payroll-tax break, even as the measure bogs down in partisan conflict in the U.S. Senate.
Latin America, home to the world's strictest abortion laws, may hold lessons for U.S. Republican presidential hopefuls who advocate a ban on the practice.
Republicans competing for open U.S. Senate seats in Florida and six other states as a group raised millions of dollars more than the Democratic contenders in 2010's second quarter.
"Almost immediately, the Chamber of Commerce and National Association of Manufacturers encouraged companies to organize PACs."
- Clyde Wilcox on May 22, 2012


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Paper Plate Paddle Ball
Activity DesignerMelissa Allen
400 Projects
This game takes seconds to put together and creates so much laughter. My kids enjoyed this game for days! It's a definite keeper for rainy days.
What You'll Need
- balloon
- paper plates
- craft sticks - large
- masking tape
- markers (optional)
How We Did It
We taped a large craft stick on the back of each plate. We used duct tape, but found out later that masking tape holds much better.
First, they hit it back and forth like tennis (giggling the entire time.) They also played a game of "don't let the balloon hit the floor." My two-year-old thought that was the best thing ever!


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VIDEO: Kevin Rose demos Square iPhone payment system
Square, the new company offering an iPhone credit and debit card payment system, has got investor Kevin Rose, co-founder of Digg and others, to star in a new promo video.
You can hit play above to jump right into the action as Rose demos the currently at production stage kit that consists of a small swipe reader - certainly smaller than Mophie's recently revealed rival offering.
Functionality includes the customer signing on a screen (do they still do that in the States?), an instantly emailable receipt and the fact that the phone geotags the payment location.
We will keep you posted on news of the Square launch but meanwhile you can find out more over at the official site.


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The man convicted of killing three people in Altoona eight years ago will remain on death row. The State Supreme Court has upheld three death sentences for Miguel Padilla.
Padilla shot and killed Al Mignogna, Fred Rickabaugh Sr., and Stephen Heiss outside the UVA Club. His appeal claimed he had ineffective counsel, he was an illegal alien and wasn't allow to consult with the Mexican government, and that the evidence didn't support the death penalty.
However, Blair County Chief Deputy District Attorney Jackie Bernard says the State Supreme Court firmly dismissed all of Padilla's arguments.
"They always have the right to ask the court for review. It's just that after a direct appeal comes back so strongly affirming the sentence of death, it will be difficult," she said.
No one on death row in Pennsylvania has been executed since 1999


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ONE-HUNDREDTH of a second. That could be the difference between an athlete representing their country in this year's Olympic Games in London and one staying at home. Even finer margins can separate medal-winners from also-rans.
The Olympics is the ultimate goal for many sportspeople, and they will go to great lengths to get there. Ever since the modern games began in 1896, any research that might give athletes a boost - no matter how small - is leapt on by coaches. Behind the scenes, every athlete relies on a legion of psychologists, physiologists, engineers, biologists and nutritionists. Their work is a closely guarded secret: nobody will know whether it has been successful until long after the medals have been awarded. But it is possible to make educated guesses about the latest crazes...
Blood sport
Athletes who place a pressure cuff on their arms before exercising have seen dramatic improvements in their performances, but nobody quite knows why
Read more
Freezer therapy
A new strategy in the battle against injury is cryotherapy, which involves blasting athletes with sub-zero cold air to speed their recovery after training
Read more
Thought control
Having the right mindset is vital to sporting success. Neurofeedback helps athletes control their brain waves and get into "the zone"
Read more
Dreams of victory
Pleasant dreams are said to make athletes more likely to succeed. Learning to control your dreams is difficult – but it can be done
Read more
A winning genome
Genetics plays a role in athletic performance, but pinpointing which of our genes are responsible is tricky. Some candidates, however, are starting to emerge
Read more
Breakfast of champions
As our understanding of sports nutrition has improved, so the Olympian's menu has evolved
Read more
Peak performers
Age generally hampers performance, but it is not always youth that's best
Read more
Contagion alert
As hundreds of thousands of spectators gather to watch the sport, health officials are watching for diseases that may take this perfect opportunity to strike
Read more


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crack in top of over
1 Attachment(s)
Hi All
What an exciting afternoon....
Ive just had my first big fire ( it was a beauty :) ) in my oven and theres a crack at the very top with whisps of smoke where coming through...see pic
its about 5 ins long
The oven is only small 32 ins so gets hot quick ive not insulated it with a blanket or outer vermiculite yet but did 2 good coats of refrac cement especially above the top centre...
Ive had 4 fires up to date going upto around 200C with one layer of cement on and the outer dome didnt get even get hot, then all of a sudden today with a bigger fire came the crack... even with 2 layers of good refrac cement ( Maybe i didnt give the 2nd layer long enough to harden ).....Im sure that with a fire blanket and vermiculite over top I wouldnt have even noticed the cracks..
The heat of the dome inside at the top when it happend was 300C
and outside is is currently ( where the crack is ) is 80C ...so heat is escaping
the dome keystone etc is all very very tight and well built and not packed between joints with mortar and im more than happy with my dome build..
But Whats best to do now???...
leave it and put another layer of concreate over the top and carry on with the insulation blanket etc
or chip it /grind it away back to the brick below the crack and re-cement the 2 layers...then put my outer insulation over and stop messing around...lol
advice please
Re: crack in top of over
How does it look from the inside? Is it a wide crack or hard to see?
The dome needs to expand and contract, and that's the spot it picked for the movement. I think if you repair it, it will recrack or crack in another spot.
If it doesn't look too bad on the inside, I think I would start insulating and press on. Once it's insulated, you should not lose any heat or smoke out the crack.
Re: crack in top of over
1 Attachment(s)
Hi Ken
Thanks for the help first of all
Its all a bit black in there and still warm....lol
Ive taken a pic ( see attatched ) and from looking with a torch there are gaps between the bricks right at the top where the mortar has shrunk...not bad ones tho...and no cracks in the bricks
I think I might tmw get some refrac cement and re-point the inside top around the keystone..and aslo grind the outer dome cement at the top and redo that that way i can see where the smoke / air is getting out...and then re fire very gently..i dont think it will harm it!!!!
Ive not got a good pic of the inside top before the first fire but it was all pointed well
I dont mind spending the time to get it right - its been so enjoyable doing it id rather get it right..
What you think???
Re: crack in top of over
It doesn't look too bad. If you want to re-point, that's fine. It certainly won't hurt anything.
You might then want to put some insulation blankets or verculite-cement over it and start curing again very slowly.
There is some debate over whether curing with or without insulation will result in less cracks.
Good luck!!
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Respect for those greater…
My beautiful little daughters, Indiana Marin and Mattigan Twain Warrior, showing their respect and reverence for those courageous human beings who've put their own lives on the line to protect and secure our American freedoms.
Thoughtful and soul-full day yesterday visiting the National Cemetery here in New Mexico.
Each Memorial Day we stop by with our girls for the fly-over and to pay our respects, let our little Warrior patriots bring a smile to a few faces, some tears to more than a few eyes. Nothing melts the tough, somber and worthy soul of a veteran more than the twinkle of a little girl's eye and a soft and tiny voiced, "Thank you, sir, for your service."
The winds were really stout and almost all the little headstone flags were uprooted and scattered about the grounds. Indy and Mattie, bothered by the sight of it all, encouraged their parents to spend the better part of the afternoon sticking them back down in the dirt, their tiny hands on top of ours as we all pushed. Indy ask me, "Daddy, who would do such a horrible, dishonorable job at this? After all, these soldier's burial places are sacred." I told her the Boy Scouts (who they get to perform the task). She called them "sissies," figuring that "any boy, Boy Scout or not, should be tough enough to stick these little flags down in the ground deep enough so they won't fall down, no matter how hard the wind blows." It was hard to disagree. Besides, as a father knowing my future is going to be trying enough when it comes to beating back the boys (any boys not just Scouts), I like their simple "boy=bad" logic and, for now, will just leave it as it is. The longer they think ALL boys are bad, the longer I'll have peace of mind. Anyway, here's a picture of them deciding on their own to say a final goodbye before we left the cemetery.
Peace of mind isn't exactly what I got when I gazed up through the headstones of over 41,000 interments set up the steep New Mexico hillsides in perfectly aligned rows. Standing in a National Cemetery on Memorial Day while the fence-sitting chaos, ongoing turmoil and American death in Iraq continues doesn't give me any peaceful thoughts. The unrest weighed even heavier when I thought about that earlier in the day, before we came down to the cemetery, I got to experience the excitement and pride of watching my own daughter, Indy, ride her bike for the first time without training wheels, and now, here I was staring at the fresh gravesite of a young soldier killed in Iraq who will never get to experience the same joy.
The failed leadership and moral cowardice of this country's elected officials, including President Bush, is abominable. Don't get me wrong. I haven't suddenly taken up with the other side — the enemies within…the modern-day, anti-war liberals. I'm still a conservative by its pure measure — just as I've put forth in previous my "conservative" commentaries. I'm just not a conservative by the definition today's mainstream conservatives use, and I'm definitely not a republican in the adulterated sense today's elected republicans practice. In fact, I'm still very much pro-war; that is, I am pro-war when we are at war, as we happen to be right now.
My problem is that those who defend involvement in the Iraq war — for all the right reasons now that we actually find ourselves in the muck of it — don't practice "pro-war" military engagement. They preach pro-war but they actually practice anti-war. This, to me, is worse than even doctoring the intelligence — if they did — to precipitate war. Not that I'm not convinced the Bush administration did. I believe there were WMDs and they were removed before our invasion. If our intelligence was no good, is still no good, as we have ostensibly found out having gone through all the congressional madness, then how can we know with certainty that our intelligence did not, also, miss the removal of WMDs? Intelligence missed everything else — they could have missed that, too. But whether the administration did or did not doesn't matter now. Arguable as it all is, we are, in fact, at war. And for Bush and his administration, defending what they have done and the war we now find ourselves in, to march our American military warriors on the battlefield without "pro-war" orders of engagement is, indeed, a dereliction of duty.
In fact, the simple, unexpressed problem with the military entanglement we now find ourselves in is that it is not being engaged, literally, as a war. Military engagement is not deadly enough. Our military warriors are not being allowed to kill the enemy by means or methods demanded by war. The long term strategy, decried by everyone for not existing at all, should have simply been the same as the short term strategy: Kill the enemy. At any and all other costs. Don't stop killing until they are all dead and defeated. Once done, bring our own warriors home.
This war could have been over as quickly in time as the time it took our ground forces to enter the city limits of Iraq; and over with much less expense in treasure and toil. We were, at that time of invasion, a Nation agreed upon one single goal: Kill the enemy. We should have kept killing until ALL the enemies were dead. Instead, our military and all of us back home took a (premature) celebratory breather. When we did, political-correctness crept into the coverage and the debate. Once it did, there was no more room for the unconditional killing of enemies or unequivocal war success. And as long as our politically-correct leaders in Washington, DC don't have the stomach for killing, body bags filled with our own countrymen will keep being sent home. Justification for entering into war, faulty intelligence or neo-con concoction, is one thing. But there is no justification for not letting your warriors war once they are on the battlefield. None.
It's the 21st century. It should be a rare occurrence when one of our own dies on any battlefield. We have the weaponry and technology to limit it. And every American soldier has shown they have the might and mindset to get the job done. They should be allowed to. They are not. Americans who are willing to sacrifice their lives to protect our freedoms should be afforded the the best chance there possibly is by their Commander-in-Chief to one day die of old age in the country they defended, not in some other rotting, God-forsaken country filled with subhumans, while fighting a war under orders restraining their lethal fighting capabilities. War is THE rule of engagement all by itself. The nature of war, all alone, is the approval to kill. A soldier, when his own life is in danger, should not have to seek various degrees of further approval for the killing war naturally demands. The enemies in Iraq are responsible for ending the lives of American soldiers, but, make no mistake, the politically-correct leaders in this country are the ones responsible for killing them.


