text:
RSS-139 — Advanced Wireless Services (AWS) Equipment Operating in the Bands 1710-1780 MHz and 2110-2180 MHz
Issue 2
February 2009
Spectrum Management and Telecommunications
Radio Standards Specification
Radio Standards Specification 139 (RSS-139), Issue 2, Advanced Wireless Services Equipment Operating in the Bands 1710-1755 MHz and 2110-2155 MHz, replaces RSS-139, Issue 1, dated February 2008.
This document will be in force as of the publication date of Notice No. SMSE-003-09 in Canada Gazette, Part I. Upon publication, the public has 120 days to submit comments. Comments received will be taken into account in the preparation of the next version of the document.
Listed below are the changes:
- Section 4.1: The transmitter power can be measured in peak or average value.
- Section 6.4: The peak-to-average power ratio has been specified.
Issued under the authority of the Minister of Industry
Marc Dupuis
Director General
Spectrum Engineering Branch
- Scope
- General Information
- General Requirements
- Measurement Method
- General Standard Specifications
- Transmitter and Receiver Standard Specifications
RSS-139 - Advanced Wireless Services Equipment Operating in the Bands 1710-1755 MHz and 2110-2155 MHz
(PDF, 48 KB, 8 pages)
1. Scope
This Radio Standards Specification (RSS) sets out requirements for the certification of transmitters and receivers used in radiocommunications systems to provide Advanced Wireless Services (AWS) in the bands 1710-1755 MHz and 2110-2155 MHz.
2. General Information
Equipment certified under this standard is classified as Category I equipment and a technical acceptance certificate (TAC), issued by the Certification and Engineering Bureau of Industry Canada, or a certificate issued by a Certification Body (CB), is required.
2.1 Licensing Requirements
Equipment covered by this standard is subject to licensing pursuant to subsection 4(1) of the Radiocommunication Act.
2.2 Related Documents
All Spectrum Management and Telecommunications publications are available on Industry Canada's website at http://www.ic.gc.ca/spectrum under Official Publications. In addition to related documents specified in RSS-Gen, General Requirements and Information for the Certification of Radiocommunication Equipment, the following Industry Canada documents should be consulted:
CS – Compliance Specification
DC – Terminal Attachment Program Procedures
RSS – Radio Standards Specification
SRSP – Standard Radio System Plan
2.3 Definition of Bandwidth
Emission bandwidth is, for the purpose of this document, defined as the width of the signal between two points, one below the carrier frequency and one above the carrier frequency, outside of which all emissions are attenuated at least 20 dB below the transmitter power (i.e. -20 dBc), when measured with a resolution bandwidth of approximately 1% of the occupied bandwidth. In lieu of the -20 dBc bandwidth, the occupied bandwidth may be used.
3. General Requirements
3.1 RSS-Gen Compliance
RSS-139 shall be used in conjunction with RSS-Gen for general specifications and information relevant to the equipment for which this standard applies.
4. Measurement Method
4.1 Transmitter Output Power
The transmitter power can be measured in peak or average value. If the transmitter power to be measured is in peak value, the transmitter power shall be measured over any interval of continuous transmission using an instrument calibrated in terms of a root-mean-square-equivalent voltage. The measurement results shall be properly adjusted for any instrument limitation, such as detector response times, sensitivity, limited resolution bandwidth capability when compared to the emission bandwidth, etc., so as to obtain the maximum transmit output power of the emission over the channel bandwidth.
4.2 Transmitter Unwanted Emissions
The emission limits shall be measured with the carrier frequency set at both the highest settable frequency and lowest settable frequency permitted by the design of the equipment.
5. General Standard Specifications
5.1 Electronic Serial Number (ESN), Mobile Equipment Identifier (MEID), International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), or International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
The ESN is a 32-bit number that uniquely identifies an AWS mobile station to any AWS system. (Note: Other ESN schemes may be considered by Industry Canada. However, it is the system designer's responsibility to ensure a secure ESN.) The 56-bit MEID developed in 3GPP2 (3rd Generation Partnership Project 2) and the IMSI and IMEI developed in 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) will be accepted by Industry Canada as complying with the requirements of this section.
- Each mobile transmitter in service must have a unique ESN, MEID, IMSI or IMEI.
- The ESN, MEID, IMSI or IMEI component must be permanently attached to a main circuit board of
the mobile transmitter and the integrity of the unit's operating software must not be alterable. The ESN, MEID, IMSI or IMEI must be isolated from fraudulent contact and tampering. If the ESN, MEID, IMSI or IMEI component does not contain other information, that component must not be
removable and its electrical connections must not be accessible. If the ESN, MEID, IMSI or IMEI component contains other information, the ESN, MEID, IMSI or IMEI must be encoded using one
or more of the following techniques:
- multiplication or division by a polynomial;
- cyclic coding;
- the spreading of ESN, MEID, IMSI or IMEI bits over various non-sequential memory locations.
- The ESN, MEID, IMSI or IMEI must be factory set and not alterable, transferable, removable or otherwise able to be manipulated. AWS mobile equipment must be designed such that any attempt to remove, tamper with, or change the ESN, MEID, IMSI or IMEI chip, its logic system or firmware as originally programmed by the manufacturer will render the mobile transmitter inoperative.
5.2 Cordless-Mode Telephone Base Stations (CTBS)
CTBS are permitted and are intended to form a cordless telephone system in conjunction with an AWS handset or handsets. The communication between the handsets and the CTBS will use the AWS provider's frequency band. Such a cordless system is intended for short-range and/or in-building usage. When the CTBS is certified (using this RSS), operation will be permitted under the AWS provider's licence.
The CTBS shall comply with this RSS and be certified under Radio Equipment Certification Procedure RSP-100. In cases where the CTBS is connected to a public telephone network, the CBTS shall also comply with Compliance Specification CS-03 and be registered according to Terminal Attachment Program Procedures DC-01.
The CTBS and the handset shall incorporate a security code of a minimum of 8 bits or equivalent to prevent unintentional line seizure, dialling or ringing. Although a description of the implementation of the code is required, the implementation need not be tested. For further details, refer to the section on "Cordless Telephones (General Conditions)" in RSS-210.
The radio frequency (RF) output power shall not exceed a level that is required for reliable communication.
An authorization protocol shall be put in place to allow the operation of the CTBS, based on the following principles:
- The CTBS must be controlled by the network of the AWS provider in order to receive permission to operate. Such a control mechanism may be provided by wireline or wireless facilities. The operation of a CTBS must be only on frequencies within the frequency sub-band assigned for use to the AWS provider and must operate only within the radio service coverage of the network that controls the CTBS.
- Upon receiving permission from the network to operate, and under no other circumstances, a CTBS will enable its transmitter to communicate with any associated certified handset and provide service using the frequency spectrum and operating parameters specified and/or permitted by the AWS provider.
- Until authorized for service by the network, neither the CTBS nor the handset shall be able to transmit in the cordless mode.
The applicant for certification shall provide a letter from one of the appropriate AWS providers stating that the CTBS authorization protocol has been tested and found to work satisfactorily.
6. Transmitter and Receiver Standard Specifications
6.1 Frequency Plan
The frequency plan is described in SRSP-513.
6.2 Types of Modulation
The devices may employ any type of modulation techniques. The type of modulation used must be reported.
6.3 Frequency Stability
The frequency stability shall be sufficient to ensure that the emission bandwidth stays within the operating frequency block when tested to the temperature and supply voltage variations specified in RSS-Gen.
6.4 Transmitter Output Power
The average equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.) for fixed, mobile and portable transmitters in the 1710-1755 MHz shall not exceed 1 watt.
Consult SRSP-513 for e.i.r.p. limits on fixed and base stations operating in the 2110-2155 MHz band.
In addition, when the transmitter power is measured in terms of average value, the peak-to-average ratio of the power shall not exceed 13 dB.
6.5 Transmitter Unwanted Emissions
- In the first 1.0 MHz bands immediately outside and adjacent to the equipment's operating frequency block, the emission power per any 1% of the emission bandwidth shall be attenuated below the transmitter output power P (in watts) by at least 43 + 10 log10(P), dB.
- After the first 1.0 MHz outside the equipment's operating frequency block, the emission power in any 1 MHz bandwidth shall be attenuated below the transmitter output power P (in watts) by at least 43 + 10 log10(P), dB.
6.6 Receiver Spurious Emissions
Receiver spurious emissions shall comply with the limits specified in RSS-Gen.
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text:
The following is an archive of a post made to our
'vox-tech mailing list'
by one of its subscribers.
On Sun, Sep 02, 2001 at 08:51:02PM -0700, Peter Jay Salzman wrote:
> a friend "did something" to his (non-linux) mac and says that he now can't
> write to disk anymore. it sounds like he somehow managed to configure the
> partitions to be mounted read-only. he tried rebooting (many times), and i
> have no knowledge of mac systems.
> this is for mac-os 7.
AFAIK Mac OS has on support for mounting a partition read-only (no mount
command ;-), but there are two things that could make the Finder refuse to
allow changes to a disk:
1. 'Locked' checkbox in get info window is on (click on hard drive icon,
choose 'Get info' from file menu in Finder).
2. File sharing is on and is somehow fscked up (turn off file sharing in File
Sharing control panel, or disable File Sharing extension using Extension
Manager, then reboot).
Actually I believe the MacOS partition tables do support a read-only flag,
but there is no way to access this flag except using a partitioning utility.
Did 'something' that the friend did involve such a program?
(NB the preceeding is going off memory, since I've not used a Mac for two
Henry House
OpenPGP key available from http://romana.hajhouse.org/hajhouse.asc
Description: PGP signature
Hosting provided by:
Sunset Systems
Sunset Systems offers preconfigured Linux
systems, remote system administration and
custom software development.
