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The Mennonites are a group of Christian Anabaptist denominations named after Menno Simons (1496–1561), though his teachings were a relatively minor influence on the group. As one of the historic peace churches, Mennonites are committed to nonviolence, nonviolent resistance/reconciliation, and pacifism.
There are about 1.5 million Mennonites worldwide as of 2006. Mennonite congregations worldwide embody the full scope of Mennonite practice from old fashioned 'plain' people to those who are indistinguishable in dress and appearance from the general population. The largest populations of Mennonites are in the United States and Democratic Republic of Congo, but Mennonites can also be found in tight-knit communities in at least 51 countries on six continents or scattered amongst the populace of those countries. There are also a significant amount of Mennonites scattered throughout China. There are German Mennonite colonies in Mexico, Paraguay, Bolivia, Belize, Brazil and Argentina.
Mennonites have an international distinction among Christian denominations in disaster relief and place a strong theological emphasis on voluntary service. Mennonite Disaster Service, based in North America, provides both immediate and long-term responses to hurricanes, floods, and other disasters. Mennonite Central Committee provides disaster relief around the world alongside their long-term international development programs. Other programs offer a variety of relief efforts and services throughout the world.
In the last few decades some Mennonite groups have also become more actively involved with peace and social justice issues, helping to found Christian Peacemaker Teams and Mennonite Conciliation Service.
The early history of the Mennonites begins with the Anabaptists in the German and Dutch-speaking parts of central Europe. The German term is "Täufer" (that is, Baptists). These forerunners of modern Mennonites were part of the broad reaction against the practices and theology of the Roman Catholic Church known as the Protestant Reformation. Its most distinguishing feature is the rejection of infant baptism, an act that had both religious and political meaning since almost every infant born in Western Europe was baptized into the Roman Catholic Church. Other significant theological views of the Mennonites developed in opposition to Roman Catholic views or to the views of other Protestant reformers like Martin Luther and Huldrych Zwingli.
Some of the followers of Zwingli's Reformed church felt that requiring church membership beginning at birth was inconsistent with the New Testament example. They felt that the church should be completely removed from government (the proto-free church tradition), and that people should join only once they were willing to publicly acknowledge that they believed in Jesus and wanted to live in accordance with his teachings. At a small meeting on January 21, 1525, Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, and George Blaurock, along with twelve others, baptized each other. This meeting marks the beginning of the Anabaptist movement. In the spirit of the times, many radical groups followed, preaching any number of ideas about hierarchy, the state, eschatology, and sexual license, running from utter abandon to extreme chastity. These movements are together referred to as the Radical Reformation.
Many government and religious leaders, both Protestant and Roman Catholic, considered voluntary church membership to be dangerous — the concern of some deepened by reports of the Münster Rebellion, led by a violent sect of Anabaptists. They joined forces to fight the movement, using methods such as persecution, banishment, torture, and sometimes executing them as heretics.
Despite heavy efforts of the state churches, the movement spread slowly around Western Europe, primarily along the Rhine. Many of the earliest Anabaptist leaders were killed in an attempt to purge Europe of the new sect. By 1530, most of the founding leaders had been killed for refusing to renounce their beliefs. Many believed that God did not condone killing or the use of force for any reason and were therefore unwilling to fight for their lives. These pacifist branches often survived by seeking refuge in neutral cities or nations, such as Strasbourg. Their safety, however, was often tenuous, as a shift in alliances or an invasion could mean resumed persecution. Other groups of Anabaptists, such as the Batenburgers, were eventually destroyed by their very willingness to fight. This played a large part in the evolution of Anabaptist theology.
In the early days of the Anabaptist movement, Menno Simons, a Catholic priest in the Netherlands, heard of the movement and started to rethink his Catholic faith. He questioned the doctrine of transubstantiation, but was reluctant to leave the Roman Catholic Church. His thinking was influenced by the death of his brother, who, as a member of an Anabaptist group, was killed when he and his companions were attacked and refused to defend themselves. In 1536, at the age of 40, Simons left the Roman Catholic Church. Soon thereafter he became a leader within the Anabaptist movement. He would become a hunted man with a price on his head for the rest of his life. His name became associated with scattered groups of nonviolent Anabaptists he helped to organize and consolidate.
Other disagreements over the years have led to other splits; sometimes the reasons were theological, sometimes practical, sometimes geographical. For instance, near the beginning of the twentieth century, there were some members in the Amish church who wanted to begin having Sunday Schools and evangelize. Unable to persuade the rest of the Amish, they separated and formed the Conservative Mennonite Conference. Mennonites in Canada and other countries typically have independent denominations because of the practical considerations of distance and, in some cases, language.
The first recorded account of this group is in a written order by Countess Anne, who ruled a small province in central Europe. The presence of some small groups of violent Anabaptists was causing political and religious turmoil in her state, so she decreed that all Anabaptists were to be driven from her state. The order made an exception though, for the non-violent branch known at that time as the Menists.
This order set the precedent that was to be repeated many times throughout history, where a political ruler would allow the Menists or Mennonites into his/her state because they were honest, hardworking and peaceful. However, inevitably, their presence would upset the powerful state churches, princes would renege on exemptions for military service, or a new monarch would take power, and the Mennonites would once again be forced to flee for their lives, usually leaving everything but their families behind. Often, another monarch in another state would grant them welcome, at least for a while.
While Mennonites in Colonial America were enjoying a large degree of religious freedom, their counterparts in Europe were in the same situation they always had been. Their well-being still depended on a ruling monarch, who would often extend an invitation only when there was poor soil that no one else could farm; the exception to this rule being in The Netherlands, where the Mennonites (nl: Doopsgezinden) enjoyed a relatively high degree of tolerance. The Mennonites would reclaim this land through hard work and good sense, in exchange for exemption from mandatory military service. However, once the land was arable again, this arrangement would often change, and the persecution would begin again. Because the land still needed to be tended, the ruler would not drive out the Mennonites but would actually pass laws to force them to stay, while at the same time severely limiting their freedom. Mennonites had to build their churches facing onto back streets or alleys, and they were forbidden from announcing the beginning of services with the sound of a bell.
In addition, high taxes were enacted in exchange for both continuing the military service exemption, and to keep the states' best farmers from leaving. In some cases, the entire congregation would give up their belongings to pay the tax to be allowed to leave. If a member or family could not afford the tax, it was often paid by others in the group.
A strong emphasis on "community" was developed under these circumstances and continues to be typical of Mennonite churches. As a result of frequently being required to give up many possessions in order to retain individual freedoms, these Mennonites learned to live very simply. This was reflected both in the home and at church, where their dress and their buildings were plain. Even the music at church, which was usually simple German chorales, was performed a cappella. This style of music serves as a reminder to many Mennonites of their simple lives, as well as their history as a persecuted people. Some branches of Mennonites have retained this "plain" lifestyle into modern times.
In 1768 Catherine the Great of Russia acquired a great deal of land north of the Black Sea (in the present-day Ukraine) following a war with the Turks. Russian government officials invited those Mennonites living in Prussia to come farm the cold, tough soil of the Russian steppes in exchange for religious freedom and military exemption. Over the years the Mennonite farmers were very successful. By the beginning of the 20th century they owned large agricultural estates and were even successful as industrial entrepreneurs in the cities. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War (1917-1921) all of these farms (whose owners were called Kulaks) and enterprises were expropriated. Beyond expropriation, Mennonites suffered severe persecution during the course of the Civil War, at the hands of both the Bolsheviks and, particularly, the anarchists of Nestor Makhno who saw Mennonites as privileged foreigners of the upper class and targeted them. Hundreds of Mennonite men, women and children were murdered in these attacks. After the war people who openly followed religion were in many cases imprisoned. This led to a wave of Russian Mennonite emigration to the Americas (U.S., Canada and Paraguay).
When the German army invaded the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941, many in the Mennonite community saw them as liberators from the communist regime under which they had suffered. When the tide of war turned, many of the Mennonites fled with the German army back to Germany where they were accepted as "Volksdeutsche". After the war the remainder of the Mennonite community emigrated or, (because, as the Soviets saw it, they had "collectively collaborated" with the Germans) was forcefully relocated to Siberia and Kazakhstan, and many were sent to the Gulag. Many German-Russian Mennonites who lived further to the East (not Western Russia) were deported to Siberia before the German army's invasion, and were also often placed in labor camps. In the 1990s the Russian government gave these people the opportunity to emigrate. The Russian Mennonite immigrants in Germany outnumber the pre-1989 community of Mennonites in Germany by 3 to 1.
In the eighteenth century, 100,000 Germans from the Palatinate, collectively known as the Pennsylvania Dutch, immigrated to Pennsylvania. Of these, around 2,500 were Mennonites and 500 Amish. This group settled farther west than the first group, choosing less expensive land in the Lancaster, Pennsylvania, area. A member of this second group, Christopher Dock, authored Pedagogy, the first American monograph on education. Today, Mennonites also reside in Kishacoquillas Valley (also known as Big Valley), a valley in Huntingdon and Mifflin counties, also in Pennsylvania.
During the Colonial period, Mennonites were distinguished from other Pennsylvania Germans in three ways: their opposition to the American Revolutionary War, resistance to public education and disapproval of religious revivalism. Contributions of Mennonites during this period include the idea of separation of church and state and opposition to slavery.
From 1812 to 1860, another wave of immigrants settled farther west in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Missouri. These Swiss-German speaking Mennonites, along with Amish, came from Switzerland and the Alsace-Lorraine area.
The Swiss-German Mennonites that migrated to North America in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries settled first in Pennsylvania, then across the Midwestern states (initially Ohio, Indiana, and Kansas) are the root to the former Mennonite Church denomination (MC), colloquially called the "Old Mennonite Church". This denomination had offices in Elkhart, Indiana, and was the most populous Mennonite denomination before merging with the General Conference Mennonite Church (GCMC) in 2002.
The General Conference Mennonite Church was an association of Mennonite congregations based in North America beginning in 1860. The conference was formed in 1860 when congregations in Iowa invited North American Mennonites to join together in order to pursue common goals such as education and mission work. The conference was especially attractive to recent Mennonite and Amish immigrants to North America and expanded considerably when thousands of Russian Mennonites arrived in North America starting in the 1870s. Conference offices were located in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and North Newton, Kansas. The conference supported a seminary and several colleges. It became the second largest Mennonite denomination with 64,431 members in 410 congregations in Canada, the United States and South America in the 1990s. After decades of increasingly closer cooperation with the Mennonite Church, the two groups voted to merge in 1995 and completed reorganization into Mennonite Church Canada in 2000 and Mennonite Church USA in 2002.
Mennonites in Canada were automatically exempt from any type of service during World War I by provisions of the Order in Council of 1873. During World War II, Mennonite conscientious objectors were given the options of noncombatant military service, serving in the medical or dental corps under military control or working in parks and on roads under civilian supervision. Over 95% chose the latter and were placed in Alternative Service camps. Initially the men worked on road building, forestry and firefighting projects. After May 1943, as a labour shortage developed within the nation, men were shifted into agriculture, education and industry. The 10,700 Canadian objectors were mostly Mennonites (63%) and Doukhobors (20%).
In the United States, Civilian Public Service (CPS) provided an alternative to military service during World War II. From 1941 to 1947, 4,665 Mennonites, Amish and Brethren in Christ were among nearly 12,000 conscientious objectors who performed work of national importance in 152 CPS camps throughout the United States and Puerto Rico. The draftees worked in areas such as soil conservation, forestry, fire fighting, agriculture, social services and mental health.
The CPS men served without wages and minimal support from the federal government. The cost of maintaining the CPS camps and providing for the needs of the men was the responsibility of their congregations and families. Mennonite Central Committee coordinated the operation of the Mennonite camps. CPS men served longer than regular draftees, not being released until well past the end of the war. Initially skeptical of the program, government agencies learned to appreciate the men's service and requested more workers from the program. CPS made significant contributions to forest fire prevention, erosion and flood control, medical science and reform of the mental health system.
After immigration to America, many of the early Mennonites split from the main body of North American Mennonites and formed their own separate and distinct churches, a process that began in 1785 with the formation of the orthodox Reformed Mennonite Church and is ongoing today. Many of these churches were formed as a response to deep disagreements about theology, doctrine, and church discipline as evolution both inside and outside the Mennonite faith occurred. Many of the 'modern' churches descended from those groups that abandoned traditional Mennonite practices. Today, the groups that have held to the traditional interpretations of Mennonite doctrine are increasing at a more rapid rate than those groups that have rejected these standards. However, the moderate denominations are still by far the largest and continue to grow at a steady rate.
These historical schisms have had an influence on creating the distinct Mennonite denominations that exist today. Such divisions continue to go on today as one group claims its version of the Mennonite faith and splits from the parent denomination or church, sometimes using mild or severe shunning to show its disapproval of other Mennonite groups. One recent and widely reported example of this is the expulsion of the Germantown Mennonite Church in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from the Franconia Conference and later the Mennonite Church USA denomination for welcoming LGBT people as church members.
Several Mennonites groups have their own private or parochial schools. Conservative groups, like the Holdeman, have not only their own schools, but their own curriculum and teaching staff (usually, but not exclusively, young unmarried women). Quebec does not allow these parochial schools as the Quebec government imposes its curriculum on all schools (public and private), while private schools may only add optional material to the compulsory curriculum but may not replace it. The Quebec curriculum is unacceptable to the parents of the only Mennonite school in the province. They have said they will leave Quebec after the Education Ministry has threatened legal actions would be taken and the Youth Protection services might become involved if the children were not to register with the Education Ministry and either home school, using the Government approved material, or attend a "sanctioned" school. The local population and its mayor support the local Mennonites. The Evangelical Fellowship of Canada has also written to the Quebec government to express its concerns about this situation. This story has received quite a large echo in circles defending religious freedom, so much so that the Becket Fund placed Quebec on its weekly report of threatened religious traditions . Latest reports indicate that several Mennonites families have already left Quebec to protect their children.
Traditionally, very modest dress was expected (apparent mostly in women's apparel), particularly in conservative Mennonite circles, but again, as the Mennonite population became urbanized and more integrated into the wider culture, this visible difference has disappeared outside of conservative Mennonite groups.
Some of these expelled congregations were dually affiliated with the Mennonite Church and the General Conference Mennonite Church, the latter of which did not act to expel the same congregations. When these two Mennonite denominations formally completed their merger in 2002 to become the new Mennonite Church USA and Mennonite Church Canada denominations, it was still not clear, in all cases, whether or not the congregations that were expelled from one denomination, yet included in the other, are considered to be "inside" or "outside" of the new merged denomination. Also, some Mennonite conferences have chosen to maintain such "disciplined" congregations as "associate" or "affiliate" congregations in the conferences, rather than to expel such congregations. In virtually every case, a dialogue continues between the disciplined congregations and the denomination, as well as their current or former conferences.
The Mennonite church in the Netherlands (Doopsgezinde Kerk) was the first Dutch church to have a female pastor — Anna Zernike, authorized in 1911.
One of the earliest expressions of their faith was the Schleitheim Confession, adopted on February 24, 1527. Its seven articles covered:
The Dordrecht Confession of Faith was adopted on April 21, 1632, by Dutch Mennonites, by Alsatian Mennonites in 1660, and by North American Mennonites in 1725. There is no official creed or catechism of which acceptance is required by congregations or members. However, there are structures and traditions taught as in the Confession of Faith in a Mennonite Perspective of Mennonite Church Canada and Mennonite Church USA.
Moderate Mennonites include the largest denominations, the Mennonite Brethren and the Mennonite Church. In most forms of worship and practice they differ very little from other Protestant congregations. There is no special form of dress and no restrictions on use of technology. Worship styles vary greatly between different congregations. There is no formal liturgy; services typically consist of singing, scripture reading, prayer and a sermon. Some churches prefer hymns and choirs; others make use of contemporary Christian music with electronic instruments. Mennonite congregations are self-supporting and appoint their own ministers. There is no requirement for ministers to be approved by the denomination, and sometimes ministers from other denominations will be appointed. A small sum, based on membership numbers, is paid to the denomination, which is used to support central functions such as publication of newsletters and interactions with other denominations and other countries. The distinguishing characteristics of moderate Mennonite churches tend to be ones of emphasis rather than rule. There is an emphasis on peace, on community and service. However, members do not live in community — they participate in the general community as 'salt and light' to the world (Matt 5:13,14). The main elements of Menno Simons doctrine are retained, but in a moderated form. Banning is rarely practiced and would in any event have much less effect than those denominations where community is more tight-knit. Excommunication can occur, and was notably applied by the Mennonite Brethren to members who joined the military during the Second World War. Service in the military is generally not permitted, but service in the legal profession or law enforcement is acceptable. Outreach and help to the wider community at home and abroad is encouraged. Mennonite Central Committee is a leader in foreign aid provision.
The Reformed Mennonite Church, with members in the United States and Canada, represents the first division in the original North American Mennonite body. Called the First Keepers of the Old Way by author Stephen Scott, the Reformed Mennonite Church formed in the very early 19th century. Reformed Mennonites see themselves as true followers of Menno Simon's teachings and of the teachings of the New Testament. They have no church rules, but they rely solely on the Bible as their guide. They insist on strict separation from all other forms of worship and dress in conservative plain garb that preserves eighteenth century Mennonite details. However, they refrain from forcing their Mennonite faith on their children, allow their children to attend public schools, and have permitted the use of automobiles. They are notable for being the church of Milton S. Hershey's mother and famous for the long and bitter ban of Robert Bear, a Pennsylvania farmer who rebelled against what he saw as dishonesty and disunity in the leadership.
Holdeman Mennonites were founded from a schism in 1859, the Church of God in Christ, Mennonite church has about 19,000 members worldwide. They are known as Holdeman Mennonites after their founder. They emphasize evangelical conversion, strict church discipline and shunning of the excommunicated. They stay separate from other Mennonite groups because of their emphasis on the one-true church doctrine and their use of strict shunning against their own excommunicated members.
Old Order Mennonites cover many distinct groups. Some groups use horse and buggies for transportation and speak German while others drive cars and speak English. What most Old Orders share in common is conservative doctrine, dress, and traditions, common roots in nineteenth and early twentieth century schisms, and a refusal to participate in politics and other so-called 'sins of the world'. Most Old Order groups also school their children in Mennonite-operated schools.
Stauffer Mennonites or Pike Mennonites represent the first and most conservative form of Horse and Buggy Mennonites. They were founded in 1845, following conflicts about how to discipline child and spousal abuse by a few Mennonite church members. They almost immediately began to split into separate churches themselves. Today these groups are among the most conservative of all Swiss Mennonites outside the Amish. They stress strict separation from "the world", adhere to "strict withdrawal from and shunning of apostate and separated members", forbid and limit cars and technology, and wear plain clothing. They are now considered to be part of the larger less-conservative Horse and Buggy Old Order Mennonite group which formed from later schisms.
Conservative Mennonites are generally considered those Mennonites who maintain somewhat conservative dress and do not engage in television and radio, although carefully accepting other technology. They are not a unified group and are divided into various independent conferences and fellowships such as the Eastern Pennsylvania Mennonite Church conference. Despite the rapid changes that precipitated the Old Order schisms in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, most Mennonites in the United States and Canada retained a core of traditional beliefs based on literal interpretation of the New Testament Scriptures as well as more external 'Plain' practices into the beginning of the twentieth century. However, disagreements in the United States and Canada between conservative and progressive (i.e. less emphasis on literal interpretation of scriptures) leaders began in the first half of the twentieth century and continue to some extent today. Following WWII, a conservative movement emerged from scattered separatist groups as a reaction to the Mennonite Churches drifting away from the churches historical traditions. 'Plain' became passe as open criticisms of traditional beliefs and practices broke out in the 1950s and 1960s. The first conservative withdrawals from the progressive group began in the 1950s. These withdrawals continue to the present day in what is now the growing Conservative Movement formed from Mennonite schisms and/or from combinations with progressive Amish groups. Other Conservative Mennonite groups descend from the former Amish-Mennonite churches, who split from the Old Order Amish in the latter part of the nineteenth century like the Wisler Mennonites. There are also other Conservative Mennonite churches that descend from more recent groups that have left the Amish.
Progressive Mennonite churches allow homosexual members to worship as church members and have been banned from membership in the moderate groups as result. The Germantown Mennonite Church in Germantown, Pennsylvania is one example of such a progressive Mennonite church.
In 2006, there were 1,478,540 Mennonites in 65 countries. The United States had the highest number of Mennonites with 368,280 members, followed by Democratic Republic of Congo with 216,268 members. The third largest concentration of Mennonites was in India with 146,095 members, while the fourth largest population was in Canada with 131,384 members. Europe, the birthplace of Mennonites, had 52,222 members.
Africa has the highest membership growth rate by far with 10%-12% rise every year, particularly in Ethiopia. Growth in Mennonite membership is slow but steady in North America, the Asia/Pacific region, and the South/Central America and Caribbean region. Europe has seen a slow and accelerating decline in Mennonite membership since about 1980.
Some churches in North America have begun profiling potential members and with some success have targeted inner city minorities in their recruitment efforts. Growth in the traditional churches is outpacing growth in the moderate churches.
Instead, there is a host of separate churches along with a myriad of separate conferences with no particular responsibility to any other group. Independent churches can contain as few as 50 members or as many as 20,000 members. Similar size differences occur among separate conferences. Worship, church discipline and lifestyles vary widely between progressive, moderate, conservative, Old Order and orthodox Mennonites in a vast panoply of distinct, independent, and widely dispersed classifications. For these reasons, no single group of Mennonites anywhere can credibly claim to represent, speak for, or lead all Mennonites worldwide.
The twelve largest Mennonite groups are:
The Mennonite World Conference is a global community of 95 Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Mennonite national Churches from 51 countries on six continents. It exists to "facilitate community between Anabaptist-related churches worldwide, and relate to other Christian world communions and organizations", but it is not a 'governing body' of any kind. It is a voluntary community of faith whose decisions are not binding on member churches. The member churches of Mennonite World Conference include the Mennonite Brethren, the Mennonite Church USA, and the Mennonite Church Canada, with a combined total membership of at least 400,000, or about 30% of Mennonites worldwide.
In 2003, there were about 323,000 Mennonites in the United States. About 110,000 were members of Mennonite Church USA churches, about 26,000 were members of Mennonite Brethren churches, and about 40,000 (2008 CLP church directory) were members of conservative churches. It is not known how many old order Mennonites there are. (That leaves about 147,000 Mennonites unaccounted for in other United States' churches). Other sources list 236,084 total United States Mennonites.
Total membership in Mennonite Church USA denominations decreased from about 133,000, before the merger in 1998, to about 114,000 after the merger in 2003. The Mennonite Church USA has begun profiling potential members and has been successful at recruiting inner-city minorities into the church in several large cities in the United States. Significant growth in the conservative churches seems to be occurring by itself in the already existing communities.
In Canada, in 2003 there were around 130,000 Mennonites. About 37,000 of those were members of Mennonite Church Canada churches and about another 35,000 of those were members of Mennonite Brethren churches. About 5,000 belonged to conservative Old Order Mennonite churches, or other ultra-conservative and orthodox churches. (That leaves about 55,000 Mennonites unaccounted for in other Canadian churches).
As of 2003, there were an estimated 80,000 Old Colony Mennonites in Mexico. These Mennonites descend from a mass migration in the 1920s of roughly 6,000 Old Colony Mennonites from the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. In 1921, a Canadian Mennonite delegation arriving in Mexico received a privilegium, a promise of non-interference, from the Mexican government. This guarantee of many freedoms was the impetus that created the two original Old Colony settlements near Patos(Nuevo Ideal), Durango, and Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua.


