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A sniper is an individual, usually a soldier or law enforcement agent, who specializes in shooting targets with modified rifles from very long distances, usually from a concealed location. Most are skilled in carrying out stealth and camouflage tactics on a battlefield zone. Military snipers are also adept at carrying out methods of infiltration, reconnaissance, and observation techniques.
During the American Civil War, the common term used in the United States, very similar in function to a sniper, was 'skirmisher'. A Civil War army often protected itself by using such soldiers to thwart the enemy from flanking the main body of their attack force. They were deployed individually on the extremes of the moving army primarily to scout for the possibility of an enemy ambush. Consequently, a "skirmish" in this era denotes a clash of small scope between these forces. In general, a skirmish was a limited combat, involving troops other than those of the main body. The term 'sniper' was not in widespread use in the United States until after the American Civil War.
In the last few decades, the term 'sniper' has been used very loosely. Gun control advocates used this term so loosely that some people even called it sniping when a handgun was used; the term 'sniper rifle' was considered very "scary sounding" and was very effective in inciting fear, evoking a lot of unsettling images, such as "a lone gunman, undetectable, on the hunt".
The term 'sniper' has been used in more serious tones especially by media in association with police precision riflemen, those responsible for assassination, any shooting from all but the shortest range in war, and any criminal equipped with a rifle in a civil context. In the Bosnian War, and for much of the Siege of Beirut, the term 'sniper' was used to refer to what were generally irregular soldiers who terrorized civilians, mainly by firing at them from windows and rooftops. During the Siege of Sarajevo, the main street of the city became known as "Sniper Alley".
This has rather expanded the meaning of the term. It has also given the term 'sniper' mixed connotations. Official sources often use more positive connotative terms to describe snipers, especially for police snipers: counter-sniper, precision marksman, tactical marksman, sharpshooter, precision riflemen, and precision shooter. Some of these alternatives have been in common use for a long time; others are closer to undisguised euphemisms.
Different countries have different military doctrines regarding snipers in military units, settings, and tactics. Generally, a sniper's primary function in warfare is to provide detailed reconnaissance from a concealed position and, if necessary, to reduce the enemy's fighting ability by striking at a small number of high value targets, especially officers, communication and other personnel.
Soviet Russian and derived military doctrines include squad-level snipers, which may be called "sharpshooters" or "designated marksmen" in other doctrines (see below). They do so because this ability was lost to ordinary troops when assault rifles (which are optimized for close-in, rapid-fire combat) were adopted. See the "Soviet sniper" article for details.
Military snipers from the US, UK, and other countries that adopt their military doctrine are typically deployed in two-man sniper teams consisting of a shooter and spotter. A common practice is for a shooter and a spotter to take turns in order to avoid eye fatigue. German doctrine of largely independent snipers and emphasis on concealment developed during the Second World War have been most influential on modern sniper tactics, currently used throughout Western militaries (examples are specialized camouflage clothing, concealment in terrain and emphasis on coup d'oeil).
Typical sniper missions include reconnaissance and surveillance, target marking for air-strikes, counter-sniper, killing enemy commanders, selecting targets of opportunity, and even anti-matériel tasks (destruction of military equipment), which tend to require use of rifles in the larger calibers such as the .50 BMG. Snipers have of late been increasingly demonstrated as useful by US and UK forces in the recent Iraq campaign in a fire support role to cover the movement of infantry, especially in urban areas.
During World War II, snipers reappeared as important factors on the battlefield. During the interbellum, most nations had dropped their specialized sniper units, notably the Germans who had had such a reputation during World War I. However, during the Spanish Civil War, the effectiveness and dangers of snipers once again came to the fore. The only nation that had specially trained sniper units during the 1930s was the Soviet Union. Soviet snipers were trained in their skills as marksmen, in using the terrain to hide themselves from the enemy and the ability to work alongside regular forces. This made the Soviet sniper training focus more on 'normal' combat situations than those of other nations. During the 1940 campaigns of Germany, it appeared that lone, well hidden snipers could halt the German advance for a significant amount of time. For example during the close-in on Dunkirk, British snipers were able to significantly delay German infantry trying to reach Dunkirk. This prompted the British to once again upscale their training of specialized sniper units. British snipers were trained in the obvious marksmanship skills and taught to blend in with the environment, often by using special headgear that concealed them. However, the British Army offered sniper training exclusively to officers and non-commissioned officers, which reduced their effectiveness considerably.
One of the best known battles involving snipers, and also the battle that made the Germans reinstate their specialized sniper training, was the Battle of Stalingrad. Their defensive position inside a city filled with rubble meant that Soviet snipers were able to inflict significant casualties on the German Wehrmacht. Because of the urban nature of fighting, snipers were very hard to spot and seriously dented the morale of the German attackers. Though German sharpshooters appeared spontaneously, often armed with captured scoped Mosin-Nagant rifles, Germany re-established its own sniping school and set out to reclaim its reputation of the First World War. Germany drastically increased the number of snipers per unit. German training emphasized shooting at long-range targets to deliver a feeling of insecurity to the enemy, the ability to creep up on enemies and remain hidden with enemies nearby, plus especially good camouflaging. Germany evolved the most efficient ways of camouflaging, both by using the environment (branches etc.) and by the development of specially designed, reversible camouflage clothing. German snipers were also issued with special shovels and knives to create the best possible hiding places and shelters. As they had done during the First World War, German snipers also changed location after a few shots to further reduce their chances of being spotted. They were also issued highest-quality adjustable scopes (Soviet scopes were not adjustable).
In the United States armed forces, sniper training was only very elementary and focused on being able to hit targets over long distances. Snipers were required to be able to hit a body over 400 meters away, and a head over 200 meters away. There was almost no concern with the ability to blend into the environment. Sniper training also varied from place to place, resulting in a wide range of qualities of snipers. The main reason the US did not extend their training beyond long-range shooting was the limited employment of US soldiers until the Normandy Invasion. During the campaigns in North Africa and Italy, most fighting occurred in arid and mountainous regions where limited concealment was possible, in contrast to Western and Central Europe. This made for disaster in Normandy and the rest of the campaign in Western Europe, where they encountered the well trained German snipers. In Normandy, German snipers remained hidden in the dense vegetation and were able to encircle American units, firing at them from all sides. The American and British forces were surprised by how near the German snipers could come and safely attack them, as well as by their ability to hit targets over long distances. A famous mistake made by the green American soldiers was to lie down and wait when targeted by German snipers, this allowed the snipers to pick them off one after another. Often German snipers infiltrated Allied lines, and sometimes when the front had moved away, they fought from their hiding places until they were out of rations or ammunition and tried to surrender.
After the war, many elements of German sniper training and doctrine were copied by other countries.
The Allies also used their own snipers in the Pacific, notably the US Marines, whom used M1903 Springfield rifles with elongated scopes that allowed for very effective long range shooting.
If one takes the time-in-flight of the bullet with air resistance to be about 1.5× the flight time without air resistance, that would be about 4.5 seconds (2,430m ÷ 823m/s = 2.95s). Over that time, neglecting any aerodynamic lift on the bullet in flight, it would drop almost 100m on its way to the target.
The previous record was held by U.S. Marine sniper Carlos Hathcock in February 1967 during the Vietnam War, at a distance of more than 2,500 yards using a scope-mounted Browning M2 .50 machine gun.
By contrast, much of the US/Coalition urban sniping in support of operations in Iraq is at much shorter ranges, although in one notable incident on April 3 2003, Corporals Matt and Sam Hughes, a two-man sniper team of the Royal Marines, armed with L96 sniper rifles each killed targets at a range of about with shots that, due to strong wind, had to be "fire[d] exactly 17 meters (56 ft) to the left of the target for the bullet to bend in the wind."
During Operation Enduring Freedom, Spanish Navy Marine snipers shot cables hanging from the mast to the bridge of the North-Korean freighter So San, smuggling Scud missiles through the waters of Socotra Island. These cables were preventing it from being boarded by fast rope for an arms inspection. The shots were made at a range of 400 yards, with rough sea, from the deck of a Santa Maria class frigate, and the Marines were armed with Barrett M95 rifles.
During Operation Harekate Yolo in Afghanistan, one Norwegian sniper of the Kystjegerkommandoen, aiming from a trench, hit a Taliban insurgent (Human Target) from a distance of 1380 meters, using 12.7mm multi-purpose ammunition.
Law enforcement snipers, also commonly called police snipers, and military snipers, differ in many ways, including their areas of operation, training, and tactics. A police sharpshooter is part of a police operation and usually takes part in relatively short missions. Police forces typically deploy such sharpshooters in hostage scenarios. This differs from a military sniper, who operates as part of a larger army, engaged in warfare. Often as part of a SWAT team, police snipers are deployed alongside negotiators and an assault team trained for close quarters combat. As policemen, they are trained to shoot only as a last resort, when there is a direct threat to life; the police sharpshooter has a well-known rule: "Be prepared to take a life to save a life." Police snipers typically operate at much shorter ranges than military snipers, generally under and sometimes even less than . Both types of snipers do make difficult shots under pressure, and often perform one shot kills.
Police units which are unprepared for tactical operations may rely on a specialized SWAT tactical team, which may have a dedicated sniper team member.
Some police sniper operations begin with military assistance.
Police snipers placed in vantage points, such as high buildings, can provide security for events.
The need for specialized training for police sharpshooters was made apparent in 1972 during the Munich massacre when the German police could not deploy specialized personnel or equipment during the standoff at the airport in the closing phase of the crisis, and consequently all of the Israeli hostages were killed. The use of snipers of the German army was impossible due to the German constitution's explicit prohibition of the use of the military in domestic matters. This situation was later addressed with the founding of the specialized police counter-terrorist unit GSG 9.
In one high-profile incident, a SWAT sniper in Columbus, Ohio prevented a suicide by shooting a revolver out of the individual's hand, leaving him unharmed.
Good training is essential to provide a sniper with the skills needed to perform well. Military sniper training aims to teach a high degree of proficiency in camouflage and concealment, stalking and observation as well as precision marksmanship under various operational conditions. Trainees typically shoot thousands of rounds over a number of weeks, while learning these core skills.
Snipers are trained to squeeze the trigger straight back with the ball of their finger, to avoid jerking the gun sideways. The most accurate position is prone, with a sandbag supporting the stock, and the stock's cheek-piece against the cheek. In the field, a bipod can be used instead. Sometimes a sling is wrapped around the weak arm (or both) to reduce stock movement. Some doctrines train a sniper to breathe deeply before shooting, then hold their lungs empty while they line up and take their shot. Some go further, teaching their snipers to shoot between heartbeats to minimize barrel motion.
The key to sniping is consistency, which applies to both the weapon and the shooter. The consistency of a sniper rifle is how precise the bullet travels from the rifle to its target when fired. While consistency does not necessarily ensure accuracy (which requires training), sniping cannot be accurately carried out without it.
Although there is always a degree of randomness due to physics and the nature of bullets, a precision sniping rifle must limit this effect. When fired from a fixed position, all shots must be extremely close together, even at long range. Similarly, a sniper must have the ability to estimate the range of the target, the velocity of the wind, the altitude and elevation of the sniper and the target, the temperature of the environment and gun barrel, and any other major factors that can alter the shot. Mistakes in estimation compound over distance and can decrease lethality or cause a shot to miss completely.
Snipers generally prefer to zero their weapons at a target range, although it can also be done in the field. This is where the sniper calibrates his rifle with his scope at a particular range (typically at the most common encounter distance) such that shots will reliably strike their target. A rifle must maintain its zero in the field, or else it must be re-zeroed before the next encounter. Once zeroed, the rifle can be adjusted for other distances or for wind using estimates, calculations, and scope features.
The military need for consistency is highest when a sniper is firing the first shot against an enemy unaware of the sniper's presence. At this point, high-priority targets such as enemy snipers, officers, and critical equipment are most prominent and can be more accurately targeted. Once the first shot has been fired, any surviving enemy will attempt to take cover or locate the sniper, and attacking strategic targets becomes more difficult.
The need for police sniper consistency is high when in a hostage situation. Firing a shot but failing to immediately incapacitate an armed threat is likely to result in the death of hostages, and cause the aggressor to cease negotiations and retreat to cover. In this situation, lives can depend on the result of a single shot, and it is this pressure that police snipers must overcome when firing.
A sandbag serves as a useful platform for shooting a sniper rifle. In the field, a bipod is more common, although any soft surface such as a rucksack will steady a rifle and contribute to consistency. In particular, bipods help when firing from a prone position, and enable the firing position to be sustained for an extended period of time. Many police and military sniper rifles come equipped with an adjustable bipod.
Effective sniping in a military context may necessitate assuming a stationary position for days at a time. Fatigue and muscle stiffness often result from the mandatory immobility. Also, urination and defecation into a bag or other container may become essential.
The first British sniper unit began life as Lovat Scouts, a Scottish Highland regiment that earned high praise during the Second Boer War. The unit was formed by Lord Lovat and reported to an American, Major Frederick Russell Burnham, the British Army Chief of Scouts under Lord Roberts. Burnham fittingly described these scouts as "half wolf and half jackrabbit." Just like their Boer opponents, they were well practiced in the arts of marksmanship, field craft, and military tactics. They were also the first known military unit to wear a ghillie suit. They were skilled woodsmen but also practitioners of discretion: "He who shoots and runs away, lives to shoot another day." After the war, this regiment went on to formally become the British Army's first sniper unit, then better known as sharpshooters.
