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Anti-Americanism & Other Cliches
If statistics are correct—and after all they don't always lie—the arts appear to be flourishing in America at present. Museum attendance has been up, concert halls are filled, over the past decade or so the ballet has come into its own, and there seems to be a revival of interest in the movies. The only art which does not seem to be looking up, up, up is literature. By literature I mean of course serious literature—writing which, while seeking to entertain, seeks to do more than that alone. My sense of the matter is that serious people seem more and more to have turned away from serious writing.
This is, of course, a difficult point to prove. Arguing against it is the fact that novelists in our day have become celebrity figures. Creative writing courses—in fiction and in poetry—have now become a staple of university and adult education. Then, too, so many people do buy books and many nearly unreadable books of putatively serious intent do seem to sell very well. Whenever I acquire a paperback version of a contemporary novel, it seems inevitably to bear the claim, "Sixteen Weeks on the New York Times Best-Seller List." Perhaps in the seventeenth week they pulp it.
But whatever the celebrity of novelists, however wide the spread of writing as an aspiration or a hobby, whatever the numbers of people buying supposedly serious books, I retain the sense that literature means less to people than it once did. Again, this is not a point that admits of easy proof—or perhaps even of proof at all. But I notice that I never hear people argue strongly about the quality of novels, or declare that they love a particular novelist or poet, or announce that a recent collection of poems or a new novel has greatly moved them. If you don't believe this, ask yourself what novel by a contemporary American writer you are much looking forward to. Or—a tougher question still—ask yourself if over the past five years you have bought a book by a contemporary poet.
All of which is a roundabout way of saying that something odd has happened in American literary culture in recent years. Although a literary culture often thrives in the midst of political power—witness the long hegemony around the world of English literature—suddenly American literature, contemporary American literature, seems rather backwater, a bit beside the point, somehow or other less than first-rate, even though American political power is still great. Why?
Not long ago Saul Bellow, in an interview, said that he thought American writers no longer had the great subject. The great subpect of our day, he said, belonged to those writers who had survived totalitarian regimes and lived to write about it: Pasternak, Solzhenitsyn, Sinyavsky, Kundera. Bellow was not saying anything as foolish as C. P. Snow said a few years ago, when he remarked that at least in the Soviet Union they took writers and their ideas seriously, the proof being that a writer there could get killed for his ideas. What Bellow seemed to be saying was that these writers, often wretched in the conditions of their lives, were nonetheless privileged as writers in their experience, for their experience had brought them face to face with terror and evil, goodness and heroism—in short, with the largest human feelings and with destiny played out on the grand scale.
For contemporary American writers the job of literature was more complicated, or so Bellow thought. They had to come at things less directly, more obliquely, with comedy and irony being perhaps their chief literary weapons. This is, of course, a description of the way Saul Bellow himself proceeds. But at an even slightly lower level than Bellow is able to work it, this vein of writing, relying so heavily on irony and comedy, quickly becomes desiccated and dreary in the extreme. In its academicized versions—in the recent books of such writers as John Barth, John Hawkes, William Gass, and worse—it becomes a kind of English department amusement, though even in English departments such novelists are scarcely everyone's notion of a good time.
Bellow's is a provocative and in many ways a troubling point. Next to the largeness of a Solzhenitsyn, the depth of a Sinyavsky, even quite good American writers—John Cheever, say, or Robert Lowell, to name only the recently deceased—seem, as literary men, rather self-absorbed and shrunken. Now I do not wish to put down such writers as John Cheever and Robert Lowell, whose dedication to their craft was considerable and whose achievements were won against real obstacles. But somehow, at this moment, it is the writers who are able to connect their work with history who seem the most impressive. I think here of a writer like V. S. Naipaul, whose great subject is the Third World on its collision course; or even of Gabriel García Márquez, a writer in whose politics I find nothing to admire but whose attempt to reconstruct the history of Colombia in his fiction has stirred deep interest.
There can be little doubt about it: writing with the wind of history at his back lends a writer's work a sense of urgency, even sometimes a feeling of grandeur. It is this sense of urgency, this feeling of grandeur, that is currently missing from contemporary American writing.