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flexibility and sensitivity to the needs of the relevant industrial sectors over the past 15 years. The committee applauds this trend and urges that DOE policy makers continue to explore creative and adaptive solutions to the requirements of collaborative RD&D in very diverse industrial sectors.
Department of Energy. 1999. Energy Resources R&D Portfolio Analysis. Volume 1: Summary Report. Panel Report to the Research & Development Council. August. Washington, D.C.: U.S. DOE.
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"Can some one explain how this is legal? Seems it would be a constitutional violation...http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Illinois"
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about 2 years ago
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Can some one explain how this is legal? Seems it would be a constitutional violation...http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Illinois
Stopping by to wish you and your family a Very Merry Christmas and a Blessed and Healthy New Years. Thanks so much for your friendship! God Bless and stay safe out there.
Nancy and Harry( HBSD191) my partner in crime
over 3 years ago
Merry Christmas and have a Happy New Year.
over 3 years ago
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Thanks for the friendship.
Hope you and your family have a Happy Thanksgiving and many blessings come your way! Take care and try not to eat to much! .
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This has been a trying year for law enforcement. We have many brothers and sisters this year. Any loss is heartbreaking. My personal family and I pray for the safety of all members of my law enforcement family, no matter where you are. "Stay Frosty".
over 3 years ago
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Thanks for the friendship. I have family that lives in Knoxville, Nashville, Sevierville and Cookeville. Tennessee is just beatiful country. Have a great week and stay safe out there.
almost 4 years ago
Hello from the Missouri Ozarks. Have a super week. Take care.
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Hope your weekend is super. Take care and stay safe .
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my family would appreciate prayers for our 3 year old German Shephard - Sasha - who we just learned has an infection in both ears and a bad case of heart worms. We wont know how severe the damage is to her heart and lungs until after Monday.
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about 4 years ago
Hey! Hope your week is going well. We're doing just fine here in Springfield, Mo. Take care and keep safe.
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Hoping you have a great week. Stay safe.
over 4 years ago
Take care and I hope you are having a peaceful day.
over 4 years ago
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Just dropping by to say Hi!.! Hope you and yours had a relaxing weekend and your week ahead goes great for you! It's finally sunny in sunny Calif, high 80's.. I'm afraid to get to excited as this is my kinda weather. I was getting so tired of the rain and cold, and I don't do cold, that's why I live in Calif..or so I thought. Take care and stay safe out there as crazies walk among us.


