text: SECOND SECTION     CASE OF COSTA AND PAVAN v. ITALY (Application no. 54270/10)     JUDGMENT[Extracts]   STRASBOURG 28 August 2012 FINAL 11/02/2013 This judgment has become final under Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision.In the case of Costa and Pavan v. Italy,The European Court of Human Rights (Second Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of: Françoise Tulkens, President, Dragoljub Popović, Isabelle Berro-Lefèvre, András Sajó, Guido Raimondi, Paulo Pinto de Albuquerque, Helen Keller, judges, Danutė Jočienė, Işıl Karakaş, substitute judges,and Françoise Elens-Passos, Deputy Section Registrar,Having deliberated in private on 10 July 2012,Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:PROCEDURE1.  The case originated in an application (no. 54270/10) against the Italian Republic lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ("the Convention") by two Italian nationals, Ms Rosetta Costa ("the first applicant" and Mr Walter Pavan ("the second applicant"), on 20 September 2010.2.  The applicants were represented by Mr Nicolò Paoletti and Ms Ginevra Paoletti, lawyers practising in Rome. The Italian Government ("the Government") were represented by their Agent, Ms E. Spatafora, and by their co-Agent, Ms P. Accardo.3.  The applicants, who are healthy carriers of cystic fibrosis, complained that they had no access to preimplantation genetic diagnosis for the purposes of selecting an embryo unaffected by the disease and alleged that the technique was available to categories of persons to which they did not belong. They relied on Articles 8 and 14 of the Convention.4.  On 4 May 2011 the President decided, at the request of the applicants, to give priority to the application (Rule 41 of the Rules of Court).5.  On 7 June 2011 the application was communicated to the Government. It was also decided that the Chamber would examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility (Article 29 § 1).6.  Pursuant to Rule 44 § 3, on 31 August and 7 November 2011 respectively the President granted two requests for leave to intervene in the written procedure. The first was submitted by Mr Grégor Puppinck on behalf of the European Centre for Law and Justice (ECLJ), the association Movimento per la vita and fifty-two Italian members of parliament (hereafter "the first third-party intervener") and the second by Ms Filomena Gallo on behalf of the associations Luca Coscioni, Amica Cicogna Onlus, Cerco un bimbo, L'altra cicogna and sixty Italian and European members of parliament (hereafter "the second third-party intervener"). The third-party interveners filed their observations on 22 September and 28 November 2011 respectively.THE FACTSI.  THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE7.  The applicants were born in 1977 and 1975 respectively and live in Rome.8.  Following the birth of their daughter in 2006, the applicants learned that they were healthy carriers of cystic fibrosis[1]. The child had been born with the disease.9.  In February 2010, when the first applicant was pregnant again, the applicants, who wanted to have a healthy child unaffected by the genetic disease, had a prenatal test carried out. The results showed that the foetus was affected by cystic fibrosis. The applicants then decided to have the pregnancy terminated on medical grounds.10.  The applicants now want to take advantage of assisted reproduction technology (hereafter "ART") and preimplantation genetic diagnosis[2] (hereafter "PGD") before the first applicant becomes pregnant again. However, under Law no. 40 of 19 February 2004, ART is available only to sterile or infertile couples. There is a blanket ban on the use of PGD.11.  By a decree of 11 April 2008, the Ministry of Health extended access to ART to couples in which the man suffers from a sexually transmissible viral disease (such as the HIV virus, or hepatitis B and C) to allow them to conceive children without the risk of contamination of the woman and/or the fœtus inherent in conception by natural means.12.  According to the information provided by the Government and the first third-party intervener, this operation is done by "sperm washing" prior to in vitro fertilisation. II.  RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW1.  Law no. 40 of 19 February 2004 ("Rules on assisted reproduction technology")Section 4(1)Access to technology"Access to assisted reproduction technology shall be authorised only where proof is adduced that it is otherwise impossible to eliminate the causes of inability to procreate, and, in any event, [said access] shall be limited to medically certified inexplicable cases of sterility or infertility and to cases of sterility or infertility [deriving] from a medically certified and verified cause. ..."Section 5(1)Subjective conditions"... Adult couples, composed of two persons of opposite sex, who are married or living together as a couple, of potentially fertile age and alive may have access to assisted reproduction technology."Section 14(5)Limits on application of technology to embryos"Individuals satisfying the conditions provided for in section 5 shall be informed of the number and, at their request, the state of health of the embryos produced and destined to be transferred into the womb."2.  Ministry of Health decree no. 15165 of 21 July 2004Measures protective of the embryo"... Any test regarding the state of health of an embryo created in vitro, within the meaning of section 14(5) [of Law no. 40 of 2004], must be for observation purposes alone (dovrà essere di tipo osservazionale). ..."3.  Ministry of Health decree no. 31639 of 11 April 200813.  In this decree the reference to "observation" purposes mentioned in Ministry of Health decree no. 15165 of 21 July 2004 was deleted.14.  Furthermore, the part of this decree concerning certification of infertility or sterility provides that, for the purposes of access to assisted reproduction technology, this must be done"... having regard also to particular conditions in the presence of which – where the man is a carrier of a sexually transmissible viral disease by infection with HIV, or hepatitis B and C – the high risk of infection for the mother or for the fœtus constitutes de facto, in objective terms, an obstacle to procreation, requiring precautions that necessarily result in infertility of a kind comparable to acute male infertility deriving from a verified and medically certified cause such as that referred to in section 4(1) of Law no. 40 of 2004".4.  Judgment of the Lazio Regional Administrative Court no. 398 of 21 January 200815.  In this judgment the court set aside on grounds of ultra vires the part of Ministry of Health decree no. 15165 of 21 July 2004 limiting any test relating to the state of health of embryos created in vitro to observation purposes alone. The court found that the power to establish the scope of application of such tests was a matter for the legislature alone and not the ministry, which had purely implementing powers.5.  Order no. 12474/09 of the Salerno Court, deposited on 13 January 201016.  In this order, following urgent proceedings, the delegated judge of the Salerno Court granted, for the first time, a couple who were neither sterile nor infertile, and both healthy carriers of muscular atrophy, access to PGD.17.  The judge referred, among other things, to the new provisions introduced by the Ministry of Health decree no. 31639 of 11 April 2008 no longer limiting tests on the state of health of embryos created in vitro to observation purposes alone and authorising access to assisted reproduction for couples in which the man carried a sexually transmissible viral disease.18.  He thus considered that PGD had to be regarded as one of the prenatal monitoring techniques for ascertaining an embryo's state of health. Accordingly, prohibiting access to the technique, in the claimants' case, engaged the medical liability of the Health Director of the Centre for Reproductive Medicine, who was the defendant in the proceedings, for failure to provide a health service.19.  The judge also found that since the mother had the right to abort an unhealthy fœtus, it would be unreasonable not to guarantee her the right to know the state of health of the embryo by means of PGD.20.  The judge accordingly ordered the health director to carry out a PGD on the claimants' in vitro embryo in order to determine whether it was affected by muscular atrophy.III.  RELEVANT EUROPEAN LAW1.  The Council of Europe Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine (Oviedo Convention) of 4 April 199721.  The relevant parts of this Convention read as follows:Article 12 – Predictive genetic tests"Tests which are predictive of genetic diseases or which serve either to identify the subject as a carrier of a gene responsible for a disease or to detect a genetic predisposition or susceptibility to a disease may be performed only for health purposes or for scientific research linked to health purposes, and subject to appropriate genetic counselling". 22.  Paragraph 83 of the Explanatory Report to the Oviedo Convention provides:Article 12 as such does not imply any limitation of the right to carry out diagnostic interventions at the embryonic stage to find out whether an embryo carries hereditary traits that will lead to serious diseases in the future child.23.  The Oviedo Convention, signed on 4 April 1997, has not been ratified by the Italian Government.2.  Directive 2004/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 200424.  This directive has established a minimum quality and safety standard for the donation, procurement, testing, processing, preservation, storage and distribution of human tissues and cells, thus providing for harmonisation of national regulations. It also covers embryos transferred following PGD.3.  Background document on preimplantation and prenatal genetic testing published by the Steering Committee on Bioethics (CDBI) of the Council of Europe on 22 November 2010 (CDBI/INF (2010) 6)25.  The CDBI drew up this report with a view to providing information on preimplantation and prenatal diagnosis and the legal and ethical questions arising from their use in various European countries. The relevant extracts of this document are worded as follows:[a) Context]"In vitro fertilisation has been performed since the late '70s to help couples with fertility problems. Advances in reproductive medicine have opened new possibilities to avoid genetic disease by selective transfer of embryos. At the beginning of the'90s, preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) was introduced as a possible alternative to prenatal genetic diagnosis (PND) for couples at risk of transmitting a particularly severe genetic defect, avoiding the difficult decision of whether or not to terminate a pregnancy."[b) PGD cycle]"A "PGD cycle" comprises the following steps: ovarian stimulation, oocyte retrieval, in vitro fertilisation of several mature oocytes, by introcytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), removal of 1 or 2 embryonic cells, genetic analysis of nuclear material from those cells and lastly selection and transfer of embryos not carrying the abnormal genetic characteristics in question."[c) PGD uses]"Use of PGD for medical indications has been offered to couples at high risk of transmitting a specific genetic disease of particular gravity ... and untreatable at the time of diagnosis. The risk was often identified on the basis of family history or the birth of affected children. Numerous monogenic indications currently meet these criteria justifying application of PGD, such as cystic fibrosis, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, myotonic dystrophy, Huntington's disease, spinal muscular atrophy in infants and haemophilia.""In those countries where preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is performed, it has become an established clinical method to analyse genetic characteristics of embryos created by in vitro fertilisation, and to obtain information which is used to select the embryos to be transferred. The use of PGD is mainly requested by couples carrying genetic conditions linked to severe disorder or premature death of their offspring who wish to avoid initiation of a pregnancy that may not come to term or that may entail the difficult question of terminating the pregnancy in case of a detected particularly severe genetic defect."4.  The report "Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis in Europe" drawn up by the JRC (Joint Research Centre) of the European Commission, published in December 2007 (EUR 22764 EN)26.  This report shows that PGD patients from countries where the practice is prohibited go abroad for the diagnosis. Italian patients generally go to Spain, Belgium, the Czech Republic or Slovakia.27.  The study also points to the inconsistency of legislative provisions which prohibit access to PGD yet authorise access to prenatal diagnosis and medical termination of pregnancy in order to avoid serious genetic diseases in children.5.  Report on the proposal for a Council recommendation on a European action in the field of rare diseases (European Parliament 23 April 2009)28.  The relevant parts of the press release on this report read as follows:"Concerted action at EU and national level is needed to tackle this problem, according to a report adopted by Parliament today. The current EU legislative framework is poorly suited to rare diseases and not well defined. Although rare diseases contribute greatly to morbidity and mortality, they are mostly invisible in health care information systems due to the lack of appropriate coding and classification systems. ... Parliament adopted an amendment today which recommends that Member States encourage efforts to avoid rare diseases which are hereditary, through genetic counselling of carrier parents and, where appropriate and "not contrary to existing national laws and always on a voluntary basis, through pre-implantation selection of healthy embryos"."6.  Comparative law29.  The documents in the Court's possession (namely, the reports of the Council of Europe and the European Commission, paragraphs 25 to 27 above) show that PGD is banned, at least for the prevention of transmission of genetic diseases, in the following countries: Austria, Italy and Switzerland.30.  With regard to Switzerland, the Court notes that on 26 May 2010 the Federal Council submitted for consultation a draft amendment to the current ban on PGD contained in the Assisted Reproduction Act, to provide for regulated access. An amendment to Article 119 of the Federal Constitution will be necessary in order to implement the change.31.  It also appears that PGD is authorised in the following countries: Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, Finland, France, Georgia, Greece, Norway, the Netherlands, Portugal, the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovenia and Sweden.32.  PGD is not the subject of specific regulations in the following countries: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Malta, Estonia, Ireland, Latvia, Luxembourg, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Turkey and Ukraine. The Court notes that three of those countries (Cyprus, Turkey and Slovakia allow access to PGD in practice.33.  