LUGOD: Linux Users' Group of Davis
PO Box 2082, Davis, CA 95617
Contact Us
LUGOD is a 501(c)7 non-profit organization
based in Davis, California
and serving the Sacramento area.
"Linux" is a trademark of Linus Torvalds.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Great articles on other sites
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- Unless kids are working, coding should not be taught: Abbott | ZDNet
- CSIRO, NICTA merger could cost 200 jobs - Training & Development - News - iTnews.com.au
- Sydney Opal card travel history can be accessed by police
- NBN analysis 'like foxes reviewing the hen house': Clare
- Call made to end inflight phone ban
- Australian government undoing profit shifting clamp down: Labor
- National security law reforms
- Victorian Government calls for contributions to shape Victoria's digital economy
- Will IBM pip Azure at the Aussie cloud post?
- Competition watchdog should break up Foxtel monopoly: Ludlam
Featured, News - Written by Renai LeMay on Sunday, April 10, 2011 15:08 - 45 Comments
YOU'RE WRONG AGAIN, Hackett tells Conroy
Simon Hackett has accused Communications Minister Stephen Conroy of again making factually incorrect statements about Internode's approach to the National Broadband Network, claiming Conroy hadn't even read some of Hackett's recent statements on the matter.
The comments represent the latest altercation between the two as part of a public spat which has developed over the past several weeks regarding the NBN's pricing model, which the Internode MD has been highly critical of. Conroy was last week forced to acknowledge he had made an error regarding Internode's submissions to the competition regulator on the matter.
In a blog post published yesterday (Saturday), Hackett escalated the developing conflict.
"Recently, Federal Communications Minister Senator Stephen Conroy has again made some incorrect statements about my proposed improvements to the NBN Co wholesale cost access model," he wrote. "Those reported comments (if accurate) contain a variety of statements about my proposals that are misleading in some cases, and entirely wrong in others."
Hackett referred to a ZDNet.com.au article in which Conroy made a variety of comments regarding the Internode MD's beliefs about how NBN Co's pricing model could be changed to be more favourable to small ISP. In the article, Conroy mentioned a number of aspects of Hackett's argument, noting that he considered some of the Internode MD's arguments "very valid", but that predictions of "doom and gloom" regarding the pricing were "a little early".
However, Hackett said Conroy had gotten many of his arguments wrong. For example, with relation to the Minister's statement that Hackett's own pricing proposal would increase the price of the 'access virtual circuit' component of the NBN pricing, Hackett said Conroy was "completely wrong". "I have in fact proposed precisely the opposite!" he wrote.
Conroy's spokesperson has not yet responded to an invitation to respond to Hackett's comments.
In another example, Conroy stated that the Government would comply with the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission's decision on the number of points of interconnect which NBN Co will provide to ISPs to access its network, despite the fact that the Government actually agreed with Hackett's proposal for a lower number.
"The government has the capacity to legislate to override the ACCC decision on points of interconnect – a decision it continues to reiterate as being in conflict with their policy aims!" Hackett wrote. "The government has certainly not been shy in passing other major changes to the NBN legislation over the past few weeks alone, all of which represents major intervention in the marketplace. Why be so shy about addressing this particular issue?"
Hackett also took Conroy to task on a number of other matters, describing one of the Minister's arguments as "simply false" and another as "showing nothing of the sort". The Internode MD said he was attempting to arrange to speak with Conroy or his advisors, as well as NBN Co and the ACCC, regarding the pricing model.
"Unfortunately it seems as if Senator Conroy has not actually read my proposal before passing judgment about it," he wrote. "… However, having people 'shooting from the hip' regarding my proposals (intended to improve the practical outcomes of this policy), without even taking the time to read them properly, is really not advancing the debate in a useful manner."
Image credit: J Miller, royalty free
45 Comments
Love the pic, would have been better if you could get Hackett do the same face
Conroy seems to have unlimited feet as he keeps shooting them off.
…that's what happens when don't know what you're doing and shoot from the hip!
Would be better if a dummy was being spat out of the child's mouth
We need like a "Battle of the Titans" on the ABC one night between Simon Hackett and Stephen Conroy.
I think it would be good entertainment. :D
"We need like a "Battle of the Titans" on the ABC one night between Simon Hackett and Stephen Conroy.
I think it would be good entertainment. :D"
I'd pay to see that especially if Mark Newton was there to discuss "filtering" as well.
conroy is a luddite, he know nothing about IT & economics.
NBNco & labor are in an entrenched position politically, they cant afford another backflip, specially atm when poll numbers are so low.
what's on your nose. is it black nose day and I missed it, Conroy does rub people the wrong way the quite often
Simon has illustrated the facts drawn logical conclusions and proffered an alternative which will deliver the most advantageous results.
Chances of it being adopted – Zero
Too many "vested interests" and politicians – logic are mutually exclusive terms.
And Simon Hackett, owner of Internode doesn't have vested interests as well?
Hackett's a smart man, who has done some very good things without doubt. Let's not pretend though that at the end of the day he's not a businessman, and very successful one at that. He ultimately wants Internode to be best placed out of the NBN.
now I have black dot on my hat. what is that. has me stumped, the big issues dominate my world.
Wow, the minister hasn't even read some his recent statements on the matter?
He has better things to do. Stupid article.
Stupid Minister.
Not name calling, just a carefully considered observation of various extraordinarily bad actions.
And wait till you see the ones that hav'nt surfaced all the way yet.
But he's not Stupid all alone, he has had a little help from other fools like perhaps Rod Tucker &
Prof (Gilligan) Coutts !!
They may know something about Telecommunications even though there're making mistakes, but are complete stooges about Economics. Which is all the NBN is about. VIABILITY.
Speaking of Viability,
What will happen when the wider community find out that the "take up rate" Conroy refers to is the take up rate of FREE connections not the take up rate of subscriber's ! That is paying, interested customers.
When your giving away FREE fibre and you cant get 100%, thats a complete failure.
In Tassie the FREE fibre take up rate is 47 % !
But in the metric that matters, the subscription take up rate, the result is an UNVIABLE 13 % ! !
And thats after 9 months and the special below cost introductory offer ! ! ! !
Which is coming to end shortly once the ACCC rules on the numbers. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
It's not free, I believe the ISPs are not having to pay for the access, but the customer is still having to pay for an Internet plan from an ISP to take up fibre.
Approx. 1450 premises have accepted the free connection to nbn fibre. (from the 4000 offered the connection. 2000 declined)
They have not subscribed to any ISP for any service through the fibre. They have not been charged for absolutely anything. FREE.
Right, so its an opt in trial?
Not everyone likes to be on a trial…..
What I said about contracts with ISP etc still stands and would reflect on how many have opted in for the trial.
Its not a trial. Not at all.
its only called a trial as a pretence to allow for the below cost pricing.
Once the "trial" contract term expires a new term with commercial ACCC approved pricing will continue.
Tassie is full of left wing tree hugging greenies who live down there for the sole purpose of trying to live away from technology.
You just wait till the mainland sites start accepting customers. I would predict easy 80-90% take up rate.
@ Jim
Response to "Free NBN fibre connection" in Mainland Brunswick site was less than 48 % also.
But again lets see what the subscription rate will be.
Townsville was not to crash hot either.
Perhaps the new NBN Guide will fix all of that, punters can download it on their ADSL and wireless connections and read about what they are missing. LOL
These are trial areas though and not final pricing, also people would be locked into contracts with there current ISPs and so cannot break out and get an NBN connection.
"These are trial areas though and not final pricing,"
Yes the pilot pricing is artificially cheap and the installation cost is highly subsidised, makes you wonder what the uptake figures will be for commercial pricing.
"also people would be locked into contracts with there current ISPs and so cannot break out and get an NBN connection."
You know this is a reason how?
Because people would rather not spend the money to get out of a Contract.
I know I wouldn't want to pay out a 24 month contract unless I was in the final months.
If the NBN got rolled out to my door today and I was locked into a 24 month contract, I'd wait the contract out or wait until it wasn't too expensive to pay out, to get out early.
People care about the costs of things, even if it's paying $100 to get out of a contract to switch to the NBN now. They'd more likely wait few months and not spend the $$.
Yes I know all of that, but that's not my question – it is ok to say you don't know.
I would say he knows that by using common sense Alain….. you should try it some time.
Hackett is one of the most active, well informed and articulate proponents of ISPs in Australia. He also knows how to work the media both traditional and social. Conroy should do the smart thing for once and STFU. In this battle of wits Conroy is unarmed.
"Hackett is one of the most active, well informed and articulate proponents of ISPs in Australia."
He is also only one of about 200 ISP's in Australia, it would be interesting to hear what the others think, the silence is deafening.
"it would be interesting to hear what the others think, the silence is deafening."
Excellent point. If it is so doom and gloom, why haven't some of the other ISPs spoken up in support of Hackett's position? Safety in numbers and all that.
Certainly, Hackett is the only one making this kind of noise.
Ironically the majority of ISP's are quiet about the internet filter as well or they don't have the balls to stand up to him.
How right you are there. Internode are ALWAYS vocal about things like this. They don't worry about this retaliation. Look at their very vocal stand against Telstra on pricing or the Filter. They don't care whether anyone wants to join them they do what is best for the industry (and themselves). Michael Moloney would be the next one to make waves if things get really bad but remember Simon has taken up this fight for the ISP smaller then him, so I don't think you will hear anything from Telstra, Optus or iiNet.
What about the CCC, the Competitive Carriers Coalition, they are vocal when it suits them like getting stuck into Telstra over the years (for their members benefit of course).
Their position on the current controversy on the NBN wholesale resell? – big fat silence.
