text:
The Cultivation of the Opium Poppy in Turkey
Information on Turkish Opium Poppy production, including climate and soil conditions, studies of the various somniferum varieties grown there, and the properties of Turkish Opium.
The Cultivation of the Opium Poppy in Turkey
The Poppy-Growing Districts
Economic Conditions
Varieties of the Poppy Plant Cultivated in Turkey
Cultivation of the Poppy
Various Properties of Turkish Opium
Poppy Seeds
Technical Work for the Improvement of the Poppy Plant
Pages: 13 to 25
Creation Date: 1950/01/01
The Cultivation of the Opium Poppy in Turkey
The Poppy-Growing Districts
Before the Limitation Law of 1933, Turkey produced opium in practically all the districts west of the Euphrates, i.e., the whole central area and the west. The poppy-plant was grown in thirty-two out of fifty-six provinces. Law No. 2253 of 31 May-8 June 1933 limited the areas in which opium-collecting was authorized first to thirteen provinces and subsequently to twelve (plus certain districts of the adjacent provinces). The area to be cultivated is determined each year by a special decree of the Council of Ministers. The law states that the decree must be published not later than 15 June in the Turkish Official Journal. The annual decree makes relatively unimportant changes in the area of cultivation.
The table below gives the names of the provinces and districts in which the collecting of opium is authorized and also shows the amount of opium therein produced, expressed as a percentage of the total production.
|Provinces or districts in which thebarvesting of opium is outborized
|Percentage of the total production of the country (average 1941-46)
(a)Western "druggist" opium area Afyon-Karahisar Province
Afyon-Karahisar Province
Konya Province
Burdur Province
Isparta Province
Kütahya Province
Provinces of Bilecik, Denizli, Eskisehir; Certain districts of the Ankara, Aydin, Bursa, Balikesir, Manisa Provinces; Certain districts of the Antalya, Bolu and Kayseri Provinces, in which production has been authorized by decree for some years on account of increasing exports
(b)Northern "soft" opium area
Tokat Province
Amasya Province
(Corum Province
Certain districts of the Kastamonu and Yozgat Provinces
(c)Southern "soft" opium area
Malatya Province
In many provinces in which opium used to be produced, the poppy-plant is still being grown today, but growers are not allowed to harvest anything but the seeds, and incision of the capsules is prohibited. This prohibition is strictly enforced. The area in which the poppy-plant may be grown only for seed purposes comprises twenty-two provinces in addition to those in which opium is harvested, but in these twenty-two provinces poppy-growing, išrestricted to districts which are indicated each year in a special decree of the Council of Ministers. The provinces are the following: Ankara,[1] Antalya, Balikesir,[1] Bolu, Bursa,[1] Canakkale, (Cankiri, Diyarbakir, Içel, Izmir, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirklarili, Kocaeli, Manisa,[1] Nigde, Samsun, Sivas, Tunceli, Urfa, Yozgat.
Economic Conditions
The poppy-plant is grown in Turkey by about 80,000 peasants inhabiting the districts enumerated above. They are districts which, generally speaking, lend themselves to autumn cropping, particularly of grain crops, and in which spring cropping entails something of a risk. Apart from grains, the poppy is the only autumn crop, and it is difficult to replace it by spring crops such as cotton, maize, sugar beet, tobacco, melons etc. As the incision and harvesting of opium require much labour, and hired labour is not economical, the poppy is grown by small farmers, who usually plant no more than 0.1 to 0.3 hectares as they have no machinery and till their fields with ox-ploughs. Their farms are, moreover, of the family type with an average area of 5 to 10 hectares of arable land.
The poppy is never grown on the State farms, and almost never on large farm holdings. Opium is of great importance to the small farmer because it is harvested before the grain harvest and brings in the money which the peasant needs to meet the expenses of the main harvest. It is obtained in a period when the peasant has little to do and can spend his time on the incision of the poppies and collection of the opium.
1. From the climatic point of view, Asia Minor may be divided into three geographic areas:
The central plateau, the altitude of which varies from 700 metres in the west to 2,000 metres near the Caucasian frontier. The summer is dry and warm, the winter cold, the temperature falling and snowfall increasing as one goes farther east. The annual rainfall is between 300 and 700 mm.
The coastal belt. In the north this area is temperate in winter, and in summer; rainfall varies from 700 millimetres in the north-west to 2,000 millimetres in the north-east. In the west the climate is mild and humid in winter, dry and warm in summer. In the south the weather is warm throughout the year and more humid in winter than in summer.
The so-called "transitional" area is situated between the high plateau and the coasts. It is bordered in places by high mountains, particularly in the north and south, whilst to the west the high plateau descends in wide valleys, ranging from 300 to 700 metres in height.
Rainfall varies from 500 to 800 millimetres. The summers are rather dry and the winters cold and snowy.
2. The poppy-growing area
The poppy is one of the most delicate plants cultivated by man. In order to obtain a good harvest all the requisite conditions must be fulfilled or the quantity harvested will be considerably reduced. The poppy can be grown almost everywhere in Turkey, but almost everywhere it is exposed to dangers. It would be a risky crop, for example, on the humid coast of the Black Sea, in the mountains, on the humid coastal plains, and on the high plateau itself, where there is no snow in winter.
A good opium harvest can be counted on in more than 50 per cent of cases in the so-called "transitional" area mentioned above. The valleys in that area receive plenty of rain during the autumn; the ground is covered with snow in winter and the climate is dry when the poppy is ripening.
The poppy is usually grown in Turkey at a height of between 300 and 700 metres, although it is found at 60 metres and also at 1,300 metres. In the latter case it is a spring crop. Between 60 and 70 per cent of the poppy grown in Turkey is sown in autumn (winter cropping) as against between 30 and 40 per cent in spring (spring cropping). If the winter is severe, dry and without snow, the frosts destroy the poppy and the percentage of spring cultivation increases.
3. Atmospheric conditions
Moisture, rain. The poppy dislikes moisture. In damp climates it is attacked by the peronospera and other plant diseases. If there is much rain, the plants grow very tall and may be laid flat when they ripen. Moisture is beneficial only during the first period of growth, and particularly at the time of sowing, when fresh, damp weather is preferable. If the soil is too dry, good germination is impossible, and it is therefore preferable to sow after the autumn or spring rains. The poppy dislikes moisture while it is maturing and especially during the incision season; if moisture comes shortly after the heads have been incised it can wash away some or all of the latex and so considerably reduce both the yield and the morphine content.
Wind. Generally speaking, the poppy cannot withstand strong winds. During the sowing and first growing period damp south winds are beneficial, but when the plant is maturing it prefers the dry, cold north winds. When there is no snow, the icy winter winds damage the plant and it is equally unable to endure the hot winds of summer.
The poppy is very sensitive to storms. Its shallow roots do not penetrate very deeply into the soil, and the plant can therefore be easily uprooted. During the growing period the capsules become heavy and a strong wind may then beat down the crop. After incision, buffeting by the wind will cause the plant to lose its latex. The open-capsule varieties are very sensitive to the wind when the seeds are ripening: too strong gusts may spill the seeds out of the capsules.
Frost. The poppy can resist the winter cold if the fields are covered with snow; otherwise, the young plants may be completely destroyed by frost. For this reason, in areas where frosts are frequent, the poppy is cultivated only as a spring crop.
The wild poppy grows everywhere, but the cultivated poppy yields good harvests only on favourable soil. The poppy is not fond of heavy, clayey soils, which are too moist during rainy, and difficult to till during dry, periods. It is not fond, either, of excessively sandy, permeable soils which dry up too quickly. As the poppy is grown only in districts where there is not much rain during the last period of growth, such soils are too light and insufficiently moist. Moreover, the shallow-rooting poppy cannot anchor itself firmly in such soils. The ideal site is an average type of soil, rather light, and with protection from the wind.
The Afyon-Karahisar region, the most important region in Turkey for poppy-growing, has a volcanic soil, clayey but not very heavy.
The soils of the Amasya-Tokat area, also an important poppy-growing district, are sedimentary and sandy but not too light. They are rich in humus. These soils produce the "soft" kind of opium, which is the richest in morphine.
The fields in which the opium-poppy is grown must always be protected against the wind. They should face the sun in high altitudes and the north in low altitudes.
The poppy-plant impoverishes the soil. It yields good harvests only in rich fields and when it follows another crop which has been treated with manure. It may also be grown on land that has lain fallow. Such a fallow field must be ploughed in early spring, and during the summer droughts only the light plough or harrow should be used to destroy the weeds that rob the soil of its moisture. At the beginning of autumn a soil thus prepared is light and may be sown immediately after the first rains.
A definite rotation is not much practised on the small farms where the poppy is grown. On such farms the poppy is very often preceded by a barley crop or, in cases where spring cropping is customary, by well-manured crops of melon, watermelon, maize or tobacco. For such crops, between thirty and forty tons of manure per hectare are used.
Small growers are not very familiar with chemical fertilizers. Besides, manure is preferable because it keeps the soil warm in winter and thus protects the poppy against the danger of frost.
For poppy-growing, the peasant often selects a field near the village which has therefore been fertilized by herds. Such fields close to the cultivator's dwelling are within easy reach of the family who can thus help with the harvest.
In the case of spring cropping, the soil must be prepared during the previous autumn. Deep ploughing in spring takes so much moisture from the soil that the spring rains are often insufficient to replace it.
If the ground can be irrigated, this should be done before sowing. The fields should never be irrigated after the blossoming season, or the quality of the opium will be impaired. It should, moreover, be possible to drain irrigated fields fairly quickly, or the poppy will suffer from excessive moisture.
Varieties of the Poppy Plant Cultivated in Turkey
The opium poppy, Papaver somniferum L. is a plant which is often self-pollinated, sometimes cross-pollinated. For that reason its morphologicalfeatures are not stable. Cross-breeding between different varieties, however, is sometimes rather difficult. The poppies cultivated in Turkey form a "population" composed of various strains whose characteristics are constantly changing. Attempts to obtain varieties with stable characteristics and a high yield have not yet given satisfactory results. In spite of the presence of different strains, however, the poppies of a given region or area display common characteristics under the influence of climate and soil and, taken together, they form a more or less definite type.
A. Poppies from the "druggist" opium production area
Turkish opium of the "druggist" type is produced in western Asia Minor. The main production districts are the provinces of Afyon-Karahisar, Konya, Burdur, Isparta and Kütahya.
The poppies producing opium of the "druggist" type are plants averaging in height from 45 to 130 cm. They bear from 3 to 10 capsules which are round and fairly big. The morphine content of the opium produced is average.
B. Poppies from the northern "soft" opium production area
"Soft" opium is produced in two districts, one north and the other south of the central plateau. The northern district comprises chiefly the province of Tokat.
The poppies in this district are between 70 and 150 cm. high, and bear from 6 to 12 capsules which are round and oblate. The blossoms are very often white and sometimes violet, although other colours are found. The morphine content is high.
C. Poppies from the southern "soft" opium production area
The second district in the "soft" opium production area is situated south of the central plateau and comprises the province of Malatya.
The poppies in this district are plants averaging in height from 50 to 140 cm. The morphine content of the opium is low.
Other types
Other types in addition to these three main types existed before poppy-growing was prohibited in certain areas of the country. The so-called muhacirmali poppies imported from Macedonia were, at that time, grown in European Turkey. As long as they were grown there, these plants retained the characteristics of Macedonian opium. After poppy-growing was prohibited in European Turkey, the seeds sown in western Asia Minor produced plants which, in time, acquired the characteristics of the local poppies.
Before cultivation was prohibited in southern Asia Minor, a type called "southern druggist" was grown in this district. It has now completely disappeared.
Attempts have been made to establish a classification of the poppy on the basis of various morphological characteristics including:
Form of the capsules: they may be spherical, oblate, ovoid, oblong. Their upper end may, when the plant is ripe, remain closed (closed capsule) or it may partially open in order to give free passage to the seeds (open capsule).
Colour of the seeds: they may be white, yellow, or coffee-coloured, black, smoke-grey, deep blue, mauve, etc.
Colour of the blossoms: they may be white, pale lilac, rose, red, mauve, purple. They may also be variegated, displaying different colours.
Stems. The stems may be glabrous or hairy.
Leaves: these may be of various shapes.
The best classification may be that based on the capsules. The form of the capsule is the poppy plant's most stable characteristic and the one which is almost infallibly transmitted if there is no cross-pollination. An attempt has been made to classify Turkish poppies according to capsules in two categories:
The Papaver somniferum L. variety, with closed capsules.
The Papaver subspontaneum variety, with open capsules.
Interestingly enough, both open and closed capsules have been found on the same plant, a phenomenon which is due to cross-pollination, but the "closed capsule'' characteristic is dominant, and the open capsules in such cases tend increasingly to disappear.
The number of septa in the capsules. The number of these has no relation to the variety. It is rather higher in the bigger capsules and limited in the small capsules. It may vary between 18 and 4 but is usually 6. It appears, however, that climate has an influence on the number of septa, for poppies grown at a low altitude have a larger number than those grown at a high altitude.
A. Closed-capsule poppies
The capsules of these plants do not open automatically when the plant ripens. They have to be thrashed in order to collect the seeds.
The closed-capsule poppies are the opium poppies properly so-called, and represent the dominant variety in Asia Minor. The plants usually bear from 3 to 12 capsules, are of average height, and their morphine yield is from 2 per cent to 3 per cent greater than that of open-capsule poppies grown in similar conditions of soil and climate. The lower leaves are long, indented and very often hairy. The upper leaves on the stalk are long, triangular and a little fleshy. The petals bear a small number of hairs and the colours white and violet are predominant. The seeds are of various colours. The capsules are large, round and rather wide at the base.
B. Open-capsule poppies
The capsules of this variety of poppy open when the plant is ripe and the seeds easily fall out. For the most part they are semi-wild plants or poppies previously grown only for seed, the extraction of opium from such poppies having been begun later.
Neither the opium yield nor the morphine content is very high. The plant is resistant to atmospheric influences, produces up to 30 capsules and has a short stalk. The capsules are smaller and round, and have visible septa. The flowers are often red, yellow, purple or pale lilac. The seeds are often black or dark in colour.
Open-capsule poppies are not very common in Asia Minor. They are grown at Aydin, Denizli, Isparta and Afyon-Karahisar. Before limitation they were also grown at Izmir.