The Court also observes that in the case of Roche v. Roche and Others ([2009] IESC 82 (2009)), the Irish Supreme Court established that the concept of the unborn child did not apply to embryos created through in vitro insemination, which accordingly did not benefit from the protection provided for in Article 40.3.3. of the Irish Constitution recognizing the right to life of the unborn child. In that case the applicant, who had already had a child following in vitro fertilisation, had applied to the Supreme Court for leave to have implanted three other embryos created by the same fertilisation process, despite the lack of consent of her former partner from whom she had separated in the meantime.7.  Relevant information from the "Bill amending the Assisted Reproduction Technology Act of 6 July 2007 ..." – Belgian Senate, session 2010-201134.  This Bill seeks to extend the use of PGD to precluding the risk of giving birth to a child who is a healthy carrier of a serious genetic disease (access to this technique to avoid giving birth to children affected by genetic diseases being already provided for in Belgian law). The relevant passages of the Bill are set out below:"Requests for preimplantation testing have increased over time and this is now an option for couples who run a high risk of giving birth to a child with a serious hereditary disorder where mutation can be detected. ...Future parents generally prefer preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) to prenatal diagnosis. Indeed ... "where the fœtus is affected this will involve terminating the pregnancy from three months onwards, which is generally a source of mental distress for parents who have invested emotionally in the fœtus as their future child ... Moreover, it is possible that several successive pregnancies have to be terminated before a healthy fœtus can be obtained [Source: Bioethics Advisory Committee, opinion no. 49 on the use of PGD]Accordingly, the main advantage of preimplantation testing is that termination of pregnancy can be avoided. It has been observed that this constitutes the main motivation of the majority of couples seeking the treatment, these couples having often already endured the distressing experience of terminating a pregnancy on medical grounds."THE LAW...II. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 8 OF THE CONVENTION 35.  Relying on Article 8 of the Convention, the applicants complained of a violation of their right to respect for their private and family life in that their only means of producing children unaffected by the disease of which they were healthy carriers was to commence a pregnancy by natural means and medically terminate it whenever the prenatal diagnosis showed that the foetus was affected.36.  The relevant parts of Article 8 of the Convention provide:"1.  Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life ... .2.  There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society ... for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others."...B.  Merits1.  The parties' submissionsa)  The Government37.  The Government observed that the applicants were relying in substance on a "right to have a healthy child", which was not protected as such by the Convention. Accordingly, their complaint was inadmissible ratione materiae.38.  Were the Court to consider that Article 8 was nonetheless applicable to the present case, the applicants' right to respect for their private and family life had not in any case been infringed because the ban on PGD was a measure in accordance with the law which pursued a legitimate aim – protecting the rights of others and morals – and was necessary in a democratic society.39.  In regulating access to PGD, the State had taken account of the health of the child and the woman, the latter being susceptible to depression on account of ovarian stimulation and oocyte retrieval. Furthermore, the measure in question was designed to protect the dignity and freedom of conscience of the medical professions and precluded the risk of eugenic selection.40.  Lastly, given the lack of a European consensus in this area, the member States enjoyed a wide margin of appreciation since the present application related to moral, ethical and social issues.b)  The applicants41.  The applicants observed that "the right to respect for both the decisions to become and not to become a parent", particularly in the genetic sense, fell within the concept of right to respect for private and family life (see Evans v. the United Kingdom [GC], no. 6339/05, § 71, ECHR 2007‑I).42.  In this context the State should refrain from interfering in any way in the individual's choice as to whether or not to procreate. The State also had a duty to put measures in place to allow that choice to be freely made.c)  The third-party interveners43.  The first third-party intervener reiterated the observations of the respondent Government. They also observed that, like the ban on PGD, the possibility of a legal abortion sought to protect the life of the unborn child since the system provided alternatives to abortion by putting in place social measures, for example. Furthermore, PGD involved the elimination of several human beings whereas an abortion eliminated only one.44.  The second third-party intervener submitted that access to artificial insemination followed by PGD would allow the applicants to conceive a child unaffected by the hereditary disease, without having recourse to abortions on medical grounds. This would accordingly also protect the first applicant's health.2.  The Court's assessmenta)  The scope of the complaint lodged by the applicants and its compatibility ratione materiae with the rights guaranteed by Article 8 of the Convention45.  The Court notes first of all that, in order to establish whether the complaint lodged by the applicants is compatible ratione materiae with Article 8 of the Convention, it is essential to determine the scope of the complaint.46.  It observes that the Government and the first third-party intervener have alleged that the applicants complain of a violation of a "right to have a healthy child". The Court notes, however, that the right relied on by the applicants is confined to the possibility of using ART and subsequently PGD for the purposes of conceiving a child unaffected by cystic fibrosis, a genetic disease of which they are healthy carriers.47.  In the present case PGD cannot exclude other factors capable of compromising the future child's health, such as, for example, the existence of other genetic disorders or complications arising during pregnancy or birth, since the test in question seeks to diagnose a "specific genetic disease of particular gravity ... and untreatable at the time of diagnosis" (see the report of the CDBI of the Council of Europe, part b. "PGD Cycle", paragraph 25 above).48.  The Court reiterates that the notion of "private life" within the meaning of Article 8 is a broad concept which includes, among other things, the right to establish and develop relationships with other human beings (see Niemietz v. Germany, 16 December 1992, § 29, Series A no. 251‑B), the right to "personal development" (see Bensaïd v. the United Kingdom, no. 44599/98, § 47, ECHR 2001-I), or alternatively the right to self-determination (see Pretty v. the United Kingdom, no. 2346/02, § 61, ECHR 2002‑III). Factors such as sexual identity, orientation and life also fall within the personal sphere protected by Article 8 (see, for example, Dudgeon v. the United Kingdom, 22 October 1981, § 41, Series A no. 45, and Laskey, Jaggard and Brown v. the United Kingdom, 19 February 1997, § 36, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1997‑I), as does the right to respect for the decisions to become or not to become a parent (see Evans, cited above, § 71; A, B and C v. Ireland [GC], no. 25579/05, § 212, ECHR 2010; and R.R. v. Poland, no. 27617/04, § 181, ECHR 2011 (extracts)).49.  Under Article 8 of the Convention, the Court has also acknowledged a right to respect for the decision to become genetic parents (see Dickson v. the United Kingdom [GC], no. 44362/04, § 66, ECHR 2007‑V, with the references cited therein) and concluded that Article 8 applies to heterologous insemination techniques for in vitro fertilisation (see S.H. and Others v. Austria [GC], no. 57813/00, § 82, ECHR 2011).50.  In the present case the Court considers that the applicants' desire to conceive a child unaffected by the genetic disease of which they are healthy carriers and to use ART and PGD to this end attracts the protection of Article 8, as this choice is a form of expression of their private and family life. Consequently, this provision is applicable in the present case.b)  Compliance with Article 8 of the Conventioni.  Interference "in accordance with the law" and legitimate aim51.  The Court observes that, under Italian law, assisted reproductive technology is available only to sterile or infertile couples and to couples in which the man is a carrier of a sexually transmissible viral disease (HIV, hepatitis B and C) (see section 4(1) of Law no. 40/2004 and Ministry of Health decree no. 31639 of 11 April 2008). As the applicants do not fall into those categories, they have no access to assisted reproductive technology. With regard to PGD, the Government have explicitly acknowledged that the domestic law imposes a blanket ban on access to this technique ... . The ban in question thus amounts to an interference with the applicants' right to respect for their private and family life.52.  In the Court's view, such interference is certainly "in accordance with the law" and can be regarded as pursuing the legitimate aims of protecting morals and the rights and freedoms of others, which is undisputed by the parties.ii.  Necessary in a democratic society53.  The Court notes at the outset that the applicants' complaint does not concern the question whether, taken alone, the ban on their recourse to PGD is compatible with Article 8 of the Convention. The applicants complain of a lack of proportionality of such a measure given that Italian law does allow them to abort the foetus if it is affected by the disease of which they are carriers.54.  In order to justify this interference, the Government refer to the concern to protect the health of "the child" and the woman, the dignity and freedom of conscience of the medical professions and the interest in precluding a risk of eugenic selection.55.  The Court is not persuaded by those arguments. While stressing that the concept of "child" cannot be put in the same category as that of "embryo", it fails to see how the protection of the interests referred to by the Government can be reconciled with the possibility available to the applicants of having an abortion on medical grounds if the fœtus turns out to be affected by the disease, having regard in particular to the consequences of this both for the fœtus, which is clearly far further developed than an embryo, and for the parents, in particular the woman (see the report of the CDBI of the Council of Europe and the information contained in the Belgian Bill, paragraphs 25 and 34 above).56.  Furthermore, the Government have failed to explain how the risk of eugenic selection and affecting the dignity and freedom of conscience of the medical professions would be averted in the event of an abortion being carried out on medical grounds.57.  The Court cannot but note that the Italian legislation lacks consistency in this area. On the one hand it bans implantation limited to those embryos unaffected by the disease of which the applicants are healthy carriers, while on the other hand it allows the applicants to abort a fœtus affected by the disease (see also the report of the European Commission, paragraph 27 above).58.  The consequences of such legislation for the right to respect for the applicants' private and family life are self-evident. In order to protect their right to have a child unaffected by the disease of which they are healthy carriers, the only possibility available to them is to start a pregnancy by natural means and then terminate it if the prenatal test shows that the fœtus is unhealthy. In the instant case the applicants have already terminated one pregnancy for that reason, in February 2010.59.  In these circumstances the Court should not underestimate either the anxiety experienced by the first applicant, whose only hope of having another child, since she is unable to have recourse to PGD, carries the concomitant risk that the child will be born with the disease or the suffering inherent in the painful decision to undergo, as the case may be, an abortion on medical grounds.60.  The Court also notes that in the case of S.H. (cited above, § 96), the Grand Chamber established that, in cases of heterologous insemination, having regard to medical and scientific developments, the State's margin of appreciation could not be decisively narrowed.61.  While acknowledging that the question of access to PGD raises sensitivie moral and ethical questions, the Court notes that the solutions reached by the legislature are not beyond the scrutiny of the Court (see, mutatis mutandis, S.H., cited above, § 97).62.  In the present case the Court reiterates that, unlike the case of S.H. (cited above), where the Court assessed the compatibility of Austrian law prohibiting heterologous insemination with Article 8 of the Convention, its task in this case, which concerns homologous insemination, is to verify the proportionality of the measure in question in the light of the fact that termination of pregnancy on medical grounds is an option for the applicants (see paragraph 60 above).63.  It is therefore a specific situation which, according to the comparative-law materials in the Court's possession, apart from Italy, concerns only two of the thirty-two States studied, namely, Austria and Switzerland. Moreover, with regard to the latter State, the Court notes that a draft amendment to the current ban on PGD, to provide for regulated access, is now being examined (see paragraph 30 above).3.  Conclusion64.  Having regard to the above-described inconsistency in Italian legislation on PGD, the Court considers that the interference with the applicants' right to respect for their private and family life was disproportionate. Accordingly, there has been a violation of Article 8 of the Convention in the present case....FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,... 2.  Holds that there has been a violation of Article 8 of the Convention; ...Done in French, and notified in writing on 28 August 2012, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court. Françoise Elens-Passos Françoise Tulkens Deputy Registrar President[1] Mucoviscidosis, or cystic fibrosis, is a hereditary disease characterised by abnormally viscous mucus that is secreted by the pancreatic ducts and bronchial tubes. The disease, which most commonly manifests itself in breathing difficulties, culminates – at varying rates – in severe respiratory failure which is often fatal if not treated by lung transplant. Source: Larousse Medical Dictionary.[2] Preimplanation genetic diagnosis: Identification of genetic abnormalities, by means of molecular biology techniques, in embryos conceived by in vitro fertilisation. Source: Larousse Medical Dictionary.


