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Infant crying and sleep problems (e.g. frequent night waking, difficulties settling to sleep) each affect up to 30% of infants and often co-exist. They are costly to manage and associated with adverse outcomes including postnatal depression symptoms, early weaning from breast milk, and later child behaviour problems. Preventing such problems could improve these adverse outcomes and reduce costs to families and the health care system. Anticipatory guidance-i.e. providing parents with information about normal infant sleep and cry patterns, ways to encourage self-settling in infants, and ways to develop feeding and settling routines before the onset of problems-could prevent such problems. This paper outlines the protocol for our study which aims to test an anticipatory guidance approach.
750 families from four Local Government Areas in Melbourne, Australia have been randomised to receive the Baby Business program (intervention group) or usual care (control group) offered by health services. The Baby Business program provides parents with information about infant sleep and crying via a DVD and booklet (mailed soon after birth), telephone consultation (at infant age 6-8 weeks) and parent group session (at infant age 12 weeks). All English speaking parents of healthy newborn infants born at > 32 weeks gestation and referred by their maternal and child health nurse at their first post partum home visit (day 7-10 postpartum), are eligible. The primary outcome is parent report of infant night time sleep as a problem at four months of age and secondary outcomes include parent report of infant daytime sleep or crying as a problem, mean duration of infant sleep and crying/24 hours, parental depression symptoms, parent sleep quality and quantity and health service use. Data will be collected at two weeks (baseline), four months and six months of age. An economic evaluation using a cost-consequences approach will, from a societal perspective, compare costs and health outcomes between the intervention and control groups.
To our knowledge this is the first randomised controlled trial of a program which aims to prevent both infant sleeping and crying problems and associated postnatal depression symptoms. If effective, it could offer an important public health prevention approach to these common, distressing problems.
Trial registration number
In the first six months of life, between 15-35% of parents report a problem with their infant's sleep [1-3] including difficulties settling their infant to sleep at the start of the night and re-settling them overnight. Such problems disturb parental sleep leading to parental fatigue [4], reduced ability to care effectively for the infant, and parental depression symptoms [5]. Persistent infant sleep problems are associated with later child behaviour problems [6-8].
Similarly, around 14-28% of parents report infant crying as a problem in the first few months of life and sleep and crying problems often co-exist. Crying duration exceeding 3 hours/24 hours for at least 3 days for at least 3 weeks is typically known as 'colic' and affects between 9-12% of infants from community samples [9,10]. Parents of crying infants may experience frustration and anger towards their infant and parental perception of crying as a problem is the most common proximal risk factor for Shaken Baby Syndrome [11]. Problem crying is associated with early weaning from breast milk, frequent changes of formulae and parent depression symptoms. Parental perception that their infant's crying is a problem therefore merits attention, regardless of whether the actual duration of crying meets criteria for 'colic'.
Sleep problems in infants
Approximately two-thirds of infants learn to 'sleep through the night' i.e. experience unbroken sleep between the hours of midnight and 5 am, by 12 weeks of age [12,13]. However, up to a third do not [14] and may also have problems initiating sleep [15]. Such problems have been consistently linked to parental mood disorder [16,17] and when infant sleep problems are treated parental depressive symptoms decrease [18,19]. Preventing infant sleep problems may therefore be an acceptable way to reduce rates of parental depression, particularly given that breast feeding mothers are often reluctant to accept pharmacologic treatment for depression [20].
Infant sleep problems tend to arise when parents actively help their infant to fall asleep [21,22]. Infants, like adults, tend to wake briefly several times during the night, but parents are only aware of this if the infant cries out (signals) and wakes the parents. Parents who rock, feed, or remain with their infant while the infant falls asleep, are more likely to report frequent night awakenings and settling problems [21], as their infants tend to cry out and demand the same attention each time they wake during the night. Conversely, parents who allow their infant to settle to sleep independently with little caregiver interaction, report fewer immediate and long term sleep problems [23,24]. Their infants tend to be more successful at falling back to sleep without the caregiver's help throughout the night [15].
Maternal cognitions about infant sleep are also strongly related to infant sleep problems [25]. Mothers who have problems resisting their infant's demands, who feel anger and helplessness when faced with their infant's demands, or who feel doubt regarding the adequacy of their parenting, are significantly more likely to report infant sleep disturbance [25]. In order to cope with these feelings, parents may become 'over intrusive' at bedtime. This may result in the infant learning caregiver dependent sleep associations that in turn lead to more frequent night signaling [21].
Crying in infants
Around 14-28% of parents report infant crying as a problem [9,26,10]. Infant crying duration peaks at around 6-8 weeks of age at around 2.5 hours per 24 hours, then gradually declines [27,28]. 'Colic' refers to crying in excess of 3 hours per day for at least 3 days per week, over a three week period that resists soothing. The cause(s) of colic are unknown. Although long attributed to gastrointestinal upset (e.g. flatulence and gastro-oesophageal reflux) [29,30] and organic disturbances such as food intolerance or allergy [31], medical causes are thought to affect only one in ten infants [32]. Yet many parents change their own diet (if breast feeding) or the infant's formula, in the belief that a food intolerance underlies the crying problem [33,34]. Others seek over the counter medications for reflux or alternative therapists such as chiropractors, both of which have been shown in rigorous trials to have no impact on crying [35,36]. Other medications are either ineffective (e.g. simethicone) [37,38], associated with serious side effects (e.g. dicyclomine and apnoeas) or may predispose the infant to harm (e.g. acid suppressive medications and eosinophilic oesophagitis)[39].
Parenting style may also affect the amount of fussy crying (crying that can be soothed) as well as colicky crying (crying that is unsoothable). 'Proximal care' describes a parenting style that typically involves feeding an infant in excess of 14 times per day, holding them for greater than 80% of the day time, and cosleeping (i.e. parent sharing a sleeping surface with the infant). One study compared the impact of this approach on infant sleep and crying with a more structured approach (i.e. feeding infant every 3 to 4 hours, placing them in a cot for sleep and a delayed response to infant demands) and an approach somewhere between the two styles [40]. Comparison of approaches revealed that proximal care parents had infants with less fussy crying but the same amount of colicky crying as the more structured approach. Proximal care resulted in more frequent waking and crying at night at 12 weeks of age. The authors concluded that a proximal care approach throughout the first few weeks of life may be useful in reducing overall amounts of non-colicky crying, but changing to a structured approach after this time may result in less night waking at 12 weeks of age [40]. Any program which aims to prevent early infant sleep and cry problems could incorporate this approach.
Interventions for existing infant sleep/cry problems
Behavioural strategies such as graduated extinction (where the parent returns to check on their crying child at increasing time intervals with brief parental reassurance) and positive bedtime routines [41,42] have been shown to be the most effective strategies for managing sleep problems in children aged 6 months or older. Despite the effectiveness of such interventions [43,44], some parents find techniques involving extinction unacceptable, as they dislike leaving their infant to cry [25,42]. Given that these parents may not follow through with strategies, it may instead be preferable to aim to prevent sleep problems. Prevention may have additional advantages including greater efficacy (as problem is less entrenched) and prevention of associated parental distress.
Few randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have evaluated interventions for colicky infant crying. Most have involved changes to diet or use of medication, with results mostly suggesting no effect over and above placebo and additionally, the methodological rigor of these trials has been questioned [45]. Increased carrying of the infant has been shown in one trial to prevent crying [46] but did not reduce established crying in another trial [47]. Keefe [48] has proposed a model to explain infant colic as a psychobiological disturbance in infant behaviour regulation due to increased sensitivity to the environment. Disruptions or inconsistencies in parenting or the surrounding environment overstimulate the infant resulting in crying that the infant does not yet have the maturity to regulate. With this in mind Keefe and colleagues [48] conducted a RCT of an intervention for colicky infants aged two to six weeks. In the intervention group (n = 64), nurses visited families four times over one month to provide support to parents, make modifications to infant care (with an emphasis on consistency of routines) and educate parents on reducing overstimulation in their infant. The control group (n = 57) received usual care. Compared with the control group, intervention infants had a significantly higher number of resolved crying problems (61.8% vs. 28.8%, p = 0.03) as well as shorter total crying time/day (1.29 vs. 2.94 hours, p = 0.02) at approximately 13 weeks of age (exact mean age not given in manuscript). This suggests that intensive parental support, modification of environment and provision of structured care can reduce crying.
Can we prevent infant sleep and cry problems?
Only four RCTs have examined the impact of prevention programs on infant sleep problems. No RCTs have aimed to prevent both infant sleep and cry problems. In a small RCT of middle-class first time parent couples (intervention n = 29, control n = 31), Wolfson and colleagues [24] provided parents with two prenatal and two postnatal group sessions that taught parents about normal infant sleep/wake patterns and the importance of establishing an independent sleep routine so that the infant can self-settle. Infants of parents who attended these group sessions slept for longer amounts of time, and demonstrated better sleep patterns than infants of control group parents at one, two and three weeks of age.
Kerr, Jowett & Smith's [49] RCT aimed to prevent infant sleep problems by providing parents with information on settling methods and the importance of routine via a booklet and a home visit (intervention n = 86 and control n = 83). Information was provided at three months of age and follow up data were collected at nine months. Compared with control group infants, intervention group infants had significantly fewer settling difficulties (21% vs. 39%, p = 0.03), significantly fewer night awakenings (23% woke two or more times per night vs. 46%, p = 0.02) and significantly better cumulative sleep scores overall (22% met criteria for a severe sleep problem vs. 39%, p = 0.03).