An attempt has also been made to classify poppies according to the colour of the seeds, and two main varieties have been established: Papaver somniferum L. album, with whitè or light-coloured seeds and smooth, glabrous leaves; and Papaver somniferum L. nigrum, with black or dark-coloured seeds, and red flowers.
As will be shown below, however, seeds varying between these two extremes may be found even in the same field. The colour of the seeds is due to a morphological transformation of the seed-case itself. A sub-epidermal layer of a reddish-grey colour produces a colourless interior and a grey seed. A sub-epidermal layer which disperses light rays results in a seed which is rather ashy in colour. The other colours are the result of different combinations.
Turkish poppy-seeds are usually white, yellow, grey, coffee-coloured, blue, or dark blue but black and all other colours are also found. The table below gives the colours met with in various districts:
|Place where grown
White, coffee-coloured
Isparta (I)
White, yellow
Isparta (II)
Yellow, deep yellow
Afyon-Karahisar (I)
White, coffee-coloured, black
Afyon-Karahisar (II)
Yellow, white, black
Afyon-Karahisar (III)
Black, grey
White, black, grey, yellow, violet
Black, grey, coffee-coloured, white
White, yellow, red
White, coffee-coloured
There are two areas in which dominant colours are encountered: white at Aydin, and coffee-coloured at Afyon-Karahisar.
The colour of the seeds in any one capsule is almost always uniform: it is only the shade which sometimes varies.
If there is no cross-pollination, the colour of the seed is hereditary and remains unchanged.
If cross-pollination between poppies of different colours takes place, the colours black and grey predominate, whilst white and other light colours are recessive. According to Mendel's law this means that, when a poppy with black seeds is fertilized by a poppy with white seeds, the majority of the descendants produce black or dark-coloured seeds and these colours become increasingly predominant in subsequent years.
It has not been possible to establish a final correlation between the colour of the flowers and that of the seeds, but in most cases the poppy with white or rose-coloured flowers gives white or light-coloured seeds and poppies with violet or dark-coloured flowers give blue or dark-coloured seeds.
An attempt has also been made to classify poppies according to use. Thus, Turkish poppies were called Papaver somniferum L. Gr. opeifera, which means the opium poppy. On the other hand, the poppies grown in Central Europe for seed were called Papaver somniferum L. Gr. oleifera (oil poppy).
Cultivation of the Poppy
A. General observations
A good farmer always chooses good seeds. He refrains from incision a certain number of the well-developed principal capsules; and after the seeds have ripened he collects these capsules and keeps them separate until the sowing season.
These rules should be observed by all growers, but this is not always done.
B. Time of sowing
It is always advisable to sow poppies as early as possible, as the plants can then develop, in the case of winter cropping, before the winter frost, and, in the case of spring cropping, before the dry season.
Poppies may be sown in the autumn or spring. In Turkey they are mostly sown in the autumn. Between 60 and 70 per cent of the poppies grown are winter crops. The time of sowing varies, according to local climatic conditions, between September and December.
For spring crops, sowing time varies between February and April.
The plants sown in autumn are usually more robust and healthier and give better yields. In areas, however, where the winters are severe but without snow, autumn cropping is not possible.
Very often the grower divides his field into three parts and sows it as follows: one third at the beginning of autumn; one third at the end of autumn; one third in spring. Thus, part of the harvest is always to some extent guaranteed.
The first lot, for example, may suffer from drought at the beginning of autumn, but once that period is past the winter frosts (especially if there is snow) and the summer droughts can do no further harm.
As regards the second lot, too early winter is dangerous, because the young plants may then be easily destroyed.
The third lot has nothing to fear from the frost. Its only enemies are the spring droughts. As a spring crop it never gives very good harvests, but an average volume is ensured provided the drought is not severe. When the sowings are staggered in this way the work of thinning-out, weeding and incision is similarly staggered. The grower can carry out the work in one part of the field after the other with the assistance of the members of his family and without having to use hired labour.
C. Method of sowing
The small farms on which the poppy is grown have almost no machinery. Moreover, drills for sowing poppies are unknown, and the ordinary machines for cereals cannot be used for the small poppy seeds.
The poppy seeds are either sown broadcast or in rows, the broadcast method being the more common. In most cases the seeds are sown broadcast without dividing up the field, but sometimes the field is divided into strips of about two metres wide with a space of 40 centimetres between each. When sowing by rows, furrows from about 60 centimetres apart are made. The seeds are dropped in them and afterwards covered by means of a harrow.
Before sowing, the seeds are mixed with sand in a proportion of from two to five times their volume. In certain areas it is also customary to moisten them before sowing.
A quantity of from 3 to 5 kilogrammes of seed would be sufficient per hectare if drills were used. The row method takes from 5 to 15 kilogrammes, and the broadcast method about 20 kilogrammes. If the field is not well prepared, some growers use up to 25 or even 30 kilogrammes of seed per hectare.
If the broadcast method of sowing is used, a large proportion ofthe seeds remain uncovered or go too deep down and are thus lost. That is why the quantity of seeds used with this method is so great.
The seeds should not be buried deeply, or the rudimentary shoot will be unable to develop. The layer of earth covering them should not be more than 1 to 1.5 cm. deep.
If the soil is dry, one must wait for rain or, if possible, irrigate the field before sowing. If the field is irrigated after sowing the seeds may easily be carried away by the water.
A. Various stages of growth
The germination of the poppy seeds usually lasts from two to three weeks. Seeds sown in late autumn or early spring may in cool weather require up to six weeks for germination.
Three to four weeks after germination the first four leaves of the plant are formed.
In spring, as soon as it is warm enough for growth to be resumed, or, in the case of spring crops two or three weeks after the development of the first four leaves, the stem begins to form. The plant reaches full development in from 40 to 60 days. During this first period of growth the poppy needs moisture.
The flowering season varies according to the region, altitude, situation of the field and variety of poppy. For example: at Aydin, flowering occurs at the end of April or beginning of May; atAfyon it occurs in the second half of May; at Çorum and Malatya it occurs towards the end of May or the beginning of June.
Flowering takes place during the day, the flowers hardly ever opening on rainy days and almost never during the night. A flower remains open for thirty to forty hours, after which it begins to wither. A field will remain in flower from four to five days.
Often the pollination is direct and in the remainder indirect. Thus, the poppy is also fertilized by neighbouring plants.
After the petals fall the capsules continue to grow for a fortnight longer. Then comes the right time for incision.
B. Work to be done during growth
During the first period, the growth of the opium poppy is slow, and, in particular, if the field has not been carefully prepared, weeds may easily smother the young poppy plants, and prevent them from developing. In addition they impoverish the field in moisture and nutritive material.
Thinning-out and weeding are not usually done in autumn except when the seed was sown very early, or when, after a rainy autumn, the weeds begin to invade the fields before the winter sets in: If, however, it is not desired to do thinning-out or weeding during the winter, the weeds can simply be uprooted by hand. In spring, on the other hand, thinning-out and weeding should be done for winter crops as well as for spring crops as soon as the weather permits. It is after the first weeding that the poppy plants recover their strength.
Thinning-out is always done after the first four leaves are formed. The superfluous seedlings are removed so as to leave about fifteen plants per square metre (25 cm. between the plants) if the seeds were sown broadcast, and about 10 to 15 cm. between the plants if the seeds were sown in rows. Plants which have been left too close together do not grow well and remain small. They yield small capsules and the work of incision and collecting is also more difficult.
If the plants are too far apart they cannot support one another during wind and rain, and there is a danger that they may be blown down.
Weeding should be repeated two or three times, or oftener, if possible.
In the case of line sowing the first weeding may be done with a weeding plough.
The second weeding should be accompanied by ridging.
When the stems are formed it is necessary, in the case of varieties which produce numerous capsules, to thin out the capsules, or they will remain small and the harvest will not be so good.
Turkish closed-capsule poppies do not form many capsules, but even here good growers sometimes remove the secondary capsules in order to allow those remaining to develop and grow larger. The growers are thus able to save a lot of labour during the harvest.
C. The enemies of the poppy
The poppy plant has many enemies during the various stages of growth. The following are the more important:
Mildew (Perenospora arborescens) attacks more especially the poppy leaves, on which it forms white spots. In time the leaves shrivel up, wither and die;
A plant parasite (Orobanche papaveris) battens on the poppy by using its suckers to absorb the nutritive matter in the plant;
Rodents like fieldmice or insects of the beetle type and their larvae do damage to the leaves and roots;
Before the campaign against locusts was successful, they were also an important enemy of the poppy.
A. Collecting opium
1. The right time. Opium is collected by cutting slashes on the poppy capsules before the seeds are ripe. The latex comes out in little drops. After it coagulates this latex constitutes raw opium.
The incision period varies according to climatic conditions. Normally it occurs towards the second half of June or the first fortnight of July. In extreme conditions incision may begin as early as May (in the valleys of Aydin) or it may be deferred until the beginning of August in higher areas.
A rainy, cool summer prolongs the period of growth, whereas a warm, dry summer curtails it.
The right times for incising winter- and spring-grown poppies are only about a week apart.
The best time for collecting opium is about a fortnight after the petals have fallen. The upper part of the stalk then begins to darken, the capsules grow hard, and the lower leaves begin to turn yellow. The capsules change in colour from a light to a brownish green and become covered with a kind of film of moisture. In the case of some varieties of poppy, however, such as those grown in the Isparta area, the capsules do not change colour but remain light green and are not covered with a film of moisture, so that it is difficult in that region to determine the right time for making the incision.
Capsules that are still soft are not ripe. The duration of the right time for harvesting depends on the climate. In hot, dry years it is from four to seven days, and in normal years from seven to ten days. After that the capsules begin to get soft again. They lose their bloom, turn yellow and finally dry up.
Since not all capsules ripen at the same time, the work of incision takes about two weeks for any given field.
2. The latex. When properly incised the stalks and leaves also provide latex, but incision of the capsule draws the juice upwards. The latex is between the epicarp and the mesocarp. The juice channels go from below, upwards. In order to gather as much juice as possible a great many channels must be cut. If incisions are made too deeply, however, the wall of the capsule will be cut right through and some of the juice will run down inside and be lost.
The latex accumulated on the outside of the capsules is white and liquid, but the moisture begins to evaporate immediately and the latex becomes more and more solid and its colour more and more brown.
On warm, humid, calm nights, the latex emits such a strong odour that it is quite impossible to remain near a poppy field without contracting a headache or dizziness. The peasants who live near the fields often have to remain confined in their houses, even when it is excessively hot.
3. Incision. The incision of the poppy capsule is a very delicate and expert operation. Incisions which are too deep or too shallow or which are made too early or too late give bad results. The cut must be a shallow one but it must also be deep enough to allow the drops of latex to flow down outside. Incisions made in the middleof the day when the sun is shining give bad results and there will be hardly·any flow of juice. It is therefore preferable to make the incisions either in the morning or in the evening.
When the incision is made in the morning, the opium is gathered in the evening. In such cases the opium is clear-coloured and its qualities are regarded as superior by drug addicts who attach great importance to clear-coloured opium. On the other hand, incisions made in the morning give a smaller yield. It is, therefore, now considered preferable in Turkey to make incisions in the evening, since colour is of little importance in the case of opium intended for medical purposes. In such cases the opium is gathered the following morning. For this purpose, it is necessary to wait until the morning dew has disappeared. If the capsules are incised in the evening, the yield will be more abundant.
The latex takes from eight to fourteen hours, according to atmospheric conditions, before it solidifies and is ready for collection.
In case prolonged bad weather makes it impossible to observe these conditions, the grower will take advantage of a fine interval to incise the capsules and gather the latex in its liquid form.
The incisions are usually made with knives of various shapes, but there are also special instruments which are now increasingly employed. The best known of them is the so-called "Amasya" type. It has a broad end terminating in four to six lancet points, which have the advantage of not penetrating deeply and not piercing the capsule.
The cuts made in the middle of the capsule produce most latex.
In a pamphlet published and distributed free by the Turkish Soil Products Office, the following advice is given to growers with regard to the incision:
The capsule must never be cut all round. Spaces should be left unslashed between the extremities of the cuts in order that the capsule may continue to grow and the seeds ripen normally;
In order to obtain more latex, it is advisable to make several incisions (each covering a third or quarter of the capsule) at intervals of one day;
Incisions made on clear, sunny, calm days give the best results. In warm districts it is preferable to make the incision in the evening, and in cool districts in the morning. It should be borne in mind that rain washes away the juice and that wind makes it fall to the ground;
Care must be taken to incise only the ripe capsules. This is why the farmer must go to the fields every day to select them.
4. Collecting the opium. The latex which has caked on the capsule is raw opium. It is collected with a bladeof some kind, as it may not be completely hardened, the peasants prefer to use an instrument that has a kind of gutter in which the semi-liquid opium accumulates. Very often a special copper tool is used which has the advantage of not scratching the epicarp and thus of preventing the admixture of vegetable tissues.
Where the grower uses ordinary blades the opium is usually gathered on poppy leaves.
The opium thus collected is deposited in a bowl or other receptacle, or, if sufficiently coagulated, the grower makes it into little balls immediately.
5. Labour needed for harvesting work. Depending on his skill and the length of his working day, one person can gather between 200 and 400 grammes of opium a day, the average yield for a good labourer being about 1 kilogramme in thirty-six hours. The same time is needed to incise the number of capsules sufficient to provide 1 kilogramme of opium. During the opium-harvesting season, the labourer works from morning till night, as long as he can and only stops work during the midday heat. Work goes on until nightfall. For incision and collection a good labourer needs seventy-two working hours to gather 1 kilogramme of opium


