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Description: Mountain Hardwear Banshee 0 Degree Down Sleeping Bag
Get ready for epic expeditions with the Mountain Hardwear Banshee Sleeping Bag. This 0 degree sleeping bag is packed with features and designed to be the ultimate cold-weather backcountry bag. The 20D Dry-Q Elite Micro Ripstop shell is waterproof, windproof and yet extremely breathable to allow vapor to escape, keeping you warm and dry. This shell is designed to protect the Piumino 800-fill down and keep it lofty and insulative. Tight, 5 inch baffle spacing keeps down in place for even, predictable loft. For soft comfort, the Banshee is lined with 30D nylon taffeta. The laminated, double external zipper flap keeps out water and cold air and keeps body warmth in. Speaking of keeping in warmth; the ergonomic draft collar seals in heat at the top opening and lays comfortable around the head. The comfort footbox allows for a natural foot position for comfort and warmth. The six-chamber hood design maintains even loft around the head for exceptional warmth, the ergonomic draft collar drapes naturally over the neck and shoulders for a soft and comfortable barrier, to keep heat from escaping. This Sleeping bag is designed for expedition performance is every way.
Features of the Mountain Hardwear Banshee 0 Degree Down Sleeping Bag
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Business Contracts Office
Welcome to the Business Contracts Office
The Business Contracts Office supports the educational and research missions of the University by facilitating the execution of vendor service contracts, while ensuring the protection of the University and maintaining compliance with applicable laws, policies, and procedures.
Contact Us
Contracts ManagerRichard Wollney, Jr. J.D., CTCM
Phone: 210-458-4069
Fax: 210-458-4061
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Contracts Specialist IIAnthony Sanchez, J.D.
Phone: 210-458-4680
Fax: 210-458-4061
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Contracts Specialist IIFrank Grijalva, MBA
Phone: 210-458-4975
Fax: 210-458-4061
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com

subset: commoncrawl


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Nottoway River
- Details
- Last Updated on Thursday, 17 May 2012 20:55
The Nottoway has a vast watershed, draining much of southside. It has one of the more abrupt fall lines in the state, where the river pours over several large sloping falls in rapid succession. Below the falls it runs south past Courtland before joining the Blackwater and continuing into North Carolina. Although it is not as swampy for as great a percentage of its length as the Blackwater, it has impressive cypress groves near Courtland, despite continuing and intense logging that in some cases extends up to the riverbank. Because the Nottoway has more volume than the adjacent Blackwater, it has a defined channel that is separated from the swampy backwater by a berm of built-up sediments. The best views on the Nottoway come from walking around the backwater areas, so be sure to plan short days that allow for plenty of swamp exploration. In drier conditions it is possible to walk around much of the swamp, but if you visit after snowmelt or rain bring waders if you plan on traversing the swamp. The Nottoway has the highest concentration of hunting activity I've seen in Virginia, so wear ample blaze orange at all times during the season.
Recommended Trips:
- (overnight) Carys Bridge Road to Old Bridge Road
- (day trip) Courtland to Old Bridge Road
Directions to Put Ins and Take Outs:
View Nottoway River in a larger map
Cary's Bridge Road/Rt 653: From Richmond, take I95 south to the Rt 35/Rt 156 exit, which is the second exit south of the I95/I295 junction south of Richmond. Follow Rt 35/Jerusalem Plank Road for a half hour; turn right on Rt 653, turn right to public put in on the west side of the river.
Courtland: There is no public put in evident from where Rt 35 crosses the river, so park and put in behind a church a few blocks south of the Business 58/Rt 35 put in. This is in downtown Courtland. The river and swamp behind it will be barely visible from the road. The parking situation is questionable.
Old Bridge Road/Rt 747: Rt 747/Old Bridge Road extends south from Rt 58 Business at the southern end of Courtland, crosses Rt 58, and proceeds for approximately 2 miles until it deadends at a public takeout where you can see pillars from an old bridge. Turn onto Rt 747 either from Bus 58 or from Rt 58 approximately 150 yards west of the Rt 58/Bus 58 traffic light.
Sections of River to Run:
Carys Bridge Road to Courtland: The Nottoway is roughly 40 feet wide for this stretch of river, with a mix of bald cypresses, tupelos, and upland pines and hardwoods on the banks. The river follows a clearly defined, relatively shallow, sandy bottomed channel bounded by silt berms. In some areas there is swampy backwater to explore. Good campsites line the riverbanks, and almost none of the land is posted. Most of the forest is relatively young, with the exception of some early middle aged cypresses at the water's edge.
Courtland to Old Bridge Road: The river makes a giant S turn south of Courtland, with extensive swamp on either side. The forest around the river varies, with some new growth thickets and some extraordinarily beautiful cypress groves. This is a great section to get out of the boat and explore. The largest tree in Virginia, a 12 foot diameter cypress over 1,500 years old, is supposed to live around here, although I did not see it when I went through. There is a nice grove of cypresses just north of the Rt 58 bridge (which you go under some 3 miles or so before the takeout) on river left. This grove has spectacular hollow trees with cavities big enough for a person to lie down in. Most of this section of river is very remote, and there is plenty of good camping. The takout is evident because of 3 or 4 old rusting bridge abutments.


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Steel of West Virginia
Steel of West Virginia (SWVA, Inc.) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Steel Dynamics, operating a steel mini mill in Huntington, West Virginia. SWVA was acquired in 2006 by Steel Dynamics as a part of the purchase of Roanoke Electric Steel Corporation.
As SDI's smallest steel mill, SWVA focuses on niche products including carbon steel specialty shapes and light structural steel. Its specialty products include truck-trailer crossbeams, masts and hanger bars for industrial trucks, light rail used for cranes and mines, and guardrail posts. Its light structural steel products include manufactured housing beams and 3-inch to 8-inch standard beams.
The melting and casting capacity of the Huntington mill is 275,000 tons per year. To provide the additional steel needed for rolling, Steel of West Virginia depends on the Roanoke Bar Division to add to its supply of billets.
Although Steel of West Virginia has the distinction of being the longest operating of SDI's steel mills, it remains very competitive in its niche markets. SWVA's innovative engineering and production teams continue to excel in creating and rolling new specialty steel products to meet customers' changing needs.
Annual production capacity in 2014
355,000 tons
Percent of SDI steel shipments, 2014
Rolled product capacity