In a three-armed RCT that aimed to prevent infant sleep problems in infants aged 8 to 14 days [23], families were allocated to receive either (1) a structured behavioural program (n = 205), (2) an education oriented group (n = 202), or (3) the usual care provided by UK health services (n = 203). Parents in the behavioural group were asked to allow their infant to settle to sleep independently, to only respond to the infant when genuinely crying (as opposed to fussing or fretting), to keep stimulation low during the night, and after three months of age, to gradually increase the time between night feeds. Parents received the information via a flyer which a researcher also discussed with the parents. Parents in the education oriented group received the same information in a ten page booklet and the information was suggestive rather than prescriptive. By 12 weeks of age, significantly more behavioural group infants were sleeping through the night (having uninterrupted sleep from 12 am-5 am) than the other two groups. Behavioural but not education group parents tended to access significantly fewer health services for their infant's sleep in the following six months. In a post hoc analysis [50], infants receiving in excess of 11 feeds per day at one week of age were more likely to wake during the night at 12 weeks of age. The data of infants who met this criterion, from both the behaviour group, and the control group, were then compared. By 12 weeks of age, 80% of these 'at risk' infants in the behaviour program, compared to 60% in the control group, were sleeping through the night. Thus a behavioural program may be particularly useful for preventing sleep problems in infants who feed frequently in the first week of life.
In another RCT that aimed to prevent infant sleep problems, parents recruited via birth notices in the local newspaper were randomly allocated to receive either a 45 minute consultation with a nurse accompanied by written information at infant age three weeks (intervention group, n = 137), or usual care (control group, n = 131) [51]. Intervention group parents were taught about the cyclical nature of sleep and the benefits of parent-independent sleep cues. Parents were recommended to leave the infant to settle for five minutes before responding if the infant was crying and to extend this response time by five minutes for each subsequent visit. All parents completed a 7 day infant behaviour diary at 12 weeks of age. Intervention infants were significantly more likely to have at least 15 hours of sleep per 24 hours than control infants (62% vs. 36%, respectively, p < 0.001). The sample was predominantly middle-upper class thereby limiting the generalisability of the findings.
Prior research has been limited by the use of population sampling that is self-selected [51,24], excludes unmarried parents [24] or fails to collect data on compliance with intervention strategies [49,51,24]. Despite strong links between infant sleep and crying problems and parental depression [16,17], parent well being has rarely been included as an outcome [49,24]. Data from fathers is often lacking despite the increasing role fathers play in infant care [52] and the protective role they can play in prevention of postnatal depression in mothers [53-55]. Therefore, involvement of fathers in trials that have a specific focus on infant and mother wellbeing is paramount.
In summary, an infant demand style of approach in the first few weeks of life may reduce overall crying, but changing to a more structured style of care after these first few weeks, may result in less night waking at 12 weeks of age [40]. A program that implements elements of both approaches and provides parents with information about normal sleep and cry patterns and ways to reduce stimulation and provide a predictable environment in the first few months of life, may be able to prevent both infant sleep and cry problems [14,48]. Reduction in these problems is likely to have positive flow on benefits for parent wellbeing [18,19], and could lead to reduced health service use for both parent and infant wellbeing [23]. This paper presents the study protocol of a randomised controlled trial of a universal parenting program designed to prevent both infant sleep and cry problems, and improve parental wellbeing. The recruitment phase of this trial is currently complete and intervention delivery and follow up assessments are ongoing.
Study Design
Randomised controlled trial.
Four Melbourne (state of Victoria, Australia) Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Brimbank, Wyndham, Moonee Valley and Yarra. We selected these LGAs based on a Victorian government request to carry out the study in the north-western region of Melbourne and on annual birth rates in excess of 1000 to maximise recruitment.
Inclusion criteria
All parents of newborn infants seen by their Maternal and Child Health Nurse (MCHN) at their first home visit (day 7-10 postpartum) in the four LGA's. The MCH nursing service is a universal, free service offered to all Victorian families with scheduled visits (covering 93% of all births) post partum, then at 2 weeks of age, and 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, 24 and 42 months.
Exclusion criteria
Parents with insufficient English to complete the questionnaires and take part in the intervention have been excluded. Infants born before 32 weeks gestation or with a serious health concern have been excluded as program material may not be suitable for very premature or ill infants.
Sample Size/Power calculation
In a Victorian survey of 724 mothers, [4] 34% reported sleep problems at mean infant age of 4.6 months (range 3-6 months). In a community survey of Queensland parents [56] 27% reported a problem in their 4-6 month old infants (n = 740). Drawing upon this data, a relative reduction in the prevalence of parent report of an infant sleep problem (sleep problem yes/no) by 30% at infant age four months (i.e. from 30% to 20%) is likely to be clinically significant and to have flow on effects for parent mental health. Assuming this, we aimed to detect a reduction in the proportion of infant sleep problems from 30% to 20% at 4-months with 80% power at the 5% significance level. In a trial that randomises individuals, we required 313 subjects in each arm or a total of 780 families, allowing for a 20% loss to follow up. Due to time and budget restraints, we have been able to recruit 750 families only, giving us 78% power to detect a reduction in the proportion of infant sleep problems from 30% to 20% at 4-months, at the 5% level of significance.
Using a computer generated random number sequence, an independent researcher allocated each consenting family to the intervention or control group. The research team and families remained blind to group allocation at the time of recruitment and consent; however, following this, knowledge of group allocation is unavoidable given the intervention type.
Reducing bias
Despite being at risk of response and subjective bias, parental perceptions of either a sleep or cry problem (yes/no) is our most important outcome measure, given its relation to increased parental depression symptoms, early weaning and increased risk of Shaken Baby Syndrome. To counteract the disadvantages of using a subjective outcome measure, we are also using a validated behaviour diary to obtain measures of sleep and cry duration. In a previous study of 446 infants, we found that diary data including total crying time and number of bouts of crying/24 hours were significantly increased in parents who reported problem crying in their infant vs. those who did not, whilst sleep duration and number of bouts of sleep/24 hours were significantly reduced in infant's whose parents reported a sleep problem vs. those who did not [5].
All parents allocated to the intervention group will be posted a study-designed booklet and DVD and will be offered an individual telephone consultation (at infant age 6 weeks) and group session (at infant age 12 weeks). Telephone consultations and parent groups will be facilitated by trained health professionals (nurses, psychologists) with a background in infant care. These facilitators will spend a minimum of two hours completing specific training in how to use the Baby Business telephone and group session manuals. This training will be facilitated by either the Chief Investigator (HH) or the project manager (FC), and all facilitators will observe a minimum of two telephone consultations and two groups before independently delivering program content.
The 27-page booklet provides parents with information about normal infant sleep patterns, sleep cycles and therefore, the potential for an infant to wake overnight several times. The benefit of an infant learning to fall asleep independently is discussed. Content highlights the disadvantages of an infant relying on parent dependent cues to fall asleep at the beginning of the night (e.g. by rocking). The dangers of parents sharing their bed with a newborn are also described. Steps to settling an infant are given with emphasis on the importance of putting the infant down for a sleep drowsy but awake, so that the infant can learn to fall asleep independently. Normal infant crying patterns are discussed (including the 'crying curve' showing the natural peak and subsequent decline in infant crying; used with permission from the website: http://www.purplecrying.info webcite[57]) together with strategies for managing infant crying in both checklist and pictorial form. Signs and symptoms of uncommon medical causes of crying are outlined. Information on improving parental wellbeing is provided, as well as information on typical sleep and feeding patterns in Australian children after the first three months of life.
The DVD covers very similar content to the booklet but also includes footage of parents discussing the methods they use to settle their infant, the tired signs their infant displays, as well as demonstrations of how they wrap and sooth their infant.
Telephone consultation
The telephone consultation expands on the content of the booklet and DVD. During the telephone call, a facilitator helps the parent apply the information in a way that is suitable for their family. Parents are encouraged to discuss topics such as: whether they have noticed their infant's sleep cycles; how their infant behaves when over-tired and how to recognise and avoid over-tiredness; the advantages of teaching an infant to fall asleep without hands on help; the risks of co-sleeping; changes they would like to make to their settling routine as well as strategies they will use when their infant is having trouble settling; where their infant currently lies on the 'crying curve' and what they might expect to happen to crying duration in the coming weeks; colic; and, if appropriate, uncommon medical causes of crying.
Parent Group
Parents are invited to attend a 1.5 hour group session at a local venue. The group aims to troubleshoot any problems parents are having with infant sleep and crying. The group facilitator follows a manual that covers daytime feeding and sleeping patterns at 3 to 4 months of age, day time napping and how to encourage longer daytime sleeps, night time feeding, use of dummies, wrapping, myths around infant care, and the importance of parental self-care.
Usual Care
Families allocated to the 'usual care' (control) group receive no intervention from our research team. These families continue to receive the usual assistance and advice provided to all parents of newborns, via usual contact with MCH nurses and other health professionals.
Baseline questionnaire
Parent A (the primary caregiver) will complete a baseline questionnaire including infant date of birth, birth weight, birth order, gestation, the type of milk being given, approximate number of feeds during the day and the night, caregiver's date of birth, country of birth, the main language spoken in the home, current marital status and highest level of education completed. Details are also gathered regarding partner date of birth, country of birth and their highest level of education completed. They will also be asked where their infant spends most of the night (parents bed, own cot/bed in other room, own cot/bed in parent's room or 'other') and whether their infant has been diagnosed with or suspected of any major illness.
Parent A will complete the 'doubt' subscale of the Maternal Cognitions about Infant Sleep Questionnaire [25] (see below). Other subscales are not relevant at such a young age. Feelings of parental doubt may already manifest at 2 to 4 weeks of age and such doubts are associated with increased likelihood of infant sleep problems [25]. Parent A will also be asked whether they think they are a relaxed or tense person (0 = relaxed to 10 = tense; Sayers, 2004); being 'tense' (scoring 7 or higher) predicts higher infant irritability at nine weeks of age.
