text:
Fanny Crosby
|Fanny Crosby
Crosby in 1872
|Background information
|Birth name
|Frances Jane Crosby
March 24, 1820
Brewster, New York, U.S.
|February 12, 1915
(aged 94)
Bridgeport, Connecticut, U.S.
|Hymns, gospel songs
|Lyricist, poet, composer
|Piano, harp, guitar, organ
|Years active
|Associated acts
|George F. Root
William B. Bradbury
William Howard Doane
Robert Lowry
Phoebe Palmer Knapp
Ira D. Sankey
George C. Stebbins
William J. Kirkpatrick
Philip P. Bliss
Silas Jones Vail
Hart Pease Danks
Frances Jane van Alstyne (née Crosby; March 24, 1820 – February 12, 1915), more commonly known as Fanny Crosby, was an American mission worker, poet, lyricist, and composer. A member of the Sixth Avenue Bible Baptist Church in Brooklyn, New York, she wrote many hymns together with her pastor, Robert Lowry. She was one of the most prolific hymnists in history, writing over 8,000 hymns and gospel songs,[1][2] with over 100 million copies printed, despite being blind from shortly after birth.[3] She is also known for her teaching, and her rescue mission work. By the end of the 19th century, she was "a household name".[4]
Known as the "Queen of Gospel Song Writers",[5] and as the "Mother of modern congregational singing in America",[6] with most American hymnals containing her work,[7] as "with the possible exception of Isaac Watts and Charles Wesley, Crosby has generally been represented by the largest number of hymns of any writer of the twentieth century in nonliturgical hymnals".[8] Her gospel songs were "paradigmatic of all revival music",[8] and Ira Sankey attributed the success of the Moody and Sankey evangelical campaigns largely to Crosby's hymns.[9] Some of Crosby's best-known songs include "Pass Me Not, O Gentle Saviour", "Blessed Assurance", "Jesus Is Tenderly Calling You Home", "Praise Him, Praise Him", "Rescue the Perishing", and "To God Be the Glory". Because some publishers were hesitant to have so many hymns by one person in their hymnals, Crosby used nearly 200 different pseudonyms during her career.[10][11][12]
Crosby wrote over 1,000 secular poems,[13] and had four books of poetry published, as well as two best-selling autobiographies. Additionally, she co-wrote popular secular songs, as well as political and patriotic songs, and at least five cantatas on biblical and patriotic themes, including The Flower Queen, the first secular cantata by an American composer. Crosby was committed to Christian rescue missions, and was known for her public speaking.
- 1 Early life and education
- 2 Early career (1843–1858)
- 3 Religion
- 4 Early writing career (1841–1865)
- 5 Marriage and family
- 6 Career in writing hymns (1864–1915)
- 7 Rescue missions
- 8 Later years (1900–1915)
- 9 Death and legacy
- 10 See also
- 11 Notes
- 12 External links
Early life and education[edit]
Frances Jane "Fanny" Crosby was born on March 24, 1820, in the village of Brewster, about 50 miles (80 km) north of New York City.[14] She was the only child of John Crosby, a widower who had a daughter from his first marriage,[15] and his second wife, Mercy Crosby, both of whom were relatives of Revolutionary War spy Enoch Crosby. According to C. Bernard Ruffin, John and Mercy were possibly first cousins, however "by the time Fanny Crosby came to write her memoirs [in 1906], the fact that her mother and father were related ... had become a source of embarrassment, and she maintained that she did not know anything about his lineage".[16]
Crosby was proud of her Puritan heritage.[17] Crosby traced her ancestry from Anna Brigham and Simon Crosby who arrived in Boston in 1635,[18][19] and was one of the founders of Harvard College,[20] whose descendants later married into Mayflower families,[17] making Crosby a descendant of Elder William Brewster, Edward Winslow, and Thomas Prence, and later a member of the exclusive Daughters of the Mayflower.[21] Crosby was also later a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution in Bridgeport, Connecticut,[22] writing the verses of the state song of the Connecticut branch.[23] Through Simon Crosby, Fanny was also a relative of Presbyterian minister Howard Crosby and his son, neoabolitionist Ernest Howard Crosby,[24] as well as singers Bing Crosby and his brother, Bob.[25]
At six weeks old, Crosby caught a cold and developed inflammation of the eyes. Mustard poultices were applied to treat the discharges.[26] According to Crosby, this procedure damaged her optic nerves and blinded her but modern physicians think that her blindness was more likely congenital and, given her age, may simply not have been noticed by her parents.[27][28] In 1820 John Crosby died, so Crosby was raised by her mother and maternal grandmother, Eunice Paddock Crosby (born about 1778; died about 1831).[29] These women grounded Crosby in Protestant Christian principles, helping her, for example, memorize long passages from the Bible. Crosby became an active member of the John Street Methodist Episcopal Church in New York City.
When Crosby was aged three, the family moved to North Salem, New York, where Eunice had been raised.[30] In April 1825 Crosby was examined by Valentine Mott, who concluded that Crosby's condition was inoperable and that her blindness was permanent.[31]
At the age of eight Crosby wrote her first poem, which described her condition.[32] Crosby later remarked: "It seemed intended by the blessed providence of God that I should be blind all my life, and I thank him for the dispensation. If perfect earthly sight were offered me tomorrow I would not accept it. I might not have sung hymns to the praise of God if I had been distracted by the beautiful and interesting things about me."[33] Crosby also once said, "when I get to heaven, the first face that shall ever gladden my sight will be that of my Savior".[34] When asked about her blindness, Crosby was reported as saying that "had it not been for her affliction she might not have so good an education or have so great an influence, and certainly not so fine a memory".[35]
In 1828, Mercy and Fanny moved to the home of a Mrs. Hawley in Ridgefield, Connecticut.[36] While residing in Ridgefield, they attended the Presbyterian church on the Village Green.[37] Crosby's mother and grandmother grounded Crosby in Protestant Christian principles, helping her, for example, memorize long passages from the Bible. Historian Edith L. Blumhofer described the Crosby home environment as sustained by "an abiding Christian faith".[38] With the encouragement of her grandmother, and later Mrs. Hawley, from the age of ten, Crosby had memorized five chapters of the Bible each week, until by the age of fifteen Crosby had memorized the four gospels, the Pentateuch,[35] the Book of Proverbs, the Song of Solomon, and many of the Psalms.[39] From 1832, a music teacher came to Ridgefield twice a week to give singing lessons to Crosby and some of the other children.[40] Around the same time, Crosby attended her first Methodist church services at the Methodist Episcopal Church where she was delighted by their hymns.[41]
In 1835, just before her 15th birthday, Crosby enrolled at the New York Institution for the Blind (NYIB),[42] a state-financed school. She remained there for eight years as a student, and another two years as a graduate pupil,[43] during which she learned to play the piano, organ, harp, and guitar, and became a good soprano singer. While Crosby was studying at NYIB, in 1838 her mother Mercy Crosby remarried and the couple had three children together.[44] Mercy's husband abandoned her in 1844.[45]
Early career (1843–1858)[edit]
After graduation from the NYIB in 1843, Crosby joined a group of lobbyists in Washington, D.C. arguing for support of education for the blind. Crosby was the first woman to speak in the United States Senate when she read a poem there.[46] When Crosby appeared before the joint houses of Congress, she recited these lines:
O ye, who here from every state convene,
Illustrious band! may we not hope the scene
You now behold will prove to every mind
Instruction hath a ray to cheer the blind.[47]
On January 24, 1844, Crosby was among the students from the NYIB who gave a concert for Congress. She recited an original composition that called for the creation of an institution for the education of the blind in every state.[48] This was praised by, among others, John Quincy Adams.[49] Two days later, she was among a group of Blind Institution students who gave a presentation to notable people at Trenton, New Jersey, where she recited an original poem calling for the aid and education of the blind.[50] When President James K. Polk visited the NYIB in 1845, Crosby recited a poem she composed for the occasion that praised "republican government".[51]
In April 1846, Crosby spoke before a joint session of the United States Congress, with delegations from the Boston and Philadelphia Institutions for the Blind,[52] "to advocate support for the education of the blind in Boston, Philadelphia, and New York".[53] She also testified before a special congressional subcommittee, and sang a song she composed in the music room at the White House for Polk and his wife.[53] Among the songs she sang as she accompanied herself on the piano was her own composition:
In 1846 Crosby was an instructor at the NYIB, and was listed as a "graduate pupil".[35] She subsequently joined the school's faculty, teaching grammar, rhetoric, and history;[55] she remained there until three days before her wedding on March 5, 1858. In 1851, Crosby addressed the New York state legislature.[56] While teaching at the NYIB Crosby befriended future US president Grover Cleveland[57] then aged 17.[58] Cleveland and Crosby spent many hours together at the end of each day, and Cleveland often transcribed the poems Crosby dictated to him.[58][59] Cleveland wrote a recommendation for Crosby which was published in her 1906 autobiography.[58] Being unable to attend due to her health, Crosby wrote a poem that was read at the dedication of Cleveland's birthplace in Caldwell, New Jersey in March 1913.[58][60]
Crosby was a faithful member of the Sixth Avenue Bible Baptist Church in Brooklyn, New York. Together with her Pastor, Robery Lowry wrote All the Way My Saviour Leads Me, and many others. This Church is faithfully serving the Lord today with Richard Johnson pastoring. From May to November 1849, there was a cholera epidemic in New York City. Crosby remained at the NYIB to nurse the sick, rather than leaving the city. Subsequently, according to Blumhofer, "Crosby seemed worn, languid, even depressed" when the Institution re-opened in November, forcing her to teach a lighter load.[61] According to Bernard Ruffin:
In this atmosphere of death and gloom, Fanny became increasingly introspective over her soul's welfare. She began to realize that something was lacking in her spiritual life. She knew that she had gotten wrapped up in social, political, and educational reform, and did not have a true love for God in her heart.
Until spring 1887 Crosby attended churches of various denominations, including the Plymouth Church of the Pilgrims in Brooklyn Heights pastored by Congregationalist abolitionist Henry Ward Beecher who was an innovator with church music.[62] She also attended the Fourth Avenue Presbyterian Church, pastored by her distant cousin Howard Crosby,[citation needed] and the Trinity Episcopal church.[63] Crosby also liked to worship at the North West Dutch Reformed church and the Central Presbyterian Church (later known as the Brooklyn Tabernacle).[63]
In later life Crosby nominated Theodore Ledyard Cuyler, who pastored the North East Dutch Reformed Church as one of her favourite preachers.[63] While tradition insists Crosby was a member "in good standing" of the John Street Methodist Episcopal Church in New York City,[64] there are no contemporaneous records to confirm this.[65] By 1869 Crosby attended the Chelsea Methodist Episcopal Church.[66]
While not identified publicly with the American holiness movement of the second half of the 19th century, and despite having left no record of an experience of entire sanctification, Crosby was a fellow traveler of the Wesleyan holiness movement, including in her circle of friends prominent members of the American Holiness movement and attending Wesleyan/Holiness camp meetings.[67] For example, Crosby was a friend of Walter and Phoebe Palmer, "the mother of the holiness movement",[68] and "arguably the most influential female theologian in Christian history",[69] and their daughter Phoebe Knapp, with whom she wrote "Blessed Assurance", often visiting the Methodist camp grounds at Ocean Grove, New Jersey,[70] as their guest.[67] For many years (from at least 1877 until at least 1897), Crosby vacationed each summer at Ocean Grove,[70] where she would speak in the Great Auditorium and hold receptions in her cottage to meet her admirers.[71][72][73]
In 1877 Crosby met William J. Kirkpatrick, one of the most prolific composers of gospel song tunes,[74] and "the most prominent publisher in the Wesleyan/Holiness Movement",[67] whom she called "Kirkie",[75] with whom she wrote many hymns.[67] Some of her hymns reflected her Wesleyan beliefs, including her call to consecrated Christian living in "I Am Thine, O Lord" (1875):
Consecrate me now to Thy service, Lord,
By the power of grace divine.