The range to the target is measured or estimated as precisely as conditions permit and correct range estimation becomes absolutely critical at long ranges, because a bullet travels with a curved trajectory and the sniper must compensate for this by aiming higher at longer distances. If the exact distance is not known the sniper will compensate incorrectly and the bullet path will be too high or low. As an example, for a typical military sniping cartridge such as 7.62 × 51 mm NATO (.308 winchester) M118 Special Ball round this difference (or "drop") from to is . This means that if the sniper incorrectly estimated the distance as when the target was in fact away, the bullet will be lower than expected by the time it reaches the target.
Laser rangefinders may be used, but are not preferred on the battlefield because a laser can be seen by both the sender and the receiver. One useful method is comparing the height of the target (or nearby objects) to their size on the mil dot scope, or taking a known distance and using some sort of measure (utility poles, fence posts) to determine the additional distance. The average human head is in width, average human shoulders are apart and the average distance from a person's crotch to the top of their head is .
To determine the range to a target without a laser rangefinder, the sniper must use the mil dot reticle on a scope to accurately find the range. Mil dots are used like a slide rule to measure the height of a target, and if the height is known, the range can be as well. The height of the target (in yards) ×1000, divided by the height of the target (in mils), gives the range in yards. This is only in general, however, as both scope magnification (7×, 40×) and mil dot spacing change. The USMC standard is that 1 mil (that is, 1 milliradian) equals 3.438 MOA (minute of arc, or, equivalently, minute of angle), while the US Army standard is 3.6 MOA, chosen so as to give a diameter of 1 yard (36 inches) at . Many commercial manufacturers use 3.5, splitting the difference, since it is easier with which to work.
Explanation: 1 MIL = 1 milli-radian. That is, 1 MIL = 1x10^-3 radian. But, 10^-3 rad x (360 deg/ (2 x Pi) radians) = 0.0573 degrees. Now, 1 MOA = 1/60 degree = 0.01667 degrees. Hence, there are 0.0573/0.01667 = 3.43775 MOA per MIL, where MIL is defined as a milli-radian. On the other hand, defining a mil-dot by the US Army way, to equate it to at , means the Army's mil-dot is approximately 3.6 MOA.
It is important to note that angular mil (mil) is only an approximation of a milliradian and different organizations use different approximations. Please see three definitions of the angular mil.
At longer ranges, bullet drop plays a significant role in targeting. The effect can be estimated from a chart which may be memorized or taped to the rifle, although some scopes come with Bullet Drop Compensator (BDC) systems that only require the range be dialed in. These are tuned to both a specific class of rifle and specific ammunition. It must be noted that every bullet type and load will have different ballistics. .308 Federal 175 grain (11.3 g) BTHP match shoots at 2,600 ft/s (790 m/s). Zeroed at , a 16.2 MOA adjustment would have to be made to hit a target at . If the same bullet was shot with 168 grain (10.9 g), a 17.1 MOA adjustment would be necessary.
Shooting uphill or downhill can require more adjustment due to the effects of gravity. Wind also plays a significant role, the effect increasing with wind speed or the distance of the shot. The slant of visible convections near the ground can be used to estimate crosswinds, and correct the point of aim. Recently, a small device known as a cosine indicator has been developed. This device is clamped to the tubular body of the telescopic sight, and gives an indicative readout in numerical form as the rifle is aimed up or down at the target. This is translated into a figure used to compute the actual range to the target.
All adjustments for range, wind, and elevation can be performed by "holding over" by eye, also known as Kentucky windage. The most accurate way is called "dialing in" the scope. This adjusts the scope so that the crosshairs point at the target, while also accounting for the effect of the factors above. With precision mechanics, dialing in is more accurate, as the eye can more easily line up and hold the target.
For moving targets, the point of aim is in front of the target. This is known as "leading" the target, where the amount of lead depends on the speed and angle of the target's movement. For this technique, holding over is the preferred method. Anticipating the behavior of the target is necessary to accurately place the shot.
The major components of a sniper's equipment include a sniper rifle, ammunition, suppressor, camouflage, and/or a ghillie suit.
Police snipers who generally engage at much shorter distances may attempt more precise shot at particular parts of body or particular devices: in one event in 2007 in Marseille, a GIPN sniper took a shot from at the pistol of a policeman threatening to commit suicide, destroying the weapon and preventing him from killing himself. Less lethal shots (at arms or legs) may also be taken at criminals to sap their will to fight or reduce their mobility. In a high risk situation police snipers may take head shots to ensure an instant kill. In instant-death hostage situations, police snipers shoot for the cerebellum, a part of the brain that controls voluntary movement that lies at the base of the skull. Some ballistics and neurological researchers have argued that severing the spinal cord at an area near the second cervical vertebra is actually achieved, usually having the same effect of preventing voluntary motor activity, but the debate on the matter remains largely academic at present.
A sniper identifies officers by their appearance and behavior such as symbols of rank, talking to radio operators, sitting as a passenger in a car, having military servants, or talking and moving position more frequently. If possible, snipers shoot in descending order by rank, or if rank is unavailable, they shoot to disrupt communications.
Since most kills in modern warfare are by crew-served weapons, reconnaissance is one of the most effective uses of snipers. They use their aerobic conditioning, infiltration skills and excellent long-distance observation equipment and tactics to approach and observe the enemy. In this role, their rules of engagement let them engage only high value targets of opportunity.
Some rifles, such as the Denel NTW-20 are designed for a purely anti-materiel (AM) role, e.g. shooting turbine disks of parked jet fighters, missile guidance packages, expensive optics, and the bearings, tubes or wave guides of radar sets. A sniper equipped with the correct rifle can target radar dishes, water containers, the engines of vehicles, and any number of other targets. Other rifles, such as the .50 calibre rifles produced by Barrett and McMillan are not designed exclusively as AM rifles, but are often employed in such a way, providing the range and power needed for AM applications in a lightweight package compared to most traditional AM rifles. Other calibers, such as the .408 Cheyenne Tactical and the .338 Lapua are designed to be capable of limited AM application, but ideally suited as anti-personnel rounds.
Due to the without-warning aspect of sniper shot, high lethality of aimed shots and frustration of aimed troops not able to shoot back because they can't locate the sniper or it is out of their range sniper tactics have a significant effect on morale. Extensive use of sniper tactics can be used as a psychological strategy in order to induce constant stress in opposing forces.
One may note that by many aspects (constant threat, high "per event" lethality, inability to strike back), the psychological impact imposed by snipers is quite similar to those of landmines, booby-traps, and IEDs.
Only during the 20th century have snipers been considered heroes of war, and before were often given names such as "Filthy dogs", "Devil Rats" and "Bottom feeders" due to their inability to be seen or caught. Credit for this reputation traces back to the American Revolution, when American "Marksmen" would intentionally target British officers, an act considered uncivilized by the British Army at the time (this reputation would be cemented during the Battle of Saratoga, when Benedict Arnold allegedly ordered his marksmen to target British General Simon Fraser, an act that would win the battle and French support). However, the British side used specially selected sharpshooters as well, often German mercenaries.
To demoralize enemy troops, snipers can follow predictable patterns. During the 26th of July Movement in the Cuban Revolution, the revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro always killed the foremost man in a group of President Batista's soldiers. Realizing this, none of Batista's men would walk first, as it was suicidal. This effectively decreased the army's willingness to search for rebel bases in the mountains. An alternative approach to this psychological process is to kill the second man in the row, leading to the psychological effect that nobody would want to follow the "leader".
The phrase "one shot, one kill" has gained notoriety in popular culture as a glorification of the "sniper mystique." The phrase embodies the sniper's tactics and philosophy of stealth and efficiency. The exact meaning can be explained thus:
Whether the phrase actually reflects reality is of course subject to debate, but it has been widely used in literature and movies.
The occurrence of sniper warfare has led to the evolution of many counter-sniper tactics in modern military strategies. These aim to reduce the damage caused by a sniper to an army, which can often be harmful to both fighting capabilities and morale.
The risk of damage to a chain of command can be reduced by removing/concealing features which would otherwise indicate an officer's rank. Armies nowadays tend to avoid saluting officers in the field and eliminate rank insignia on BDUs. Officers can seek maximum cover before revealing themselves as good candidates for sniping through actions like reading maps and using radios.
Friendly snipers can be used to hunt the enemy sniper. Besides direct observation, defending forces can use other techniques. These include calculating the trajectory of a bullet by triangulation. Traditionally, triangulation of a sniper's position was done manually, though radar-based technology has recently become available. Once located, the defenders can try to approach the sniper from cover and overwhelm him. The United States military is funding a project known as RedOwl, which uses laser and acoustic sensors to determine the exact direction from which a sniper round has been fired.
The more shots a sniper fires, the more chances the defenders have to locate him, so they often try to draw fire, sometimes by offering a helmet slightly out of concealment. A tactic successfully employed in the Winter War by the Finns is known as "Kylmä-Kalle" (Cold Charlie). They used a shop mannequin or other doll dressed as a tempting target, like an officer. The doll was then presented as if it were a real man sloppily covering himself. Usually, Soviet snipers were unable to resist the temptation of an apparently easy kill. Once the angle where the bullet came from was determined, a shot of a large calibre gun such as a Lahti L-39 "Norsupyssy" ("Elephant rifle") anti-tank rifle was shot at the sniper's direction to eliminate him.
Other tactics include directing artillery or mortar fire onto suspected sniper positions, the use of smoke screens, and placing tripwire-operated munitions, mines, or other booby-traps near suspected sniper positions. Even dummy trip-wires can be placed to inconvenience sniper movement. Where anti-personnel mines are unavailable, it is possible to improvise booby-traps by connecting trip-wires to hand grenades, smoke grenades or flares. Even though these may not kill the sniper, they will reveal his location. Booby-trap devices should be placed close to likely sniper hides or along the probable routes used into and out of the sniper's work area. Knowledge of sniper field craft will assist in this task.
One very old counter-sniper tactic is to tie rags onto bushes or similar items in a danger area. The rags flutter in the breeze creating random movements in the corner of the sniper's eye, which they find distracting. The main virtue of this tactic is that it is easy to use, though it will definitely not stop a professional sniper from selecting targets, and may in fact provide a sniper with additional information about the wind near the target.
The use of canine units was also very successful, especially during the Vietnam War. A trained dog can easily determine the direction of the sniper from the sound of the bullet and will lie down with his head aiming at the sniper to give his handler the direction of the firing.
The use of sniping (in the sense of shooting at relatively long range from a concealed position) to murder came to public attention in a number of sensational U.S. cases, including the Austin sniper incident of 1966, the John F. Kennedy assassination, and the Beltway sniper attacks of late 2002. However, these incidents usually do not involve the range or skill of military snipers; in all three cases the perpetrators had U.S. military training, but in other specialties. News reports will often (inaccurately) use the term sniper to describe anyone shooting with a rifle at another person.
Sniping has also been used in asymmetric warfare situations, for example in the Northern Ireland Troubles, where in the early 1970s a number of soldiers were shot by concealed riflemen, some at considerable range. There were also some instances in the early 1990s of British soldiers being shot with .50 caliber Barrett rifles by sniper teams collectively known as the South Armagh sniper. In Northern Ireland, in addition to the uses listed above, a sniper was quite often a form of bait called a "come-on", whereby the sniper's position would be made obvious to a British patrol so as to draw them into an ambush in their attempt to close with the sniper.
The sniper is particularly suited to combat environments where one side is at a disadvantage. A careful sniping strategy can use a few individuals and resources to thwart the movement or other progress of a much better equipped or larger force. Because of this perceived difference in force size, the sniping attacks may be viewed as the act of a few persons to terrorize (earning the moniker 'terrorists') a much larger, regular force — regardless of the size of the force the snipers are attached to. These perceptions stem from the precept that sniping, while effective in specific instances, is much more effective as a broadly deployed psychological attack (see elsewhere in article).
In the civil war between Bosnian Muslim, Croatian forces, and Bosnian Serbs in the early 1990s, Serbian snipers in Sarajevo used sniping as a terror tool by shooting at any person, whether military or civilian, adult or child. These snipers would be classified as war criminals for deliberately targeting non-combatants.
Snipers are less likely to be treated mercifully if captured by the enemy. The rationale for this is that ordinary soldiers shoot at each other at 'equal opportunity' whilst snipers take their time in tracking and killing individual targets in a methodical fashion.
In 2003, the U.S.-led multinational coalition composed of primarily U.S. and U.K. troops occupied Iraq and attempted to establish a new democratic government in the country. However, shortly after the initial invasion, violence against coalition forces and among various sectarian groups led to asymmetric warfare with the Iraqi insurgency, civil war between many Sunni and Shia Iraqis, and al-Qaeda operations in Iraq.
Through November 2005, when the Pentagon had last reported a sniper fatality, the Army had attributed 28 of 2,100 U.S. deaths to enemy snipers. More recently in 2006, insurgent snipers such as the "Juba" have caused problems for American troops, where it was claimed the "Juba" had shot 37 American soldiers in Iraq as of October 2006.
In 2006, training materials obtained by U.S. intelligence showed that snipers fighting in Iraq were urged to single out and attack engineers, medics, and chaplains on the theory that those casualties would demoralize entire enemy units. Among the training materials, there included an insurgent sniper training manual that was posted on the Internet. Among its tips for shooting U.S. troops, there read: "Killing doctors and chaplains is suggested as a means of psychological warfare."
Even before firearms were available, soldiers such as archers were specially trained as elite marksmen.