Maybe that means they aren't concerned with the current provisions?
It would be good to hear what their position is one way or the other though, do they agree with what one of their key member ISP's is saying or not?
We appoint you our representative to go and ask them.
No Renai can do that, in the interest of balanced comment on Delimiter.
If one guy is saying what everyone else is thinking and acting like the lightning rod for Conroy's tantrums, I think the rest of the industry would be more than willing to play the 'wait and see' approach.
On the plus side, it's nice to see someone raising concerns about the NBN NOT being branded a luddite or a naysayer or what have you… For too long, anyone that wasn't 100% sold on the debate, but who think FTTP is a great idea if done right, have been villified. Now that some of the more unimpeachable technologists are pushing for greater accountability and thoroughness, hopefully more people can see that bringing up concerns re: Labor's plan is not opposing FTTP, it's just trying to make the end result better for all. Distinctly different from those who flatly say there is no need for updating our infrastructure.
Leave a Comment
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Blog, Telecommunications - Jul 5, 2014 12:12 - 0 Comments
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Analysis, Industry, Internet - Jun 23, 2014 10:33 - 0 Comments
'Google Schmoogle' – how Yellow Pages got it so wrong
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Blog, Digital Rights - Jun 30, 2014 22:24 - 0 Comments
Will Netflix launch in Australia, or not?
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- Coalition, Labor support new surveillance laws
- Anti-piracy laws will increase piracy, says Budde


text:
Posts Tagged "bats"
By Anna Taylor
BSc Conservation Biology and freelance journalist
@FreelanceAnna, Anna's website
Photo by Ryan von Linden, NY Department of Environmental Conservation
By Richard Hassall
BSc Hons Animal Biology and Volunteer Ranger
Bats are often portrayed as subjects of "horror" and used in entertainment to startle and create a sense of impending doom. The most famous example I can think of is Dracula. Are these little creatures all they are made out to be? Some people think they may be.
Bat numbers have drastically declined in the past century due to increasing development and changes in land management practices. To prevent any further decline, strict legislation has been put in place to prevent harm to bats and any destruction of their roost sites.
Continue reading »


text:
Picture perfect holiday Home is part of tour that helps community
PORTLAND - Jonathan and Aleisha Kolb's Portland home sits in an idyllic location across from a picturesque pond. The traditional brick home is a reflection of the Kolb's style and is a great place for the growing family to spend time together along with friends. It's all decked out for the holidays so don't miss the chance to view this and other Portland homes on the ChatWork Civic Club's Christmas home tour from 1 to 4 p.m. Saturday.
In three sentences or less, summarize why you love your home: We love that our home brings together the people and things that we love most. It is a comfortable reflection of our style where our growing family can spend time together and open our doors to friends and neighbors. We also love the location.
Best home project I've completed here and why: We have enjoyed decorating our master bedroom. It was always at the bottom of the list. Now, we have a room designed perfectly for both of us where we can sleep, relax, or exercise. It is our own private retreat.
I get ideas/inspiration for my house by: We get ideas and inspiration for our house through our travels and my personal design background.
A home item I can't live without: The uninteresting, yet true, home item I cannot live without is the washing machine. With a family of four it is running daily.
Places where I find home furnishings: We buy most furniture at local stores, when possible, but we have purchased a few items out of town or online.
A home I'd love to see inside: Laird Hamilton and Gabrielle Reece's home on Maui - We are big fans of Maui and the fitness icons. They recently put their 5,000-square-foot+ house up for sale.
My dream home would include: Natural woods, stones, and fine finishes; a gathering kitchen with plenty of storage; a large patio to the backyard with a view and access to the ocean; and the sound of our family's voices
Three words that describe my home: beautiful, inviting, comfortable
What I like most about my home: I love the flow of the spaces. The kids can be playing in the living room, my husband exercising in the back, me cooking in the kitchen, and we can all see and talk to each other.
Favorite room: I love the media room. With young children we haven't had the opportunity to use it much yet, but as they grow, I look forward to fun family movie nights.
Favorite home-related book or magazine and why: My favorite used to be Hawaiian Style, but it is no longer printed. I love Architectural Digest and Southern Lady, too.
Unannounced guests would find my home: Welcoming and laid back.
I'm currently in search of this for my home: We're happy with the home as it is now, but at some point in the future we'll be looking for some great furniture for the media room.
I have an impressive collection of: Toys. We try not to let them take over the house.
I will always have space in my home for: Family and friends.
My home can never have too many: Fresh flowers.
Send home nominations to Eddie Seal at firstname.lastname@example.com or 688-0887
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If he was a betting man, John Widmer would wager his graduating class had never congregated on such a massive scale.
"We're always coming and going," Widmer said. "I spent most of my day at BGSU Firelands, and I was lucky enough to work as an intern with Sierra Lobo and Tenneco"
Click HERE for more photos from the 8:30 a.m. graduation
Click HERE for more photos from the 11:00 a.m. graduation
At EHOVE, that's the idea: Get into the workforce, gain practical skills and, most importantly, get involved.
Along the way, many students, especially those within specific career programs, create lifelong friendships.
The senior recognition ceremonies — akin to a graduation without the gowns, caps and tassels — is a moment for students to celebrate that camaraderie, as well as their rapidly advancing careers.
Tiffany Horning, class speaker at the 11 a.m. ceremony, will graduate from Norwalk High School next month. Just a couple weeks after, she plans to begin nursing school at Firelands Regional Medical Center.
Without EHOVE, she's certain the opportunity wouldn't have been possible.
"I wouldn't be who I am right now" Horning said.
In addition to career tech certificates, EHOVE graduates will receive traditional high school diplomas at upcoming graduation ceremonies from their respective home districts.
Many students also earned dozens of free college credits during their two years at EHOVE.
Widmer, for example, boasts an impressive 68 credit hours — the equivalent of an associate degree, as well as the most total hours in the career-technical center's history. After graduating from Bellevue High School, Widmer plans to attend Kettering University to study mechanical engineering, with a speciality in automotive engineering.
Other students, including Nathan Zeck, class speaker at the 8:30 a.m. ceremony, focused on the workforce track, as well as becoming involved in several student organizations.
In a year's time, Zeck plans to complete a live-in paramedic program in Hyattsville, Md., to become an employable paramedic by age 18. He will graduate from Huron High School next weekend.
"I'm really going to miss this place" Zeck said. "It's had an awesome influence on my life. It's extremely bittersweet"


text:
How a hotfix works
When customers call Microsoft Product Support, and the end result is that a bug or security vulnerability in the...
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Ultimately, when Microsoft, in conjunction with a group of beta testers and partners, has had a chance to regression test the hotfixes, a Service Pack will be issued. Service Packs are collections of regression-tested hotfixes.
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Feb. 20, 2009
WORCESTER, Mass. - Freshman Stacey Hochkins (New Boston, Mich.) scored two goals and recorded two assists as the Holy Cross women's ice hockey team defeated Plymouth State, 7-0, Friday evening at the Hart Center. Hochkins' two goals and two assists gives her 48 points on the season, breaking the Holy Cross single-season point record, and her 25 assists breaks the single-season assists record. With the win, the Crusaders improve to 21-2-1 (16-2-1 ECAC) while the Panthers fall to 1-20-0 (1-17-0 ECAC).
The Holy Cross offense exploded, scoring five goals in the first period, starting when senior Stephanie Couzin (Chicago, Ill.) scored on a power play at the 6:28 mark. Hochkins scored her first goal of a evening, the second Holy Cross goal of the period, at the 10:18 mark and junior Kathryn O'Connor (Brookfield, Conn.) gave the Crusaders the 3-0 lead with the goal at the 15:09 mark. Sophomore Jocelyn Kratchmer (Watrous, Saskatchewan) scored her 20th goal of the season at the 15:58 mark, while Hochkins scored a short handed, breakaway goal at the 18:56 mark to send the Crusaders to the locker room with the 5-0 lead.
In the second period, the Crusaders out shot the Panthers, 22-0, but were only able to find the back of the net once. Couzin scored her second goal of the game at the 6:10 mark to give the Crusaders the 6-0 lead. Couzin took a pass from Hochkins and Kratchmer and crashed the net to score from in the crease. Holy Cross closed out the second period up, 6-0.
Holy Cross continued to control the puck in the third period, out shooting Plymouth State 13-3, but was only able to get the puck past Plymouth State goalkeeper Lindsay DeLorie once. Junior Kathryn Kelley (Dedham, Mass.) scored off quick passes from freshman Christina D'Ambrogio (Toronto, Ontario) and freshman Nicola Garat (Princeton, N.J.) at the 14:10 mark in the third period to end the game in favor of the Crusaders, 7-0.
Sophomore goalkeeper Monique Gallant (Antigonish, Nova Scotia) made the start in net for the Crusaders, improving to 6-0-1, earning her sixth win of the season and her second shutout, while DeLorie fell to 1-20-0. Gallant made five stops in the net, while DeLorie made 55. The Crusaders out shot the Panthers 62-5 and went 1-5 on the power play, while Plymouth State went 0-3.
Holy Cross continues competition at the Hart Center on Saturday, Feb. 21 at 4:00 p.m. against ECAC opponent Southern Maine. Before the start of the game, Holy Cross will honor seniors Amy McGhee (Newtown, Pa.) and Couzin.