Follow up questionnaires
In order to establish the efficacy of this intervention, we are measuring outcomes at infant age four and six months, since most infants 'sleep through the night' by four months of age [58] and no longer require night time feeding to meet their nutritional needs by six months of age. Measurement at these time points will therefore indicate established sleep patterns of these infants.
Both Parent A and Parent B (secondary caregiver) will complete follow up questionnaires at infant age four and six months. Only Parent A will complete an infant behaviour diary and the feeding questions at these time points.
Primary & secondary outcomes
Our primary outcome is parent report of infant night time sleep problems. Secondary outcomes include parent report of day time sleep problems, infant crying problems and feeding problems. Parents will be asked 'Have any of the following baby behaviours been a problem for you over the last 2 weeks? Daytime sleep (yes/no), Night-time sleep (yes/no), Crying (yes/no)' [59]. If a parent answers 'yes' to any of these, they will rate the severity of the problem on a seven point Likert scale from 1 = 'hardly any problem' to 7 = 'a severe problem' [43].
Parent A will also complete an infant behaviour diary over a 72 hour period, during which they will record whether their infant is sleeping, feeding, awake and content or awake and crying/fussing in 10-minute epochs. This diary has been adapted from the Barr diary which measures such behaviours in 5 minute epochs and has sound psychometric properties [60].
Parental sleep quality and quantity
Two items have been adapted from the validated Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) [61] to measure parent perception of sleep quantity and quality: (1) 'Over the last two weeks, how would you rate your own sleep quantity?' with responses of 'Not nearly enough', 'Not quite enough', 'Enough' or 'More than enough' and (2) 'Over the last two weeks, how would you rate your own sleep quality?' with responses 'Not nearly good enough', 'Not quite good enough', 'Good enough' or 'More than good enough'.
Parents will also report how many times and for how long on average they attended their infant for night waking over the past week.
Postnatal depression
The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) [62] is a validated screen of postnatal depression (PND) [63,64] consisting of 10 items. Clinically significant levels of PND are indicated by scores ≥ 10 and ≥ 9 for mothers and fathers in community samples, respectively.
Parental cognitions around infant sleep
The 20-item Maternal Cognitions about Infant Sleep Questionnaire (MCISQ) [25] has 5 subscales including: limit setting (ability to resist infant demands), anger (anger, regret and helplessness), doubt (uncertainty regarding ability as a parent), feeding (belief about the importance of feeding to settle and concerns about child going hungry) and safety (concerns about cot death). We have not included the 'feeding' subscale as it is not associated with infant sleep problems [25].
Parental perception of infant temperament
Parents will rate their infant's temperament on a six point scale: 'Compared to other babies, I think my baby is:' Much easier than average, Easier than average, Average, More difficult than average, Much more difficult than average or cannot say. This single item from the Australian Temperament Project-a longitudinal study of 2000 children-has a moderate correlation with the Australian version of the Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire [65].
Sources of alternate help for infant sleep/crying
Parents will be asked if they have received help or advice (professional or otherwise) from outside the program for either their infant's sleep/crying or for their own stress, and if so, how many appointments they attended for each.
Parent A will indicate the type of food being offered to their infant at present (breast milk, formula or a combination of these) [66,67], and if applicable, whether breast feeding has stopped and why, whether their infant's formula has changed at any stage and whether the mother has changed her own diet while breastfeeding. The 6 month questionnaire also asks about timing of introduction and type of solids.
Caregiver support and self-efficacy
At baseline and follow up, parent A will rate the level of support or help they receive from their partner and family and friends living elsewhere (I get enough help, I don't get enough help, I don't get any help, I don't need any help), and how often they feel they need support or help but can't get it from anyone (very often, often, sometimes, never, I don't need it) (LSAC) [68]. Parent A will rate their efficacy as a parent (from 1 = not very good to 5 = a very good parent) [68].
Parental use of intervention materials
Intervention parents will be asked which components of the intervention they received or participated in and usefulness of each, on a study-designed scale ('not at all (useful), a little, quite a bit, a great deal'). Intervention parents will also be asked to rate the helpfulness of specific strategies provided in the intervention materials as either helpful or unhelpful.
Throughout the recruitment phase, MCH nurses approached all families of newborn infants at the first home visit and asked permission to pass on to the research team the contact details of families interested in hearing more about the research. The research team contacted interested families to explain the study further and posted a recruitment pack (information statement, consent form and baseline questionnaire) to parent A and an information pack (information statement and consent form) to parent B if requested. Families were randomised upon receipt of their signed consent form and baseline questionnaire.
Families allocated to the usual care group received a letter explaining that they will continue to see their MCH nurse as usual. Those allocated to the Baby Business intervention group were mailed the booklet and DVD.
A member of the study team completes the telephone consultation with intervention group parents one to two weeks after sending the booklet and DVD. Families are then invited to attend a parenting group session when their infant is around 12 weeks of age. Neither the telephone consultation nor the parent group is compulsory, and parents who do not take part in these components will not be removed from the study given that they will already have received most of the program content via the booklet and DVD. Data will be gathered on participation in each component.
In order to minimize study drop-out, we will call parents if they have not returned their follow up questionnaires two weeks after they were mailed to them. If we do not receive the completed questionnaire in the two weeks following this, we will call the parent again and give the parent the option of completing a shortened version of the questionnaire (covering only the main outcome measures of whether infant sleep, crying and feeding are a problem) over the phone.
We hypothesise that intervention parents compared to control group parents will, at infant age four and six months, report:
• fewer infant night time sleep problems (primary outcome)
• fewer infant day time sleep problems
• fewer crying problems
• decreased mean infant crying duration and increased mean infant sleep duration/24 hours
• improved parent sleep quality and quantity,
• improved mental health with lower mean EPDS scores and lower proportions of mothers scoring > 10 and fathers scoring > 9 on the EPDS
• less difficult infant temperament,
• fewer visits to healthcare professionals for their infant's sleep and crying and their own wellbeing
• higher rates of breastfeeding, fewer formula changes and fewer dietary changes in breastfeeding mothers
Analysis plan
Outcome data at 4 and 6 months will be presented using descriptive statistics. Means and standard deviations will be given for continuous outcomes, as well as medians and inter-quartile ranges where continuous data are skewed. Proportions for categorical data will also be given. The primary outcome comparison will be of the proportion of infants with sleep and cry problems at 4 months between the two trial arms. Logistic regression adjusting for potential confounders identified a priori, and measured at baseline (including child gender and family socioeconomic status), will be used to estimate the treatment effect as an odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. Random effects regression models [69,70] will be used for further longitudinal analysis examining trends in treatment response, that is, persistence of sleep and cry problems from baseline to 4 and 6 months post intervention. Similar analysis will be carried out for each of the categorical outcomes. We will also compare mean scores for continuous outcomes at the primary endpoint of 4 months (e.g. sleep duration/24 hours) between the two trial arms using t tests, as well as linear regression adjusting for potential confounders. The study sample size is sufficient to enable the use of such techniques when the outcome data are skewed [71], and empirical bootstrap estimates will be examined to confirm the validity of the inferences made. Trends in treatment response will again be examined from baseline to 4 and 6 months post intervention using random effects regression models. All analyses will be conducted on the basis of intention to treat. The frequency and patterns of missing data will be examined and sensitivity analyses will be performed comparing the results of analyses restricted to families with complete data and analyses where missing data are imputed using a conservative approach [72].
Economic evaluation
A cost-consequences analysis will be conducted from a societal perspective. Costs and outcomes will be taken into account and valued in the analysis regardless of who bears the costs, who benefits or who provides the resources. The incremental costs of the intervention (the difference of costs accrued in the intervention group and costs accrued in the control group) will be compared to a range of the incremental primary and secondary outcomes. Both costs of delivering the intervention and costs of families' use of health and other services outside of the study will be considered in economics costing.
The economic evaluation will draw a comprehensive picture of the costs and consequences of the intervention and assist policy makers to make appropriate decisions on resource allocation to such interventions and determine the cost-effectiveness of nationwide roll-out.
Ethical approval
Ethical approval has been obtained from the Royal Children's Hospital Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC 28130) and the Department of Education and Early Childhood Development, Early Childhood Research Committee.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
FC and HH drafted the manuscript, with JB, HL, FM and WC contributing to several revisions. HH and JB are responsible for the study design. All authors have given approval for the final version to be published.
We would like to thank the Maternal and Child Health nurses and coordinators across the LGA's of Wyndham, Brimbank, Yarra City and Moonee Valley for their assistance in the recruitment of families. We would also like to thank all staff involved in the running of this research project: Tracey Kearins, Amy Coe, Zvezdana Bucalo, Jessica Antunovic, Raelene Rosicka, Marisa Baschuk, Anica Risteska, Dr. Gina Sartore and Dianne Ridley. Funding for this research has been provided by the Victorian Government Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (DEECD), the Scobie and Claire MacKinnon Trust and the Population Health Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University. Harriet Hiscock is supported by an Australian National Health & Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Career Development Award (Grant 607351) and Fiona Mensah is supported by the NHMRC Population Health Capacity Building Grant (Grant 436914).
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Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


