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See biographies by P. Gorman (1978) and T. Stanley (1988); D. J. O'Meara, Pythagoras Revived: Mathematics and Philosophy in Late Antiquity (1989).
He is best known for the Pythagorean theorem, which bears his name. Known as "the father of numbers", Pythagoras made influential contributions to philosophy and religious teaching in the late 6th century BC. Because legend and obfuscation cloud his work even more than with the other pre-Socratics, one can say little with confidence about his life and teachings. We do know that Pythagoras and his students believed that everything was related to mathematics and that numbers were the ultimate reality and, through mathematics, everything could be predicted and measured in rhythmic patterns or cycles. According to Iamblichus, Pythagoras once said that "number is the ruler of forms and ideas and the cause of gods and demons."
He was the first man to call himself a philosopher, or lover of wisdom, and Pythagorean ideas exercised a marked influence on Plato. Unfortunately, very little is known about Pythagoras because none of his writings have survived. Many of the accomplishments credited to Pythagoras may actually have been accomplishments of his colleagues and successors.
Pythagoras undertook a reform of the cultural life of Croton, urging the citizens to follow virtue and form an elite circle of followers around himself called Pythagoreans. Very strict rules of conduct governed this cultural center. He opened his school to both male and female students uniformly. Those who joined the inner circle of Pythagoras's society called themselves the Mathematikoi. They lived at the school, owned no personal possessions and were required to assume a mainly vegetarian diet (meat that could be sacrificed was allowed to be eaten). Other students who lived in neighboring areas were also permitted to attend Pythagoras's school. Known as Akousmatikoi, these students were permitted to eat meat and own personal belongings. Richard Blackmore, in his book The Lay Monastery (1714), saw in the religious observances of the Pythagoreans, "the first instance recorded in history of a monastic life."
According to Iamblichus, the Pythagoreans followed a structured life of religious teaching, common meals, exercise, reading and philosophical study. Music featured as an essential organizing factor of this life: the disciples would sing hymns to Apollo together regularly; they used the lyre to cure illness of the soul or body; poetry recitations occurred before and after sleep to aid the memory.
Flavius Josephus, in his polemical Against Apion, in defence of Judaism against Greek philosophy, mentions that according to Hermippus of Smyrna, Pythagoras was familiar with Jewish beliefs, incorporating some of them in his own philosophy.
Towards the end of his life he fled to Metapontum because of a plot against him and his followers by a noble of Croton named Cylon. He died in Metapontum around 90 years old from unknown causes.
The organization was in some ways a school, in some ways a brotherhood, and in some ways a monastery. It was based upon the religious teachings of Pythagoras and was very secretive. At first, the school was highly concerned with the morality of society. Members were required to live ethically, love one another, share political beliefs, practice pacifism, and devote themselves to the mathematics of nature.
Pythagoras's followers were commonly called "Pythagoreans". They are generally accepted as philosophical mathematicians who had an influence on the beginning of axiomatic geometry, which after two hundred years of development was written down by Euclid in The Elements.
The Pythagoreans observed a rule of silence called echemythia, the breaking of which was punishable by death. This was because the Pythagoreans believed that a man's words were usually careless and misrepresented him and that when someone was "in doubt as to what he should say, he should always remain silent". Another rule that they had was to help a man "in raising a burden, but do not assist him in laying it down, for it is a great sin to encourage indolence", and they said "departing from your house, turn not back, for the furies will be your attendants"; this axiom reminded them that it was better to learn none of the truth about mathematics, God, and the universe at all than to learn a little without learning all. (The Secret Teachings of All Ages by Manly P. Hall).
In his biography of Pythagoras (written seven centuries after Pythagoras's time), Porphyry stated that this silence was "of no ordinary kind." The Pythagoreans were divided into an inner circle called the mathematikoi ("mathematicians") and an outer circle called the akousmatikoi ("listeners"). Porphyry wrote "the mathematikoi learned the more detailed and exactly elaborated version of this knowledge, the akousmatikoi (were) those who had heard only the summary headings of his (Pythagoras's) writings, without the more exact exposition." According to Iamblichus, the akousmatikoi were the exoteric disciples who listened to lectures that Pythagoras gave out loud from behind a veil.
The akousmatikoi were not allowed to see Pythagoras and they were not taught the inner secrets of the cult. Instead they were taught laws of behavior and morality in the form of cryptic, brief sayings that had hidden meanings. The akousmatikoi recognized the mathematikoi as real Pythagoreans, but not vice versa. After the murder of a number of the mathematikoi by the cohorts of Cylon, a resentful disciple, the two groups split from each other entirely, with Pythagoras's wife Theano and their two daughters leading the mathematikoi.
Theano, daughter of the Orphic initiate Brontinus, was a mathematician in her own right. She is credited with having written treatises on mathematics, physics, medicine, and child psychology, although nothing of her writing survives. Her most important work is said to have been a treatise on the principle of the golden mean. In a time when women were usually considered property and relegated to the role of housekeeper or spouse, Pythagoras allowed women to function on equal terms in his society.
The Pythagorean society is associated with prohibitions such as not to step over a crossbar, and not to eat beans. These rules seem like primitive superstition, similar to "walking under a ladder brings bad luck". The abusive epithet mystikos logos ("mystical speech") was hurled at Pythagoras even in ancient times to discredit him. The prohibition on beans could be linked to favism, which is relatively widespread around the Mediterranean.
The key here is that akousmata means "rules", so that the superstitious taboos primarily applied to the akousmatikoi, and many of the rules were probably invented after Pythagoras's death and independent from the mathematikoi (arguably the real preservers of the Pythagorean tradition). The mathematikoi placed greater emphasis on inner understanding than did the akousmatikoi, even to the extent of dispensing with certain rules and ritual practices. For the mathematikoi, being a Pythagorean was a question of innate quality and inner understanding.
There was also another way of dealing with the akousmata — by allegorizing them. We have a few examples of this, one being Aristotle's explanations of them: "'step not over a balance', i.e. be not covetous; 'poke not the fire with a sword', i.e. do not vex with sharp words a man swollen with anger, 'eat not heart', i.e. do not vex yourself with grief," etc. We have evidence for Pythagoreans allegorizing in this way at least as far back as the early fifth century BC. This suggests that the strange sayings were riddles for the initiated.
The Pythagoreans are known for their theory of the transmigration of souls, and also for their theory that numbers constitute the true nature of things. They performed purification rites and followed and developed various rules of living which they believed would enable their soul to achieve a higher rank among the gods.
Much of their mysticism concerning the soul seem inseparable from the Orphic tradition. The Orphics advocated various purificatory rites and practices as well as incubatory rites of descent into the underworld. Pythagoras is also closely linked with Pherecydes of Syros, the man ancient commentators tend to credit as the first Greek to teach a transmigration of souls. Ancient commentators agree that Pherekydes was Pythagoras's most intimate teacher. Pherekydes expounded his teaching on the soul in terms of a pentemychos ("five-nooks", or "five hidden cavities") — the most likely origin of the Pythagorean use of the pentagram, used by them as a symbol of recognition among members and as a symbol of inner health (ugieia).
Pythagoras was very interested in music, and so were his followers. The Pythagoreans were musicians as well as mathematicians. Pythagoras wanted to improve the music of his day, which he believed was not harmonious enough and was too hectic.
According to legend, the way Pythagoras discovered that musical notes could be translated into mathematical equations was when one day he passed blacksmiths at work, and thought that the sounds emanating from their anvils being hit were beautiful and harmonious and decided that whatever scientific law caused this to happen must be mathematical and could be applied to music. He went to the blacksmiths to learn how this had happened by looking at their tools, he discovered that it was because the anvils were "simple ratios of each other, one was half the size of the first, another was 2/3 the size, and so on." (See Pythagorean tuning.)
The Pythagoreans elaborated on a theory of numbers, the exact meaning of which is still debated among scholars. Pythagoras believed in something called the "harmony of the spheres." He believed that the planets and stars moved according to mathematical equations, which corresponded to musical notes and thus produced a symphony.
Since the fourth century AD, Pythagoras has commonly been given credit for discovering the Pythagorean theorem, a theorem in geometry that states that in a right-angled triangle the square of the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle), c, is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides, b and a—that is, a² + b² = c².
While the theorem that now bears his name was known and previously utilized by the Babylonians and Indians, he, or his students, are often said to have constructed the first proof. It must, however, be stressed that the way in which the Babylonians handled Pythagorean numbers, implies that they knew that the principle was generally applicable, and knew some kind of proof, which has not yet been found in the (still largely unpublished) cuneiform sources. Because of the secretive nature of his school and the custom of its students to attribute everything to their teacher, there is no evidence that Pythagoras himself worked on or proved this theorem. For that matter, there is no evidence that he worked on any mathematical or meta-mathematical problems. Some attribute it as a carefully constructed myth by followers of Plato over two centuries after the death of Pythagoras, mainly to bolster the case for Platonic meta-physics, which resonate well with the ideas they attributed to Pythagoras. This attribution has stuck, down the centuries up to modern times. The earliest known mention of Pythagoras's name in connection with the theorem occurred five centuries after his death, in the writings of Cicero and Plutarch.
Today, Pythagoras is revered as a prophet by the Ahl al-Tawhid or Druze faith along with his fellow Greek, Plato. But Pythagoras also had his critics, such as Heraclitus who said that "much learning does not teach wisdom; otherwise it would have taught Hesiod and Pythagoras, and again Xenophanes and Hecataeus".
One of Pythagoras' beliefs was that the essence of being is number. Thus, being relies on stability of all things that create the universe. Things like health relied on a stable proportion of elements; too much or too little of one thing causes an imbalance that makes a being unhealthy. Pythagoras viewed thinking as the calculating with the idea numbers. When combined with the Folk theories, the philosophy evolves into a belief that Knowledge of the essence of being can be found in the form of numbers. If this is taken a step further, one can say that because mathematics is an unseen essence, the essence of being is an unseen characteristic that can be encountered by the study of mathematics.
Pythagoras is said to have had a golden thigh, which he showed to Abaris, the Hyperborean priest, and exhibited in the Olympic games.
Another legend, also taken from Brewer's Dictionary, describes his writing on the moon:
Pythagoras asserted he could write on the moon. His plan of operation was to write on a looking-glass in blood, and place it opposite the moon, when the inscription would appear photographed or reflected on the moon's disc.
One of Pythagoras's major accomplishments was the discovery that music was based on proportional intervals of the numbers one through four. He believed that the number system, and therefore the universe system, was based on the sum of these numbers: ten. Pythagoreans swore by the Tetrachtys of the Decad, or ten, rather than by the gods. Odd numbers were masculine and even were feminine. He discovered the theory of mathematical proportions, constructed from three to five geometrical solids. One of his order, Hippasos, also discovered irrational numbers, but the idea was unthinkable to Pythagoras, and according to one version this member was executed. Pythagoras (or the Pythagoreans) also discovered square numbers. They found that if one took, for example, four small stones and arranged them into a square, each side of the square was not only equivalent to the other, but that when the two sides were multiplied together, they equaled the sum total of stones in the square arrangement, hence the name "Square Root. He was one of the first to think that the earth was round, that all planets have an axis, and that all the planets travel around one central point. He originally identified that point as Earth, but later renounced it for the idea that the planets revolve around a central "fire" that he never identified as the sun. He also believed that the moon was another planet that he called a "counter-Earth" – furthering his belief in the Limited-Unlimited.
Plato's harmonics were clearly influenced by the work of Archytas, a genuine Pythagorean of the third generation, who made important contributions to geometry, reflected in Book VIII of Euclid's Elements.
Pythagorean theory was tremendously influential on later numerology, which was extremely popular throughout the Middle East in the ancient world. The 8th-century Muslim alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan grounded his work in an elaborate numerology greatly influenced by Pythagorean theory.
It is postulated that the classical Pythagoras did not exist prior to these biographies: many of the discoveries and life details they attributed to Pythagoras may have been those of other Pythagoreans, if not fiction. This would explain the lack of reference to a man Pythagoras until 150 AD, given that he would have been of interest to contemporary philosophers (Aristotle referred to the so-called Pythagoreans). It is suggested that the mathematical significance of the early Pythagoreans (pre 450 BC) has been exaggerated (with the exception of their theory of harmonics), and that the Pythagoreans were an Orphic-like cult with an emphasis on numerology who only later evolved into serious mathematicians as geometry became popular across Greece.