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Really, terribly bad. Full Review ▶
Well first of all it is what you make of it. The white trash level is a little high for my taste, but that's inherent to the price, it's what you can afford with a household income of 30-50k. And that's… Full Review ▶
DO NOT RENT HERE. Their facilities don't work, there is dog poop all over the grounds because no one picks it up, and they will scam you out of every last dollar possible when you move out. I moved out and… Full Review ▶
DO NOT LIVE HERE!! Let me say that again in case you didn't hear it the first time-DO NOT LIVE HERE!! At first, these apartments seem like a good deal. They have a good price, the complex seems fun with the… Full Review ▶
This is hands down the worst place I have ever lived in. Roaches and bed bugs from day one. The laundry rooms are simply disgusting and unusable. One of our washers was filled with raw sewage for over a month. Every… Full Review ▶
I just want to tell anyone thinking about moving into this apartment complex, "DON'T DO IT!!!" It is not worth your time. This is the WORST place I have ever lived. Unfortunately, I was unable to leave until my lease was… Full Review ▶
The units are infested with bedbugs, this will not be properly taken care of I assure you. Why? Because it would cost them money to resolve. The noise from the teenagers they lease apartments to is blatant, unforgivable and inexcusable. Good… Full Review ▶
The nightmare is finally over!!! Top complaints are: - Not being able to get hot water reliably (often at all) during peak times like 5A to 8A and also from 5 to 7P. - Slow to no response to maintenance requests.… Full Review ▶
The Cherry Creek Club has been an a really cool experience so far. Ive only been here 3 months and have had no problems. Great location and Ive even taken a couple dips in the pool. ---- I wrote this in… Full Review ▶
Do not rent here. If you do don't expect to get your deposit back. This place is so horrible they are just hungry for money. I moved out and now they saying that I owe money even though when I moved… Full Review ▶
DO NOT LIVE HERE!!!! There is black mold and they dont even care!! Black mold is giving me cancer and they dont care!!! Full Review ▶
This is a horrible place, do not move here. I am a professional in the downtown denver area. I rented here to be close to work, bad mistake. The windows are so bad that they may as well not be there.… Full Review ▶
Do not move here!!!!!!!! The office staff is horrible! They are all trashy and let there tattoos (which are on their -----) show. We moved in May, and as soon as we moved in we found cockroaches. We placed a request… Full Review ▶
For the love of god, don't move here! These people need to learn that they can't keep treating their tenants like garbage and then just wait for the next ones to move in. The only way to stop them is to… Full Review ▶
People, believe all of the negative reviews because I ignored them trying to give this place the benefit of the doubt, boy was I wrong! Let me just say that practically all of the bad reviews are true! First off the… Full Review ▶
My family and I moved in a year ago in July. THANK GOD OUR YEAR IS ALMOST UP! This has been the worst experience living in an apartment complex so far. Staff is so unbelievably unfriendly and unhelpful.... When I go… Full Review ▶
This place is horrible!!! Last Monday they had replace all the pipes in my apartment. They cut huge holes in the walls and the ceiling to do so. The entire ceiling in the bathroom is pretty much gone. But that's not… Full Review ▶
PLEASE DO NOT MOVE HERE!!! This place is hell on Earth. The maintenance men are very lazy & do a terrible job at fixing problems in the apartments. The water is shut off without warning. The complex is a mess! The… Full Review ▶
DO NOT SIGN A LEASE!!! This place is trashy, poorly managed, filled with bugs and criminals. Looks nice in the pictures but after a week you notice all the bad things. Outlets don't work, sinks leak, dishwashers don't work, no parking,… Full Review ▶
This was by far the worst apartment ive ever lived in. No exaggeration. Cherry Creek Club is NOT worth the money they charge you. I was basically tricked to move in here, thinking the location and ammenities would be perfect for… Full Review ▶
Very cheaply constructed and old/shabby, the walls are so thin you can hear your neighbors (on both sides as well as above you) at all times, not to mention literally anything going on outside. Which is quite a bit. Geese. Honking… Full Review ▶
I have come to the conclusion that I need my head examined for signing a lease at the Cherry Creek Club Apartments. I liked the big floor plan, The security deposit was fair. The lady promised me a well run, quiet… Full Review ▶
I've always been a more tolerant, easy going type person, who tends to take reviews with a grain of salt because, let's face it, there are some incredibly whiney people out there that will complain about everything. Well... they say hindsight… Full Review ▶
Let me tell you, this place is the worst apartment complex I or any of my friends have ever lived in. This place is disgusting and the rent is beyond over priced. My roommate and I have lived here for two… Full Review ▶
EDIT: After a brief dealing face-to-face with the community manager, ----- Scocchera, I will be contacting my lawyer, the BBB, and the Denver Housing Authority. His boss at Weidner, Shirley Tibbins (sp?) can be reached at 303-758-1739, and I suggest anyone… Full Review ▶
This place is a dump. If you like being around fat and ugly people who frequent the pool daily maybe you may be interested. Cherry creek club has the feel of a meth lab mixed with a frat house from Wisconsin.… Full Review ▶
DO NOT MOVE HERE, EVER!! For many reasons,in no particular order. There is only dumpster so you have to carry your trash all the way across the complex to take it to the dumpster. This means that everyone leaves their trash… Full Review ▶
This review will reveal the issues all of the occupants have had including myself. This apartment complex is dirty, managed by crooks, and unfit for tenants to be residing within the premises. I have gone forward multiple times and tried to… Full Review ▶
DO NOT MOVE HERE!!! EVERY single thing that all the reviewers are writing are true. EVERY single thing in these reviews (except the obviously "fake" postings) are 100% accurate. Bed bugs, roaches, trash outside doors feeding the rodents. Water you can… Full Review ▶
WHAT A DUMP!!! Bed bugs, roaches, rats, broken washers/dryers that destroys your clothing, broken pipes weekly, no hot water, gangs, meth labs, HORRIFIC MANAGEMENT who write false reviews as below which by the way is in violation of this site's policy,… Full Review ▶
So we moved into the Cherry Creek Club in October 2011. The problems started right away. Our move in date was set for the 5th; they tried to push it back to the 8th because the apartment wasn't "ready". When my… Full Review ▶
DO NOT live here! It is loud at all hours of the night, and the single pane windows don't block out any noise. You will rarely be able to park anywhere near your unit. The dumpsters are so far away from… Full Review ▶
CHERRY CREEK CLUB IS A FANTASTIC PLACE TO LIVE BECAUSE THE MANAGEMENT TEAM IS STELLAR;-------------- ESPECIALLY ARE EXTREMLY HELPFUL AND CARING,AS IS THE WHOLE STAFF.THEY ARE ALL PROFESSIONAL, COMPETENT,FRIENDLY,AND KNOWLEDGABLE.THE MAINTENANCE STAFF IS GREAT THERE IS AN AFTER SERVICE 24 HOUR… Full Review ▶
Whatever you do.... DO NOT MOVE INTO THESE APARTMENTS!!! There are roaches and mice everywhere, the maintenance people will not fix anything, the staff is extremely unfriendly, rent is way too high for the size, and worst of all THEY WONT… Full Review ▶
I give these guys a zero out of 5, sure its great you can do whatever you want but don't expect them to fix stuff unless your a senior citizen. I put in numerous work orders to fix my air, my… Full Review ▶
Unless you enjoy living with bedbugs, roaches, and never sleeping because of all the noise, I wouldn't move here!!! Full Review ▶
I had lived at the Cherry Creek Club, for a little over 2 years; and was pleased for only a small minimal time. In March 2010, I started to see that I had a bug problem, not just a problem but… Full Review ▶
So I've lived here for 6 months, and wanted to post because I don't think a lot of the reviews are very fair. Yes, the place is kinda old, uses cheap carpet, has old appliances, and a few bugs but it… Full Review ▶
When I first moved in I was placed in one of the smaller buildings. They are wood construction. You can hear your neighgors through the ceiling as they walk around. The subfloor in the bathroom was severely rotted so I reported… Full Review ▶
HORRIBLE! The first year was awesome, clean, quiet, no issues. Since October it's been AWFUL! I should NEVER have renewed my lease!! It went up $60/mo, and so did my utilities! I submitted requests for 4mo asking them to change the… Full Review ▶
My boyfriend and I moved into this apartment about a month ago as our first apartment together. We chose it because it's fairly inexpensive, it's in a decent part of town, they are very lenient on their dog policy, and they… Full Review ▶
I am sure everyone's first thought is that it's not the apartment complexes fault. I would agree within reason. Wait! I am jumping ahead in my story. I will start with when I first moved in. Cindy o helped me. when… Full Review ▶
Cherry Creek Club Review. This will be my take on the Cherry Creek situation, taken directly from what I have experienced in over a year of living here. I cannot promise that what we experienced will be the same for every… Full Review ▶
Yes, This place is horrible, do not be fooled by the clubhouse. Yes, the staff is horrible, don't let the fake smiles and polite chatter before signing the lease fool you. Yes, the parking is terrible, don't let the lack of… Full Review ▶
This place is only ok to live at. If you want something cheap you get what you pay for and that is very apparent here. When I first moved in there was dead roaches on the stove and in the bathroom… Full Review ▶
When I signed up, they told me to my face that if i didn't use my heater or swamp cooler, and turned the lights out when i left that i would save on utilities. that at the most i would ever… Full Review ▶
I moved into this complex in October, and I'm counting down the days until my lease ends. I wish I'd looked at this website before I signed anything. Here is my entire experience so far (with another 2 and a half… Full Review ▶
First off, they do not care one bit for their residents, they had us wait about a month just to get a leak fixed. We've been waiting six weeks now to have a couple of minor problems in the bathroom and… Full Review ▶
It looks/sounds like a great deal, but its a trick. I moved into the complex in October 2011. In the first few weeks we got a noise complaint at 6:30pm. Neighbors are often disgusting and they leave trash outside their doors.… Full Review ▶
I wrote a review a while back saying it wasn't that bad here. IT IS! I have a horrible leak in my bathroom that floods my floor EVERYDAY. the wall the leak is on is now moldy. I have made 2… Full Review ▶
This place is horrible! I have only lived here for 1 month and there are cockroaches in my apt, parking is ridiculous I have already gotten 2 scratches on my vehicle. My neighbor smokes right outside my window so when it's… Full Review ▶
The managment will lie to you about everything to get you into any apt. The price may be great but that's because the apt.community itself is so horrendous. Who wants to swim in a pool/hot tub where babies and toddlers frequent?… Full Review ▶