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Gov Crist signs Infant Mortality Bill sponsored by Joyner and Reed in East Tampa
Seán Kinane
WMNF Drive-Time News Monday | Listen to this entire show:
This morning at the College Hill Library in East Tampa, Governor Charlie Crist signed a bill that addresses the high rate of infant mortality among African-Americans in Florida. Senator Arthenia Joyner and Representative Betty Reed, both of Tampa, sponsored the bill. WMNFâs Seán Kinane reports that House Bill 1269 provides one million dollars to identify factors contributing to higher death rates among African-American infants.
âThis legislation will help us reduce death rates among African-American infants. Every child deserves a long healthy productive life. This legislation will insure that more of Floridaâs children have the same opportunity. It creates the African-American Infant Mortality Initiative and it will improve system services, increase access to community resources, the bill allocates a million dollars for this purpose.â
That was Governor Charlie Crist describing the bill that he signed this morning in East Tampa. One of the billâs sponsors, state Senator Arthenia Joyner said that the bill is important because the rate of infant mortality of blacks is much higher than whites, including in Hillsborough County.
Iâm anxious to see the studies to get underway because the coalition needs about a year to study why is it that black babies are dying five times more than white babies in Hillsborough and Gadsden Counties. Gadsden County is where Quincy is and thatâs a rural community and this is Hillsborough, an urban community. And yet they both have third-world numbers when it comes to the death of black babies and this has got to stop [applause].
Representative Betty Reed, another sponsor of this bill, said that help is now on the way for populations suffering from high rates of infant mortality.
âItâs a great day in Tampa Bay for me because I know so many people that have gone through losing an infant and felt so helpless. And now I feel that thereâs help on the way for so many people.â
Dr. Ana Viamonte Ros is the Secretary for the Florida Department of Health and became the first State Surgeon General yesterday. She commented on the bill.
âI think itâs a wonderful opportunity to focus attention to a high-risk population and itâs going to allow us the funds to be able do that.â
Senator Joyner said that the grants to study the disparity in infant mortality would probably go to the Healthy Start Coalitions in Hillsborough and Gadsden Counties.
âAs the Healthy Start Coalition of Hillsborough County and Gadsden County, whom I feel will be the two Healthy Start Coalitions who will be awarded the grant to do the study so that they can get to work and we can solve this problem.
WMNF asked Governor Crist whether having nationwide single-payer universal healthcare could help bring Floridaâs high rate of infant mortality down to the levels of other countries that spend less money on health care.
âWell, I think what we do, Floridaâs setting a good example this morning in my belief. And I think that the Senator [Joyner] and the Representative [Reed] have led well, particularly as it relates to infant mortality in the African-American community. Thatâs why we dedicated a million dollars to go with this piece of legislation so we can further study, do more research, and spend our dollars better. Thatâs a very good point and one weâll follow on.
Representative Reed said that having single-payer healthcare would reduce infant mortality and she would work to implement it.
âI believe that. I believe thatâs true. You know if a person was aware they could get health services, health care, even though they might not have money, then yes, I do believe it would help. ⦠We can keep lobbying for it and thatâs what weâre doing now. We can keep repeating over and over and hopefully when this study comes out it will also help us to actually have something thatâs documented that we can say âthis is the reason why.ââ
After Crist signed the infant mortality bill he was asked about the recent property tax cuts. Crist said that he thinks the voters will pass the constitutional amendment authorizing a super homestead exemption in January.
âOn the property tax issue, Iâm very pleased with what the legislature did to have passed the largest tax cut in the history of Florida is very, very important. As I campaigned around the state last year, people told me over and over again that they were getting crushed not only by property taxes, but property insurance. So, weâre going to continue to hold the insurance industryâs feet to the fire, continue to try to push down those rates. While at the same time thanking the legislature for the already fifteen billion dollar tax cut. We hope that the citizens will follow up in January. Iâm confident that they will, because they want property taxes, theyâre the ones who led us here.â
The property tax cut passed by the legislature is resulting in massive layoffs of city and county employees throughout the state. Crist says that municipalities need to tighten their belts.
âWell, you know, itâs up to local governments to make that decision about how they want to reduce their necessity for the taxpayersâ money. And I think that the best way is to tighten the belt. If we can do that, thatâs better for everybody.â
Crist also said that state agencies need to make budget cuts because the state budget is lower than expected.
âYeah, well, weâre getting some estimates on the budget that it is reducing, that less is coming in. And Iâm convinced that two of the major reasons why thatâs [sic] happening are property insurance and property taxes. Thatâs why weâve got to stay on these issues, free up the market, get this economy rolling again. Then everybody will do better. ⦠As you know, we sent a memo out late last week to have those agencies look at 4 to 10 percent in reductions. Weâve got to put our money where our mouth is, too, and make sure that we return more money to the people of Florida.â
For WMNF News, Iâm Seán Kinane
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About 70 people came to Davidson United Methodist Church Thursday night for a program on "Shedding Light on Bullying and Suicide Prevention." The program was held in memory of Davidson resident and Hough High School student Jocelyn Desmond, who took her life this spring. WSOC-TV's Natalie Pasquarella was there to cover the event, where parents, teachers and students gathered to learn about bullying prevention and to remember Jocelyn.
LINK: June 1, 2012, WSOCTV.com, "amily Focus: Davidson community gathers for bullying awareness program
WSOC also posted a copy of the presentation by Shannon White of the Counseling Center at Davidson United Methodist Church and Emily Grimes, Mobile Crisis Director at Daymark Recovery Services.
May 29, 2012, "Thu. program: Shedding light on bullying and suicide prevention."