text:
NEA wins delay on use of student test scores in teacher evaluations
The U.S. Department of Education is giving states until the 2015-16 school year-a two-year delay-to use student test scores for teacher evaluations. Education Secretary Arne Duncan made the announcement after more than a year of NEA and other education groups calling for such action.
NEA President-elect Lily Eskelsen-Garcia said, "There is increasing evidence that the collision between old and new standards and assessments with already flawed evaluation systems are fraught with pitfalls and dangerous consequences for student learning and growth-especially when these systems are developed hastily with too much external pressure and too little time for collaboration. It is just common sense to allow a moratorium on high-stakes consequences of test scores."
States requesting the delay must still continue to collect student growth data to share with teachers and be committed to using student growth scores in its teacher evaluation systems.
Here in Michigan, we may be ahead of the game. PA 257 of 2014 (SB817) sets the 2015-16 school year as the start date for the requirement that 50 percent of a teacher's evaluation be based on student growth. It also delays the implementation of any statewide evaluation system for teachers and administrators until the 2015-16 school year.
And HB 5223 and HB 5224-the evaluation bills waiting for action in the Senate-provide for the use of multiple locally-developed tools to measure student growth in addition to a statewide assessment. This limits the impact of just using a standardized test.

subset: commoncrawl


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Illinois School Purchasing Network (ISPN)
The Illinois School Purchasing Network offers all school districts in Illinois access to high-quality products at some of the best available government prices. The network was developed by the State Board to create savings opportunities that help Illinois school districts.
U.S. Communities is a nonprofit purchasing cooperative founded and owned by the National Association of Counties, National League of Cities, U.S. Conference of Mayors, Association of School Business Officials, International and National Institute of Governmental Purchasing (NIGP). U.S. Communities is also sponsored in the State of Illinois by the Illinois State Board of Education, Illinois School Business Officials and the Illinois Municipal League. Over 2,500 Illinois public agencies are registered with the program.
School district contracts through the Illinois School Purchasing Network are free, voluntary and non-exclusive, with no spending minimums. Because all of the contracts in the network have been bid by another governmental entity, school districts will avoid the administrative burdens associated with the bidding process while accessing some of the best governmental pricing options available.
U.S. Communities
Public K-12 Schools and Regional Offices of Education can access multiple suppliers through US Communities.
U.S. Communities is a nonprofit purchasing cooperative founded and owned by the National Association of Counties, National League of Cities, U.S. Conference of Mayors, Association of School Business Officials International and NIGP (National Institute ofGovernmental Purchasing.) We are also sponsored in the State of Illinois by the Illinois State Board of Education, Illinois School Business Officials and the Illinois Municipal League. Over 2500 Illinois public agencies are registered with the program.
Important facts about U.S. Communities:
- There are no costs to participate.
- All contracts have been competitively bid to aggregate the purchasing power of all public agencies across the country and drive efficiencies.
- All contracts are non exclusive and non binding.
- All suppliers on contract guarantee their best overall value is through the U.S. Communities contract.
- Third party audits are performed.
- Benchmarking analysis is provided.
- Oversight is provided by public purchasing professionals.
- All contracts bid by the Advisory Board are public information and posted on the U.S. Communities website.
ISPN Background Information
- School Code Citation 105 ILCS 5/28A 5 (Source: Public Act 93-1036, Effective 9/14/04)
- ISPN Announcement (6/05)
- Letter from State Superintendent (6/05)
- Legal Opinion from ISBE General Counsel (6/05)
U.S. Communities Information
- Register Now
- U.S. Communities Flyer (8/11)
- Competitive Products at Quality Prices (8/11)
- ideallygreen Solutions for your Facility and the Environment (8/11)
- Fisher Science Education – Partnering for your Benefit (8/11)
- CarQuest – Partnering to Provide Automotive and Fleet Solutions (8/11)
- State Agency or Association Purchasing Programs (8/11)
Illinois schools have access to specialized purchasing programs offered by state agencies or associations. The linked file contains a list of programs with descriptions and contact information.
- Examples of Local Purchasing Programs (8/11)
Illinois schools also have access to specialized purchasing programs developed by educational entities. The linked file provides three examples of programs that were created locally to meet a common need. Each organization approached a problem differently and used different resources to create a solution that was tailored to the product and the need.
Contact Information
Myong-Ae Kim
Division Administrator
Fiscal & Procurement Services
Phone: 217-785-8777
Fax: 217-782-5727
E-Mail: email@example.com


text:
NOT IN OUR TOWN: LIGHT IN THE DARKNESS tells the story of residents of a Long Island village taking action after a local immigrant is killed in a hate crime attack by seven teenagers.Tags:
Not In Our Town: Light in the...
The story of how a community comes together to confront racial intolerance. 01:50
Not In Our Town: Light in the...
Residents of Patchogue, N.Y., come together to confront anti-immigrant violence. 03:45
Not In Our Town: Light in the...
Full Program: The story of how a community comes together to respond to anti-immigrant violence. 56:17
POV | Beyond Hatred: Update | PBS (#2209)
The Chenus have received replies from two of the three young men who killed Francois. 02:22
FRONTLINE | The Child Cases and... (#2916)
Full Program: June 28, 2011 magazine: "The Child Cases" and "Educating Sergeant Pantzke" 53:41
FRONTLINE | The Child Cases | PBS (#2916)
Full Program: What happens when a child dies under suspicious circumstances? Abuse is often suspected... 33:32
FRONTLINE | Preview "The... (#2916)
Are death investigators being properly trained for child cases? FRONTLINE, ProPublica and NPR examine pediatric... 00:31
Independent Lens | Me Facing... (#1215)
Cyntoia's adoptive mother struggles to understand why she missed the warning signs. In 2004, Cyntoia Brown was... 01:44
Independent Lens | Me Facing... (#1215)
In a pretrial interview, Dr. William Bernet listens as Cyntonia recounts a painful past. In 2004, Cyntoia Brown was... 03:09
Independent Lens | Me Facing... (#1215)
In prison, Cyntoia tries recuperate her own self-esteem after years of abuse. In 2004, Cyntoia Brown was arrested for... 03:01
Independent Lens | Me Facing... (#1215)
She made a split-second decision that changed everything. 00:28
FRONTLINE | Death By Fire | PBS (#2901)
Full Program: Did Texas execute an innocent man? FRONTLINE investigates the case of Todd Willingham. 54:11
FRONTLINE | Death by Fire,... (#2901)
Willingham's suspicious behavior following the death of his three children fuels rumors and makes him the primary... 02:11
No Tomorrow | PBS Trailer | PBS
No Tomorrow explores the murder of Risa Bejarano, the principal subject of the documentary Aging Out, and the... 00:33
Need To Know | The David Lewis... (#113)
The life of a prison reform advocate. 08:14
Secrets of the Dead | Gangland... (#502)
Full Program: Delve into the world of the Mafia through the insight of the real life Donnie Brasco 54:44
No Tomorrow - Documentary...
What happens when the subject of your documentary is killed and your film is used as evidence at a controversial death... 03:11
PBS NewsHour | A Mother's...
Barbara Jackman lost her third child, Brooke, whom she called "the light of my life." Brooke was working at the World... 03:36
PBS NewsHour | A Wife's Tribute...
Michele Bedigian was a proud newlywed wife of a Brooklyn firefighter, Carl, when 9/11 hit...Her "fairytale" came to a... 10:53
- Watch more video from this program
Post Date: September 12, 2011