text: A dedication ceremony was held for the arrival of the West Virginia Vietnam Mobile Wall in Logan County Thursday afternoon. The wall memorializes 732 West Virginia residents who lost their life during the Vietnam War. The wall will be available for public viewing, 24 hours a day, until Tuesday morning in the Wal-Mart parking lot at Fountain Place Mall.

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Marlene Dietrich ; (December 27 –May 6 ) was a German-born American actress, singer and entertainer. She is considered to be the first German actress to flourish in Hollywood.
Dietrich managed to remain popular by continually re-inventing herself throughout her long career. During the 1920s she began her work as a cabaret singer, chorus girl and film actress in Berlin. In the 1930s, she became a Hollywood actress, a World War II frontline entertainer, and then an international stage show performer from the 1950s to the 1970s. By the end of her career she had become an entertainment icon of the 20th century.
Von Losch never officially adopted the Dietrich children, hence Dietrich's surname was never von Losch, as is sometimes claimed. She was nicknamed "Lene" (pronounced Lay-nay) within the family. Around the age of 11, she contracted her two first names to form the then-unusual name, Marlene.
Dietrich attended the Auguste Victoria School for Girls from 1906 to 1918. She studied the violin and became interested in the theatre and poetry as a teenager. Her dreams of becoming a concert violinist were cut short when she injured her wrist.
Dietrich made her film debut playing a bit part in the film, So sind die Männer. She met her future husband, Rudolf Sieber, on the set of another film made that year, Tragödie der Liebe. In the G. W. Pabst film, Die freudlose Gasse the actress playing Elsa is Hertha von Walther (1903-1987), who looks very much like the young Marlene Dietrich, giving rise to the false rumor that Dietrich has a bit part in this film.
Dietrich and Sieber were married on 17 May 1924. Her only child, daughter Maria Elisabeth Sieber, later billed as actress Maria Riva, was born on 13 December 1924.
Dietrich continued to work on stage and in film both in Berlin and Vienna throughout the 1920s. On stage, she had roles of varying importance in Frank Wedekind's Pandora's Box, William Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew and A Midsummer Night's Dream as well as George Bernard Shaw's Back to Methuselah and Misalliance. It was in musicals and revues, such as Broadway, Es Liegt in der Luft and Zwei Krawatten, however, that she attracted the most attention.
By the late 1920s, Dietrich was also playing sizable parts on screen - the most notable films being Café Electric Ich küsse Ihre Hand, Madame and Das Schiff der verlorenen Menschen ().
In , Dietrich landed the breakthrough role of Lola-Lola, a cabaret singer who causes the downfall of a hitherto respected schoolmaster, in UFA's production, The Blue Angel (). The film was directed by Josef von Sternberg, who thereafter took credit for having "discovered" Dietrich. The film is also noteworthy for having introduced Dietrich's signature song "Falling in Love Again".
Without von Sternberg, Dietrich -- along with Fred Astaire, Joan Crawford, Katharine Hepburn and others -- was labeled "box office poison" after her film, Knight Without Armour, proved an expensive flop. In , however, her stardom revived when she played the cowboy saloon girl Frenchie in the light-hearted western Destry Rides Again opposite James Stewart. The movie also introduced another favorite song, "The Boys in the Back Room". She played a similar role in with John Wayne in The Spoilers.
While Dietrich arguably never fully regained her former screen glory, she continued performing in the movies, including appearances for such distinguished directors as Billy Wilder, Alfred Hitchcock and Orson Welles, in successful films that included A Foreign Affair, Witness for the Prosecution, Touch of Evil, Judgment at Nuremberg, and Stage Fright.
In December 1941, the U.S. entered World War II, and Dietrich became one of the first celebrities to raise war bonds. She entertained troops on the front lines in a USO revue that included future TV pioneer Danny Thomas as her opening act. Dietrich was known to have strong political convictions and the mind to speak them. Like many Weimar-era German entertainers, she was a staunch anti-Nazi who despised antisemitism.
Dietrich recorded a number of anti-Nazi records in German for the OSS, including Lili Marleen. She also played the musical saw to entertain troops. She sang for the Allied troops on the front lines in Algeria and France, and went into Germany with Generals James M. Gavin and George S. Patton. When asked why she had done this, in spite of the obvious danger of being within a few kilometers of German lines, she replied, "aus Anstand" — "it was the decent thing to do."
The U.S. Government awarded Marlene Dietrich the Presidential Medal of Freedom for her war work. Dietrich has been quoted as saying this was the honor of which she was most proud in her life. She was also made a chevalier (later commandeur) of the Légion d'honneur by the French government.
Dietrich's recording career spanned over half a century. Prior to international stardom, she recorded a duet, "Wenn die Beste Freundin", with Margo Lion. This song, with its lesbian overtones, was a hit in Berlin in 1928.
In , Dietrich recorded English and German-language selections from her film, Der Blaue Engel (The Blue Angel), for Electrola in Berlin. It was at this time that she recorded Frederick Hollander's "Falling in Love Again (Can't Help It)" for the first time — it would become her theme song, to be sung in thousands of concerts and forever identified with her – although she personally hated it.
A Parisian recording session for Polydor produced several classic tracks, including Franz Waxman's "Allein in Einer Grossen Stadt." Dietrich recorded "The Boys in the Back Room" from Destry Rides Again for Decca Records in . In , she recorded her version of "Lili Marleen".
Dietrich signed with Columbia Records in the 1950s, with Mitch Miller as her producer. The LP Marlene Dietrich Overseas, with Dietrich singing German translations of American songs of the World War II era, was a hit. She also recorded several duets with Rosemary Clooney; these tapped into a younger market and charted.
During the 1960s, Dietrich recorded several albums and many singles, mostly with Burt Bacharach at the helm of the orchestra. Dietrich in London, recorded live at the Queen's Theatre in 1964, is an enduring document of Dietrich in concert. In , Dietrich taped a television special, An Evening With Marlene Dietrich – also known as I Wish You Love – at the New London Theatre in London: the concert was re-released, with bonus material, as a 75-minute DVD in 2003.
In , Dietrich's performance of the title track from her last film, Just a Gigolo, was issued as a single. She made her last recordings from her Paris apartment in 1987: spoken introductions to songs for a nostalgia album by Udo Lindenberg.
Asked by Maximillian Schell in his documentary, Marlene (1984), which of her own recordings were her favorites, Dietrich replied that she thought Marlene Singt Berlin-Berlin - an album featuring her singing old Berlin schlager (popular songs) - was her best-recorded work.
In 1953, Dietrich was offered a then-substantial $30,000 per week to appear live at the Sahara Hotel on the Las Vegas Strip. The show was short, consisting only of a few songs associated with her. Her daringly sheer costumes, designed by Jean Louis, attracted a lot of publicity and attention. This engagement was so successful that she was signed to appear at the Cafė de Paris in London the following year, and her Las Vegas contracts were also renewed. It was the start of a new phase in Dietrich's career.
When Dietrich signed Burt Bacharach as her musical arranger in the mid-1950s, her show started to evolve from a mere nightclub act to a more ambitious one-woman show featuring an array of new material. Her repertoire included songs from her films as well as popular songs of the day. Bacharach's arrangements helped to disguise Dietrich's limited vocal range – she was a contralto – and allowed her to perform her songs to maximum dramatic effect.
Dietrich's return to Germany in 1960 for a concert tour elicited a mixed response. Many Germans felt she had betrayed her homeland by her actions during World War II. During her performances at Berlin's Titania Palast theatre, protesters chanted, "Marlene Go Home!" On the other hand, Dietrich was warmly welcomed by other Germans, including Berlin Mayor Willy Brandt. The tour was an artistic triumph, but a financial failure. She also undertook a tour of Israel around the same time, which was well-received; she sang some songs in German during her concerts, including a German version of Pete Seeger's anti-war anthem "Where Have All the Flowers Gone", thus breaking the unofficial taboo against the use of German in Israel.
Dietrich appeared at the Edinburgh Festival, with Bacharach as conductor, in 1964 and 1965 and made appearances on Broadway twice (1967 and 1968), winning a special Tony Award for her performance. Her costumes (body-hugging dresses covered with thousands of crystals as well as a swansdown coat), body-sculpting undergarments, careful stage lighting helped to preserve Dietrich's glamorous image well into old age.
In November 1972, a version of the show Dietrich had performed on Broadway was filmed in London. She was paid $250,000 for her cooperation, but Dietrich was unhappy with the result. The show, originally titled I Wish You Love, was broadcast in the UK on the BBC on 1 January 1973 and in the US on CBS on 13 January 1973. The show was retitled An Evening With Marlene Dietrich for the later VHS and DVD releases.
Dietrich spent her last decade mostly bedridden, in her apartment at no. 12 avenue Montaigne in Paris, during which time she was rarely seen in public but was a prolific letter-writer and phone-caller. It was widely assumed that Marlene had lost the ability to walk, but at this juncture of her life, she just preferred not to. Maximilian Schell persuaded Dietrich to be interviewed for his documentary Marlene, but she did not appear on screen. She began a close friendship with the biographer David Bret, one of the few people allowed inside her Paris apartment. Bret is thought to have been the last person outside her family that Dietrich spoke to, two days before her death: "I have called to say that I love you, and now I may die." She was in constant contact with her daughter, who came to Paris regularly to check on her. Her husband, Rudolf Sieber, had died of cancer on 24 June 1976.
In an interview with the German magazine Der Spiegel in November 2005, Dietrich's daughter and grandson claim that Dietrich was politically active during these years. She would keep contact with world leaders by telephone, including Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev, running up a monthly bill of over US$3,000.
Dietrich died peacefully of renal failure on 6 May 1992 at the age of 90 in Paris. A service was conducted at La Madeleine in Paris before 3,500 mourners and a crowd of well-wishers outside. Her body, covered with an American flag, was then returned to Berlin, where she was interred at the Städtischer Friedhof III, Berlin-Schöneberg, Stubenrauchstraße 43-45, in Friedenau Cemetery, near her mother's grave and not far away from the house where she was born.
Dietrich's only child, Maria Elisabeth Sieber, was born in Berlin on 13 December 1924. She would later become an actress, primarily working in television, known as Maria Riva. When Maria gave birth to a son in 1948, Dietrich was dubbed "the world's most glamorous grandmother". After Dietrich's death, Riva published a frank biography of her mother.
In 1938, Dietrich met and began a relationship with the writer Erich Maria Remarque, and in 1941, the French actor and military hero Jean Gabin. Their relationship ended in the mid 1940s. She was also known to have had an affair with the Cuban-American writer Mercedes de Acosta, who also had affairs with Greta Garbo, according to de Acosta's autobiography Here Lies the Heart (). Dietrich's husband and his mistress, both of whom she stayed in touch with, lived on a small ranch in the San Fernando Valley, California.
Marlene considered the Mexican actress Dolores del Rio as "The most beautiful woman in Hollywood", and was a big fan of the legendary Mexican star, according to Dietrich's daughter.
Actor Klaus Kinski depicted Dietrich as a lesbian in his autobiography Kinski: All I Need Is Love. For this reason, the book was withdrawn from circulation until her death. According to Werner Herzog's documentary My Best Fiend on his relationship with Kinski, the latter's autobiography was largely fabricated to generate sales.
In Michael Freedland's biography of Maurice Chevalier, Janie Michels quoted Chevalier telling Dietrich, "Marlinou, you are the queen of the quick story." "Yes, you were in love with me," Marlene replied, "but as soon as you could, you left me." "No, Marlinou, I'll never forgive you for preferring Jean Gabin to me." "Ah," she returned. "Jean is so French. But it was not Jean or you. I had but one love in my life and this love was never realized. It was for Orson Welles. He is the love of my life, but he never realized our love. Every time I know Orson is free, I ring him and say, "Orson, this is for us." He would always reply, "Marlene, too late. I have a new one."
The contents of Dietrich's Manhattan apartment, along with other personal effects such as jewelry and items of clothing, were sold by public auction by Sotheby's (Los Angeles) on November 1, 1997. The apartment itself (located at 993 Park Avenue) was sold for $615,000 in 1998.
Dietrich was a fashion icon to the top designers as well as a screen icon that later stars would follow. She once said, "I dress for myself. Not for the image, not for the public, not for the fashion, not for men." Her public image and some of her movies included strong sexual undertones, including bisexuality.
A significant volume of academic literature, especially since 1975, analyzes Dietrich's image, as created by the movie industry, within various theoretical frameworks, including that of psycho-analysis. Emphasis is placed, inter alia, on the "fetishistic" manipulation of the female image.
In 1992, a plaque was unveiled at Leberstraße 65 in Berlin-Schöneberg, the site of Dietrich's birth.
A postage stamp bearing Dietrich's portrait was issued in Germany on 14 August 1997.
Luxury pen manufacturer MontBlanc produced a limited edition 'Marlene Dietrich' pen to commemorate Dietrich's life. It is platinum-plated and has an encrusted deep blue sapphire.
After some controversy, it was decided not to name a street after Dietrich in Berlin-Schöneberg, her birthplace. Rather, on 8 November 1997, the Marlene-Dietrich-Platz was unveiled in Berlin to honor Dietrich.
Dietrich was made an honorary citizen of Berlin on 16 May 2002.
Singles (selected)
Dietrich made several appearances on Armed Forces Radio Services shows like The Army Hour and Command Performance during the war years. In 1952, she had her own series on ABC entitled, Cafe Istanbul. During 1953 - 1954, she starred in 38 episodes of Time for Love on CBS. She recorded 94 short inserts, "Dietrich Talks on Love and Life", for NBC's Monitor in 1958.
Dietrich gave many radio interviews worldwide on her concert tours. In 1960, her show at the Tuschinski in Amsterdam was broadcast live on Dutch radio. Her 1962 appearance at the Olympia in Paris was also broadcast.