Not all American writers would agree. A large number, after all, feel that they are writing with the wind of history at their backs. Yet most of these are writers whose position vis-à-vis their own country turns out to be an adversary one. They write as if they were living in a hostile environment, surrounded by the enemy. Usually they are writers with a heightened, even feverish, sense of self-drama. Their characteristic tone is struck in the following remark made not long ago by Norman Mailer: "I used to hate America for what it was doing to all of us. Now I hate all of us for what we're doing to America." We? The late George P. Elliott once wrote an essay entitled, "Who Is We?" It is a bit tricky to know for certain who the we is in Norman Mailer's condemnation, but I feel fairly certain we is not meant to include Mailer himself.
To think the worst of one's own country—against a superabundance of evidence to the contrary—gives the self-dramatizing American literary imagination a background against which to dramatize itself. The contemporary literary scene is rife with writers whose chief stock in the trade of ideas is a crude anti-Americanism. Where history does not provide the wind at their backs, they supply their own hot air. To take a tag line from the most recent book by the editor of the Nation, let me name some names:
There is, to begin with, Robert Coover, the culminating moment in whose last novel, A Public Burning, is the buggery of Richard Nixon by, of all people, a character called Uncle Sam. There is Robert Stone, a richly talented writer but one whose reigning idea, expressed in each of his three novels, is that, with all the evils loose in the world, none surpasses that of American innocence, which, as Stone puts it in the first of his novels, A Hall of Mirrors, is "so vast and awesome that the entire world will be reduced by it." There is Joseph Heller, whose idea of moral courage in his last novel, Good as Gold, is to attack Henry Kissinger behind the screen of fiction; and to whose earlier book, Catch-22, Evelyn Waugh, when sent a copy in the hope of obtaining a blurb, responded: "You may quote me as saying: 'this exposure of corruption, cowardice, and incivility of American officers will outrage all friends of your country (such as myself) and greatly comfort your enemies." And then there is E. L. Doctorow, whose novels feature what he takes to be the coarseness, indeed the barbarity, of life in the capitalist United States and who, in an article on George Orwell, recently wrote:
We and the Soviets have actually created an unholy alliance, a gargantuan intimacy, in which, by now, our ideological differences are less important than the fact that we think the same thoughts, mirror each other's responses, heft the same bombs, and take turns committing crimes and deploring them, in some sort of alternating current of outrage and despair, outrage and despair, that has with smoke and sulphur generated an ectoplasmic gel of objective reality along the lines of Orwell's tortured vision.
It somehow seems important to point out that Doctorow's comments on the similarities shared by the Soviet Union and the United States appear in a recent issue of Playboy. The Soviet Union and the United States have in common none of the similarities Doctorow points to, but one similarity, I suspect, they might share—and this is that, in either of the two countries E. L. Doctorow, whose specialty is telling his readers what they wish to hear, would likely be a success. A dacha on the Vineyard, a dacha on the Black Sea.
Literary anti-Americanism exists on another, perhaps a lesser, level, in works in which America is portrayed not as the sole cause of the world's horrors but a serious affliction nonetheless for those compelled to live in it. In the stories and novels of Ann Beattie there is always time to direct a little kick at Richard Nixon or make a sneering reference to the Pentagon. In the work of Jill Robinson America is depicted as emptily grotesque; everyone is an alcoholic, or on pills or cocaine, and children are suffering for want of good solid values. In John Updike's novels the American middle class can always rely on a good drubbing, and in as recent a novel as Rabbit Is Rich Updike chronicles what he takes to be the United States in decline but without being terribly convincing that he much cares. One becomes used to this sort of thing from American writers, so used to it that one does not even blink when the novelist Stanley Elkin, at a dinner party given for him by his publisher for winning a literary prize, says of Disneyland (as reported in Publishers Weekly), "I did not like it at all. It was just like Auschwitz or Dachau. They put you in these little electric carts and trundle you around."
The list of politically tendentious novelists, of political intrusions in novels that pretend to be above politics, and of flat-out politically fatuous remarks by novelists could be greatly extended. Stendhal once likened the introduction of politics in a novel to a pistol shot at the opera. But in the work of the writers I have mentioned the introduction of politics is more like a belch at the buffet: misplaced, gross, indecent. What unites these writers, in my view, is that not only do they not think well of their country but they do not seem to take much joy in life altogether. Coover, Stone, Heller, Doctorow, Beattie, Updike, and the rest are either angry, or soured, or depressed, or outraged, or filled with yearning, but of none of them can one say with any confidence that he is on the side of life. And since life somehow seems to have let these writers down, perhaps it is not so surprising that they should also feel that their country has let them down, too.