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Recognized by Apple as a distinguished program for innovation, leadership, and educational excellence.
Recognized by Apple as a distinguished program for innovation, leadership, and educational excellence.
The Graduate Certificate in Nursing Education is an online program designed to address the shortage of faculty in nursing programs and enhance the skills of practicing nurses as preceptors and facilitators of staff development. Graduates of this program will be prepared to become educational leaders in academic and practice settings. The certificate provides essential knowledge and skills in teaching and learning, program development, assessment, evaluation, and other aspects of the educational process in nursing. Furthermore, it provides a means for both prospective and current graduate students to receive foundational instruction in teaching and learning theories and methods.
This program has been designed for post-baccalaureate entry to enable students to prepare for academic roles in higher education while completing master's and doctorate degrees. Additionally, those who wish to pursue educator roles in practice/professional settings can pursue this certificate after earning their BSN. Students completing this certificate at the post-baccalaureate level may be eligible for roles in staff development, nursing assistant programs, licensed practical nurse programs (LPN), and clinical instruction/precepting.
Graduates will assume the roles and responsibilities of academic nurse faculty by being prepared to:
This program of courses will provide educators with specialty preparation required for the National League for Nursing (NLN) examination for Certification as a Nurse Educator (CNE). Educators must meet additional eligibility requirements as outlined on the NLN certification website.
As a result of state boards of nursing and the DOE Higher Education regulation changes, the University of Cincinnati College of Nursing will no longer be accepting applications for our online Graduate Certificate in Nursing Education from students residing in the following states:
Please note that certificate programs are not eligible for federal financial aid; consequently, you will not be able to fill out a FAFSA to seek financial aid for these programs. Students most commonly pay for courses independently, use employer tuition-assistance programs, or seek external scholarships for funding support
For increased flexibility, we've recorded an information session that you can watch at your convenience.
Click here to view a recorded NEDU Information Session.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Seiko goes all cutesy with Hello Kitty clock
Why oh why? Seiko has released a new Hello Kitty alarm clock, which is designed for people who travel, although it's something I would keep hidden in my suitcase and definitely not have on display.
As well as telling the time, the clock has a temperature indicator, has a mirror inside, is powered by 2 AAA batteries, and weighs 125g.
It comes with three different Hello kitty chimes to wake you up in style. That would definitely be enough to make me want to turn over and go back to sleep.
It will be available soon in Japan and will be the equivalent of 39 euros.