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Intellectual disability (formerly called mental retardation) is
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BY Brent Dirks on Wed March 14th, 2012
Despite the large different in file sizes, 1080p content from iTunes held up surprisingly well against video from a Blu-ray disc in a recent comparison by ArsTechnica.
Continue reading →
BY Robin Rhys on Wed March 07th, 2012
There's a new iPad on the block, a new Apple TV and much more. Watch the our video roundup to find out everything that was announced at today's Apple event in under 10 minutes.
Continue reading →


text:
The following is an archive of a post made to our
'vox-tech mailing list'
by one of its subscribers.
I'm trying to change the umask value in two of my accounts from 002 to 001.
However, after I log out of each account the value reverts back to 002. How
can I make the change to 001 permanent?
Thank you,
vox-tech mailing list
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custom software development.
LUGOD: Linux Users' Group of Davis
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and serving the Sacramento area.
"Linux" is a trademark of Linus Torvalds.


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- Published: New York : Metropolis Books, c2008.
- Year Published: 2008
- Description: 126 p.
- Language: English
- Format: Book
ISBN/Standard Number
- 9781933045740
- 1933045744
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Edible estates : attack on the front lawn
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Call number: 712.6 Ed
Available Copies: Malletts Adult, Pittsfield Adult, Traverwood Adult, West Adult
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text: Srfi-22 specifies -r5rs, -srfi0, -srfi7, and -call command-line options. I can't cite Posix specifically, but my understanding is that only single-letter options should start with '-'. The GNU standard is to use '--' to start "long" option names. I think this is a good, consistent standard, which many people have been exposed to (e.g. via Linux). So I suggest using the options --r5rs --srfi0 --srfi7 and --call instead. This is less likely to conflict with random single-letter options. -- --Per Bothner per@xxxxxxxxxxx http://www.bothner.com/~per/


text:
Bruno Bich
Chairman of the Board
On March 1, 2006, Bruno Bich became non-executive Chairman and remains Chairman of the Board of the BIC Group. He had served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer since June 1993, when he succeeded Company founder, Marcel Bich.
Prior to his nomination as BIC Group Chairman, Bruno Bich served for nine years as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of BIC Corporation, the Company's North American subsidiary. He was instrumental in building the Company's North American franchise, which now represents almost 50% of the Group's sales.
Rising through the ranks in the U.S. business, he held numerous key corporate positions including Vice President of Sales and Marketing and National Sales Manager.
Bruno Bich began his career in the corporate finance department of White Weld & Company, the investment banking firm, where he worked for five years before joining BIC. Bruno Bich holds a bachelor's degree in marketing and finance from New York University.
Mario Guevara
Chief Executive Officer
On March 1, 2006, Mario Guevara became Chief Executive Officer of the BIC Group. He had held the position of Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer since March 2004.
Previously, he served as President of BIC Corporation and General Manager of BIC North and South America since 2001. Prior to that, he was BIC South America Continent Director, as well as General Manager of BIC Mexico and Central America. Mr. Guevara's appointment to Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer came 11 years after joining BIC Mexico in 1992 as Finance Director.
Before joining BIC, he was Vice President of Finance for the French company, Moulinex in Mexico. He also worked for Condumex, a large industrial conglomerate in Mexico.
Mr. Guevara holds an MBA from IPADE, a Mexico-based institution closely affiliated with Harvard Business School and holds his undergraduate degree in chemical engineering from the National University of Mexico (UNAM) in Mexico City.


text:
'Mad Men' wins Emmy for drama, 'Modern Family' for best comedy
LOS ANGELES (AP) — The darkly intimate 1960s-era drama "Mad Men" and the comedy romp "Modern Family" were the top honorees at Sunday's Emmy Awards as American life past and present proved a winning formula.
"To our fans, we are so grateful, we are so thrilled that families are sitting down together to watch a television show, and we're so happy that you have let us into your families," said Steven Levitan, "Modern Family" executive producer.
School offers free aerobics classes
NEWARK — The Cedar Ridge School District is offering aerobics classes and a walking/running club.
Aerobics will be held at 6 p.m. on Mondays and Thursdays at the Newark Elementary gym. The first class begins tonight.
The 45-minute sessions, featuring different levels for beginners and those more experienced, will be offered free to the community and instructed by Terri Ann Cunningham. Participants can sign up when the classes begin.
A free running and walking club will also be held at 6 p.m. on Wednesdays at the Cedar Ridge High School track.
Teens busted for drugs, auto theft
Claiming they were lost and didn't know why their SUV smelled of marijuana, two teenage boys were detained by Lyon College security early this morning and are now facing numerous drug charges, according to Independence County Sheriff's Deputy Shawn Stephens.
Stephens, who responded with Deputies Wayne Green and Anthony Carter, said the boys, ages 15 and 17, were detained at the college security office around 2 a.m. after being found driving around the parking lots.
Both boys claimed they were lost and trying to get home, Stephens said.
Marty Stuart to be at Folk Center
MOUNTAIN VIEW — Marty Stuart will be headlining the evening performance as part of the Tribute to Grandpa Jones weekend at the Ozark Folk Center State Park.
Stuart will perform at 7 p.m. Saturday. Tickets are $20.
Meanwhile, Grammy Award winning multi-instrumentalist Sam Bush will be headlining the Friday evening performance at 7. Tickets are $15.
Tickets for either evening may be purchased by calling (870) 269-3851.
Curtis Wilson
MELBOURNE — Curtis Wilson, 76, of Melbourne died Wednesday, Aug. 25, 2010, in Batesville.
Born March 18, 1934, in Tyronza, he was the son of Emmett and India Jeffery Wilson. He was a retired farmer and enjoyed puzzles and gardening. He was of the Baptist faith.
Survivors include his wife, Dorothy Fay Crestwell Wilson; and two brothers, Harold Wilson of Columbia, Mo., and Robert Wilson of Edmond, Okla.
He was preceded in death by his parents; and a brother, Edwin Wilson.
Jeremy Wood correction
CHARLOTTE — Incorrect information was provided to the Guard for the obituary of Jeremy Wood, which ran in Friday's edition.
Graveside services were at 4 p.m. today in Wood Cemetery with Jeff Childers officiating. Arrangements were by Willis Funeral Service in Batesville.
Survivors include his grandmother (adopted mother), Ruthie Wood.
Florence Taylor
GAINESBORO — Florence Jackson Taylor, 85, of the Gainesboro community died Friday, Aug. 27, 2010, in a Batesville hospital.
Born Aug. 19, 1925, in the Gainesboro community, she was the daughter of Fred Jackson Sr. and Eva Tripp Jackson. She was a homemaker and a cook at Cord-Charlotte School. She enjoyed gardening and flowers. She was a member of Antioch Church of Christ.
Naomi Smith
POUGHKEEPSIE — Naomi Smith, 90, of Poughkeepsie died Saturday, Aug. 28, 2010, in a Cave City nursing home.
Born July 16, 1920, at Poughkeepsie, she was the daughter of Charley and Fannie Medlock. She was a homemaker and was retired from Smith's Grocery Store in Poughkeepsie. She was a member of Poughkeepsie Church of Christ.
Melford Morgan
Melford Levi Morgan, 85, of Batesville died Saturday, Aug. 28, 2010.
Born Aug. 21, 1925, in Wappapello, Mo., he was the son of Roger and Addie Wilson Morgan. He was a cabinet maker, having retired in 1993 from Western Manufacturing in Arlington, Texas. He was a member of Blackwater Baptist Church at Manila. He had played the guitar for 60 years and enjoyed traveling, listening to bluegrass music and gardening.
Doris Smith
Doris M. Smith, 86, of Batesville died Sunday, Aug. 29, 2010, in a Batesville hospital.
A memorial service will be held at a later date in Phoenix. Arrangements are by Qualls Batesville Funeral Service.
No local service or visitation will be held.
Memorials may be made to the charity of choice.
Daphene Milligan
CAVE CITY — Daphene James Milligan, 75, of Cave City died Sunday, Aug. 29, 2010, at her home.
The funeral will be at 2 p.m. Wednesday at First Missionary Baptist Church in Cave City. Burial will be in Mount View Cemetery east of Cave City under the direction of Qualls Funeral Home of Cave City.
Visitation will be from 5 to 8 p.m. Tuesday at the church.
Henry Melton
Henry C. Melton, 93, of Batesville, died Saturday, Aug. 28, 2010, in a Batesville nursing home.
Born March 4, 1917, in the Lafferty area, he was the son of Richard and Della Mae Clouse Melton. He was the owner of Independence County Construction Company and was a home builder in the Batesville area for 45 years. He enjoyed building, gardening, cooking and canning. He was a Mason and a member of Cushman Assembly of God Church.