text:
Study looks at grain flow from US to CanadaA new study from the Canada-U.S. Task Group, a group of Canadian and U.S. nonprofit and trade organizations, documents the commercial flow of grain from the U.S. to Canada.
By: Agweek staff report,
A new study from the Canada-U.S. Task Group, a group of Canadian and U.S. nonprofit and trade organizations, documents the commercial flow of grain from the U.S. to Canada.
The study addresses U.S. and Canadian trade volume, handling and processing practices for more than 15 commodities traded between the two countries. The analysis was provided to the Canadian and U.S. governments as input in the consultations for the development of phytosanitary measures under Canada's proposed Grain Import Framework.
The study examined data from 2010 to 2012. On average, corn is the No. 1 commodity moving north from the U.S. to Canada at 1.05 million metric tons (MT) per year. Average soybean exports to Canada are 245,000 MT while wheat exports are 69,000 MT.
According to the study, 54 percent of all U.S. grain exports to Canada were transported by truck, followed by rail at 32 percent and water at 14 percent. The high percentage of truck movements highlighted a potential problem if inspections and certificates would be required on each shipment. But, based on the risk assessments of the various crops and taking into consideration their end-use in Canada, it is expected that only a small number of these U.S. shipments will require a phytosanitary certificate.
The study also found that Canadian processing practices generally minimize phytosanitary risks that might arise from U.S. shipments. The commodities are typically cleaned at the recipient's facility and screenings are heated, hammered and turned into feed or sent to landfills that mitigate phytosanitary risks.
Canadian and U.S. organizations formed the Canada-U.S. Task Group in April 2012 and have been working together to communicate cross-border trade information.
The study is available online at www.canada-usgrainandseedtrade.info.
Tags: markets, crops, agribusiness, updates, trade