Let my soul look up with a steadfast hope,
And my will be lost in Thine.[76]
In 1887 Crosby joined by "confession of faith" the Cornell Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church.[63]
Early writing career (1841–1865)[edit]
Crosby's earliest published poem was on the theme of a dishonest miller, which was sent without her knowledge to P.T. Barnum, who published it in his The Herald of Freedom.[77] After some temporary opposition by the faculty of the Blind Institution, Crosby's inclination to versify was encouraged after she was examined by George Combe, a visiting Scottish phrenologist, who pronounced her a "born poetess".[75] The Institution found Hamilton Murray, who admitted his own inability to compose poetry, to teach her poetic composition.[78]
In 1841 New York Herald published Crosby's eulogistic poem on the death of President William Henry Harrison, thus beginning her literary career. Crosby's poems were published frequently in The Saturday Evening Post, the Clinton Signal, and the Fireman's Journal,[79] and the Saturday Emporium.[80]
While Crosby was reluctant to have her poems published, as she considered them to be "unfinished productions", she acquiesced eventually as it would both publicise the Institution and raise funds for it.[81] She had suffered an illness that caused her to leave the NYIB in order to recuperate, and her first book, A Blind Girl and Other Poems, was published after encouragement by the Institution in April 1844, including what Crosby describes as her first published hymn, "An Evening Hymn",[82] based on Psalm 4:8. In 1853, Crosby's Monterey and Other Poems was published. In her 1903 autobiography edited by Will Carleton, Crosby indicates that she "was under a feeling of sadness and depression at this time".[83] It included poems focusing on the recent Mexican-American War,[83] and a poem pleading for the US to help those affected by the Irish Potato Famine.[84]
In 1853 Crosby's poem "The Blind Orphan Girl" was included in Caroline M. Sawyer's The History of the Blind Vocalists.[85] About the time Crosby resigned from the Blind Institution and was married, in 1858, her third book, A Wreath of Columbia's Flowers, containing four short stories and 30 poems was published.[86]
Popular songs[edit]
Inspired by the success of the melodies of Stephen Foster,[87] between August 1851 and 1857 Crosby and George F. Root, who had taught music at the Blind Institution from 1845–50,[88] wrote at least sixty secular "people's songs" or parlour songs,[89] some for the popular minstrel shows. Due to the negative reputation of the minstrel shows among some Christians and classical musicians, both Root's and Crosby's participation in these compositions was deliberately obscured.[90] According to Ruffin, "Like many cultured people of the day, [Root] considered native American music rather crude", and like many American artists and musicians of that era, chose to "Europeanize" his name,[91] choosing to use the name George Friederich Wurzel (German for Root),[89] while Crosby's name was sometimes omitted altogether.[92]
For many years Crosby was usually paid only US$1 or $2 per poem with all rights to the song being retained by the composer or publisher of the music.[39]
In the summer of 1851 George Root and Crosby both taught at the North Reading Musical Institute in North Reading, Massachusetts.[93] Crosby and Root's first song was "Fare Thee Well, Kitty Dear" (1851),[88] a song that endeavoured to evoke "Old-South imagery", with Crosby's lyrics based on a suggestion by Root,[94] which Crosby described as "the grief of a colored man on the death of his beloved",[95] and was written for and performed exclusively by Henry Wood's Minstrels.[96] Published by John Andrews, who specialized in printing "Neat, quick & cheap",[97] according to Karen Linn, "this song was not a hit, and had no lasting influence", as "its style is far too literary, the words not in dialect, the cause of sorrow seems to be a lover (rather than 'massa', or Little Eva, or homesickness: all more appropriate causes for slave sorrow according to the popular culture)".[94] In 1852 Root signed a three-year contract with William Hall & Son.[98]
Despite this initial setback, during her vacations in 1852 and 1853, Crosby continued to teach at North Reading, where she wrote the lyrics for many of her collaborations with Root.[99] Among their joint compositions was "Bird of the North" (1852); and "Mother, Sweet Mother, Why Linger Away?" (1852).[98]
Crosby and Root's first successful popular songs was "The Hazel Dell" (1853),[58] a "sentimental ballad" described by its publisher as "a very pretty and easy song, containing the elements of great popularity", which was released as the work of G.F. Wurzel toward the end of 1853,[100][101] and was a hit,[87] that was "one of the most popular songs in the country",[90] because of its performance by both Henry Wood's Minstrels and Christy's Minstrels,[102] selling more than 200,000 copies of sheet music,.[103] It is described as being on "the fringes of blackface minstrelsy, although it lacks dialect or any hint of buffoonery",[104] was about a beautiful girl who died young:[90]
In December 1854 in an article proclaiming the death of "Negro minstrelsy", the "Hazel Dell", along with Stephen Foster's songs, "Old Folks at Home" (1851) and "My Old Kentucky Home" (1853), were mentioned as popular songs that were evidence of the "bleaching process,... observable in the gradual rejection of the plantation, and the adoption of sentiments and poetic forms of expression, characteristic rather of the intelligent Caucasian".[105]
Toward the end of 1853, William Hall & Son released "Greenwood Bell", at the same time as "Hazel Dell", but credited it to Root and Crosby.[106][107] It describes the funeral of a child, a young man, and an aged person, and the tolling of the bell at the Greenwood Cemetery.[55] Other songs written by Crosby and Root included "O How Glad to Get Home";[108][109] "They Have Sold Me Down the River (The Negro Father's Lament)" (1853);[110] Their song "There's Music in the Air" (1854) became a "hit song",[111] and was listed in Variety Music Cavalcade as one of the most popular songs of 1854,[112] and was in songbooks until at least the 1930s,[113] becoming a college song at Princeton University.[100]
After the expiration of Root's contract with William Hall & Son in 1855, Crosby-Root songs were published by other publishers, including Six Songs by Wurzel published in 1855 by S. Brainard's Sons of Cleveland, Ohio, after being rejected by Nathan Richardson of Russell & Richardson of Boston.[114] These six Root-Crosby songs were "O How Glad to Get Home";[115] "Honeysuckle Glen";[116][117][118] "The Church in the Wood"; "All Together Now";[119] and "Proud World, Good-by".[120] The most popular of these songs was "Rosalie, the Prairie Flower",[121][122] about the death of a young girl,[123] popularized in the 1850s by the Christy Minstrels,[124] which sold more than 125,000 copies of sheet music that earned nearly $3,000 in royalties for Root,[125] and almost nothing for Crosby,[126] after they failed to sell it originally for $100 to Richardson;[124] Crosby also wrote the words for popular songs for other composers, including "There is a Bright and Sunny Spot" (1856) for Clare W. Beames.[127]
Between 1852 and 1854 Crosby wrote the librettos of three cantatas for Root. Their first cantata was The Flower Queen; The Coronation of the Rose, (1852),[128] often described as "the first secular cantata written by an American",[129] an opera "in all but name",[130] described as a "popular operetta",[131] which "illustrated nineteenth-century American romanticism".[132] In her 1906 autobiography Crosby explained the theme of this cantata:
the story of which is as follows: an old man becoming tired of the world, decides to become a hermit; but, as he is about to retire to his lonely hut, he hears a chorus singing, "Who shall be queen of the flowers?" His interest is at once aroused; and on the following day he is asked to act as judge in a contest where each flower urges her claims to be queen of all the others. At length the hermit chooses the rose for her loveliness; and in turn she exhorts him to return to the world and to his duty.[133]
Written as "a work for teenage girls (scored for first and second soprano and alto)",[134] The Flower Queen was performed first on March 11, 1853 by the young ladies of Jacob Abbott's Springer Institute,[135] and almost immediately repeated by Root's students at the Rutgers Female Institute, and was praised by R. Storrs Willis.[136] It was subsequently performed an estimated 1,000 times throughout the United States in the first four years after its publication.[137] The success of The Flower Queen and subsequent cantatas, brought great acclaim and fortune to Root, with little of either for Crosby.[138]
The second Root-Crosby cantata was Daniel, or the Captivity and Restoration, based on the Old Testament story of Daniel, that was composed in 1853 for Root's choir at the Mercer Street Presbyterian Church in Manhattan.[139][140] This cantata comprised 35 songs, with music composed with William Batchelder Bradbury, and words by Union Theological Seminary student Chauncey Marvin Cady and Crosby;[141] Some of its principal choruses were first performed on July 15, 1853 by the students at Root's New-York Normal Institute.[142]
In 1854 Root and Crosby collaborated to compose The Pilgrim Fathers, with Lowell Mason assisting with the music.[citation needed] Described as an "antebellum landmark" in dramatic cantatas,[143] according to Blumhofer it "featured the contemporary evangelical reading of American history".[144] Crosby wrote the libretto for a cantata entitled, The Excursion,[145] with Baptist music professor Theodore Edson Perkins, one of the founders of New York music publishing house Brown & Perkins,[146] writing the music.[147] In 1886 Crosby and William Howard Doane wrote Santa Claus' Home; or, The Christmas Excursion, a Christmas cantata, published by Biglow & Main.[148]
Political songs[edit]
In addition to poems of welcome to visiting dignitaries, Crosby wrote songs of a political nature, such as about the major battles of the Mexican-American War and the American Civil War.[149]
By the 1840 US Presidential election, Crosby was "an ardent Democrat" and wrote verse against the Whig candidate (and ultimate winner), William Henry Harrison.[150] By 1852, she switched her political allegiance from support for the Jacksonian Democrats to the anti-slavery Whigs,[151] writing the poem "Carry Me On" for the Whigs in 1852.[152] After the election of Democrat Franklin Pierce as US President in November 1856, she wrote:
The election's past and I'm pierced at last
The locos have gained the day.[153]
A "strict abolitionist", Crosby supported Abraham Lincoln and the newly created Republican Party.[152] After the Civil War, Crosby was a devoted supporter of the Grand Army of the Republic and its political aims.[149]
Patriotic songs[edit]
According to one source, Crosby "was so patriotic that when the Civil War broke out, she often pinned the Union flag to her blouse. When a southern lady found this offensive and snapped, 'Take that dirty rag away from here!' Fanny was incensed and told the woman to 'Repeat that remark at your risk!' The restaurant manager arrived on the scene just in time to prevent the two women from coming to blows".[33]
During the American Civil War, Crosby "vented patriotism in verse", and it "evoked from Crosby an outpouring of songs -- some haunting, some mournful, some militaristic, a few even gory", but "her texts testified to her clear moral sense about the issues that fomented in the war years".[151] Crosby wrote many poems supporting the Union cause, including "Dixie for the Union" (1861),[154] a poem written before the outbreak of hostilities to the tune of Dixie,[155] a tune adopted later by the Confederate States of America as a patriotic anthem.[156] The first of the five stanzas is:
On! ye Patriots, to the battle
Hear Fort Moultrie's cannon rattle:
Then away, then away, then away to the fight!