text: I'm a football fan, but normally I don't give a rip about the teams in the Super Bowl. Being a Vikings fan makes the possibility of rooting for the home team almost non-existent. Something about Eli Manning just bothers me. Cheering for Tom Brady is like rooting for a cocky male model struttin...Read More


text: Diagnostic Imaging Services — OutpatientThe Breast Center at Valley Medical Center4033 Talbot Road South, MAC 470, Renton WA 98055Ph: 425.656.5588Driving Directions Bone Density (BDM or DEXA) Galactography Digital Mammography Stereotactic Core Biopsy Ultrasound Covington Diagnostic Imaging Services 27005 168th Pl SE, Ste. 301, Covington, Washington 98042Ph: 253.395.2015Driving Directions MRI Valley Diagnostic Imaging Services - Medical Arts Center4033 Talbot Road South, MAC 360, Renton WA 98055Ph: 425.251.5255Driving Directions Diagnostic x-ray Fluoroscopy Ultrasound Valley Diagnostic Imaging Services - Olympic Building400 South 43rd Street, West side of campus, Renton WA 98055Ph: 425.656.5550 Driving Directions Breast MRI and MRI Guided Breast Biopsy Computed Tomography (CT) Coronary CT Angiography (As Seen on Oprah!) CT Colonography, "Video" Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI & Open MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET/CT) Valley Medical Center400 South 43rd Street, Renton WA 98055Ph: 425.251.5183 Driving Directions Computed Tomography (CT) Diagnostic x-ray Fluoroscopy Interventional Radiology Nuclear Medicine Pain Management Procedures Ultrasound Learn more about our diagnostic imaging services