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Psychohistory derives many of its insights from areas that are perceived to be ignored by conventional historians as shaping factors of human history, in particular, the effects of childbirth, parenting practice, and child abuse. The historical impact of incest, infanticide and child sacrifice are considered. Psychohistory holds that human societies can change between infanticidal and non-infanticidal practices and has coined the term "early infanticidal childrearing" to describe abuse and neglect observed by many anthropologists. Lloyd deMause, the pioneer of psychohistory, has described a system of psychogenic modes (see below) which describe the range of styles of parenting he has observed historically and across cultures.
Many anthropologists concur that "the science of culture is independent of the laws of biology and psychology". And Émile Durkheim, whose contributions were instrumental in the formation of sociology and anthropology, laid down the principle: "The determining cause of a social fact should be sought among social facts preceding and not among the states of individual consciousness". Psychohistorians, on the other hand, suggest that social behavior such as crime and war may be a self-destructive re-enactment of earlier abuse and neglect; that unconscious flashbacks to early fears and destructive parenting could dominate individual and social behavior.
Psychohistory is related to historical biography. Notable examples of psychobiographies are those of Lewis Namier, who wrote about the British House of Commons, and Fawn Brodie, who wrote about Thomas Jefferson.
Wilhelm Reich combined his psychoanalytic and political theories in his book Mass Psychology of Fascism in 1933.
The psychologist and philosopher Erich Fromm wrote about the psychological motivation behind political ideology, starting with The Fear of Freedom in 1941.
Its first academic use appeared in Erik Erikson's book Young Man Luther (1958), where the author called for a discipline of "psycho-history" to examine the impact of human character on history.
Lloyd deMause developed a formal psychohistorical approach from 1974 onwards, and continues to be an influential theorist in this field.
DeMause and others have argued that psychohistory is a separate field of scholarly inquiry with its own particular methods, objectives and theories, which set it apart from conventional historical analysis and anthropology. Some historians, social scientists and anthropologists have, however, argued that their disciplines already describe psychological motivation and that Psychohistory is not, therefore, a separate subject. Others have dismissed deMause's theories and motives arguing that the emphasis given by Psychohistory to speculation on the psychological motivations of people in history make it an undisciplined field of study. Doubt has also been cast on the viability of the application of post-mortem psychoanalysis by Freud's followers.
Psychohistorians maintain that the difference is one of emphasis and that, in conventional study, narrative and description are central, while psychological motivation is hardly touched on. For deMause, child abuse takes the center stage. Psychohistorians accuse most anthropologists and ethnologists of being apologists for incest, infanticide, cannibalism and child sacrifice. They maintain that what constitutes child abuse is a matter of objective fact, and that some of the practices which mainstream anthropologists apologize for may result in psychosis, dissociation and magical thinking: particularly for the surviving children who had a sacrificed brother or sister by their parents. In a 1994 interview with deMause in The New Yorker, the interviewer wrote: "To buy into psychohistory, you have to subscribe to some fairly woolly assumptions [...], for instance, that a nations's child-rearing techniques affect its foreign policy". Psychohistorians also believe that cultural relativism is contrary to the letter and spirit of human rights.
Another key psychohistorical concept is that of group fantasy, which deMause regards as a mediating force between a psychoclass's collective childhood experiences (and the psychic conflicts emerging therefrom), and the psychoclass's behavior in politics, religion and other aspects of social life.
A psychogenic mode in Psychohistory is a type of mentality (or psychoclass) that results from, and is associated with, a particular childrearing style. The major psychogenic modes described by deMause are:
|Childrearing characteristics
|Historical manifestations
|Early infanticidal childrearing:
Ritual sacrifice. High infanticide rates, incest, body mutilation, child rape and tortures.
|Child sacrifice and infanticide among tribal societies, Mesoamerica and the Incas; in Assyrian and Canaanite religions. Phoenicians, Carthaginians and other early states also sacrificed infants to their gods.
On the other hand, the relatively more enlightened Greeks and Romans exposed some of their babies ("late" infanticidal childrearing).
|Late infanticidal childrearing:
While the young child is not overly rejected by the mother, many newborn babies, especially girls, are exposed to death.
|Early Christians considered a child as having a soul at birth, although possessed by evil tendencies. Routine infanticide was replaced by joining in the group fantasy of the sacrifice of Christ, who was sent by his father to be killed for the sins of others. Routine pederasty of boys continued in monasteries and elsewhere, and the rape of girls was commonplace.
|Infanticide replaced by abandonment. Those children who survived the experience did not internalize a completely murderous superego. Longer swaddling, fosterage, outside wetnursing, oblation of children to monasteries and nunneries, and apprenticeship.
|The twelfth century saw the first child instruction manuals and rudimentary child protection laws, although most mothers still emotionally rejected their children. Children were often treated as erotic objects by adults.
|The later Middle Ages ended abandonment of children to monasteries. Enemas, early beating, shorter swaddling, mourning for deceased children, a precursor to empathy.
|During the sixteenth century, particularly in England, parents shifted from trying to stop children's growth to trying to control them and make them obedient. Parents were prepared to give them attention as long as they controlled their minds, their insides, their anger and the lives they led.
|The intrusive parent began to unswaddle the infant. Early toilet training, repression of child's sexuality. Hell threats turned into the Puritan child so familiar from early modern childrearing literature. On the other hand, the end of swaddling and wet-nursing made possible the explosive modern takeoff in scientific advance.
|Beginning in the eighteenth century, mothers began to actually enjoy child care, and fathers began to participate in younger children's development. The aim remained instilling parental goals rather than encouraging individuation. Psychological manipulation and spanking were used to make children obedient. Hellfire and the harsher physical disciplinary actions using objects to beat the child disappeared. The Socializing Mode remains the most popular model of parenting in North America and Western Europe to the present day.
|Use of guilt, "mental discipline", humiliation, rise of compulsory schooling, delegation of parental unconscious wishes. As parental injections continued to diminish, the rearing of the child became less a process of conquering its will than of training it. The socializing psychoclass built the modern world.
|Beginning in the mid-twentieth century, some parents adopted the role of helping children reach their own goals in life, rather than "socialize" them into fulfilling parental wishes. Less psychological manipulation, more unconditional love. Children raised in this way are far more empathic towards others in society than earlier generations.
|Children's rights movement, deschooling and free schooling, natural childbirth, Taking Children Seriously and the abandonment of circumcision.
Psychohistorians maintain that the six modes of abusive childrearing (excluding the "helping mode") are related to psychiatric disorders from psychoses to neuroses.
The chart below shows the dates at which these modes are believed to have evolved in the most advanced nations, based on contemporary accounts from historical records. A black and white version of the chart appears in Foundations of Psychohistory.
The timeline doesn't apply to hunter-gatherer societies. It doesn't apply either to the Greek and Roman world, where there was a wide variation in childrearing practices. It is notable that the arrival of the Ambivalent mode of child-rearing preceded the start of the Renaissance (mid 1300s) by only one or two generations, and the arrival of the Socializing mode coincided with the Age of Enlightenment, which began in the late 1700s.
Reports of selective abortion (and sometimes exposure of baby girls) especially in China, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, India, Pakistan, New Guinea, and many other developing countries in Asia and North Africa explain why millions of women are "missing" in Asia. From the psychohistorical view, this demonstrates that the earlier forms of childrearing coexist with later modes, even in the most advanced countries. However, the chart should not be regarded as an accurate representation of the relative prevalence of each mode in the present day, as it is not based on large-scale, formal surveys.
According to psychohistory theory, each of the six psychoclasses co-exists in the modern world today, and, regardless of the changes in the environment, it is only when changes in childhood occur that societies begin to progress.
The Y-Axis on the above chart serves as an indicator of the new stage and not a measurement of the stage's size or relation to the x-axis.
According to the psychogenic theory, since Neanderthal man most tribes and families practiced infanticide, child mutilation, incest and beating of their children throughout prehistory and history. Presently the Western socializing mode of childrearing is considered much less abusive in the field, though this mode is not yet entirely free of abuse. In the opening paragraph of his seminal essay "The Evolution of Childhood" (first article in The History of Childhood), DeMause states:
The history of childhood is a nightmare from which we have only recently begun to awaken. The further back in history one goes, the lower the level of childcare, and the more likely children are to be killed, abandoned, beaten, terrorized and sexually abused.
There is notwithstanding an optimistic trait in the field. Psychohistorians believe that when violence against children disappears in the Muslim world, the murderous drive of Islamic terrorists will fade away. In a world of "helping mode" parents, deMause believes, violence of any other sort will disappear as well, along with magical thinking, mental disorders, wars and other inhumanities of man against man.
The 1974 book in which deMause included essays of nine professional historians, The History of Childhood, offers a survey of the treatment of children through history. Although critics generally spare these nine historians, they see deMause as a strong proponent of the "black legend" view of childhood history (i.e. that the history of childhood was above all a history of progress, with children being far more often badly mistreated in the past). Similarly, his work has been criticized for being a history of child abuse, not childhood.
The History of Childhood, authored by ten scholars (including deMause), is often linked to Edward Shorter's The Making of the Modern Family and Lawrence Stone's The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500-1800, because of the common ground they share in agreeing with a grim perspective of childhood history. But deMause's work in particular has attracted hostility from historian Hugh Cunningham. Thomas Kohut went even farther:
The reader is doubtless already familiar with examples of these psychohistorical "abuses." There is a significant difference, however, between the well-meaning and serious, if perhaps simplistic and reductionistic, attempt to understand the psychological in history and the psychohistorical expose that can at times verge on historical pornography. For examples of the more frivolous and distasteful sort of psychohistory, see The Journal of Psychohistory. For more serious and scholarly attempts to understand the psychological dimension of the past, see The Psychohistory Review.
DeMause and the psychohistorians respond that their detractors are not largely moved by evidence, but rather are unconsciously motivated to attack those who would challenge the idea of "good parenting" even in very primitive tribes or cultures.
The International Psychohistorical Association founded by Lloyd deMause in 1977 is the professional organization for the field of psychohistory. It publishes Psychohistory News and has a psychohistorical mail order lending library. It hosts an annual convention.
A course in Psychohistory has been taught at a three universities at the undergraduate level. The following have published course details: Boston University, City University of New York and Wesleyan University.


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text: No recent wiki edits to this page. OriginTalia Al Ghul is the daughter of the eco-terrorist Ra's Al Ghul. Ra's met Talia's mother at a festival in China, and after getting to know each other, eventually got married and had Talia. Talia's mother died after overdosing on drugs. When that happened, Ra's took his daughter on away, in order to teach her to defend herself, with Ra's personally teaching her hand-to-hand combat and swordsmanship. As Talia became a full grown adult, she was made second-in-command of her father's league of assassins. She is said to be the most dangerous non-meta woman on Earth. Talia is a love interest of Batman and mother of Damian Wayne.Batman: Arkham CityIn 2011, Rocksteady released the sequel to the critically acclaimed 2009 video game Batman: Arkham Asylum, titled - Batman: Arkham City. Arkham City featured many characters and villains who were absent in the first game, two of which being the al Ghul family. Talia al Ghul plays a prominent role in the storyline, where she is voiced by Castle's Stana Katic. She has a distinct Arabian accent and appearance, with almond-coloured hair and a shade of tanned skin; the developers keeping the character loyal to her ethnic roots.With Catwoman having her own separate gameplay, Talia is the romantic interest of Batman's throughout the story. There appears to be no mention of Damian, but rather, an on/off relationship. Such examples of this are Talia talking about " the night they shared in Metropolis" and Ra's himself claiming "I'll kill the only woman you've ever cared for".Talia is introduced roughly half of the way into the story, when Batman is reduced to searching for Ra's al Ghul to take a sample of his blood for the cure to Joker's poison. Batman trails a member of Talia's personal guard beneath Arkham City, whereupon Talia and Batman meet for the first time since "that night in Metropolis". Talia refers to Batman as Bruce, obviously attributing to their relationship, but questions why he has come. Batman deceives her, claiming he wishes to take his place as the leader of the League of Assassins. After drinking a small dose of a Lazarus Pit extract and passing Ra's al Ghul's tests, Batman then reveals this was all part of his plan. In despair, Ra's threatens to kill Talia unless Batman kills him and takes control of the League. Using an advanced reverse-batarang (that loops behind the target and strikes them in the back), Batman saves Talia and beats Ra's down. Furious at both her father's lack of care and Bruce's scheme, Talia leaves the two men and disappears.Later in the story, a weakening Batman confronts a now cured Joker. Unable to fight off the sickness anymore, Batman collapses and Joker appears to take advantage, but Talia appears, preventing him from doing so. Talia promises Joker the immortality of the Lazarus Pit if he spares the Dark Knight. This is all part of Talia's plan, as she places a tracking device within her clothing, allowing Batman to follow them. Unfortunately, Protocol 10 is activated by Hugo Strange during this time. Batman requests Alfred to track the signal so he can save Talia (as he knows the Joker will kill her just to get to him), but Alfred denies, stating it is Batman's responsibility to save the inhabitants of Arkham City. Reluctantly, Batman heads to stop Protocol 10.Finally, having stopped Protocol 10, Batman confronts the Joker, who has Talia at gunpoint. Of course, being the trained assassin that she is, Talia quickly breaks free and impales the Joker, much to the dismay of Batman. As the Joker lies dead on the floor, Batman realizes something is terribly wrong. That wasn't the real Joker, but a copy portrayed by Clayface. Before he can act, Talia is shot in the back by the real Joker. Her last words are an apology to Batman.