text:
YIELD: Makes 8 to 10 servings
Heat oil in heavy large Dutch oven over medium-high heat. Add onions and garlic. Sauté until onions are translucent, about 8 minutes. Add chuck and sauté until brown, breaking up meat with back of spoon, about 5 minutes. Add chili powder, cumin, basil, oregano and thyme. Stir 2 minutes. Mix in crushed tomatoes, chicken broth, beer and tomato paste. Simmer until thickened to desired consistency, stirring occasionally to prevent sticking, about 1 hour 15 minutes. Mix in beans. Simmer 5 minutes. Season to taste with salt and pepper. (Can be prepared 3 days ahead. Refrigerate until cold, then cover. Rewarm over low heat before serving.)

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I've got my Defender I wouldn't part with. Very reliable and easy to carry. You may want to check out this recent thread by 2400
Anyone own a 3" 1911??
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One part Jackie O, a dash of Marilyn, and a healthy dose of Audrey, the Penny Wayfarers from STUN are sure to grab everyone's attention. Featuring scratch and shatter resistant lenses in a gradient amber and faux tortoiseshell frames with sturdy stainless steel hinges, these shades will keep out those harmful UV rays, and those pesky flash bulbs.
Unisex. UV 400 lenses. Includes micro-fiber bag that doubles as a lens cleaner. Please refer to sizing chart.
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Here is an introduction to the few main parts of a speaker:
Speaker Drivers
This includes the woofer and tweeter. The woofer vibrates at a low frequency to create bass while the tweeter vibrates at high frequencies to create treble. more on how speakers work
Crossover Unit
This is a specially designed piece of circuitry that separates incoming audio signals into high and low frequency pass. All the low frequencies are sent to the woofer and the high frequencies are sent to the tweeter.
This is the box that holds the woofer, tweeter and crossover unit. It will take up the majority of the instructable.
This is my first instructable! Please leave comments. I am not an expert on this topic but I'll try my best to answer questions.
To get started, we need to decide which speaker drivers and crossover unit to use.
Step 1: Choosing the Drivers
- where you intend to use the speakers
- what you intend to power the speakers with
- how much space you have or how big you want them to be
- how much money you have to spend
In my case, i will be using them in a relatively small college student room and power them with a 100 watt per channel receiver that i found in someones driveway (they were throwing it out and yes i did ask if i could have it). I have about 200 dollars to spend on the whole project.
I need something not too big but will produce a good amount of sound and came up with the following drivers:
WOOFER: Dayton DC250-8 10" Classic Woofer $26.20 x2 (one for each speaker) more
This woofer can handle 70 watts RMS and 105 watts max which is good enough for my needs. Its Frequency Response is: 25-2,500 Hz and with an Xmax of 4mm and SPL of 89 decibels should produce a good about of bass. Remember, the larger the woofer, the larger the enclosure will need to be.
TWEETER: Goldwood GT-525 1" Soft Dome Tweeter $9.50 x2 (one for each speaker) more
This tweeter can handle 50 watts RMS and 100 watts max which matches the woofer. Its frequency response is: 2,000 - 20,000 Hz and has an SPL of 92 decibels.
CROSSOVER: Dayton XO2W-2.5K 2-Way 2,500 Hz $23.07 x2 (one for each speaker) more
This 2-way crossover unit separates incoming frequencies at the 2500 Hz mark. So any sound with frequency less than 2500 Hz will be sent to the woofer and vice versa for the tweeter. This means you need to chose a woofer and tweeter with overlapping frequency responses so no frequencies will be lost while in operation. It is also possible to make your own crossover but i will not go into that.
The total cost of the woofers, tweeters and crossovers came to be $137.06 which is relatively cheap considering how expensive they get. I bought my drivers and crossover from partsexpress. They are very reliable as i've used them numerous times in the past.
Hopefully this step will help you chose the best driver for your needs. The next step will describe how to design your speaker enclosure (the box).
thanks for the idea i like it
If I wanted to add a subwoofer into the same box what extra would I need?
what would be a good volume for 2 3inch speakers
Hello, good to see this post as I found it more informative on DIY speakers than anyother on internet. I have a question. I am planning to buy harman Kardon 2 channel receiver but after buying it is hard for me to spare too much money on speakers. secondly I am living in Pakistan where we can't get too much options in speakers and if we get any, those are very expensive here compared to US or europe. Whereas I can manage to get those DIY speaker parts shipped from USA. Therefore I am looking for DIY speaker. Kindly tell me that which mid-range, tweeter and woofer speaker will work best of HK-3700. I will also appreciate some other suggestion of receiver too. About budget, well I can spend about 250 to 300 USD on that... thanks and warm regards to all..
and built a second order Linkwitz–Riley crossover at 1600hz. Can I ask your opinion on these? Thanks
Crossing at 1600 hz is perfect for those drivers. Both are still comfortable and the frequency response remains fairly smooth throughout the frequencies. If you were determined on absolute perfection, I would raise the cross to 1800hz and put a cross at 180hz for a sub or large woofer to take over from there. Keeps the mid bass in it's "happy zone" that way. But that adds $$$ that we often don't have, XD
Now that I have some more experience, I think I can answer those questions for you billbob. Finding the enclosure size can be tricky sometimes if it is not well documented, but on Parts-Express, they list the sealed and ported box dimensions best for your speaker. Obviously it doesn't have to be exactly be that size. This calculator really helped me out to figure out optimal dimensions. http://www.diyaudioandvideo.com/Calculator/Volume/
I agree with lutkevelt, the driver is much to big to meet the tweeter. It can go up to 2.5khz, but will perform very poorly. If you look at your woofers response chart,
You can see that 1,000hz is probably where it should cross. You would use a mid range to fill in from 500hz to 5khz usually and tweeter from 5khz on, and finally a woofer for 500hz and under. Lucky for you, the driver handles high frequencies far better than most, so unless you are listening for the particular sound, you probably won't notice a difference. For your future reference, 10" cone diameter does a poor job accurately reproducing frequencies 800hz and up.
Hi billbob!
I can say I completed your project! It did not turn out exactly like yours, but your guide was incredibly useful. I made an instructable of my own as well too. It took me about 2 weeks to complete. Painting the box was the most challenging part of it. It was a lot of fun!
Thank you so much for all the help!
here are just a few of the pictures I have. The rest are in my guide :D
Also to note that I added porting (see in pics) so that I have (in theory) twice as much bass as a sealed enclosure. Obviously that made the larger ported box pretty heavy (I used 3/4" MDF) but I am getting quite a bit more bass than expected using 8" woofers (tuned to 45 hz or so) and only 3.5mm excursion. Now that I have broken the speaker in, I get about 5 or 6mm or so before it starts making flapping noises. It was a compromise between sound quality and bass. Using a 10" would result in not being able to fully meet the tweeter which would leave out some parts of the music. I can always add a sub should I ever need one. It puts out about 250 watts which can get REALLY loud just turning the volume half way up. I do notice that I have to turn the bass enhancements down because it is only really made to handle 250 watts with little to no bass. (due to the lack of excursion). I have definitely learned a lot in the process of building it; and will be building more for friends who were really impressed and offered to pay me to build one for them :D
Impressive; very thorough and detailed instructions, billbob. You should consider another instructable. How to get to your heart. ;)
I also found a cheap sub-woofer (those speakers kind of maxed out my budget) to use. Do you think they will match the speakers well? (the 8" ones) http://www.amazon.com/dp/B0071HY42K/ref=wl_it_dp_o_pd_nS_ttl?_encoding=UTF8&colid=HCY9KAIA8OC3&coliid=I15GHU07IKZPZX . Really cool speakers you built! I want to laminate nice wood on it instead of painting them. Thanks!
Two of each of these comes to about $75 which leaves 100$ left over. Let me know what you think.
That would leave me either 1 channel per speaker or 2 extra channels for a dual 4 ohm subwoofer. I think that would be the simplest plus you know what your doing and I don't..... I could use a refurbished server power supply to provide power for about $30 on ebay.
and this crossover http://www.parts-express.com/dayton-audio-19k-25k-hz-2-way-crossover-board--269-115
and this amplifier http://www.amazon.com/Lanzar-HTG257-2-Channel-Mosfet-Amplifier/dp/B00370QJQ4/ref=sr_1_10?ie=UTF8&qid=1387676099&sr=8-10&keywords=lanzar
and 8 ga wire. What are your thoughts? I am really close to needing a mid woofer as well but I think it should work out fine. I probably will have to buy and equalizer, but I don't think I will right away..... It will come out to $127 with $5 off and free shipping on everything! parts-express has free shipping over $50 right now fyi
A lot of people say Pyle is a Pyle of crap. Is that true?
I thought this amp would work nice and runs on 12V
It also appears to have a crossover network built in for a sub. I could use one channel for a tweeter and woofer and another for sub. It would come out to about $175 for amp, equalizer, woofer, tweeter, and wire and crossover. It wouldn't have 2 channels for audio but would I notice? Thanks for all the help!
http://www.parts-express.com/cat/audio-amplifier-boards-modules/3464?N=10624 4294967118 4294966020 4294967079&Ne=10166&Nrs=collection()/record[endeca:matches(.,"P_PortalID","1") and endeca:matches(.,"P_Searchable","1")]&PortalID=1
Should I go with 4 ohm or 8 ohm speakers? Would it be better to go with one nice woofer like this one http://www.parts-express.com/dayton-audio-pa255-8-10-pro-woofer--295-030
or two okay woofer? (same thing with tweeters, except I don't know what a good tweeter is). I have several high power supplies to chose from that I have so I don't have to include that in the budget either. I am trying to come up with $100 of parts express parts so I can get free shipping and $10 off. If I use the tweeter and woofer together ( 8 ohm + 8 ohm) that will equal 4 ohms right?
btw.... I did find a nice tweeter but it is 4 ohms.
Sorry for all the questions
soo 10in tall 20in wide and 15in deep