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routes du bonheur Suggestions for itineraries to discover the world
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In recent years, the Resident Evil franchise has strayed from its survival horror roots into the action genre, and it's not likely to change course, according to the producer of the newly released 3DS game Resident Evil: Revelations.
In an interview with Gamasutra, Revelations producer Masachika Kawata said the series needs to follow the path taken in Resident Evil 4 and Resident Evil 5, and even "take that a step further."
"Looking at the marketing data [for survival horror games]...the market is small, compared to the number of units Call of Duty and all those action games sell," Kawata said. "A 'survival horror' Resident Evil doesn't seem like it'd be able to sell those kind of numbers."
Kawata added that it's not necessary to make the series Call of Duty-like, but suggested that there may be room for the series to try the old survival horror approach or entirely new territory through a spin-off or side game. For example, the franchise branched out into the third-person squad-based shooter market with this week's debut of Resident Evil: Operation Raccoon City.


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Ask The Health Expert: Dr. Cliff Connery
Watch the video to see Dr. Connery from Health Quest discusses health concerns and cancer treatment.
Extreme Cleaners Expert Tips
It is important to keep your carpets cleaned professionally on a quarterly basis with the best state of the art machinery. Regular cleaning and maintenance of floors and machinery saves big money in the long run on your most expensive investments
Treating Cancer Differently
Watch the video below to see Dr. Angela Keleher treats cancer differently
Click here to see how the doctors at Health Quest treat cancer differently.
Earning Back Your Credibility
Tips To Earning Back Credibility with the IRS and New York State:
The most effective way to earn back credibility with the IRS and New York State is to communicate effectively, promise only what you can deliver and strictly honor your deadlines
Meet Your Taxpayer Representative Expert
Jerome Rossi is a native of South Ozone Park, Queens and relocated to Orange County, New York in 1986. Mr. Rossi received his NY State license and has been a Certified Public Accountant since 1985 and is licensed as a registered representative in New York State with Series 7 & 65 designations since 2004.