Go, meet those Southern traitors, with iron will,
And should your courage falter, Boys,
Remember Bunker Hill — Hurrah.
:Chorus: Hurrah — Hurrah, The Stars and Stripes forever Hurrah — Hurrah, Our Union shall not sever.[157]
Soon after they met in February 1864,[158] Crosby wrote the words and William B. Bradbury composed the music for a popular patriotic Civil War song "There is a Sound Among the Forest Trees".[159][160][161][162] Crosby's text encourages volunteers to join the Union forces and incorporates references to the past of the United States including the Pilgrim Fathers and the Battle of Bunker Hill.[163]
Also during the American Civil War, Crosby wrote "Song to Jeff Davis", directed at Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America, which expressed her belief in the morality of the Union cause: "Our stars and stripes are waving, And Heav'n will speed our cause".[164] Crosby also wrote "Good-By, Old Arm", a tribute to wounded soldiers with music by Philip Philips;[152] "Our Country";[165] and "A Tribute (to the memory of our dead heroes)".[152][166]
As late as September 1908, Crosby wrote patriotic poems for the Daughters of the American Revolution,[167] including "The State We Honor",[168] that extolled the virtues of her adopted state of Connecticut.[169]
Marriage and family[edit]
In the summer of 1843 Crosby met her future husband, Alexander van Alstyne, Jr. (sometimes spelled van Alstine or van Alsteine)[170] Alexander was blind and enrolled at the NYIB, where he was a casual acquaintance of Crosby and sometimes a student in her classes.[94][171] From 1855, he was a teacher at NYIB for two years.[94] During this time Crosby and van Alstyne, whom his friends called "Van", were engaged to be married, necessitating her resignation from NYIB three days prior to their wedding at Maspeth, New York, on March 5, 1858.[94][172]
After their wedding, the van Alstynes lived in a small home in the then-rural village of Maspeth, New York (present-day Maspeth, Queens, New York), then with a population of about 200 people.[173][174]
At "Van"'s insistence, Crosby continued to use her maiden name as her literary name for her compositions,[175] but she chose to use her married name on all legal documents.[176] However, according to Crosby biographer Edith Blumhofer: "Despite her education, her handwriting was barely legible, and on legal documents she signed her name with an X witnessed by friends".[177]
In 1859, the van Alstynes had one child, a daughter Frances, who died in her sleep soon after birth.[178] While some believe the cause was typhoid fever,[179] Darlene Neptune speculates that it may have been SIDS, and that Crosby's hymn, "Safe in the Arms of Jesus" was inspired by her daughter's death.[180]
After the death of their daughter, "Van" became increasingly reclusive,[181] and Crosby never spoke publicly about being a mother aside from mentioning it in a few interviews towards the end of her life, when she said: "Now I am going to tell you of something that only my closest friends know. I became a mother and knew a mother's love. God gave us a tender babe but the angels came down and took our infant up to God and to His throne".[173] In late 1859, the van Alstynes moved frequently, "establishing a pattern that continued for the rest of their lives", and never owned their own home, living in rented accommodation without a lease.[182]
In addition to Crosby's income as a poet and lyricist, Van played the organ at two churches in New York City, and gave private music lessons.[176] Although Crosby and Van could have lived comfortably on their combined income, Crosby "had other priorities and gave away anything that was not necessary to their daily survival".[33] "Van" and Fanny organized concerts, with half the proceeds given to aid the poor, in which Crosby gave recitations of her poems and sang and van Alstyne played various instruments.[183] While Alexander provided the music for some of her poetry,[184] Crosby indicated that "his taste was mostly for the wordless melodies of the classics".[94] The van Alstynes collaborated on the production of a hymnal featuring only hymns written by them, but it was rejected by Biglow and Main, ostensibly because the directors believed the public would not buy a hymnal featuring only two composers, but probably due to the complexity of the melodies.[185] In 1874, Crosby was reported to be "living in a destitute condition".[186]
For many years the van Alstynes had "a most unusual married life",[187] and lived together only intermittently.[188] By 1880 Crosby and her husband had separated,[189] with them living both separately and independently due to a rift in their marriage of uncertain origin.[190] At one point soon after, she moved to a "dismal flat" at 9 Frankfort Street, near one of Manhattan's worst slums in the Lower East Side.[191] Thereafter, she lived at several different addresses in and around Manhattan.[190]
Van Alstyne rarely accompanied Crosby when she traveled, and she vacationed without him.[192] Despite living separately for more than two decades, Crosby insisted that they "maintained an amiable relationship", kept in contact with one another, and even ministered together on occasions in this period.[192] For example, on June 15, 1895 in Yonkers, New York, Alexander played a piano solo, and Crosby read an ode to Captain John Underhill, the progenitor of the American branch of the Underhill family, at the third annual reunion of the Underhill Society of America.[193] Crosby's only recorded admission of marital unhappiness was in 1903, when she commented on her late husband in Will Carleton's This is My Story: "He had his faults—and so have I mine, but notwithstanding these, we loved each other to the last".[192]
In 1896, Crosby moved from Manhattan to an apartment in a poor section of Brooklyn,[194] living with friends at South Third Street, Brooklyn, near the home of Ira D. Sankey and his wife, Fannie,[190] and near the mansion owned by Phoebe Knapp.[194]
Career in writing hymns (1864–1915)[edit]
Crosby was "the most prolific of all nineteenth-century American sacred song writers".[74] By the end of her career she had written almost 9,000 hymns,[2][33] using scores of noms de plume assigned to her by publishers who wanted to disguise the proliferation of her compositions in their publications.[10][195]
It is estimated that books containing her lyrics sold 100 million copies.[196] However, due to the low regard for lyricists in the popular song industry during her lifetime,[197] and what June Hadden Hobbs sees as "the hypocrisy of sacred music publishers" which resulted for Crosby in "a sad and probably representative tale of exploitation of female hymn writers",[197] and the contemporary perception that "Crosby made a very profitable living off writing songs that were sung (and played) by the masses",[198] "like many of the lyricists of the day, Crosby was exploited by copyright conventions that assigned rights not to the lyricist but to the composer of the music... Crosby was paid a flat fee of one or two dollars a hymn".[199] In her 1906 autobiography, Crosby insisted she wrote her hymns "in a sanctified manner", and never for financial or commercial considerations, and that she had donated her royalties to "worthy causes".[200]
Crosby set a goal of winning a million people to Christ through her hymns, and whenever she wrote a hymn she prayed it would bring women and men to Christ, and kept careful records of those reported to have been saved through her hymns.[201]
Referring to Crosby's songs, the Dictionary of American Religious Biography indicated: "by modern standards her work may be considered mawkish or too sentimental. But their simple, homey appeal struck a responsive chord in Victorian culture. Their informal ballad style broke away from the staid, formal approach of earlier periods, touching deep emotions in singers and listeners alike. Instead of dismissing her words as maudlin or saccharine, audiences thrilled to them as the essence of genuine, heartfelt Christianity".[202] Crosby's hymns were popular because they placed "a heightened emphasis on religious experiences, emotions, and testimonies" and reflected "a sentimental, romanticized relationship between the believer and Christ", rather than using the negative descriptions of earlier hymns that emphasised the sinfulness of people.[203]
Ann Douglas argues that Crosby was one of the female authors who "emasculated American religion" and helped shift it from "a rigorous Calvinism" to "an anti-intellectual and sentimental mass culture".[204] Feminist scholars have suggested that "emphases in her hymns both revealed and accelerated the feminizing of American evangelicalism".[205]
Her hymns were published by many notable publishers and publishing companies:
- William B. Bradbury published her hymns in his Golden Censer (1864),[206] a book of Sunday School hymns that sold three million copies.[207]
- For several years Crosby contracted to write three hymns a week for Hubert Main, whose Biglow and Main Co. was formed after Bradbury's death.[208] The company purchased 5900 poems from her for use in the Sunday School publications, and published nearly 2000 of them.[39] By 1889, Crosby may have written over 2500 hymns for the combined publishing houses of Bradbury, and Biglow and Main.[55]
- Methodist song publisher Philip Phillips, for whom Crosby wrote a cycle of forty poems based on the Pilgrim's Progress,[126] and the lyrics for an estimated 525 hymns.[209]
Musical and lyrical collaborators[edit]
Howard Doane was an industrialist who became Crosby's principal collaborator in writing gospel music,[210] composing melodies for an estimated 1,500 Crosby's lyrics.[209] Doane and Crosby collaborated through Biglow and Main, and also privately through Doane's Northern Baptist endeavours.[211] Eventually Crosby entrusted to Doane the business aspects of her compositions.[212]
In early 1868 Crosby met wealthy Methodist Phoebe Palmer Knapp,[213] who was married to Joseph Fairchild Knapp, co-founder of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company.[214] The Knapps published hymnals initially for use in the Sunday School of Saint John's Methodist Episcopal Church in Brooklyn, which was superintended by Joseph F. Knapp for 22 years,[215] while Phoebe Knapp took responsibility for 200 children in the infants' department.[216] They first collaborated on Notes of Joy,[217] the first hymnal edited by Knapp,[218] who also contributed 94 of the 172 tunes, and published by her brother, Walter C. Palmer, Jr., in 1869.[219] Of the 21 hymns Crosby contributed to Notes of Joy, including eight as "The Children's Friend",[220] Knapp provided the music for fourteen of them. Their best-known collaboration was "Blessed Assurance", for which Crosby wrote words in the Knapps' music room for a tune written by Knapp,[221] while Crosby was staying at the Knapp Mansion in 1873.[4]
From 1871 to 1908, Crosby worked with Ira Sankey, who helped make her "a household name to Protestants around the world".[222] While Sankey was "the premier promoter" of gospel songs, "Crosby ranked first as their provider".[182] The evangelist team of Sankey and Dwight L. Moody brought many of Crosby's hymns to the attention of Christians throughout the United States and Britain.[39] Crosby was close friends with Sankey and his wife, Frances, and often stayed with them at their home in Northfield, Massachusetts from 1886 for the annual summer Christian Workers' Conferences,[192] and later in their Brooklyn.[90] After Sankey's eyesight was destroyed by glaucoma in March 1903,[223] their friendship deepened and they often continued to compose hymns together at Sankey's harmonium in his home.[224]
Crosby's process[edit]
Crosby described her hymn-writing process: 'It may seem a little old-fashioned, always to begin one's work with prayer, but I never undertake a hymn without first asking the good Lord to be my inspiration.'[33] Her capacity for work was incredible and often she would compose six or seven hymns a day.[225] Her poems and hymns were composed entirely in her mind and she worked on as many as twelve hymns at once before dictating them to an amenuensis. On one occasion Crosby composed 40 hymns before they were transcribed.[226] Her lyrics would usually be transcribed by "Van" or later by her half-sister, Carolyn "Carrie" Ryder or her secretary Eva C. Cleaveland, as Crosby herself could write little more than her name. While Crosby had musical training, she did not compose the melody for most of her lyrics.[225] In 1903 Crosby claimed that "Spring Hymn" was the only hymn she wrote both the words and music.[227]