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We are happy to present you with a short introduction to the family history of Mindrolling. The lineage of Mindrolling has been very vast and important historically and is connected to so many aspects of Tibetan Buddhism and the various lineages, that in recording its history, one would also have to record the history of many other familial and practice lineages and other great clans of Tibet. This would then make the work of compiling a detailed history of Mindrolling into a very long work which would require a much larger effort and a lot of time and research. Therefore, at this time, we have brought you just some concise information on the history and biographies of the main family members of Mindrolling who were pivotal in their role of preserving and propagating the precious Dharma in general and the Mindrolling lineage in particular.
The main family of Mindrolling has always maintained its tradition of remaining very low profile. Avoiding any exhibition of pomp and display, it has tried to remain very rooted to just connecting to the various ways in which it can serve the Dharma. The family history was mainly documented by an oral tradition wherein the family chamberlain was entrusted with keeping and recording the family history. On the first day of Losar (Tibetan New Year), the chamberlain would publicly recite the entire history in the presence of the monastic and lay assembly in the main shrine hall.
One of the reasons for there being very little written family history was because of this system of oral tradition which fell through when Tibet was invaded by the Chinese army and many of the senior monks and administrators were killed or died in imprisonment. Nevertheless, this family is known throughout the world of Tibetan Buddhism and regarded with great respect and love by everyone. The immeasurable contribution of Mindrolling to the history of Dharma is mentioned time and again by great masters of the past such as the Dalai Lamas, the Karmapas, Jamyang Khyenste Wangpo, Jamgön Kongtrul Lodrö Thaye, Sechen Kongtrul, Jamyang Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö, Dudjom Rinpoche and Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche and many other great masters of all the schools of Tibetan Buddhism.
Despite their busy schedule and other responsibilities while traveling, Mindrolling Jetsün Khandro Rinpoche and Jetsün Dechen Paldrön, who are both the 12th generation direct descendents of this lineage since Chögyal Rigzin Terdag Lingpa, have been overseeing the compiling of this short version of their family history for the students of this lineage in the west and others who might be interested. We hope these short documentations collected from written family history and anecdotes received from their root teacher and father the 11th Kyabje Mindrolling Trichen and some other teachers will be helpful to people in knowing a little more about this very precious lineage.
Office of Practice and Study
Lotus Garden Retreat Center
June 2008


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Bernard Sumner
|This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2014)
|Bernard Sumner
Sumner performing with New Order at the Fête de l'Humanité near Paris, 2012
|Background information
|Birth name
|Bernard Edward Sumner
4 January 1956
Lower Broughton, Salford, Lancashire, England
|Musician, singer-songwriter, producer
|Vocals, guitar, keyboards, synthesizers, programming,
|Years active
|Factory, London, Warner Bros., Parlophone, Mute, Triple Echo
|Associated acts
|Joy Division, New Order, Electronic, Bad Lieutenant
|Notable instruments
Bernard Edward Sumner (born 4 January 1956), also known as Bernard Dickin, Bernard Dicken and Bernard Albrecht,[5] is an English musician, singer, and songwriter. He was a member of Joy Division and is currently the lead vocalist and guitarist of New Order.
He has also recorded with Johnny Marr as Electronic and was the lead vocalist of the band.
- 1 Musical career
- 2 Other musical projects
- 3 Personal life
- 4 Film portrayals
- 5 Discography
- 6 Bibliography
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Musical career[edit]
Joy Division (1976-1980)[edit]
Sumner was a founding member of Joy Division, a post-punk band formed in 1976. The band is widely considered one of the most influential bands of the era. Primarily known as the band's lead guitarist (his main guitars were a Gibson SG and a Shergold Custom Masquerader), Sumner also played keyboards for synth parts and made his first vocal appearance on record singing the chorus of "They Walked In Line" on the Warsaw album. In May 1980, the band's vocalist, Ian Curtis, committed suicide, resulting in Joy Division's end.
New Order (1980-1993)[edit]
Sumner and remaining bandmates Peter Hook and Stephen Morris started a new band named New Order, joined by Gillian Gilbert in October 1980. Though Hook, Morris and Gilbert also contributed vocals on some early tracks, Sumner emerged as the band's permanent vocalist and lyricist, alongside playing guitar and keyboards. The band released six studio albums before splitting in 1993.
Electronic (1989-1999)[edit]
In 1989, Sumner joined up with former Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr to form Electronic. The Pet Shop Boys' Neil Tennant collaborated on two tracks on their debut eponymous album, providing vocals. Sumner was vocalist, guitarist, keyboardist and lyricist.
New Order reunion (1998-2007)[edit]
In 1998, New Order reconvened and subsequently released another two studio albums. The band split up in 2007 after a disagreement between Hook and the remaining members. In 2009, Sumner was quoted as saying he no longer wished to make music as New Order.[6]
Bad Lieutenant (2008-2011)[edit]
Bad Lieutenant included fellow New Order member Phil Cunningham and Jake Evans of Rambo & Leroy. Stephen Morris of New Order and Blur bassist Alex James also performed on the band's debut album. Sumner provided vocals, guitar and lyrics.
On 2 July 2009, Bernard Sumner confirmed that single "Sink or Swim" would be released on 28 September 2009 and would be the first off their album Never Cry Another Tear. The single was hosted for free on the band's website prior to its physical release, it was followed by a digital bundle release with remixes of the song by Mark Reeder, James Bright and Teenagers.[7][8]
Their debut LP, Never Cry Another Tear, was released in October 2009. The band followed up with a tour of the United Kingdom.
New Order second reunion (2011-present)[edit]
In October 2011, New Order (without Hook) returned with live dates in Brussels and Paris. A UK tour followed through early 2012. The band announced in September 2012 that work on a new album would begin in 2013.
Other musical projects[edit]
From 1976 to 1979, Sumner worked as a tracing animator at Cosgrove Hall Films.
In 1981, Pauline Murray And The Invisible Girls released their last single "Searching For Heaven", which included a guitar-solo by Sumner, although he was not credited in the sleeves of its 7" and 10" edition at the time.[9][10]
In 1983, Sumner co-produced, with Donald Johnson, the band Foreign Press and 'The Great Divide'/'Love in a Strange Place'. Foreign Press (aka Emergency) had had a long history with Sumner through both Joy Division and New Order.
In 1990, he worked with former Factory Records labelmates A Certain Ratio remixing their song "Won't Stop Loving You". He has also recorded tracks with fellow Mancunians 808 State and Sub Sub. Sumner appeared as guest vocalist and guitarist (alongside Primal Scream's Bobby Gillespie) on The Chemical Brothers' 1999 album Surrender, on the track "Out of Control", and in the 2005 Chemical Brothers show at the Brixton Academy, Sumner appeared live on stage as a special guest on this track. He recently lent vocals and guitar to a track ("Miracle Cure") on German trance outfit Blank & Jones 2008 release, "The Logic of Pleasure." Sumner also appeared on the Primal Scream track Shoot Speed Kill Light from their 2000 album XTRMNTR.
He has also done several remixes, such as Technotronic's "Rockin' Over the Beat" (which was featured in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III soundtrack) and served as a record producer for other Factory Records acts such as Happy Mondays (whose second single Freaky Dancin' he produced in 1986). Shark Vegas, Abecedarians, 52nd Street and Section 25. It is said that he will be contributing a remix to Depeche Mode's upcoming remix album.
Personal life[edit]
Sumner was married to Sue Barlow (born 1956) on 28 October 1978.[11] They have a son James Christopher (born 1983). The couple divorced in 1989, just before the release of Technique, an experience reflected in the song "Round & Round." Sue is a relative of Gary Barlow.
Sumner lives with his second wife, Sarah Dalton. They have three children: Dylan Christian (born 1992), Tess Iona (born 1994) and Finley Emil (born 2003). He is a fan of Manchester United.[12]
He is commonly known by the nickname "Barney", although he is reportedly not fond of the name. An early Joy Division bootleg credited him as "Barney Rubble". Brandon Flowers (of The Killers) has dubbed him "The Chairman of the Beat".[13]
His following book, 'Chapter and Verse' was released in 2014.
Film portrayals[edit]
Sumner has been portrayed on film twice. John Simm played him in the 2002 film 24 Hour Party People, which focused on Factory Records. In the Ian Curtis biopic, Control, he is played by James Anthony Pearson.
For his Discographies with Joy Division discography, New Order discography, Electronic (band) and Bad Lieutenant (band).
(Singles featuring Bernard Sumner on guest vocals and/or guitar)
- 808 State – "Spanish Heart" (vocals, 1991)
- Sub Sub feat: Bernard Sumner – "This Time I'm Not Wrong" (vocals, guitar, 1997)
- Chemical Brothers – "Out Of Control" (vocals, guitar, 1999)
- Primal Scream – "Shoot Speed Kill Light" (guitar, 2000)
- Blank & Jones feat. Bernard Sumner – "Miracle Cure" (vocals, guitar, 2008)
- Hot Chip, Bernard Sumner & Hot City – "Didn't Know What Love Was" (vocals, keyboards, production, 2010)
- Bernard Sumner: Confusion – Joy Division, Electronic and New Order Versus the World, David Nolan, 2007
- Chapter and Verse - New Order, Joy Division and Me, Bernard Sumner, 2014
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bernard Sumner.
- ^ a b "Peter Hook on Ian Curtis & Gibson Basses". Gibson. 18 February 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
- ^ "Shergold". Shergold. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
- ^ Rambali, Pauli (July 1983). "A Rare Glimpse into a Private World". The Face.
- ^ Foley, Ryan (5 March 2007). ""Blue Monday" - New Order". Stylus Magazine. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
- ^ David Nolan Bernard Sumner Confusion (Church Stretton: IMP, 2007), p. 15.
- ^ Wilkinson, Roy (August 2009). "Sumner Speaks". Mojo. London: Bauer Media Group. p. 18.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Sink Or Swim Reeder - Bad Lieutenant - Official Site". Badlieutenant.net. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
- ^ "Pauline Murray And Invisible Girls, The – Pauline Murray And The Invisible Girls". Discogs.com. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
- ^ Nice, James (September 2014). "Pauline Murray \ Biography". Les Disques du Crépuscule. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
- ^ "Short bio at JoyDiv.org". Joydiv.org. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
- ^ "Bernard Sumner interview". RedCafe.net. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
- ^ "Watch Brandon Flowers, Bernard Sumner Play New Order Classic - Rolling Stone". Rolling Stone.
External links[edit]
- Bernard Sumner at the Internet Movie Database
- New Order Online – semi-official website, endorsed by the band
- Full list of recordings featuring or remixed by Bernard Sumner.
- 1956 births
- 20th-century English singers
- 21st-century English singers
- Alternative rock guitarists
- Alternative rock singers
- British alternative rock musicians
- English New Wave musicians
- English rock guitarists
- English rock keyboardists
- English singer-songwriters
- English tenors
- Ivor Novello Award winners
- Joy Division members
- Lead guitarists
- Living people
- Music in Salford
- New Order members
- People from Broughton, Greater Manchester
- Post-punk musicians
- British synthpop new wave musicians