The opinion these writers hold of their country is not something that they can be argued out of. I am not even certain that it is the responsibility of a writer to love his country, though in complicated ways the best writers from Dickens through Tolstoy through Henry James to James Joyce have always done so. No, all that can be asked of these writers is that they knock off the clichés. For all the views and visions and opinions I have quoted and enumerated are solid mahogany clichés—tried and tested and found perfectly untrue.
Clichés, like ideas, have consequences. And this particular set of clichés has not only helped to lay waste a good deal of literary talent but in ways direct and indirect has drained much of the prestige that the literary mind not so long ago held in this country. Yet the real crime in these clichés is against literature itself. They are a violation of the ideal of fidelity to the complexity of experience that has always been literature's special claim on the attention of educated people. I think that this kind of complexity is simply not available to writers who really believe that Richard Nixon is a monster in the class of Hitler and Stalin, that what is truly wrong with the world today is multinational corporations, and that America in its essential character is no different from the Soviet Union. If you can compare Disneyland to Dachau or Auschwitz, I don't think you are in a position to report what life is like in this or any other country.
William Dean Howells, in the middle of an essay on Dostoevsky, once suggested that American writers do best "to emphasize the smiling aspects of life"—for which suggestion, to adopt a homey phrase, Howells caught his critical lunch. I am not here suggesting anything of the kind. Nor am I asking that our writers produce politically correct literature; that is to say, literature whose political opinions reflect my own. The relationship between politics and literature is always a delicate, always a tricky, one. In any negotiation between the two, though, literature must retain a firm upper hand. It seems to me possible, for example, to admire both André Malraux's La condition humaine, which extols the revolutionary personality, and Joseph Conrad's The Secret Agent, which deplores the evil that is the reverse side of the coin of revolutionary idealism. One can admire both novels because in both of them literature has the upper hand, and in both the writer's allegiance is not to hating his country or to gaining "justice for the Rosenbergs," but to the ideal of fidelity to the complexity of experience.
"Literature, as usual, lingers behind change," wrote Desmond MacCarthy. And, I would add, the university, as usual, lingers behind literature. The effect of the clichés I have been discussing on the university teaching of literature is one of their indirect consequences, though perhaps the consequences are not as indirect as all that. Quite obviously literary studies have been much influenced by politics over the past twenty years or so through the formation of feminist and black and other separate studies. The Modern Language Association meetings have become a flea market, where such groups plug their wares. A friend of mine, recently back from an MLA meeting in Houston, himself a man educated at Columbia by professors of the urbanity and intellectual suavity of Lionel Trilling, Marjorie Hope Nicolson, and Jacques Barzun, reported on this meeting, sighed, and of his own career said: "It's not what I had in mind, not what I had in mind at all."
Politics, along with compartmentalizing literary studies into feminist this and radical that, has also made possible a general lowering of standards, so that now it is de rigueur not only to teach contemporary writers but even to teach not very good ones. Nobody quite knows what goes on in the classroom, or how many teachers, in a radical confusion over what constitutes academic freedom, simply push a political line in their teaching. Such a teacher at my own university, for example, finds Walt Whitman to be a racist, William Carlos Williams a sexist. Given time and his talent for original discovery I am sure he will one day announce that Marianne Moore was never quite sound on disarmament. Twenty or so years ago he would have been told by senior professors to knock off the politics and teach the books. Today even the senior professors are fearful of interfering with what they wrongly construe to be his academic freedom to push his own rather dopey political line.
But the rot, at university literature departments, goes deeper. I think a great many teachers of literature now operate with shot confidence. They seem to believe less and less that what they are doing is in any way central, or even of much importance; and not to believe that what one is doing is of importance is to invite demoralization. One sign of this demoralization can be found in the rise in recent years of structuralism, semiotics, and deconstruction in university literature departments. This is not the place to discuss the merits of such idea-systems or the quality of the works that they have produced. But what can be mentioned briefly—and I think can be agreed upon—is that the adoption of these systems by teachers of literature represents a further professionalization of the study of literature in America, a further drawing in toward parochial interests and drawing away from the notion that literature, in its moral and social implications, is important to all educated people. Literature, after all, was once where the moral imagination got its very best workout. The lines between literature and life were assumed to be intertwined, which was one of the chief reasons that literature repaid study. In the human record of significant utterance and events, it was literature that supplied the italics.