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Some days he is a teacher, and his classroom measures 120 yards x 53 1/3 yards. Some days he is a youngster again, carrying a football on the slanted field next to the golf course near his western Pennsylvania home.
On his best days he is both, when the older man's knowledge and experience transfer to the younger man playing the game.
Those are the moments for which Marty Schottenheimer lives. That's the reason one of the most successful head coaches in NFL history stowed his golf clubs and shelved a perfectly good retirement to lead an embryonic professional football franchise in an infant league.
"What I brought to the table, in my view, was my ability to teach," Schottenheimer said recently. "To take a young man with far more skills than I ever had when I was trying to play the game, and creating an environment in which he could learn the details and specifics of what it took for him to succeed.
"In doing that, when he was successful, it was like it was me out there doing it, and I live vicariously through the fact that, hey, I gave him this knowledge. He bought it, learned it, applied it, and all of a sudden it's like it's me out there playing."
Schottenheimer, 67, is the face and voice of the Virginia Destroyers, the United Football League start-up, relocation team scheduled to play its first season in September.
He is a shot of credibility for a franchise that saw an owner, two head coaches and a general manager depart before the first football was purchased. He is also a recruiting coup for the financially troubled league entering its third season.
"We want proven teachers and proven leaders and proven winners," UFL commissioner Michael Huyghue said. "It just so happens that the flavor-of-the-month with NFL coaches now is the younger guys. … Because of the fact that there's more of an emphasis on younger guys, that's the opportunity that's opened the door for us.
"To have a guy who's seen it, been through it and done it all, and have to put an organization together in three weeks, and look kids in the eye and have them believe he can get them there, you can't do that with a young coach. You have a much greater chance with a guy with Marty's pedigree."
The Destroyers, as well as the other four league teams, were scheduled to begin training camp earlier this month in advance of a mid-August start. However, the season was delayed a month due to financial issues.
There's plenty of skepticism about whether the Destroyers and the league will kick off in September, but Schottenheimer remains optimistic and committed.
"I just think that the league has a good purpose," he said, "and I think the template for it is there. There can be, ultimately, a connection between our league and the NFL — the conduit of which I don't know what that might be. I think ultimately not only will the players benefit, but I think the fans will benefit."
Schottenheimer was 200-126-1 in 20-plus seasons as a head coach at four stops: Cleveland, Kansas City, Washington and San Diego. His teams won eight division titles, made 13 playoff appearances and logged only two losing seasons.
Though he jokes about being "on the north side of 65," he is clearly energized by the opportunity to get back onto the field and to work with a blank slate.
"What I have to be careful of, in my career, over the last several years of it, I would get upset about things," Schottenheimer said. "My wife and I have worked diligently about keeping my foot halfway down on the accelerator and not all the way to the floor."
Son Brian, the New York Jets' offensive coordinator, said that he was in bed on vacation recently when Dad called from the office at 7 a.m., just to run a couple of ideas past him.
"His energy level is still there," Brian Schottenheimer said. "If anything, I think having been retired for a few years, there's an energy and enthusiasm he has that's regenerated."
Indeed, Marty Schottenheimer was contentedly retired, splitting time between homes in Palm Springs and Charlotte, where his daughter and her family live. He played golf, had a part-time satellite radio gig and doted on his four grandkids whenever possible.
Huyghue approached him several months back about the UFL and the Destroyers' opening. Schottenheimer had rejected UFL overtures a couple of years ago to serve as commissioner or in some other senior capacity.
Destroyers a chance for Schottenheimer to teach again
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Virginia Destroyers coach Marty Schottenheimer talks to the 350 hopeful's that came out to Norfolk State Saturday to try out for the team. (Rob Ostermaier, Daily Press / July 23, 2011)
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Perspective (from Latin perspicere, to see through) in the graphic arts, such as drawing, is an approximate representation, on a flat surface (such as paper), of an image as it is perceived by the eye. The two most characteristic features of perspective are that objects are drawn:
All perspective drawings assume a viewer is a certain distance away from the drawing. Objects are scaled relative to that viewer. Additionally, an object is often not scaled evenly: a circle often appears as an ellipse and a square can appear as a trapezoid. This distortion is referred to as foreshortening.
Perspective drawings typically have an -often implied- horizon line. This line, directly opposite the viewer's eye, represents objects infinitely far away. They have shrunk, in the distance, to the infinitesimal thickness of a line. It is analogous to (and named after) the Earth's horizon.
Any perspective representation of a scene that includes parallel lines has one or more vanishing points in a perspective drawing. A one-point perspective drawing means that the drawing has a single vanishing point, usually (though not necessarily) directly opposite the viewer's eye and usually (though not necessarily) on the horizon line. All lines parallel with the viewer's line of sight recede to the horizon towards this vanishing point. This is the standard "receding railroad tracks" phenomenon. A two-point drawing would have lines parallel to two different angles. Any number of vanishing points are possible in a drawing, one for each set of parallel lines that are at an angle relative to the plane of the drawing.
Perspectives consisting of many parallel lines are observed most often when drawing architecture (architecture frequently uses lines parallel to the x, y, and z axes). Because it is rare to have a scene consisting solely of lines parallel to the three Cartesian axes (x, y, and z), it is rare to see perspectives in practice with only one, two, or three vanishing points; even a simple house frequently has a peaked roof which results in a minimum of six sets of parallel lines, in turn corresponding to up to six vanishing points.
In contrast, natural scenes often do not have any sets of parallel lines. Such a perspective would thus have no vanishing points.
Before perspective, paintings and drawings typically sized objects and characters according to their spiritual or thematic importance, not with distance. Especially in Medieval art, art was meant to be read as a group of symbols, rather than seen as a coherent picture. The only method to show distance was by overlapping characters. Overlapping alone made poor drawings of architecture; medieval paintings of cities are a hodgepodge of lines in every direction. With the exception of dice, heraldry typically ignores perspective in the treatment of charges, though sometimes in later centuries charges are specified as in perspective.
Perspective perhaps first entered mainstream artistic use around the 5th century B.C. in ancient Greece in the subject of skenographia: using a flat panel on a stage to give the illusion of depth. The philosophers Anaxagoras and Democritus worked out geometric theories of perspective for use with skenographia. Alcibiades had paintings in his house designed based on skenographia, thus this art was not confined merely to the stage. Euclid's Optics introduced a mathematical theory of perspective; however, there is some debate over the extent to which Euclid's perspective coincides with a modern mathematical definition of perspective.
Some of the paintings found in the ruins of Pompeii show a remarkable realism and perspective for their time.
A clearly modern optical basis of perspective was given in 1021, when Alhazen, an Iraqi physicist and mathematician, in his Book of Optics, explained that light projects conically into the eye. This was, theoretically, enough to translate objects convincingly onto a painting, but Alhalzen was concerned only with optics, not with painting. Conical translations are mathematically difficult, so a drawing constructed using them would be incredibly time consuming.
The artist Giotto di Bondone attempted drawings in perspective using an algebraic method to determine the placement of distant lines. The problem with using a linear ratio in this manner is that the apparent distance between a series of evenly spaced lines actually falls off with a sine dependence. To determine the ratio for each succeeding line, a recursive ratio must be used. This was not discovered until the 20th Century, in part by Erwin Panofsky.
One of Giotto's first uses of his algebraic method of perspective was Giotto - Scrovegni - -32- - Christ before Caiaphas.jpg. Although the picture does not conform to the modern, geometrical method of perspective, it does give a decent illusion of depth, and was a large step forward in Western art.
Soon after, nearly every artist in Florence used geometrical perspective in their paintings, notably Donatello, who started sculpting elaborate checkerboard floors into the simple manger portrayed in the birth of Christ. Although hardly historically accurate, these checkerboard floors obeyed the primary laws of geometrical perspective: all lines converged to a vanishing point, and the rate at which the horizontal lines receded into the distance was graphically determined. This became an integral part of Quattrocento art. Not only was perspective a way of showing depth, it was also a new method of composing a painting. Paintings began to show a single, unified scene, rather than a combination of several.
As shown by the quick proliferation of accurate perspective paintings in Florence, Brunelleschi likely understood (with help from his friend the mathematician Toscanelli), but did not publish, the mathematics behind perspective. Decades later, his friend Leon Battista Alberti wrote Della Pittura, a treatise on proper methods of showing distance in painting. Alberti's primary breakthrough was not to show the mathematics in terms of conical projections, as it actually appears to the eye. Instead, he formulated the theory based on planar projections, or how the rays of light, passing from the viewer's eye to the landscape, would strike the picture plane (the painting). He was then able to calculate the apparent height of a distant object using two similar triangles. The mathematics behind similar triangles is relatively simple, having been long ago formulated by Euclid. In viewing a wall, for instance, the first triangle has a vertex at the user's eye, and vertices at the top and bottom of the wall. The bottom of this triangle is the distance from the viewer to the wall. The second, similar triangle, has a point at the viewer's eye, and has a length equal to the viewer's eye from the painting. The height of the second triangle can then be determined through a simple ratio, as proven by Euclid.
Piero della Francesca elaborated on Della Pittura in his De Prospectiva Pingendi in 1474. Alberti had limited himself to figures on the ground plane and giving an overall basis for perspective. Della Francesca fleshed it out, explicitly covering solids in any area of the picture plane. Della Francesca also started the now common practice of using illustrated figures to explain the mathematical concepts, making his treatise easier to understand than Alberti's. Della Francesca was also the first to accurately draw the Platonic solids as they would appear in perspective.
Perspective remained, for a while, the domain of Florence. Jan van Eyck, among others, was unable to create a consistent structure for the converging lines in paintings, as in London's The Arnolfini Portrait, because he was unaware of the theoretical breakthrough just then occurring in Italy.
Leonardo da Vinci distrusted Brunelleschi's formulation of perspective because it failed to take into account the appearance of objects held very close to the eye. He built his understanding of perspective not only upon the rigid formulations of rays of light, but what he directly observed. His understanding of perspective thus took in not only the light, but the air it traveled through. He believed that the way an object's color seemed to change with distance, and the way an object's borders become indistinct with distance, are primary parts of perspective.
Leonardo believed that understanding perspective was crucial to painting and drawing, as illustrated in the following statement; "Practice must always be built upon strong theory, of which perspective is the signpost and the gateway, and without perspective nothing can be done well in the matter of painting. The technique of painting objects in the distance with soft, cool colors is called aerial perspective.
3-D computer games and ray-tracers often use a modified version of perspective. Like the painter, the computer program is generally not concerned with every ray of light that is in a scene. Instead, the program simulates rays of light traveling backwards from the monitor (one for every pixel), and checks to see what it hits. In this way, the program does not have to compute the trajectories of millions of rays of light that pass from a light source, hit an object, and miss the viewer.
CAD software, and some computer games (especially games using 3-D polygons) use linear algebra, and in particular matrix multiplication, to create a sense of perspective. The scene is a set of points, and these points are projected to a plane (computer screen) in front of the view point (the viewer's eye). The problem of perspective is simply finding the corresponding coordinates on the plane corresponding to the points in the scene. By the theories of linear algebra, a matrix multiplication directly computes the desired coordinates, thus bypassing any descriptive geometry theorems used in perspective drawing.
One vanishing point is typically used for roads, railroad tracks, or buildings viewed so that the front is directly facing the viewer. Any objects that are made up of lines either directly parallel with the viewer's line of sight or directly perpendicular (the railroad slats) can be represented with one-point perspective.
One-point perspective exists when the painting plate (also known as the picture plane) is parallel to two axes of a rectilinear (or Cartesian) scene — a scene which is composed entirely of linear elements that intersect only at right angles. If one axis is parallel with the picture plane, then all elements are either parallel to the painting plate (either horizontally or vertically) or perpendicular to it. All elements that are parallel to the painting plate are drawn as parallel lines. All elements that are perpendicular to the painting plate converge at a single point (a vanishing point) on the horizon.
Two-point perspective can be used to draw the same objects as one-point perspective, rotated: looking at the corner of a house, or looking at two forked roads shrink into the distance, for example. One point represents one set of parallel lines, the other point represents the other. Looking at a house from the corner, one wall would recede towards one vanishing point, the other wall would recede towards the opposite vanishing point.
Two-point perspective exists when the painting plate is parallel to a Cartesian scene in one axis (usually the z-axis) but not to the other two axes. If the scene being viewed consists solely of a cylinder sitting on a horizontal plane, no difference exists in the image of the cylinder between a one-point and two-point perspective.
Three-point perspective is usually used for buildings seen from above (or below). In addition to the two vanishing points from before, one for each wall, there is now one for how those walls recede into the ground. This third vanishing point will be below the ground. Looking up at a tall building is another common example of the third vanishing point. This time the third vanishing point is high in space.
Three-point perspective exists when the perspective is a view of a Cartesian scene where the picture plane is not parallel to any of the scene's three axes. Each of the three vanishing points corresponds with one of the three axes of the scene. Perspective illustration.png
One-point, two-point, and three-point perspectives appear to embody different forms of calculated perspective. The methods required to generate these perspectives by hand are different. Mathematically, however, all three are identical: The difference is simply in the relative orientation of the rectilinear scene to the viewer.
One of the most common, and earliest, uses of geometrical perspective is a checkerboard floor. It is a simple but striking application of one-point perspective. Many of the properties of perspective drawing are used while drawing a checkerboard. The checkerboard floor is, essentially, just a combination of a series of squares. Once a single square is drawn, it can be widened or subdivided into a checkerboard. Where necessary, lines and points will be referred to by their colors in the diagram.
To draw a square in perspective, the artist starts by drawing a horizon line (black) and determining where the vanishing point (green) should be. The higher up the horizon line, the lower the viewer will appear to be looking, and vice versa. The more off-center the vanishing point, the more tilted the square will be. Because the square is made up of right angles, the vanishing point should be directly in the middle of the horizon line. A rotated square is drawn using two-point perspective, with each set of parallel lines leading to a different vanishing point.
The foremost edge of the (orange) square is drawn near the bottom of the painting. Because the viewer's picture plane is parallel to the bottom of the square, this line is horizontal. Lines connecting each side of the foremost edge to the vanishing point are drawn (in grey). These lines give the basic, one point "railroad tracks" perspective. The closer it is the horizon line, the farther away it is from the viewer, and the smaller it will appear. The farther away from the viewer it is, the closer it is to being perpendicular to the picture plane.
A new point (the eye) is now chosen, on the horizon line, either to the left or right of the vanishing point. The distance from this point to the vanishing point represents the distance of the viewer from the drawing. If this point is very far from the vanishing point, the square will appear squashed, and far away. If it is close, it will appear stretched out, as if it is very close to the viewer.
A line connecting this point to the opposite corner of the square is drawn. Where this (blue) line hits the side of the square, a horizontal line is drawn, representing the farthest edge of the square. The line just drawn represents the ray of light travelling from the viewer's eye to the farthest edge of the square. This step is key to understanding perspective drawing. The light that passes through the picture plane obviously can not be traced. Instead, lines that represent those rays of light are drawn on the picture plane. In the case of the square, the side of the square also represents the picture plane (at an angle), so there is a small shortcut: when the line hits the side of the square, it has also hit the appropriate spot in the picture plane. The (blue) line is drawn to the opposite edge of the foremost edge because of another shortcut: since all sides are the same length, the foremost edge can stand in for the side edge.
Original formulations used, instead of the side of the square, a vertical line to one side, representing the picture plane. Each line drawn through this plane was identical to the line of sight from the viewer's eye to the drawing, only rotated around the y-axis ninety degrees. It is, conceptually, an easier way of thinking of perspective. It can be easily shown that both methods are mathematically identical, and result in the same placement of the farthest side (see Panofsky).
Foreshortening refers to the visual effect or optical illusion that an object or distance is shorter than it actually is because it is angled toward the viewer.
Although foreshortening is an important element in art where visual perspective is being depicted, foreshortening occurs in other types of two-dimensional representations of three-dimensional scenes. Some other types where foreshortening can occur include oblique parallel projection drawings.
Figure F1 shows two different projections of a stack of two cubes, illustrating oblique parallel projection foreshortening ("A") and perspective foreshortening ("B").
The following topics are not critical to understanding perspective, but provide some additional information related to perspectives.
Plato was one of the first to discuss the problems of perspective. "Thus (through perspective) every sort of confusion is revealed within us; and this is that weakness of the human mind on which the art of conjuring and of deceiving by light and shadow and other ingenious devices imposes, having an effect upon us like magic... And the arts of measuring and numbering and weighing come to the rescue of the human understanding-there is the beauty of them --and the apparent greater or less, or more or heavier, no longer have the mastery over us, but give way before calculation and measure and weight?
The essence of perspective is to show things as they appear, not as they are. Because of this, a number of problems can arise. As comics theorist Scott McCloud put it, "Western perspective works fine most of the time, but all you need to do to see its limitations is to stand on a set of train tracks. The lines appear to converge on the horizon like they're supposed to, but if you look down you see the tracks curve around your feet and meet up again on the other side!"
Perspective images are calculated assuming a particular vanishing point. In order for the resulting image to appear identical to the original scene, a viewer of the perspective must view the image from the exact vantage point used in the calculations relative to the image. This cancels out what would appear to be distortions in the image when viewed from a different point. These apparent distortions are more pronounced away from the center of the image as the angle between a projected ray (from the scene to the eye) becomes more acute relative to the picture plane. In practice, unless the viewer chooses an extreme angle, like looking at it from the bottom corner of the window, the perspective normally looks more or less correct. This is referred to as "Zeeman's Paradox." It has been suggested that a drawing in perspective still seems to be in perspective at other spots because we still perceive it as a drawing, because it lacks depth of field cues.
For a typical perspective, however, the field of view is narrow enough (often only 60 degrees) that the distortions are similarly minimal enough that the image can be viewed from a point other than the actual calculated vantage point without appearing significantly distorted. When a larger angle of view is required, the standard method of projecting rays onto a flat picture plane becomes impractical. As a theoretical maximum, the field of view of a flat picture plane must be less than 180 degrees (as the field of view increases towards 180 degrees, the required breadth of the picture plane approaches infinity).
In order to create a projected ray image with a large field of view, one can project the image onto a curved surface. In order to have a large field of view horizontally in the image, a surface that is a vertical cylinder (i.e., the axis of the cylinder is parallel to the z-axis) will suffice (similarly, if the desired large field of view is only in the vertical direction of the image, a horizontal cylinder will suffice). A cylindrical picture surface will allow for a projected ray image up to a full 360 degrees in either the horizontal or vertical dimension of the perspective image (depending on the orientation of the cylinder). In the same way, by using a spherical picture surface, the field of view can be a full 360 degrees in any direction (note that for a spherical surface, all projected rays from the scene to the eye intersect the surface at a right angle).
Just as a standard perspective image must be viewed from the calculated vantage point for the image to appear identical to the true scene, a projected image onto a cylinder or sphere must likewise be viewed from the calculated vantage point for it to be precisely identical to the original scene. If an image projected onto a cylindrical surface is "unrolled" into a flat image, different types of distortions occur: For example, many of the scenes straight lines will be drawn as curves. An image projected onto a spherical surface can be flattened in various ways, including:


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A Bulletin Board System, or BBS, is a computer system running software that allows users to connect and login to the system using a terminal program. Originally BBSes were accessed only over a phone line using a modem, but by the early 1990s some BBSes allowed access via a [] or packet radio connection.
Once a user logged in, they could perform functions such as downloading or uploading software and data, reading news, and exchanging messages with other users. Many BBSes also offered on-line games, in which users could compete with each other, and BBSes with multiple phone lines often offered IRC-like chat rooms, allowing users to meet each other.
In recent years, the term BBS is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to any online forum or message board.
During their heyday from the late 1970s to the mid 1990s, most BBSes were run as a hobby free of charge by the system operator (or "sysop"), while other BBSes charged their users a subscription fee for access, or were operated by a business as a means of supporting their customers. Bulletin Board Systems were in many ways a precursor to the modern form of the World Wide Web and other aspects of the Internet.
Early BBSes were often a local phenomenon, as one had to dial into a BBS with a phone line and would have to pay additional long distance charges for a BBS out of the local area. Thus, many users of a given BBS usually lived in the same area, and activities such as BBS Meets or Get Togethers, where everyone from the board would gather and meet face to face, were common.
As the use of the Internet became more widespread in the mid to late 1990s, BBSes rapidly faded in popularity. Today, Internet forums occupy much of the same social and technological space as BBSes did in their heyday.
A notable precursor to the public Bulletin Board System was Community Memory, started in 1972 in Berkeley, California, using hardwired terminals located in neighborhoods.
The first public Bulletin Board System was developed by Ward Christensen. According to an early interview, while he was snowed in during the Great Blizzard of 1978 in Chicago, Christensen began preliminary work on the Computerized Bulletin Board System, or CBBS. CBBS went online on February 16, 1978 in Chicago, Illinois.
With the original 110 and 300 baud modems of the late 1970s, BBSes were particularly slow, but speed improved with the introduction of 1200 bit/s modems in the early 1980s, and this led to a substantial increase in popularity.
Most of the information was presented using ordinary text or ANSI art, though some offered graphics, particularly after the rise in popularity of the GIF image format. Such use of graphics taxed available channel capacity, which in turn propelled demand for faster modems. Towards the early 1990s, the BBS industry became so popular that it spawned two monthly magazines, Boardwatch and BBS Magazine, which devoted extensive coverage of the software and technology innovations and people behind them, and listings to US and worldwide BBSes. In addition, a major monthly magazine, Computer Shopper, carried a list of BBSes along with a brief abstract of each of their offerings.
According to the FidoNet Nodelist, BBSes reached their peak usage around 1996, which was the same period that the World Wide Web suddenly became mainstream. BBSes rapidly declined in popularity thereafter, and were replaced by systems using the Internet for connectivity.
The largest BBS network was FidoNet, which is still active today, though much smaller than it was in the 1990s. Many other BBS networks followed the example of Fidonet, using the same standards and the same software. They were called Fidonet Technology Networks (FTNs). They were usually smaller and targeted at selected audiences. Some networks used QWK doors and other non Fido software and standards.
Unlike modern websites that are typically hosted by third-party companies in commercial server installations, BBS computers (especially for smaller boards) were typically operated from the SysOp's home, often in a bedroom or closet. As such, access could be unreliable, and in many cases only one user could be on the system at a time. Only larger BBSes with multiple phone lines and either multitasking software or a LAN connecting multiple computers, could have multiple simultaneous users.
The first BBSes used simple homebrew software, which ran on early personal computers such as the Apple II, Atari, and TRS-80. These were often developed by the SysOp.
A few years later in 1981, IBM introduced the first PC-DOS (MS-DOS) based personal computer, and due to the overwhelming popularity of these PCs and their clones, MS-DOS soon became the operating system that the majority of BBS programs were run under. Fido BBS was the first notable MS-DOS BBS program, created by Tom Jennings, who later founded FidoNet. There were several successful commercial BBS programs developed for MS-DOS, such as PCBoard BBS, RemoteAccess BBS, and Wildcat! BBS. Some popular freeware BBS programs for MS-DOS included Telegard BBS and Renegade BBS, which both had early origins from leaked WWIV BBS source code. There were several dozen other BBS programs developed over the MS-DOS era, and many were released under the shareware concept, while some were released as freeware.
For SysOps using the Commodore 64, (introduced in 1982) a popular commercial BBS program was Blue Board. Like other Commodore 64 BBSes, it supported PETSCII (Commodore colorized ASCII). PETSCII was also supported by the nationwide online service Quantum Link, later known as AOL.
Most BBSes remained text-based, rather than using a Graphical User Interface (GUI) design. A BBS GUI called Remote Imaging Protocol (RIP) was promoted by Telegrafix in the early to mid 1990s but it never became widespread. There were several GUI-based BBS's on the Apple Macintosh platform, including TeleFinder and FirstClass, but these remained widely used only in the Mac market.
The most popular form of online graphics was ANSI art which allowed replacing letters with IBM Extended ASCII blocks and symbols, allowed changing colors on demand, and could even include sound. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, most BBSes used ANSI to make elaborate welcome screens, and colorized menus and ANSI support was a sought-after feature in client programs.
In the early 1990s a small number of BBSes were running on the Commodore Amiga models 500, 1200, 2000, and 3000, (using external hard drives), and the Amiga 4000 (which had a built-in hard drive). Popular BBS software for the Amiga were ABBS, Amiexpress, Infinity and Tempest.
MS-DOS continued to be the most popular Operating System for BBS use up until the mid-1990s, and in the early years most multi-node BBSes were running under a DOS based multitasker such as DesqView. By 1995 many of the MS-DOS based BBSes had switched over to OS/2, NT 4.0, Windows 95, or even Linux using DOSEmu.
By the late 1990s the most of the remaining BBSes evolved to include Internet hosting capabilities, either by using modern BBS software such as Synchronet, EleBBS or Wildcat! BBS using the [] protocol rather than dialup, or by using legacy MS-DOS based BBS software with a FOSSIL to Telnet redirector such as NetFoss.
Pay BBSes such as The WELL and Echo NYC (now Internet forums rather than dial-up), ExecPC, and MindVox (which folded in 1996) were admired for their tightly-knit communities and quality discussion forums. However many "free" BBSes maintained close knit communities and some even had annual or bi-annual events where users would travel great distances to meet face-to-face with their on-line friends.
Some BBSes, called "elite boards" or "Warez boards", were exclusively used for distributing illegally copied software. These BBSes often had multiple modems and phone lines, allowing several users to upload and download files at once. Most elite BBSes used some form of new user verification, where new users would have to apply for membership and attempt to prove that they weren't a law enforcement officer or a lamer. The largest elite boards accepted users by invitation only.
Another common type of board was the "support BBS" run by a manufacturer of computer products or software. These boards were dedicated to supporting users of the company's products with question & answer forums, news and updates, and downloads. Most of them were not a free call. Today, these services have moved to the web.
BBSing survives as a niche hobby for those who enjoy running BBSes and those users who remember BBSing as an enjoyable pastime. Most BBSes are now accessible over [] and typically offer free email accounts, ftp services, IRC chat and all of the protocols commonly used on the Internet.
Some BBSes are Web-enabled and have a Web-based user interface, allowing people who have never used a BBS before to use one easily via their favorite web browser. For those more nostalgic for the true BBS experience, one can use NetSerial (Windows) or DOSBox (Windows/*nix) to redirect DOS COM port software to telnet, allowing them to connect to Telnet BBSes using 1980s and 1990s era modem terminal emulation software, like Telix, Terminate, Qmodem and Procomm Plus. Modern 32-bit terminal emulators such as mTelnet and SyncTerm include native telnet support.
The website textfiles.com serves as a collection point of historical data involving the history of the BBS. The owner of this site produced BBS: The Documentary, a program on DVD that features interviews with well-known people (mostly from the United States) from the "hey-day BBS" era.
Many commercial BBS software companies that continue to support their old BBS software products switched to the shareware model or made it entirely free. Some companies were able to make the move to the Internet and provide commercial products with BBS capabilities.
The BBS software usually provides:


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Graduate Program
Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
The Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering at OSU treats each person seeking an advanced degree as an individual and everyone is encouraged to develop a program of study based on his or her personal and professional goals. Two degrees are offered, Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering.
We have four general areas for study, Biomechanical Systems, Bioprocessing and Biotechnology, Environmental and Natural Resources, and Food Processing. None of the Department's degrees have a set curriculum requirement. Students work with their advisor to develop a plan of study that includes courses from engineering, mathematics, computer science, statistics, agriculture and related disciplines that will suit their particular needs and interests. Individual research is the most important element in our graduate program. It allows students to develop a close working relationship with the faculty, a hallmark of our program. We pride ourselves on our excellent research labs.
Graduates of the Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering program at OSU find a variety of jobs in universities, private companies and government agencies. Our graduates can be found in almost every state in the United States and many foreign countries.
Chemical Engineering (CHE)
Chemical Engineering offers courses of study for both the Master of Science and the Doctor of Philosophy degrees. Each program offers an excellent avenue for technical growth through advanced course studies, plus the opportunity to perform exciting original research. Students who enter the program upon completion of their B.S. degree in Chemical Engineering may elect to pursue a Ph.D. directly (bypassing the M.S. degree) or to obtain the M.S., then the Ph.D. Degree.
Both the M.S. and Ph.D. programs require completion of a thesis (or report) based on independent creative study performed in collaboration with a research advisor. This research gives you the opportunity to work closely with a faculty member who is an authority in your chosen thesis field and to contribute new scientific and engineering knowledge. The selection of a research advisor is done by mutual agreement of the student and faculty member following discussions between the student and each member of our faculty.
Civil and Environmental Engineering Graduate Programs
The School of Civil and Environmental Engineering offers Masters of Science in Civil Engineering, Masters of Science in Environmental Engineering, and a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Civil Engineering.
The fields of Civil and Environmental Engineering represent challenging and rewarding professions that serve the needs of the public at all levels from locally to internationally. Our graduates practice in local, state and government agencies; small, medium and large consulting firms both domestic and internationally; and use Civil and Environmental degrees to launch careers in fields such as law, medicine and venture capitalism.
Electrical and Computer Engineering Graduate Programs (ECEN)
Electrical and Computer Engineering Degree programs are offered at the M.S. and Ph.D. levels in Electrical Engineering. Major areas of emphasis in both course offerings and research include communications, speech and image processing, laser applications, computer systems, digital and analog VLSI design, electronics, control theory, real-time system control, renewable energy systems, electric power economics, microwave remote sensing, expert system development, and parallel processing.
Industrial Engineering & Management (IEM)
Industrial Engineering is about choices. Other engineering disciplines apply skills to very specific areas. With graduate degrees offered for both M.S. and Ph.D., students have the opportunity to work in a variety of businesses. The most distinctive aspect of industrial engineering is the flexibility that it offers. Whether it's shortening a roller coaster line, streamlining an operating room, distributing products worldwide, or manufacturing superior automobiles, all share the common goal of saving companies money and increasing efficiencies.
Engineering Technology Management
Engineering and Technology Management is a master's degree program designed specifically for today's fast-track engineer or scientist. Effective planning, selection, implementation and management of technology are essential to the success of any business in today's time-critical, global markets. Career paths and responsibilities of engineers and scientists often include project management, selection and supervision of people, and executive and strategic leadership. This degree will help managers who must integrate rapidly changing technology and cost-effective product and process design.
Mechanical and Areospace Engineering (MAE)
At the graduate level, Master's and Ph.D. degrees are available for students to specialize in a wide variety of relevant technical topics. Mechanical and aerospace engineers are key professionals in the invention, design and manufacture of devices, vehicles, machines, and systems that meet the changing needs of our society.
Mechanical engineers may also apply their expertise to producing, using, and conserving all forms of energy. Aerospace engineers apply their expertise to solving problems in high-speed ground transportation, environmental pollution, and meteorology, as well as being the key professionals in the design and manufacture of air and space vehicles for transportation, exploration, and military purposes.