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An image of the Wii U Controller has surfaced on the internet which shows button changes and some new additions. From the leaked image of the Wii U controller, the new controller's circle pads will be replaced with analog sticks. The new controller also has Wii U logo and branding which shows that name is final and won't change.
The image was leaked by a QA game tester at TT games. However, the Tweet has since been removed.


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The Lancashire Lads EP Released on iTunes
The Lancashire Lads EP is now available on iTunes. Born in Leigh not On Sea, but on a navigation, absconded to Atherton, biked to Bolton, produced in Preston. Whilst touring Europe in alphabetical order, Manchester, Munich, Milan, the Lancashire Lads arrived, courtesy of a Stately intervention.
Jolli Holli on vocals, guitar, bass and keyboard, Andy drumming, moon lighting from his duties with Corner Shop, Richard - bowing, Steve - blowing, Alan - West Orange Studios, perfecting Production, and occasional vocal harmonies.
History : Composer & Lyrics - Graham John Hollingsworth
The Rain : Composer & Lyrics - Graham John Hollingsworth
PortPatrick : Composer & Lyrics - Graham John Hollingsworth
Today is the Day : Composer & Lyrics - Graham John Hollingsworth
Producers for all tracks: Alan Gregson & Graham John Hollingsworth
Publisher - Company Records Ltd
Affiliation - PRSforMusic/MCPS
Lovin' is History, this classics eternal. Inspiring bitter sweet reminiscence, trumpeted in a triumphant repost. Melodic orchestrated elevation, a rapture of ruptured romance, delivered with swagger and panache.
The Rain
A romp in the rain, an energetic, Celtic soul new wave pop rock revival, charming tale of a not so sunny Emerald expedition, swinging clubs and pedalling pubs. Lancashire Lads on the fiddle.
Waves blew up the wall fell down and took the fortune of the town. Breathing life into PortPatrick's historic adventure .
Today is the Day
Today is the Day, now is the time. A euphoric celebration of life. Brassy, bold, happening.
For more information, visit www.companyrecords.net.
About Author
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Green Dot where: koenji st, koenji price range: mid This little shop is just off koenji st and is not hard to miss. You walk up the stairs to be invited by a devine origami blanket draped on the wall to turn left into a little attic like boutique with tiny vintage treasures scattered throughout the store. This was honestly my favourite store to visit, from the well thought out design of the room to the beautiful collection of handpicked american vintage that was reminiscent of the 70s and the virgin suicides. Small Change where: koenji st, koenji price range: mid This is the perfect vintage store for him and her. Downstairs is packed to the brim with vintage for the boys and just up the stairs you are pleasantly surprised to find a room bursting at the seams with vintage for her. There was a large selection of vintage at Small Change and the price was reasonable think $50+ for a dress. The shoe collection was by far the best I had seen in any vintage store in Tokyo, just a wall of colour and styles till your hearts content. Chiruru where: koenji st, koenji price range: mid This little vintage boutique is an eclectic mecca for vintage trinkets and treasures. There wasn't a great range of vintage clothing to choose from compared to the other vintage boutiques in the area, however Chiruru is a perfect little stopover for any vintage bits and pieces you may be interested in. This store is definitely worth a look and you will be pleasantly surprised to discover some hidden treasures inside. Under 700 where: koenji st, koemji price range: cheap If you looking for vintage on the cheap then you will be in love with this place. I picked up the most gorgeous Japanese vintage summer dress here for 700 Yen, and while it needs a good hem it was my favourite vintage buy during my stay in Japan. There is men and women's vintage clothing at this store, and you are not limited for choice either. There are plenty of vintage band tees, dresses, skirts and plaid shirts to choose from. Used clothing & second hand books where: koenji st, koenji price range: cheap If your looking to pick up a cheap authentic kimono whilst your in Japan then I highly suggest checking out this little store on Koenji St. Unfortunately I was unable to get the name for this amazing little second hand store but it isn't hard to miss. I picked up the cutest little vintage 50's skirt from this store for only 500 Yen, and a few mangas for my little brother. While it doesn't look like much on the outside this place is perfect to rummage through for Japanese vintage clothing and books. A breath of fresh air from all the american vintage that fills most used clothing stores in Japan.
08 January, 2012 by Kristal CATEGORIES: tvsg
Sandra Merino says:
at: January 8, 2012 at 9:42 PM said...
great places to visit!!! Very original!
Cathy Nguyen says:
at: January 17, 2012 at 5:18 PM said...
Thank you so much for telling us all these places to shop!