As for this tendency in literary studies, in a recent issue of the (London) Times Literary Supplement one of its proponents, the Yale professor Paul de Man, calls it "the return to philology." Hans Aarsleff has remarked about 19th-century philology that "it appeared to satisfy every article of scientific faith in objectivity and disengagement from ideology." I suspect that among our new philologists the disengagement from ideology may be part of the attraction of structuralism, semiotics, and deconstruction. (Yet, as someone recently asked, "How is it no one deconstructs Karl Marx?")
Not that ideologists of the Left are missing among the literary theorists. A critic like Edward Said, much honored in what English teachers call the "profession," can blithely write about "a whole world manipulated by every variety of ahistorical consumerism, whose ethnocentrism and mendacity promise the impoverishment and oppression of most of the globe," and can regret that "in American literary studies there has not in the past quarter-century been enough work of major historical scholarship that can be called 'revisionist.'" A strong case has been made by Gerald Graff that the new textual criticism has a large ideological component. "Roland Barthes," Graff notes, "goes so far as to assert that all language is 'quite simply fascist.'" Beneath all those literary-critical obfuscations and obscurations of the new New Criticism, one can now begin to hear the old familiar hum of axes being ground.
Because cliché leftism has not thus far been directly confronted, American literary culture in our time seems sadly thinned out. Twenty-five years ago many of the most interesting minds of the day were those of literary men: figures such as Edmund Wilson, Lionel Trilling, and F. R. Leavis. There was also, in those days, quite a respectable second line of literary men, among them Yvor Winters, Allen Tate, Philip Rahv, Newton Arvin, F. O. Matthiessen, Richard Chase, and R. P. Blackmur. Comparable figures, of whatever political coloration, are not around today. Nor are they likely to arise, at least so long as present trends toward cliché-laden leftism on the one hand and English-department professionalism on the other continue to dominate the creation and the study of literature. For those who care about literature, a very great deal is thus at stake in the future tendency of our politics.


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opinionBy George Ntambaazi
The African Union heads of State and Government summit proposal in Addis Ababa - Ethiopia in May, and President Museveni's recent criticism of the International Criminal Court (ICC) represents the most elaborate attempt to strengthen sovereignty of African States not only from the internal political realm, but also from the external sphere of international justice system.
The heads of states urged the ICC to refer the 2007 post-election charges against President Uhuru Kenyatta and his deputy William Ruto to the Kenyan Courts. They said Kenya has a credible judiciary.
Museveni, as a key note speaker at their inauguration ceremony in April, castigated those using the ICC for selfish ends.
He advised the ICC to avoid being used by what he described as 'a bunch of self-seekers and shallow-minded people whose interest is to mint revenge on those who hold opposing views. Former Kenyan PM Raila Odinga is leading the pro-ICC group.
It is an absurdity that the objectivity of ICC is under question. Facts and rumours are swirling around that ICC investigations and trials of African suspects are conducted in a manner which is in most circumstances inconsistent with the intent to bring the persons concerned to justice. That the institution is used to witch-hunt Africans to appease the conscious of the international community
Last month, during the joint press conference in Entebbe, Uhuru, an ICC indictee promised to cooperate with the ICC as long as it respects Kenyan sovereignty.
To Africans, Uhuru's victory and the voters' rejection of ICC sympathisers demonstrated that the endeavour to ever again get rid of African sovereignty can never be quite successful.
Formed almost 15 years ago on July 17, 1998 in Rome, over 120 nations voted to create a permanent court to try war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. Article 5 of the Rome Statute grants the court universal jurisdiction over these crimes.
The framers intended to have it as a court of last resort to eradicate the culture of impunity by investigating and prosecuting crimes where national courts failed.
However, although the UN recognises that crimes against humanity may be committed by constitutionally elected and responsible leaders, one wonders why its only African leaders and none of the western leaders is facing trial. Some suggest that leaders such as George Bush, and Tony Blair should be investigated.
The world wonders why the US is not a state party to the treaty. Africans look on in horror as Sudanese President Omar Bashir travel is restricted yet newly elected Uhuru flew to London in May and even met British Premier David Cameroon at a Somalia Summit.
Frankly, I would be gratified if the ICC avoids selective justice. 99 percent of cases before the ICC are against Africans.
Those for home grown justice systems argue that a precedent to try ICC suspects in Africa has already been set. In December 2003, Uganda referred to the ICC the LRA case in Northern Uganda and the Court in July 2005 issued arrest warrants for Joseph Kony and his commanders. Since the LRA leaders demanded immunity from ICC in return for the end of the insurgency, the Government established a tribunal that meet international standards allowing the ICC warrants to be set aside.