In 1906 Crosby composed both the words and music for "The Blood-Washed Throng", which was published and copyrighted by gospel singer Mary Upham Currier,[228] who was a distant cousin who had been a well-known concert singer.[229] While teaching at the NYIB, Crosby studied music under George F. Root, until his resignation in November 1850.[230]
In 1921, Edward S. Ninde wrote: "None would claim that she was a poetess in any large sense. Her hymns... have been severely criticised. Dr. Julian, the editor of the Dictionary of Hymnology, says that 'they are, with few exceptions, very weak and poor,' and others insist that they are 'crudely sentimental'. Some hymn books will give them no place whatever".[231] According to Glimpses of Christian History, Crosby's "hymns have sometimes been criticized as 'gushy and mawkishly sentimental' and critics have often attacked both her writing and her theology. Nonetheless, they were meaningful to her contemporaries and hymn writer George C. Stebbins stated, 'There was probably no writer in her day who appealed more to the valid experience of the Christian life or who expressed more sympathetically the deep longings of the human heart than Fanny Crosby.' And many of her hymns have stood the test of time, still resonating with believers today".[33]
Rescue missions[edit]
While Crosby will probably always be best known for her hymns, she wanted to be seen primarily as a rescue mission worker. According to Keith Schwanz: "At the end of her life, Fanny's concept of her vocation was not that of a celebrated gospel songwriter, but that of a city mission worker. In an interview that was published in the March 24, 1908, issue of the New Haven Register, Fanny said that her chief occupation was working in missions.[67] Although, according to Schwanz: "Many of Fanny's hymns emerged from her involvement in the city missions",[67] including "More Like Jesus" (1867);[232] "Pass Me Not, O Gentle Saviour" (1868);[233] and "Rescue the Perishing" (1869),[234] which became the "theme song of the home missions movement",[235] and was "perhaps the most popular city mission song", with its "wedding of personal piety and compassion for humanity".[236] Crosby celebrated the rescue mission movement in her 1895 hymn, "The Rescue Band".[237][238]
As Crosby had lived for decades in such areas of Manhattan as Hell's Kitchen, the Bowery, and the Tenderloin, she was aware of the great needs of immigrants and the urban poor, and was passionate to help those around her through urban rescue missions and other compassionate ministry organizations. Crosby indicated "from the time I received my first check for my poems, I made up my mind to open my hand wide to those who needed assistance".[239] Throughout her life, Crosby was described as having "a horror of wealth", never set prices to speak, often refused honoraria, and "what little she did accept she gave away almost as soon as she got it".[240] After her marriage, Crosby "had other priorities and gave away anything that was not necessary to their daily survival".[33] The Van Alstynes also organized concerts, with half the proceeds given to aid the poor.[241] Throughout New York City, Crosby's sympathies for the poor were well-known, but consisted primarily of indirect involvement by giving contributions from the sale of her poems, and by writing and sending poems for special occasions for these missions to the dispossessed, as well as sporadic visits to those missions.[242]
Among those Crosby supported was the American Female Guardian Society and Home for the Friendless (founded in 1834) at 29 East 29th Street,[243] for whom she wrote a hymn in 1865 that was sung by some of the Home's children:
- O, no, we are not friendless now,
- For God hath reared a home.[244]
"More Like Jesus Would I Be", her first hymn written for Doane in June 1867, expressly for the sixth anniversary of the Howard Mission and Home for Little Wanderers,[232][245] a nondenominational mission at New Bowery, Manhattan.[232]
After speaking at a service at the Manhattan prison in spring 1868,[246] Crosby was inspired to write "Pass Me Not, O Gentle Saviour" after comments by some prisoners for the Lord not to pass them by, with Doane setting it to music and publishing it in Songs of Devotion in 1870.[247] "Pass Me Not" became her first hymn to have global appeal, after it was used by Sankey in is crusades with Moody in Britain in 1874.[248] Sankey said, "No hymn was more popular at the meetings in London in 1875 (sic) than this one."
In April 1868, Crosby wrote "Fifty Years Ago" for the semi-centennial of the New-York Port Society, which was founded in 1818 "for the promotion of the Gospel among the seamen in the Port of New-York".[249]
By July 1869, Crosby was attending at least weekly meetings organized by the interdenominational New York City Mission, After a young man was converted through her testimony, Crosby was inspired to write the words for "Rescue the Perishing" based on a title and a tune given to her by William Howard Doane a few days earlier.[250][251]
In his 1907 book, My Life and the Story of the Gospel Hymns, Ira Sankey recalled the origins of "Rescue the Perishing":
Fanny Crosby returned, one day, from a visit to a mission in one of the worst districts in New York City, where she had heard about the needs of the lost and perishing. Her sympathies were aroused to help the lowly and neglected, and the cry of her heart went forth in this hymn, which has become a battle-cry for the great army of Christian workers throughout the world. It has been used very extensively in temperance work, and has been blessed to thousands of souls.[252]
In 1880, aged 60, Crosby "made a new commitment to Christ to serve the poor",[253] and to devote the rest of her life to home missionary work.[235] Crosby continued to live in a dismal flat at 9 Frankfort Street, near one of the worst slums in Manhattan, until about 1884.[254] From this time Crosby increased her involvement in various missions and homes.[242]
During the next three decades, Crosby would dedicate her time as "Aunty Fanny" to work at various city rescue missions, including the McAuley Water Street Mission, the Bowery Mission, the Howard Mission, the Cremore Mission, the Door of Hope, and other skid row missions. Additionally, Crosby spoke at YMCAs, churches, and prisons about the needs of the urban poor.[255] Additionally, Crosby was a passionate supporter of Frances Willard and the Women's Christian Temperance Union and its endeavors to urge either abstinence or moderation in the use of alcohol.[234] For example, before 1879 Crosby wrote the words for the song "The Red Pledge",[256] which advocated total abstinence from imbibing alcohol.[257]
From about 1880, Crosby attended and supported the Helping Hand for Men (better known as the Water Street Mission),[258] "America's first rescue mission",[33] in Manhattan, which was founded to minister to alcoholics and the unemployed by a couple: Jerry McAuley, a former alcoholic and thief, who became a Christian in Sing Sing prison in 1864, and Maria McAuley, a former prostitute.[259][260] Crosby often attended the Water Street Mission, "conversing and counseling with those she met".[33]
For two decades From November 1881,[261] Crosby supported the Bowery Mission in Manhattan.[262] As the Bowery Mission welcomed the ministry of women, Crosby worked actively at the Mission, often attending and speaking in the evening meetings.[234]
Each year until the building was razed in a fire in 1897,[263] Crosby addressed the large crowds attending the anniversary service, where she would also recite one of her poems written for the occasion, many of which were set to music by Victor Benke, the Mission's volunteer organist from 1893-97.[264] Among the songs Crosby and Benke collaborated on were six songs published in 1901: "He Has Promised", "There's a Chorus Ever Ringing", "God Bless Our School Today", "Is There Something I Can Do?", "On Joyful Wings", and "Keep On Watching".
When Jerry and Maria McAuley started the Cremorne Mission in 1882,[265] in the Cremorne Garden,[266] at 104 West 32nd Street,[267] as a "beachhead in a vast jungle of vice and debauchery known as Tenderloin" (near Sixth Avenue), Crosby began supporting this new mission. Crosby attended the nightly 8.00 pm services, where gospel songs written by her and Doane were often sung, including "ballads recalling mother's prayers, reciting the evils of intemperance, or envisioning agonizing deathbed scenes intending to arouse long-buried memories and strengthen resolves".[268] After the death of Jerry McAuley in 1884,[269] Crosby was inspired to write a prayer, later included in rescue song books:
Lord, behold in Thy compassion
Those who kneel before Thee now;
They are in a sad condition
None can help them, Lord, but Thou.
They are lost, but do not leave them
In their dreary path to roam;
There is pardon, precious pardon
If to Thee by faith they come.[268]
After McAuley's death, Crosby continued to support the Cremorne Mission, now led by Samuel Hopkins Hadley.[266]
Of the several city missions with which Crosby worked, some were operated by proponents of Wesleyan/Holiness doctrine,[67] including the Door of Hope rescue home founded on October 25, 1890,[270][271] in a house belonging to A.B. Simpson,[272] to be "a refuge and a home for girls of the better class who have been tempted from home and right",[273][274] and to rescue "fallen girls" by socialite Emma Whittemore.[275][276]
Later years (1900–1915)[edit]
Though her hymn writing declined in later years, Crosby was active in speaking engagements and missionary work among America's urban poor almost until she died.[39] She was well known and often met with presidents, generals, and other dignitaries. According to Blumhofer, "The popularity of Fanny Crosby's lyrics as well as her winsome personality catapulted her to fame".[277]
By May 1900 Crosby had been ill with a serious heart condition for a few months,[278] and still showed some effects from a fall,[279] which prompted her half-sisters to travel to Brooklyn to convince her to move from her room in the home of poet Will Carleton[280] in Brooklyn, New York to Bridgeport, Connecticut, to live with Julia "Jule" Athington, her widowed half-sister and Jule's widowed younger sister, Caroline "Carrie" W. Rider.[281][282][283] Soon after Crosby and Rider rented a room together,[284] before both moving to a rented apartment, where they lived until 1906.[284] In 1904, after moving to Bridgeport, Crosby transferred her church membership from Cornell Memorial Methodist Church in Manhattan to the First Methodist Church of Bridgeport.[284] On July 18, 1902, Crosby's husband, "Van", who had been living in Brooklyn, died. Crosby did not attend the funeral due to her own poor health.[285] Phoebe Knapp paid for his burial at Mount Olivet Cemetery, Queens, New York.[286]
Carleton controversy (1904–1905)[edit]
Some of Crosby's wealthy friends, such as Doane, Sankey, and Phoebe Knapp,[287] contributed often to her financial needs, although Crosby still tended to give generously to those she saw as less fortunate than herself.[288] Even after Crosby submitted fewer lyrics to them, The Biglow and Main Company, Crosby's long-time publisher, paid her a small stipend of $8 each week in recognition of her contributions to their business over the years.[288][289] However, Knapp and others believed Biglow and Main had made enormous profits because of Crosby without compensating her adequately for her contributions, and that she should be living more comfortably in her advanced years.[288]
Another wealthy friend of Crosby was American poet, author, and lecturer Will Carleton,[290] with whom Crosby had lived in her last years in Brooklyn, and who had been giving lectures on Crosby's hymns and life, and had published a series of articles on Crosby in his Every Where magazine (which had a peak circulation of 50,000 copies a month) in 1901, for which he paid her $10 an article.[291] In 1902, Carleton wrote a tribute to Crosby that was published in his Songs of Two Centuries.[292]