subset: commoncrawl


text:
I wanted to spend this week holding space for my beautiful brother and his memory. For the powerful imprint he has left on our hearts.
I wanted to raise awareness about the illness that claimed him.
I knew I wouldn't be able to write as much as I did last year, but I do still feel I have accomplished all of those things.
There is one more story that I wanted to share, though. One that makes you think about what you really know and believe. One that will hopefully remind you about how awesome this crazy journey can be.
It's a story about love knowing no bounds and crossing the lines of time and space.
If you look hard enough and listen long enough, you will find overwhelmingly credible accounts of people who remain connected to their departed loved ones in a real and physical way.
I have always wanted to believe these stories, and never more so than when I lost my own brother, but my brain likes to outsmart my heart. It was hard for me to truly embrace the idea of life after death or paranormal communication with those who have passed on.
Just within our own family's experience, there are dozens of examples of these small and strange phenomena occurring in our house and among family members.
From belongings of Andy's being there one minute and then gone the next…and then back somewhere else a few weeks later. There were also moments we swore we could smell him. Or hear him. There were even times in the early months when lights that were on in the house went off, and vice -versa. As creepy as this might seem, it never felt scary or intimidating. (I could actually recount each and every incident for you, all of which might enhance the credibility of my story…but it would also become very long and maybe a little tedious. We don't want that=-)
However, even though our broken hearts wanted to believe these things "true", I guess there could have been some other explanation for them as well.
Andy knew we needed something bigger. Something beyond what our brains could explain away.
The first "meatball encounter" was during the summer of last year: July 2012. It was a bizarre, but fairly isolated incident (though now I see it set the stage for what was to come). Who knows…maybe there were more signs and I just wasn't "tuned in" enough. Regardless, this was a very big DOT on the pathway of connections I needed to make.
One day, upon arriving for a visit to my dad's house, I immediately checked the refrigerator to see what was there (a common "homecoming" habit, I believe). It was mostly empty, but I saw a package of Trader Joe's Turkey meatballs in the freezer and made a mental note that those could be a quick and easy snack for Aidan later. I then went to put Lainey down for a nap and also fell asleep. Mike was with Aidan when I came back upstairs awhile later. When I opened the freezer again, the meatballs were gone. The empty package was sitting on top of the trash.
No biggie, I thought. Mike must have prepared them. When I asked, he said he knew nothing of said meatballs. Aidan also didn't know and couldn't have prepared them.
I was so weirded out that I called BOTH of my parents to see if either of them had stopped by the house during my nap to have a meatball snack. No dice.
Insert musical clip of Twilight Zone music here.
It was weird, but just out of context enough for me to forget about it.
In November, we took a family vacation in Hawaii. It was wonderful and difficult, stressful and relaxing all at once. We did send some of Andy's ashes off to sea and I found a particular cove where I felt Andy very powerfully. But nothing out-of-this-world (except maybe this photo of the cove which is kind of amazing).
The only truly strange part in all of this was that after we returned, my dad got a call from the owner of the condo we had rented while we were there. She asked if one of us had left a leather journal. Not really knowing, but realizing it could have been any of us, my dad said "yes" and asked her to mail it back to us.
He was absolutely blown away when he opened the package to find the journal he had given Andy around the time be was diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder. My dad had not seen that journal since he gave it to Andy 3 years ago. None of us even knew it existed and certainly hadn't brought it along. All the way to Hawaii.
Do you have goosebumps yet?
Furthermore, it didn't have much written in it, but what was there added to our understanding of Andy's journey. Wow, right? I know!
So now fast forward a few months to early 2013. I had just started my job at the church and our schedule became so packed that I began doing bulk cooking on the weekends to save time during the week. One of our favorite go-to meals is very simple turkey meatballs.
Initially, I kept noticing that when it came time to eat them, there seemed to be fewer than what I had made, but I wasn't keeping track and couldn't be sure. After this happened for a few weeks in a row, I became slightly irritated/curious and questioned each family member to see if they had taken any meatballs. I was met with an overwhelming NO.
So then I actually started counting. And sure enough, about 3 meatballs started disappearing each week. Some tiny part of my brain wondered, "Could it be…?" and KNEW that indeed it could. But then another part said, "Noooo…it couldn't be…could it?" And the two parts wrestled back and forth.
Then I hit a busy spell and didn't make meatballs for awhile. Around that time, I was feeling sort of far away from Andy. I wrote this post at the 18 month mark. Later that night, I was in bed reading when I heard a huge crash upstairs in the kitchen above me. I quickly ran upstairs to find the cover of our blue (Andy's color) ceramic/cast iron Dutch oven lying upside down (and chipped from the fall) in the middle of the floor. Mike had been working in his office and heard the crash too. He came rushing in to see if I was okay and I told him I thought HE had gotten hurt. Mike explained that he had actually finished washing dishes about a half hour before and placed the Dutch oven upside down on the stove to dry–far back enough that it would have taken quite a force of nature to throw the lid across the room like that. Force of nature indeed!
In that moment, I realized what was going on. I also felt this supernatural wave of familiarity and recognition wash over me. Goosebumps. Hair standing on end. I had never felt Andy so close–I knew he was right there. I immediately burst into tears and just stood there, trying to soak in the feeling of having two dimensions collide. I was a little bit sad, but mostly SO very happy. I then got his joke, started laughing and said, "Okay, okay. I'll start making meatballs again!"
In case you are wondering…Yes, Andy loved turkey meatballs.
I will say that the noticeable disappearing meatball incidences dwindled after that. But I understood already; that invisible line had been crossed and he had made his point. And I am so grateful Andy knows me well enough to have done it in a gentle, funny, yet undeniable way. To let us know he is here, always. And that he is more than okay. Gone to our immediate, physical senses, but never really far if we take the time to connect.
Every now and then, I will notice some rotisserie chicken missing (one of his favorites), and just the other day, I was taking out a couple slices of uncured turkey bacon (Andy LOVED bacon) to make for the kids' breakfast. I knew I had used two slices the day before when I had opened the package. And what do you know? That day there were only 3 pieces left. I turned over the package to check the number of servings, 8, and quickly did the math. Just to be sure, I asked the family if they had eaten any. They had NOT.
So I stopped for a moment against the stove, enjoying the goosebumps. I shook my head a bit, smiled big and long and said,
"Hi Andykins. Love you too."