Similarly, although the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) was set up in Arusha, to arrest and try planners of the genocide, Rwandan leaders instead set up the Gacaca tribunals that guaranteed the victims and survivors of the genocide justice, but also gave the perpetuators a chance to reintegrate in society and play a productive role in development.
Who then says Africa cannot confidently take care of itself using its national courts and traditional justice systems?
The Writer is a Regional Political Analyst

subset: commoncrawl


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Winston Churchill famously said that "courage is what it takes to stand up and speak; courage also is what it takes to sit down and listen." At the Foundation for a Healthy Kentucky, we believe that it will take courage from concerned citizens, local leaders and elected officials to achieve our mission of addressing the unmet health care needs of Kentuckians. And we believe that before we can "stand up and speak," we first need to listen to the views of the people around us.
All patriotic Americans love the sight of the American flag waving in a gentle breeze atop a flag pole. The Second Continental Congress stipulated the nation's flag would consist of "thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new Constellation," according to the official U.S. flag website.
The stars are symbolic of the stars in heaven. There is one for each state in the union, each added to the flag on the first Fourth of July following that state's admission to the union.
Everybody's heard of Uncle Sam, right? But who was he? And why is our government today called "Uncle Sam?" Why do members of the Armed Forces tell you that they "belong to Uncle Sam?" And why should honors due to Uncle Sam be especially noteworthy during 2012?
During October l8l2, in Troy, N.Y., workers packed pork and beef into large white oak barrels. Their boss, Samuel Wilson, had contracted with Elbert Anderson of the government to supply the military with 3,000 barrels of prime beef and 2,000 of pork.
Occasionally, our Sunday conversations in the form of this column are interrupted. Something else appears in this space for a myriad of reasons.
Sometimes, we devote the space to something of particular importance such as the recent full-page of tributes to the late Jim Collier. More often, it's a hectic work schedule or some other interruption that robbed the time reserved for writing. Over the summer, one absence was vacation related.
There is an upside to Kentucky's budget crunch: It forces everyone from legislators to agency heads to school superintendents to get the most out of every taxpayer buck.
Lean budget times also can produce shining – and refreshing – examples of how some public servants refuse to make excuses and simply succeed with the resources available.
Farmland a precious commodity — J. David Miller
Many of us have fond memories of Howevalley School. I attended the school from 1956-57 as a first grader and again in 1963-64 as a seventh and eighth grader. Bill Goodman was the principal and his stern looks sometimes were all that was needed to straighten up mischief. The whole community from Cecilia all the way to the Grayson County line would show up for fall festivals and ballgames. It was like a community social.
Watching a TV show tonight, one character has a terminal illness and is speaking with a friend, who doesn't yet know whether or not she herself is equally ill.
She asks her friend, "What is it like?"
The reply: "No one has ever asked me that before."
It's a compulsion.
When a light is on in an empty room, I feel compelled to step inside and flip the switch.
It can be annoying to others. Folks here at work think so and sometimes actually say as much.
I know it's annoying because it was annoying when my father did it. When I reach for the switch, I sometimes hear the echo of his forcible voice asking once again, "When you pay the light bill, maybe you'll learn to flip this switch?"
So you see, it's one of those family-imposed compulsions.
"Fairness" is a term getting thrown around during the current campaign season more than a football at a Cards vs. Cats game.
President Obama has even made it the centerpiece of his reelection campaign, using rhetoric filled with talk of "fairness" but nothing about "freedom."
One of his standard lines pines for "an economy where everyone gets a fair shot" and "everyone does their fair share."
But the question I have is: Just what is it that makes a government edict fair or unfair?
We go through life being touched daily by our church, our family, our co-workers and we try to support and encourage others. We live by the Golden Rule and work hard in doing the right things.
Then out of the blue there comes an experience that humbles us. It makes us stop and refocus. It makes us think about our impact and influence on our community. It makes us question our efforts. We wonder if we could and should do more.
Such an experience has touched my life during the past few months.
Copyright © 2015
The News-Enterprise is your source for local news, sports, events and information in Elizabethtown, KY, Hardin County and the surrounding area.


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Turkish, Arabic, Hebrew, Ladino and French echoed in the alleyways.