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Quite expensive for what it is but the park is lovely and we would definitely consider another holiday there
Very quiet site during our stay, not a lot of facilities on site, but site is great if you want fishing and a relaxing time.
The Park and Chestnut 2 lodge was lovely. The only downside was the bed was so hard it felt like lying on a quilt on the floor! And the WiFi is turned of at night.
Very good
very nice and relaxing, will go back
We stayed in Haughmond Lodge (18) the lodge was lovely and big. I was a little disappointed that the hot tub was on the side so it was quite open, although we didn't get disturbed, and it also says to not go in the hot tub after dusk, but we did as that is the only time we wanted to use it. Also the smoke alarm directly above the oven was a bit of a problem. Although the lodge was lovely and I would stay here again.
Lovely clean and spacious log cabin, beautiful surroundings and very friendly site. It was great and only a short drive from amenities. Would recommend this place, hot tub isn't as private as I liked but still private enough and a great added bonus.
Nice place. Helpful staff. Quiet.
If you just want to escape for a few days this is the perfect place. Good food, lovely pool and the lodges are perfect.
Lovely countryside surroundings and easy to get around in the car. Only disappointment is the restaurant is not big enough and struggled to book in to get a place. Overall though, beautiful place.
The park initially sounded what we wanted , however upon arrival there where too many rules, regulations and extra charges given to us in the information booklet that we hadn't been informed about beforehand. There was a charge for using the main pool, you were not allowed to bring friends to visit for the day unless you paid an extra charge and usage of the hot tub was not allowed after dusk!! thats the time to use it most. We felt as though we were being watched by park staff .
Amazing relaxing weekend break
Beautiful place to stay, everything was perfect for us. We have booked again for next year
After a hectic few weeks before we arrived, this was a lovely caravan to stay in and just relax for the first couple of days. (After that, there were plenty of places to visit around the area).