text:
Final four
Daniel Routledge looks forward to the semi-finals in the race for the BBL play-off crown.
Last Updated: 02/05/12 2:25pm
And then there were four. After some intriguing quarter-final match-ups, the race for the play-off crown reaches the semi-final stage this weekend.
At the top end of the seedings there were no real surprises, with Newcastle and Leicester both through by 40+ points on aggregate. But in the middle seeds, higher ranks teams saw their seasons end last weekend.
I hesitate to call them shocks, as despite the seedings I think you could have made a cogent argument for both Glasgow and Cheshire going into their quarter-finals. Indeed I actually expected the Rocks to go through to the semi-finals, such was their finish to the season compared to Plymouth's.
The Raiders' defeat means that James Jones will now not become the second man in BBL history to make it to five consecutive play-off finals, meaning Alan Cunningham's record of eight straight is likely to be safe for at least the rest of this decade.
The Jets result I didn't pick, because I thought over two legs their lack of depth, particularly as they were back-to-back games, would be their undoing. But credit to John Lavery and his squad for overcoming the Wolves in a tight affair.
I did wonder if they'd missed their opportunity when they let a 15-point lead slip in the first leg to tie 80-80, but they had enough down the stretch of the second game to go through by 10 points in the end.
Along with Leicester, they have been the form team in the BBL over the last month of the season and John certainly deserved his Coach of the Month award for April.
Their 'reward' for beating the Wolves? Two semi-final matches with the Newcastle Eagles! Not much of a prize that. Some had wondered whether taking the last few games off might leave the Eagles a little rusty, but they absolutely smashed the Heat in the first leg of their tie, with Joe Chapman and Paul Gause tossing in three-pointers for fun. They answered that question with a resounding no!
This match-up made me recall a conversation I had with Tony Garbelotto a few months ago on the way to a game in Glasgow. He suggested the realignment of the seedings between quarter-final and semi-final should be scrapped. So if you beat a higher seed, you assume their position.
So in this situation Cheshire would play Leicester rather than Newcastle. Given how well Leicester are playing right now, I'm not sure that's a much better prospect for the Jets, but it would certainly seem something of a reward for a seventh or eighth seed if they upset the odds.
I'd never really given it any thought before, but it is an interesting discussion to have. In this situation I suspect fans of all four clubs would have preferred it. It would mean much easier travel itineraries for Cheshire-Leicester and Newcastle-Glasgow. But that is a fluke of geography I guess.
As well as they have been playing, it would still surprise me to see the Jets at the NIA in a couple of weeks' time. The Eagles have been so dominant, I can't imagine the final without them. The other tie is a bit of a pick 'em game for me, I could argue for both Leicester and Glasgow making it through.
I don't think there will be many points between them come Sunday evening, but I'm not confident enough to pick who will have more!
And I guess you can't be right all the time, my lock for MVP Ayron Hardy ended up second in the poll. I stand by the arguments I put forward for him being the best player this season, but if I was to be wrong then I couldn't pick a better guy to be wrong for than Joe Chapman.
I had the pleasure of doing a couple of commentaries with him in the play-offs last year and he is a great guy as well as a fantastic player. Having come back from such a serious injury last year to put in the performances he has, I don't begrudge him this honour.


text:
- Home
- Fragrance and Beauty
- Makeup
- Blush
Narrow Your Selection
More Categories
Blush4 Items Found
Benefit Cosmetics Lollitint Candy-Orchid Tinted Lip & Cheek Stain
Free Gift With Purchase
Benefit Cosmetics Posie Tint Lip & Cheek Stain Make-up
Free Gift With Purchase
Benefit Cosmetics Cha Cha Lip and Cheek Blush
Free Gift With Purchase
the Balm cosmetics Stainiac Beauty Queen Lip and Cheek Stain
Free Gift With Purchase
Belk Blush
Brand name blush from Belk is available in a variety of fashionable colors and formula options. Choose from a wide selection of blush powder, gel, cream, and multitasking products. Find classic compacts and palettes with multiple colors that are perfect for creating just the right look for your skin tone. Blush makeup is a favorite for women because it help to enhance cheekbones and brings a healthy looking glow to your skin. It is an essential aspect of any makeup routine, and when it is applied correctly, you don't need much more. You can create a natural look with rosy cheeks, or something more dramatic and glamorous. Look for your favorite brand name of cream blush, gels and powders from Belk. Discover a first-class selection of blush hues and shades and a variety of applicator and design choices. All our brands go on smoothly and evenly for a natural appearance. Choose from gift sets that are a welcome addition to your makeup kit. Shop a popular assortment of blush colors by top brands at Belk.


text:
- Home
- Buy Now
- Wholesale
- Nutritional Value
- Moringa Tree Parts
- Moringa Info.
- Medicinal Research
- Natural Antibiotics
- Potent Antioxidant
- Anti-Inflammatory
- High Cholesterol
- Alzheimer Prevention
- Herpes Treatment
- Gastric Ulcers Relief
- Lupus Treatment
- Gout & Arthritis Treatment
- Diabetes Treatment
- Cancer Treatment
- Boosting Immune System
- HIV/AIDS and Moringa
- High Blood Pressure Treatment
- Ovarian Cancer Treatment
- Preserving Liver Function
- Medicinal Research
- Contact us
- Newsletter
Moringa Oleifera as Treatment for Arthritis & Gout
For many centuries Moringa Oleifera was used in traditional medicine, such as the "Ayurveda", as a treatment Arthritis and Gout. It was believed that Moringa Leaf Powder reduce inflammations and pain caused by these conditions.
In 2008 the Faculty of Medicine Health Sciences of the Putra University in Malaysia, published a research aimed to test if Moringa poses any Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory activities, the same activities achieved by the drugs used in modern medicine such as NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). The research found that the Moringa leaves posses substances that have antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activitie; in fact they found that it has high quantities of these substances. This means that Moringa Oleifera use in Indian traditional medicine as a treatment Arthritis and Gout was just.
The effects of the Moringa is suppressing the COX-2 enzyme. This enzyme is responsible for inflammation processes and pain. Usually the drugs used to suppress this enzyme are NSAID such as Voltaren, Nksin, Adoil, ARCOXIA, Kaspo etc. The side effects of these products include risk for stroke, kidney problems, blood vessels problems, stomach problems and the list goes on. Combine the risks from the side effects with the existing condition causing the need to take the NSAID and the presence of pain combined with an inflammatory issue, and the risks for medical complications grow.
Moringa Oleifera in pure natural tree that has been used as food and as medicine along history, this means that it is much safer to use than NSAID but with similar effectiveness and less toxicity.