This place is completely suck!!! Unprofessional team management!!! I have been living here for almost two years. I faced with a lot of problems and will not stay here anymore. - Dirty places, hallways, elevators, dumpster pool and hot tub. -… Full Review ▶
I have lived here for a year and am ready to move as soon as possible. Im a college student and thought it would be great because how cheap the rent is.... Well its wasn't the best deal. On the positive… Full Review ▶
I was extremely worried about renting here after seeing the past reviews however I was reassured by the staff that it is new management and things are great. I moved in about two weeks ago and really haven't had much trouble.… Full Review ▶
Terrible. We had mold all over the bathroom. YES MOLD! They wanted to patch it up with more dry wall (which is not a fix for mold) we had to fight to get out of that apartment and into a different… Full Review ▶
WORST PLACE EVER!!! they lied to us before we moved in and told us we had 2 pools, told us 24 hour pools/fitness center... fitness is only open till 8 and the pool is only open till ten. the apt is… Full Review ▶
This place was the most horrible place ever. First of all ive never had bedbugs before and i didnt even know what one looked like. They started around dec 09 and in february I broke my lease because the got my… Full Review ▶
This is the worst place ever!! Something is always is broken and when you call the office they say they will call maintanance, but no one ever shows up for 2-5 days and they don't even give you a courtesty call… Full Review ▶
I wish I'd read the reviews before I moved in! I was shown a nice "model"apt. and told I'd be getting one that was either the same or something like it. It seemed nice and the price was nice too. The… Full Review ▶
Yes I lived there for 3 months and had to vacate and leave everything I own there on account of a infestation problem that has been going on for years!!!!! Colorado Public health, tom martino, channel 9 news... etc etc etc..… Full Review ▶
Do not move here. It's horrible in every way you can imagine: 1. Bed bugs (yes, they can come through the neighbor's walls and take up residence in your bed) 2. Cockroaches (they require you to move everything in your apartment… Full Review ▶
Worst 2 years of my life. Worst management I've ever encountered. Worst neighbors in the history of the universe. $60 water bills. Full Review ▶
Do not move in, this apartments has a BBB rating of F, F is the worst rating as you may know. No management skills. very noisy, security lets anybody go into the building, so is not really secure. all you need… Full Review ▶
YOU WILL REGRET IT IF YOU MOVE IN, MANAGEMENT IS THE WORST, NOISSY APARTMENTS, MY DOGS NEIGHBORS, MAINTENANCE WILL COME IN TO YOUR APARTMENT WITH OUT NOTICE AND WON'T BE ABLE TO TAKE A SHOWER FOR AT LEAST 24 HRS. IS… Full Review ▶
9 months here, worst descion ever. My boyfriend and I lived here for 9 months and I will list a few of the things that were really bad. We were on the first floor which made it all worse 1) When… Full Review ▶
Our story: I was ambivilant about moving to these tiny apartments in such an urban area. We are a couple of displaced suburbians from Littleton who had the neighbors from hell move in upstairs at our old apartment & like a… Full Review ▶
The walls are NOT well insulated. I can hear my next door neighbors stomp around, take showers, go pee, fight, sob quietly in their bedroom which wall is against my bedroom wall. Maybe all the white noise- computers humming, humidifier etc.… Full Review ▶
1. There are cigarette butts all over our lawn. All over it. All the time. 2. No one supervises their children here. Frequently there are screaming children running up and down in front of the apartments. 3. There is garbage on… Full Review ▶
I've been here since June 1, 2009 and this is an AWESOME place to live. I put a work order in late last week for a leak at the sink and switch in the bedroom and came home today and both… Full Review ▶
Without question, I give Cherry Creek Club 5 stars! The leasing office personnel couldn't be more pleasant, knowledgeable, and friendly than they are. They treat me like family when I walk throught the doors. And the maintenance staff --- forget all… Full Review ▶
I moved in may 2009 and the first thing that i saw was the beautiful landscape of this complex, a really nice lake with ducks, a sand volleyball court, tennis courts, a big and really nice clubhouse with TV, gym, living… Full Review ▶
this place sucks. i moved here for 5 months. Bad mistake. just dont do it! Full Review ▶
Parking: Parking is never a problem here. You can buy covered parking for a monthly fee. Noise & Playground Area: I wish I could have given two ratings here. If you are out by the lake, it's a quiet community. I'd… Full Review ▶
After reading these posts on here I am second guessing my decision to move in here. I just moved in 8/30/09, from what I understand there is a relatively new management company. I have had nothing but a positive experience with… Full Review ▶
We used to live in the B building - Bed Bugs are everywhere - I reported this problem - office rep said someone will come over on monday to ckeck the apt - 3 nights I slept in the car bc… Full Review ▶
Ive lived here for the last year and a bit and I have to say before the change in management a few months ago (I think in March or May) I wasnt happy with AT ALL! I would have agreed with… Full Review ▶
I really wanted to like this place, I really did, until of course I started to live there. Personally for me, the best part about this place is leaving it. Parking: The parking situation is a nightmare. If your not at… Full Review ▶
Overpriced!! I rented a 425 sq. ft. apartment for $530 plus about $90 in utilites each month. The utilites are divided up between the residents of the building so even if you are never home, you are still charged for everyone… Full Review ▶
I apolgize my broken english. But I have to tell you before you sign contract. I been living there for year and half and got enough trouble. Here what I have experienced: 1.Staff members lost my contract twice 2.There was some… Full Review ▶
I was running out of apartments and time, so I my gf and I decided to go with the Cherry Creek Club. DON'T DO IT. It's hard to say anything about this place without sounding racist, but that's the way it… Full Review ▶
I moved in here in 2004, when I was fresh out of college and new in town. At the time, I had a lot in common with the tenant base. 5 years later, the entire apartment complex has been over-run with… Full Review ▶
I been living here for 4 years and everything was ok for the first 2 but naw i can wait for my lease to be expired, the new managment is horrible as long with the whole new staff, really dirty community,… Full Review ▶
I lived here a year. I moved in because it was a gated community. But after living there let me just tell you... the guard is not a guard... they are merely parking attendants. And a lousy ones at that. To… Full Review ▶
I have lived here since 2007 and had to write a response after reading all the horrible comments about these apartments. I am a woman and have been very happy here. I haven't felt unsafe unless of course it's 2am, but… Full Review ▶
Alright, I moved here to the Denver area from New York about a year ago to finish my degree. I was living with a friend at first and things really got down to the wire in my search and it was… Full Review ▶
The place was fine when I moved in, the location is great and close to everything but the general area is unsafe. They have a "security" guard who sits in his gate house playing Zelda all night instead of doing his… Full Review ▶
I lived here for about 2 years. Noise: It's really really loud, you eventually get used to it because it's loud 24/7, but that's something that will bother you for the first 6 months or so. Crime: Cars get vandalized a… Full Review ▶
I've been living here for almost five years (In college and can't really afford to move) and I've slowly watched the property decline. 4 managers ago, it used to be a nice place to live, but now it's almost unbearable and… Full Review ▶
Don't move here, PLEASE CONSIDER the reviews. We are not lying. We write down this reviews to alert people, to avoid more people going through the same HELL we did. the first time you get here you think the lake is… Full Review ▶
well as we all know, people are always fighting for equal oppurtunity...well section 8 is for lower income people, and helps them move in to higher end places....statistics show that everytime this occurs the higher end area goes down hill...i believe… Full Review ▶
Worst place on earth. Full of -------- and goose poop. Kids are extremely loud and UNSUPERVISED from 4-11pm and sometimes later. Unless you speak fluent Spanish, they can't even understand you. The police were called for noise pollution and they still… Full Review ▶
We moved in because we only had one day to find a place to live. At first it seemed like an okay place although on the first day the toilet broke. The maintenance staff fixed it but did an awful job… Full Review ▶
This was a horrible apartment experience. First the obvious. Goose poop everywhere. Children running and screaming UNSUPERVISED at all hours (my roommate had to get earplugs to drown out the kids plus the snoring of the guy next door). Pot holes,… Full Review ▶
Luckily, I decided at the last minute to live somewhere else... but my deposit was already processed so I was supposed to wait 2 weeks. I have been extremely patient and now almost two months later I still have not received… Full Review ▶
When I first moved in here I loved it, safe secure and good. In the last 1 1/2 years it has gone in the toilet and then some. plumbing problems, mice, prostitutes, drug adicts, dealers, stabbings, convicts. This whole area is… Full Review ▶
I moved here almost a year ago and I am sorry I did. When I came to look at the place the office staff was great... THEN I moved in. They are all b*tches. Lucy, the old bleach blonde who thinks… Full Review ▶
This is a horrible place to live. The employees in the leasing office are only nice until you move in and then they turn into complete -------s who could care less about the residents. There is goose ---- everywhere, a contaminated… Full Review ▶
Do not rent at these arpartments. There is a ton of crime, my car was broken into twice in the parking lot. The apartments look ok, but my whole building had to evacuate for a day because it was infested with… Full Review ▶
I live in this apartment complex right now with 8 months left of my lease and i am going nuts! Every week the furnace breaks, before christmas someone pooped in the elevator, people leave their trash in the elevator when they… Full Review ▶
This apartment was not bad. People in the office were mostly nice. The curly haired younger girl that works in the office to the right as you walk in is snooty and gives off the impression of being bothered if you… Full Review ▶
The last bad reviews are pretty spot on. Definitely the carpet thing which they fail to mention, and the cops showing up due to domestic disputes. The gate around complex seems prevent the bad seeds from getting out rather than getting… Full Review ▶
Get this - when I moved out, they said that I would be charged on my deposit for carpet shampooing - "Standard practice" as they call it - EVEN IF I RENT A CARPET SHAMPOOER MYSELF AND CLEANED IT MYSELF!! Hey,… Full Review ▶
I have lived here for about two years and the atmosphere has declined progressivley since. There are screaming neighbors, goose fecies everywhere, criminals and poor maintenance.