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Routledge Education Author of the Month September 2010: Robert J. Starratt
View all Education Author of the Month articles.
View all Education Author of the Month articles.
Robert J. Starratt has been a member of the faculties at the Graduate School of Education at Fordham University and The Lynch School of Education at Boston College, serving as department chair of Educational Leadership at both universities and participating in the redesign of their Masters and Doctoral programs in Educational Leadership. His scholarly publications have led to invitations to speak with educators in Asia, India, Australia Europe and Canada, as well as in the United States. He has participated regularly at the annual conferences of The American Educational Research Association, The University Council of Educational Administration, and The Center for Values and Educational Leadership in presenting papers and serving on panels of researchers in education.
He has published, with Thomas Sergiovanni, eight editions of a popular text in instructional supervision, Supervision: A Redefinition. His other publications include, The Drama of Schooling, the Schooling of Drama; The Drama of Leadership; Building an Ethical School; Centering Educational Administration: Cultivating Meaning, Community, Responsibility; Ethical Leadership; and most recently, Refocusing School Leadership: Foregrounding Human Development Throughout the Work of the School.
He has been awarded the Donald Willower Award for Lifetime Achievement in Educational Leadership, the UCEA Roald Campbell Award for Lifetime Achievement in Educational Leadership, and the University of Illinois Alumni Award for Lifetime Achievement in Education.
Refocusing School Leadership departs from the more traditional conceptualization of leadership, looking behind the daily routines of human resource leaders to highlight the assumptions and values and beliefs they bring to their work as well as the values and meanings embedded in the various...
Published August 12th 2010 by Routledge
In this book, Starratt enters the national conversation among educational administration scholars and practitioners about what constitutes the core of their knowledge and practice. In Part I, he develops three main themes--cultivating meaning, community, and moral responsibility--which he then...
Published February 1st 2003 by Routledge
The author argues for much greater attention to ethical education and responds to sceptics who say that it can't be done in the face of a pluralistic secular society badly fragmented over values. Seeking always for themes and issues that unite rather than divide, the author provides a conceptual...
Published March 2nd 1994 by Routledge
Robert Starratt, a teacher of people in leadership positions, presents the foundations for the theory of leadership. Based on a framework divided into building blocks, various concepts of leadership such as values, change, power and structure are explained and analyzed, and ways of incorporating...
Published February 17th 1993 by Routledge


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Rajasthan, well know as the desert jewel of India, is the largest state of India in terms of the area with its lavish history, rich culture, ancient glorious traditions, golden sand dunes and different colors.
Rajasthan is bordered in the west with Pakisthan, in the southwest to Gujarat, in the south east to Madhya Pradesh, in the northeast to Uttar Pradesh and Haryana and in the north to Punjab. Rajasthan, a golden tourist paradise of india, was formed on 30 March 1949 with Jaipur - the capital of it.
One of the oldest maountain range and the only hill station Mount Abu, world famous Dilwara Temple - a sacred pilgrim of Jain, can be explored only in Rajasthan.
Rajputs, Bhils, Gurjars, Meenas and some other tribe had a great contribution in forming the Rajasthan. The Rajput families detained their influence all over the Rajasthan since 700 AD.
Fast Facts About Rajasthan
Area : 3,42,269 Sp. km.


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Howdy from Brazoria Texas
Well after several years of dreaming and wishing for an outdoor kitchen, I have finally decided it was time to build it. With the way things are in the world, I wanted to make a place my wife and I could vacation at in my backyard :)
I have been designing the kitchen for several weeks now and it seems to change every day as I see new things or see other peoples projects. This forum has given me a tremendous amount of new ideas! I have already learned some good tips from here that have prevented me from having some flaws in my design.
My plan is for a patio that will be 13 wide by 24 long with a WFO and counter at one end and the whole thing covered by a pergola. I have decided on the type of oven I want but will be asking for advice on the construction as I get more into the design of it. I am having problems figuring out how to cover the roof of the house that will go over the oven. When I get some drawings or pictures I will post them for help on it.
I plan on starting construction this fall when hopefully the temperature here in Texas will be a few degrees less than that of the surface of the sun!
Im glad I found this forum and I know will help me get my outdoor kitchen :)
Re: Howdy from Brazoria Texas
Well, Hi there,
The great thing about dreams, is if you are committed to them, events and people will be put into motion to help you achieve them.(One of those great unwritten laws of the Universe) Welcome to the forum. You will find lots of ideas, opinions etc to help you flesh out your idea and make it a reality. I too was once on of those folks who thought, talked and finally committed. Its been a lot of fun mixed with some frustration, and if it had not been for this forum I don't think it would have happened. So don't be afraid to ask questions, there are folks all over the world who are willing to share their experiences. Have Fun!
Re: Howdy from Brazoria Texas
Hi Ian,
Welcome to the club (addiction) Its amazing how much fun you can have during the process. You and your friends will love it. Try not to be too anxious, take your time, I never did any masonry before this and mine turned out great. Maybe first you should build a pergola or awning to work under and keep the sun off you. I had a plastic tarp over mine during the whole build as it was raining almost every weekend, but i was able to keep going,,, good luck and welcome
P.S. take lots of pics, everyone on the forum loves to see them..
Re: Howdy from Brazoria Texas
Welcome aboard!! The outdoor kitchen is a big project but ours has been so worth it. We ended up with a patio a bit larger than 1000 sq ft with a bit more than 800 of it being pavers and the rest the kitchen itself.
I've seen several kitchens with a pergola and think they not only give shade, but also give more of a room like feel. Don't forget to plan your wiring first - you'll want some lights on the pergola - maybe even one that points right into the oven opening.
Good luck and we do love pics.
Re: Howdy from Brazoria Texas
2 Attachment(s)
Thanks everyone!
I will be running water, electricity and a gas line to the patio. I have included those into my drawings but I appreciate the reminders
I have attached a couple pictures of what my patio and oven will look like when I have completed it. I will have lights on the oven that are not shown in the drawing. Also, above the cooking area and sitting area will be 2 outdoor fans with light kits on them. On the end of the counter by the sink end, there will be switches for the fans and lights as well as on outlet for the margarita machine or the bellinis! I plan on doing some sort of rock over the concrete blocks on the bottom of the oven and counter and stucco on the concrete blocks surrounding the oven. I have been told that if I use the real stucco material rather than the synthetic stucco here in Texas, I will have no problems with it.
I hope to have pictures of the construction process this fall when I hopefully will begin the project. :)
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Providence Building Group, Inc. filed as a Domestic for Profit Corporation in the State of Florida on Tuesday, February 10, 2009 and is approximately six years old, as recorded in documents filed with Florida Department of State. The filing is currently active as of the last data refresh which occured on Sunday, June 7, 2015.
Bryan Black serves as the President and has interests in other corporate entities including Family Christian Center of Clermont, Inc. located in Clermont, FL
Christena Black is the Treasurer of Providence Building Group, Inc.. Christena's additional corporate interests include Isaac F. and Juanita S. Albritton Management, Inc., International Community Schools, Inc.
Bryan Black is also the registered agent for the company. Also known as a statutory or resident agent, the registered agent is responsible for receiving legal notifications regarding court summons, lawsuits, and other legal actions involving the corporate entity.
Key roles for Providence Building Group, Inc.
Bryan Black
President, Director
Christena A. Black
Treasurer, Secretary
|Filing Type:
|Domestic for Profit Corporation
|State ID:
|Date Filed:
|Tuesday, February 10, 2009
|Registered Agent
|Bryan Black
Comprehensive Insight Plus Report
|Learn More
|The D&B Comprehensive Insight Plus Report for Providence Building Group, Inc. combines D&B's proprietary statistical scoring with business, payment and financial information all in one report.
US Company Profile Report
|Learn More
|The D&B U.S. Company Profile contains basic information such as address and telephone number, executive names and titles, line of business and SIC codes, D-U-N-S Numbers, organization status, and year and location of incorporation for Providence Building Group, Inc..


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* * *
Sunday, March 30, 2014
Sunday, September 1, 2013
Wednesday, June 12, 2013
adventures in print making
pronto plate on monoprint
* * *
this past semester i experimented with the art of printmaking, both analog and digital.
here's a selection of some of my favorite pieces from the class.
here's a selection of some of my favorite pieces from the class.
* * *
think, feel, react
monoprint and etching
monoprint inverse etching
long way down
cyanotype from digital files
Rincón Ceramics
photo transfer over monoprint
home i, ii, iii
pronto plate on textured monoprint
* * *
with love from Emma at 10:04:00 AM
concerning: art, printmaking, school No comments:
Saturday, March 23, 2013
Tuesday, March 19, 2013
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)


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Home > Skateboarding > Neff | Skate Team Teaser
Neff has made some power moves with the addition of Leo Romero, Silas Baxter-Neal, Matt Bennett, Aaron "Jaws" Homoki, Dakota Servold, and Derrick Wilson to their skate team. Check out the trailer above.
[…] 2012 Radcollector for Titel Media. Author: bradclarke | Permalink | No comment | Add to del.icio.us Post tags: Aaron Jaws Homoki, dakota servold, derrick wilson, […]
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Make: Projects
InMoov: The Robot You Can 3D Print
Here is "InMoov", the robot you can print and animate. You have a 3D printer, some building skills, This project is for you!!
I started this project in January 2012.
I have been working on this model(for the fun), trying to animate it and controlling it.
Using a 3D printer issued from the Open source world, it became obvious I had to contribute somehow.
Since I had never used Arduino, microcontrollers, and servos before, through this project I have met amazing minds and people that contribute everyday to improve InMoov. Any help is welcomed.
Parts to download and instructions at:


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Personal Goals
We've arrived at the finish line, a little breathless, a little sweaty, but incredibly triumphant. We knocked off 300 collective workouts, and six of us made it well past the 100% mark. Extra fanfare goes to Gloria B., who racked up an astonishing 49 workouts in 28 days. Gloria B. was closely followed by the indomitable Fraidy L., who finished with 35 total workouts. Amazing!
Good news : we plan to continue our winning streak starting Monday, with a whole new Monthly Standard challenge - same goal, different month, big new crew. We've also teamed up with our friends at Greatist.com to bring you the DIY Health challenge: an entire month of cooking for yourself and bodyweight exercises, starting April 1st. We hope you'll join us for both challenges, since we know you rockstars can handle it.
Head on over to the challenge page and sign up now. Catch your breath over the weekend, and we'll see you bright and early on Monday!
Onward to April's adventures!
»Monthly Standard - April Edition:
»DIY Health Challenge
Woh, I got so sidetracked last week with launch of DIY Health and other things, that I SLACKED on updates. Lot's of catch up posts coming. Pay no attention to the lack of exercise. Focus on the piano practicing.....
I deadlifted 165 lbs. two weeks ago. 165 lbs. is what I weighed two years ago - I weigh less than that now, in case you were wondering. I think I'm supposed to feel triumphant about that, but I find it more "meh" than "go me!" We're frequently sold on the idea that losing weight will make us gain things that were previously missing from our lives. Well, losing weight hasn't brought me a world domination, lucrative contracts, or even a cabana boy. In fact, I believe I was promised something about a castle and a handsome prince? Yes, well, I've lost weight so I'd like that delivered now, please, with a pink pony.
Still, there is some sort of poetry in shedding parts you used to lug around, and then becoming strong enough to lift more than just yourself. In practical application, this means I can now lift to safety most of my friends and family in the event of a zombie apocalypse. But, if the body is also a metaphor, the stronger I get, the less crap I take from others. The more I become a muscle machine, the more I become my own bodyguard. My physical mass is the Kevin Costner to my inner sanctuary where Whitney Houston forever resides. And there is something comforting in knowing that each time the world crashes up against me, it hits a lot less cushion before being crushed against my inner diva of steel.
2.7 mile track walk
Below the Belt/Arms & Abs/Pilates At Home
Another 12K+ fitbit steps.
I am a pro at injuring myself. For a while I was planning on spending today biking to Montauk. I told everyone about it and they all thought I was crazy which made me a little scared to actually try it, but I really wanted to. Last night I was figuring out the details of how to get home (probably should've planned that a little earlier) and discovered there are only two train options getting from Montauk to Penn Station during the week. It was either 2:51pm which I would not get there in time for, or hang out there until 10:38pm. That train would arrive in Penn Station at 2:09am tomorrow morning which would mean I wouldn't get home before 3am. I didn't exactly want to do that and I didn't think riding or taking the subway alone with my bike at that hour was a good idea. So I had to scratch the plan of going to Montauk. The next option was heading in the same direction but stopping a couple miles earlier in Southampton. From there I could either catch the 3:34pm train or turn around and bike part of the way back home until Patchoque which has a train running every hour. So it would either be a 100-mile ride or a 140-mile ride. I didn't do either. At about mile 12 my ankle started hurting. Thinking back to what could have caused it I remembered hitting a pothole and losing my balance for a second. I could have twisted my ankle slightly then. But I kept going. Until I made a wrong turn at mile 49 and realized that the pain was getting worse and it was probably a good idea to find the nearest train station and just go home. Google told me the nearest station was 14 miles away. At that point I didn't really want to ride anymore but I didn't have a choice. I started heading that way and when I saw a cop car I asked him where the closest train station was. Turns out there was one just down the road. I don't know why it didn't show up on google, and while sitting across the street from the station I entered the address and the pin showed I was right there but it gave me directions to go 13 miles away. Long Island is a strange place. So my ride ended in a place called Smithtown, NY. I stopped off at the gym on my home to stretch a little bit and then I biked home (maybe not the smartest plan but as painful as it was anything is better than taking a bike on the subway). In total I did 60 miles today. A little disappointing because I wanted to do so much more. Now I'm at home resting and icing and hoping this will go away fast.
Morning workout with mah Buffin. My gnarly back seems to have calmed down, but it's still stiff. While Buffin was stretching me, Anthony showed Buffin a new way to stretch my hip flexors and soaz. For a few minutes, I had two men digging into my hips & groin area until I screamed. It wasn't my biggest dream come true, but it was definitely an experience.
Then it was onto a bunch of TRX rows, squats & bicep curls, stair runs, and zombie whack-a-mole (medicine ball throws). I sat on all sorts of hamstring contraptions, and then Buffin showed me a new rope machine pull, which reminded me of the moves my Viking ancestors must have used on their ship when they emigrated from Norway/stormed all the Scottish castles.
12k steps on the Fitbit.


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Toyota Parts > Toyota Accessories > Scion
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DFI International is pleased to announce that Lori Garver, former Associate Administrator of NASA, has agreed to become affiliated with DFI International as Director of Space Program Development. In this adjunct capacity, Ms. Garver, the founder and President of Capital Space, a Virginia-based consulting firm, and current President of the American Astronautical Association, will assist DFI's senior management in strategic planning and business development activities related to the firm's corporate space practice.
Founded in 1984 by Dr. Barry Blechman and headquartered in Washington DC, DFI International provides strategic planning, technology feasibility research, and business development assistance, as well as merger, acquisition, and strategic alliance support to financial institutions and Fortune 500 aerospace, defense, telecommunications, and information technology companies.
Until January 2001 Ms. Garver was the Associate Administrator for Policy and Plans at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), where she oversaw the analysis, development, and integration of NASA policies and long-range plans, the NASA Strategic Management System, the NASA Advisory Council, and History Division.
Prior to this appointment, Ms. Garver served as a Senior Policy Analyst for the Office of Policy and Plans and as Special Assistant to Dan Goldin, the NASA Administrator.
Before joining NASA, Ms. Garver was the Executive Director of the National Space Society, a space advocacy organization. As Executive Director, she served as the organizations' primary spokesperson, appearing on national television and regularly testifying on Capitol Hill.
Ms. Garver received her Masters degree in Science, Technology, and Public Policy from the George Washington University in 1989, and her Bachelors degree in Political Science and Economics from Colorado College in 1983. She resides in McLean, VA with her husband, David Brandt, and their two children, Wesley and Mitchell.
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Burton, Julia
Research Associate (Post-doc)
Office Location:
301H Richardson Hall
Email Address:
Forest community & landscape ecology; Silviculture; Spatial analysis
Educational Background:
Ph.D. University of Wisconsin – Madison, 2011
M.S. University of Minnesota, 2004
B.S. University of Wisconsin – Stevens Point, 2002
Research Interests:
- Diversity maintenance
- Overstory-understory linkages in forests
- Role of plant traits in driving community structure and function
- Effects of natural and anthropogenic disturbance on forest adaptability to climate and landscape change
Current/Recent Programs:
- Density Management Study (http://ocid.nacse.org/nbii/density/)
- Experimental Manipulation of Forest Structure (http://landscape.forest.wisc.edu/Projects/)
Selected Publications:
- Burton, J. I., A. Ares, D. H. Olson, and K. J. Puettmann. 2013. Management trade-off between aboveground carbon storage and understory plant species richness in temperate forests. Ecological Applications 23:1297-1310. PDF
- Burton, J.I., D.J. Mladenoff, M.K. Clayton and J.A. Forrester. 2011. The roles of environmental filtering and colonization in the fine-scale spatial patterning of ground-layer plant communities in north temperate deciduous forests. Journal of Ecology. 99(3):764-776. PDF
- Dyer, J.H., S.T. Gower, J.A. Forrester, C.G. Lorimer, D.J. Mladenoff and J.I. Burton. Effects of selective tree harvests on aboveground biomass and productivity of a second-growth northern hardwood forest. 2010. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40(12):2360-2369. PDF
- Foster, J.R., J.I. Burton, J.A. Forrester, F. Liu, J.D. Muss, F.M. Sabatini, R.M. Scheller and D.J. Mladenoff. 2010. Evidence for a recent increase in forest growth is questionable Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(21): E86-E87. doi:10.1073/pnas.1002725107. PDF
- Burton, J.I., E.K. Zenner, L.E. Frelich, and M.W. Cornett. 2009. Patterns of plant community structure within and among primary and second-growth northern hardwood forest stands. Forest Ecology and Management 258:2556 – 2568. PDF
- Burton, J.I., E.K. Zenner and L.E. Frelich. 2008. Frost crack incidence in northern hardwood forests of the southern boreal – north temperate transition zone. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 25: 133-138. PDF
- Lain E.J., A. Haney, J.M. Burris and J. Burton. 2008. Response of vegetation and birds to severe wind disturbance and salvage logging in a southern boreal forest. Forest Ecology & Management. 256:863-871. PDF


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With an eye on the broader church, Rob Bell is leaving the Mars Hill megachurch that he founded 12 years ago. Sarah Pulliam Bailey and Christianity Today have the story:
Flickering Pixels author Shane Hipps will take over for Bell during spring 2012 after Bell finishes his series on Acts in December.
The church released the following statement on its site:
Feeling the call from God to pursue a growing number of strategic opportunities, our founding pastor Rob Bell, has decided to leave Mars Hill in order to devote his full energy to sharing the message of God's love with a broader audience.
It is with deeply mixed emotions that we announce this transition to you. We have always understood, encouraged, and appreciated the variety of avenues in which Rob's voice and the message of God's tremendous love has traveled over the past 12 years. And we are happy and hopeful that as Rob and Kristen venture ahead, they will find increasing opportunity to extend the heartbeat of that message to our world in new and creative ways.
Last spring, Bell stirred a real storm with the publication of his latest book, "Love Wins: A Book About Heaven, Hell, and the Fate of Every Person Who Ever Lived." Here I discussed whether Bell was a universalist heretic or a marketing genius.
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The Alternative Investment Management Association
Alternative Investment Management Association Representing the global hedge fund industry
On 26th October 2008, Porsche publicly announced that it had hedged its acquisition of nearly 75% of VW's shares via cash settled options. The market had previously only been aware of Porsche holding a 50% position. The announcement resulted in a significant increase of the VW share price (to the extent that, temporarily, VW shares were worth half the market value of the entire DAX) while Porsche's share price nearly doubled (from approximately 40 to 70 euros).
We are aware that some AIMA members have a continuing involvement in this matter and that they will be awaiting BaFin's analysis of the situation in terms of possible market abuse.
If you are an affected member and might be interested in joining a collaborative effort to explore what options might be open to you, please contact Matthew Jones (email@example.com) by close of business on Friday 20th March.