text:
Intertops Special Offers
Intertops provides a whole range of regular
Special Offers
to help give your account that extra boost. Deposit on Thursday to receive 10% extra for free, or take advantage of our regular
Bonus offers, Stake-Back specials
Free Bet promotions
. You also have the chance to
to some of the world's top sporting events!
Check out our current top offers below!
Up to 40% more winnings on your parlay!
Weekly Stake Back Special!
$1,000 extra for our monthly Parlay Prince!
$300 Wimbledon Stake-Back Offer!
We pay out in full!
$100 Sign-up Bonus
10% Deposit Bonus on Thursday!
Sign-Up-Special - $20 Bet Token!
Refer a Friend Program!
Up to 40% more winnings on your parlay!
The new Intertops Sportsbook opens up a whole new world of wagering opportunities, including extensive new parlay possibilities!
Place a parlay on our 'Set Betting' offers for the third tennis Grand Slam of the year at Wimbledon and receive extra winnings from us!
We will boost your profit as follows:
Place a winning double/2-team parlay and enjoy a 10% boost on your winnings!
Place a winning treble/3-team parlay and enjoy a 20% boost on your winnings!
Place a 4-fold/4-team parlay and enjoy a 30% boost on your winnings!
Place a 5-fold and upwards/5-team and upwards parlay and enjoy a 40% boost on your winnings!
Small print: Set Betting parlay wagers are exclusively available in the new Intertops Sportsbook at
. Extra winnings will be credited to customers' accounts within 48 hours. There are no rollover requirements for the extra winnings received. Should a parlay be reduced (e.g. due to a refund on an option), extra winnings will be paid on the reduced parlay.
>> Place your set-betting parlays now!
Weekly Stake Back Special!
Intertops is pleased to announce its Weekly Stake Back Specials promotion to add to your wagering fun! We will be offering at least one attractive money-back special every week giving you the chance to
claim back up to USD 100 per offer as a Free Bet!
Our offer:
Soccer, Copa America final: Chile vs. Argentina
on July 4th. Wager on our "Match Winner" option for this game and if your selected team (Chile or Argentina) leads during regulation time, but fails to win after 90 minutes, you can claim back your "Match Winner" stake up to $100 as a Free Bet.
Only one wager can be claimed per customer. The Free Bet can be claimed by e-mail from 6:00 am ET on Monday, July 6th.
General Information: Live wagers are excluded from this promotion unless otherwise stated. Only single bets count for this Stake Back promotion. Only one wager per customer and Stake Back offer can be credited. The minimum stake that can be claimed is $10, the maximum stake is $100. Stake backs as Free Bets must be claimed within a week of the event by sending an e-mail to
giving details of the bet and stake placed. Free Bets will be credited from Monday to Friday only. Intertops rules 1.2.6, 2.6 and 2.14 apply.
$1,000 extra for our monthly Parlay Prince!
With a correct hunch it is the Parlay players who rake in the cash at Intertops, and now these wagers are even more attractive!
We are pleased to announce our Monthly Parlay Prince competition.
The Intertops customer who makes the highest net profit from a single parlay bet in each calendar month will be rewarded with an amazing USD 1,000 Bonus
– and that with absolutely no rollover requirements!
What are you waiting for? Your winning parlay could see you crowned our Monthly Parlay Prince!
>> Place your parlay bet and win!
$300 Wimbledon Stake-Back Offer!
The world's tennis elite are set to battle for the world's oldest Grand Slam title on the grass at Wimbledon and Intertops celebrates the occasion with an attractive stake-back offer on our 'To Win Outright' market for the men's singles!
If your selected players are knocked out in the first week of the tournament, we will refund your stakes up to $100 on up to three different players as free bets.
General Information: Only single bets placed between 2:00 am ET on Monday, June 22nd and the start of the Wimbledon tournament on Monday, June 29th 2015 on the winner of the men's singles tournament count for this Stake-Back promotion. Three stake-backs per Intertops customer can be credited, but only one per tennis player. Only matches completed by the end of play on July 5th 2015 count for this promotion. The minimum stake that can be claimed per player is $10, the maximum stake per player is $100. The free bets must be claimed by sending an e-mail to
giving details of the wagers and their reference numbers. They will be credited by Monday, July 6th 2015. Intertops rules 1.2.6., 2.6 and 2.14 apply.
>> Wager on Wimbledon!
We pay out in full!
Intertops pays out at full place odds for 'Top 5' and 'Top 10' bet offers
giving golf fans the best value around.
If your chosen player finishes the tourney tied for the relevant position then you will still see your
full winnings
gracing your account – now that calls for a party at the 19th hole!
To our golf wagers!
$100 Sign-up Bonus
Grab up to $100 for your first deposit!
All new Intertops Sportsbook customers receive a fantastic
25% deposit bonus up to $100 for their first deposit.
1) Make a sign-up
2) Make a deposit
3) Request your bonus by e-mail
Please note the bonus rules: The 25% bonus offer up to $100 is for new Intertops customers only. This bonus has to be requested by e-mail within 48 hours after the sign-up and after the first deposit has been made. Please send an e-mail to
(Subject: 25% Sportsbook Sign-up Bonus) and state your username. The bonus will be credited within 24 hours after the request. Only one bonus per account/person given, the maximum amount is $100. This bonus offer is only valid for new Sportsbook customers (IP and postal address) in the USA, Canada, Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Bets on any "no juice" game do not meet the wagering requirements. The Sportsbook sign-up bonus cannot be combined with any other deposit bonus promotion or the Poker sign-up promotion. Customers shall be permitted to withdraw funds only if the bonus and the deposit that caused the bonus were rolled-over 8 times in the Sportsbook. Rule 2.7 applies.
Please note, that you can only take advantage of one sign up offer – either the $20 free bet or the 25% deposit bonus.
Sign up now and request your bonus!
10% Deposit Bonus on Thursday!
Intertops offers an amazing
10% Bonus up to USD 50
every Thursday
on deposits using any payment method other than Credit Card!
All you have to do to claim your bonus is send an e-mail to us at
(Subject: 10% Thursday bonus) within the live promotion period and your FREE extra cash will be credited to your account immediately.
Please read the small print
: The maximum deposit bonus payable per customer is USD 50.00 for Intertops betting accounts with a balance of USD 0.00 and no withdrawals within the last 21 days. This bonus offer is not valid for deposits using credit card. The bonus amount will only be credited after the receipt of an e-mail claiming the bonus within the live promotion period. This promotion is live from 00:01 AM EST every Thursday until 23:59 PM EST every Thursday.
Rule 2.7 applies
Deposit now!
Sign-Up-Special - $20 Bet Token!
Have your cake and eat it too with Intertops!! Join today and after your first deposit and
sports wager of USD 20.00
or more, your account will be credited with a
$20 free bet token
Win or lose – you're still eligible!!! After your first wager of $20 or more has been processed, simply fill in the
form for the New Customer Bonus
! Your free bet token will be credited to your account within 24 hours!
Please read the small print
: New customers, whose first wager is valued at at least USD 20, will receive a free bet token valued at USD 20. The USD 20 free bet must be completely wagered within 30 days. Before a payout can be requested, the sum must be rolled over at least 16 times in the Sportsbook. The turnover requirements begin as soon as the bonus has been accepted. Only one bet token per customer can be requested (within 30 days after signup and before the first payout) . Invalid bets and refunds do not count as wagers. The Intertops general
rules and regulations
Please note, that you can only take advantage of one sign up offer – either the $20 free bet or the 25% deposit bonus.
Get your $20 Bet Token!
Refer a Friend Program!
to Intertops today and we will give you
10% of your friend's initial deposit
If your friend deposits USD 200.00 into a new Intertops account - you get USD 20.00 to play for free.
For every FIFTH
friend that you refer, we will credit your account with
50% of
that friend's initial deposit.
Plus all of your friends are still entitled to the Sign Up Special FREE BET worth up to USD 20.00.
You can enter the e-mail addresses of all the friends you wish to invite to Intertops on our Refer-a-Friend page. After you have clicked on the "Send" button, your friends will automatically receive an invitation by e-mail. When your friends then register at Intertops using your personal link provided in their invitation e-mail, your user name will already be filled out in the Refer-a-Friend form so that their registration can be allocated to you!
You can also order your personal Refer-a-Friend link online if you wish to send it on yourself by e-mail.
Your bonus will be credited to your account as soon as the friend you have invited has made his first deposit.
Please read the small print
: Please note that your correct user name has to be in the registration form. If this is not the case, we cannot credit any bonus. If your friend uses your personal link to register, your username is automatically filled in. Your friend must wager a total stake equaling his first deposit in order for you to be eligible for the refer-a-friend bonus. The refer-a-friend bonus is to the value of 10% of your friend's first deposit, or 50% of every fifth friend's first deposit. The maximum bonus for every new customer is USD 20, independent of the friend's first deposit amount. The maximum bonus for every fifth friend is USD 50. All refer-a-friend bonuses must be used for wagering purposes. There is no limit on the number of friends that can be referred.
Refer a Friend!


text: On Thu, 2004-03-18 at 10:49, Anahata wrote: > On Thu, Mar 18, 2004 at 09:41:26AM -0800, Mark Knecht wrote: > > Of course! But that wasn't my point. My point was he should really be > > using a 24-bit external DAC. Of course, it's more money... > > As I said before, if the final product is going to be a 16 bit CD, you > need to be able to monitor what gets sent to that, complete with the > same dithering scheme that will be used for producing that CD. A 24-bit converter will accept the 16-bit dithered output inside of a 24-bit stream. The bottom 8 bits are zeros. The upper 16 bits are the same dithered bits that will get written to the CD. What's the problem? A 16-bit converter will NEVER let him hear the difference between the dithered stream and the original 24-bit audio. Even if you are only going to a CD, which today is increasingly unlikely, there is still a good reason to have more bits to listen to. > If it's > going to end up on DVD with more than 16 bits, then 16 bit isn't good > enough for mastering at all. Maybe master to 24 bits with 24 bit > moitoring, then separately test the conversion to 16 bits. Certainly.


text:
Welcome to Northcoast Endodontic Specialists, a leading dental practice dedicated to the specialty of endodontics. With locations in Lyndhurst, Fairlawn, Strongsville and Westlake, Ohio, our team realizes the importance of your dental health and strives to provide all your endodontic needs in a clean, comfortable and stress-free environment.
Using the most advanced techniques available today, we can perform root canal treatment with ultimate precision and comfort. We utilize state-of-the-art technology to ensure you are receiving the specialized care you deserve.