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The term sharia itself derives from the verb "shara'a" (شرع), which according to Abdul Mannan Omar's "Dictionary of the Holy Qur'an" connects to the idea of "system of divine law; way of belief and practice".
Legal scholar L. Ali Khan explains that "the concept of sharia has been thoroughly confused in legal and common literature. For some Muslims, sharia consists of the Qur'an and Sunnah. For others, it also includes classical fiqh. Most encyclopedias define sharia as law based upon the Qur'an, the Sunna, and classical fiqh derived from consensus (ijma) and analogy (qiyas).This definition of sharia inappropriately lumps together the revealed with the unrevealed. This blending of sources has created a muddled assumption that scholarly interpretations are as sacred and beyond revision as are the Qur'an and the Sunnah. The Qur'an and the Sunnah constitute the immutable Basic Code, which should be kept separate from ever-evolving interpretive law (fiqh). This analytical separation between the Basic Code and fiqh is necessary to" dissipate confusion around the term Sharia.
The primary sources of Islamic law are the Qur'an and Sunnah.
To this, traditional Sunni Muslims add the consensus (ijma) of Muhammad's companions (sahaba) and Islamic jurists (ulema) on certain issues, and drawing analogy from the essence of divine principles and preceding rulings (qiyas). In situations where no concrete rules exist under the sources, law scholars use qiyas — various forms of reasoning, including by analogy. The consensus of the community or people, public interest, and others are also accepted as secondary sources where the first four primary sources allow.
Shi'a Muslims reject this approach. They strongly reject analogy (qiyas) as an easy way to innovations (bid'ah), and also reject consensus (ijma) as having any particular value in its own. During the period that the Sunni scholars developed those two tools, the Shi'a Imams were alive, and Shi'a view them as an extension of the Sunnah, so they view themselves as only deriving their laws (fiqh) from the Qur'an and Sunnah. A recurring theme in Shi'a jurisprudence is logic (mantiq), something Shi'a believe they mention, employ and value to a higher degree than Sunnis do. They do not view logic as a third source for laws, rather a way to see if the derived work is compatible with the Qur'an and Sunnah.
In Imami-Shi'i law, the sources of law (usul al-fiqh) are the Qur'an, anecdotes of Muhammad's practices and those of the 12 Imams, and the intellect (aql). The practices called Sharia today, however, also have roots in local customs (al-urf).
A number of important legal concepts and institutions were developed by Islamic jurists during the classical period of Islam, known as the Islamic Golden Age, dated from the 7th to 13th centuries.
When sharia began its formation in the deserts of Arabia about 1,400 years ago, the time Islam was born, a sense of community did not exist. Life in the desert was nomadic and tribal, thus the only factor that tied people together into various tribes was through common ancestry. However, the nature of Islam challenged that ideology and brought all those who professed their submission to Islam into the Ummah. Additionally, Islam was not just a religion but a way of life and being that it transformed those who were once enemies into neighbors laws had to be instilled and so the doctrines of sharia took root. All who are Muslim are judged by sharia – no matter the location or the culture.
However, people do not change overnight nor do their habits of everyday life – sharia was indeed guided through its development by lifestyles of the tribes in which was initially absorbed into Islam. Thus, through the understandings of the tribe, Islamic law would be a law of the community – for the community by the community – even if initially proposed by an individual "for they could not form part of the tribal law unless and until they were generally accepted as such." Additionally, Noel James Coulson, Lecturer in Islamic Law of the University of London, states that "to the tribe as a whole belonged the power to determine the standards by which its members should live. But here the tribe is conceived not merely as the group of its present representatives but as a historical entity embracing past, present, and future generations." So, while "each and every law must be rooted in either the Quran or the Sunna," without contradiction, tribal life brought about a sense of participation. Such participation is further reinforced by Muhammad who stated, "My community will never agree in error" and thus, later recorded as a hadith.
After the death of Muhammad sharia continued to undergo fundamental changes, beginning with the reigns of caliphs Abu Bakr (632-34) and Umar (634-44) in which many decision making matters were brought to the attention of the Prophet's closest comrades for consultation. In AD 662, during the reign of Mu'awiya b. Abu Sufyan, life ceased to be nomadic and undertook an urban transformation which in turn created matters not originally covered by Islamic law. Each and every gain, loss, and turn of Islamic society has played an active role in developing sharia which branches out into fiqh and Qanun respectively.
According to Makdisi, the "royal English contract protected by the action of debt is identified with the Islamic Aqd, the English assize of novel disseisin is identified with the Islamic Istihqaq, and the English jury is identified with the Islamic Lafif" in classical Maliki jurisprudence. The Islamic Hawala institution also influenced the development of the agency institution in English common law. Other English legal institutions such as "the scholastic method, the license to teach," the "law schools known as Inns of Court in England and Madrasas in Islam" may have also originated from Islamic law. These influences have led Makdisi to suggest that Islamic law may have laid the foundations for "the common law as an integrated whole".
The Waqf in Islamic law, which developed during the 7th-9th centuries, bears a notable resemblance to the trusts in the English trust law. For example, every Waqf was required to have a waqif (founder), mutawillis (trustee), qadi (judge) and beneficiaries. Under both a Waqf and a trust, "property is reserved, and its usufruct appropriated, for the benefit of specific individuals, or for a general charitable purpose; the corpus becomes inalienable; estates for life in favor of successive beneficiaries can be created" and "without regard to the law of inheritance or the rights of the heirs; and continuity is secured by the successive appointment of trustees or mutawillis. The trust law developed in England at the time of the Crusades, during the 12th and 13th centuries, was introduced by Crusaders who may have been influenced by the Waqf institutions they came across in the Middle East. Dr. Paul Brand also notes parallels between the Waqf and the trusts used to establish Merton College by Walter de Merton, who had connections with the Knights Templar. Brand also points out, however, that the Knights Templar were primarily concerned with fighting the Muslims rather than learning from them, making it less likely that they had knowledge of Muslim legal institutions. The introduction of the trust, or "use" was primarily motivated by the need to avoid medieval inheritance taxes. By transferring legal title to a third party, there was no need to pay feudal dues on the death of the father. In those times, it was common for an underage child to lose many of his rights to his feudal overlord if he succeeded before he came of age.
The precursor to the English jury trial was the Lafif trial in classical Maliki jurisprudence, which was developed between the 8th and 11th centuries in North Africa and Islamic Sicily, and shares a number of similarities with the later jury trials in English common law. Like the English jury, the Islamic Lafif was a body of twelve members drawn from the neighbourhood and sworn to tell the truth, who were bound to give a unanimous verdict, about matters "which they had personally seen or heard, binding on the judge, to settle the truth concerning facts in a case, between ordinary people, and obtained as of right by the plaintiff." The only characteristic of the English jury which the Islamic Lafif lacked was the "judicial writ directing the jury to be summoned and directing the bailiff to hear its recognition." According to Professor John Makdisi, "no other institution in any legal institution studied to date shares all of these characteristics with the English jury." It is thus likely that the concept of the Lafif may have been introduced to England by the Normans and then evolved into the modern English jury. However, the hearing of trials before a body of citizens may have existed in courts before the Norman conquest.
The precursor to the English assize of novel disseisin was the Islamic Istihqaq, an action "for the recovery of usurped land", in contrast to the previous Roman law which "emphasized possession in resolving such disputes." The "assize of novel disseisin broke with this tradition and emphasized ownership, as is found in the Islamic law of Istihqaq. Islamic law also introduced the notion of allowing an accused suspect or defendant to have an agent or lawyer, known as a wakil, handle his/her defense. This was in contrast to early English common law, which "used lawyers to prosecute but the accused were left to handle their defense themselves." The English Parliament did not allow those accused of treason the right to retain lawyers until 1695, and for those accused of other felonies until 1836.
Islamic jurists formulated early contract laws which introduced the application of formal rationality, legal rationality, legal logic (see Logic in Islamic philosophy) and legal reasoning in the use of contracts. Islamic jurists also introduced the concepts of recession (Iqalah), frustration of purpose (istihalah al-tanfidh or "impossibility of performance"), Act of God (Afat Samawiyah or "Misfortune from Heaven") and force majeure in the law of contracts. However, recission, frustration and other core concepts in the law of contract are relatively recent introductions into the Law of England, dating back to the Victorian period. Early case law indicates that it was impossible to rescind a contract for frustration even where performance became impossible.
Other possible influences of Islamic law on English common law include the concepts of a passive judge, impartial judge, res judicata, the judge as a blank slate, individual self-definition, justice rather than morality, the law above the state, individualism, freedom of contract, privilege against self-incrimination, fairness over truth, individual autonomy, untrained and transitory decision making, overlap in testimonial and adjudicative tasks, appeal, dissent, day in court, prosecution for perjury, oral testimony, and the judge as a moderator, supervisor, announcer and enforcer rather than an adjudicator.
The earliest known lawsuits may also date back to Islamic law. There was a hadith tradition which reported that the Caliph Uthman Ibn Affan (580-656) attempted to sue a Jewish subject for recovery of a suit of armour, but his case was unsuccessful due to a lack of competent witnesses. The concept of a lawsuit was also described in the Ethics of the Physician by Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi (854–931) of al-Raha, Syria, as part of an early medical peer review process, where the notes of a practicing Islamic physician were reviewed by peers and he/she could be sued by a maltreated patient if the reviews were negative.
The earliest known prohibition of illegal drugs occurred under Islamic law, which prohibited the use of Hashish, a preparation of cannabis, as a recreational drug. Classical jurists in medieval Islamic jurisprudence, however, accepted the use of the Hashish drug for medicinal and therapeutic purposes, and agreed that its "medical use, even if it leads to mental derangement, remains exempt" from punishment. In the 14th century, the Islamic jurist Az-Zarkashi spoke of "the permissibility of its use for medical purposes if it is established that it is beneficial. According to Mary Lynn Mathre, with "this legal distinction between the intoxicant and the medical uses of cannabis, medieval Muslim theologians were far ahead of present-day American law.
While some see the Islamic concept of Istihsan as being equivalent to the concept of equity in English law, others see it as being equivalent to the "reasoned distinction of precedent" in American law, in which case Istihsan may be referred to as the "reasoned distinction of qiyas (reasoning by analogy)". John Makdisi writes:
Other parallels to common law concepts are found in classical Islamic law and jurisprudence, including advocacy, ratio decidendi (illah), arbitrary decision-making, legal opinion, discretion, public policy (Istislah and Maslaha), freedom of religion, equal protection, reasoning by analogy and distinction, and consensus and precedent.
The transfer of debt, which was not permissible under Roman law but is practiced in modern civil law, may also have origins in Islamic law. The concept of an agency was also an "institution unknown to Roman law", where it was not possible for an individual to "conclude a binding contract on behalf of another as his agent." The concept of an agency was introduced by Islamic jurists, and thus the civil law conception of agency may also have origins in Islamic law. The Siete Partidas of Alfonso X, which was regarded as a "monument of legal science" in the civil law tradition, was also influenced by the Islamic legal treatise Villiyet written in Islamic Spain.
Islamic law also introduced "two fundamental principles to the West, on which were to later stand the future structure of law: equity and good faith", which was a precursor to the concept of pacta sunt servanda in civil law and international law. Another influence of Islamic law on the civil law tradition was the presumption of innocence, which was introduced to Europe by Louis IX of France soon after he returned from Palestine during the Crusades. Prior to this, European legal procedure consisted of either trial by combat or trial by ordeal. In contrast, Islamic law was based on the presumption of innocence from its beginning, as declared by the Caliph Umar in the 7th century:
The concept of Ombudsmen was derived from the example of the second Muslim Caliph, Umar (634-644) and the concept of Qadi al-Qadat (developed in the Muslim world), which influenced the Swedish King, Charles XII. In 1713, fresh from self-exile in Turkey, Charles XII created the Office of Supreme Ombudsman, which soon became the Chancellor of Justice.
The first treatise on international law (Siyar in Arabic) was the Introduction to the Law of Nations written at the end of the 8th century by Muhammad al-Shaybani (d. 804), an Islamic jurist of the Hanafi school, eight centuries before Hugo Grotius wrote the first European treatise on the subject. Al-Shaybani wrote a second more advanced treatise on the subject, and other jurists soon followed with a number of other multi-volume treatises written on international law during the Islamic Golden Age. They dealt with both public international law as well as private international law.
These early Islamic legal treatises covered the application of Islamic ethics, Islamic economic jurisprudence and Islamic military jurisprudence to international law, and were concerned with a number of modern international law topics, including the law of treaties; the treatment of diplomats, hostages, refugees and prisoners of war; the right of asylum; conduct on the battlefield; protection of women, children and non-combatant civilians; contracts across the lines of battle; the use of poisonous weapons; and devastation of enemy territory. The Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphs were also in continuous diplomatic negotiations with the Byzantine Empire on matters such as peace treaties, the exchange of prisoners of war, and payment of ransoms and tributes.
After Sultan al-Kamil defeated the Franks during the Crusades, Oliverus Scholasticus praised the Islamic laws of war, commenting on how al-Kamil supplied the defeated Frankish army with food:
The Islamic legal principles of international law were largely based on Qur'an and the Sunnah of Muhammad, who gave various injunctions to his forces and adopted practices toward the conduct of war. The most important of these were summarized by Muhammad's successor and close companion, Abu Bakr, in the form of ten rules for the Muslim army:
Islamic private international law arose as a result of the vast Muslim conquests and maritime explorations, giving rise to various conflicts of laws. A will, for example, was "not enforced even if its provisions accorded with Islamic law if it violated the law of the testator." Islamic jurists also developed elaborate rules for private international law regarding issues such as contracts and property, family relations and child custody, legal procedure and jurisdiction, religious conversion, and the return of aliens to an enemy country from the Islamic world. Democratic religious pluralism also existed in classical Islamic law, as the religious laws and courts of other religions, including Christianity, Judaism and Hinduism, were usually accommodated within the Islamic legal framework, as seen in the early Caliphate, al-Andalus, Indian subcontinent, and the Ottoman Millet system.
Islamic law also introduced "two fundamental principles to the West, on which were to later stand the future structure of law: equity and good faith", which was a precursor to the concept of pacta sunt servanda in civil law and international law. Islamic law also "introduced it to international relations, making possible the systematic development of conventional law, which became a partial substitute for custom."
Islamic law also made "major contributions" to international admiralty law, departing from the previous Roman and Byzantine maritime laws in several ways. These included Muslim sailors being "paid a fixed wage "in advance" with an understanding that they would owe money in the event of desertion or malfeasance, in keeping with Islamic conventions" in which contracts should specify "a known fee for a known duration", in contrast to Roman and Byzantine sailors who were "stakeholders in a maritime venture, in as much as captain and crew, with few exceptions, were paid proportional divisions of a sea venture's profit, with shares allotted by rank, only after a voyage's successful conclusion." Muslim jurists also distinguished between "coastal navigation, or cabotage," and voyages on the "high seas", and they also made shippers "liable for freight in most cases except the seizure of both a ship and its cargo." Islamic law also "departed from Justinian's Digest and the Nomos Rhodion Nautikos in condemning slave jettison", and the Islamic Qirad was also a precursor to the European commenda limited partnership. The "Islamic influence on the development of an international law of the sea" can thus be discerned alongside that of the Roman influence.
There is evidence that early Islamic international law influenced the development of Western international law, through various routes such as the Crusades, Norman conquest of the Emirate of Sicily, and Reconquista of al-Andalus. In particular, the Spanish jurist Francisco de Vitoria, and his successor Grotius, may have been influenced by Islamic international law through earlier Islamic-influenced writings such as the 1263 work Siete Partidas of Alfonso X, which was regarded as a "monument of legal science" in Europe at the time and was influenced by the Islamic legal treatise Villiyet written in Islamic Spain.
Madrasahs were the first law schools, and it is likely that the "law schools known as Inns of Court in England" may have been derived from the Madrasahs which taught Islamic law and jurisprudence.
The origins of the doctorate dates back to the ijazat attadris wa 'l-ifttd ("license to teach and issue legal opinions") in the medieval Islamic legal education system, which was equivalent to the Doctor of Laws qualification and was developed during the 9th century after the formation of the Madh'hab legal schools. To obtain a doctorate, a student "had to study in a guild school of law, usually four years for the basic undergraduate course" and ten or more years for a post-graduate course. The "doctorate was obtained after an oral examination to determine the originality of the candidate's theses," and to test the student's "ability to defend them against all objections, in disputations set up for the purpose" which were scholarly exercises practiced throughout the student's "career as a graduate student of law." After students completed their post-graduate education, they were awarded doctorates giving them the status of faqih (meaning "master of law"), mufti (meaning "professor of legal opinions") and mudarris (meaning "teacher"), which were later translated into Latin as magister, professor and doctor respectively.
In the field of human rights, early Islamic jurists introduced a number of advanced legal concepts before the 12th century which anticipated similar modern concepts in the field. These included the notions of the charitable trust and the trusteeship of property; the notion of brotherhood and social solidarity; the notions of human dignity and the dignity of labour; the notion of an ideal law; the condemnation of antisocial behavior; the presumption of innocence; the notion of "bidding unto good" (assistance to those in distress); and the notions of sharing, caring, universalism, fair industrial relations, fair contract, commercial integrity, freedom from usury, women's rights, privacy, abuse of rights, juristic personality, individual freedom, equality before the law, legal representation, non-retroactivity, supremacy of the law, judicial independence, judicial impartiality, limited sovereignity, tolerance, and democratic participation. Many of these concepts were adopted in medieval Europe through contacts with Islamic Spain and the Emirate of Sicily, and through the Crusades and the Latin translations of the 12th century.
The concept of inalienable rights was found in early Islamic law and jurisprudence, which denied a ruler "the right to take away from his subjects certain rights which inhere in his or her person as a human being." Islamic rulers could not take away certain rights from their subjects on the basis that "they become rights by reason of the fact that they are given to a subject by a law and from a source which no ruler can question or alter." Islamic jurists also anticipated the concept of the rule of law, the equal subjection of all classes to the ordinary law of the land, where no person is above the law and where officials and private citizens are under a duty to obey the same law. A Qadi (Islamic judge) was also not allowed to discriminate on the grounds of religion, race, colour, kinship or prejudice. There were also a number of cases where Caliphs had to appear before judges as they prepared to take their verdict. There is evidence that John Locke's formulation of inalienable rights and conditional rulership, which were present in Islamic law centuries earlier, may have also been influenced by Islamic law, through his attendance of lectures given by Edward Pococke, a professor of Islamic studies.
Early Islamic law recognized two sets of human rights. In addition to the category of civil rights and political rights (covered in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights), Islamic law also recognized an additional category: social, economic and cultural rights. This latter category was not recognized in the Western legal tradition until the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in 1966. The right of privacy, which was not recognized in Western legal traditions until modern times, was recogonized in Islamic law since the beginning of Islam. In terms of women's rights, women generally had more legal rights under Islamic law than they did under Western legal systems until the 19th and 20th centuries. For example, "French married women, unlike their Muslim sisters, suffered from restrictions on their legal capacity which were removed only in 1965.