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They even their Little East record at 2-2 by ending three-game skid
NORTH DARTMOUTH, Mass. - The Eastern Connecticut State University defense never allowed the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth to score as many as two goals in a row in downing the Corsairs for the 11th straight time, 14-5, in a Little East Conference match Tuesday night
At right: Erin Conn
Eastern (9-6, 2-2 Little East) ends a three-game losing streak with its 18th win over UMass in this 21-game series.
The Warriors were never headed after scoring the first three goals, then wrapped up the victory by scoring the final three. UMass (5-8, 0-3 Little East) was never allowed to score as many as two successive goals and was limited to only two goals in the first half.
Senior attack Ashley Prizio (Brookfield) scored four of her season-high five goals in the first half and added three assists ini the game for a season-high eight points, and sophomore attack Erin Conn (Moriches, NY) had three goals and two assists and won eight draws in the match. Junior midfielder Daniela Marchitto (Orange) netted her conference-leading 45th and 46th goals of the season.
Senior goalie Kristianna Ibsen (Shelton) was credited with three first-half saves and senior Amber Petrizzo (Plainville) made two saves and gave up only one goal over the final 21 minutes.
Eastern hosts the University of Southern Maine Saturday at 3 p.m. on Seniors' Day and closes out the regular season Wednesday with a conference game at Western Connecticut at 4 p.m.


text: Deals Waygo tears down language barriers with instant visual translation app (exclusive) Above: Founder Ryan Rogowski presenting at 500 Startups Demo Day.Image Credit: Facebook Waygo July 15, 2013 9:44 AM Rebecca Grant 0 If you're not reaching, engaging, and monetizing customers on mobile, you're likely losing them to someone else. Register now for the 8th annual MobileBeat, July 13-14, where the best and brightest will be exploring the latest strategies and tactics in the mobile space. Ryan Rogowski found the inspiration for Waygo while eating kung pao chicken. Waygo is a mobile app that instantly translates text just by hovering a smartphone camera over it — no data connection required. Today, the startup announced raising a $900,000 seed round to improve its translation service and add new languages. Rogowski, one of the founders, started Waygo after living in China and struggling with the language barrier. He ate kung pao chicken every single day because he couldn't read the menus or figure out how to order anything else. He realized the need for a simple, mobile translation service that would help travelers order food, interpret signs, get directions, and easily navigate around another country without knowing the language. Waygo's visual translator works using optical character recognition (OCR) technology. Right now it is only available for Mandarin Chinese, but more languages are coming. The app translates Chinese characters into English text by seeing images, finding relevant text in its lexicon, and creating phrases out of them in the second language. Waygo claims that when compared to ABBYY, the top commercial OCR, its software is five times faster two times more accurate, and a tenth of the file size. Google Translate (on mobile) is also a competitor, as are voice recognition translators like Jibbigo and SayHi. Waygo's team has spent years working on the product and graduated from the 500 Startups accelerator in February, where it was one of the standout companies among 30. 500 Startups, AngelVest, Golden Gate Ventures, and angel investors participated in this round. Golden Gate Ventures is a new venture firm with headquarters in Singapore and Silicon Valley and dedicated to supporting Asian startups. With this financing, Waygo will add a Korean-to-English translator and release an Android version. The app costs $14.99, but is "on sale" right for for $4.99. The team has seven employees and is based in Mountain View, Calif. VB's research team is studying mobile user acquisition... Chime in here, and we'll share the results.


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Once again Obama has failed to get his dem controlled senate to pass a piece of his legislation. They might try to pin this on the rep. but the fact is there could have been enough votes for it to pass. He will be re-elected he is impotent.
The initial Obama stimulus should have been 85% infrastructure, would have created jobs and improved the economy. This is too little to late.


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Last Monday I woke up in a good mood. I started my period but I felt awesome. I felt pretty and confident and skinny. I was in a good mood all day. I think something awesome happened, but I've lost track. The old memory's not what it used to be, kids.
Tuesday I had my review at work. I wasn't nervous and it turns out I had no reason to be even if I had been. I got a kick ass review and was reminded that, when I put my mind to it, I can be awesome. And other people notice. That felt really good. I exceed expectations, ya'll. And I'm now a manager. I am going to be responsible for another person. Yikes!
Wednesday was my last day of work of the week. I was giddy at this point. I left work and ran to get my hair done before meeting up with my rockstar boyfriend, Mr Cory Branan. It wasn't his best show. He didn't play my song, but he did play Miss Ferguson. The crowd was awful, this city is awful. I was waiting for him at the merch table and we chatted and he convinced me to stay for…are you ready for this…Dashboard Confessional.
So here's my dashboard confession, when I was 18/19 I discovered Dashboard via Napster. I'm aging myself again. These were the days before YouTube and Google and iTunes. Yes, an era without those things existed. So we had Napster and it was awesome. Especially in the dorms. You could browse everyone else's libraries…oh man. Those were the days. Sidetrack: I watched The Social Network this weekend and Sean Parker is a huge dick. Anyway, so I was 18/19 in college and in a long distance relationship and Dashboard spoke to my soul. What little of it had developed at that point…and I was a huge fan. This was before anything but Swiss Army Romance existed. I was there first. But I never managed to see him live. Mostly because the ex hated him and he always sold out like whoa.
Well, I was feeling like a boss because I was ON THE LIST, so I figured I'd stick around for a bit. That motherfucker sang straight through Swiss Army Romance (it's the 10 year anniversary…OLD) in its entirety and I sang along with every word. It felt good. I can't lie. I tried to talk Cory into coming back for a better show with Jon and Chad of DTR…BNB texted me at 1:30 this morning to tell me that he just watched Jon sing Thin Lizzy. Jerk. Jon Snodgrass, Cinci loves you…and by Cinci I mean me…COME HERE.
After the show I went to Manfred's to prepare for the whole reason I took half the week off…
It was FREEZING, and the game did NOT get off to a good start. But we sat through all nine innings and we were rewarded for our suffering with a walkoff homer and our first win. The day was great. We had breakfast across the river, a few beers and then caught the trolley back across the river and watched the parade before I begged for hot chocolate. We walked through the city back to the stadium and snuggled close and cheered our boys to victory. We walked across the bridge back to Kentucky, and I didn't hyperventilate. Progress! It was an exhausting but awesome day.
Friday brought some mild laziness peppered with furniture shopping. We found the couch I want, now to convince the Manfred it's the right choice. The matching recliner is the most amazing thing I've ever put my ass on. I want it. Now.
Saturday I ran errands in the early afternoon before hooking up with A&J and convincing them to join us for the game that night. Manfred and A decided to eat a meat lovers hotdog…something new at GABP this year…it nearly made me vom. Vegan/veg friends, skip to the next paragraph. Ok, so it's a jumbo hot dog, wrapped in bacon and deep fried, then topped with chili, cheese and fried salami. BARF.
The buffalo fries were totally delicious though, as was my Moerlein OTR. Although for $8.50 I could buy a whole six pack. Robbery! (old)
The Reds pulled off another win and we went home happy again. Sunday brought a trip down to the market for some lunch and grocery shopping. We drove through the city, listening to the game and soaking up the 76 degree weather. Oh sunshine, I missed you. My daffodils are starting to bloom, FINALLY and we're talking about planting a real garden. Tomatoes and cucumbers and zucchini, oh my! Ya'll, I cannot WAIT for summer. If this past week was any indication of how great this summer is going to be, color me excited. Hell, even today has been filled with pleasant surprises. Let's keep it up, 2011.