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About the District The Cove Improvement District (CID) is an assessment district formed in June 2005 in the Cathedral City Cove area to construct sewer and street improvements to comply with State Water Code Section 13286 that prohibits the use of septic tanks in the Cove after January 1, 2012. The $38 million project eliminates 1,500 septic tanks. Approximately $7 million in grant funds have been awarded to the project. The CID will pay the remaining cost of $31 million over a 30-year period at a 5% interest rate through property tax assessments. The assessment includes sewer lines within street right-of-way, a sewer lateral extended to each property, street reconstruction, and curbs installed where none exist. The cost for property owners to abandon their septic tanks and hook up to the sewer is not included in the CID assessment. This work requires a City Building Permit and a one-time sewer connection fee paid to the Desert Water Agency (DWA) . Below are links to the City's Building Department and DWA, and a list of companies who perform sewer hook up/septic abandonment services. You can review property tax bills by visiting treasurer-tax.co.riverside.ca.us . Note: if a property owner paid the assessment in full, no CID assessment appears on the property tax bill. In addition, some property owners have paid the DWA directly or included the DWA fee in their assessment. For specific questions about a property's assessment, please call (866) 807-6864.News Financial assistance for Cove annual assessment & sewer hook-up costs is available for low-to-moderate income homeowners through the Cathedral City Housing Office. Please call (760) 770-0376 for more information. As of May 21, 2010, all properties in the Cove Improvement District are approved for connection to the sewer!
Please contact the City's Building Department at (760) 770-0340 for connection informationDownload
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text:
As of Thursday, August 30, 2012
© Copyright 2015 Gwinnett Daily Post
As devastating as they are, ACL tears in the knee have become so common and repairs to them have become so efficient, that it's changed our outlook on the injury.
An ACL injury years ago threatened an athlete's career. Now we hear about an athlete suffering the injury, and we expect their return, better than ever, in six months.
With that said, what happened to Dion DuBose wasn't a typical knee injury.
It happened Nov. 13, 2010, when the Norcross grad and his Georgia Southern teammates played Western Carolina. Engaged with a blocker, he was hit low by another player, whose helmet struck directly on DuBose's knee.
The impact grotesquely wrenched his knee and tore the ACL, MCL and PCL. In short, it was a mess.
"I remember sitting in a staff meeting and hearing from a trainer that he may never play football again," Georgia Southern offensive coordinator Brent Davis said this week.
This story, fortunately, has a happy ending. But getting to that point didn't happen quickly.
DuBose, on crutches for months after the repair, missed the entire 2011 football season to a medical redshirt for rehabilitation. He spent a year and a half away from the sport before he was cleared to return for spring practice earlier this year.
On Saturday night, he will play his first game since the injury when the Eagles host Jacksonville.
"It feels real good," DuBose said of playing football again. "It was a long process, but my teammates stood behind me. They got me motivated to get back out there. Watching them practice, watching them work, really motivated me to get back on the field."
Like all of those close to DuBose, Norcross head coach Keith Maloof was devastated. He thought highly of the family, having coached two of the 6-foot-1, 235-pounder's brothers previously.
"It shows what kind of person he is, that he was able to come back," Maloof said. "For me, he was a great leader on and off the football field. I knew he'd come out of it. He's a team player and he's a leader."
DuBose isn't just happy with getting back, though. He wants to regain his old form that made him a defensive star at Norcross, where he made 174 tackles as a senior, and at Georgia Southern. He made the Southern Conference All-Freshman Team in 2008 and led the Eagles with 85 tackles as a sophomore, playing linebacker both seasons.
He switched to defensive end the following season and did well there until the brutal knee injury. He returned to end this year with a strong spring practice that concluded with eight tackles and a sack in the spring game.
"I feel real close to where I was before (the injury), maybe even better," said DuBose, who graduated in May but elected to play his final season.
DuBose begins the next phase of his comeback Saturday when he returns to the starting lineup for a real game. It will be a satisfying moment for him, knowing that he came back from an injury much worse than a typical ACL tear, and an inspiring one for his teammates, who watched him work for more than a year to get back on the field.
"Dion's outstanding, so many kids look up to him and respect him for the way he's worked," Davis said. "As an offensive coach, this camp we couldn't block him. He made plays all over. He plays with a high motor and he means a lot to our defense."
Will Hammock can be reached via email at email@example.com. His column appears on Thursdays. For archived columns, go to www.gwinnettdailypost.com/willhammock. For Hammock's blog, go to www.gwinnettdailypost.com/willsworld.
More like this story
- GWINNETT GRADS: Locals a big part of Georgia Southern's plans ( August 31, 2012 )
- HAMMOCK: Hawks' Governale staying positive after cruel twist ( August 22, 2012 )
- GWINNETT GRADS: Davis has AUM women's basketball team off to strong start ( January 4, 2013 )
- Fans Choice Player of the Year: Mill Creek's Carter Governale ( December 5, 2013 )
- As predicted
Norcross LB all grown up, living up to expectations ( October 23, 2007 )


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1256 reviews
This app is no longer published
PublisherLazyworm Applications Ltd.
More from Lazyworm Applications Ltd.
Download size1 MB
Last updated8/26/2011
Works with
- Windows Phone 8.1
- Windows Phone 8
- Windows Phone 7.5
- Windows Phone 7
App requires
- phone identity
- photo, music, and video libraries
- data services
- push notification service
- web browser component
- HD720P (720x1280)
- WVGA (480x800)
- WXGA (768x1280)
Supported languages (2)
English (United States) 日本語
Feature packed, beautifully designed, ad free YouTube app that won't cost you a penny. A must have if you want to watch YouTube videos on your Windows Phone 7. Version 2.6 Improvements - Added Japanese translation Full feature list - Live tile notifications - HQ video streaming over 3G - YouTube "like" and "dislike" support - Custom video player with seek, rotate lock & mute - Zune hub integration - Subscriptions, favourites and commenting support - Advanced video search and filtering - Video sharing via facebook, twitter, SMS and email - Lazylist (customizable video feed) - Author details & subscription - Regional settings - Recently played videos (history feed) - Customizable navigation - Low quality streaming option - Play videos under lock - Play YouTube links/URL's via search - Sleek 'Metro' style interface Who's talked about us? - 5 Stars on T3 App Chart (ranked #1 for months) - Featured on Vodafone NZ website - Mentioned on Lifehacker More Info - Website: lazywormapps.com - Facebook: facebook.com/lazywormApps - Twitter: @lazywormapps
12/17/2012Used to work.. Now it just never plays anything /:
11/8/2012Nowhere near as effective as it used to be.
10/26/2012Used to work, now i get " error trying to play in HD, would you like to watch in low quality"
10/22/2012HQ doesn't work anymore for whatever reason.
10/22/2012Says "cannot play this video in HD" for every video... Even if I did play the same video in HD yesterday. The app is great when it works, but it needs a lot of fixing.
10/20/2012Always says there is an error and it cannot play the videos- I uninstall/reinstall but it eventually will repeat the error message.
9/20/2012I will change my rating when this works again. HTC hd7 phone. No longer works for playback as others posted. Used to be the best app!
9/20/2012Error doesn't allow video play.