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Book Search
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Questions in Aesthetic Education (RLE Edu K)
Series: Routledge Library Editions: Education
The Question of what 'aesthetic education' is, or might be, is often a source of incomprehension. This book opens up discussion of a complex, difficult, but highly important topic, and offers an introductory survey of the whole area. In examining the relationship of the concept of the aesthetic to...
Published February 27th 2014 by Routledge


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US jobless claims push off five-year lows last week
Published on Jan 31, 2013 9:48 PM
WASHINGTON (REUTERS) - The number of Americans filing new claims for unemployment benefits bounced off five-year lows last week, pulling them back to levels consistent with modest job growth.
Initial claims for state unemployment benefits increased 38,000 to a seasonally adjusted 368,000, the Labour Department said on Thursday. The prior week's claims figure was unrevised. Economists polled by Reuters had expected claims to increase to 350,000.
Claims have been very volatile this month, dropping sharply in the week ended Jan 12 and maintaining the trend in the following week. That was largely because the model used by the department to smooth out the seasonal variations has been unusually generous during the first three weeks of January.
The volatility in the so-called seasonal factors has to do with the timing of holidays and when the week ends. The January calendar this year is aligned to 2008 and claims have generally followed a similar pattern.
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Winter!: Prepare for holiday gaming!
Came with the new console, so I tried it out. The kids loved the movie and they loved watching the game. It looks as if it used resources from the movie itself. Light enough for kids and the acheivements are accesible and not frustrating.
Game Traits applied to Kung Fu Panda (X360) by KelvinZero
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|Author: Tom/ Hill Stienstra
Learn more about Moon Spotlight Oregon's Columbia River Gorge Camping & Hiking:
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Avalon Travel Publishing
Sku: 212977814
Publish Date: 5/1/2010
Dimensions: (in Inches) 8.5H x 5.5L x 0.5T
Pages: 142
See more in Camping
|"Moon Spotlight Oregon''s Columbia River Gorge Camping & Hiking" is an 80-page compact guide covering the region''s best camping and hiking sights -- including Jefferson Park, Mount Hood National Forest, and Metolius River -- perfect for campers or hikers looking for a back-country campsite or a place to pitch a tent. Each camp listing has at-a-glance icons that indicate nearby hiking or biking trails, swimming, fishing, boating, canoeing, kayaking and hot springs. You''ll also learn what campsites and trails allow dogs. Hiking descriptions include distance, estimated hiking time, and a rating for difficulty. Outdoors writers Tom Stienstra and Sean Patrick Hill provide easy-to-follow maps and clear driving directions to lead campers and hikers to the best of the Olympic Peninsula''s wilderness spots.


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I'm new to javascript so please excuse if this question is trivial. I have a dynamic Webpage that includes an iFrame where external html Code is included. Now I need to dynamically remove an element from this iFrame.
Firebug give's me the following XPath Entry for the Element.
My question now is how can I transform this into a DOM Element Structure to create a Javascript which will remove the element. Or is there any other way to remove this image ?
Thanks indeed
The source of the iFrame is created by another webserver. We generate it there because of load sharing.