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About this blogEducation reporter Angie Mason looks at York County school happenings, education trends and other issues from the classroom to the cafeteria.
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Tag Archives: Spring Grove
Spring Grove Rocket Scientists to work with NASA again
It looks like Spring Grove's Rocket Scientists will have the chance to work with NASA once again. Back in 2013, we wrote about a team of Spring Grove Area High School students who were selected for NASA's student launch program. … Continue reading
Posted in Angie Mason, Spring Grove Area School District Tagged NASA, Rocket Scientists, Spring Grove Leave a comment
Spring Grove Rocket Scientists earn grant to build rocket
Spring Grove's Rocket Scientists are building a rocket even though the NASA program was cut.
Posted in Angie Mason, Spring Grove Area School District Tagged Rocket Scientists, Spring Grove Leave a comment
Help Spring Grove's Rocket Scientists participate in NASA Student Launch Initiative
Spring Grove Area High School's Rocket Scientists are selling 2013 Bonus Books to help fund their participation in NASA's Student Launch Initiative.
Spring Grove projects get grant funding
The Spring Grove Area Educational Fund recently awarded mini-grants totaling $5,775 to eight teachers and a high school science team, for projects in a variety of areas including science, reading, music and fitness, at all school levels, according to a news release.
Penn State student participating in EcoCAR2, a competition to create environmentally friendly cars
A Penn State freshman from Spring Grove could have a hand in the future of environmentally friendly cars. Matt Thompson, 19, a graduate of York Country Day School, joined the Penn State Vehicle Technology Team's mechanical group and is involved … Continue reading
Posted in Angie Mason, College Tagged alternative fuel, Chevy Malibu, EcoCAR2, environment, Matt Thompson, Penn State, Spring Grove, York Country Day School Leave a comment
Spring Grove educator's peer mentoring program gets national attention
A Spring Grove Area High School administrator's efforts to help at-risk freshman move successfully on in high school have received national attention lately. Nate Frank, assistant principal, began looking at the "freshman failure phenomenon" when he moved into his role … Continue reading
Posted in Angie Mason, Spring Grove Area School District Tagged freshmen, High school, Nathan Frank, ninth grade, Spring Grove, transitions Leave a comment
Spring Grove Rocket Scientists head to national level of Team America Rocketry Challenge
Three teams of Spring Grove "Rocket Scientists" will advance to the national level of the Team America Rocketry Challenge, according to the district. Five teams from Spring Grove competed. The teams moving on are: Tobie Sneeringer – captain/Colton Crockett, Kiara … Continue reading
Spring Grove surplus goods up for auction
Need some desks or office chairs? Kitchen equipment? Pretzel machine, or a card catalog perhaps? You can find all of those things and more on Saturday, when Spring Grove Area School District will hold an auction. The district will auction … Continue reading
Posted in Angie Mason, Events, Spring Grove Area School District Tagged auctions, chairs, desks, events, Spring Grove, supplies Leave a comment
A belated Pi Day post
I'm a bit late for Pi Day (3-14) but I wanted to share these photos, submitted by Lyn Greco, a family and consumer science teacher in Spring Grove Area School District. Greco's son, Ethan, crafted a pie featuring the numbers … Continue reading
Posted in Angie Mason, Spring Grove Area School District Tagged pi, pie, Spring Grove Leave a comment
Hanging out with Spring Grove's Rocket Scientists
After school ended on Tuesday, Brian Hastings' classroom was still buzzing with activity. Some students were prepping for the Science Olympiad, to be held at Millersville University on Saturday. Others prepared rockets for launching to enter the Team America Rocketry … Continue reading


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'Country Legends' concert April 13
March 6, 2013 at 6:38 am in Pierce County Herald
When Cindy Kongshaug's choir performed the "Country Legends" concert back in 2007, it was such a hit and she had many, many requests since to do it again.
Kongshaug has always used the excuse she didn't have a band to play the country music. One night when she was talking to Dee J Traudt of the "TC Cats Band," Dee J said, "Well, we all play by ear, so we could learn the western songs." Continue Reading


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The Canon 5D is back down to $2099 at Amazon. That's a solid price in and of itself.
However, if you take into account the $200 rebate and get the Canon PIXMA MP970 printer for $240 with a $100 rebate, then you're saving some serious change.
If you were to sell the printer for more than you paid after the rebate, which I just checked ebay and it looks like completed listings have been going for $150-200 on average, then you would effectively be paying under $1800 for a new Canon 5D. Need I say more?
More info on the current Canon Rebates.


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Big viginas wet
About five oclock the lady of the house came to see us, saying, she had not been in big viginas wet all night, because a cousin OBrien of hers, whose ancestors had owned that house, had desired her to stay with him in his chamber, and that he big viginas wet at two oclock; and she said, I wish you to have had no disturbance, for tis the custom of the place, that when any of the family are dying, the shape of a woman appears every night in the window until they be dead. This woman was many ages ago got with child by the owner of this place, who murdered her in his garden, and flung her into the river under the window; but truly I thought not of it when I lodged you here, it being the best room in the house. We made little reply to her speech, but disposed ourselves to be gone suddenly. As Gillian entered with two of the maidens of her mistresss household, they removed the Lady Eveline, by Roses directions, into a chamber at some distance which the latter had occupied, and placed big viginas wet in one of their beds, where Rose, dismissing the others Gillian excepted to seek repose where they could find it, continued to watch her mistress. big viginas wet some time she continued very much disturbed, but, gradually, fatigue, and the influence of some narcotic which Gillian had sense enough to recommend and prepare, seemed to compose her spirits. She fell into a deep slumber, from which she did not awaken until the sun was high over the distant hills.
bowmanville high school
414 hb in legislative update virginia west
bird with a harsh cry
Apple cedar rust
Daryle singletary too much fun
Swollen testicle groin pull


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1 week
Hello everybody, I hope that you are well! I that goes very well! In a 1 week, I go to see metallica at the stage of France! Maybe that I am going to visit the cranberries or Guns n'roses later! To more the friends!!
Continue to visit my profile and do not hesitate to comment!!!!!
See you!!


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(Diabetes mellitus)
Diabetes mellitus (sometimes called "sugar diabetes") is a condition that occurs when the body can't use glucose (a type of sugar) normally. Glucose is the main source of energy for the body's cells. The levels of glucose in the blood are controlled by a hormone called insulin, which is made by the pancreas. Insulin helps glucose enter the cells.
In diabetes, the pancreas does not make enough insulin (type 1 diabetes) or the body can't respond normally to the insulin that is made (type 2 diabetes). This causes glucose levels in the blood to rise, leading to symptoms such as increased urination, extreme thirst, and unexplained weight loss.
Note: All information is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses and treatment, consult your doctor.
© 1995–2014 The Nemours Foundation/KidsHealth. All rights reserved.
Find out by selecting your child's symptom or health condition in the list below:
In This Issue
Download Summer 2015 (PDF)
Enjoy heartwarming stories about mothers and patients and learn more about the amazing work done by the doctors and nurses at Seattle Children's. Consider making a donation in honor of a woman you know, love or admire at www.seattlechildrens.org/mothersday.
Play Video
Protect your kids from certain cancers and other diseases caused by human papillomavirus, or HPV. Get your girls and boys vaccinated when they are 11 or 12, or as soon as possible if they're already 13 or older. The vaccine is a series of three doses. Be sure your child completes the whole series for the best protection. If you have questions...
Vaccine is the best way to prevent seasonal flu. Everyone 6 months of age and older should get the flu vaccine each year, whether it's as a shot or as a nasal spray. Your healthcare provider can help you choose the right form. Get the vaccine for your family as soon as you are able, and be sure to ask anyone who takes care of your child to get the...


text: When playing on my private server (haven't tried it out on other servers) when i push the w button for my player to go forward when i let up on the w button he just keeps running and i like have to keep hitting s button a few times for him to stop. any help would be greatly appreciated and the problem is not sticky keys on the keyboard cuz i changed keyboards and its doing the same thing. addtion to original post just went onto another server and it is still doing same thing on other server.