1889, Spanish mixed with Hebrew, Arabic, and other elements, written in Hebrew characters, spoken by Sephardim in Turkey, Greece, etc. From Spanish Ladino "sagacious, cunning crafty," originally "knowing Latin, Latin," from Latin Latinus. The Spanish word also has appeared in 19c. American English in its senses "vicious horse" and, in Central America, "mestizo, white person."


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Electronic Japanese to English translation
Posted on : 21-08-2009 | By : admin | In : Online
Tags: Canon, Casio, electronic, Japan, Japanese-English, Kanji, Seiko, sharp, translation
When it is about Japan, can electronics and technology be left out? Japanese-English dictionaries are now also available in hand held portable electronic devices. Electronic Japanese-English dictionaries feature several types of internal dictionaries, some of which also have the translation feature in them.
Electronic dictionaries come with memory card slots that can be used for database extension. The embedded internal dictionaries can be from several publishers. There is a special "jump" function, which allows users to surf from dictionary to dictionary when looking up words. This feature is also known as "skip-search". The major manufacturers of electronic dictionaries are Canon, Casio, Sharp and Seiko.
Besides giving a list of the definition of words, online Japanese-English dictionaries also provide look-up words for Kanji (Chinese characters in Japanese logographic writing), by radicals and sub-radicals. Moreover, these Japanese-English dictionaries will not only give you an idea of kanji readings and meanings, but the interface will also help you to learn about words with reference to kanji characters.


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Tickets on sale this week for Jones v. Rampage in Denver
Jul 18, 2011 - by Steve Gerweck
Jones & Rampage Battle For the Light Heavyweight Title in Denver – Tickets on Sale Wed
205-lb. champion Jon Jones returns to the Octagon to defend the title against former champion Rampage Jackson – plus, Hall of Famer Matt Hughes battles Diego Sanchez! UFC 135 Jones vs Rampage Presented by Gears of War 3 – Saturday, Sept. 24 live from the Pepsi Center in Denver, Colorado. UFC Fight Club presale starts this Wednesday at 10am MT


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At the risk of treading the same ground as every other hack movie critic come this time in April, Kick-Ass is just plain kick ass. »»
Saturday Morning Cartoons 1970s Volume 2 brings The Banana Splits back to its hour long format. For that alone, it's worth a spot in the collection. »»
Well, it's all over now and all I have to recap for you here is just a little bit of the good stuff that went on Sunday. Saturday is the big day and Sunday really more of an aftershock, the panels aren't as big the costumes aren't as present and the comics have been marked down 30-50% off so the owners don't have to lug them all back home. »»


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LG 22 inches LS3700 LED Television
Upgrade your home entertainment system with the amazing LG 22LS3700 LED TV. Its 22 inch EDGE LED backlit screen displays movies and videos in a high resolution of 1366 X 768 for an incredible viewing experience. This HD-ready TV is powered by Picture Wizard II, which controls backlight levels, black level, colour, tint and sharpness, for a customised experience. Fine colour accuracy and better contrast are the hallmarks of this television. The LG 22LS3700 LED TV, with the aid of its powerful speakers, gives an incredible audio output. This audio quality is enhanced by the Clear Voice II technology of this television. Its Infinite Surround System gives you a cinema-like surround sound experience. This LG LED TV has HDMI, HDMI-CCE and USB ports for easy connectivity. Enjoy your favourite movie clips via HD DivX. LG TVs are DivX certified to play DivX and DivX HD video. Enjoy various types of movie clips through HD DivX. Besides, the Smart Energy Saving Plus technology makes this TV energy efficient. Brilliant LED backlighting display delivers crystal-clear images, true blacks, and the most vivid, life-like colours on a slim screen. The Backlight Control function controls the brightness of the TV. The Screen off function lets you switch off the screen while keeping the sound or music alive. With USB 2.0 support, you can play saved images, music and videos from external storage devices. With Picture Wizard II, the LG's picture quality control program installed in LG TVs, easy adjustment of picture quality is possible with on-screen reference points for key picture quality elements such as black level, colour, tint, sharpness and backlight levels.
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Lawyer questions memory of Philadelphia accuser
They also elicited emotional comments about the death of his grandmother, whom he described as a second mother. She died of cancer when he was in ninth grade - weeks before he was first arrested and expelled from school for having drugs and brass knuckles, they pointed out.