The concepts of welfare and pension were introduced in early Islamic law as forms of Zakat (charity), one of the Five Pillars of Islam, since the time of the Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur in the 8th century. The taxes (including Zakat and Jizya) collected in the treasury of an Islamic government was used to provide income for the needy, including the poor, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled. According to the Islamic jurist Al-Ghazali (Algazel, 1058-1111), the government was also expected to store up food supplies in every region in case a disaster or famine occurs. The Caliphate was thus one of the earliest welfare states.
In the North Carolina Law Review journal, Professor John Makdisi of the University of North Carolina School of Law writes in "The Islamic Origins of the Common Law" article:
Count Leon Ostorog, a French jurist, wrote the following on classical Islamic law in 1927:
In the early Islamic Caliphate, the head of state, the Caliph, had a position based on the notion of a successor to Muhammad's political authority, who, according to Sunnis, were ideally elected by the people or their representatives. After the Rashidun Caliphs, later Caliphates during the Islamic Golden Age had a lesser degree of democratic participation, but since "no one was superior to anyone else except on the basis of piety and virtue" in Islam, and following the example of Muhammad, later Islamic rulers often held public consultations with the people in their affairs.
The power of the Caliph (or later, the Sultan) was restricted by the scholarly class, the Ulema, a group regarded as the guardians of the law. Since the law came from the legal scholars, this prevented the Caliph from dictating legal results. Laws were decided based on the Ijma (consensus) of the Ummah (community), which was most often represented by the legal scholars. In order to qualify as a legal scholar, it was required that they obtain a doctorate known as the ijazat attadris wa 'l-ifttd ("license to teach and issue legal opinions") from a Madrasah. In many ways, classical Islamic law functioned like a constitutional law.
During the Islamic Golden Age, there was an early emphasis on freedom of speech in the Islamic Caliphate. This was first declared by the Caliph Umar in the 7th century. Later during the Abbasid period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi, a cousin of caliph Al-Ma'mun (786–833), in the following letter to a religious opponent:
According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century.
As in other Abrahamic religions, peace is a basic concept of Islam. The Arabic term "Islam" itself (إسلام) is usually translated as "submission"; submission of desires to the will of God. It comes from the term aslama, which means "to surrender" or "resign oneself". The Arabic word salaam (سلام) ("peace") has the same root as the word Islam. One Islamic interpretation is that individual personal peace is attained by utterly submitting to Allah. The greeting "Salaam alaykum", favoured by Muslims, has the literal meaning "Peace be with you". Muhammad is reported to have said once, "Mankind are the dependents, or family of God, and the most beloved of them to God are those who are the most excellent to His dependents." "Not one of you believes until he loves for his brother what he loves for himself." Great Muslim scholars of prophetic tradition such as Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani and Sharafuddin al Nawawi have said that the words 'his brother' mean any person irrespective of faith.
The major juristic schools of Islam have traditionally accepted the institution of slavery. However, Islam has prescribed five ways to free slaves, has severely chastised those who enslave free persons and has thus regulated the slave trade. The source of slaves was restricted to war in preference to killing whole tribes en masse, as was the tradition at the time.
Most countries of the Middle East and North Africa maintain a dual system of secular courts and religious courts, in which the religious courts mainly regulate marriage and inheritance. Saudi Arabia and Iran maintain religious courts for all aspects of jurisprudence, and religious police assert social compliance. Laws derived from sharia are also applied in Afghanistan, Libya and Sudan. Some states in northern Nigeria have reintroduced Sharia courts. In practice the new Sharia courts in Nigeria have most often meant the re-introduction of harsh punishments without respecting the much tougher rules of evidence and testimony. The punishments include amputation of one/both hands for theft and stoning for adultery and apostasy.
Many, including the European Court of Human Rights, consider the punishments prescribed by Sharia as being barbaric and cruel. Islamic scholars argue that, if implemented properly, the punishments serve as a deterrent to crime. In international media, practices by countries applying Islamic law have fallen under considerable criticism at times. This is particularly the case when the sentence carried out is seen to greatly tilt away from established standards of international human rights. This is true for the application of the death penalty for the crimes of adultery and homosexuality, amputations for the crime of theft, and flogging for fornication or public intoxication.
A bill proposed by lawmakers in the Indonesian province of Aceh would impose Sharia law on all non-Muslims, the armed forces and law enforcement officers, a local police official has announced. The news comes two months after the Deutsche Presse-Agentur warned of "Taliban-style Islamic police terrorizing Indonesia's Aceh".
The interpretation of Islamic jurisprudence varies in different modern nations. In the Anglosphere and in Islamic countries with a history of British rule, for example, Islamic finance has been relatively successful due to the common-law nature of Islamic jurisprudence being compatible with English common law. On the other hand, Islamic finance has been relatively unsuccessful in certain regimes such as Iran, Pakistan and Sudan which have diverged from the common-law nature of Islamic jurisprudence and instead interpret "a common-law variant as if it were a civil law system." For example, modern Iranian law is based on an "Islamic civil code" influenced by the Napoleonic code and German civil code. According to the Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams, "In some of the ways it has been codified and practised across the world, it has been appalling and applied to women in places like Saudi Arabia, it is grim.
A prominent Islamic jurist explains the common-law nature of Islamic jurisprudence:
Another significant difference between the classical and modern systems of Islamic law is that classical Islamic law was "independent of any state mechanism", while modern Islamic law is "controlled by the state because the state often controls the legal scholars." According to Sameer S. Vohra, "This control mechanism results in a lack of the sort of pluralism that once made the Islamic legal system as innovative and fluid as its United States counterpart."
Some democrats and several official institutions in democratic countries (as the European Court for Human Rights) argue that Sharia is incompatible with a democratic state. These incompatibilities have been clarified in several legal disputes. In 1998 the Turkish Constitutional Court banned and dissolved Turkey's Refah Party on the grounds that the "rules of sharia", which Refah sought to introduce, "were incompatible with the democratic regime," stating that "Democracy is the antithesis of sharia." On appeal by Refah the European Court of Human Rights determined that "sharia is incompatible with the fundamental principles of democracy Refah's sharia based notion of a "plurality of legal systems, grounded on religion" was ruled to contravene the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. It was determined that it would "do away with the State's role as the guarantor of individual rights and freedoms" and "infringe the principle of non-discrimination between individuals as regards their enjoyment of public freedoms, which is one of the fundamental principles of democracy". It was further ruled that, according to Christian Moe:
On the other side, legal scholar L. Ali Khan concludes "that constitutional orders founded on the principles of Sharia are fully compatible with democracy, provided that religious minorities are protected and the incumbent Islamic leadership remains committed to the right to recall". However, Christian Pippan argues, that this contradicts the political reality in most Islamic states. "While constitutional arrangements to ensure that political authority is exercised within the boundaries of Sharia vary greatly among those nations", most existing models of political Islam have so far grossly failed to accept any meaningful political competition of the kind that Khan himself has identified as essential for even a limited conception of democracy. Khan, writes Pippan, dismisses verdicts as from the European Court of Human Rights or the Turkish Constitutional Court "as an expression of purely national or regional preferences.
Several major, predominantly Muslim countries criticized the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) for its perceived failure to take into account the cultural and religious context of non-Western countries. Iran claimed that the UDHR was a "a secular understanding of the Judeo-Christian tradition", which could not be implemented by Muslims without trespassing the Islamic law. Therefore the Organization of the Islamic Conference, a group representing all Muslim majority nations, adopted the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, which diverges from the UDHR substantially, affirming Sharia as the sole source of human rights. This Declaration was severely criticized by the International Commission of Jurists for allegedly gravely threatening the inter-cultural consensus, introducing intolerable discrimination against non-Muslims and women, restricting fundamental rights and freedoms, and attacking the integrity and dignity of the human being.
Qadi 'Iyad ibn Musa al-Yahsubi argues that Sharia does not allow freedom of speech on such matters as criticism of Muhammad and that such criticism is considered blasphemy against Muhammad. He writes:
In Egypt, public authorities annulled, without his consent, the marriage of Prof. Nasr Abu Zayd when he got in conflict with an orthodox Islamic cleric from the Al-Azhar University in Cairo. The cleric had condemned Abu Zayd's reading of the Qur'an as being against the orthodox interpretation and labeled him an apostate (seen as a non-believer and consequently not permitted to marry or stay married to a Muslim woman). Abu Zayd fled to the Netherlands, where he is now a professor at the University of Leiden.
Homosexual activity is illicit under sharia, however the prescribed penalties differ from one school of jurisprudence to another. For example these countries may allow the death penalty for sodomy though not for other homosexual activities: Iran, Mauritania, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Sharia does not recognize a human right of sexual self-determination. Human rights organizations focus on decriminalization, anti-discrimination laws, and incitement to hatred laws. Organizations are particularly concerned about the persecution of gays and lesbians in Iran and have helped some gay and lesbian Iranians gain asylum in Western countries.
Islam has no clergy, but women do not traditionally become Imams or lead prayer. In practice, it is much more common for men to be scholars than women. Early Muslim scholars such as Abu-Hanifa and Al-Tabary held that there is nothing wrong with women holding a post as responsible as that of judge. Many interpretations of Islamic law hold that women may not have prominent jobs, and thus are forbidden from working in the government. This has been a mainstream view in many Muslim nations in the last century, despite the example of Muhammad's wife Aisha, who both took part in politics and was a major authority on hadith. Islam does not prohibit women from working, as it says "Treat your women well and be kind to them for they are your partners and committed helpers. Married women may seek employment although it is often thought in patriarchal societies that the woman's role as a wife and mother should have first priority.
Islam unequivocally allows both single and married women to own property in their own right. Islam grants to women the right to inherit property, in contrast with some cultures where women themselves are considered chattels that can be inherited. (See widow inheritance.) However, a woman's inheritance is different from a man's, both in quantity and attached obligations. For instance, a daughter's inheritance is half that of her brothers, Sharia law requires family members females or males to support each others as needed.
In practice Sharia law has often resulted in women living in fear or disadvantage. In instances of rape some interpretations of Sharia law require for an allegation to be validated, victims must have four witnesses to the crime or else the victims risk being charged with fornication or adultery making a rejected allegation a potential death sentence for the victim. In Yemen Sharia law required compensation to be paid to the husband in the case of a 10 year old child bride who requested a divorce after rape and abuse (the age of sexual consent under Sharia law is 9).
Islamic jurists have traditionally held that Muslim women may only enter into marriage with Muslim men, although some contemporary jurists question the basis of this restriction. On the other hand, the Qur'an explicitly allows Muslim men to marry any woman of the People of the Book, a term which includes Jews, Sabians, and Christians. However, fiqh law has held that it is mukrah (reprehensible) for a Muslim man to marry a non-Muslim woman in a non-Muslim country.
Sunni Islamic law allows husbands to divorce their wives by just saying talaq ("I divorce you") three times. In 2003 a Malaysian court ruled that, under Sharia law, a man may divorce his wife via text messaging as long as the message was clear and unequivocal. The divorced wife always keeps her dowry from when she was married, and is given child support until the age of weaning. The mother is usually granted custody of the child. The divorced wife also receives spousal support for three months after the divorce until it can be determined whether she is pregnant.
Shariah may be divided into five main branches:
See mu`amalat laws according to five major schools of jurisprudence and The Majallah
The prohibition of dead meat is not applicable to fish and locusts. Also hadith literature prohibits beasts having sharp canine teeth, birds having claws and tentacles in their feet, Jallalah (animals whose meat carries a stink in it because they feed on filth), tamed donkeys, and any piece cut from a living animal.
Nikah mut'ah is considered haraam (forbidden) by Sunni Muslims. It means "marriage for pleasure". Under Shia jurisprudence a nikah mut'ah is the second form of marriage recognized by the Shia. It is a fixed term marriage, which is a marriage with a preset duration, after which the marriage is automatically dissolved. There is controversy about the Islamic legality of this type of marriage, since Sunnis believe it was abrogated by Prophet Muhammad, while Shias believe it was forbidden by Umar and hence that ban may be ignored since Umar had no authority to do so. The Qur'an itself doesn't mention any cancellation of the institution. Nikah mut'ah sometimes has a preset time period to the marriage, traditionally the couple do not inherit from each other, the man usually is not responsible for the economic welfare of the women, and she usually may leave her home at her own discretion. Nikah mut'ah also does not count towards a maximum of wives (four according to the Qur'an). The woman still is given her mahr, and the woman must still observe the iddah, a period of four months at the end of the marriage where she is not permitted to remarry in the case she may have become pregnant before the divorce took place. This maintains the proper lineage of children.
Requirements for Islamic Marriages:
In accordance with the Qur'an and several hadith, theft is punished by imprisonment or amputation of hands or feet, depending on the number of times it was committed and depending on the item of theft. However, before the punishment is executed two eyewitnesses under oath must say that they saw the person stealing. If these witnesses cannot be produced then the punishment cannot be executed. Witnesses must be either two men, or, if only one man can be found, one man and two women. Several requirements are in place for the amputation of hands, so the actual instances of this are relatively few; they are:
All of these must be met under the scrutiny of judicial authority.
In accordance with hadith, stoning to death is the penalty for married men and women who commit adultery. In addition, there are several conditions related to the person who commits it that must be met. One of the difficult ones is that the punishment cannot be enforced unless there is a confession of the person, or four male eyewitnesses who each saw the act being committed. All of these must be met under the scrutiny of judicial authority For unmarried men and women, the punishment prescribed in the Qur'an and hadith is 100 lashes.
Similarly, under Sharia a woman who is accused of adultery cannot be punished unless there are four male eyewitnesses to prove she did commit adultery. The "four witness" standard comes from the Qur'an itself, a revelation Muhammad announced in response to accusations of adultery leveled at his wife, Aisha: "Why did they not produce four witnesses? Since they produce not witnesses, they verily are liars in the sight of Allah."
The word in the Quran used for "beat" is idreb. It is a conjugate of the word daraba which primarily means "to beat, strike, to hit". The Arabic word idreb is used in two primary ways. 1) to strike up a poem, and 2) to physically "beat", or "strike" someone.
Some consider "hit" to be a misinterpretation, and believe it should be translated as "admonish them, and leave them alone in the sleeping-places and separate from them." Certain modern translations of the Qur'an in the English language accept the commoner translation of "beat". Whatever idribu¯hunna is meant to convey in the Qur'an the verb is directed, not at a single husband, but to the community as a whole.
The word "idrib" is used 12 times in the Quran. Eight times it is used in the physical action of striking, and three times it is used in the context of speaking or applying a proverb. Clearly then, the most frequent use of the word is in physically striking. Here is a Quranic verse in which "idreb" is used:
Several hadith urge strongly against beating one's wife, such as: "How does anyone of you beat his wife as he beats the stallion camel and then embrace (sleep with) her? (Al-Bukhari, English Translation, vol. 8, Hadith 68, pp. 42-43), "I went to the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) and asked him: What do you say (command) about our wives? He replied: Give them food what you have for yourself, and clothe them by which you clothe yourself, and do not beat them, and do not revile them. (Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 11, Marriage (Kitab Al-Nikah), Number 2139)". Others hadiths do indicate that husbands have a right to discipline their wives in a civilized manner to a certain extent:
According to Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi, head of the European Council for Fatwa and Research:
Punishments are authorized by other passages in the Quran and hadiths for certain crimes (e.g., extramarital sex, adultery), and are employed by some as rationale for extra-legal punitive action while others disagree (quotations provided by Syed Kamran Mirza):
In most interpretations of Sharia, conversion by Muslims to other religions, is strictly forbidden and is termed apostasy. Muslim theology equates apostasy to treason, and in most interpretations of sharia, the penalty for apostasy is death.
In many Muslim countries, the accusation of apostasy is even used against non-conventional interpretations of the Quran. The severe persecution of the famous expert in Arabic literature, Prof. Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd, is an example of this. In some countries, Sunni and Shia Muslims often accuse each other of apostasy. The current civil strife in Iraq is explained by many in terms of the extremely harsh religious opposition between Sunnis and Shias in Iraq.
Practitioners of Islam are generally taught to follow some specific customs in their daily lives. Most of these customs can be traced back to Abrahamic traditions in Pre-Islamic Arabian society. Due to Muhammad's sanction or tacit approval of such practices, these customs are considered to be Sunnah (practices of Muhammad as part of the religion) by the Ummah (Muslim nation). It includes customs like:
Rituals associated with these festivals are:
The Qur'an also places a dress code upon its followers. The rule for men has been ordained before the women: Allah then says in the Qur'an, All those men in whose presence a woman is not obliged to practise the dress code are known as her mahrams. Men have a more relaxed dress code: the body must be covered from knee to waist. However under (strict interpretation of) Sharia Law, women are required to cover all of their bodies except hands and face. The rationale given for these rules is that men and women are not to be viewed as sexual objects. Men are required to keep their guard up and women to protect themselves. In theory, should either one fail, the other prevents the society from falling into fitna (temptation or discord).
There are many different opinions, however, as to whether the veil or headscarf is a real Quranic obligation. Reputable scholars such as Yusuf Al-Qaradawi claim it is, while others, such as Mohammed Arkoun, Soheib Bencheikh, Abdoldjavad Falaturi, Jamal al Banna claim it isn't. However, the first group appears dominant: "Jamal al Banna has been for a number of years one of the few mainstream Muslim scholars to argue that the Muslim headscarf, or hijab, is not an Islamic obligation." (, p. 75).
Turkey, a secular Muslim-majority country, had controversial laws against these dress codes in schools and work places. After the declaration of the Republic in 1923, as part of revolutions brought by Atatürk, a modern dress code was encouraged. The law changed early in 2008, with much debate, to allow a hijab while attending public school in Turkey as well as France, where the recently enacted rule caused huge public controversy.
It is a common concern in the west that Muslim women are oppressed and forced to wear the Hijab or headscarf by their male counterparts. Muslim males contend that the majority of women choose to wear the garment of their own free will. The main principle reason for the hijab is modesty, which is not wishing to receive unnecessary attention from people, such as admiration and flattery, envy, or, most importantly, sexual attraction from those other than her husband. Great care is taken to keep sexual thoughts, feelings and interactions to within the boundaries of the marital relationship.
One of the garments women wear is the hijāb (of which the headscarf is one component). The word hijab is derived from the Arabic word hajaba which means 'to hide from sight or view', 'to conceal'. Hijāb means to cover the head as well as the body.
The core component of treatment is the jizya, or tax specifically upon non-Muslims. The jizya originates in the Qur'an which says The "Book" refers to the People of the Book, Jews and Christians,but the jizya was extended to all conquered non-Muslims. The jizya is less than the Zakah (money given to the poor and needy) which is payable to non-Muslims in need.