My brother had his car stereo stolen and my neighbor had his car stolen… Full Review ▶
When I lived here. All the bad things people said before plus more. Stay away or you will be sorry. Full Review ▶
I lived there for a year. I used to think it was ok until the cops showed up one day, guns drawn running around the complex trying to find someone in the complex. Plus there was a fatal shooting across the… Full Review ▶
At first seems nicer than surrounding properties, but this place is just as bad. Loud neighbors, small apts for the money, terrible staff that turns into jerks the minute you move in, duck poop everywhere, domestic violence all over the place… Full Review ▶
Fountain in pond is noisy and attracts lots of ducks who leave duck poop all over path. Elevators are slow and have broken down three times in past year, they often smell bad. Stairs and railings are rusty and in bad… Full Review ▶
It's like night and day! "Mark the Dork" is gone, and this angel of mercy arrived!!!!!!!!
I don't know who made this decision, but THANK YOU!!
Since the new manager (Tracie?) got here, I think even the people in the office are happier.… Full Review ▶
first of all moving into this place, I had nothing but great expectations. However, the day after moving in, the office staff, went from helpful and friendly to down troden and worthless.
There were hidden and unexplained costs.
Immediatly I had… Full Review ▶
So I never lived here, but I DID visit and that in itself was a huge mistake. I gave them my driver's license to tour the apartments and they LOST it!!!! I'm not sure if they stole it or actually lost… Full Review ▶
Overall, I think I made the best of living here. It was an improvement from where I lived prior, yet I was able to upgrade with an increase in pay.
The tenants are diverse in every way and I was… Full Review ▶
I lived in the Cherry Creek Tennis and Sailing Club for four months before I couldn't take it anymore and had to move out. It looked nice when I first saw it and decided to take the apartment. It was only… Full Review ▶
I would recommend Cherry Creek Club to anyone who is looking for a reasonably priced apt. and is on a budget. They pay for your heat which really helped. The people who work there are very nice, especially Lucy and Mark.… Full Review ▶
After living here for one year, I could not get out soon enough. Within the first month of my lease, someone (in the gated community!) vandalized my car, causing nearly $1,000 in damage. As the months went on, the noise got… Full Review ▶
I have lived here for a few years and I totally disagree with (jortega)! In the beginning yes it is lovely, BUT once you have been here for a long time the staff from the office is not quite as friendly… Full Review ▶
We´ve lived in this complex for six months and have loved it. The apartments are clean and newly remodled. There´s a club house, pool, year round hot tub, volley ball court, gym, and laundry rooms in each building. The majority of… Full Review ▶
The place is ok for a temporary stay.
Fitness room is good, has weight set, bike machine, and treadmills:but they close it at sporadic times during the day for meetings.
NO storage space at all :(
In the city… Full Review ▶
We live here for about 2 years. Our apartment was on the first floor and recently remodeled. They are small, but very nice inside. I enjoyed the walking track and workout center and pool. It has been a few years since… Full Review ▶
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Cats Allowed
Small Dogs Allowed
Large Dogs Allowed
Pet Deposit Required
Pet Rent Required
Some Breeds Restricted
Laundry On-Site
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text:
YIELD: Makes 4 servings
ACTIVE TIME: 20 min
TOTAL TIME: 1 hr
Put oven rack just below middle position and put baking pan on rack, then preheat oven to 450°F. (If roasting vegetables along with turkey, preheat pan for 15 minutes while turkey roasts, then roast vegetables underneath turkey.)
Trim and peel kohlrabi, then cut into 3/4-inch pieces. Toss kohlrabi with 1 tablespoon oil, 1 teaspoon thyme, 1/4 teaspoon salt, and 3/4 teaspoon pepper in a bowl. Transfer kohlrabi to preheated pan in oven and roast 15 minutes.
Meanwhile, peel butternut squash, then quarter lengthwise, seed, and cut into 3/4-inch pieces. Toss squash with remaining 1 tablespoon oil, 1 teaspoon thyme, 1/4 teaspoon salt, and 3/4 teaspoon pepper in same bowl.
Stir kohlrabi, turning it, then push it to one side of pan.
Add squash to opposite side of pan and roast, stirring and turning squash over halfway through roasting, until vegetables are tender and lightly browned, about 30 minutes total (after squash is added).
Toss vegetables to combine and transfer to a dish.
Cooks' note: Kohlrabi and butternut squash can be cut 1 day ahead and chilled in separate sealed plastic bags.


text:
The present invention provides a method and apparatus for removing a contaminant, such as carbon dioxide, from a gas stream, such as ambient air. The contaminant is removed from the gas stream by a sorbent which may be regenerated using a humidity swing, a thermal swing, or a combination thereof. The sorbent may be a substrate having embedded positive ions and individually mobile negative ions wherein the positive ions are sufficiently spaced to prevent interactions between the negative ions. Where a thermal swing is used, heat may be conserved by employing a heat exchanger to transfer heat from the regenerated sorbent to an amount of sorbent that is loaded with the contaminant prior to regeneration.
1. A method for removing carbon dioxide from a gas stream, comprising
placing said gas stream in contact with a substrate having a surface in which cations are physically embedded, wherein anions which are individually mobile are included on said surface, and wherein carbon dioxide from said gas stream becomes attached to said substrate by reacting with said anions; and
releasing the carbon dioxide from said substrate to a contained environment by use of a humidity swing.
2. The method as recited in
3. The method as recited in
4. The method as recited in
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11. A method of extracting CO2 from a gas stream comprising exposing a sorbent to said gas stream so as to at least partially saturate said sorbent with CO2, and releasing said captured CO2 so as to regenerate said sorbent, wherein said sorbent comprises positive ions that are immobile and spaced such that carbonate ions are unstable in the presence of two single positive charges, and further wherein said sorbent is a metal oxide or metal hydroxide.
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14. A method of extracting CO2 from a gas stream comprising exposing a sorbent to said gas stream so as to at least partially saturate said sorbent with CO2, and releasing said captured CO2 so as to regenerate said sorbent, wherein said sorbent comprises positive ions that are immobile and spaced such that carbonate ions are unstable in the presence of two single positive charges, and further wherein said sorbent is a zeolite.
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The present application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/985,586, filed Nov. 5, 2007; the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to removal of selected gases from air. The invention has particular utility for the extraction of carbon dioxide (CO2) from air and will be described in connection with such utilities, although other utilities are contemplated.
There is compelling evidence to suggest that there is a strong correlation between the sharply increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 with a commensurate increase in global surface temperatures. This effect is commonly known as Global Warming. Of the various sources of the CO2 emissions, there are a vast number of small, widely distributed emitters that are impractical to mitigate at the source. Additionally, large scale emitters such as hydrocarbon-fueled power plants are not fully protected from exhausting CO2 into the atmosphere. Combined, these major sources, as well as others, have led to the creation of a sharply increasing rate of atmospheric CO2 concentration. Until all emitters are corrected at their source, other technologies are required to capture the increasing, albeit relatively low, background levels of atmospheric CO2. Efforts are underway to augment existing emissions reducing technologies as well as the development of new and novel techniques for the direct capture of ambient CO2. These efforts require methodologies to manage the resulting concentrated waste streams of CO2 in such a manner as to prevent its reintroduction to the atmosphere.
The production of CO2 occurs in a variety of industrial applications such as the generation of electricity power plants from coal and in the use of hydrocarbons that are typically the main components of fuels that are combusted in combustion devices, such as engines. Exhaust gas discharged from such combustion devices contains CO2 gas, which at present is simply released to the atmosphere. However, as greenhouse gas concerns mount, CO2 emissions from all sources will have to be curtailed. For mobile sources the best option is likely to be the collection of CO2 directly from the air rather than from the mobile combustion device in a car or an airplane. The advantage of removing CO2 from air is that it eliminates the need for storing CO2 on the mobile device.
Extracting carbon dioxide (CO2) from ambient air would make it possible to use carbon-based fuels and deal with the associated greenhouse gas emissions after the fact. Since CO2 is neither poisonous nor harmful in parts per million quantities, but creates environmental problems simply by accumulating in the atmosphere, it is possible to remove CO2 from air in order to compensate for equally sized emissions elsewhere and at different times.
The art has proposed various schemes for removal of CO2 from combustion exhaust gases or directly from the air by subjecting the gases or air to a pressure swing or a thermal swing using a CO2 adsorbent. These processes use pressure or temperature changes, respectively, to change the state of the sorbent material, whereby to release the CO2. Different sorbent materials are disclosed, including zeolites, amines, and activated alumina. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,711,645; U.S. Pat. No. 5,318,758; U.S. Pat. No. 5,914,455; U.S. Pat. No. 5,980,611; U.S. Pat. No. 6,117,404; and co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 11/683,824, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
None of these references, however, provides a particularly efficient process for the removal of CO2, primarily due to the amount of energy expended in CO2 recovery and sorbent regeneration.