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Prisoners caught before escaping
Three convicted murderers were quickly caught this week as they planned to escape from a Fayette County correctional facility. The three have been identified as 38-year old Keith Lowe of Kentucky; 26-year old Daniel Smith, of Ohio; and 23-year old Stephen Wilson of Virginia. Corrections officer didn't find the three in their assigned areas and put the facility on lockdown, then found them outside on the property and caught them as they still took off running. The Mount Olive Correctional Facility covers about 880 acres in Fayette County.
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Hans Georg Conried, Jr., was an American comedian, character actor and voice actor best known for providing the voices of Captain Hook in Walt Disney's version of Peter Pan and Snidely Whiplash on The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, for playing the title role in The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T, and for his work as Uncle Tonoose on Danny Thomas's sitcom Make Room for Daddy. Known as a wit and raconteur, he regularly appeared on NBC's Tonight Show with Jack Paar from 1959 until...... more on Wikipedia
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Howard Perlmutter, DMD
Paramus Cosmetic Dentist
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About Howard Perlmutter, DMD
Show More Howard Perlmutter, DMD practices in Dumont at Dumont Cosmetic Dental as a Cosmetic Dentist. Dr. Perlmutter began participating on RealSelf in 2011, and has achieved "Participating Doctor" status. The doctor has 28 years of experience providing cosmetic and aesthetic medical services.
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Is he interested in me or not?
Does a guy calling a girl sweet mean he's not interested in her? I called a guy sweet and he was insulted saying he thought I didn't think him... Show More
Most Helpful Opinion
I actually don't think so...
I think its just a expression to say that your sincerely understanding.
I called a female I was into, "Sweet" as a nickname...
So I don't think its to bad, but I've seen people use this in a way to where they meant sweet by young. Like, sweet as in innocent, and in a way, I did feel she was innocent.
It can be confusing, but that's why this site is here right?
Let me know if you need more.
I hope this helped...
A Loving Black Man
I was out with a banker (wk related) &he intro me to 1 of his friends. We all went out for dinner 1 nite. His friend & I connectd v. well. End of the evening I felt like giving his friend my no.to call me But didn't because I believ the guy shuld mk 1st mov. Nxt day the banker tried 2 sus out if I was interested but I gave nothing away because wk-wise that would be unprof. I dnt know if his friend said something or not but now I regret nt being upfrnt & honest. It's been 1yr nw. I can contact ....
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There is a "way" to perhaps see him again, I could even call him (the guy I like) on a work capacity. But that would be me pursuing him - and again I don't think a rel would wk if a girl goes after a guy. Such a shame. What do you think?
I guess I don't really see it that way. I feel like your just showing availability & if he doesn't bite after that, then you did your part, and he just wasn't interested. I agree that a relationship wouldn't work if the girl chased, but as a guy I want a little something to know that she is into me, or does want me. & it is a shame its like that, but its best that way. In general, Guys will bang anything, and girls really will not, and that's why we must chase.
A Loving Black Man
What Guys Said 10
Personally, sounds like Karma. But that being pushed aside; Yes he's interested. Usually when I call a woman sweet, it's to provoke a response. She thinks she has to (if she likes me) step up her sexy a degree or two. Why? Because "girls" are sweet. Uptight-I-have-only-had-one-drinking-experience-in-my-life girls are sweet. No woman, wants to be thought of as sweet. Especially if she pays bills and knows how to make coffee.
I agree with the Karma theory. Never thought about the sweet/sexy thing, though. A guy called me sweet on a day that he was staring at my gambs; I gave him something and he said I was sweet. Interested? Probably, but I hadn't thought about it -- or rather, it didn't sound like a big deal since I DO pay the bills and make coffee, lol.
I think you're right - that other guy read way too much into it. "Sweet" can mean a lot of things.
If I call a girl "sweet," it doesn't necessarily mean that I'm interested in dating her. It also doesn't mean I'm not interested! Don't make the same mistake as that other guy by reading too much into it :)
I think he is, but it really depends on the person. A girl told me once that I was kind and nice and sweet, and I soon found out that she really liked me. But I could see some mean, bitchy stuck up girl saying that about anyone she only saw as a friend, just her way of being nice and not being mean. Like I said it depends on the person. If they come off as a nice person, he or she, depending on if you're a guy or a girl, probably likes you
Bitchy stuck up girls don't know what sweet is, lol. They look down their noses at people and all their words ooze with contempt. We should really pity them for not being able to know how to experience things that can be identified as "sweet" (thoughtful or caring)....
I've told girls they were sweet. If they were sweet, I just say it. It's a compliment if anything, but would it have anything to do with the meaning of a girl being date-worthy or not? Not unless he really wants or doesn't want a girl who's sweet.
What I'm saying is, saying someone is sweet doesn't really mean much in this case.
I can sorta see why he felt a little insulted. I mean, well I like it when girls call me sweet. But it does kinda song like "aww your sweet, but I'll never date you". Don't ask why it sounds like that, it just does. But as a guy calling a girl sweet? Some words as a man, I just don't use. For example...SWEET!. lol I can't see myself calling anybody sweet. Maybe my girlfriend when we dated for like a year and I feel comfortable to say anything around her. But if I wanted to say something around that area, I would probably say something like " wow, you're a nice person lol or something like that. Not sweet. Sounds too I think some words only females should use. So I don't know what He's getting at.
Yes, the "nice guy" slot is not where most guys want to be according to my guy friends. One of them went all out for this girl and she just smiled and said "A-a-w, that's so SWEET!" and offered a noncommittal peck on the cheek that placed him smack in the middle of "Friendsville" and totally flustered. He still grumbles about it if anyone brings up the girl's name.
Guys do use the word sweet quite a bit from what I've seen, but the meaning is often ambiguous.
Calling a guy sweet tends to come across as being a non-committal term of affection. Like... aww, look at the puppies... they're so sweet. Its friendzone material.
I see....
Appreciate all your comments. I never really thought of it that way and now have a clearer understanding of why he was offended. BUT, I would ask then, WHY would a guy be so offended if he never asked me out anyway? It just seemed like he was using that comment as an excuse to pick a fight with me or something. Was really weird. And he doesn't believe in marriage whilst I do so it's not like if we had a relationship it'd actually end up anywhere, right???
Just because he hasn't asked you out doesn't mean he's not interested, he may be shy, or more likely waiting to see if you show signs of interest. A neutral affectionate term of endearment may have been taken as well, ambivilence. Could be why he got upset.
Generally we don't pick fights just to fight. :)
Saying he doesn't believe in marriage also doesn't mean that you can't develop a meaningful, lasting relationship with someone. A ring isn't a relationship after all...
What Girls Said 4
When somone (guy or girl) calls someone "sweet" it generally means that one is trying to be nice while letting someone down easy. Just think about it...when someone gives you a gift, but you really don't like it, what would you say if they asked did you like the gift? "Awww, that' was so sweet of you" The word is viewed as condescending.
Interesting as I never saw it that way. I don't normally say something I don't mean as I am normally direct to people.
When I called him sweet, it didn't even cross my mind that I was just calling him "friend". That was not what I had meant at all. I was being sincere. Unfortunately in this guy-girl speak, I guess misinterpretations happen (sigh)
Yeah they do. It all depends on the situation of giving and receiving messages while communicating.
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One of the best ways to help kids manage asthma, besides avoiding triggers, is to make sure they take their medicine as prescribed. The effect of skipping medication will vary depending on what kind it is.
Also called preventive or maintenance medications, controller medicines work over time to reduce airway inflammation and help prevent asthma symptoms from occurring. Kids need to take these medicines regularly, even when feeling fine.
Although skipping a dose appears to have no immediate effect, it allows the lungs to slowly get more irritated, putting a child at increased risk of an asthma flare-up.
When taking controller medicine as directed, kids may be better able to tolerate triggers, such as a cold or tobacco smoke, without getting a flare-up. But if they're not taking the controller medicine correctly, the lungs won't be functioning as well and these irritants can cause an asthma flare-up.
Also called quick-relief or fast-acting medications, rescue medicines work immediately to handle asthma symptoms when they occur. These types of medicines are often inhaled directly into the lungs, where they open up the airways and relieve symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath, often within minutes.
If a child doesn't use his or her rescue medications during an asthma flare-up, the airways can continue to tighten until the child ends up in the emergency department. So it's important for kids to always have rescue medication available and to take it as directed by their doctor.
Involving kids in their asthma treatment can help ensure that they take the asthma medications appropriately. Explain how the medicines work and how much your child needs to take. Having an asthma action plan can help both of you learn what you need to know.
It's also important to stress these two key concepts to kids:
You can help by prompting your child to take controller medications and reminding him or her to take rescue medication along when leaving the house. Also make sure that your child doesn't run out of medicine.
Resist the temptation to adjust medication dosages above or below the prescribed amounts. If you're noticing that your child seems to be doing better or worse, talk with the doctor about whether changes are needed. Also talk with the doctor if side effects are a concern, as he or she might be able to adjust the dosage or prescribe a different medication.
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Date reviewed: January 2014
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- Page 2
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Breaking the Silence
Child Sexual Abuse in India
Key Recommendations
The Central Government Should:
The State Governments Should:
I. Child Sex Abuse in India
II. Inadequate Responses in Cases of Abuse
Within the Family and Community
Jyoti's Story
Emotional Conflict in Reporting Abuse: Case of Deepti
Angry Response by Family Members: Case of Aditi and Ria
Ostracism by Community: Case of a 12-year-old in Varanasi
Settling Privately to Avoid Stigma: Abuse of a Two-year-old near Varanasi
Fearing Retaliation: Case of Nikhil
Abuse in Schools
Case of a Government School in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
Case of a Government School in Chikkaballapur District, Karnataka
III. Failure of the Justice System
The Police
Case of Mandeep
Case of Krishna
Case of Neha
Case of Abida
Traumatic Medical Examinations
Case of a Three-year-old in Bengaluru
Case of Radha
The Courts
Case of Nandini
Case of Amrita
IV. Abuse in Institutional Facilities
Case of Drone Foundation, Haryana
Case of Apna Ghar, Haryana
Case of Shivkuti Shishu Grih, Allahabad
Case of Church of Christ Home for Needy Children and Widows, Bengaluru
Case of Arya Anathalaya, New Delhi
The Anchorage Shelter Home
V. Efforts to Ensure Child Protection
Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act
National and State Commissions for the Protection of Child Rights
The Integrated Child Protection Scheme
Child Welfare Committees
Juvenile Justice Act
International law
VI. Recommendations
Steps the Central Government Should Take:
For Legal Reform and Policy Implementation
For Reforms to the Criminal Justice System
Steps the State Governments Should Take:
For Legal and Policy Implementation
For Reforms to the Criminal Justice System
International Actors, Including Donors and Aid Agencies, Should:
- Page 2
- Page 1 of 11


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Back in the swing
Garett McCullough | sports editor
With winter weather still tormenting the Pittsburg area, Pittsburg State golfers found themselves heading south to open their season.
First, the Gorillas were in Garden City for the Oklahoma Panhandle State University (OSPU) Invitational from Monday, March 11, to Tuesday, March 12, before playing in the Midwestern State University Invitational in Wichita Falls, Texas, from Monday, March 18, to Tuesday, March 19.
The Gorillas started their season with a fourth-place finish, out of the seven teams at the OPSU Invitational.
During the fall season, the Gorillas consistently improved their day-two play and kept that up in the OPSU Invitational. They hit a round of 305 on the second day after a 321-stroke performance on day one.
Three Gorillas finished in the top 10 individually. Junior Brett Dowell led the Gorillas with a fourth-place finish. He was the most consistent golfer for the Gorillas, shooting rounds of 77 both days, for a combined score of 154.
Reigning MIAA Freshman of the Year sophomore Justice Valdivia took sixth place, thanks to a strong second-round score of 75, after shooting 81 in the first round. Senior Fletcher Harder appears to be over his knee injury from two years ago, taking eighth place with a two-round combined score of 157.
The Gorillas couldn't keep their momentum going heading into the Midwestern State University Invitational, as they finished last of the teams that completed the two-day, 54-hole tournament.
Wichita Falls may have had nice weather, but the Gorillas couldn't find that consistency so crucial to golf. The Gorillas sandwiched a round score of 308 between an opening round score of 321 and a closing round score of 325. Texas A&M International University was on pace to finish last, but instead had a DNF after withdrawing on the final day.
Harder led the Gorillas with an individual score of 230 and ended the tournament in a tie for 21st place. He was the driving force behind the Gorillas' low round of 305, in which he shot one under par on the par 72 course, a feat only eight of the 88 golfers accomplished at the tournament.
The other Gorillas didn't fare quite as well.
Valdivia shot three rounds of 78, 78 and 80, and tied for 44th place with a combined score of 236. Senior Cole Murrin looked to be headed for a much better finish after his first two rounds of 76 and 76, but was derailed on the final day, hitting a round score of 86 and tying for 48th place, with his score of 237.
The final two Gorillas, Dowell and freshman David Jirrels, finished near the bottom of the pack, as neither of them could figure out the Champions Course at Weeks Park. Dowell finished in 81st place, with a combined score of 252. Jirrels finished in 84th place with his score of 259.
The Gorillas had their tournament in the fall season, and thus will not have one in the spring.
They are headed to Newton for the Bethel University Invite, which takes place from Monday, April 1, and Tuesday, April 2.