text:
Please see special medical alert for seniors below
Question: "I am 85 years old and went to the local hospital/emergency room at 10 a.m. in an ambulance because I had severe pain in the lower part of my body. I remained in the hospital all day,during which various tests were done. At 2 a.m. the next morning I was told to go home. I had no way to get home, did not have a coat or shoes because I went in the ambulance. I had no one nearby to pick me up. My daughter lives 100 miles away."
The hospital said I HAD to leave, that I had no choice --even though I was still in pain. A taxi was called, and I was literally pushed into the cab. The staff didn't even make sure I had money. The driver took me home to a dark house and just left me.
Can a hospital force you to leave even though you are in pain, live alone, and have no one to go to?
Answer: I was very upset by this inhumane incident and made a number of calls. Certainly someone shouldn't be thrown out into the cold. My calls, included (but there were more) the Office on Aging, the State Department of Health, Adult Protective Services, and finally a lawyer who specializes in medical law.
Everyone said the same thing. If the patient is medically stable and mentally alert and the hospital cannot find something that should be treated in the hospital, then the hospital does not have to keep the person there.
In other words, if there is no medical reason for the person to remain in the ER, the hospital is not forced to keep the patient.
According to the State, all the hospital is required to do is to provide clear and appropriate information as to what the patient should do at home.
Medical Alert for Senior Citizens
A new study recently published in the "New England Journal of Medicine" found that adverse drug reactions result in an estimated 100,000 emergency hospitalizations for seniors.
The study was conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and zeros in on four drugs and drug classes that cause most of problems.
Top on the list is Warfarin, with 33 percent of the cases stemming from use of this drug. The top problem classes of drugs, according to the study, are oral antiplatelet medications, insulins, and oral hypoglycemic agents. All these account for 67 percent of emergency adverse medicine reaction hospitalizations.
Best Sandwich Generation advice: make sure these drugs are taken correctly and reactions are closely monitored.
The Sandwich Generation is reader interactive and welcomes questions.
Life's last journey to death creates major problems and opportunities
To female caregivers of elderly: Keep working!
Elder demands can be unrealistic and selfish
Bathing the elderly, keeping them warm in winter can be problematic
Caregivers of the elderly need to prioritize themselves
Visiting the elderly in nursing homes for the holidays
Intervene to protect elderly parents
Best holiday gift for the elderly is your time
'How to Turn Anger into Love' book and reducing elder caregiver stress
Caregivers for elderly need to recharge during holidays
The 7 stages of Alzheimer's Disease and when to seek treatment


text:
Overfishing isn't just a modern problem. Prehistoric peoples also decimated local fish stocks.
Steve Wing from the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand, and colleagues looked at the archaeological remains of fish caught off five Caribbean islands. They found that the average size of the fish fell drastically from 1500 years ago to 1000 years ago, indicating that large fish had been removed from the population.
The remains also showed that fishermen were forced to move further out to sea for their catch, the researchers will report in an upcoming issue of
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.


text:
Why Do Your Carpets Need to be Cleaned on a Regular Basis?
It's easy to feel like the only real expectation you need is for your carpets to be thoroughly clean is that it looks clean, right? That is certainly one reason to regularly schedule standard carpet cleaning; however, it's also important to understand that carpet cleaning is also a good investment in your health and wellness.
Carpets, whether at home or maybe in your working environment, can quickly accumulate dirt, germs, dust mites and other allergens. Even if you can't see the dirt, these contaminants can certainly change the quality of the air you breathe every single day. Carpets that usually show up clean could, in fact, be much dirtier than you believe!
Imagine your carpet as a type of air filter in your house. When stuff like airborne dirt, dust, soil, harmful bacteria and dust mites accumulate on the carpet, over time you will start to breathe in that accumulation. Simply utilizing home carpet cleaners to remove soil and splatters is not really adequate so that the air flow you are breathing is as thoroughly clean as you possibly can.
By using carpet cleaning solutions, there is no doubt that the professional, innovative products will provide your carpets the deepest and most comprehensive scrub feasible.
•To remove hypersensitivity-causing pollutants and dirt mites, your carpet cleaning professional must use carpet cleaning strategies designed to use deep down removal from your carpet, yet still stick to manufacturers' recommendations and warrantee demands.
•Employing a truck-mounted carpet cleaning method, skillfully trained experts customize each and every visit to fit what is right for your particular carpet.
•Paying special focus on higher traffic regions, carpet cleaning experts will eliminate ground in dirt and unsightly stains that carpet shampoos just are unable to handle.
•With more carpet cleaning solutions readily available, you can choose from carpet maintenance, deodorizer and stain-proof protecting layer and also hard wearing carpets looking luxurious and smell clean.
How Come Upholstery has to be Cleaned Frequently?
Every now and again, you most likely find a spot on your upholstery and tackle it making use of a family upholstery cleaner, right? It is fast, it's simple and usually, it is pretty effective to cover up unattractive unsightly stains on the furnishings.
But what happens when you can't remove a spot with your usually reliable upholstery cleanser? It might be time to get a little bit more done than with a towel and squirt container are capable of. Also, even though you cannot see any noticeable spots, does that really mean your upholstery is clean? Not always.
Even though you might not have dirt that is noticeable, upholstery can hold harmful bacteria that, or else eliminated, could very well impact your wellbeing. These bacteria can cause health problems. The sooner that you hire a professional upholstery cleaner, the greater off you will certainly be.
Upholstery cleaning up is also a proven way to boost the quality of air at your residence. Mildew, dust, and dirt along with other substances can live in your upholstery, and are undetectable to the human eye. Regular, professional furniture cleaning can get rid of these pollutants and prevent them from dispersing into the atmosphere and into your entire body.
An Expert Upholstery Cleaning Service recognizes the value of thoroughly cleaning upholstery and makes use of the industry's greatest technological innovation to make certain you are pleased with the results.
•Specialist experts have products that will clean virtually every kind of upholstery around the world, such as Jacquard, velvet and Haitian pure cotton.
•Before beginning any upholstery cleaning process, the technician will inspect every single furniture piece to create a custom cleaning strategy.
•Once a custom professional household furniture washing plan is determined, in accordance with the make and materials to be cleaned, the educated professionals will work to take away stains, thereby restoring the color and reviving your upholstery.


text:
NEF Fun Run
Tue, 02/11/2014 - 02:18pm
Mark your calendar for Saturday, March 29th. The Northside Education Foundation will hold it's annual 5k fun run/walk. This year the event will be held at Sea World. When you sign up, be sure to make Scarborough Elementary your school of choice. For every attendee from Scarborough we have, we get credit to get potential grants for our school.
Sign up here: http://www.nisd.net/nef/


text: Giving to Golisano Children's Hospital Support Our Building Learn more about our new children's hospital! "Miracle Milestones" Blog Read our blog for updates about the new hospital! 2015 Miracle Kids Meet this year's Golisano Children's Hospital Miracle Kids 2015 Stroll for Strong Kids Almost 10,000 supporters raised more than $400,000! Calendar of Events Visit our calendar of upcoming community events to see how you can make a difference! Hospital Design Puts Children and Families First The new Golisano Children's Hospital, opening in July 2015, will provide our region's children and their families the best possible environment for healing, designed to support their unique needs. Learn more about our new building Learn more about Golisano Children's Hospital's $100 million campaign Explore the plans for our new tower and browse the many spaces available for naming To learn more about how you can help Golisano Children's Hospital help kids, visit our calendar of community events or check out our wish list. We also invite you to consider making a gift to improve care, to help find cures or to help educate our children's future doctors. Close to 10,000 people participated in the 19th annual Stroll for Strong Kids Walk & 5K Run. The event raised more than $400,000, celebrating our patients, families, faculty, staff, and the new hospital you helped build! Faculty and staff of the University of Rochester can support the new hospital through One Rochester. Watch As We Build Our New Hospital. Construction Cam


text:
All golf lessons on Sand Play
Greenside Bunkers (9:45)
In this tutorial, Steve Bishop will teach you how to get a ball out of a bunker. Getting the ball out of a bunker is not really that difficult as long as ...
Tips on the Fairway Bunker (2:15)
In this tutorial, Bobby Eldridge will teach you how to hit a 125 yard fairway shot. Getting a ball out of a fairway bunker is rated as among the hardest shots that ...
Hitting Out of a Greenside Bunker (1:58)
In this tutorial Bobby Eldridge gives tips on the proper way to get the ball out of the sand trap or bunker
Hitting Bunker & Sand Trap Shots Like a Pro (2:47)
In this tutorial Bobby Eldridge talks about the proper way to hit bunker shots and sand trap shots


text:
Escondido, Calif. (PRWEB) April 04, 2013
Baker Electric Solar, a full-service solar integrator specializing in green technology design / build residential solar and commercial solar installations, is pleased to announce it is providing a Checklist for Choosing a Solar Energy Company. The comprehensive checklist includes guidelines for selecting a solar energy / photovoltaic (PV) company. The document is available as a complimentary download from the Baker Electric Solar website.
The Checklist for Choosing a Solar Energy Company includes important guidelines for both homeowners and building owners to use in the process of selecting a reputable solar company for their solar project. The questions compiled in the eight-page checklist help consumers identify companies who have experience, quality solar products and demonstrate financial strength and longevity.
Solar is a relatively new industry. Consumers do not have an established frame of reference to evaluate solar projects. Baker Electric Solar saw a need to help educate people on what to look for in choosing a solar energy company. The checklist is divided into three sections. The opening section covers "4 Fast 'Getting Started' Tips." The second section presents 25 in-depth questions to ask prospective solar companies. The third section, titled "My Notes," includes 36 points to use to compare two companies. The checklist provides a way to rate solar energy dealers / installers on their history, reputation, pricing, efficiency, products, service options, and warranties.
In addition to questions about a company's licenses and experience in the industry, the checklist goes into areas a homeowner might not even know to ask, such as:
"Baker Electric Solar is committed to providing consumer education about how to get started 'going solar.' Our new comprehensive checklist is perfect for people who have decided to look into solar," said Andrew Berlin, BES Residential Sales Manager. "At Baker we advise our customers to interview at least two solar companies. Solar is a 20 to 40-year investment, you want to make sure the company you choose is a perfect fit for your energy needs today and tomorrow."
The new Checklist for Choosing a Solar Energy Company may be downloaded from the Baker Electric Solar website at http://www.bakerelectricsolar.com/solar-company-checklist.htm
About Baker Electric Solar (BES)
Escondido-based NB Baker Electric, Inc., dba Baker Electric Solar, designs, builds and installs photovoltaic solar power systems for new and existing homes and commercial facilities across Southern California. Baker Electric Solar offers a zero-down, fixed monthly payment lease option. BES is a 2012 Inc. 500|5000 company and one of San Diego's 2012 Fastest Growing Private Companies. In addition, BES is San Diego's first SunPower Elite Dealer and 2011 SunPower Regional Residential Dealer of the Year. For more information, visit http://www.bakerelectricsolar.com.