The present invention provides improvements over the prior art as described above. More particularly, the present invention provides a method and apparatus for removing a contaminant from a gas stream by utilizing a sorbent that captures the contaminant, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) when it is sufficiently dry and releases the contaminant to a contained atmosphere when the sorbent is exposed to water or humidity. In an alternative embodiment, the sorbent may be regenerated by being placed in a regeneration unit maintained at a temperature higher than that of the gas stream and wherein the heat retained by the sorbent after regeneration is conserved by passing the sorbent through a heat exchanger. Finally, a combination of the humidity and thermal swings may be used to optimize the sorbent regeneration.
To conserve energy, the present invention may employ a heat exchanger using water as a refrigerant, wherein the water is evaporated in an evacuated space to draw heat from the regenerated sorbent and the water is then condensed on the sorbent loaded with the contaminant. The use of other fluids as refrigerants is also contemplated. Alternatively, the refrigerant may be isolated from the sorbent so as not to interfere with the thermal function of the sorbent.
In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for removing carbon dioxide from a gas stream by placing said gas stream in contact with a substrate having a surface in which cations are embedded and releasing the carbon dioxide from said substrate by use of a humidity swing. Anions that are individually mobile are initially included on the surface, wherein carbon dioxide from said gas stream becomes attached to the substrate by reacting with said anions. In a further embodiment, the carbon dioxide is captured by reacting with said anions to form bicarbonate.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for removing carbon dioxide from humid air, comprising placing the humid air in contact with a material having a surface on which hydroxide ions form, wherein carbon dioxide from the humid air becomes attached to the surface of the material by reacting with the hydroxide ions; and applying a bias voltage to the material which releases the hydroxide ions and the carbon dioxide.
In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method for extracting a contaminant from a gas stream, comprising the steps of:
a) bringing the gas stream in contact with a sorbent which captures the contaminant from the gas stream, so as to at least partially saturate the sorbent with contaminant;
b) placing the contaminant carrying sorbent in a regeneration unit for releasing the contaminant from the sorbent and regenerate the sorbent, wherein the regeneration unit is maintained at a temperature that is higher than the temperature of the gas stream; and
c) removing the regenerated sorbent from the regeneration unit; and
d) capturing heat from the regenerated sorbent as the sorbent is removed from the regeneration unit.
Finally, the present invention in another aspect provides an apparatus for extracting a contaminant from a gas stream using a sorbent employing a thermal swing, comprising: a sorbent for capturing the contaminant; a capture unit, wherein the sorbent is exposed to the gas stream and becomes at least partially saturated with the contaminant; a regeneration unit, wherein the sorbent is exposed to elevated temperatures thereby causing the sorbent to release the contaminant according to a thermal swing; and a heat exchanger for extracting heat retained from the sorbent in the regeneration unit.
Further features and advantages of the present invention will be seen from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein
The present invention provides a method and apparatus for the extraction of a contaminant from a gas stream. The present invention is discussed in reference to a method and apparatus for capturing CO2 from ambient air, but the technology is also applicable to exhaust air or other gas streams and may be used to capture hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, or other common contaminants from such gas streams.
In co-pending patent application Ser. No. PCT/US07/84880, assigned to a common assignee and incorporated by reference herein, we discuss a CO2 capture process that utilizes a humidity swing to regenerate a sorbent, releasing a mixture of CO2 and water vapor. The water vapor may be removed from the mixture by compression or cooling, either of which will cause the water vapor to condense and precipitate out of the mixture.
A first aspect of the present invention provides an improved substrate that can hold cations embedded into its surface, thereby facilitating the capture and release of carbon dioxide using a humidity swing. See
The initial preparation of a substrate could use any negative ion to satisfy charge balance, but according to the present invention, it is useful to replace these negative ions with hydroxide ions. This is difficult for two reasons. One is that the substrate itself could be destroyed by hydroxide solutions; e.g., it may dissolve or chemically react with hydroxides. The second reason is that the hydroxide ion, once attached, is unstable in a dry environment. In that case, two hydroxide ions would react to form water and an oxide ion. This outcome becomes more likely where the positive ions are closely spaced. If they are sufficiently far apart this outcome is less likely.
Hydroxide ions attached to the surface can react with CO2 to form bicarbonate ions. Two bicarbonate ions could then react to form water, CO2, and a carbonate ion. In that case, energetics likely would favor the formation of carbonate over bicarbonate. Thus CO2 loading would be limited to what can be achieved with carbonate. To optimize this process, the energetics has to be such that on a dry surface bicarbonates are favored over carbonates. Furthermore, the cations must not leach out in the presence of water. The energetic difference between carbonate and bicarbonate at this point can be engineered to control the balance between the two options. By optimizing the energy difference we can assure that a large change in loading of the substrate between carbonate loading (50% of maximum) to bicarbonate loading (100% of maximum) happens in partial pressures of CO2 that are near those of ambient air.
When exposed to water, the above-described material will convert bicarbonate ions in water into carbonate ions, water, and carbon dioxide. Thus, when wetted, the material will release a large amount of carbon dioxide.
The water carrying capacity of the substrate should be minimized, limiting the amount of water that needs to be removed before the surface can once again pick up CO2. However, the substrate material should be highly porous to maximize the surface area. Further, the surface should be covered with ions that attract polar molecules, such as water molecules. Since these last two features may conflict with the need to limit water carrying capacity, optimization is required.
A water swing will work with any substrate that has the properties laid out above. In the presence of water the ions that are dissolved into the water will achieve an equilibrium state that is similar to what one would expect in an aqueous solution that is in equilibrium with an atmosphere having a specific partial pressure of CO2. In the absence of the water the energetic state of the carbonate ion is disfavored and thus the loading with CO2 in the form of bicarbonate can increase. This is the case in conventional strong base quaternary amine resins and it appears to be true for all structures comprising ions fixed to a surface. By understanding the underlying mechanism we can define a whole family of substrates that can collect CO2 from the air and release it via a humidity swing.
Preventing the formation of carbonate ions in favor of bicarbonate ions can be achieved by spacing the cations embedded in the substrate sufficiently far apart so that a single doubly charged ion such as CO3 −2 does not cover two positive ions. Other configurations also may be feasible. In the dry state the cations may be neutralized by hydroxide ions. If the system in this form is not stabilized, however, the hydroxides would convert to oxides, and water would be released. In such a system, water would compete with CO2 for the uptake on the surface.
Strong base quaternary resins such as Marathon A satisfy the above criteria. However, there are other substrates that could support such cations and have properties that are more efficient for the purpose of this invention. For example, one class of ionic substrates that meet these requirements are materials produced by ion implantations into material surfaces, where these ions have to be sputtered on. This introduces a wide class of materials that otherwise would be inaccessible for functionalizing the surface.
Other methods could include functionalization of minerals, or other inorganic materials where defects can be accommodated in the surface and made to be stable even in the presence of water. What is important is that the material formed is stabilized against the formation of carbonates and oxides. Presumably, the same spacing argument would make it possible to avoid the formation of an oxide that could negate two charges.
The two reactions that must be suppressed are:
In both cases this can be achieved by spacing the ions far enough apart for the bivalent negative ions to be unstable in the presence of two single positive charges.
Zeolites are another class of materials that meet the aforesaid criteria. While there already is some binding of CO2 and H2O to the surface, which may complicate matters, zeolites provide lots of surface area, another important factor.
Non-electroactive materials to which positive ions can be added also meet the aforesaid criteria of the present invention. Positive ions may also be substituted by introducing negative defects; i.e., a missing negative ion could act, in effect, like a net positive ion. Electroactive materials would screen out fixed charges. It is important that the positive net charge is fixed onto the substrate and cannot be dissolved away in the presence of water.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a strong-base resin in which hydroxide ions are gradually replaced with inorganic carbon ions. The stoichiometry is such that the final state tends to be a bicarbonate rather than a carbonate as there is essentially one positive charge per CO2 molecule absorbed. The resin is hygroscopic, but more importantly the CO2 partial pressure over the resin is not only a function of the CO2 loading of the resin, but also a function of the water vapor in the gas. The response to changes in the humidity in the gas is very fast. The relevant factor appears to be the CO2 vapor concentration in the air. In setting the equilibrium partial pressure of CO2 over the system, however, the water loading of the resin is also a factor. Results indicate that the dependence on water vapor is driven more by absolute humidity than by relative humidity. Thus the system works equally well in hot dry climates and cool humid climates, as both will have a similar dew point temperature.
The advantage of the resin of the present invention over the ordinary metal oxides of the prior art is twofold: first it binds CO2 more weakly than a typical metal oxide or hydroxide would; second it presents an unusually large amount of surface for absorption of CO2. The loading can reach a concentration of nearly two mole of CO2 per liter.
Rather than washing the resin in sodium hydroxide, we use sodium carbonate solutions to wash CO2 off the resin. We have shown that this leads to a resin saturation with CO2 of one carbon ion per two positive charges. Hence the resin in this state resembles a carbonate rather than a bicarbonate. A fully saturated sorbent, however, can drive the resulting carbonate/bicarbonate mixture to become almost entirely composed of bicarbonate. This is possible due to the amount of surface area available.
Another advantage of the resin is that the spacing between positive charges is optimized to discourage the deposition of carbonate ions on the resin in favor of bicarbonate ions. It appears that the resin can reach a state where it binds one carbon ion for every positive charge on the resin and it reaches this state at ambient conditions. Furthermore, there is no break in the reaction kinetics as the resin moves from a composition with less than one carbon ion per 2 positive charges to more than one carbon ion per 2 positive charges. This is possible because the distance between two positive charges is too large to be covered by one doubly charged carbonate ion. Instead the carbonate appears to split one water molecule and transforms into a bicarbonate ion and a hydroxide ion. The two ions independently neutralize each charge. When water is present, the large hydration cloud of the carbonate ion discourages this reaction. Thus as the water on the surface is removed, it leaves behind a system that absorbs additional bicarbonate from the air, as it exposes more hydroxide ions.