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The Bachelorette
Emily Maynard's pretty modest as Bachelor Nation ladies go. However, we can't say the same for her feline friend, Safari, who showed up on Emily's Instagram today naked as a jaybird!
Em's naturally fluffy kitty got a major haircut today at the groomer, who sheared off nearly all of Safari's substantial fur. Despite looking a little bit like a grumpy alien, Emily insists that her puddy-tat loves the new 'do. "Safari has never been happier. Really. I swear."
Suuuuure, Emily. That is clearly the expression of a cat who's verging on elation!
Source: Emily Maynard on Instagram


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In sprint, Clintons' nonprofit fills coffers
Posted: June 7, 2014 at 4:33 a.m.
WASHINGTON -- Bill, Hillary and Chelsea Clinton raised $200 million in 10 months for their foundation's endowment, positioning the nonprofit to survive even if its cash-collecting founders engage in a 2016 presidential run.
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Board of Governors
The Ice House of New jersey Figure Skating Club board of Governors consists of eight members, each serving a three year term on a rotating basis. Two to three positions are up for election each year. A ballot with the list of nominees is mailed to all active club members, 18 years and older, each year for voting during the annual meeting.
Click here for an Adobe Acrobat copy of the: Ice House of NJ Figure Skating Club Bylaws
Board Meeting Minutes
Minutes are posted on the home page of this site.
Board Members 2014-2015
Maria Morin, Mother of skater Kristina Alvarez
contact: email@example.com
Vice President
Maria Witkowski, Mother of skater Amanda Witkowski
contact: firstname.lastname@example.com
Yonsoo Lee, Mother of skaters Irene and Sarah Kim
Donna Menendez, Mother of skater Camille Menendez
contact: email@example.com
Membership Chair
Leigh Roumila, Mother of skater Liam Roumila
contact: email@example.com
Key Contact Persons
Test Chair
Maria Morin
Public Relations / Web Content Manager
Maria Witkowski
contact: email@example.com