text:
Description: Buttery soft and light weight, this microsuede knit fabric features 25% stretch across the grain and is double napped (brushed on both sides) with pin dot cut outs. It is perfect for apparel such as unique tops, light jackets, vests, ...
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text:
Why Leave No Trace?
Introduction To Quest
Your Park Quest adventure at Sandy Point State Park will introduce you to an area of the park seldom seen by the public. You will work your way through a number of puzzles on this self-guided quest that will lead your team to the answer of why we should all Leave No Trace. Your quest will end with a picturesque view of the Chesapeake Bay, Sandy Point Lighthouse, and the Chesapeake Bay Bridge.
Quest Information
The Park Quest at Sandy Point State Park starts at the Headquarters Office. Make sure to follow the sign for the office because its located outside of the park entrance. Your first clue will be found just outside the office door. The Quest is available 7 days per week from 8 a.m. 5 p.m. Please note: Park may fill to capacity on weekends and holidays and may be closed for entry. If this is the case, youll need to show the traffic personnel your Passport in order to gain access to the office, but you will not be able to enter the park until it has re-opened.
Your quest is self-guided, meaning that you will not need to access park buildings or locate park staff, and is a 1.2 mile hike that will take about 1 ½ hours to complete. Pets are permitted in the Quest Area of the park as long as they are on a 6 foot leash at all times. Pets are NOT permitted in the Day-Use Area of the Park from May 1 through September 30.
Follow the arrows on the map on the back of your Quest Sheet in order to stay on the path. Park Quest signs will mark the stations. Each stop along the way will have a puzzle that needs to be arranged correctly in order to determine which Leave No Trace Principle is being featured. The puzzle will also contain a letter to record on your Quest Sheet in order to answer the quest puzzle.
To answer the question Why Leave No Trace? and complete the quest, teams must unscramble the letters they collected to form a key word. At the final station, you will find a Park Quest log-in book and a medallion to do a rubbing in your passport.
Print your Sandy Point Quest Worksheet here.
Print your Sandy Point Quest Map here.
Things to Bring
- Insect repellent
- Sunscreen
- Digital Camera
- Pen/Pencil
- Water/snacks
- Walking shoes/boots
Park Information
Sandy Point was opened in 1952 by the State of Maryland. The park was developed in response to the need for recreational opportunities on the Chesapeake Bay.
This 786-acre State Park is located along the Northwestern shore of the majestic Chesapeake Bay. The parks beaches and picnic areas are well known for their breathtaking scenic water views that overlook one of Marylands true treasures, the Chesapeake Bay.
Recreational activities and services include swimming beaches, picnicking, fishing, crabbing, boating, hiking, youth group camping, areas of historical interest and wildlife viewing. The Park also offers a marina store and boat rentals, as well as a nature center with native creatures.
Sandy Point State Park
1100 East College Parkway
Annapolis, MD 21401
Directions to Sandy Point State Park:
Sandy Point State Park is located in Anne Arundel County, at the western terminus of the Bay Bridge, off U.S. Routes 50/301 at exit 32.


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Toronto TCT a place for recreation and repair
June 7th, 2013
Having a free, accessible place to reconnect with nature is something we take for granted if we have the resources to get away from the city when we want. But for those of us in situations where time or money is tight, an urban Trail like the segment of the TCT that runs [...]
Honorary Trail opening at Rideau Hall and 24 Sussex a resounding success
May 27th, 2013
A new honorary section of Trans Canada Trail was officially opened on Friday, May 24, on the grounds of Rideau Hall and at 24 Sussex by Their Excellencies the Right Honourable David Johnston, Governor General of Canada, and Mrs. Sharon Johnston, TCT Honorary Patrons, and Mrs. Laureen Harper, Honorary Chair of the TCT Chapter [...]
Peterborough residents celebrate new section of Trans Canada Trail
May 10th, 2013
A 33-kilometre gap in the Lang-Hastings Trans Canada Trail was bridged on May 2 with the official grand opening celebrations and barbecue luncheon. The creation of this repurposed rail-trail brings our national project just a little bit closer to full connection by 2017. After years of planning and thanks to the work of nearly [...]
Celebrating our Successes: Atikokan-Quetico
April 17th, 2013
How do you celebrate a Trail opening in February in Northern Ontario? How about a gorgeous day of cross-country skiing punctuated with a ribbon cutting, bonfires, hot chocolate and prizes? The Grand Opening of the Atikokan-Quetico segment of the Trans Canada Trail held at the Little Falls Community Centre in Atikokan, Ont., on Feb. [...]
Introducing the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Trail
October 29th, 2012
Their Excellencies the Right Honourable David Johnston, Governor General of Canada, and Mrs. Sharon Johnston were present as the Trans Canada Trail unveiled a plaque for the designation of a section of the Trans Canada Trail as The Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Trail. The event took place on Friday October 26 on the Capital [...]
Parks Canada seeks public input on the development of Rouge Park, Canada's first National Urban Park
June 27th, 2012
You've probably heard of Toronto's Rouge Park. It's big. Real big! Currently spanning 47 square kilometres in the eastern sector of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), it is one of North America's largest urban parks. So big in fact, it is well on its way to becoming Canada's first National Urban Park. Within the boundaries [...]
Governor General commemorates the War of 1812 by cycling the Trail
June 19th, 2012
His Excellency the Right Honourable David Johnston, Governor General of Canada, cycled 12 km on the Niagara River Recreational Trail, part of the Trans Canada Trail on Saturday, June 16th. Joining him on the scenic ride from the Laura Secord Homestead to Fort George was our own Valerie Pringle, Co-Chair of the Trans Canada Trail [...]
Northern Ontario International Trails Day
June 1st, 2012
There's a lot of Trans Canada Trail activity in Ontario's North and near-North: the development of the Kinghorn Trail from Thunder Bay to Nipigon; planning the Path of the Paddle water route from Pigeon River to Manitoba; and developing a plan to connect North Bay and Sudbury. This is an exciting time for us and [...]
International Trails Day
May 3rd, 2012
Good day everyone! Are you ready for it? International Trails Day is less than one month away! Do you have any plans for the big day, June 2, 2012? We'll be updating our blog throughout the month with events happening across the country; click on your province under the Categories tab at the top of [...]
In the news…March 1, 2011
March 1st, 2011
A Kinghorn Rail Trail Project Open House will be held Wednesday, March 2 in Thunder Bay, ON at the 55 Plus Centre, 700 River Street. Doors open at 7:00 pm; everyone is invited. For more info, contact Shaun Karsten of TCTO at 807-629-4817 or email firstname.lastname@example.com Northwest Territories Recreation and Parks Association is offering a [...]
The Trans Canada Trail celebrates connection on Prince Edward Island
The Trans Canada Trail and the Province of Prince Edward Island are thrilled to announce the full connection of the Province's portion of the Trans Canada Trail, known as the Confederation Trail. Prince Edward Island is the second province to connect its section of the TCT.
- Press release (pdf)
Honorary section of Trail at Rideau Hall and 24 Sussex
A new honorary section of Trans Canada Trail was officially unveiled on the grounds of Rideau Hall and 24 Sussex by Their Excellencies the Right Honourable David Johnston, Governor General of Canada, and Mrs. Sharon Johnston, TCT Patrons, and Mrs. Laureen Harper, Honorary Chair of the TCT Chapter 150 Campaign. (May 24, 2013)
- Press release (pdf)
Path of the Paddle
Trans Canada Trail Ontario hosts Community Information Sessions to showcase the "Path of the Paddle" project: a Tourism Destination Product in northwestern Ontario (June 29, 2012)
- Press release (pdf)
Go the Greenway
Trans Canada Trail launches greenways campaign (June 21, 2012)
- Press release (pdf) or redirect to CNW Matthews
- Website: Greenway.TCTrail.ca
Trans Canada Trail and Environment Canada-Biosphere launch BioKit (Oct. 13, 2011)
- Press release (pdf) or redirect to CNW Matthews
- BioKit (pdf)
Tribute to Dr. Camu
The Trans Canada Trail honours founder Dr. Pierre Camu (June 2, 2010)
- Redirect to CNW Matthews
- BioKit (pdf)
Tribute to Dr. Camu
The Trans Canada Trail honours founder Dr. Pierre Camu (June 2, 2010)
- Redirect to CNW Matthews
In the news
Published features
- The Globe and Mail special information feature (June 28, 2014): Our Canadian Journey
- The Globe and Mail special information feature (June 28, 2013): What does it take to build one of the world's longest and grandest trails? Your help (pdf)
- The Globe and Mail's National Philanthropy Day special (November 15, 2012) featured the Trans Canada Trail on pages 2 and 5. (pdf)
- MacLean's (via the Canadian Press) mentions the Trans Canada Trail as a priority in its September 24, 2012 article, MPs say Ottawa needs to-do list for Canada's 150th birthday.
- Canadian Geographic (July/August 2012) features the Path of the Paddle, a 900-km water route on the Trans Canada Trail, in Path of the Paddle: A wild new canoe link on the Trans Canada Trail (pdf), by Hap Wilson, or redirect to Canadian Geographic website.
- Ottawa Life (August 2012) features the Trans Canada Trail in Get Out There and Explore Coast-to-Coast-to-Coast (pdf) or redirect to Ottawa Life website.
- The Globe and Mail special information feature (June 29, 2012): Countdown to 2017 (pdf)
- Via Rail's Destinations magazine features the Trans Canada Trail (June 2012): Once There Were Rails (pdf)
- YorkU Magazine's Summer 2012 edition features Pierre Lassonde, a Trans Canada Trail Foundation board member, in Heart of Gold (pdf)
- Journal de Montréal (May 5 2012): Le sentier Transcanadien, un parcours de découvertes (pdf, French only)
- Ottawa Life Magazine (May-June 2012): The Natural: Laureen Harper talks family, fitness and Canadian Pride (pdf)
- National Geographic: Journeys of a Lifetime (pdf)
- Rails to Trails (Winter 2012): Canadian Spirit: The Trans Canada Trail (pdf)
- The Globe and Mail special information feature (July 1, 2011): Your Trail. Your Journey. (pdf)
- Parents Canada (June/July 2011) presents Happy Trails To You (pdf), a guide to exploring the Trans Canada Trail with children.
Radio Features
- Julie Brouard, TCT's former communications director, talks about the Trail's 20th anniversary and the plan for the next five years on Les samedis du monde on Radio-Canada (July 7, 2012): Redirects to Radio-Canada (French only)
- Deborah Apps, president and CEO of the Trail, and Barb Trainor of Island Trails talk about PEI's trails and their goals on the island (May 24, 2012): Redirects to CBC Radio
Newsletter archives
Click here to redirect to archives of Trail Talk
PSA Videos
Follow us
Chapter 150
This circle of influential and visionary leaders will help us connect the Trail and all Canadians.
Did you know?
The Trail is within 30 minutes of over 80% of Canadians and runs through or near 1,000 communities.
Donate now
This summer, double your gift to the Trail! The Richardson Foundation will match your donation until August 15th, 2015!