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Michael Schlow
September 2006
reviews (5)
make it again
In large mixing bowl, stir together sugar, vinegar, honey, and pepper. Add basil and strawberries; toss to coat. Cover and chill at least 10 minutes and up to 1 1/2 hours. Serve chilled.
i also halved the balsamic and substituted shiso leaf for basil - delicious over vanilla ice cream!


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Book Search
1-1 of 1 results for Author: lester e krueger (sorted by Publication Date, showing all)
The World of Touch
For the first time, David Katz's classic monograph The World of Touch has been translated into English. Regarded as one of the premiere experimental psychologists, Katz vigorously opposed the atomism and "tachistoscopic" mentality typical of the sensory psychology of his day. In The World of...
Published August 1st 1989 by Psychology Press


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NAMIBIAN athletes put in some fine early season performances at the second leg of the Bank Windhoek Grand Prix in Windhoek on Saturday.
Hitjiverue Kaanjuka of Welwitschia 77 Athletics Club was back to his best as he won the sprint double, taking gold in both the men's 100m and 200m.
He won the 100m final in 10,51 seconds, with Ismael Tjirambe coming second in 10,95 and Josep Lundulukeni third in 10,99. Kaanjuka also took the gold in the 200m final with a time of 21,08 seconds, ahead of Frank Puriza (21,27) and Even Tjiviju (21,45).
It was a great comeback by Kaanjuka who was beaten into second place in the 200m by Basilus Karupu at the first leg in Oshakati, and he said that performance spurred him on to win on Saturday.
"I woke up today feeling much better than I did at the first Grand Prix in Oshakati and I was ready for this one. I was sure I would win, I trained hard and even dreamt about it and from here on I think it will be easy steps moving on to a 10,1 or 10,2," he said.
"The Oshakati performance motivated me a lot for today's Grand Prix. My arm was injured so I could only use one arm and it was very difficult. It got me to realise that I'm not going to be the champ for ever and to beat Karupu in the 200m I would have to work much harder than I did before," he added.
Daniel Nghipandulwa dominated the men's middle-distance events, winning gold in the 800m and 1 500m. He won the 800m in 1:51,00, with Oskar Komeya coming second in 1:54,50 and Johan Shipopyeni third in 1:55,20, while he won the 1 500m in 3:57,77, with Komeya coming second in 4:02,70 and Johannes Skrywer third in 4:04,52.
Nghipandulwa also put up a good performance in the 400m where he won silver in 48,48, with national champion Basilus Karupu winning the gold medal in 47,78.
Lavinia Haitope of Kakadhinwa Athletics Club dominated the women's middle-distance events, winning three gold medals in the women's 800m, 1 500m and 3 000m events.
She won the 800m in 2:10,05, followed by Klaudi Nghihangwa of Oshakati in 2:14,78, while she won the 1 500m in 4:45,20, with Nangula Ekandjo of Oshakati coming second in 4:46,20 and Ndapandula Nghinaunye of Oshakati third in 5:07,80.
In the 3 000m, Haitope won in a time of 9:28,40, with Beata Naigambo of Nampol coming second in 10:04,60 and Nangula Ekandjo of Oshakati third in 10:09,80. With this time, Haitope is closing in on Naigambo's national record of 9:20,34.
Globine Mayova won the women's 200m in a fast time of 23,79 seconds, which was just 0,40 seconds off her national record.
Mayova's Welwitschia 77 team mate Allysa Conelly came second in 24,23 while Tjipe Herunga of Nampol came third in 24,44.
Mayova was also a comfortable winner in the women's 400m, taking the gold medal in a time of 57,63 seconds, with Salmi Nduuviteko of Oshakati coming second in 59,02.
Charlene Engelbrecht did the double in the women's shot put and discus events, winning the former with a distance of 12,14m and the latter with a distance of 44,78m.
There were also good performances by Basilus Karupu who won the men's 400m in 48,17; FC Pieterse who won the men's 110m hurdles in 14,70; Kevin Mieze who won the men's high jump in 1,94m; Adiel van Wyk, who won the men's long jump in 7,10m; and Allysa Conelly who won the women's 100m in 12,46.


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The seeming rift between President Goodluck Jonathan and former President Olusegun Obasanjo took a dramatic turn yesterday in Abeokuta as the duo showered praises on themselves at a reception organised by the South-West Zone of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in honour of the former president over what they described as their significant contribution to the development of the country.
Former president of Ghana, John Kuffour and the PDP and National Chairman, Bamanga Tukur were among dignitaries who attended the event.
Jonathan and Obasanjo had been reportedly engaged in a war of supremacy over who produces the Board of Trustees (Bot) chairman of the PDP. The conflict between them had also purportedly culminated in the ouster of erstwhile national secretary of the party, Prince Olagunsoye Oyinlola from the party, with some party members alleging that the decision by the party to speedily obey the court order which sacked Oyinlola was a way of neutralising Obasanjo's grip on the party.
But eulogising themselves at the event in Abeaokuta yesterday, President Jonathan described Obasanjo as a much admired and highly respected elder statesman whose life is closely tied to the history and evolution of Nigeria, the former president said Jonathan was doing the best so far for Nigerians.
Obasanjo who had in the past few weeks scored Jonathan low in his administration's handling of the Boko Haram sect and corruption in the country, made a u-turn yesterday when he commended the Jonathan-led administration for doing what was right for the people by addressing the critical sectors of the economy.
On his part, President Jonathan who was represented by Vice-President Namadi Sambo said that it was the administration of Obasanjo that laid the solid foundation for the development of the country through vibrant policies and programmes which the current administration was building on and thanked the former president for his supportive role in the development of the nation.
"The contribution of Baba Has secured for him a special place in the annals of our history. He guided our country through some of the most challenging periods of her history. Indeed there is much to him and his legacy as former president, former chairman of the Board of Trustees of our great party and foremost farmer,"Sambo said.
Assuring Nigerians that his administration was on course in fulfilling its promises and meeting its basic obligations to the people, he called for continued cooperation and understanding to enable it achieve its good intentions and actions.
The president, through his deputy, informed Nigerians of the giant strides his administration has made in revamping the critical sectors of the economy.
According to him, power generation has more than doubled since his assumption of office from 2000mw in 2010 to over 5000mw now, which had resulted in general improvement in power supply across the country, adding that the ten new thermal power plants would on completion, add about 5,000mw to the National Grid and that the completion of construction work of about 4,000km of transmission lines and hundred injection substations across the country would boost power distribution.
He added that the government would continue to improve its generating capacity on a continuous basis in order to meet the country's Vision 20:2020. This it sought through diversifying its power generation sources.


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Play Guitar With... 18 Classic Songs features eighteen timeless rock classics.
Specially recorded CD backing tracks put you and your Guitar in the music, while a matching music book features both Guitar tab and notation with chord symbols, and full lyrics for vocalists.


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Soperton, GA Tornado Risk and Historical Data
Soperton, GA Tornado Risk Level
Based on Historical Tornado Data Soperton, Georgia is located in following risk area:
Very Low Risk
*Tornado risk is calculated from the destruction path that has occured within 30 miles of the location.
According to records, the largest Tornado in the Soperton area was an F3 in 2008 that caused 2 injuries and 0 deaths. Soperton, Georgia is in Very Low Risk area.
Soperton, GA Historical Tornadoes
Soperton, GA Recorded Tornadoes by Year
Soperton, GA
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My Comments
"The perfect egg is a surprise egg with a six foot two hero inside, with a big red ribbon to be undone with care....oh, is this allowed? Hmmmm, just add chocolate and strawberries and champagne on a desert oasis. And my six foot two hero feeding me chocolate eggs before they melt, washed down with champagne. Rich, dark, and decadent just like my sexy sheikhs... maybe some chocolate melted that need to be seen to.... lip service ;)"
Jan • 1 year ago