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People's Reaction to Developmental Crisis
The reactions I've seen to developmental crises have been varied. On the part of my parents, my dad generally acts like a teenage boy who can't express emotions and so it comes out as sort of irritable anger, whereas my mom seems to handle it pretty well. My mom will talk it out and come up with a solution and go for it, not that she never gets rattled, but it generally doesn't last very long. My brother is a lot like my dad and will get moody and irritable, they especially do it when they are about to say goodbye to someone. I think they try and pick fights so that they don't have to admit how much they will miss whoever it is going to be, but I know it to get a little annoying. I have seen the extremes as well, friends who just can't handle being in college and trying to make new friends who end up with some serious issues, and other friends who completely thrive in new environments and really enjoy moving from place to place. There are a lot of different ways to react and it is good to see different people's reactions so that you can determine which you would like to do and which you will try and emulate.


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Castable concrete, mortar, firebricks, fireclay!
I've got a huge pile of leftover materials here:
100kg (4x25kg bags!) of refractory castable concrete. Add some ball-clay and it'll make a decent refractory mortar
1 x 25kg bag fireclay
1 x 25kg tub of air-drying premix refractory mortar
40 firebricks, 20 of which are pre-cut
All in the Cambridgeshire area, free to good home!
Re: Castable concrete, mortar, firebricks, fireclay!
That's a very generous offer - I'm in North London and very interested. I've sent you a privae message.
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We look forward to welcoming you to our small, close-knit New England campus where everybody really does know your name!
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text:
Nine years ago, when I took the job of senior toxicologist at the Environmental Defense Fund, an American environmental group, I was told to say farewell to a research career. This was because an association with an environmental group would, it was said, irreversibly change my reputation as a scientist. (At the time, it seemed odd that no similar risks were predicated for those who left academic or government laboratories for jobs with industry, but I kept this observation to myself.)
Eight years later, I left the EDF for a faculty position at the University of Maryland. I am now a professor in the university's toxicology programme, with appointments in the departments of pharmacology and pathology in the medical school. I have returned to research, teaching and advising students. So for me personally those dire predictions of nine years back did not come true.
In making this move, I have ...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.


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I think it's safely established that I drink a lot of coffee – much of it homemade and some of it when I'm on the go. In summer, I tend to cut back on hot drinks in general and look for other options for refreshment. Last week, Starbucks launched two new drinks and I made it a point to try them to beat the heat. ... Read More »
Category Archives: New Products
Biodegradable Picnic Ware
There are indoor plates, outdoor plates and paper plates. Indoor are mostly made of ceramic and outdoor are often some kind of lightweight plastic material, both of which are washable and reusable. Paper is, of course, paper. They may not be as eco-friendly as the first two types of dinnerware, but it's hard to beat the convenience of paper when you are entertaining outside in ... Read More »
The Kitchen Sync Cookbook
I love all of my cookbooks and use them often. But these days, more often than ever before, I'm looking for recipes (or recipe inspiration) online, too. Cookbooks are easy to take into the kitchen. Computers – even laptops – are somewhat less so. The problem is not gaining access to the recipe, but handling the book/laptop while you're trying to handle various ingredients and ... Read More »
Cadbury Mini Eggs, Dark and Milk Chocolate, reviewed
Cadbury Mini Eggs have long been an Easter staple in my house. I prefer them even to the ever popular Cadbury Creme Eggs, which are nice, but can be a bit too sweet for me with all that gooey fondant in the center. Mini eggs, if you haven't had them, are about 3/4-inch high eggs that have pastel-colored matte candy shells over a solid chocolate ... Read More »
Cake Mate flavored sugars
Vanilla sugar is one of those wonderful and easy to make ingredients that it is nice to have in the kitchen. Everything can do with a bit of vanilla, after all, whether you are adding a spoonful to a cup of tea, sprinkling the tops of muffins or simply creaming it into butter for a cookie dough. Other easy and useful sugars are spiced sugars, ... Read More »
Shortbread Lattes from Starbucks
Last week, the Starbucks stores in my neighborhood rolled out their holiday drinks – namely the gingerbread (yum!), peppermint mocha and eggnog lattes. I noticed that several stores had special announcements of another drink: a shortbread latte. The drink wasn't on the regular menu board, but merely written up on the chalkboard with the rest of the specials. My first thought was that it was a ... Read More »
Batter Blaster
I like to make pancakes and waffles from scratch and, while I don't do it every day, it's certainly not for lack of time. A basic pancake batter takes about a minute to measure and mix, then a few minutes more to cook and consume. It doesn't take much more time to make a specialty pancake batter. But for those cooks out there who simply ... Read More »
Chocolate-covered croutons
Croutons are small pieces of bread – usually cubes - that are toasted and used to garnish soups and salads. A variety of cheeses and spices are often incorporated for an extra kick of flavor. Chocolate is not generally one of these components, but a company called Marcy's, which specializes in salad dressings and croutons, has decided that the time for chocolate and croutons to come together. ... Read More »


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Ingrid M. Andrews is the Secretary of Andina, Inc. and inactive roles in one additional company .
Andina, Inc. filed as a Domestic for Profit Corporation in the State of Florida filed on Wednesday, August 18, 2004. This corporation is approximately eleven years old according to documents filed with Florida Department of State. Andina, Inc. also lists Kenneth W. Andrews as President.
Ingrid M. Andrews's additional active roles include:
Ingrid M. Andrews is connected to other officers through these corporate roles. One of the top connections is Kenneth W. Andrews who is the Managing Member for M&G Holdings of Bay County, LLC and has interests in other companies, including President of Andina, Inc. .
Ingrid's past corporate interests include the Managing Member of Barand Properties, LLC .
M&G Holdings of Bay County, LLC also lists Kenneth W. Andrews as Managing Member, in addition to Ingrid's role of Managing Member. This corporation was registered four years after Andina, Inc. as a Florida Limited Liability in the State of Florida on Monday, January 7, 2008.
Key roles for Ingrid M. Andrews
Andina, Inc.
Secretary, Director, Vice President President
M&G Holdings of Bay County, LLC
Managing Member
Barand Properties, LLC
Managing Member


text:
VirtualBox is OK for trying out new OS's w/o risk, but it's not quite like the real deal. Remember those anti-Windows 8 You Tube videos? Many were using VBox for those propaganda videos, making Windows 8 CP & RP look poorly, to turn users against 8. Looking at some of the videos closely revealed this.
I have dual boot, & I also have 4 working computers, so actually I can have Windows 8 & Zorin OS on at the same time, in real life speed. Plus on my main two computers, I have SSD's (a 180GB Intel 330 & 128GB M4), so all of that fast boot gimmick stuff isn't needed. I have Windows 8 Pro on two computers, one a "fast boot", on a WD RE4 & the other on the Intel 330, it's pointless to state which is the fastest.
However, I've yet to try dual boot Windows 8 & Zorin OS, now I have a reason to, to see which boots fastest on the same hardware. That in itself doesn't make either better than the other, though. Thing is, all one has to do is place their OS in hibernation, which is what is happening with 8, & see which is the fastest. It may or may not be Windows 8 that's truly the fastest starter.