At Knapp's instigation, Carleton revised those articles and wrote Fanny Crosby's Life-Story, a biography authorized initially by Crosby, which was published by July 1903, and reviewed favorably by The New York Times on July 25.[293] Carleton's book sold for $1 a copy.[294] This was the first full-length biographical account of Crosby's life, although Robert Lowry had written a sixteen-page biographical sketch that was published in 1897 in her last book of poems, Bells of Evening and Other Verses. In the advertisement at the front of the book, the following statement from "the author" was signed with a facsimile of Crosby's signature: "'Fanny Crosby's Life-Story' is published and sold for my benefit, and I hope by its means to be a welcome guest in many homes".[295] Carleton added:
It is sincerely hoped by the publishers of this book may have as large a sale as possible, in order that the story of its loved author may be an inspiration to many people, and that she may be enabled to have a home of her own, in which to pass the remainder of her days.[197]
According to Ruffin, Carleton's book "went over like a lead balloon with Fanny's publishers", although there was nothing negative written explicitly about Biglow and Main, but little praise for the firm and its members.[296] Crosby is quoted as referring to Biglow and Main: "with whom I have maintained most cordial and even affectionate relations, for many years past".[297] Carleton's book did not use any of Crosby's hymns owned by Biglow and Main. Hubert Main believed: "Will Carleton wanted to ignore the Biglow & Main Company and all its writers as far as possible and set himself up as the one of her friends who was helping her". Biglow and Main believed Carleton and Knapp were guilty of "a brutal attack on Fanny", and were plotting to "take over" Crosby.[289] At the 40th anniversary reception and dinner held in Manhattan to celebrate Crosby's association with Bradbury and Biglow and Main in February 1904, Knapp was not invited as she was persona non grata at Biglow and Main.[298]
Biglow and Main were concerned that the book would diminish sales of Crosby's Bells at Evening and Other Verses, which they had published in 1897, and which contained Lowry's biographical sketch of Crosby.[299] They convinced Crosby to write to both Carleton and Knapp, and to threaten to sue Carleton in April 1904. The latter was in order to obtain information regarding sales of the book, for which she had been promised a royalty of 10 cents per copy, and to seek an injunction preventing further publication. The proposed injunction was on the grounds that she had been misrepresented by Carleton, whom she believed had described her as living alone in poor health and extreme poverty, when in fact she was receiving $25 a week from Biglow and Main, and was living with relatives who cared for her.[279][300][301] Crosby indicated she had no desire to be a homeowner, and that if she ever lived in poverty, it was by her own choice.[302]
In response to Crosby's letter and threats, Carleton wrote in a letter to The New York Times that he was motivated to write his "labor of love" for Crosby in order to raise money that she might have a home of her own for the first time in her life; that he had interviewed Crosby and transcribed the details of her life; had paid her for her time and materials; had secured her permission to publish the material in his magazine Every Where, and in a book; had paid all the expenses for publishing and printing out of his own pocket; had promoted the book in his own time and at his own expense; and had remitted to her $235.20 for the royalties owing for the previous eight months at the agreed rate, and had sent additional contributions given by admirers at his lectures to her.[303] Sankey, who paid the rent on the Bridgeport house where Crosby lived with her half-sister Carrie,[304] implied in an article in The Christian that "the Carleton business had been of Satanic origin and commented, echoing the wheat and tares passage in scripture, 'An enemy hath done this'".[305]
In 1904 Knapp contacted Methodist Episcopal Church Bishop Charles Cardwell McCabe and enlisted his assistance in publicising Crosby's poverty and raising funds to ameliorate that situation.[304] After securing Crosby's permission to solicit funds for her benefit, in June 1904 the religious press (including The Christian Advocate), carried McCabe's request for money for Crosby under the heading "Fanny Crosby in Need".[306] McCabe indicated that Crosby's "hymns have never been copyrighted in her own name, she has sold them for small sums to the publishers who hold the copyright themselves, and the gifted authoress has but little monetary reward for hymns that have been sung all over the world".[307]
By July 1904 newspapers reported that Crosby's publishers had issued a statement denying Crosby was in need of funds, and indicated she never would be "as they have provided abundantly for her during her entire life", and that "Bishop McCabe, who issued an appeal for assistance for Miss Crosby has been grossly deceived by somebody".[308] In response to Bishop McCabe's fundraising on her behalf, Crosby also wrote a letter to him which was published at her instigation, which permitted him to solicit funds from her friends as "a testimonial of their love", but reiterated that she was not living in poverty, nor was she dying or in poor health.[309] After Crosby and her representatives contacted him, a week later, McCabe wrote to The Christian Advocate explaining his rationale for raising funds for Crosby, but that he was now withdrawing the appeal at her request.[310]
In July 1904, the matter was still not settled,[279] however it came to an end before Fanny Crosby Day in March 1905,[289] after Carleton's wife, Adora, died suddenly.[311]
In 1905 Carleton issued a new edition of Fannie Crosby, Her Life Work, which was both expanded and "newly illustrated", and despite "the greater expense of production, the price remains One Dollar a copy", with Crosby to "receive the same liberal royalty", as the book was "SOLD FOR THE BLIND AUTHOR'S BENEFIT".[312] In December 1905 Crosby issued a card protesting the continued sale of Carleton's book, again denying she was "in distress", as she was in "comfortable circumstances and very active", giving lectures nearly once a week.[313] Crosby indicated she had received less than $325 from the sale of the book, that her "requests had been disregarded", but that "when these facts are fully known to all, the publishers can sell the book as they desire; only I have no wish to increase its sale for my own benefit, which, of course, is very small".[305]
Despite Crosby's efforts, Carleton continued to advertise the book for sale until at least 1911.[314] In 1911 Carleton serialised and updated Crosby's life story in Every Where.[315] The 1906 publication of Crosby's own autobiography, Memories of Eighty Years, which, in contrast to Carleton's book, focused on Crosby's hymn-writing years, was sold by subscription and door-to-door, and promoted in lectures by Doane, raised $1,000 for Crosby.[316] For a period Crosby and Knapp were estranged because of the Carleton book,[301] but by early 1905 they had reconciled.[317]
Fanny Crosby Day (1905)[edit]
On Sunday, March 26, 1905, Fanny Crosby Day was celebrated in churches of many denominations around the world, with special worship services in honour of her 85th birthday, two days earlier.[318] On that day Crosby attended the First Baptist Church in Bridgeport where Carrie Rider was a member, and spoke in the evening service, and was given $85.[319] Because of Carrie Rider's cancer, in summer 1906 Crosby and Rider moved to 226 Wells Street, Bridgeport, Connecticut.[320] Carrie died of intestinal cancer in July 1907. On July 10, 1908, Phoebe Knapp died.[90] Weeks later, Ira Sankey died having just sung "Saved by Grace", one of Crosby's most popular compositions.[321] On May 2, 1911, Crosby spoke to 5,000 people at the opening meeting of the Evangelistic Committee's seventh annual campaign held in Carnegie Hall, after the crowd sang her songs for thirty minutes.[322] On Crosby's 94th birthday in March 1914, Alice Rector and the King's Daughters of the First Methodist Church of Bridgeport, Connecticut organized a Violet Day to honor Crosby,[323] which was publicized nationally by Hugh Main.[324]
Death and legacy[edit]
After a six-month illness, Crosby died of arteriosclerosis and a cerebral hemorrhage on February 12, 1915 at Bridgeport, aged 94.[79] She was buried at Mountain Grove Cemetery there.[261] near her mother and other members of her family.[325] At Crosby's request, her family erected a very small tombstone, which carried the words: "Aunt Fanny: She hath done what she could; Fanny J. Crosby".[326]
In March 1925, about 3,000 churches throughout the United States observed Fanny Crosby Day to commemorate the 105th anniversary of her birth.[327]
Fanny Crosby Memorial Home for the Aged (1925–1996)[edit]
Crosby left money in her will for "the sheltering of senior males who had no other place to live, with these men to pay a nominal fee to the home for their living expenses".[328] In 1923, the King's Daughters of the First Methodist Church of Bridgeport, Connecticut honored Crosby's request to memorialize her by beginning to raise the additional funds needed to establish the Fanny Crosby Memorial Home for the Aged.[329] The nondenominational home was established in the former Hunter house at 1008 Fairfield Avenue, Bridgeport, Connecticut,[330] and opened on November 1, 1925, after a national drive by the Federation of Churches to raise $100,000 to operate it.[331]
It operated until 1996 when it was given to the Bridgeport Rescue Mission.[332] On Monday October 8, 1934, the Enoch Crosby chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution dedicated an historic roadside marker commemorating the birthplace of Crosby on the western side of Route 22, in Duanesburg, New York.[333]
Despite her specific instructions not to erect a large marble monument,[332] on May 1, 1955,[334] a large memorial stone that "dwarfed the original gravestone" was dedicated by Crosby's "friends to whom her life was an inspiration".[335] It contained the first stanza of "Blessed Assurance".[336]
Other honors[edit]
Crosby was inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1975.[337] Known as the "Queen of Gospel Song Writers",[5] During 2010 songwriter George Hamilton IV toured Methodist chapels celebrating Fanny's outstanding contribution to gospel music. His presentation included stories of her productive and charitable life, some of her hymns, and a few of his own uplifting songs. The liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church in the United States remembers Crosby with an annual feast day on February 11.[7] While she is not mentioned in The Hymnal 1982, her hymns are included in several more recent hymnals, including Lift Every Voice and Sing II[338] and the African American Heritage Hymnal.[339]
See also[edit]
- References
- ^ One source indicates at least 8,440. See Armin Haeussler, The Story of Our Hymns: The Handbook to the Hymnal of the Evangelical and Reformed Church, 3rd. ed. (General Synod of the Evangelical and Reformed Church by Eden Pub. House, 1954), p. 613.
- ^ a b Osbeck, Amazing Grace, p. 206.
- ^ Don Hawkinson, Character for Life: An American Heritage: Profiles of Great Men and Women of Faith who Shaped Western Civilization, New Leaf Publishing Group, 2005, p. 35.
- ^ a b Morgan (2003), p. 183.
- ^ a b The Hymn 35 (Hymn Society of America, 1984), p. 222.
- ^ "Fanny Crosby", LANDMARKS PRESERVATION SOCIETY of Southeast, Inc., February 11, 2010.
- ^ a b Holy Women, Holy Men: Celebrating the Saints, Church Publishing, Inc., 2010, pp. 216–17.
- ^ a b Wilhoff (2005), p. 92.
- ^ Anne Commire and Deborah Klezmer, Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia, (Yorkin Publications, 2000), p. 220.
- ^ a b Hall (1914), p. 41.
- ^ For a list of 98 of her pseudonyms, see "Frances Jane Crosby (Fanny Crosby) 1820–1915", http://hymntime.com/tch/bio/c/r/o/crosby_fj.htm
- ^ One source indicates she used approximately 250 pseudonyms; see Darlene Neptune, Fanny Crosby Still Lives (Pelican Publishing, 2002), p. 91.
- ^ Ruffin (1995), p. 50.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), pp. 1–13.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 14.
- ^ Ruffin (1995), p. 20.
- ^ a b Blumhofer, Edith L. (2006). "Fanny Crosby, William Doane, and the Making of Gospel Hymns in the Late Nineteenth Century"". In Noll, Mark A.; Blumhofer, Edith L. Sing Them Over Again to Me: Hymns and Hymnbooks in America. University of Alabama Press.
- ^ New England Historic Genealogical Society, The New England Historical & Genealogical Register and Antiquarian Journal, Vol. 14, S.G. Drake, 1860, pp. 310–11.