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new carpet allergy
Many of our customers ask
us about having new carpet installed in their homes and what can be done to
alleviate symptoms related to new carpet. Our first choice is that you
not choose carpet but rather a hard flooring surface like wood, tile or
linoleum. Using area rugs that can be more easily cleaned and replaced can
help "warm" up a room. Unfortunately too many people still "have to
have" carpet in their bedrooms. For those, we offer you this advice.
New carpet
can be a source of chemical emissions. In addition to the carpet, the
padding and adhesives all emit volatile organic compounds. Some people
report symptoms such as upper respiratory irritations, headaches, fatigue,
skin rashes, shortness of breath and cough which they associate with new
carpet installation. The distinct odor of new carpet is usually attributed
to the chemical 4-phenylcyclohexene (4-PC). This chemical can be detected at
very low levels, but does not result in an unpleasant odor for everyone.
Usually, the odor dissipates within a few days of installation.
tips to alleviate new carpet
with your retailer before installation. Ask for help in selecting
carpet, padding and adhesives that will off gas less and produce fewer
that the carpet installer follow the Carpet and Rug Institute's
installation guidelines.
installing the carpet, ask the retailer to unroll and air out the carpet
in a well ventilated area.
the sensitive person leave the premises during and immediately after
carpet installation for several days if practical.
INCREASE ventilation!
Open the windows and doors, and use fans
to increase the amount of fresh air exchange. Use the HVAC system in fan
mode for two or three days after installation to clear the air.
USE an
air purifier that has a HEPA and Carbon
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new carpet.
new carpet frequently.
Use a
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furnace filters frequently, we
recommend once a month.
helpful products for carpet
Miele Red Star HEPA Canister Vacuum Cleaner
Miele Red Star HEPA vacuum is great for smaller homes with
wall-to-wall medium to thick pile carpeting. It has a power head to
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Read more
Dyson DC07-Yellow HEPA
Root8Cyclone™ vacuum cleaners have the only quick-draw hose and are
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bags or filters to buy
Read more
AllergyZone Furnace
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Even inside
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tips for washing your dust mite
When properly cared for, our
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Wash according to the directions below. Washing encasings removes any
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Pillow Encasings
Allersoft pillow encasings should be
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Mattress Encasings
Allersoft mattress encasings should be
removed (much more difficult than pillow encasings) and washed at least
twice a year. Wash in hot water, do not use bleach or fabric softener.
Dry on medium heat. Dry completely before installing.
Read more about washing your dust mite encasings
order 24 / 7 via phone or online
We are available 24 hours a day
on the telephone and on the web to take your order. Call us at
1-800-339-7123 or shop online at
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PLAYERS in the capital markets have urged Standard Chartered Bank to split it share to make it affordable to the retail investors. The bank's shares, trading at around Sh136 make them the most priced banking stock at the Nairobi Securities Exchange effectively discouraging most retail investors.
NSE chief executive Peter Mwangi urged the bank's board to consider a split which would for instance increase the number of the bank's shares and thus divide the share price by two.
In a case where a company undertakes a two for one share split, this means that a new share of stock is issued for each share in existence prior to the split. After the split, each share is worth half of what it was worth earlier.
Mwangi said a split would make the shares more accessible to majority of investors sentiments that were echoed by Standard Bank Investment Bank executive director Job Kihumba who said most investor in the country are concerned about the low number of the bank's shares at the NSE.
The two were speaking at the start of trading of the bank's right issue shares at the NSE. Stanchart raised over Ksh8.3 billion from the sales of 22,082,856 new shares against a target of Sh3.2 billion.
The bank said the proceeds provides additional capital to enable the bank support its strategy as well as ensure that it is in a sound financial position to meet any impending regulatory changes that may include new capital requirements for banks.
NSE vice chairman Bob Karina said the right issue success is an indication that investor confidence is returning at the NSE. "We at the NSE appreciate the use of the public markets by our commercial banks. We would like to urge our banks to take the next step and issue asset backed securities based on the Capital Markets (Asset Backed Securities) Regulation," Karina said.


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The Zenith Collection is the Travel With Kidz preferred group of hotels whom we believe has the most synergy with the Travel With Kidz philosophy and brand.
These hotels have been selected for the Zenith Collection based on our experience, knowledge and strength of relationship with each property. Each deliver comprehensive information and service to Travel With Kidz clients to enhance and simplify the family holiday experience.
What makes TWK unique?
It's our network of over 130 accredited TWK experts all over Australia ready to help you plan your next holiday.


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Book your room at Super 8 Motel - Bremerton
Standard Room, 1 Queen BedMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child)
Standard Room, 1 Queen BedMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child)
Standard Room, 2 Queen BedsMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children)
Standard Room, 1 Queen BedMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children)
Get an overview of this hotelMotel in Bremerton with free breakfast and 24-hour front desk
Situated in Bremerton, this motel is within 3 mi (5 km) of Bremerton Bug and Reptile Museum, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, and Evergreen Rotary Park. Admiral Theater and Amy Burnett Gallery and Pyrex Museum are also within 3 mi (5 km).
Property Features
This motel features 24-hour room service, a meeting room, and laundry facilities. Free continental breakfast, free WiFi in public areas, and free self parking are also provided. Additionally, a 24-hour front desk and ATM/banking services are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 75 rooms boast deep soaking tubs and offer free WiFi and washers/dryers. 24-hour room service and refrigerators are standard, as are flat-screen TVs with satellite channels.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Guests can enjoy a complimentary breakfast each morning. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. This Bremerton motel also offers laundry facilities, 24-hour room service, and ATM/banking services. Onsite self parking is complimentary.
- Free WiFi
- One meeting room
- Total number of rooms - 75
- Number of floors - 3
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- 24-hour front desk
- ATM/banking
- Free breakfast
- Laundry facilities
- Free self parking
Family Friendly Amenities
- Free Wi-Fi
- Laundry facilities
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Air conditioning
- Premium bedding
- Microwave
- Refrigerator
- Coffee/tea maker
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Shower/tub combination
- Deep soaking bathtub
- In-room safe
- Satellite TV service
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Free local calls
- Flat-panel TV
- Room service (24 hours)
- Cribs/infant beds (surcharge)
- Free WiFi
Where to Eat
A complimentary continental breakfast is served each morning between 6 AM and 9 AM.
24-hour room service is available.
Hotel Policies
Minimum check-in age is 21
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Cribs (infant beds) are available for USD $5 per night.
Pets allowed, Maximum number of pets per room 2
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No elevators
This property requires a valid credit or debit card to be presented at check-in. A preauthorization will be placed on the card. For additional information, please contact the office using the information on the reservation confirmation received after booking.
- Pet fee: USD 10.00 per pet, per night
- Deposit: USD 100
- In-room safe fee: USD 3.00 per day
- Crib (infant bed) fee: USD $5 per night
We should mention
This property's policy is to refuse certain bookings for the purpose of group events or parties, including pre-wedding stag/bachelor and hen/bachelorette parties. The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation. The property allows pets in specific rooms only and has other pet restrictions (surcharges apply and can be found in the Fees section). Guests can arrange to bring pets by contacting the property directly, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. Alcohol is not served or permitted at this property.


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Flirty, fun and oh so sexy... short is the word for Spring 2012. Whether it's your bridesmaids' dresses or for your own bridal gown, chances are, you'll come across this fabulous wedding fashion trend for 2012.
Oscar de la Renta, Marchesa, Monique Lhuillier, and Amsale are a few of the top designers that have included this trend in their Spring 2012 wedding dress line up. Here are a few more wedding gown trends for 2012:A Blush Coloured GownPurchasing a wedding gown in an off-white or non-white colour was, until recently, considered a pretty drastic move. Then, a few seasons ago, we began seeing subtle pops of colour—from the faintest hint of silver or lilac to bright lettuce green—but colour was still the exception rather than the rule. This season, however, blush and pink shades appeared on dozens of runways, marking its official debut as an expected—not quirky—wedding gown hue. Illusin NecklinesWe saw lots of unique necklines this season, but "m`ost spotted" goes to the illusion style, in which a sheer, delicate, and often embellished layer of fabric veils skin that would otherwise be exposed. (Think of illusion as "strapless, with coverage," noting its power to transform a sassy, "look at my boobs" situation into something soft, elegant, and romantic.) Two-Tiered SkirtsLast season in skirts, three-dimensional florals hit significant mass. This season, designers concentrated on hemlines, creating skirts with two separate tiers. Call it an exaggerated form of the peplum detail from previous seasons, and this time, it's really pleasing—the top tier is a great way to disguise wider hips.Horsehair TrimDon't fret, animal rights activists, horsehair does not come from our beautiful equine friends; it's a man-made fabric often used on the underskirts of gowns to form a cleaner shape and a crisper hemline. Keeping with the trend of turning dresses inside-out (see last season's corsets), designers are now revealing this underlay fabrication, either as a visible hemline treatment or a lavishly looped sash or bodice feature. It works to create unbelievable volume and dimension on ballgowns and also provides a unique, frothy-yet-modern textural aspect. Lace SleevesSince the April Bridal Market Week took place a few weeks before the Royal Wedding, several designers were stimulated by Kate Middleton and what she might be wearing on the wedding day. For many, this meant lace sleeves, a sleeker, more contemporary version of the huge sleeves that engulfed Princess Diana so many years ago. Turns out the newly dubbed Duchess of Cambridge did end up wearing lace sleeves to her wedding, and it's only a matter of time before this regal look catches on in a big way.
© 2015 Occasions Niagara 5368 Menzie Street, Niagara Falls, Ontario, L2E 2V8 Phone: (905) 357-7756 Fax: (905) 357-2109 Toll Free: 1-877-2-VOW-I DO firstname.lastname@example.com


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Product Specs
This item can only be shipped via 1-Day or 2-Day Shipping. Please select the $7.50 cooler fee for all orders being delivered between May 1st and October 31st.
Product Description
Who doesn't like that cool sensation when biting into a YORK® Peppermint Pattie? Share the joy this holiday season with our perfectly bite-sized portion of the classic peppermint treat. Each comes with a personalized label attached. Show your merriness at the next holiday party by giving each of your guests a sweet treat that will leave them wanting for more. These also make great stocking stuffers too!
Each individually silver wrapped YORK® Peppermint Pattie (2.5"W X 1.75"H) arrives labeled with your personalized design.
Why give one when you can give many? Package these treats in our personalized natural cotton party favor bag or personalized party goodie bags.