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Lollapalooza 2014 Lineup Rumors: Eminem, Skrillex, Kings of Leon
The official lineup will be announced next week
The official lineup will be announced next week
Rockers take over festival with songs from '. . . Like Clockwork'
Trent Reznor packs in over 20 tracks from band's catalog
The Cure, Vampire Weekend, Jake Bugg and more play last day
Kendrick Lamar, Ellie Goulding, Eric Church and more cap a hot-ticket Saturday in Chicago
Charles Bradley, Ellie Goulding, Foals and more hang out in Chicago
Phoenix, Vampire Weekend, The Cure and more play the Chicago festival
The Killers, Queens of the Stone Age, Disclosure, Chance The Rapper and more kick off first day of Chicago fest
Festival opens today in Chicago, or wherever you are
Pearl Jam frontman hops onstage at Lollapalooza Chile
Jane's Addiction frontman joins drummer's cover band Chevy Metal
Phoenix, the Postal Service, the Killers, Vampire Weekend are also set to play
Lineup also said to include Phoenix, the Killers, Postal Service and the National
'We want to be a big band, but we don't want to be your best friends'


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Statement of Significance (as of designation - July 31, 2003):
Buckingham Friends Meeting House is nationally significant for its role in providing a model for the development of the American Friends meeting house. Built in 1768, Buckingham was the first meeting house to be erected in the symmetrically balanced two-celled or "doubled" form. By the early nineteenth century the Buckingham form is clearly established as a prototype for Friends meeting house design throughout the mid-Atlantic region and in the mid-west. The prototype remained popular for nearly a century.
The first generations of Quaker immigrants adhered to a pattern of meeting established by the English Friends whereby men and women met together for worship in a single room and then separated for gender specific business meetings, with the women retiring to a separate space. By the late eighteenth century, American men and women began to meet on either side of a partition for worship and business, merely lowering the partition for the latter meetings. Buckingham was the first Friends meeting house to manifest in both its plan and its balanced exterior fenestration this significant programmatic change, one that became a convention of American Quaker practice for well over a century. The impact of Buckingham upon American Friends meeting house design cannot be overstated. As news of Buckinghams attributes spread, building committees sent delegations to study its design and emulate its form in their own meeting houses. Particularly within the Delaware Valley, the vast majority of meeting houses erected from the late 18th through the mid-19th century take on the form of Buckingham Meeting House.
Comments and questions about the database may be directed to email@example.com


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forget about the To Tuscany 2010
photocompetition. Entries (maximum
of 5) must be sent in JPEG format and the
prize is a hamper of Tuscan delicacies. Send
your entry to
firstname.lastname@example.com with your name,
reservation code and a title for each of the
This photo was by Natalie Ridgeway and shows the
Baptistry building in Pisa after a rainshower.
Natalie was a runner-up in the 2009 competition.