- ^ Eleanor Francis (Davis) Crosby, Simon Crosby the Emigrant: His English Ancestry, and Some of his American Descendants, G. H. Ellis Co., 1914, pp. 45, 98.
- ^ Warren Dunham Foster, Heroines of Modern Religion (Ayer Publishing, 1913):117.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 11.
- ^ Ruffin (1995), p. 238.
- ^ Daughters of the American Revolution Continental Congress, Proceedings of the Continental Congress of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Vol. 24 (The Congress, 1915):446.
- ^ Ralph E. Luker, The Social Gospel in Black and White: American Racial Reform, 1885scher 1912 (UNC Press Books, 1998):242.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), pp. ix, 3, 11.
- ^ Charles, Eleanor (August 30, 1992). "Westchester Guide: Fanny Crosby's Day". New York Times. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 15.
- ^ "Fanny Crosby: The Early Years", Leben: A Journal of Reformation Life 4:3 (July–September 2008) http://www.leben.us/index.php/component/content/article/63-volume-4-issue-3/262-fanny-crosby-the-early-years
- ^ Edith L. Blumhofer, Her Heart Can See: The Hymns and Life of Fanny Crosby (Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2005):14,27.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 13.
- ^ Blumhofer, Edith L. (2005). Her Heart Can See: The Hymns and Life of Fanny Crosby. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-0-8028-4253-4.
- ^ Carleton, Will (1903). Fanny Crosby's Life Story. New York, NY: Every Where Publishing Company.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Fanny Crosby; America's Hymn Queen", Glimpses of Christian History 198, http://www.christianhistorytimeline.com/GLIMPSEF/Glimpses2/glimpses198.shtml
- ^ The Sunday-School World. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
- ^ a b c Annie Isabel Willis, "A Blind Hymn Writer", Daily True American, August 1, 1889, p. 2.
- ^ Neptune (2001), p. 242.
- ^ Crosby (1906), p. 6.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 16.
- ^ a b c d e Fanny Crosby; Queen of American Hymn Writers, Severance, Diane; Glimpses of Christian History 30
- ^ Crosby (1906), p. 8.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 25.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 30.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 71.
- ^ Neptune (2001), p. 8.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), pp. 118–21.
- ^ Hall (1914), p. 38.
- ^ "FANNY CROSBY IS DEAD AT HER HOME: Noted Hymn Writer, Blind Since Youth, Lives To Age of Ninety-Five", The Lincoln Daily Star, February 12, 1915.
- ^ For words, see Fanny Crosby, "An Address" (January 24, 1844), The Blind Girl and Other Poems, New York, NY: Wiley & Putnam, 1844, pp. 149–51.
- ^ Spann & Williams (2008), p. 43.
- ^ For the words, see Fanny Crosby, "An Address", January 24, 1844, The Blind Girl and Other Poems, New York, NY: Wiley & Putnam, 1844, pp. 152–54.
- ^ a b Spann & Williams (2008), p. 74.
- ^ Crosby (1906), p. 19.
- ^ a b "Congressional", The Hartford Times, May 9, 1846, p. 2.
- ^ Frances Jane Crosby, Monterrey and Other Poems, rev. ed. New York: R. Craighead, 1856, pp. 60–61.
- ^ a b c Annie Isabel Willis, "A Blind Hymnwriter", Daily True American, August 1, 1889, p. 2.
- ^ Fanny Crosby, New York Institution for the Blind, An Address to the Legislature of New-York: On the Occasion of their Visit as Guests of the Common Council of the City, to the New-York Institution for the Blind (Lambert & Lane, Stationers, 69 Wall St., NY, 1851).
- ^ Fanny Crosby, "Cleveland as a Teacher in the Institution for the Blind", McClure's Magazine, March 1909, pp. 581–83.
- ^ a b c d e Spann & Williams (2008), p. 152.
- ^ George Frederick Parker, Recollections of Grover Cleveland, 2nd ed. (The Century Co., 1911): 22–25.
- ^ "$18,000 FUND TO BUY CLEVELAND'S HOME; His Birthplace at Caldwell, NJ, Will Be Dedicated as a National Memorial", The New York Times (February 22, 1913)
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), pp. 78–79.
- ^ Blumhofer (Hymnody, 2006)
- ^ a b c d Blumhofer (2005), p. 115.
- ^ For example, see Hall (1914), p. 34.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 350.
- ^ Dunlap (2004), pp. 32–33.
- ^ a b c d e f g Keith Schwanz, Satisfied: Women Hymn Writers of the 19th Century Wesleyan/Holiness Movement (Grantham, PA: Wesleyan/Holiness Clergy, 1998), http://www.whwomenclergy.org/booklets/satisfied.php
- ^ "Phoebe Palmer: Mother of the Holiness Movement", Christian History (2004), http://www.christianbook.com/phoebe-palmer-mother-the-holiness-movement/pd/6010361/1192780471?item_code=WW&netp_id=759975&event=ESRCN&view=details#curr
- ^ Charles Edward White, "Phoebe Palmer and the Development of Pentecostal Pneumatology", Wesleyan Theological Journal (Spring-Fall 1988): 198, http://wesley.nnu.edu/fileadmin/imported_site/wesleyjournal/1988-wtj-23.pdf
- ^ a b Wayne Bell, Ocean Grove: Images of America (Arcadia, 2000):30.
- ^ "A Unique Hymn Writer", The New York Times (August 22, 1897), http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F60A13FF3E5913738DDDAB0A94D0405B8785F0D3
- ^ Troy Messenger, Holy Leisure: Recreation and Religion in God's Square Mile (Temple University Press, 2000):114.
- ^ "Women's Heritage Trail". Oceangrovehistory.org. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
- ^ a b Ian C. Bradley, Abide with Me: The World of Victorian Hymns (GIA Publications, 1997):172.
- ^ a b Blumhofer (2005), p. 129.
- ^ Stanza 2, "I Am Thine, O Lord"
- ^ Crosby (1906), pp. 31–32.
- ^ Ruffin (1995), p. 41.
- ^ a b Clifford E. Rhinehart, Fanny Crosby profile, Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, Harvard University Press, 1974, p. 411. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
- ^ Smucker (1981), p. 176.
- ^ Crosby (1906), p. 17.
- ^ Carleton (1903), pp. 77–78.
- ^ a b Carleton (1903), p. 78.
- ^ Frances Jane Crosby, "An Appeal for Erin in her Distress", Monterrey and Other Poems, rev. ed. New York: R. Craighead, 1856, pp. 61–62.
- ^ Sawyer (1853), pp. 31–37.
- ^ Frances J. Crosby, A Wreath of Columbia's Flowers (New York, NY: H. Dayton, 1858)
- ^ a b Crawford (2000), p. 157.
- ^ a b Neptune (2001), p. 108.
- ^ a b Root (1891), p. 83.
- ^ a b c d e Carder (2008), p. 38.
- ^ Ruffin (1995), p. 75.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 154.
- ^ Smucker (1981), p. 201.
- ^ a b c d e f Karen Linn, That Half-Barbaric Twang: The Banjo in American Popular Culture, University of Illinois Press (1994), p. 55.
- ^ Carder (2008), p. 44.
- ^ Carder (2008), pp. 44–45.
- ^ George Frederick Root, New Song: Fare Thee Well, Kitty Dear: Composed Expressly for Wood's Minstrels, New York, NY: J. Andrews, 1852.
- ^ a b Carder (2008), p. 49.
- ^ Hall (1914), p. 37.
- ^ a b David Ewen, American Songwriters: An H.W. Wilson Biographical Dictionary, H.W. Wilson, 1987: 339.
- ^ "Wm. Hall & Son's Column", New-York Musical Review: A Journal of Sacred and Secular Music 5:2, January 19, 1854, p. 31.
- ^ "New Music Reviews", New-York Musical Review: A Journal of Sacred and Secular Music 5:25, December 7, 1854, p. 425.
- ^ "Dr. George F. Root Dead", The New York Times (August 8, 1895)
- ^ Crawford (2000), p. 162.
- ^ "Obituary, Not Eulogistic", New-York Musical Review: A Journal of Sacred and Secular Music 5:25, December 7, 1854, p. 418.
- ^ "The Greenwood Bell", (New York, NY: William Hall & Son, 1853), Music for the Nation: American Sheet Music
- ^ "The Greenwood Bell" (1853) Poetry by Miss Frances Jane Crosby, 1820–1915 of the New York Institution for the Blind; Music by George Frederick Root, 1820–1895 from the Editor of the Publishers. To J.C. Woodman Esq., New York: William Hall & Son, 1853.
- ^ Crosby (1906), p. 112.
- ^ Sarah M. Maverick, "A Reminiscence of Fanny Crosby", The Christian Work and the Evangelist 73 (1902):63.
- ^ "They've Sold Me Down the River. The Negro Father's Lament. Song and Chorus", [1]
- ^ Carder (2008), n.57, p. 215.
- ^ Julius Mattfeld, Variety Music Cavalcade, 1620–1969 (3rd ed.), Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1971.
- ^ Carder (2008), p. 58.
- ^ Carder (2008), pp. 62–65; 196; n.75, 215.
- ^ "Glad to Get Home" (1855), Words and Music attributed to Wurzel (G. F. R.) [pseud. for George Frederick Root, 1820–1895] from Six Songs by Wurzel, Cleveland, OH: S. Brainard's Sons [Source: 1883-24139@LoC]
- ^ "Six Songs by Wurzel. No. 2. The Honeysuckle Glen". Jscholarship.library.jhu.edu. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
- ^ "The Honeysuckle Glen" (No. 2 from Six Songs by Wurzel), The Music of George Frederick Root (1820-1895)
- ^ For lyrics, see Crosby & Lowry (1899), pp. 134–35.
- ^ "Six Songs by Wurzel. No. 5. All Together Again". Jscholarship.library.jhu.edu. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
- ^ "Proud World Good Bye! I'm Going Home", Six Songs by Wurzel, Cleveland, OH: S. Brainard's Sons.
- ^ "Seven Popular Songs by Wurzel", jscholarship.library.jhu.edu; accessed December 11, 2014.
- ^ For lyrics, see "Rosalie the Prairie Flower" by George Frederick Root (1855), or Crosby & Lowry (1899), pp. 132–33.
- ^ Carder (208), n.75, p. 215.
- ^ a b "Rosalie, The Prairie Flower", Best Loved Songs of The American People, Denes Agay (ed.), Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1975.
- ^ Carder (2008), n.82, p. 215.
- ^ a b Ellen Koskoff, Women and Music in Cross-Cultural Perspective, University of Illinois Press, 1989, p. 184.
- ^ "The Popular Musical Compositions of Clare W. Beames", New York Musical Review and Gazette 7:3, February 9, 1856, p. 63.
- ^ Carder (2008), p. 35.
- ^ For example, see Richard F. Selcer, ed., Civil War America, 1850 to 1875, rev. ed. (Infobase Publishing, 2006): 352. However, see Jacklin Bolton Stopp, "James C. Johnson and the American Secular Cantata", American Music 28:2 (Summer 2010), pp. 228–50, which credits James C. Johnson, who wrote "four innovative and successful cantatas" prior to those of Root and Crosby. See Project MUSE James C. Johnson and the American Secular Cantata, muse.jhu.edu; accessed December 11, 2014.