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Ephedra refers to the plant Ephedra sinica. E. sinica, known in Chinese as ma huang has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for 5,000 years for the treatment of asthma and hay fever, as well as for the common cold. Several additional species belonging to the genus Ephedra have traditionally been used for a variety of medicinal purposes, and are a possible candidate for the Soma plant of Indo-Iranian religion. Native Americans and Mormon pioneers drank a tea brewed from an Ephedra, called Mormon Tea, but North American ephedras lack the alkaloids found in species such as E. sinica.
In recent years, the safety of ephedra-containing dietary supplements has been questioned by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, and the medical community as a result of a high rate of serious side effects and ephedra-related deaths. In response to accumulating evidence of adverse effects and deaths related to ephedra, the FDA banned the sale of ephedra-containing supplements on April 12 2004. A suit by an ephedra manufacturer was upheld by a Federal District Court judge in Utah on April 14 2005. The FDA appealed this ruling, and on August 17 2006 the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit upheld the FDA's ban of ephedra. The sale of ephedra-containing dietary supplements remains illegal in the United States due to evidence of adverse ephedra-related effects.
The alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are the active constituents of the plant. Pseudoephedrine is used in over-the-counter decongestants. Derivatives of ephedrine are used to treat low blood pressure, but alternatives with reduced cardiovascular risk have replaced it for treating asthma. Ephedrine is also considered a performance-enhancing drug and is prohibited in most competitive sports. Some species in the Ephedra genus have no alkaloid content and are therefore essentially inert; however, the most commonly used species, E. sinica, has a total alkaloid content of 1–3% by dry weight. Ephedrine constitutes 40–90% of the alkaloid content, with the remainder consisting of pseudoephedrine and the demethylated forms of each compound.
Ephedra is both a stimulant and a thermogenic; its biological effects are due to its ephedrine and pseudoephedrine content. These compounds stimulate the brain, increase heart rate, constrict blood vessels (increasing blood pressure), and expand bronchial tubes (making breathing easier). Their thermogenic properties cause an increase in metabolism, evidenced by an increase in body heat.
In traditional Chinese herbology, E. sinica is included in many herbal formulas used to treat cold and flu such as 麻黃湯 ma huang tang (ephedra decoction) or 麻杏石甘湯 ma xing shi gan tang (ephedra, apricot kernel, gypsum, and licorice decoction). Ephedra is used therapeutically as a diaphoretic to help expel exterior pathogens and regulate the proper functioning of the lungs.
Ephedra is widely used by athletes, despite a lack of evidence that it enhances athletic performance. Ephedra may also be used as a precursor in the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine.
Ephedra has also been used for weight loss, sometimes in combination with aspirin and caffeine. Some studies have shown that ephedra, when taken in a regulated and supervised environment, is effective for marginal short-term weight loss (0.9kg/month more than the placebo), although it is unclear whether such weight loss is maintained. However, several reports have documented the large number of adverse events attributable to unregulated ephedra supplements.
Side effects of ephedra may include severe skin reactions, irritability, nervousness, dizziness, trembling, headache, insomnia, profuse perspiration, dehydration, itchy scalp and skin, vomiting, hyperthermia, irregular heartbeat, seizures, heart attack, stroke, or death.
There are no formal requirements for standardization or quality control of dietary supplements in the United States, and the dosage of effective ingredients in supplements may vary widely from brand to brand or batch to batch. Studies of ephedra supplements have found significant discrepancies between the labeled dose and the actual amount of ephedra in the product. Significant variation in ephedrine alkaloid levels, by as much as 10-fold, was seen even from lot to lot within the same brand.
Escalating concerns regarding the safety of ephedra supplements led the FDA to ban the sale of ephedra-containing supplements in the United States in 2004. This ban was challenged by supplement manufacturers and initially overturned, but ultimately upheld. However, the FDA ban only applies to ephedra-based dietary supplements that contain ephedrine alkaloids.
In 1997, in response to mounting concern over serious side effects of ephedra, the FDA proposed a ban on products containing 8 mg or more of ephedrine alkaloids and stricter labeling of low-dose ephedra supplements. The FDA also proposed that ephedra labels be required to disclose the health risks of ephedra, such as heart attack, stroke, or death.
In response, the supplement industry created a public relations group, the Ephedra Education Council, to oppose the changes, and commissioned a scientific review by a private consulting firm, which reported that ephedra was safe. The Ephedra Education Council also attempted to block publication of a study confirming wide discrepancies between the labeled potency of supplements and the actual amount of ephedra in the product.
During this time, Metabolife, makers of the best-selling brand of ephedra supplement, had received over 14,000 complaints of adverse events associated with its product; these reports were not provided to the FDA. Senators Orrin Hatch and Tom Harkin, authors of the Dietary Supplements Health and Education Act, questioned the scientific basis for the FDA's proposed labeling changes and suggested that the number of problems reported were insufficient to warrant regulatory action. At the time, Hatch's son was working for a firm hired to lobby Congress and the FDA on behalf of ephedra manufacturers.
In addition to the activities of the Ephedra Education Council, Metabolife spent more than $4 million between 1998 and 2000 lobbying against state regulation of ephedra in Texas. Business Week reported that efforts to regulate ephedra and other potentially harmful supplements had been "beaten down by deep-pocketed industry lobbying."
Ultimately, in 2000, the FDA withdrew the proposed labeling changes and restrictions.
A review of ephedra-related adverse reactions, published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2000, found a number of cases of sudden cardiac death or severe disability resulting from ephedra use, many of which occurred in young adults using ephedra in the labeled dosages. Subsequently, in response to pressure from the consumer advocacy group Public Citizen, Metabolife was compelled by the Department of Justice in 2002 to turn over reports of over 15,000 ephedra-related adverse events, ranging from insomnia to death, which the company had previously withheld from the FDA. Use of ephedra was considered to have possibly contributed to the death of Minnesota Vikings offensive lineman Korey Stringer from heatstroke in 2001.
Steve Bechler, a pitcher for the Baltimore Orioles, died of complications from heatstroke following a spring training workout on February 17 2003. The medical examiner found that ephedra toxicity played a "significant role" in Bechler's sudden death. Following Bechler's death, the FDA re-opened its efforts to regulate ephedra use. According to Bruce Silverglade, legal director for the Center for Science in the Public Interest, "All of a sudden [after Bechler's death] Congress dropped objections to an ephedra ban and started demanding the FDA act."
Senator Orrin Hatch, who in 1999 had helped block the FDA's attempts to regulate ephedra, said in March 2003 that "...it has been obvious to even the most casual observer that problems exist," and called FDA action to regulate ephedra "long overdue." Given Hatch's prior defense of ephedra, Time described his statement as "a dazzling display of hypocrisy.
In response to renewed calls for the regulation of ephedra, the FDA commissioned a large meta-analysis of ephedra's safety and efficacy by the RAND Corporation. This study found that while ephedra promoted modest short-term weight loss, there was no evidence that it was effective for long-term weight loss or performance enhancement. The use of ephedra in this study was associated with significant gastrointestinal, psychiatric, and autonomic side effects. Almost simultaneously, a study in Annals of Internal Medicine found that ephedra was 100 to 700 times more likely to cause a significant adverse reaction than other commonly used supplements such as kava or Ginkgo biloba.
On December 30 2003, the FDA issued a press release recommending that consumers stop buying and using ephedra, and indicating its intention to ban the sale of ephedra-containing supplements. Subsequently, on April 12 2004, the FDA issued a final rule banning the sale of ephedra-containing dietary supplements. Tommy Thompson, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, stated that "...These products pose unacceptable health risks, and any consumers who are still using them should stop immediately."
Ephedra is still accessible in Poland in drugs like Tussipect or Sudafed. Moreover it does not require medical prescription.
Nutraceutical Corporation, a supplement manufacturer based in Park City, Utah, challenged the legality of the FDA's ban of ephedra as exceeding the authority given the agency by the Dietary Health Supplements and Education Act. Nutraceutical Corporation stated that they did not intend to start marketing ephedra, but were concerned about the scope of the FDA's regulatory action. Judge Tena Campbell of the Utah Federal District Court ruled that the FDA had not proven that low doses of ephedra were unsafe, although she also noted that studies to address the safety of low-dose ephedra would be unethical. Nevertheless, her ruling overturned the ban on the sale of ephedra in the state of Utah, and called into question whether the ban could be enforced anywhere in the United States.
The ruling was appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit in Denver, Colorado. On August 17 2006, the Appeals Court upheld the FDA's ban of ephedra, finding that the 133,000-page administrative record compiled by the FDA supported the agency's finding that ephedra posed an unreasonable risk to consumers. Nutraceutical Corp. filed a petition for a writ of certiorari seeking a rehearing on the ban of ephedra; however, on May 14 2007 the United States Supreme Court declined to hear this petition. The sale of ephedra-containing dietary supplements remains illegal in the United States.
Ephedrine is listed as a banned substance by both the International Olympic Committee and the World Anti-Doping Agency. The U.S. National Football League banned players from using ephedra as a dietary supplement in 2001 after the death of Minnesota Vikings offensive tackle Korey Stringer; ephedra was found in Stringer's locker and lawyers for the team contend that it contributed to his death. The substance is also banned by the National Basketball Association. Nonetheless, ephedra remains widely used by athletes; a 2006 survey of collegiate hockey players found that nearly half had used ephedra in the belief it would enhance athletic performance.