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HTC Shadow
Info Photos Reviews 52 News Forum
Ringtone off of memory card please help
Hey is it possible to set ringtones/songs off of the memory card or do the ringtones have to be on the phone thanks
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Stephen Zork
Stephen ZorkTitle: Associate Professor of Music (Choir and Voice); Conductor, University Singers
Office Location: Hamel Hall 307
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: (269) 471-6713
EducationM.M. Choral Conducting - Pacific Lutheran University
Stephen Zork is the director of Choral Studies at Andrews University--a position he has held since 1991. His primary responsibility is the programming of and conducting the Department of Music's choirs: University Chorale, University Singers, Canta Bella, and Pioneer Men's Chorus. As one of three teachers on the conducting faculty, he oversees the graduate choral conducting degree. Zork keeps an active schedule guest-conducting choral festivals and lecturing throughout the United States and abroad. Every year, the 100-voice University Chorale performs major symphonic choral works with the Andrews University Symphony Orchestra. These works include Bach's Magnificat, Corad Susa's Christmas Garland, Haydn's Te Deum, Rutter's Requiem, and Mozart's Mass in C.
During his tenure, Mr. Zork has conducted the Andrews University Singers at two conventions for the American Choral Director's Association, and has taken the choir on seven highly acclaimed international tours. The sixth CD recording of University Singers Praise the Lord! God's Glories Show was released in the spring of 2005 -- in time for the University Singers concert tour throughout the country of Chile. Mr. Zork holds professional memberships in the National Association of Teachers of Singing (NATS) and the American Choral Director's Association (ACDA).


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Indore Chapter is one of the fastest growing and leading chapters of ICSI. Indore Chapter was constituted in the year 1974. Indore Chapter has a Separate Student Services Section to serve the students. Indore Chapter is an A category Chapter of the ICSI. Indore Chapter Since its incorporation continuously achieving new heights and effectively serving the stake holders i.e. Members, Students, and Government Sector and is committed to serve the profession of Company Secretaries with full vigor.
Indore Chapter has a tradition of developing professional skills by organizing series of programs for upgrading knowledge of students and Members as well as also committed for social Reforms and awareness.


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Awesome little guy! :D Also wanted to say my hello's! We met at ctn 2013, but we didn't talk tooooo much. Just a few words were exchanged but with those words I found you as a super awesome person! :) Hope your doing great! and happy late new years!
I like !!! ;)
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Weiman Wins ACC Pitcher Of Week Honors
March 5, 2013
GREENSBORO, N.C. –NC State sophomore pitcher Emily Weiman has been named the ACC Pitcher of the Week for March 4, the conference office announced on Tuesday.
Weiman picked up three wins during the 2013 Wolfpack Challenge, increasing her ACC-leading total to 10 on the season. She won games against Stony Brook, Kansas and Lafayette during the three-day tournament. The Pack (11-5-1) swept all four of its games during the home-opening weekend.
Weiman struck out 19 batters in her 16 innings of action, allowing 18 hits and three walks and only three earned runs.
The native of Pasadena, Md., posted an earned run average of 1.31 in the three games and now ranks fourth in the league with a 1.59 ERA. She threw two complete games and only allowed one extra-base hit.
North Carolina senior first baseman Constance Orr won the Player of the Week honors by hitting .444 with three homers and 11 RBIs.
The Wolfpack opens its ACC schedule this weekend by hosting Florida State for three games, a doubleheader on Saturday and a single game on Sunday. The schedule games against USC Upstate were cancelled and no make-up date has been scheduled.
Saturday's games against the Seminoles will be broadcast on ESPN3. Admission is free for all spectators.


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If you don't already have BO (and the expertise) in-house, consider playing
with IBM's Web Query. If you have a license to Query/400, you are entitled
to Web Query. Like BO, there's meta-data setup requirements, which makes
it harder to get started but offers some of the same "hiding" functionality.
On Thu, Aug 1, 2013 at 5:50 PM, Hoteltravelfundotcom <
hoteltravelfun@xxxxxxxxx> wrote:
I am interested in hearing of any Iseries shops which use Business Objects.
We are interested
in that product to use for reports and allowing users to create their own
I am concerned in that that AS/400 ERP we have is rather old product,
RPG from back in the 90's and data base is very bulky - any experiences
would be welcome.
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I've been wondering why relevant ads haven't been displaying on my site. Well, according to AdSense, it's because they cannot crawl my pages. It's saying "http://kareemtaylor.com/" is a "page not found". This has only been true since the installation of Pagelines. Not sure what that does to the domain or accessibility of the domain.
Any help would be greatly appreciated.
All the best,


text:
The following is an archive of a post made to our
'vox mailing list'
by one of its subscribers.
William Kendrick wrote:
> On Tue, Jun 19, 2001 at 08:15:39PM -0700, Christine Scobee wrote:
> >
> > One thing that strikes (and greatly impresses) me about LUGOD is the
> > number of members, quality of speakers, variety of activities, and level
> > of dedication of the active members _considering how long LUGOD has been
> > in existence_.
> Thanks! :) There's really something about Linux that makes one want to
> keep going. It really is like a religion, isn't it? :)
> (vi! emacs! vi! emacs! vi! (pico?) boooooo!)
> -bill!
I'm not religious. It's more like hero worship. Here are mine:
1. Linus
2. O'Reilly
The first two are distant heroes. LUGOD allows for daily worship through
the list and two meetings a month.
-Eric E.
P.S. Bill razzed me at the B&G fundraiser for not attending meetings
since Mark Kim's Blender talk. I had every intention of attending
Gabriel's OpenGL talk, but it coincided with a Patwin Elementary School
resource meeting. I am not a backslider ... really.
Hosting provided by:
Sunset Systems
Sunset Systems offers preconfigured Linux
systems, remote system administration and
custom software development.
LUGOD: Linux Users' Group of Davis
PO Box 2082, Davis, CA 95617
Contact Us
LUGOD is a 501(c)7 non-profit organization
based in Davis, California
and serving the Sacramento area.
"Linux" is a trademark of Linus Torvalds.


text:
HANOI, December 5, 2011 (AFP) - Vietnam has begun construction of a second terminal to ease overcrowding at the only airport in the nation's capital, the government said.
Officials held a ceremony at the Noi Bai airport on Sunday to break ground on the four-storey facility which is being funded by more than 75 billion yen ($961 million) in Japanese aid, the Vietnamese government said.
"Terminal 2, expected to be completed by the end of 2014, was designed to handle 10 million passengers per year," it said in a statement released Sunday.
The existing terminal handled some 9.5 million passengers last year, exceeding its capacity of six million, the official English-language Vietnam News reported.
Flag carrier Vietnam Airlines hopes to make the country's two biggest airports -- in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City -- gateways to the fast-growing Southeast Asian region.
But analysts say the country needs to spend far more on airport and other key infrastructure in order to compete with aviation hubs like Bangkok or Singapore.
At a World Bank-backed forum last Friday, the American Chamber of Commerce in Vietnam said the country continues to face "deficiencies and delays" in developing key infrastructure including approach roads, bridges, power plants, seaports and light rail.
In addition to the Terminal 2 project, Japan is funding an expressway and bridge link to the airport.