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Riviera Beach police investigating suspicious death
RIVIERA BEACH, Fla. - Police are investigating a suspicious death outside the VFW Canteen Post in Riviera Beach.
According to police spokeswoman Rose Anne Brown, a witness walked out of the VFW and noticed a man lying in the parking lot in the 2000 block of Broadway and East 24th Street.
The witness told police the man was bleeding.
The victim was rushed to St. Mary's Hospital, where he later died from his wounds.
Stay tuned to WPTV and WPTV.com for more information on this breaking news story.


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Mountain Stream
John William Hill began his career as a topographical painter and printmaker. About 1855 he read John Ruskin's Modern Painters and, under the English critic's influence, altered his style to produce highly detailed landscapes like this one. Mountain Stream was painted in 1863 at the high-water mark of the short-lived campaign of the American Ruskinians to reform American landscape painting. These radicals, of whom Hill was the elder statesman, turned away from the more painterly, idealized Catskill views of Thomas Cole in favor of small, intricately detailed landscape visions in oil and watercolor.
- Artist: John William Hill, American, 1812-1879
- Medium: Watercolor over black chalk on paper
- Dates: 1863
- Dimensions: 13 1/16 x 17 1/16 in. (33.2 x 43.3 cm) (show scale)
- Markings: Watermark: J Whatman TURKEY MILL
- Signature: Signed and dated lower right: "J. W. Hill 1863"
- Collections:American Art
- Museum Location: This item is not on view
- Accession Number: 1991.44.1
- Credit Line: Gift of Mary Stewart Bierstadt, by exchange
- Rights Statement: No known copyright restrictions
- Caption: John William Hill (American, 1812-1879). Mountain Stream, 1863. Watercolor over black chalk on paper, 13 1/16 x 17 1/16 in. (33.2 x 43.3 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Gift of Mary Stewart Bierstadt, by exchange, 1991.44.1
- Image:
- Record Completeness: Best (86%)


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One of the questions I get asked a lot by current students is whether or not they should join a journalism association. More often than not these students can see the benefits of such a membership, but since they are still in school they are hesitant to pay the sometimes lofty prices. You need to consider many factors when choosing whether or not to join an organization. Here's a look at what you should be thinking about:
- When you're starting out you might want to consider joining at least one association because of the networking and job search benefits they offer. These memberships are expensive so I would not suggest joining more than two while you are still a student. As a student you will be offered the lowest, discounted price. For example, you'll be paying only $37.50 for a year long membership to the Society of Professional Journalists while current professionals pay $75 a year. If money is your main concern, joining now as a student will actually get you the association's resources for the lowest price of your career. Avoid spending too much by sticking to just two groups if you can, but take advantage of the discount when starting out. Once you get a job most companies will not pay your membership dues so you can then reevaluate whether or not the membership is worth the price.
- How should you pick the two associations you should spend your money on? You need to research what's out there and what each one offers. Most importantly find the ones that fit with your passion and what you are interested in doing with your career. There are a fair number of associations in specific areas so, for example, if you're interested in digital news there is the Online News Association. Of course there are more general groups as well, but make sure you look at each one's goals and who belongs to them to get a sense of whether or not it can benefit you and what you hope to do.
- Another aspect you need to consider is what you get for your money. Will they let you search their job database? Attend their events? Is there a local chapter near you that will allow you to grow your connections along with its national events? Each one will offer something different. Access to these resources will be very helpful when you are starting your job search. Many of these job databases will include positions tailored to the interests of the group and possibly include sources you never considered looking at before, so it would be good to join an association with a job database. Also look for one that has both local and national events. You probably can't afford to go to all their national conventions as a student, but a local chapter might have a speaker series or nights where they go out for drinks to catch up so you can still build your network without traveling too far.
The associations I've had good experiences with since I was a student are the Society of Professional Journalists and the Radio, Television and Digital News Association, but there are many more out there. You can search for groups on the Council of National Journalism Organizations website. Do your research and find the right one for you!