The equilibrium state of the resin is dramatically affected by the water vapor content of the air. For dry air the loading is far higher than it is for humid air. This forms the basis for the water vapor swing of the present invention.
For a sorbent to perform as described above, the sorbent should comprise positive ions embedded into the sorbent matrix in a way that allows the matrix to attract negative ions like OH−, Cl−, CO3 =, and HCO3 −. It is important for the positive charges to be substantially immobile. Also, the spacing between positive ions has to be such that a bicarbonate form is favored over that of carbonate. For a surface with little moisture residue, the carbonate ions will lack most of their hydration cloud and thus they are less stable than they would be in a dilute brine. As discussed above, it is believed that a water molecule is split by the CO3 = to form a HCO3 − and an OH−. These two ions will then bind to the positive sites. In such a system the CO2 uptake capacity is maintained even if stoichiometrically there is one carbonate for every two positive ions. The hydroxide is preformed and then absorbs a second CO2 to form a second bicarbonate. It is possible that other mechanisms may be in play. Nevertheless the essential feature that the bicarbonate is stabilized in favor of the carbonate is undoubtedly correct. It is also clear that the bicarbonate is favored if the distance between the sites gets too large.
There are several strategies to improve this sorbent. The first category is to optimize the spacing of positive ions and other critical parameters in the current resin. The second category of improvements is to find a different material. One example is highly porous, high surface area (activated) metal oxides and metal hydroxides that could lend themselves to the same treatment as the resin. In particular, we are interested in oxides that are already partially carbonated and whether or not we can drive them to bicarbonate. High surface powders formed from Na2CO3, Al(OH)3, Mg(OH)2, Fe2O3 are a few examples. More specific examples include activated alumina, activated magnesia, and activated iron oxides.
An alternative embodiment comprises a metal that forms hydroxides in the presence of humid air. See
By reversing the voltage, it is possible to reverse the reaction and form a hydroxide layer again. The reaction can be driven forward and back by changing the applied bias voltage. The hydroxide once formed could then be transformed into either a carbonate or a bicarbonate in the presence of CO2. Whereas the bias voltage would destroy the hydroxide, the carbonate is unstable under voltage change and would thus come off. Thus, it is possible to drive off the CO2 by a voltage switch. This switch would also produce water and oxygen from 4 hydroxide ions, but the energy expended here can be recovered in the immediate reversal, which will also recover the hydroxide.
This system may be viewed as analogous to a capacitor that is charged up; a chemical storage capacitance. The reversal of the voltage will recover most of the energy that was put into the system in the forward swing. Thus, we will look for low frequency oscillations (tied to the RC value of the circuit) that would allow us to drive CO2 off the membrane. It is possible to clean the CO2 off in a single swing but it may take more than one cycle. It is also possible to recover the CO2 from the gas stream, while the water and oxygen have been retained within the system. This may be accomplished by having humid oxygen, water mixtures flow through the system, carrying CO2 out of the system as it is freed from the surfaces. Since there is water and oxygen in the input stream, the reverse reaction will occur unimpeded, while the CO2 is carried away by the gas stream.
The affinity of bicarbonate and carbonate to this surface will depend on the bias voltage applied. Thus we can tailor the binding strength of the sorbent with a bias voltage that is chosen for optimal conditions. It is then possible to change the equilibrium partial pressure of CO2 simply by changing the bias voltage in a regime where no oxygen is formed. This would provide another mechanism for recovering CO2. In this regime the voltage switch is insufficient to drive the hydroxide off, but it is sufficient to change the CO2 partial pressure.
If the voltage is switched back and forth very rapidly then the energy expended in producing oxygen will be returned immediately in recovering the hydroxide. It is well known that the CO2 uptake rate is slow, so once the CO2 has been forced off, the CO2 may be recovered before it has a chance to be returned to the matrix. The metal sponge would make it possible to create a large amount of surface and control the chemical behavior with a bias voltage. The bias voltage may be manipulated to assure that electric contact to all parts of the electrode material is maintained. It will be necessary to manage hydroxide formation, however, as the presence of too much hydroxide could inhibit conductivity.
It may be more favorable in terms of energy expended to operate between carbonate and bicarbonate rather than between carbonate and hydroxide. On the other hand, by using a voltage bias that will keep the hydroxide layer intact or a material where the spacing between the positive charges is such that the formation of carbonates is energetically suppressed will result in an apparatus that operates between hydroxide and bicarbonate, without the production of carbonate as an intermediary. This would likely require materials with a larger than normal spacing between positive charges. This spacing is larger than is typically feasible with simple hydroxide crystals. There are several ways to produce such materials. One would be to embed the positive ions in a noble or semi-noble metal, such as tin-copper, aluminum-copper, magnesium-aluminum, magnesium-copper or iron-copper alloys. Also useful are alloys with elements that prefer to go to an oxidation state of 1, e.g., sodium, potassium, Li alloys with copper or other more noble elements including silver. It could also be carbon matrix that is used to separate the fixed positive ions from each other. This strategy could lead to ion-implantation, perhaps by particle beams into activated carbon surfaces or other metallic surfaces.
Another alternative embodiment would use a semiconductor, e.g., phosphor doped Si. The phosphor atoms will act as positive charges embedded into a neutral matrix. The phosphor atoms, will attract hydroxides if the bias voltage is sufficiently positive, and thus could act as spaced hydroxides. Again, by changing the bias voltage it becomes possible to first manipulate the equilibrium partial pressure of CO2 over a partially loaded surface, and in the extreme of driving off the hydroxide remove virtually all CO2 from the surface.
These hydroxides in turn bind carbonates or bicarbonates. These materials may be optimized to create just the right binding energy. Ideally we eliminate the binding of carbonate, so that the dominant binding is to bicarbonate ions. By creating a nanoporous material we can create large numbers of binding sites. Then, by swinging the voltage we can bias the binding energy of the CO2 and thus drive CO2 from the substrate. We may also drive the voltage so high that the water will come off as well. This requires a fast swing, so that the energy of the oxygen formation is recovered immediately in the swing back to hydroxide.
Further embodiments are also possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as described above. For example, an improved substrate may be composed of or include: sodium silicates, wherein hydrophobic resins with embedded ions are used; activated alumina; foam materials including aerogels; functionalized aquafoams or other foams; or large complex cations such as copper complexes. In addition, the substrate may be modified by using different bonding agents or by reshaping the resin.
In another aspect of the present invention, a heat exchanger is used to further improve the embodiments outlined above. See
Where compression is used to condense the water out of the resulting gas mixture, the heat produced by that process can be transferred to the sorbent to raise its temperature as required. Alternatively, the heat required to drive the sorbent to the requisite temperature also can be derived from the condensation of water that has been allowed to evaporate at ambient conditions. The present invention employs heat transfer methods increase the efficiency of the capture process.
Referring to
For the purposes of this aspect of the present invention, the sorbent material may be a liquid that can absorb CO2, such as for example, a sodium hydroxide solution, a sodium carbonate solution, or an amine solution; or may be a solid, such as for example, solid amine resins or other ion exchange resins.
In a primary embodiment, the capture unit is open to ambient air. The regeneration unit is assumed to be at a temperature T1, where T1 is greater than Ta, wherein Ta is the ambient air temperature. For example, T1 preferably is at least 20� C. above Ta. The sorbent material in the capture unit must be brought into the regeneration unit to release the CO2. The regeneration unit raises the temperature of the sorbent to release the CO2. Then the sorbent material is returned to the capture unit. This thermal swing may be, for example, a rise of up to about 100� C. above ambient temperatures. The heat required to maintain the regeneration unit at temperature T1 may be supplied by a heat reservoir 40, such as the ground or a water reservoir, or may be provided from other sources, including but not limited to solar energy, geothermal energy, or waste heat from other processes such as for example power plants, steel mills, cement plants.
Referring again to
For sorbents where contact with water is unacceptable, there may be other working fluids that could be deployed in a similar manner. In such case, it is important that the working fluid itself does not interfere with the release of CO2 from the sorbent, and that it can readily be separated from the released CO2. Water is a good choice for most sorbents because the water will condense out under compression and thus is easily separated from CO2. CO2 as a working fluid would not require a separation from the product CO2, but it would of course interfere to some extent with the process of releasing CO2 from the sorbent. Nevertheless, it is possible to remove the bulk of the compressed CO2 at high pressure, and reduce the volume of residual CO2 so much that the subsequent expansion does not provide enough heat mass for the resulting temperature drop to effectively cool the chamber or the sorbent material inside of it.
Referring to
The present invention therefore provides a sorbent that absorbs a gas, such as CO2, under controlled temperatures, and will load itself fully or partially with the gas it is absorbing. At the time the sorbent enters into the recycle loop we refer to it as the loaded sorbent, even if the loading does not reach the maximum level that is achievable. The sorbent is recovered at an elevated temperature, the goal of this invention being to provide the heat necessary to drive the sorbent to the higher temperature. It is implicitly assumed that the heat required to release the gas is also provided but that in the typical case this is small compared to the heat required to warm the sorbent. Whether or not this amount of heat can be considered small, in heating up the sorbent, it is understood that this heat is provided as well.
It should be emphasized that the above-described embodiments of the present device and process, particularly, and "preferred" embodiments, are merely possible examples of implementations and merely set forth for a clear understanding of the principles of the invention. Many different embodiments of the invention described herein may be designed and/or fabricated without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. All these and other such modifications and variations are intended to be included herein within the scope of this disclosure and protected by the following claims. Therefore the scope of the invention is not intended to be limited except as indicated in the appended claims.
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