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The study, published in the British Journal of Nutrition, included 12 older adults with memory decline (not dementia). They were randomly assigned to receive either 100% Concord grape juice or placebo three times per day for 12 weeks. The total amount of juice consumed per day was based on each person's body weight (between 444 and 621 ml; 14 and 21 ounces).
The people receiving grape juice did up to 60% better at the end of the study compared to the beginning on tests that measured learning and memory, while those receiving the placebo drink showed no improvement. Average body weight and waist circumference did not change in either group.
Anthocyanins are reddish-blue flavonoid pigments abundant in fruits such as purple grapes and blueberries, and vegetables such as purple cabbage. They are in the family of polyphenols known as flavonoids, which are powerful antioxidants. The authors of this study speculated that the anthocyanins and other polyphenols found in Concord grape juice might be responsible for the benefits they saw.
"Given the existing body of research linking polyphenol consumption with a lower risk of age-related neurodegenerative changes and with reduced levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in people with cardiovascular disease, it is likely that the flavonoids found in Concord grape juice are at least partly responsible for the beneficial effects we observed," said lead study author Dr. Robert Krikorian from the University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center.
Drinking grape juice is a good way to increase your levels of anthocyanins. Eating anthocyanin-rich foods is safe, so pile your plate high with purple grapes, blueberries, and purple cabbage. Other ways to prevent cognitive decline include the following:
(Br J Nutr 2010;103:730–4)
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Clay cooker technique in 36" Tuscan
Make a first attempt at chicken in a clay cooker last night. Mixed reviews in that the top of the chicken tasted great and browned nicely but the bottom did not cook at the same rate and was a bit pink. I used a good quality German clay cooker with a glazed bottom. Instuctions stated that the cooker has to go in to a cold oven so I put the cooker in, then fired up the oven. No surprise that the top of the clay cooker heated much faster than the bottom.
Is anyone putting clay cookers into a preheated oven? Any words of advice on tried and true techniques.
A wood-fired oven doesn't heat up the same way a conventional oven does, so I am guessing the heat from the fire cooked the top, but the oven walls and floor weren't hot and didn't cook the bottom.
When you want to cook at regular temperatures (350F-550F), I find that it works best to bring the oven up to pizza heat (750F), then put the fire out and let the oven fall to 550F. At that point you have stored enough heat in the oven to cook just about anything you want.
Terracotta bakeware in a brick oven works great -- but the whole oven (floor and walls/dome) need to be heated.
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Hon. Howard Kaloogian, Co-Chairman
The Honorable Howard Kaloogian (Republican-California, 1994-2000) serves as Chairman of the Our Country Deserves Better PAC. A proud conservative, Kaloogian served as Assistant Republican Leader in the California State Assembly during his six-year term in office. Kaloogian has been a leader in numerous conservative causes. In 2003 he launched the historic Recall Gray Davis Committee, which helped recall Democratic Governor Gray Davis – the first recall of a statewide official in California history. Kaloogian made countless national media appearances advocating on behalf of the recall effort, such as this appearance on MSNBC's Buchanan & Press.
Considering Ronald Reagan to be his greatest political hero, Kaloogian not only served as member of the Ronald Reagan Legacy Project, but he also went on to lead the Defend Reagan Committee. You can read an Op/Ed Mr. Kaloogian penned on the pro-Reagan committee's efforts here.
Kaloogian has worked with an array of national conservative leaders on a host of pertinent public policy issues facing America. You can view discussions of these issues Mr. Kaloogian has worked on as discussed by Congressman Jack Kemp, former Attorney General John Ashcroft, and former House Speaker Newt Gingrich.
Sal Russo, Chief Strategist
Sal Russo got his start in politics by working as a Special Assistant to Ronald
Reagan. Mr. Russo has spent over 30 years in the field of political consulting and public affairs. He has been a senior advisor to several Republican presidential campaigns.
A renowned consultant and strategist, Mr. Russo's expertise extends to every aspect of the profession. Russo's early conservative influence can be traced back to Barry Goldwater, who inspired Russo to become active in political causes while in college. Soon thereafter he met Reagan and his life was forever changed. Mr. Russo went on to become a leader in Republican campaigns at the state and national level, and helped freedom-loving people in campaigns around the world. He helped Violetta Chamorro win her election victory in Nicaragua. He has been an acclaimed advocate for the pro-American Kurds of Iraqi Kurdistan. In addition, Russo was also active in helping the Ukrainian independence movement to obtain freedom for the people of Ukraine. He now draws a parallel to the situation in Georgia, noting that, "as I saw tanks moving into the former Soviet republic of Georgia recently I thought about what the world would be like if Barack Obama was Commander-in-Chief of the United States. We can't allow that to happen – we cannot allow the beacon of freedom and liberty to be turned over to this man."
Lloyd Marcus, Spokesperson
Lloyd Marcus is a passionate and patriotic American who has been a leader in the fight for common sense conservative values.
A talented singer/songwriter, Mr. Marcus has been featured at numerous conservative events, such as the Gathering Of Eagles pro-troop/pro-veteran rallies.
Lloyd has written moving testimonials about his dedication to become the best he could be in life and to apply his talents and energies in a land blessed with freedoms and opportunities unequaled anywhere else in the world. He laments those who instead have chosen to pursue the path of bitterness and resentment.
After Florida officials decided to change their state song, many Floridians turned to the talents of Lloyd Marcus as he penned the song, "We Call Florida Home" which quickly became a favorite candidate for official state song.
Lloyd Marcus has touched the hearts of Americans across this great land with his powerful songs "United We Stand" and "Sarah Smile" – a tribute to Vice Presidential candidate, Sarah Palin. You can learn more about Lloyd at his personal website: www.LloydMarcus.com.
Joe Wierzbicki, PAC Coordinator
Joe Wierzbicki became a conservative at a very young age; his parents having taught him to gain reading proficiency by practicing on articles from the Wall Street Journal. The newspaper's pro-Reagan editorial bias rubbed off on his political leanings, and Wierzbicki's interest in politics was honed.
Throughout college Wierzbicki was active with Republican campaigns and conservative causes, sometimes ditching class so that he could walk precincts or man phone banks for Republican candidates in southern California. In his fourth year at UCSD, Wierzbicki left for Sacramento and a job working for a State Assemblyman in the State Capitol building.
In the 15 years since, Wierzbicki has worked for dozens of conservative and Republican campaigns, ranging from presidential campaigns, to international affairs to grassroots activist causes, such as the historic Recall Gray Davis campaign. He is also quite proud of his work with the patriotic, pro-troop organization, Move America Forward, where he helped ensure the organization's efforts were often featured in national media reports.
He has also worked on public relations efforts for non-political clients, and he is dedicated to making sure that the efforts of the Our Country Deserves Better PAC receive ample media coverage – including in the new line media.
Tiffiny Ruegner, Director, Field Operations
Tiffiny Ruegner is a political activist living in Sacramento, CA.
She is a single mom who home schools her son and has served as a leader in the local home school community organizing educational activities and events. She is an independent businesswoman, a leader in her church, and a believer in personal accountability.
Tiffiny has championed causes from California's recall of Governor Gray Davis and passage of Proposition 8 to the defeat of a wide variety of government programs that grow the nanny state. She has her own blog where she chronicles her thoughts on the important issues of our time and a quickly growing twitter account that she uses to engage with other conservatives across the country.
Having lived outside the country, Tiffiny appreciates America's special place in the world, the freedoms that make us a shining city on a hill, and the benefits we enjoy as Americans. She joined the Tea Party express because she sees those freedoms under attack, she wants to preserve the power and promise of our nation for her son, and she understands that each of us has a responsibility to stand up for what's right in service to our country and to our fellow man.
Levi Russell, Communications Director
Levi Russell has emerged as one of the brightest rising stars in the conservative movement.
Levi recently helped lead the grassroots promotional team for the conservative comedy An American Carol. Levi was a key player in generating community and political support for the film and the creation of earned media opportunities via viral e-mail, political party websites, blogs, radio and television. In addition, he had a central role in the promotion and organization of multiple group theatre buyouts, group ticket sales, and other special events.
In 2009 Levi helped garner significant media attention and public awareness for the documentary Media Malpractice which featured an exclusive interview of Gov. Sarah Palin following the 2008 presidential election. The documentary exposed the media bias which heaped unending praise on Barack Obama during his bid for the presidency, but then applying a totally different standard towards Gov. Palin.
A proud supporter of the U.S. military, Levi was honored to work on the promotional efforts for the critically acclaimed movie, Brothers at War, which featured the real-life story of an American who traveled to Iraq to see first-hand the heroic efforts of his brothers who were serving in Operation Iraqi Freedom. In 2008 Levi played an integral role in managing daily operations of The Third Jihad the much-discussed documentary exposing the danger radical Islam posed to free nations of the world.
Levi graduated from the University of Alaska with a degree in Management. He is also a licensed commercial pilot, with flying experience ranging from seaplanes in Alaska to flying gliders in Montreal. In addition, he is an avid SCUBA diver and certified ski instructor.
Betty Presley, Treasurer
Few individuals have earned the respect and acclaim for their work with Republican political campaigns as Betty Presley.
Ms. Presley is routinely acknowledged by the media for her service as a campaign treasurer for Republican organizations. Republican political consultants have heaped accolades on Ms. Presley's professionalism, proclaiming that "Betty Presley's got your back." One conservative talk radio host described Presley as, "A woman who's name is very well known in political circles." Ms. Presley has an unequaled track record of experience working for Republican campaigns at the local, state, and federal levels.
Besides helping Republican causes, Ms. Presley has also served as treasurer for the pro-school voucher Yes on 38 committee and the Women's Alliance for Israel.


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Learn more about Verbatim Blu-ray Disc BD-R 25GB 4X Branded 2pk Jewel Case:
Manufacturer: Verbatim
Mfg Part#: 96434-2-KIT
Sku: 207469223
See more in Backup Media
|Blu-ray Disc is the next-generation optical disc format that was developed to enable recording and playback of high-definition video (HD), as well as storing large amounts of data. A single-layer Blu-ray Disc can hold 25GB, which can be used to record over 2 hours of HDTV. Blu-ray uses a blue-violet laser to read and write data while current optical disc technologies such as DVD use a red laser. The shorter wavelengths of the Blu-ray technology make it possible to record more data on the same space. These discs are safeguarded by Verbatim's super hard coat which protects against everyday wear and tear. With the rapid growth of HDTV, Blu-ray will meet the consumer demand for recording HD programming and is expected to replace VCRs and DVD recorders over the coming years.