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Oliver's Tire Service, Inc. filed as a Domestic For-Profit Corporation in the State of Texas and is no longer active. This corporate entity was filed approximately twenty-five years ago on Thursday, December 27, 1990 as recorded in documents filed with Texas Secretary of State.
|Filing Type:
|Domestic For-Profit Corporation
|State ID:
|Date Filed:
|Thursday, December 27, 1990
|Registered Agent
|Vincent A. Wesch
Comprehensive Insight Plus Report
|Learn More
|The D&B Comprehensive Insight Plus Report for Oliver's Tire Service, Inc. combines D&B's proprietary statistical scoring with business, payment and financial information all in one report.
US Company Profile Report
|Learn More
|The D&B U.S. Company Profile contains basic information such as address and telephone number, executive names and titles, line of business and SIC codes, D-U-N-S Numbers, organization status, and year and location of incorporation for Oliver's Tire Service, Inc..


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The temperatures outside may be plummeting, but our Festivus giveaway is heating up! Today we have for you a chance to win Splashtop's FileHound for iPhone, Readdle's PDF Expert for iPad, Halfbrick's Fruit Ninja: Puss in Boots, and Sega's Super Monkey Ball 2: Sakura Edition for iPad.
An app that can sniff out files remotely
Want to be home for the holidays instead of slaving away at work to meet a deadline? With FileHound, you might actually have a shot at just that (as long as your employers aren't complete Scrooges) since you can view, access, and edit all of the files on your Windows PC remotely from your iPhone. FileHound is able to bring up a list of every single file on your computer and any connected external hard drives within two quick taps. But if you want a full remote experience, you'll be happy to know that FileHound also has Splashtop's Remote Desktop functionality built right in.
FileHound for iPhone is available for $0.99.
An app that puts PDFs in their place
Whether you deal with PDFs on an everyday basis, or you just find yourself needing to annotate a PDF once in a great while, PDF Expert for iPad should be your go-to app. It's definitely ours. It clearly stands head and shoulders above similar apps in the App Store thanks to its ease of use and rich feature set, including importing and exporting via your favorite cloud-based services, iTunes File Sharing support, a wide range of annotation and editing tools, and full text search. Go ahead, use one Festivus raffle ticket on this fine productivity app. No one will judge you for wanting to get more work done while on the go, we swear!
PDF Expert for iPad is available for $9.99.
A game that requires cat-like reflexes
The world's fruit supply surely took a hit after Halfbrick released their first Fruit Ninja game, but now with Puss in Boots at the helm, Chiquita and the rest of the fruit suppliers are probably shaking in their, well, boots. Fruit Ninja: Puss in Boots follows the same fruit slicing formula as the original game it is based off of, but cranks the gameplay up a notch with an all-new Bandito mode. This challenging new mode requires you to complete certain tasks without running out of time or, even worse, slicing a bomb. But that's not all that's new in Fruit Ninja land. For the first time ever, you'll be able to cut up one of the most requested fruits of all time — the tomato!
Fruit Ninja: Puss in Boots for iPhone is available for $0.99.
A game that will get you rolling
No matter if they are swinging from trees in the wild or trapped within giant balls, monkeys have an unending desire for one thing and one thing only — bananas! Guide Sakura and the rest of his friends through mazes as quickly as possible while also grabbing as many bananas as those little paws can hold in the iPad exclusive version of Sega's popular arcade game, Super Monkey Ball 2: Sakura Edition. The game allows you to play with up to three other people on the same device, and includes all kinds of mini-games to go along with the 125 main stages.
Super Monkey Ball 2: Sakura Edition for iPad is available for $4.99.
Want to have a shot at winning these fantastic apps and games? Here's how: download the free AppAdvice app, launch it, and then tap on the not-so-subtle "Giveaway" icon smack dab in the middle of the screen. Follow the directions within the app and you should be golden.
If you'd like to learn more about our awesome Festivus giveaway, check out our announcement article. And don't forget to tell your friends about the wonders of Festivus!


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U.S. Senator Scott Brown's campaign for reelection brought in roughly $5 million in political donations during the second quarter of 2012—nearly $1.6 million more than the Republican raised in the first quarter—his campaign announced Wednesday evening.
Brown's second quarter total, while larger than that of almost any other Congressional candidate in the country, was not enough to outraise his Democratic rival, Harvard Law School professor Elizabeth Warren, who brought in $8.67 million during the same period. The Brown camp said that quarter two funds have left the incumbent Republican with $15.5 million cash on hand—about $2 million more than Elizabeth Warren has at her disposal.
"This election will be decided by the voters of Massachusetts based on two very different visions for our future, and Scott Brown will have the resources he needs to share his pro-jobs message and independent record with voters across the Commonwealth," Brown's campaign finance director John Cook said in a statement.
Where the campaign contributions came from is still unclear. Candidates do not officially have to file with Federal Election Commission until Sunday, meaning that lists of itemized contributions and expenditures will not be available for some time. That lag, however, did not keep the two camps from calling into question the other's funding.
"Professor Warren may have the support of the out-of-state, left-wing interest groups, but no amount of money can change the fact that she supports job-destroying tax hikes that would crush our struggling economy."
Two-thirds of the $5 million raised by Brown's campaign in April, May, and June came from within Massachusetts, his campaign said. Warren's campaign did not release such a figure, but said that over 40,000 Bay State residents had contributed to the Democratic campaign.
"So far, more than 40,500 residents of Massachusetts have donated to Elizabeth's campaign and more than 80 percent of her donations are $50 or less. Her proven record of standing up for middle class families is building strong grassroots support across the Commonwealth," wrote Alethea Harney, Warren's spokeperson, in a statement.
As analysts have predicted, both candidates have raked in money at a record pace. Brown and Warren have combined raised a little more than $40 million already, with four months remaining until election day.
A recent poll by Public Policy Polling showed Brown and Warren tied with 46 percent of the vote respectively.
—Staff writer Nicholas P. Fandos can be reached at email@example.com.


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Anime Club
A club for teens who love anime, manga & graphic novels
When: The first Thursday of the month
Where: Main Library Meeting Room, 2nd Floor
Time: 4:00-5:30 p.m.
Cost: FREE!
The Anime Club is open to all students in 6th – 12th grades. If you are 13 or younger, but still in 6th grade, you will need to bring a signed Anime Club Permission Form with you to the meeting.
Upcoming Events
Every month we watch a new Anime- of your choice!
I always provide snacks!
Future Meeting Dates:
Thursday, May 7th
Anime @ WPL
All about GO!
Sensei's Library is another great site to learn about GO
Play GO online with other people at the KGS GO Server website
All about Cosplay:
Wikipedia article on Cosplay
Cosplay.com has lots of pictures of cosplay costumes
Cosplay lab is another place with great pictures
All about Manga & Anime:
The History of Manga from NMP International
Blackmoon's Anime & Manga Glossary
Gilles Poitras's (San Francisco Author & Very Knowledgeable Guru) webpage supplement to his Anime Companion Books
Mechademia : A journal of all things anime, manga, games and pop-culture about Japan
Some Fun Links to Enjoy:
Create a fun manga style avatar with Mangatar!
Real Kana: Where you can practice your hiragana and katakana.
Daily Sudoku: Where you can puzzle over more Sudoku.
Yearly Events of Interest:
March: WonderCon in Anaheim
April : Northern California Cherry Blossom Festival in San Francisco
May: Fanime Con in San Jose
June : The Santa Cruz Japanese Cultural Fair
July: San Diego Comic-Con
October: APE Alternative Press Expo in San Francisco