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TSTC offers more than 50 degrees and certificates in many different areas of study.
Use the Search or A-Z Listing to find exactly what career you want to explore.
Use the Search or A-Z Listing to find exactly what career you want to explore.
TSTC FAFSA Codes
009225 Harlingen
009225 Ingleside
College Operating Procedures
TSTC Harlingen's College Operating Procedures (COP) are established to implement policy based on the System Operating Standards (SOS).
TSTC Harlingen has College Operating Procedures in four major categories:
If you have any questions about the College Operating Procedures, please use the Contact Us email form.
All policies are in Adobe Acrobat PDF format. If you are having difficulty viewing the files, please download the latest version of Acrobat Reader.


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Additional Categories:
Mfg.: Tor-Rey Refrigeration
Model: Tor-Rey Refrigeration VPM-200
Note: "This item does not meet NSF or ETL Sanitation standards, please consult your local health department about requirements"
The image provided is intended only to indicate style and may not portray actual unit size, please refer to specifications for actual dimensions.
This item is brand new and ships directly from the manufacturer or supplier. Please allow 3-4 weeks for shipping.
Item: 34 Cu.Ft Refrigerated Deli Merchandising Display Case
Model: VPM-200
Tor-Rey Refrigeration, Inc. requires us to inform our customers of the following;
It is your sole responsibility to ensure that the product is received in good condition, unpack, properly locate, provide for professional, proper installation and ensure that the product is in good working order. It is also your sole responsibility to be properly trained on the use of, and to know the basic care and maintenance of the product. Failure to comply will void the Manufacturers Warranty.
All Tor-Rey Refrigeration comes with an extremely limited one-year warranty covering parts only. Please review the entire Manufacturer Warranty for exact coverage details.
This item weighs 517 lbs. but we have added 33 lbs. to the weight for packing and shipping.
There are currently no reviews for this item. Be the first to write one.


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Originally written on The Penalty Flag | Last updated 11/28/12
The number seven has much significance in the city of Pittsburgh. There are many connections, large and small, good and bad, obvious and not-so-obvious. Regardless of their nature, all these connections are pointed at the most important seven, Super Bowl Championship No. 7. Quarterback Ben Roethlisberger wears number seven. The team misses him, as they are win less since his injury. Stuck at six wins, the team that had done so well without their star QB in recent history, now needs No. 7 to get healthy quick, if they are going to get to win No. 7. Charlie Batch, whose jersey number 16, has digits that add up to seven, was part of an awful seven turnover performance against the Cleveland Browns, which lead fans to having a seven letter feeling stuck in their guts, disgust.… Read more
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Total Petroleum Ghana Limited (TPGL) is a convenient store and gas-filling stations operator. The company markets petroleum and allied products. It operates through sectors such as, aviation, retail network, mining and exploration, marine, fleet and transport, agriculture, manufacturing, and construction. TPGL products include unleaded premium fuel, diesel, kerosene and total Effimax fuel; bitumen; industrial, motor and marine lubricants; car-care products. The company also provides car and windscreen wash, and lubrication services, as well as oil, water and brake fluid level checks. It operates a network of 212 service stations in all the ten regions of Ghana. The company was formerly known as Mobil Oil Ghana Limited. TPGL is headquartered in Accra, Ghana.
Full Report Details at
- www.fastmr.com/prod/865877_total_petroleum_ghana_limited_strateg ..
Total Petroleum Ghana
Author:Bill Thompsone-mailWeb: www.fastmr.comPhone: 18008448156


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Behold Shelby's halo of cuteness.
Hugs to you, Annamarie.
Behold Shelby's halo of cuteness.
Hugs to you, Annamarie.
Shelby says: "make mine pepperoni too!"
Yummy, Teri!
Shelby loves her new toy!
Best friends for sure, Julia!
Shelby has resolved to make as many snow angels as possible!
Shelby was dumped at the local shelter at the age of 12 when her people got a divorce. She was the one who made me a "foster flunkie" but I don't have one regret 3 years later! She loves snow and will roll on her back & start making Sheltie Snow Angels any chance she gets.
Hugs to you, Lynn! She looks very happy!
Or could it be that Shelby is problem solving how to open the door?
I dunno Kathy. Could be trouble! ;)


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BY VICKY DeROSA
How to avoid puffy eyes? Well, you need not worry, I am not going to tell you to stop partying or to stop eating certain foods. Although I should probably point out that doing this might help. No, today's column is just some of my simple tips and tricks of dealing with those puffy eyes if you wake up in the morning and are faced with them. It seems to be a frequently asked question and with the holidays coming up I thought this might be timely.
Men and women alike can use these tips. We all suffer from allergies, sleepless nights, too much work and eating the wrong kinds of foods at times. So print out these nifty little tricks and remember the next time you wake up with puffy eyes try one of them.
* Tablespoons. This is simply amazing how great it works. Run the back of the tablespoon under ice cold water, place on your puffy eyes (all you need is 30 seconds on each eye). This works so great, I recommend you carry a tablespoon in your bag or briefcase.
* Freezer. OK, I know you can't carry a freezer around; but if you wake up with puffy eyes or a puffy face from overdoing it the night before (or OK, I know, allergies) simply open your freezer door and stick your head in it for 30 seconds. Just don't allow anyone near you who might have a gripe with you.
* Hemorrhoid cream. Well I guess this is versatile isn't it? Yes a layer of hemorrhoid cream placed on the puffiness will soon have you looking perky again.
* Cucumbers, two slices of cucumber placed on the eyes for 15 to 20 minutes. Yes, this really does reduce puffiness.
* White eyeliner. I love this trick. I carry white eyeliner all the time. Place white eyeliner inside the eye and it will instantly make you look bright eyed and bushy tailed.
* Green tea and black tea. Besides all the other great benefits they contain fluoride and phenols which prevents plaque from forming on the teeth. After you're done drinking the tea, squeeze out any excess liquid and use the cool tea bag in fact, take about 15 minutes (you must lay down for this) and place one tea bag on each eye to refresh your eyes. You can also run the bag all over your face to refresh yourself.
We all at some point suffer from puffy eyes. I would like to say that my favorite tip is the tea bag. This seems to have the best result for a longer period of time, at least in my own personal experience. Green tea is so beneficial, it is extraordinary for hair, skin, nails. It is full of antioxidants and gives such a boost to our metabolism.
In fact when I travel, I always make sure that I carry tea bags and white eyeliner with me. I must point out, in a pinch, when short on time the spoon trick also works very, very well.
One important point to leave you with: try sleeping on a satin pillow case. This nifty little trick should help reduce puffiness while you sleep and at least not be so harsh on your skin as you age. What kind of fabric you place your face on really does matter while you sleep.
I hope these tips help you throughout the holidays and remember folks, eating right and not over drinking is the best way to prevent puffiness.
Oh yeah, and a decent night's sleep doesn't hurt either. Have a fabulous, healthy day!
Vicky DeRosa is Founder and CEO of Studio V Health Corp. For more information check out www.studiovhealth.com.
RECENT COLUMNS BY VICKY DeROSA
Choose organic milk to avoid cancer causing hormones
Want smooth skin treatment? Coffee ground scrub can fight cellulite
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Psoriasis, eczema help: Solutions for skin problems


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Small business — firms with fewer than 500 employees — drive the U.S. economy by providing jobs for over half of the nation's private workforce. Small businesses are job creators and they represent 99.7 percent of all firms, they create more than half of the private non-farm gross domestic product, and they create 60 to 80 percent of the net new jobs.
The Illinois Chamber's Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council is dedicated to working with small businesses, entrepreneurs, and start-up companies to help these businesses grow, connect with other business leaders, and have access to the Chamber's staff and trusted resources to help their business grow and prosper.
The council has a lot to offer businesses throughout Illinois. It begins with a look at the legislative issues in Springfield and Washington D.C. and the impact it has on your bottom line, and how you can shape public policy and make a difference in the business climate in our state.
We also have a comprehensive portfolio of educational programs we call webinars, seminars and conferences – covering marketing, human resources, information technology, finance, and more – that provide you with new and innovative ideas, strategies and practical tools to take back and implement in your business.
Participation on the council is available to all Illinois Chamber members in good standing. If you are interested in joining, please contact Alex Perry at 312-983-7102 or email@example.com.