- ^ "Wm. Hall & Son's Column", New-York Musical Review: A Journal of Sacred and Secular Music 5:9, April 27, 1854, p. 144.
- ^ "Mason Brothers' Column", New-York Musical Review: A Journal of Sacred and Secular Music 5:10, May 11, 1854, p. 159.
- ^ Carder (2008), p. 36.
- ^ Crosby (1906), p. 28.
- ^ Jacklin Bolton Stopp, "James C. Johnson and the American Secular Cantata", American Music 28:2 (Summer 2010):228.
- ^ Deane L. Root, American Popular Stage Music, 1860–1880 (UMI Research Press, 1977): 13.
- ^ Vera Brodsky Lawrence and George Templeton Strong, Strong on Music: Reverberations, 1850–1856 (University of Chicago Press, 1995): p. 433.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), pp. 149–50.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 150.
- ^ Carder (2008), p. 53.
- ^ Jonathan Greenleaf, A History of the Churches, of All Denominations, in the City of New York, from the First Settlement to the Year 1846 (E. French, 1846): 194.
- ^ For lyrics, see "DANIEL: or the Captivity and Restoration. A Sacred Cantata in Three Parts", Words selected and prepared by C[hauncy]. M[arvin]. Cady, Esq., [1824–1889], assisted by Miss F[rances]. J[ane]. Crosby. [Mrs. Van Alstyne] [1820–1915]. Music composed by Geo[rge]. F[rederick]. Root [1820–1895] and W[illiam]. B[atchelder]. Bradbury [1816–1868].
- ^ Vera Brodsky Lawrence and George Templeton Strong, Strong on Music: Reverberations, 1850–1856 (University of Chicago Press, 1995): 432.
- ^ Richard F. Selcer (ed.), Civil War America, 1850 to 1875, rev. ed., Infobase Publishing, 2006, p. 352.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 149.
- ^ Probably found in Theodore E. Perkins, ed., The Mount Zion Collection of Sacred and Secular Music (New York, NY: A.S. Barnes & Co., 1869). See "Musical", American Literary Gazette and Publishers' Circular 13-14, September 15, 1869, p. 302.
- ^ David W. Music and Paul Akers Richardson, "I Will Sing the Wondrous Story": A History of Baptist Hymnody in North America (Mercer University Press, 2008): 325.
- ^ Hall (1914), p. 69
- ^ Fanny Crosby and William Howard Doane, Santa Claus' Home; or, The Christmas Excursion: A Christmas Cantata for the Sunday School and Choir (Biglow & Main, 1886).
- ^ a b Blumhofer (Hymnody, 2006), p. 229.
- ^ Ruffin (1995), p. 43.
- ^ a b Blumhofer (2005), p. 94.
- ^ a b c d Ralph Hartsock, "Crosby, Frances Jane "Fanny" (1820–1915)", in Women in the American Civil War, Vol. 2, ed. Lisa Tendrich Frank (ABC-CLIO, 2008): 193.
- ^ Spann & Williams (2008), p. 95.
- ^ Coleman Hutchison, "Whistling 'Dixie' for the Union (Nation, Anthem, Revision)", American Literary History 19:3 (2007): 603–28.
- ^ Irwin Silber and Jerry Silverman, Songs of the Civil War (Courier Dover Publications, 1995): 52.
- ^ Fanny Crosby, "Dixie for the Union", New York Institute for Special Education Museum and Archive Walkthrough (Version 4.1): 24,
- ^ For the lyrics, see "Dixie For the Union", npr.org; accessed December 11, 2014.
- ^ Ruffin (1995), p. 90.
- ^ For words, see "There's A Sound Among the Forest Trees" (1864) A New Rallying Song and Chorus. Words by Miss Fanny Jane Crosby [aka Mrs. Francis Van Alstyne, 1820–1915]; Music by William Bachelder Bradbury, 1816–1868, http://www.pdmusic.org/civilwar2/64tasatft.txt
- ^ "A Sound Among the Forest Trees. A New Rallying Song and Chorus", (1864), "Miss Fanny Crosby (lyricist); Wm. B. Bradbury (composer)".
- ^ Neptune (2001), p. 66.
- ^ "New Music", The Round Table, June 18, 1864, p. 13.
- ^ Georgia B. Barnhill and Andrew W. Mellon, "Poignant Songs and Poems Took the Civil War to the Home Front", Ephemera News, Ephemera Society of America.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 95.
- ^ For words, see Darlene Neptune, Fanny Crosby Still Lives, Pelican Publishing, 2002, pp. 67–68.
- ^ For words, see Darlene Neptune, Fanny Crosby Still Lives, Pelican Publishing, 2002, pp. 68–69.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), pp. 320–321.
- ^ For words, see Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine 35, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, 1909, p. 51.
- ^ Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine 35, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, 1909, pp. 51, 704, 1080.
- ^ Ruffin (1995), p. 80.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 69.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 90.
- ^ a b Blumhofer (2005), p. 93.
- ^ Crosby (1903), p. 94.
- ^ Crosby (1903), pp. 92–93.
- ^ a b Neptune (2001), p. 78.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 200.
- ^ Neptune (2001), p. 86.
- ^ For example, see Eleanor Charles, "Fanny Crosby's Day", The New York Times, August 30, 1992.
- ^ Neptune (2001), pp. 86–87.
- ^ Neptune (2001), pp. 79, 87.
- ^ a b Blumhofer (2005), p. 98.
- ^ Neptune (2001), pp. 76, 78.
- ^ For example, see three songs in Knapp (1869) and "Stay Thee, Weary Child", in W. H. Doane and Robert Lowry (ed.), Pure Gold, New York, NY: Biglow and Main, 1871, p. 44 Music for the Nation: American Sheet Music, 1870–1885, memory.loc.gov; accessed December 11, 2014.
- ^ Ruffin (1995), pp. 107, 110.
- ^ J.W. Neighbor (ed.), Neighbor's Home Mail: The Ex-soldiers' Reunion and National Camp-fire, Issue 2 (s.n., 1874), p. 62.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 313.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 204.
- ^ Lynn Japinga, "Crosby, Frances ("Fanny") Jane", The Westminster Handbook to Women in American Religious History, Susan Hill Lindley and Eleanor J. Stebner (eds.), Westminster John Knox Press, 2008, p. 51.
- ^ a b c Blumhofer (2005), p. 310.
- ^ Ruffin (1995), p. 132.
- ^ a b c d Blumhofer (2005), p. 314.
- ^ "A FEW OF THE 7,000 UNDERHILLS; They Meet for Their Third Annual Reunion and Honor the Memory of Captain John", The New York Times, June 16, 1895.
- ^ a b Ray Beeson and Ranelda Mack Hunsicker, The Hidden Price of Greatness, Tyndale House Publishers, 1991: 242.
- ^ One source asserts that Crosby used 216 different pen names. See Ian C. Bradley, Abide with Me: The World of Victorian Hymns, GIA Publications, 1997, p. 172.
- ^ Marie A. Asner, "Fanny Crosby: Music Poet", The American Organist 22, American Guild of Organists, (1988), pp. 7–12, 19.
- ^ a b c Hobbs (1997), p. 146.
- ^ Richard F. Selcer (ed.), Civil War America, 1850 to 1875, rev. ed. Infobase Publishing, 2006, p. xix.
- ^ David Ware Stowe, How Sweet the Sound: Music in the Spiritual Lives of Americans, Harvard University Press, 2004, p. 103.
- ^ Candy Gunther Brown, The Word in the World: Evangelical Writing, Publishing, and Reading in America, 1789–1880, UNC Press Books, 2004, pp. 197–98.
- ^ Robert J. Morgan, 100 Bible Verses Everyone Should Know by Heart, B&H Publishing Group, 2010, p. 38.
- ^ Henry Warner Bowden, "Crosby, Frances Jane", in Dictionary of American Religious Biography, 2nd ed. (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1993):132.
- ^ Edith Blumhofer, in Debra Lee Sonners Stewart, "Music in the Ministry of Evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson", a Master of Arts thesis presented to the California State University, Fullerton, California, ProQuest, 2006, pp. 149, 262.
- ^ Ann Douglas, The Feminization of American Culture, in Blumhofer (2005), p. xiv.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. xiv.
- ^ William Batchelder Bradbury, The Golden Censer: A Musical Offering to the Sabbath Schools, of Children's Hosannas to the Son of David, William B. Bradbury, 1864.
- ^ W.K. McNeil, "Bradbury, William Batchelder", Encyclopedia of American Gospel Music, ed. W. K. McNeil, Routledge, 2005, p. 48.
- ^ Neptune (2001), p. 91.
- ^ a b Crosby (1903), p. 93.
- ^ "More Love To Thee by Elizabeth Prentiss (Hymn Story)", womenofchristianity.com, February 18, 2011.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 196.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 308.
- ^ Crosby (1906), p. 180.
- ^ Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, Joseph Fairchild Knapp, Second President (Metropolitan Life Insurance Company),
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 226.
- ^ "Women Hymn Writers", Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America, Vol. 1, Indiana University Press, 2006, p. 983.
- ^ Ruffin (1995), p. 96.
- ^ Ellen Koskoff, p. 182.
- ^ Knapp (1869)
- ^ Knapp (1869), pp. 8, 29, 34, 35, 54, 69, 93, 101.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 229.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 233.
- ^ "IRA D. SANKEY IS BLIND. Slight Hope of Sight for the Singing Evangelist", The New York Times, March 20, 1903, Front Page 6 -- No Title - "IRA D. SANKEY IS BLIND. Slight Hope of Sight for the Singing Evangelist."], NYTimes.com; accessed December 11, 2014.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), pp. 333–34.
- ^ a b "Biography", Papers of Fanny Crosby (Collection 35), (Wheaton, IL: Billy Graham Center Archives), http://www.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/GUIDES/035.htm
- ^ "Next Sunday Will be 'Fanny Crosby' Day", The Pittsburgh Press (March 19, 1905): 40.
- ^ Carleton (1903), p. 137
- ^ Crosby (1906), p. 198.
- ^ Ruffin (1976), p. 189.
- ^ Carder (2008), p. 32.
- ^ Edward S. Ninde, The Story of the American Hymn, New York, NY: Abingdon Press, 1921.
- ^ a b c Blumhofer (2005), p. 217.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 245.
- ^ a b c Blumhofer (2005), p. 286.
- ^ a b Hobbs (1997), p. 100.
- ^ Rodney L. Reed, "Worship, Relevance, and the Preferential Option for the Poor in the Holiness Movement", Wesleyan Theological Journal 32:2 (Fall 1997): 98.
- ^ Robert Shuster, "'Lord, When Did We See You A Stranger': Scenes of City Rescue Work from the BGC Archives", wheaton.edu, May 8, 1999.
- ^ For lyrics on original manuscript, see Fanny Crosby, "The Rescue Band", December 27, 1895.
- ^ Burger (1997), p. 89.
- ^ Ruffin (1995), p. 182.
- ^ Neptune (2001), pp. 76-77.
- ^ a b Blumhofer (2005), p. 285.
- ^ "An Early Member of the Board of Managers of the A.F.G.S.", Wrecks and Rescues (2nd ed.), American Female Guardian Society, 1859.
- ^ "American Female Guardian Society.; ANNUAL REPORT AND INTERESTING EXERCISE", The New York Times, May 8, 1865.