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21st March 2013
Video: Pastor says Sodom and Gomorrah was God's 'pilot study' for 'homosexual society' 30
4:39 PM — An anti-gay US pastor has responded to a question on his internet radio show, to say that the biblical story of Sodom and Gomorrah was meant as God to be a "pilot study", and a way of dealing with "homosexual society".
7th July 2011
MP complains over anti-gay preacher's UK visit 60
3:18 PM — An MP has asked Home Secretary Theresa May why an anti-gay US preacher is being allowed into the UK. Labour MP Richard Burden said people would question why Pastor John Hagee is allowed into the country while other hate preachers, such as Muslim speaker Sheikh Raed Salah, are banned.


text: No recent wiki edits to this page. RelativesMama T.Papa T.Jamie T.James T.Jimmy's Intro from WarioWare, Inc. Mega Party Game$Occupation: DancerHobby: Collecting ring tonesBiggest Boast: His crazy wigsThis cool guy loves the dance floor more than anybody. He stays up all night dancing at Club Sugar. His hairdo hides a secret, but he refuses to tell anyone what it is.


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|Welcome to the Wichita State Athletics Ticket Office
Purchase Shocker tickets online here
Mailing Address:
Location: Southwest corner of Charles Koch Arena
Phone Number: 316-978-FANS (3267)
Hours of Operation: Monday - Friday, 8:30 a.m. - 5 p.m. The ticket office will also open one hour before home softball, volleyball and women's basketball games and will open 1 1/2 hours before home men's basketball and baseball games.
Refund Policy: No refunds, exchanges or cancellations are permitted. Refunds will not be granted due to a game time or date change.
Click on the following links for more information:


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Another Wells County 4-H Fair is in the books. Relive the memories in this video by Jessica Williams and Chet Baumgartner.
Friday, July 25, 2014
N-B Video: Fond fair memories
Posted by News-Banner at 1:04 PM 0 comments
N-B Video: Ashton Prible receives Kane Krinn Award
During the 2014 Wells County 4-H Fair, 10-year 4-H member Ashton Prible was selected as the recipient of the 2014 Kane Krinn Memorial Award, given in honor of a 4-H member who died in 2008. Learn more in the Friday, July 25, News-Banner. (Video by Chet Baumgartner)
Posted by News-Banner at 8:57 AM 0 comments
Thursday, July 24, 2014
N-B Video: 'Fun with karaoke' at the fair
The public got the chance to sing some karaoke at the Wells County 4-H Fair Wednesday evening. (Video and photos by Jessica Williams)
Posted by News-Banner at 7:53 AM 0 comments
N-B Video: 9 compete for 2014 Royal Showmanship crown
Cattle, swine, goats and sheep filled the show barn as 4-H members tried to earn the annual Royal Showmanship title during the 2014 4-H Fair, and when the sawdust settled, Kristen Bales was selected as the winner. Learn more in the Thursday, July 24, News-Banner. (Videos by Chet Baumgartner and Justin Peeper)
Posted by News-Banner at 7:19 AM 0 comments
N-B Video: Pedal pull draws a crowd
Numerous children participated in the Optimist Club's annual pedal pull at the Wells County 4-H Fair July 23. (Video by Jessica Williams)
Posted by News-Banner at 6:49 AM 0 comments
Wednesday, July 23, 2014
N-B Video: 4-H members compete in annual Horse and Pony show
See more 4-H videos at our "4-H Fair" blog at www.news-banner.com. (Video by Paul Beitler)
Posted by News-Banner at 10:09 AM 0 comments
N-B Video: Kids play like the pioneers at the 4-H Fair
Naturalist Jody Heaston leads visitors to the 4-H Park through games that the pioneers once played. See more 4-H Fair videos at our "4-H Fair" blog at www.news-banner.com (Video by Chet Baumgartner)
Posted by News-Banner at 9:16 AM 0 comments
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Virginia Woolf; Sir Leslie Stephen
14 of 63 portraits of Virginia Woolf
© National Portrait Gallery, London
Virginia Woolf; Sir Leslie Stephen
by George Charles Beresford
sepia-toned platinotype, 1902
4 1/4 in. x 5 1/2 in. (109 mm x 140 mm)
Given by George Charles Beresford, 1933
Photographs Collection
NPG x4600
Click on the links below to find out more:
Sittersback to top
- Sir Leslie Stephen (1832-1904), Writer, philosopher, mountaineer and first editor of the Dictionary of National Biography. Sitter in 13 portraits.
- Virginia Woolf (née Stephen) (1882-1941), Novelist and critic; sister of Vanessa Bell. Sitter in 63 portraits.
Artistback to top
- George Charles Beresford (1864-1938), Photographer. Artist associated with 386 portraits, Sitter in 2 portraits.
This portraitback to top
In addition to the single portraits, Beresford photographed Stephen with his twenty-year-old daughter, Virginia. Shortly after his death, Virginia recalled Beresford's photographs of her father: 'We had several taken just before his operation in December 1902. They are, I think, as good as photographs can be, though he looks more ill than he did afterwards'.
Linked displays and exhibitionsback to top
- Sir Leslie Stephen (5 April 2007 - 9 December 2007)


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Hoverfly Pro Hexa XL1st Flight FPV Heworth
by Jonathan Malory
I've been thinking about buying a Hoverfly Pro flight controller for a while, they're fairly well-priced for what they do and I know a few serious aerial photographers use them. Also, as luck would have it, a friend of a friend happened to have one for sale so I bought it and saved some money, and some time as you can normally only by them from America.
The Hoverfly Pro is a flight controller, i.e. the brain of your machine that keeps everything flying as it should, that has pretty much everything you need on one printed circuit board. A bit like the Gaui 344 only a lot more stable and reliable. You can also have different configurations like tricoipter, 3 and 6 props, quadcopter in X or + config, hexacopter and octocopter, which you setup yourself via downloadable software.
The HP also has a built in On Screen Display (OSD) that you can use if you're flying FPV (First Person View) to give you various bits of data on your screen or goggles. There is also an optional GPS addon, but I don't have that yet as reports say it is not working properly yet.
One big plus for me is built in camera mount stabilization, which I couldn't live without. In fact I will never buy another flight controller that does not come with onboard camera mount stabilization as I've found expernal methods, using separate gyros, is just nowhere near as good.
Anyway, I had a Mikrokopter Hexa XL frame already built, with motors, ESCs and my homemade power distribution board attached, so it was a simple matter to use the Hoverfly Pro on that and get it up in the air with a bit of software fiddling, helped by browsing rcgroups.com.
One thing perculiar to Hoverfly boards is that they do not self-level as standard, which means if you push forward on the stick and let go it keeps on going forward until you pull back on the stick enough to stop it. This is very difficult to get used to if you never experienced it before. I certainly don't like it very much, but could see why some people would like it after I'd practiced flying this way a bit.
The Hoverfluy Pro does come with a Self-Levelling option via a swirtch on your radio, but I haven't been able to get it to work yet – everytime I try the Hexa wants to flip over and crash, not good. So the video below was using the standard Hoverfly technique of fying, constantly ciounter-correcting your movements to try and stay level.
Oh, finally there is the Height Hold, which also works in a way I'm not used to, but it does work nevertheless. With Mikrokopter and Wookong and a few others, Height Hold, when switched on, works by keeping you at the same height if you have the throttle in the middle, lowring your height if it's below the middle and increasing your height if the throttle is above halfway. However, when you switch on Height Hold with the Hoverfly Pro it locks you in at that height and moving the throttle does nothing at all. It works very well but means you have to be very careful about where your throttle lever is – for instance if you accidentally dropped the throttle down while in Height Hold you wouldn't notice anyhing until you switch Height Hold off, then your drone would fall at a speed depending on how far down you nudged the throttle. I found that having the throttle above half when I switched off Height Hold was safest, so you rise upward a bit before controlling the height yourself.
Anyway, like most test flights, this aerial photography video is of the boring field ilk, because you never know what will happen with a new setup. Also with Hoverfly's unique flying style (without the Auto-level working) I had a bit of a wrestling match to get it to go where I wanted it to. I was kind of getting the hang of it by the time I was filming the Mobile Phone Mast. The Hoverfly Pro is certainly an interesting beast, and has the feel of being very reliable and predictable once you get used to it, which is always a good thing.
The weather was a bit grim, windy, cold and damp. In fact my hands were too cold after this flight to try another, so I just went home.
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So, to remove those two sounds I used silent .wav and .ogg files.
Using RootExplorer I copied:
PowerOn.wav to system/etc
Shutdown.ogg to system/media/audio/ui.
If you still like having some sounds during startup/shutdown, you could make your own files (.wav for startup and .ogg for shutdown) and copy them to the folders as above.
I have attached the silent files that I use if anybody wants to use them.
Attached Files
Edited by wes58, 08 August 2010 - 10:32 AM.