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All the City Was Gathered at His Door (Toute la ville étant à sa porte)
Following reports of Jesus' early miraculous deeds, including healing the sick and exorcising demons, others of the afflicted soon seek his help. Borne on makeshift litters or kneeling in the streets outside the home of Peter, the supplicants eagerly reach out to be touched by Jesus.
In this image, the winding, narrow alleys of an ancient city intensify the impression of jostling crowds of followers. Tissot's commentary takes particular note of the use of arches in the construction of labyrinthine ancient cities—a building technique that strengthened the structure but cast the streets in shadow.
- Portfolio/Series: The Life of Our Lord Jesus Christ (La Vie de Notre-Seigneur Jésus-Christ)
- Artist: James Tissot, French, 1836-1902
- Medium: Opaque watercolor over graphite on gray wove paper
- Place Made: France
- Dates: 1886-1896
- Dimensions: Image: 11 3/16 x 7 1/16 in. (28.4 x 17.9 cm) Sheet: 11 3/16 x 7 1/16 in. (28.4 x 17.9 cm) Frame: 20 x 15 x 1 1/2 in. (50.8 x 38.1 x 3.8 cm) (show scale)
- Signature: Signed top left: "J.J. Tissot"
- Collections:European Art
- Museum Location: This item is not on view
- Exhibitions:
- Accession Number: 00.159.78
- Credit Line: Purchased by public subscription
- Rights Statement: No known copyright restrictions
- Caption: James Tissot (French, 1836-1902). All the City Was Gathered at His Door (Toute la ville étant à sa porte), 1886-1896. Opaque watercolor over graphite on gray wove paper, Image: 11 3/16 x 7 1/16 in. (28.4 x 17.9 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Purchased by public subscription, 00.159.78
- Image:
- Record Completeness: Best (86%)


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— Posted by Park City Mountain Resort on February 20, 2014
Lock in the best deal on lift tickets for your spring ski and snowboard vacation to Park City Mountain Resort!
For our best lift ticket deals, head over our online lift ticket store, where you'll find discounted lift tickets at up to 35% off when you buy at least 2 days in advance. The deals vary by day and also by product, so although some products are a bit limited on some days, there are still plenty of great deals available. To help you out, are a few quick tips to navigate your way to the best discount on your lift tickets:
Once you make your purchase, we'll send you an email with barcodes to bring to any of the ticket windows here at Park City Mountain Resort - please remember to bring this confirmation with you.
Tickets purchased from our online lift tick store come a few restircitions - all sales are final, non-transferrable, must be used for the dates selected and payment will be required in full on all purchases.
Official news and announcements from Park City Mountain Resort.
Samantha is new to Utah, joining the Park City Mountain Resort team in 2011 as the Marketing Coordinator.
When he's not up on the mountain checking on the cams, Eric is managing the interactive marketing for Park City Mountain Resort.
Dave has worked in the ski and snowboard industry since 2000 and joined the PCMR team in the spring of 2014.
Park City Mountain Resort
1345 Lowell Ave
PO Box 39
Park City, UT 84060
(435) 649–8111
© Park City Mountain Resort
Get snow reports, I Ride Park City updates and more by signing up for our newsletters.Sign Up
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Philips, Armin van Buuren team together for A5-Pro DJ headphones28 March 2014
Philips and DJ star Armin van Buuren have paired together for a pair of A5-Pro professional DJ headphones, designed to meet the needs of a globe-trotting DJ. Van Buuren and Philips collaborated on the headphones to combine an aluminum close-back fit with... >>
LG announces Smart Bulb compatible with iOS and Android23 March 2014
LG has announced its new Smart Bulb product on Sunday, a set of lightbulbs that connect to iOS and Android devices for a different way to light your home. The Smart Bulb features "LG Smart Lighting" that has a security mode to make it appear like you're... >>
Best Television 2011: 8th Pocket-lint Awards contenders4 November 2011
2011 was a blinding year for televisions, literally. Pocket-lint had the backs of its retinas burned by the uber bright LED screens that started filling our sitting rooms. So many Hz that eventually it began to. Keeping up with all the televisions released... >>


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Vamos pa'l Sur: Mexico, Belize & Guatemala
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Gnarly Adventurer
Joined: May 2009
Oddometer: 109
Originally Posted by
We are at the start of our great adventure. We have been planning for 1 ½ years and we are now going Pal Sur to the south. My friend Paul and I are leaving the 4th of July from Dallas. We will hit San Antonio for some common sense and information. (possibly a breakfast burrito) then later that day, cross into Mexico at the safest crossing we can find.
Paul and I know each other from college. We both were working on our MA degree at Arizona State University (he in linguistics and me in literature) and we played lots of basketball together. Good Times. Through some online college classes I was teaching we re-connected and hatched a plan to head south. He has family in Costa Rica, so the original plan was to get there. For our 21 day trip all those CA crossings seemed a challenge. Our plan is to hit central Mexico, Yucatan, inland Belize, Guatemala and the head home. We will be following some of the same routes that Tricepilot and Raoul Duke have forged. Paul lives in Portland and we had to get his bike here. That was a process. We will trailer the bikes to Dallas where my sister lives and will start the ride there at 4:00 am Sunday morning the 4th.
He and I have great families that support us but think were crazy. Many friends feel the same way. We are not phased at all and since we both speak Spanish very well, (we both teach spanish for a living in different capcities) we look forward to the adventure.
We plan to update a little while we travel, wi-fi permittinng. We both have KLRs so were evenly matched. I have so much respect for anyone taking a trip like this because of the planning and prep involved. Amazing!
Watch the weather report, ALEX, hit very hard the border where you will or might cross. Monterrey is totally colapsed. Be extra careful, the weather is terrible and it's raining real hard.
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Easy electronic access
To help your survivors, your passwords belong in your will
Posted: October 16, 2013 at 3:04 a.m.
Your mother has just entered hospice care, and she is declining quickly. Suddenly there are a million questions you are supposed to have answered in advance: Is there a will? What should we do with the house, the old china, the dog? Most of them involve money, beloved objects, or family history, but in the digital age, there are less tangible assets we almost never stop to think about.
This story is only available from our archives.
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If the white of an egg (or Albumen as it is correctly known) is watery, it is harder for a shell to be built correctly around it and can cause an egg shell to be wrinkled or have ripples on it.
As hens get older, the whites in their eggs will get thinner but some diseases such as the viral disease Infectious Bronchitis can also affect the ability of the bird to produce thick albumen (white) and cause wrinkled egg shells, even years after infection.
If a hen has a good diet of a good quality layers feed, doesn't have any obvious health problems and has access to grit, there isn't anything that can be done about wrinkled shells. Eggs can still be eaten as normal, providing the egg shell doesn't have any cracks in it. Broken eggs should be discarded as bacteria will have entered the egg (I don't waste these though, they are fed to the dog).


text: The Crab-Walking wiki last edited by BeachThunder on 03/21/14 05:15PM View full history OverviewCrab-Walking is a term coined by Gears of War players for a glitch that allows you to permanently roadie run. They call it Crab-Walking because of the funny way the character runs and strafes at the same time. The glitch is severely frowned upon by the Gears of War community and usually results in bad player reviews, complaints, and general trash talk around the match. Crab-Walking is a glitch because it exploits the games change in animation from changing walls to a swat turn. The reason you are able to do this is because of the games internal lag. When you are host you are not able to do this glitch because it is running off your connection so there is no lag to allow you to do the glitch. The glitch allows you to roadie run (sprint) while still being able to fire a gun. There are almost no limitations, you are still able to aim and use any weapon you want. You are still free to pick up weapons and ammo. The only thing you are not allowed to do is press the A or B button. These cancel out the glitch and you will return to your original state. The advantage to using this cheat is just the sheer speed you obtain.To do the glitch, all you need to do is memorize a simple button combination, its one of the easiest glitches in the game. Approach a wall that is next to another wall with a gap in between. It needs to be a small enough gap between the walls to let you slide from wall to wall. You can slide from any side of the wall, but for the purpose of this explanation you will start on the left wall. Now that you have found a spot, press A and put your back to the wall. Position your character at the end of the wall and hold right on the left control stick so the change wall icon appears. Once the icon is on you can perform the maneuver. What you want to do is change from holding right on the left stick to holding down on the left thumb stick. It is a very quick change. All you have to do is slide it around the edge until it gets to the bottom. Imagine a clock. You would be positioning it from 3 o'clock to 6 o'clock. Alright now that I have explained that to you, you also have to do another thing simultaneously. Probably a half of a second after you've slid the stick downwards you want to press A. Now it will take some practice on the timing, but eventually you will get it. Remember you can't be host when doing this, and you can't be playing on the hosts connection. The object of this is to basically trick the animation as if you were switching walls, but by switching the stick to the down position before you press A the character backs off the wall. Now if done correctly the character will shake a little and start roadie running. Make sure you hold down the entire time because the object is to back away from the walls you just used. If you come into close contact with the walls your character will be temporarily stuck to the wall and unable to move. Also if you get away from the walls you still shouldn't return later on because you will get stuck. Now that you have backed away from the wall, you can sprint around and shoot at will. You will be much faster than your opponents and able to do everything they can do with the exception of rolling and using the B button. Essentially, you will be faster and more agile than your opponents, but you are not invincible by any means. Players can still kill you and they are usually trained to let you walk into them while their chainsaws are revved.


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Membership provides a year's worth of great benefits while enabling the Museum to continue its commitment to the arts in Brooklyn.
Special Events are a unique and exciting way to support the Museum.
Arnold Lehman Exhibition Fund, established in honor of Arnold Lehman, Shelby White and Leon Levy Director, enables the Museum to sustain and expand its ambitious exhibition program.
Annual Fund contributions provide the financial stability that keeps the Museum running smoothly.
Corporate Support helps the Museum serve as a key cultural and educational resource for the community. Involvement opportunities include sponsorships and the Partners in Education benefits program.