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You can now download the FREE Charlie App to your iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch! Listen to hit songs ALL the time, no matter if you're in Europe, at work or walking the dog. Take Charlie's ALL MUSIC WORKDAY on the go! Three hours of commercial free music from 9am 'til noon.
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The Fiqh of Muslim Non-Muslim Interaction, A Detailed Explanation
Q:) I have seen
certain Muslims keeping close ties and friendship with non-Muslims. I
was wondering, what is the Islamic perspective on Muslim- non-Muslim
"It is not for the Prophet and those who believe to pray for the
forgiveness of idolaters even though they may be near of kin after it
has become clear that they are people of hell-fire." (Surah al-Tawba, V:
Article Taken (with Thanks) from Darul Iftaa
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What's Slope of Hope?
SocialTrade is a way for a community of traders to share knowledge and information with one another, using charts and articles from the web as their principal resource. Sharing information is as simple as clicking a single button on your browser - the SocialTrade bookmarklet - and then "stacking" it into whatever categories you think make sense.
If you haven't watched it yet, please check out this very brief video:
The ways to use SocialTrade are as varied as the users; here are some suggestions:


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Monday, October 11th, 2010
I missed this one when it aired last night, but Banksy directed the opening couch gag for The Simpsons. It paints a grim picture of 20th Century Fox's animation of the show (S.Korea) and merchandizing (China probably). Did Banksy do any research or is it a caricature? Probably a little of both, but mostly the latter. I mean, who would use cats to stuff dolls – the fur to non-fur ratio is so low. Fluffy bunny rabbits would have been a better choice.
I can't wait for this year's Treehouse of Horror.
via hypebeast


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the DR650 thread
View Single Post
Adv Grifter
on the road o'dreams
Joined: Jan 2010
Location: Passing ADV Stalkers in California
Oddometer: 6,128
Originally Posted by
I would change the bushings and the bolts and if you have a castle-nut with a cotter pin I'd order the self torquing one from pro cycle makes chain adjustment a snap....be sure not to over tighten the chain....check it under load, And if you haven't removed the upper chain roller now is a good time to do so just find a bolt that fits back in the hole.
Why would you change the bolts? If the threads show no damage I believe they should be re-usable ... with loc-tite of course. The stock nyloc nuts may not be 100% ... but with loc-tite should hold fast and be safe.
Self torquing axle nuts are garbage and may damage your axle threads. Old news. Stay with the quality, made in Japan, Suzuki Castle nut. It works.
I use the same exact system shown below. All good the last 30K miles its been on there. I almost NEVER need to adjust my chain ... as I use the best.
Originally Posted by
I replaced my old castle nut with a self-locking nut and I hated it. The darn thing tried to cut the threads off the end of my axle.
I used it twice and went back to the castle nut. I've been using this and it works pretty well (sprung snug, doesn't vibrate). But I like Emmbeedee's idea even better.
Adv Grifter
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News of Riverton, Lander and Fremont County, Wyoming, from the Ranger's award winning journalists.
Minor fire dealt with quickly at KFC restaurant
Jun 22, 2012 - Staff
The KFC restaurant in Riverton had to be evacuated Thursday afternoon after emergency personnel received a call of a fire at the business on North Federal Boulevard.
According to the Fremont County Sheriff's dispatch log, the call came in at 3:19 p.m. Thursday.
Someone reporting a wall on fire, which the person thought started when he or she flipped a breaker.
Damage was minor, and firefighters weren't at the scene long.
The restaurant was open for business as usual on Friday.


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Loloi Rugs Royal Tan Rug
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5' x 7'6" Rug Size
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Loloi Rugs Royal Tan Rug
Weights & Dimensions
5' x 7'6" Rug Size
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|Product Type: Area Rug
|Construction: Handmade
|Technique: Hand woven
|Primary Pattern: Solid
|Primary Color: Brown and Tan
|Gender: Unisex
|Lifestage: Adult
|Material: Synthetic
|Reversible: No
|Rug Pad Needed: Yes
|Outdoor Use: No
|Product Care: Clean spills immediately by blotting with a clean sponge or cloth. Shake or sweep. Do not vacuum. Professional cleaning recommended.
|Country of Manufacture: India
About the ManufacturerFounded in 2004 by Amir Loloi, Loloi Rugs has cemented its reputation as an industry pioneer by developing groundbreaking new constructions and business practices from its inception. Its forward-thinking design philosophy has elevated the rug industry with the newest textures, trailblazing designs and fresh colors across its product assortment. Featuring an extensive line of contemporary, transitional, traditional and indoor/outdoor rugs, Loloi not only appeals to modern tastes, but continuously sets the standard for the latest industry trends.
Loloi Rugs Royal Tan Rug
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OUR SKU # LYH1205Royal Tan Rug is also sometimes listed under the following manufacturer numbers: ROYARS-01TN003656, ROYARS-01TN005076, ROYARS-01TN007696


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Get your favorite Smurf toy dressed for fun in this Smurf dress! The teddy bear size white Smurfette dress has silver-colored sequin accents. It's perfect for Smurfette from the movie The Smurfs 2, or any furry friend! Smurfs & ©Peyo 2013 Lic. Lafig B. The Smurfs 2, the Movie © 2013 SPAI/CPII. All Rights Reserved.
Warning: Choking HazardClick here


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Results 1 to 2 of 2
Thread: Cartoon Zeus & Hades
October 26th, 2004 #1
Cartoon Zeus & Hades
For a greek mythology-themed whackamole game for mobile. The full poster is on display at the Nokia mobile games summit.
- Similar Threads
- Zeus Wip
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Hide this ad by registering as a memberOctober 26th, 2004 #2
Hehe, who is the guy with the hammer supposed to be?
The position on zeuz right hand looks wierd to me. Maybe put the hand behind his left elbow. Also maybe the pink/red monster should have a darker/duller red.
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Browse all our decking, railing, lighting, fencing and finishing touches products.
Design your dream deck online for free.
Browse photos and get inspired.
See stories from deck owners about their buying experience and other helpful videos.
Our Straight Talk forum gives straight answers to your questions on alternative decking and railing. Ask away!
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ST. LOUIS — St. Louis police say four people are dead in a shooting south of downtown.
The St. Louis Police Department posted on its official Twitter account that two women and two men are dead. Additional details weren't immediately available.
Police cordoned off a section of a street where the shooting happened Thursday.Keep visiting JohnsonCityPress.com for more on this developing story. comments powered by Disqus


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This is a "machine-selection optional" part.Please choose a vehicle to see products specific to your machine, select a product below.
User Tip: If you're unsure of your vehicle type, you may skip the machine type selection box.
We carry every tool you'll ever need when working with your motorcycle's wheels.
Kyle in AZ
And the price is right too. Tusk does good work.Read All Reviews
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Good qualityRead All Reviews
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good product works wellRead All Reviews
Tim in AZ
Great tool for front or rear wheel removal. I wish it was slightly longer, but it works well and does what it should. Packs easily in the tool pack. First use, the 27mm portion broke and split apart. Spend the extra and buy the motion pros with tire spoon built in.Read All Reviews
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I've used this tool multiple times with no issues. It is well built so I don't see myself buying another one for a long time.Read All Reviews
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Excellent tool to carry on the trail, very flat and compact so it takes up very little space.Read All Reviews