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Here is a very attractive clear glass vase from the Sklo Union glassworks, Czechoslovakia, more specifically by Frantisek Peceny for Hermanova Hut and dating from the late 1960s. Known as the 'candlewax' design it is moulded with a pattern of small knobbles and is a very decorative piece of retro glass. It has the typical Sklo Union glass footed 'birdbath' base. Please see all photographs for alternative views and close-ups.
SIZE: Height 8.75in/22cm Weight 1262g
See more from our 'Sklo Union Glass 1' section


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Muscle Mustangs & Fast FordsEvents
Ford Mustang - Quad-Cam Clash
Finding enough air to fill these Four-Valve motors proved futile.
Peter Attanasio
6th place
While the Terminator Cobras of 2003-2004 have received much admiration lately, Peter Attanasio opted to get a Mach I instead. "I testdrove both back in November 2003, and the Mach felt great," he says. "I really liked the retro theme."
In March 2005, the Four-Valve motor suffered an oil pump failure, so Peter had Mustang Magic rebuild the motor with FR500 cams, Cobra rods and crank, and a set of JE forged pistons for a bump in compression. This was his first time out with the new motor, and the results were promising despite the intolerable heat.
Strip Specs Owner: Peter Attanasio Hometown: Lindenhurst, New York Driver: Steve Shaugnessy Year/Model: '04 Mach I Weight w/Driver: 3,432 lbs Engine: 284 ci Built By: Steve Shaugnessy of Mustang Magic, Deer Park, New York Intake Manifold: Stock Cylinder Heads: Stock Compression Ratio: 11.1:1 Camshafts: FR500, 204/214 duration at 0.050, 0.472/0.472-in lift Tuner: Joe Lausardo ofMustang Magic, Deer Park, New York Exhaust: MAC 15/8-in long-tube headers, MAC 2.5-in ProChamber and after-cat system Transmission: Stock Tremec 3650 five-speed Converter/Clutch: SPEC Stage II Rear Type: 8.8 with Auburn differential, 4.30 gear, Moser 31-spline axles Wheels F/R: Weld Pro Star 15x3.5, 17x9 Weld Pro Star XP, 16x8 stock five star Tires F/R: M/T front runners, M/T ET 17-inch drag radial, M/T ET Street 26x10 Suspension Front: Lakewood 90/10 front struts Suspension Rear: 50/50 rear shocks, Steeda control arms Best ET/MPH: 12.4/109.5 STRIP TUNING LOG
Car #
6 1.69 12.22 111.66 6 1.70 12.16 112.23 6 1.71 12.12 113.03
Bill Applegate
7th place
Having missed his opportunity to buy an affordable early Mach 1, Bill Applegate jumped at the chance to pick up this '03 model. He had sampled the Terminator Cobra, but found the Mach's lighter feel, solid axle, and unique styling more appealing.
The right modifications have made the Mach 11-second worthy, and Bill thanks his wife, Lisa; Mitch Wilson; Bob Cosby; Joe Lynch; and Jeff Schmell for their help and encouragement.
Strip Specs Owner: William H. Applegate III Hometown: Chambersburg, Pennsylvania Driver: William H. Applegate III Year/Model: '03 Ford Mach 1 Weight w/Driver: 3,240 lbs Engine: 281 ci Built By: Ford Motor Company Intake Manifold: Stock Cylinder Heads: Stock Compression Ratio: 10.1:1 Camshafts: Stock Ford Tuner: Kaufman Motorsports, Dillsburg, Pennsylvania Exhaust: SLP 13/4-in ceramic long-tube headers, SLP off-road X-pipe, MagnaFlow after-cat Transmission: Stock Tremec 3650 five-speed Converter/Clutch: Stock Rear Type: 8.8 with Superior 31-spline axles, Eaton Posi, 4.30 gear Wheels F/R: 15x4, 15x8.5 Centerline Convo-Pro Tires F/R: EuroMetric 165R-15, M/T ET Drag 26x10x15 Suspension Front: AJE tubular K-member and A-arms, Tokico drag struts, Maximum Motorsports coilover w/175-lb springs Suspension Rear: UMI adjustable control arms, QA1 shocks, stock coil springs Best ET/MPH: 11.97/113.10 STRIP TUNING LOG
Car #
2 1.63 12.15 111.48 2 1.62 12.14 111.71 2 1.58 12.13 111.31


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With frostbite sailing in full swing, you know the most important piece of gear you have is your drysuit. Keeping your drysuit properly maintained is a must to keep it performing.
First up, the zipper. Have you been wondering why the zipper has become so hard to use? Well, over time, zippers dry out and get stiff. Lucky for you we have a solution. McNett's Zip Tech is a high performance lubricant that both protects the zipper and enhances performance.
It's a breeze to use and make a world of difference and we're here to make it even easier.
Watch the video below to see it in action:


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Sun Jul 18, 2004 10:40 am
Sun Jul 18, 2004 12:10 pm
Sun Jul 18, 2004 12:30 pm
Sun Jul 18, 2004 12:32 pm
Sun Jul 18, 2004 1:42 pm
Sun Jul 18, 2004 2:14 pm
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A bad or corroded connection will cause a voltage drop at that point when a higher current is passed through it. That's the reason I mentioned checking for a voltage drop.9mules wrote:John & Jim,
John, I'll check the voltage drop etc. Its the amps not the voltage starters need to compensate for the drag induced by the engine.
I believe we're on the right track.
I think the Field Resistor wire is getting hot (it'll burn your finger) because of resistance in the light switch? Due to being old/dirty & if you don't baby the dial in to the other 3 positions you'd think it was a 3 position switch not the 4....thats led to alot of confusion on my part.


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I finally got an opportunity to do another urban portrait photo session held in the center of The Hague!Read More
Quick and easy background change
One thing I've loved about Lightroom since I began using it is the ability to select two images and "Edit them in photoshop as layers" which opens a whole bag of options in terms of creativity and editing.Read More
Shiny Skin No More!
I'd seen a great video by Lee Varis a while back on how to get rid of shiny skin, and now I finally applied it to some of my portraits.Read More
New "maternity" portrait section!
So, FINALLY, I have created my maternity portrait section which I proudly call "Bumps & Babies" I like to think I do something a little different..Read More
Young Looney Inc. Urban Portraits
Photo shoot with Young Looney Inc. dance/jerk crew from The Hague. They brought the attitude, I brought my flash. Magic.Read More
Getting whipped, Roller Derby style!
So what do you do when you're asked to photograph a whole team of kick-ass roller derby chicks? Normally I'd say pick up your camera and run away. Fast! But it's been a while since I've been whipped by a photoshoot, so I thought, what the hell, bring it on! Bring on the Parliament of Pain, The Hague's take-no-shit woman's roller derby team.Read More
Making babies in 10 minutes!
Anders and Sarah are having a baby! And being the awesome friend I am, I let them talk me into a quickie photoshoot at the last minute on Sunday BBQ day!Read More
Sofi Mayen - I Hate You
Ok, no, not really. I don't hate her. I quite like her in fact. It's the English translation of her first single from her newly released self-titled debut album. And I was lucky enough to be given the chance to spend some time walking around, chatting and taking photos of this up-and-coming Mexican singer songwriter.Read More
Queen's Night
Every 30st of April, it's Queen's Day here in The Netherlands.
Every night before that it's what I like to call "Get obliterated drunk on the streets of Den Haag and get crazy while various stages crank out concerts while wearing outrageous amounts of orange clothing" night.Read More
Baby photos made easy
This awesome post (more like gathering of suggestions!) is going to help all you parents (often stay at home ones) be better photographers with the limited kit andtime at your disposal. This is NOT about achieving professional results, but of making the most out of simple techniques and basic kit.Read More


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Home>Run>Employees,Employees>Employee Withholding?stage=Start,Employer Withholding
Philadelphia further requires employers to withhold City Wage Tax, also called the Earnings Tax, from wages of employees who work or reside in Philadelphia. Visit the City's Revenue Department site for filing frequency and further details about the Wage Tax.
Visit the PA Open for Business web site to register for Employer Withholding Tax with the Department of Revenue.
Other exceptions include some benefit programs. While some are subject to taxation, others are not. Refer to the Employer Withholding Information Guide for more information about these exceptions.
For safe, easy, and convenient filing of Pennsylvania taxes, register online at etides (Electronic Tax Information and Data Exchange System), the State's free online tax filing system.
Refer to the Pennsylvania Department of Revenue website for more information about PA tax compliance issues.
To e-file federal returns, visit the IRS e-filing page.


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Orders must be placed in the US, they cannot be placed internationally.
Browse and select the photo you want to have printed on your gift card.
We review each image submitted. While we accept most images, we will not accept images that contain any of the following:
This company is a great On Line service! It keeps in touch with its customers in a timely manner. Great products from a large selection of stationery, travel mugs,children lap desks, note cards and invitations.


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Idaho State University's Humanities Café Explores Gender and Sexuality on Feb. 6
Posted January 27, 2014
What do parents teach children about gender and violence? This the subject of discussion of an Idaho State University Humanities Café set at 6 p.m. Feb. 6 at Portneuf Valley Brewery in Pocatello.
ISU's Humanities Café is presented by the Department of Sociology, Social Work and Criminal Justice. It will feature Candace Christensen, associate professor of social work, Jodi Dunn, sociology graduate student, Sarah Leeds, executive director of the Family Services Alliance, and Amanda Zink, assistant professor of English.
Christensen and Dunn will discuss how parents model gender for their children and how this impacts the child's behavior. Leeds will focus on how parents can prevent their children from participating in gender-based violence. Zink will discuss Dorothy Canfield's 1924 novel, "The Home-Maker" and how it relates to today's newspapers in terms of gender defining.
The event is free, open to the public and appetizers will be served. For additional information please contact Jeremy Thomas at email@example.com.


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Newcastle upon Tyne
Norwegian concern about acid rain from ships' fuel is fascinating but entirely misplaced (This Week, 22 June, p 4). Where does Norway think the oil comes from? Norwegians consume about 8 tonnes of oil and its equivalent in products derived from it per head of populationamong the highest in the world. They also export 16 tonnes of oil per head, complete with the sulphur, which ends up in the heavy fuel oil used in ships. This makes the Norwegians, in spite of the fact that their oil is rather low-sulphur crude, among the worst per capita polluters in the world.
The answer is clear: the Norwegians must remove the sulphur at source. This would make far more sense than retrofitted flue-gas desulphurisation, which is one of the most expensive options.
One of the things that this demonstrates is the nonsense of the "polluter pays" principle. It ...
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