text:
Sudan's ruling National Congress Party (NCP) welcomed Sunday a decision by the South Sudanese government to expel Sudanese rebels from its territory. But, Juba denied the measure saying there are no insurgents to push out.
The NCP did not say how they learnt the decision but its political sector was briefed in its weekly meeting on the latest developments in the talks between Sudan and South brokered by the African Union mediation in Addis Ababa.
Following the meeting, NCP spokesperson Yasser Youssef stated that the Party welcomes Juba's decision to expel rebel groups from the South Sudan. He also expressed hope that this measure be implemented effectively on the ground, the official SUNA reported.
The implementation of this decision "will help to move forward in addressing the security issues between the two countries," Yasser pointed out.
Sudan says Juba established military camps for Darfur rebel groups in Jonglei, Bahr El Ghazal and the Equatroria states. Also it accuses Juba of providing military and logistic support to the SPLM-N fighters who have some presence on the border from the two sides.
Such decision implies that Sudan would also cease any support it provides to South Sudanese rebel militias operating in Unity and Upper Nile states.
A joint political and security committee chaired by defense and interior ministers and chiefs of intelligence services will meet in Addis Ababa on Monday to discuss security issues like rebel presence in the two country, and the establishment of a buffer zone and a mechanism to monitor the 2000 km border.
Khartoum and Juba used to deny the presence of South Sudanese and Sudanese rebels in their territories despite different reports mentioning that.
South Sudan information minister Barnaba Marial Benjamin and Sudan People's Liberation Army spokesperson Philip Aguer denied such decision arguing that there is no Sudanese rebels in the newly established country.
"I do not have any idea of this information. There are no Sudanese rebels that I know in South Sudan", Aguer said when asked by Sudan Tribune to comment.
South Sudanese government spokesperson , Barnaba denied in similar words that his government harbour Sudanese rebel groups.
"They are actually the ones supporting militia against the republic of South Sudan. And we have more than enough evidence," the minister reiterated to Sudan Tribune.
Khartoum says the settlement of the rebel presence is crucial for the resumption of talks on the remaining files particularly the exportation of South Sudanese oil.
Sudan also banned the border trade between the two countries in a way to exercise economic pressure on Juba and to force it to stop backing rebels from South Kordofan, Blue Nile and Darfur.
The Sudan People's Liberation Movement -North (SPLM-N) which fights Khartoum mainly in South Kordofan was part of the ruling party in Juba before the independence of South Sudan.
The road map designed by the African Union and endorsed by the UN Security Council provides that Khartoum has to engage talks with the SPLM-N over the implementation of a protocol related to South Kordofan and Blue Nile states based on a framework agreement signed on 28 June 2011 but rejected by the Sudanese president.


text:
The first international friendly football match at the redeveloped Mong Kok Stadium, which will see the Hong Kong Youth Representative Team play the Russian National Youth Team, will kick off on November 15 (Tuesday). Ticket holders should not miss this exciting match.
Mong Kok Stadium was re-opened with a new look in mid-October after major renovation works. The Leisure and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) will hold a ceremony next Tuesday to celebrate its re-opening. The international friendly football match will be held immediately after the ceremony.
"The Russian National Youth Team has taken part in various European Under-19 Football Championships. They are experienced and some of the team's elite players are hoping to take part in the 2018 FIFA World Cup to be held in Russia," a spokesman for the LCSD said today (November 11).
"In facing such a strong opponent, the Hong Kong Youth Representative Team has strengthened its training to prepare for a tough match. They hope to take this opportunity to gain more experience and to enhance their skill."
Apart from the friendly match, the ceremony will feature a host of programmes including cheering teams and drum performances, a lion and dragon dance, and a Hong Kong Police Band performance. Spectators will each receive a souvenir produced in a limited quantity and specifically designed to celebrate the re-opening of the stadium.
The re-opening ceremony will start at 7.15pm while the international football friendly match will begin at 7.30pm. Ticket holders will be admitted through the Flower Market Road entrance starting from 6.30pm.
"A free seating arrangement has been adopted. People should allow ample time for travelling to the venue to avoid a last-minute rush for admission. According to the Stadia Regulation, glass bottles and metal cans should not be brought into the stadium. Members of the public entering Mong Kok Stadium on the night will have to undergo a simple security check," the spokesman added.
"No parking spaces will be provided at Mong Kok Stadium. Ticket holders are advised to make use of public transportation. Those who are unable to turn up on the day due to other engagements may pass their tickets to relatives and friends so as to avoid wastage."
Located at 37 Flower Market Road, Mong Kok, Kowloon, Mong Kok Stadium has long been the major venue for the local First Division Football League games and other football matches. With its modern facilities after the redevelopment, the stadium is better equipped for staging high-level and international football matches, contributing to the long-term development of local football.
Ends/Friday, November 11, 2011


text:
This website is a record of my experiments in preparing interesting meals in a vacuum bottle, also known as a vacuum flask or "thermos," and actually using the insulating value of the vacuum between the walls to cook the food.
My husband and I camp, and we are crafters who sell our work at fairs. Getting a hot lunch at an outdoor selling event, especially if there are foods you can't eat, can be difficult. It's possible, of course, to just heat canned soup and bring it along, or make sandwiches, but after a little of that, and a LOT of dismayed reading of the allergen lists on various soup-can labels, I decided to see if I could actually make some of our favorite one-pot meals, from scratch, and have them cook in the soup-thermos in time for lunch.
So, for those who would like a hot lunch but can't or don't want to hit a restaurant every day, haven't time to cook lunch in the morning, and don't have leftovers to reheat, here are the results of my experiments!
Failed experiments are included along with the successful ones over on the "Experimental Process" blog, to help you in formulating your own recipes. Successful recipes will go under the tabs at the top (as you can tell, this hasn't been as easy as it sounds).
This website isn't about the technique of actually pulling a vacuum on your food in order to cook it. If that's what you came here looking for, there's a brief explanation at: http://www.epicurious.com/articlesguides/blogs/editor/2008/06/sous-vide-a-la.html, and more information to be found through a web search on sous vide.


text:
ニットタイツ casually painted snow crystals
Merely claiming tights are drawn in the knitting pattern is uneven. Mixed border line, snow crystals are drawn. Pattern comes from the thigh area and, from toe heel is a flat plain. Design pattern is clearly not so hard to become a mind pattern of growth also glad ♪ there peace of mind to wrap wholly ass is tight has type, so this morning. It is knitted fabrics of warm, moderate thickness would stretch the coldness.
Start Date:01/07/2015 00:00 JST
End Date:25/08/2015 23:59 JST
This product cannot be shipped to United States from the store.
Please contact the store for further information.


text:
Blueberry Crumble
Blueberries have more antioxidants than any other popular fruit and help prevent cancer, diabetes, age-related memory loss and are anti-inflammatory. They are also rich in potassium, fibre and vitamins A & C.
"Inflammation is a key driver of all chronic diseases, so blueberries have a host of benefits," says Ann Kulze, MD, of Charleston, S.C.
1 – 2 apples
2 cups blueberries*
Stevia – light liquid (Sunny Dew is best)
1. Core and slice apples.
2. Simmer apples with a few spoons of water in a covered pot.
3. Mix in berries and simmer a few minutes.
4. Sweeten to taste with stevia.
5. Place berry/apple mixture in a baking dish
1 ½ cups brown rice flour
1 cup rolled oats
1 tsp. salt
1/3 cup vegetable oil
1/4 cup rice syrup
1/4 tsp Stevia – light liquid (Sunny Dew is best)
1. Mix dry ingredients together
2. Mix oil, stevia and rice syrup and add to dry ingredients.
3. Mix thoroughly.
4. Sprinkle on top of fruit
5. Bake at 350º F. in oven for approximately 40 minutes.
About Diana Herrington
I am the Founder and Author at Real Food For Life. Have been teaching cooking classes worldwide since 1982. Create original, healthy recipes and menus, which are gluten free and white sugar free. Also, the author of the GREEN means LEAN and Balance Your Body e-books. I turned a debilitating health crisis into a passion for helping others with healthy, sugar free, gluten free eating and cooking.
Tags: gluten free, healthy dessert, vegan
Category: Gluten Free, Recipes, Sugar Free Desserts