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Laparoscopic hernia repair is similar to
other laparoscopic procedures. General anesthesia is given, and a small cut
(incision) is made in or just below the navel. The abdomen is inflated with air
so that the surgeon can see the abdominal organs.
A thin, lighted
scope called a laparoscope is inserted through the incision. The instruments to
repair the hernia are inserted through other small incisions in the lower
abdomen. Mesh is then placed over the defect to reinforce the abdominal wall.
There are many things to consider when deciding if you should
inguinal hernia repair surgery, such as whether your
hernia is
incarcerated or
strangulated and whether you have other conditions
that need to be addressed before hernia repair surgery is appropriate.
Most people who have laparoscopic
hernia repair surgery are able to go home the same day. Recovery time is about
1 to 2 weeks.
most likely can return to light activity after 1 to 2 weeks. Strenuous exercise should wait until after 4 weeks of
Studies have found that people have less pain after
laparoscopic hernia repair than after open hernia surgery.1
Surgical repair is recommended for
inguinal hernias that are causing pain or other
symptoms and for hernias that are incarcerated or strangulated. Surgery is
always recommended for inguinal hernias in children.
surgery repair may not be appropriate for people who:
Laparoscopic hernia repair usually is not done on children.
But a laparoscope may be used during open hernia repairs in children to explore
the opposite groin for a hernia. This can be done by inserting the laparoscope
into the side that is being operated on and looking at the opposite side. If a
hernia is present, the surgeon can repair both sides during the same
The chance of a hernia coming back
after laparoscopic surgery ranges from 1 to 10 out of 100 surgeries
Laparoscopic surgery has the
following advantages over open hernia repair:
Some people may need special preparation before
surgery to decrease the risk of complications. These are people who:
Risks of laparoscopic hernia repair include:
Laparoscopic hernia repair is different from open surgery in the
following ways:
Laparoscopic repair of a hernia is more expensive
than open surgery because of the increased costs associated with slightly
longer operating-room time and the cost of laparoscopic technology.
Complete the surgery information form (PDF)(What is a PDF document?) to help you prepare for this surgery.
CitationsMcCormack K, et al. (2003). Laparoscopic techniques
versus open techniques for inguinal hernia repair. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1).Neumayer L, et al. (2004). Open mesh versus
laparoscopic mesh repair of inguinal hernia. New England Journal of Medicine, 350(18): 1819–1827.Other Works ConsultedSociety for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract (2006). SSAT patient care guidelines: Surgical repair of groin hernias. Available online: http://www.ssat.com/cgi-bin/hernia6.cgi.
Last Revised:
April 26, 2011
Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
Anne C. Poinier, MD - Internal Medicine & C. Dale Mercer, MD, FRCSC, FACS - General Surgery
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text:
The Fluency Express!
Stephanie Howard
Growing Independence and Fluency
Rationale: It is important for students to become independent and fluent readers. This lesson will teach how to read a text faster and smoother in order to help students become more fluent with their reading. Increased fluency helps students read silently and twice as fast. In this lesson, we will work on gaining fluency through repeated readings, timed reading, using the formula(correct words times sixty over number of seconds). All of these activities provide practice to help increase fluency.
Sentence strip with "The train trip was fun."
Class set of The Train Trip by Geri Murray
Class set of Speedy Reading Sheets
Laminated copy of train with numbers and Velcro at each number for each pair of students
Laminated train with Velcro on the back, one for each student
"Today we are going to discuss fluency. Can anyone tell me what being a fluent reader means? Awesome! It means reading quickly, accurately, and with expression! Being a fluent reader helps us understand the meaning of the text. To become a fluent reader, though, you have to practice."
"Let's look at the difference between a fluent reader and a non-fluent reader. I am going to read this sentence on the board, first without fluency. Th-e t-r-ai-n t-r-i-p w-a-s f-u-n. How did that sound? Was that hard to understand? That's because I did not read it fast and smooth."
"Let me try that again. This time I will read it with fluency! The train trip was fun. Was that better? Reading is easier to understand when it is fast and smooth."
"Practice can help us learn to read fluently. Cross checking can be used to figure out words that you do not know. Cover up critters can also be used to figure out tough words."
"Okay, let's try this again but this time I want the whole class to say it with me. First, we are going to read like a non-fluent reader and then as a fluent reader. Th-e t-r-ai-n t-r-i-p w-a-s f-u-n. Was that easy to say? No? Why not?"
"Ok, now let's read it like a fluent reader. The train trip was fun. Was that better? Why? Awesome! Y'all are doing great!"
Book talk: "Let's look at the book, The Train Trip by Geri Murray. Nate is going on a train trip to see his friend Tim. During the train ride, Nate becomes very tired and falls asleep. Nate is surprised and scared when he wakes up in an unfamiliar place. In order to find out what happens to Nate, you will have to read the story."
"I am going to pass out the book to each of you. Read the book independently for a few times. In a few minutes, we are going to pair up with a friend for timed readings."
"Students, I need each of you to find a partner. The two of you are going to practice reading together. Each of you will take turns being the "reader" and the the "recorder". The recorder will be the timer and will stop the reader when time is up. When time has run out, the reader will put their finger on the last word they read. The recorder will count how many words the reader read. The recorder will then write it on the "Speedy Reading Sheet." The recorder will also move the train up the tracks as the number the reader reads in one minute increases. Then they will switch roles."
"In order to get an average of results, you and your partner should repeat this process three times."
"Now that everyone has finished the one minute read the book, The Train Trip. Be sure to listen to the ending of the story. Also, listen to how I read the story. Try to determine if I am reading fluently."
"Did the story end the way you thought it would? What was something in the story that surprised you? Did I read the book fluently? Did listening to me read fluently make the story more enjoyable to listen to and easier to understand?"
Assessment: I will average the students' one-minute reads.
Chamberlin, Allison Gray. Get on the Train to Fluency
Murray, Geri. The Train Trip.
Example of Fluency Time Sheet
Name: ________________ Date: ____________
Partner's Name: _____________________ Book Title: _________________
1st timed reading: ______________________
2nd timed reading: _________________
3rd timed reading: ___________________
Final reading:______________
transformations index


text:
Boise ride this weekend...
View Single Post
Joined: Feb 2011
Location: Nampa,ID
Oddometer: 21
Originally Posted by
If your goal is to be able to do this trail-side (as in, you got a flat, on the trail, and you need to repair it), then what you need is: 3 Motion Pro tire irons, a tube, a large crescent wrench, a 12 & 13 mm box end and a pump. That's what I carry for my rear tire tube changes.
If you're just looking to watch someone do it, I can just ride my XR over and show you what I carry and how I do it with the tools I carry on the bike.
Soapy water or baby power makes things go much easier. Most of us carry baby power on the trail for the changes because it helps get the tire on and off, helps set the bead and helps the tube stay cooler in the tire (due to less friction).
I don't change out my tubes, because I change tires like I change underwear. However, if it's been a long time since the tube has been changed, then you can get a new one, and keep the old one as a spare if you like.
ok i will get a new tube today and try to track down the tire irons i have everything else.i would love to see how you do it with your xr like how you carry it all and what you need to do this in the field. i do allot of owyhee riding and would hate to get stuck out there.i am free all day today tuesday i am free after 2 wed after 7 thuers after 5 fri after 2 i live off of lake lowell in between midland and 12th my number is 9four1two4nine8
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Stiglitz Says Europeans Show No Plans to Spur Growth: Tom Keene
Jan. 26 (Bloomberg) -- Nobel Prize-winning economist Joseph Stiglitz said he sees no indication from European officials that they have a plan to support growth in the region as they reduce budget deficits to quell their debt crisis.
Stiglitz, who is attending the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, said the speeches he's heard there have made him more pessimistic.
"They repeat the same kind of platitudes, 'we need to get growth, austerity won't be enough,' but no country policies that will achieve growth," Stiglitz said today in a Bloomberg Television interview on "Surveillance Midday" with Tom Keene from Davos. "I haven't heard a single thing here that has given me a sense that the European leaders have any sense of what" they need to do and will do.
The International Monetary Fund this week cut its forecast for global growth and warned that the European debt crisis could plunge the world into another recession. It cautioned countries that have fiscal room to maneuver, including in the euro area, against "overdoing fiscal adjustment in the short term" because it may damp growth further and damage market confidence.
Earlier today, World Bank President Robert Zoellick said Germany and others in the 17-country euro region need to do more to help Italy grow as it takes measures to reduce its public debt.
Italian Public
"If we're sitting here six months from now and the Italian public says enough's enough, then what happens to Europe?" Zoellick said in an interview with Bloomberg Television's Erik Schatzker in Davos.
Stiglitz said there's still a "serious risk of contagion" coming out of Greece, where talks on a debt swap to lower Greece's borrowing continue.
Risks are still here because of a lack of transparency in financial markets, Stiglitz said.
"Nobody knows who owes what to whom, where the risks of a Greek default are," according to the Columbia professor.
To contact the reporter on this story: Sandrine Rastello in Washington at firstname.lastname@example.com
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Christopher Wellisz at email@example.com


text:
Flathead Lake Suites' exclusive vacation lodging for couples features a chalet and two condos on 314 feet of private Flathead Lake waterfront. From its wooded acres, enjoy spectacular views of six mountain ranges, Glacier National Park peaks,
secluded walking trails among giant trees, and casual luxury.
A few of the many paths at Flathead Lake Suites:


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Motorcycle Riding after Hip Replacement
View Single Post
It hurts when I fall down
Joined: Oct 2007
Location: Toronto, Canada
Oddometer: 712
Good to hear
Originally Posted by
As far as pain it can get very severe. I ended up with an ulcer in my esophogus from all of the anti-inflamatories I've been on over the years. Even with meds I had pain down both legs and across my lower back.
This is a bit of a relief, hearing this. It hurts all down the sides and front of both legs (some days one, some days the other) and across my lower back and into my ass-cheeks. I was in denial about this being hip OA, as it didn't seem to fit the common perception of this goddam disease.
Originally Posted by
Anyone who is in pain from a bum hip know this; it wont get better by itself. The hip replacement went pretty smooth for me. Two weeks of taking it real easy, walking with a cane (walker first 3 days) The healing happens fast. If my job wasn't physical I would of gone back after two weeks. I stopped using the cane around the house after 3 weeks, however I used it for walks for up to 2 months. (I was walking a mile after 10 days). I'm glad that there is such a good outcome with this surgery, I thought I was going to lose my job and not have the active life that I have always lived. Anyone on the fence about having it done or anyone who wants to talk about it please PM me. This operation has given me a huge part of my life back, not to mention I'm funner to be around..........John
Thanks for the encouragement, and it's fantastic to hear that it's possible (but I imagine atypical) to recover at this speed. I am only now coming to terms with the concept of having this done, and I don't think I'm yet at the stage where I'm ready mentally or in need physically to undergo the procedure. But I know it's coming, and sooner rather than later. Perhaps next winter?
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Primo ScholarRank helps users discover items that are appropriate to their area of research and expertise.
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