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Muncie, IN Counseling Service
Briarwood Clinic Counseling
For all your counseling needs, visit Briarwood Clinic Counseling of Muncie, IN. We offer individual and family counseling service. We guarantee that all sessions are kept private and confidential.
We Offer Private Counseling For:
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We Also Offer Psychological Testing For:
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We are located in the Lyndenbrook Plaza behind HOP.
Contact Briarwood Clinic Counseling today at 765-289-5520 for further inquiries.
Contact Information


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Nice find. Keep up the good work and you never know where it might lead to in the future.
Drivers in Muskegon are really ignorant. Daily I see people running red lights because they are too important, or in too much of a hurry to be inconvenienced to stop. People don't use turn signals, and quite often just drive like idiots. Just yesterday I was driving on Marquette Ave., and seen a car run the flashing red lights of a school bus, with a Muskegon Police car behind them, and the officer stopped for the bus, but did nothing about the dummy that ran the red lights on the bus.
I'll eat one...maybe they taste like chicken!!!!!!!!
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Ideas@The Centre 21 2012Vol. 6 No. 21 (June, 2012) Freedom Quote of the Week
'The American Republic will endure, until politicians realize they can bribe the people with their own money.'
— Alexis de Tocqueville
Drop the protectionist rhetoric and do more for your members
01 Jun 2012|
If unions are serious about standing up for working families, they ought to be working with mining companies to improve prospects for redundant manufacturing workers to relocate to the mining sector.
Gay marriage, polygamy and the social order
01 Jun 2012|
There are no good, logical arguments against allowing gay marriage.
Taxing American human capital flight
01 Jun 2012|
The US government has long made life difficult for its expats, taxing them on their global income, but the growing human capital flight from America has little to do with tax minimisation.


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Who's Online:
HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!this was hilarious!!!!!!!!
Author's Response: Thanks for the reviews and glad you enjoyed it,
Author's Response: ;)
lolol...This is definitely going on my favorites. Wonderful work on all of the chapters! ~God bless
Author's Response: Thanks for the reviews and glad you enjoyed it Sharpe.
lolol...It was just so funny that Merry thought that Boromir was a ghost and when Gandalf said that he would stop smoking when hobbits flew, and then Merry fell on him, I couldn't stop laughing. This was so incredibly funny! ~God bless
Author's Response: Yeah, that's possibly my favourite bit.
Yuck...I hate spiders. Poor Pippin...and the poor elves! Great work! ~God bless
Author's Response: Cheers
Oh my...what is Boromir going to do to the hobbits? This was so funny! ~God bless
Author's Response: He has bad intentions....
Poor Pippin! Once again...Great work! ~God bless
Author's Response: :D
lolol, Boromir, I think you should run, lol. Great work! ~God bless
Author's Response: :)
Run, Pippin, RUN! Great work on this! :) ~God bless
Author's Response: heh
POOR BOROMIR! Is Boromir alright *gets down on knees* PLEASE TELL ME THAT HE'LL BE ALRIGHT! *sobs* Great work on this, anyway...~God bless
Author's Response: I wouldn't harm Boromir...
lolol Great! ~God bless
Author's Response: :)
lolol This is so funny! I can definitely see Boromir dangling from a rope that was tied to a tree. Great work! ~God bless
Author's Response: :)
*Watches fellowship depart and sees a large sticky note slapped to Boromirs back that reads 'kick me!' in Pippin's handwriting.* Great ending!!
Author's Response: Tis possible. Thanks
Its a bird, its a plane, its a FLYING HOBBIT!! LOL! Poor Boromir!
Author's Response: heh heh, read Chiara and Eldan by Gemini elf, at one point you get a flying elf. Not in a nice way. I don't think she's posted that chappie yet though
NO!! Not the spiders, you'll smush them!! *Plucks injured spiders out of hole and bandages their little hairy legs* I'm a spider lover, what can I say. Hysterically funny!
Author's Response: RE: ...
HUHUHUHAAA!!! Fear me, your next!
Author's Response: ...
Wait, but I thought the orcs wanted to sell biscuits?!
Author's Response: Wrong story
Awww...ickle elves covered in berry juice *cries*
Author's Response: They're fine
Sounds like my little brothers*Brushing her hair back into place after Bookluva7's unceremonious yanking of it. Slips bag of horse fleas into her purse.*
Author's Response: Ha
Muhuhuhuhhaaha!! LOL
Author's Response: Thanke


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Energy summit examines new ethanol technology
Arielle Stevenson
WMNF Drive-Time News Friday | Listen to this entire show:
On the final day of the Farm to Fuel Summit in St. Petersburg much of the discussion centered on a process called cellulosic technology.
While masses of young rockers gathered down the street for the Warp Tour, many of the brightest and most innovative minds in renewable energy were inside the Vinoy discussing the latest research in ethanol production through a process called cellulosic biomass.
A panel on renewable energy technology opened with Dr. George Philippidis, who is an international expert on cellulosic technology. He says conventional ethanol production wonât supply enough fuel to sustain us. Thatâs where he says the cellulosic process comes into the picture.
David Stewart is the CEO of Citrus Energy. Its motto is live green, go orange. He says that right now, the 4- to 5 -million tons of citrus waste is an industry liability but could be turned into an asset if it is used to create ethanol fuel.
Stewart also discussed the byproducts that come from the citrus cellulosic process. With the current citrus waste method, the limene oil is actually doing more harm than good in Florida, but Stewart said citrus cellulosic technology could change that.
With citrus being a readily available biomass, Stewart says that from a business perspective the citrus cellulosic technology saves money over corn ethanol.
Stewart says that since most orange juice is no longer from concentrate, there is excess steam capacity in the citrus processor which saves the costs of constructing boilers systems.
The citrus cellulosic biomass techonology offers a simplified pretreatment process that requires no acid as some of the others do. This is because citrus biodegrades much easier than some of the other materials being used to create ethanol.
More research is being done on this renewable technology as well as others. The agriculture committeeâs 2007 Farm Bill, which goes to the House floor for a vote next week, will allocate $2.1-billion to research renewable energies like the cellulosic process.comments powered by Disqus


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Energy Boost #3: Take breaks
Multitasking is viewed as the way to get a lot done quickly. But taking a short break and doing absolutely nothing for a few minutes can help you overcome fatigue and actually get more done in the course of a day, says Jon Gordon, a Florida-based consultant who advises corporations and athletes on how to stay energized. One short break of 5 or 10 minutes or even less can boost your energy immediately, and making break time a habit can keep your energy up long-term, he says.
"If you take short breaks throughout the day, you will have more overall accomplishments," says Gordon, author of The Energy Bus.
Human performance studies show he's right. In one conducted at Louisiana State University and published in Computers and Industrial Engineering, researchers compared three different work-rest schedules for workers who used the computer. The schedule that allowed for briefer, more frequent breaks was best in terms of fighting fatigue and increasing productivity.
The researchers found that workers who took four breaks per hour, usually just 30 seconds each, followed by a 14-minute break after two hours of sitting at the computer, reported higher performance and worked faster and more accurately than their co-workers.
Energy Boost #4: Get moving
For an instant energy boost, drop out of your busy life for 10 minutes and hit the road, or the hallways of your office. "Walking is an energizer," says Gordon. Even a 10-minute walk can help you overcome feelings of fatigue.
And yes, it works better than a sugar infusion. In a study published two decades ago but still often-quoted, Robert Thayer, PhD, a professor at California State University, Long Beach, compared the energizing effects on 12 different days when 18 people either ate a candy bar or walked briskly for 10 minutes. Walking was the better bet. Walking increased energy for two hours. The sugar snack initially boosted energy, but after an hour, participants were more tired and had less energy.
Energy Boost #5: Take 5 and meditate
Numerous studies have demonstrated the fatigue-fighting effects of meditation, but there's no need to light candles, sit cross-legged, or learn a mantra. Mini-meditation can work wonders, says Judith Orloff, MD, an assistant clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California Los Angeles and author of Positive Energy.