- ^ Henry S. Burrage, "William H. Doane: 1832–", Baptist Hymn Writers and Their Hymns, Portland, ME: Brown Thurston & Co., 1888.
- ^ Neptune (2001), p. 100.
- ^ "Pass Me Not, O Gentle Savior", hymntime.com; accessed December 11, 2014.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 256.
- ^ "The New-York Port Society", The New York Times, April 3, 1868.
- ^ Crosby (1906), p. 145
- ^ "Rescue the Perishing", hymntime.com; accessed December 11, 2014.
- ^ Ira D. Sankey, My Life and the Story of the Gospel Hymns (1907), pp. 258–59.
- ^ Burger (1997), p. 86.
- ^ Ruffin (1995), pp. 132, 158.
- ^ Burger (1997), p. 87.
- ^ George W. Ewing, The Well-Tempered Lyre: Songs & Verse of the Temperance Movement, Southern Methodist University Press, 1977, p. 123.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 294.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 291.
- ^ Duane V. Maxey (ed.), The Story of Jerry McAuley, His Conversion, Establishment in Grace, and His Water Street Mission Work By Jerry McAuley, Holiness Data Ministry, 2000, p. 7.
- ^ Carl Watner, "The Most Generous Nation on Earth: Voluntaryism and American Philanthropy", The Voluntaryist 61, April 1993, p. 4.
- ^ a b "Fanny Crosby's Wonderful Life Ended", The Christian Herald, March 3, 1915, p. 205.
- ^ Crosby (1906), p. 161.
- ^ "Victor H. Benke: 1872–1904", hymntime.com; accessed December 11, 2014.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), pp. 286–87.
- ^ "JERRY M'AULEY'S WORK.; THE SUCCESS OF THE CREMORNE MISSION IN THIRTY-SECOND-STREET", The New York Times, January 8, 1883.
- ^ a b John Wilbur Chapman, S. H. Hadley of Water Street: A Miracle of Grace, New York, NY: Fleming H. Revell, 1906, p. 45.
- ^ "Cremorne Mission: Celebration of the Fifteenth Anniversary of Its Founding", The New York Times, January 11, 1897.
- ^ a b Blumhofer (2005), pp. 291–93.
- ^ Duane V. Maxey (ed.), The Story of Jerry McAuley, His Conversion, Establishment in Grace, and His Water Street Mission Work By Jerry McAuley Holiness Data Ministry, 2000, p. 7.
- ^ Dan Graves, "October 25, 1890: Emma Whittemore Opened Door of Hope", October 2006; accessed December 11, 2014.
- ^ Emma M. Whittemore, Records of Modern Miracles, F.A. Robinson (ed.), Toronto, Ontario: Canada: Missions of Biblical Education, 1947.
- ^ "Emma Whittemore and Door of Hope", christianity.com, 2.
- ^ Norris Magnuson, Salvation in the Slums, Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1977, p. 82.
- ^ Emma Whittemore. Record of Modern Miracles, pp. 18–31.
- ^ Mae Elise Cannon, Social Justice Handbook: Small Steps for a Better World, InterVarsity Press, 2009, pp. 64–65.
- ^ "Diamond Dust Socialite Lands on Skid Row; Emma Whittemore and Door of Hope", Glimpses of Christian History, p. 196.
- ^ Blumhofer (Hymnody, 2006), p. 215.
- ^ Ruffin (1995), p. 193.
- ^ a b c "Fanny Crosby Still Living", The Pittsburg Press, July 10, 1904, p. 28.
- ^ James H. Ross, "Fanny Crosby", Boston Evening Transcript, March 18, 1905, p. 26.
- ^ Crosby (1903), p. 183.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), pp. 319–20.
- ^ Neptune (2001), p. 81.
- ^ a b c Blumhofer (2005), p. 320.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 311
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), pp. 313–14.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), pp. 213, 223.
- ^ a b c Blumhofer (2005), p. 321.
- ^ a b c Blumhofer (2005), p. 325.
- ^ Caryn Hannan, ed., "Carleton, Will", Michigan Biographical Dictionary: A-I, rev. ed. North American Book Dist LLC, 1998: 123–24.
- ^ Amos Elwood Corning, Will Carleton: A Biographical Study, Lanmere Publishing Co., 1917, p. 75.
- ^ Will Carleton, Songs of Two Centuries (Harper, 1902):142f.
- ^ Lillian Snow Kimball, "Fanny Crosby's Life Story", Saturday Review of Books and Art, The New York Times, July 25, 1903: BR10.
- ^ Baptist Missionary Magazine 83 (American Baptist Missionary Union, 1903).
- ^ Crosby (1903)
- ^ Ruffin (1985), p. 211.
- ^ Carleton (1903), p. 79.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), pp. 325–26.
- ^ Ruffin (1976), p. 182.
- ^ "WILL CARLETON SUED.; Miss Fanny Crosby Demands an Accounting of Book Sales", The New York Times, April 7, 1904, p. 2
- ^ a b Blumhofer (2005), pp. 324–25.
- ^ Ruffin (1995), p. 212.
- ^ Will Carleton, Letter to the Editor of The New York Times "MR. CARLETON'S SIDE OF THE CROSBY AFFAIR; Blind Poetess Was Really Poor, Ballad Poet Says", The New York Times, April 8, 1904, p. 8.
- ^ a b Ruffin (1976), p. 210.
- ^ a b Ruffin (1976), p. 213.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 323.
- ^ Charles Cardwell McCabe, in Edith L. Blumhofer, Her Heart Can See: The Hymns and Life of Fanny Crosby (Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2005), p. 323.
- ^ "Fanny Crosby Does Not Need Aid", Newburgh Daily Journal, Newburgh, NY, July 2, 1904, p. 2.
- ^ Ruffin (1976), pp. 212–13.
- ^ The Christian Advocate 79, Hunt & Eaton, 1904, p. 1111.
- ^ Michigan Historical Commission, Michigan. Dept. of State, Michigan. Bureau of History, Michigan History magazine 65-66 (Michigan Historical Commission (1981), p. 39.
- ^ Will Carleton, ed., Every Where Vols. 17–18 (Every Where Publishing Company, 1905), pp. 123, 187, 381.
- ^ "Miss Fanny Crosby Protests", The New York Times, December 5, 1905.
- ^ Will Carleton, ed., Every Where, 29–30 (Every Where, 1911):248.
- ^ "An Afternoon with Fanny Crosby", Every Where 29–30 (Every Where, 1911):283, but see also 99, 168ff.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 326.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), pp. 324, 332–333.
- ^ "Fanny Crosby Day", The New York Times (March 27, 1905), http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F30616FF3C5912738DDDAE0A94DB405B858CF1D3
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 328.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), pp. 332, 342.
- ^ "Ira D. Sankey Dies, a Song on his Lips", The New York Times (August 15, 1908).
- ^ "5,000 SING WITH BLIND HYMN WRITER; Fanny Crosby, Now 91, Rouses Evangelistic Rally in Carnegie Hall", The New York Times, May 3, 1911.
- ^ "Thrift and Beauty in the Home", The Washington Post, March 24, 1914, p. 7.
- ^ Ruffin (1995), p. 231.
- ^ Writers of the Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration of the State of Connecticut, Connecticut: A Guide to Its Roads, Lore and People, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1938, p. 124.
- ^ For Fanny Crosby's tombstone, see Neptune (2001), p. 222; Frances J. "Fanny" Crosby (1820–1915), findagrave.com; accessed December 11, 2014.
- ^ Fanny Crosby Day coverage, The New York Times, March 20, 1925.
- ^ Connecticut State Senate Finance Committee Hearing Transcript for March 18, 2003.
- ^ "Familiar Names Appear In Social News of 1877", The Bridgeport Sunday Post, January 9, 1977, p. D-6.
- ^ Lewis Carlisle Granniss, Connecticut Composers, Connecticut State Federation of Music Clubs, 1935, p. 23.
- ^ "Fanny Crosby Home To Be Refuge For Old People", The Norwalk Hour, October 20, 1925, p. 5.
- ^ a b Blumhofer (2005), p. 342.
- ^ "Fanny Crosby and Chancellor Kent Markers Dedicated Monday", The Putnam County Courier, October 12, 1934, pp. 1, 12.
- ^ "Fanny Crosby Monument Comes 40 Years Too Late", Sunday Herald, April 17, 1955, p. 48.
- ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 343.
- ^ "Frances J. "Fanny" Crosby (1820–1915)". Findagrave.com. 2001-10-08. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
- ^ "Frances Jane Crosby (Fanny Crosby) 1820–1915", hymntime.com; accessed December 11, 2014.
- ^ Horace Boyer (ed.) Life Every Voice and Sing II: An African American Hymnal, New York, Church Hymnal Corporation, 1993; ISBN 978-0-89869-194-8.
- ^ Delores Carpenter (ed.) African American Heritage Hymnal, Chicago, GIA Publications, 2001; ISBN 978-1579991241.
- Bibliography
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text:
Running on adrenaline
In addition, Friedman ran for governor of Texas in 2006 — "we won that race in everyplace but Texas," he said — and he is contemplating another campaign for the office in 2014. That may well be why his "Bi-Polar Tour" has been subtitled "A Fact Finding Mission."
"I'm looking at the Democratic primary. I mean running as an old-fashioned Harry Truman blue-dog Democrat. Being serious. I mean, if I can. For the most part. And if I can win that primary, I think I'm gonna be the governor, 'cause I'm the only Democrat in Texas who can draw votes from the two-party and the Libertarians and the Independents," he said.
"I think being a musician is a much higher calling than being a politician," he added.
"And I think Willie's right, that a tour like this every night where you don't take a night off runs on adrenaline and the audience. And that's great. That's a great feeling. I mean, there's nothing purer than that. It's just an acoustic guitar and singing your own songs, and they come across well."
Audience plays role
With his wildly varied resume, it's hard to imagine that there's anything Friedman hasn't done at least once. But he tried the show-a-night model of the "Bi-Polar Tour" for the first time over the summer on the East Coast.
He liked it enough to record an album, "Live From Woodstock," and plan his fall trek across the Midwest, Southwest and West Coast. In March, he will take the tour to Europe and then Australia.
"I haven't performed all that much really in many, many years, since with Bob Dylan in '76. I mean, I did some shows, but nothing intense like this. And this is interesting. And the audience is what makes it interesting," he said.
"My crowd ... is a really interesting, fractured bunch of people. I mean, some of them have read the books but are not that fascinated with the music or vice versa, or they're there for the politics or they're young people who know every lyric.
"But in general, the songs, well, I mean, they were never mainstream, so I guess that may be why I haven't written a song in 25 years. And stuff like 'They Ain't Making Jews like Jesus Anymore' really works."

subset: commoncrawl


text:
GTX/GTS 460 For BD
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AKA seekermeister
Join Date: May 2005
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Re: GTX/GTS 460 For BD
Correct, regarding the typo. I haven't tried AnyDVDHD, but I did try one other software program, without any improvement, but I'll give that one a shot.
Going back to the GTS/GTX portion, there is about $30 difference in price between them, which I would spend, if I thought it might help on this, or something else down the road. Power shouldn't be an issue, but would the 460 stand out in a fashion that a basic user such as myself would notice?
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