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Mats Inc. Floorworks Luxury 12" x 18" Vinyl Tile in African Slate
Special Offer:
12 Issues of Sunset Magazine
Included with purchase ($20 value).
Mats Inc. Floorworks Luxury 12" x 18" Vinyl Tile in African Slate
Additional Documents
Weights & Dimensions
|Flooring Type: Vinyl tile
|Finish: African slate
|Wax Finish: Yes
|Vinyl Shade: Dark
|Surface Type: Textured
|Edge Type: Square
|Theme: Stone/Slate look
|Water Resistant: Yes
|UV Resistant: Yes
|Fire Resistant: Yes
|Scratch Resistant: Yes
|Stain Resistant: Yes
|Mildew Resistant: Yes
|Fade Resistant: Yes
|Chip Resistant: Yes
|Slip Resistant: Yes
|Hypoallergenic: Yes
|Non-Toxic: Yes
|Vinyl Carton: Yes
|Underlayment Included: No
|Sound Absorbent: Yes
|Luxury Vinyl: Yes
|Product Length: 12"-18"
|Product Width: 6"-12"
|Commercial Use: Yes
|Recycled Content: Yes
|Eco-Friendly: Yes
|Product Care: Wipe clean with dry or damp cloth - do not use strong liquid cleaners
|Country of Manufacture: Taiwan, Province of China
|Assembly Required: No
|Installation Required: Yes
|Additional Parts Required: Yes
|Product Warranty: Lifetime residential - 20 years commercial
|LEED Certified: Yes
|ASTM Certified: Yes
|CARB Compliant: Yes
|ISO 14000 Certified: Yes
|ISO 9000 Certified: Yes
About the ManufacturerFounded in 1971, Mats Inc. is a privately held business headquartered in Massachusetts with additional distribution facilities in Georgia and sales offices throughout the United States. For more than 40 years, Mats Inc. has delivered quality commercial matting and flooring solutions and their customers have come to expect the very best from them: award-winning product designs, deep stocking levels, and world class service. Customers also rely on Mats Inc. for functional, aesthetic, and environmentally-friendly product innovations across three lines of business: Entrance Systems, Matting and Specialty Products, Sports Flooring, and Contract Flooring.
Mats Inc. Floorworks Luxury 12" x 18" Vinyl Tile in African Slate
Still have questions about this product? We're here to help
Customer Reviews
Tell Us What You Think!
Tell us what you think about this product. It will help us provide you with better products in the future and help your fellow shoppers make better purchases.Write the first review
OUR SKU # MWF1019Floorworks Luxury 12" x 18" Vinyl Tile in African Slate is also sometimes listed under the following manufacturer numbers: LVSLATET202


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The John H. Kinzie House
The paper used for this unsigned drawing of the John H. Kinzie house and Fort Dearborn suggests a mid- to late-nineteenth-century date. Kinzie's father, born in Quebec City, settled with his family in Chicago in 1804. Until 1834 he owned the house and lands near the mouth of the Chicago River that had originally belonged to Haitian-born Jean Baptiste Point Du Sable and his Potawatomi wife, Kittihawa. John H. Kinzie ran to become the first mayor of Chicago in 1837, but lost to William Butler Ogden.
Mississippi Valley Map
This map was the last in a series of Nouvelle France maps made by Nicolas de Fer, royal geographer of Belgium. De Fer prepared it for the Compagnie d'Occident, which sold shares in colonizing efforts in the Mississippi Valley. It depicts the entire western portion of French North America, including the Great Lakes region, the Mississippi Valley, and the Gulf Coast. Strikingly, De Fer has placed a detailed inset of the Louisiana coast at the top of the map.
Les Checagou appears at the southern end of the Lac des Illinois, while Michigan is still offered as an alternative to the name of another lake, Huron. Just northwest of Les Checagou is the Nation du Feu (Nation of the Fire), which is a French derivative of the Potawatomi name for themselves, "People of the place of fire" or "Keepers of the sacred fire." This name, as well as others on the map, shows a tradition of linguistic engagement between French-speaking and Algonquian-speaking peoples.


text:
The following is an archive of a post made to our
'vox-tech mailing list'
by one of its subscribers.
I have a lot of club media files (pictures, videos, and sound) on a drive running Ubuntu 10.04 LTS. I want to share these media files on the Internet. I figure the best way is to make a webpage with links that correspond to the files, so clicking on a link downloads the file or plays it in browser.
The problem is there are thousands of these little files. I tried manually creating links by copying and pasting, but it's taking me to long. I tried webmagick, but I found it only works on picture files. Otherwise, it looks to be exactly what I want.
Any suggestions?
vox-tech mailing list
vox-tech mailing list
Hosting provided by:
Sunset Systems
Sunset Systems offers preconfigured Linux
systems, remote system administration and
custom software development.
LUGOD: Linux Users' Group of Davis
PO Box 2082, Davis, CA 95617
Contact Us
LUGOD is a 501(c)7 non-profit organization
based in Davis, California
and serving the Sacramento area.
"Linux" is a trademark of Linus Torvalds.


text:
Create a promotional, animated marquee for the homepage of your WordPress website. The exercise files and code snippets for this course are free to all members.
Learn to create a custom photo gallery for WordPress that goes beyond the built-in look and feel.
Create a mobile-ready version of an existing WordPress web site by leveraging plugins.
"I send my customers to you all the time to learn. If I had more time in the day I would live on your site!" —Alan B.
more from our members »


text:
2014-15 Cultural Leonesa Limited Edition 'Tuxedo' 90th Anniversary Shirt *BNIB*
(Approx $77 / €59)
1989-91 Soviet Union Home Shirt S
(Approx $231 / €176)
1996-97 Inter Milan Third Shirt *BNWT* M
(Approx $123 / €94)
2006-07 Manchester United Home Shirt L/S XL
(Approx $115 / €88)
2004-05 Arsenal home Shirt Bergkamp #10 XL
(Approx $108 / €82)
2000-02 Manchester United Home Shirt Beckham #7 L
(Approx $100 / €76)
2003-04 Real Madrid Home Shirt Beckham #23 L
(Approx $92 / €71)
(Approx $92 / €71)
2002-03 Manchester United Home Shirt L/S S
(Approx $92 / €71)
2008-10 Spain Confederations Cup Home Shirt M
(Approx $85 / €65)
1999-00 Barcelona Centenary Home Shirt L.Boys
(Approx $85 / €65)
2000-02 Arsenal European Shirt S
(Approx $85 / €65)
1994-96 Real Madrid Away Shirt XL
(Approx $77 / €59)
1993-95 Liverpool Away Shirt L
(Approx $74 / €56)
2004-06 Brazil Home Shirt #9 L
(Approx $69 / €53)
Vintage Football Shirts - Original retro football shirts and classic football shirts
At Vintagefootballshirts.com we have a huge selection of retro football shirts and match worn classic football shirts from the 70, 80s, 90s and 00s for sale.
These are not retro reproductions or fakes - but rare, genuine, original, classic football shirts from clubs such as Manchester United, Liverpool, Chelsea, Arsenal, Barcelona and Real Madrid and brands including Nike, adidas, Umbro, Puma, Admiral and Lotto.
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We have vintage football shirts coming in all the time so keep visiting the site to see our latest additions. As well as giving nostalgic supporters an opportunity to own a piece of their club's past, classic football shirts are also great investments. Can't find the shirt you're looking for? Then contact us and we'll do our best to find it.
We're based in Wrexham, Wales but will post worldwide. We are also always looking to buy good quality, original retro football shirts so if you do have any for sale please tell us about them. Take a step back into football past with Vintage Football Shirts and browse the website now to find classic, 100% original soccer shirts.
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