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Dual Sport Environmentalist
View Single Post
Ceri JC
UK GSer
Joined: Sep 2009
Location: All over, usually Wales or England
Oddometer: 2,462
Yup. The hiker who shouts/glares at you for riding your dirtbike down what they wrongly believe to be a "footpath" probably drove to their start point in a car. You almost certainly burnt less fuel in the same trip, despite using the bike for the 'hiking' part too. We could argue about the specifics of the damage you do DSing and even conclusively prove that it was less harmful than sitting at home in your house on Saturday instead, but it'd wouldn't make a difference. Let's be frank; some hikers simply don't like sharing the trails and will use any argument, however spurious, to make us look bad and to try and get vehicles banned from "their" rights of way.
That said, you get
fewer negative interaction bimbling along on an adventure bike, stopping, taking off your lid and talking to people, than nailing it on a race-ready 2T with loud pipes...
Me? I'm honest about it. I
simply do not care
about the CO2 emissions or whatever of my bike, or the damage my knobblies supposedly do to the trails. I don't believe the people who have a problem with it will be convinced otherwise, so why waste my time researching it, or my breath arguing with them? I derive enough enjoyment from doing so and live cleanly enough in other aspects of my life that my conscience doesn't bother me in the slightest.
I like my bike because I can overtake 4x4s down farm tracks with a week's worth of shopping on the back.
Ceri JC
View Public Profile
Find More Posts by Ceri JC


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Credit : TNYF/WENN.comEarn Points
Real Housewives of New York
Girls' Day Out! RHONY's Kelly Bensimon Takes Her Daughters Shopping in NYC (PHOTOS)
She may not be on The Real Housewives of New York anymore, but this lady still knows how to shop 'til she drops.
Click through the gallery to see Kelly Bensimon out and about with her daughters Thaddeus and Sea Louise in Soho, NYC yesterday (August 20). Kelly looked happy and relaxed while wearing a long white dress, and her daughters looked adorable in their hipster-y glasses.
The Real Housewives of New York airs Mondays at 9 p.m. ET/PT on Bravo. ;
Follow Alissa Kombert on Twitter @AyeKayArt.
Get all the latest RHONY news! Like us on Facebook and follow us on Twitter @RHONYWetpaint.


text: Though Ghost Recon: Future Soldier was announced early in 2010, Ubisoft is taking the next few months to put some polish on its upcoming shooter. We had a chance to check out a few different missions from the game, two of which can be found below in their entirety. If there's one thing that we took away from our brief experience with the game, it's that while you can go into any situation with guns blazing, there isn't any reason to, because it's all about efficiency. You have an amazing assortment of equipment--such as a highly useful drone (that not only flies and drives, but can also mark targets for instant kills by your squad)--and an assortment of vision modes, so there's no real justification for wasting a single bullet. Ghost Recon is scheduled for release on the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 on May 22 with a PC version coming later.


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Karuturi Sport have admitted they could suffer more departures before the close of the current transfer window in January 2013.
Karuturi chairman David Omega, said the team is waiting for the players to reconvene from their holidays next year before re-assisng their loses.
"You never know much about players since they are in search of greener pastures. We can not prevent players from joining clubs with better perks. I can therefore not say with certainty that no more players will leave us before the start of the 2013 season although we are ready for any eventuality," he said.
Karuturi has so far lost three players after dropping nine others from the squad due to poor performance in the just ended season.


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Vision Bank-Texas is proud to be a prime partner with the Texas Equal Access to Justice Foundation. IOLTA (Interest on Lawyers' Trust Accounts) is a mechanism that funds legal aid for low-income Texans by collecting interest on client trust accounts.
Through the program, attorneys voluntarily pool the interest earned on trust accounts to provide civil legal services to those in need. Help your business and others in one fell swoop by signing up today.
In 1984, the Supreme Court of Texas established a mechanism for funding legal aid for low-income Texans by collecting interest on client trust accounts. Through the Texas Interest on Lawyers' Trust Accounts (IOLTA) Program, attorneys voluntarily pooled the interest earned on trust accounts to provide civil legal services to the poor. The same year, the Court created the Texas Access to Justice Foundation, a nonprofit corporation, to administer the program, including the collection and granting of IOLTA funds.
The voluntary IOLTA Program generated $500,000 for grants during 1987-88. In 1989, participation in the IOLTA Program became mandatory for Texas attorneys. The program in Texas currently generates approximately $11 million yearly without taxing the public and at no cost to lawyers or their clients. Only client funds that are nominal or held for a short period of time may be deposited into IOLTA accounts.
The interest on the IOLTA accounts is remitted to the Foundation, which grants the money to nonprofit organizations that provide free civil aid to low-income Texans.
The Rules Governing the Operation of the Texas Access to Justice Foundation, adopted by the Supreme Court of Texas in 1988, prohibit the use of IOLTA funds to directly fund class action suits, lawsuits against governmental entities, or lobbying for or against political candidates or issues.
All fifty states and the District of Columbia have approved IOLTA programs. In Australia and Canada, where the IOLTA concept originated, the programs have been operating since the 1960s.
For more information about IOLTA at the national level, visit www.iolta.org.


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In the wake of John Galliano's scandalous outburst, Women's Wear Daily reported on the recent trend of fashion houses recruiting lesser-known talents, such as Pringle's Alistair Carr, Cacharel's Ling Lui and Dawei Sun and Gianfranco Ferré's Graeme Black, to helm their lines. Does the appointment of under-the-radar (and often less demanding) personalities signal a kindler, gentler future for fashion?
Marquee Designer: Christophe Decarnin
Flair for drama: Decarnin failed to appear at his fall 2011 show amid rumors he'd been admitted to a mental hospital, and offended patriots with a T-shirt resembling a ripped and burned American flag.
Fresh Face: Olivier Rousteing
What we know about him: Rousteing joined Balmain in 2009 after five years at Roberto Cavalli, and was so under the radar that WWD cited his Linkedin profile for credentials; as Fashionista noted "he's hot."
Alexander McQueen
Marquee name: The late McQueen
Flair for drama: The designer was deemed an enfant terrible by the fashion press for his demanding behavior and outspokenness. His highly controversial "Highland Rape" collection in the mid-'90s commented on the rape of the Scottish Highlands at the hands of the British.
Fresh Face: Sarah Burton
What we know about her: Burton's dealings with the British royals have been far less fraught with tension; she enchanted romantics on both sides of the pond with her sweet frock for Duchess Catherine in April.
Marquee name: Valentino Garavani
Flair for drama: The larger-than-life couturier's divalike antics were depicted in Matt Tyrnauer's 2009 doc "Valentino: The last Emperor," which features footage of the designer, who stepped down in 2008, proclaiming, "Apres moi, le deluge!"
Fresh faces: Pier Paolo Piccioli and Maria Grazia Chiuri
What we know about them: Sharing the reins doesn't seem to pose a problem for the pair. "We work together through a continuous exchange of ideas. It's actually a great opportunity rather than a limitation," Piccioli has diplomatically said.
Christian Dior/John Galliano
Marquee name: John Galliano
Flair for drama: Galliano was fired on charges of antisemitism after footage surfaced of the designer proclaiming his love for Hitler.
Fresh Face: Bill Gaytten
What we know about him: While Galliano was known for his mouthing-off skills, Gaytten is known for his "exceptional tailoring skills."
Marquee Designer: Nicola Trussardi, who inherited the century-old brand that his grandfather had founded as a glove-making business, and turned it into a luxury staple.
Flair for drama: Though the Trussardis ran it straight and narrow in their business, they were tragically cursed like many Italian dynasties: Nicola was killed when he crashed his Mercedes in 1999; in 2003, his son and successor, Francesco, died in a similar car accident.
Fresh Face: Umit Benan
What we know about him: Apparently Umit has a major following in Japan.


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Haven't done a post for The Gallery for a while as have just been madly busy. When I saw the 'chilled out' theme this picture immediately sprang to mind so here I am posting it! It's one of my favourite pictures of the children – it's a year or so old now but I just love it. They had been haring around in the garden and suddenly reached 'the wall' (doesn't happen very often!). They flopped down on the slope in our front garden just gazing up at the clouds, long enough to grab the camera and snap this.
6 Responses to Chilled Out
Trish @ Mum's Gone to says:
Now that's what I call 'chilled out'. I can see why you love this snap.
julia says:
Thanks Trish! Yes – wish I had more time to do this myself
Blue Sky says:
I used to love lying on the ground and looking at the sky as well
julia says:
We should act like kids more!
Kate Davis-Holmes says:
Wonderful picture and beautiful, really beautiful children.
julia says:
Ah, thank you *beams*
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WEBSITE OF THE DAY – tomford.com
Today's website of the day is tomford.com the online home of the American design guru who has taken Gucci to the top of the fashion business.
Occasionally we like to bring you a site that's just nice to look at and this is definitely one of those. The simple elegance of the layout and the way the information is presented perfectly fits the reputation of Tom Ford, who almost single-handedly has made Gucci one of the most desirable labels on the planet. Slick rather than just flashy; substantial rather than just showy.
His eyewear collection has been famously sported by pretty much anybody who's anybody in recent years and he is soon to launch a menswear collection, initially at a flagship New York store, but coming to these shores soon.