After the grandmother died, he secretly got a tattoo on his back to honor her. It features a large cross and says, "In Memory of Maggie."
The accuser's father, now a police sergeant, also testified. He poignantly described the trauma the family experienced as his once-joyful, extroverted son descended into heavy drug use and suicidal behavior - and refused to tell them what was wrong.
"That was my biggest fear, that I was going to find him dead," the sergeant said.
The Associated Press


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Photoshop CS4 offers an abundance of helpful shortcuts and hidden tricks that allow designers and photographers to get more done in less time. In Photoshop CS4 Power Shortcuts, Michael Ninness reveals hundreds of tips to boost productivity, including the top 20 power shortcuts every Photoshop user must know. He covers strategies for better document and panel management, and offers techniques for becoming quicker and more nimble when using layers, adjustment layers, and layer masks. Exercise files accompany the course.
Download the keyboard shortcut guide from the Exercise Files tab.
Here's just another fundamental shortcut you've got to incorporate into your memorized shortcut set here and that's the Undo shortcuts. Now the basic ones are same in every single application, Command+Z, Ctrl+Z. But Photoshop kind of takes that a little bit different than most applications. And Undo by default only undoes and redoes. It's a toggle the last thing you did, right? So if I delete this layer and if you allow me to go on a brief tangent actually, CS4 changes how you can delete a layer. You can now, drum-roll please, just hit the Delete key on your keyboard to delete the active layer.
I know that sounds so basic, but you were never actually able to do that. You had to click on the Trash Can icon or drag it to the Trash Can icon at the bottom of the Layers panel. So I didn't mean to delete that layer so I'm just going to do Command+Z, Ctrl+Z on Windows and that will undo that delete. But if I were to do Command+Z again or Ctrl+Z, it's a toggle. It just undoes and redoes the last thing you did, okay. If I want to go back in History, meaning undo multiple items or redo multiple items, that's a slight variant. That's not the Undo command. That's going back in History or coming forward in History. To do that, it's Command+Option+Z to go backwards, or Ctrl+Alt+Z on Windows. And to come forward, Command+Shift+Z or Ctrl+Shift+Z to come forward in History.
Now as you're learning this, it's often sometimes helpful to have the History panel open so I can actually see the list of History commands or the list of things that I've done on the document. If it wasn't open in you dock here, you can of course get it from the Window menu, pop down to History, but I already had mine open. So now as I use these keyboard shortcuts you'll actually see the command list move up and forward in the stack here in the History panel. So Command+Option+Z, Ctrl+Alt+Z goes back in time. Command+Shift+Z goes forward in time. So you do have a way to do this with the keyboard. You don't have to have the History panel open to do it. Command+Z is the toggle. Add the other modifier keys to go back or forward in time.
There are currently no FAQs about Photoshop CS4 Power Shortcuts.
Access exercise files from a button right under the course name.
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Published: August 22, 2011
St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital (St. Luke's) announces that Jacqueline Lappin, MD, will lead the pancreas transplantation program at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital Cooley Transplant Center. St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital Cooley Transplant Center offers innovative programs for patients needing pancreas transplant alone, pancreas-after-kidney transplant or combined kidney-pancreas transplant. For almost three decades, St. Luke's has provided quality healthcare to patients referred for heart, lung, kidney and liver transplantation, as well as implantation of Left Ventricular Assist Devices.
"Dr. Lappin is renowned for her work in transplantation. Under her leadership, our pancreas transplantation program is poised to become a center of excellence, providing the highest level of quality care to those in need of a transplant," says Margaret M. Van Bree, DrPH, chief executive officer, SLEH, and senior vice president, St. Luke's Episcopal Health System. "The St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital Cooley Transplant Center team continues to positively impact lives, truly giving organ transplant recipients a second chance."
According to the American Diabetes Association, nearly 25.8 million Americans, or 8.3 percent of the population, have diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is associated with the development of significant morbidity. Approximately one third of all these patients will develop renal failure and, universally, it is the second most common cause of blindness. Patients with type I diabetes (insulin-dependent) and kidney disease experience the greatest benefit of all groups from kidney and pancreas transplantation. Physicians typically recommend pancreas transplants together with a kidney transplant for patients with type 1 diabetes and renal failure, or a pancreas transplant alone in such patients with normal renal function to:
"Working collaboratively with Dr. John Goss, the chief of the division of abdominal transplantation at Baylor College of Medicine and associate chief of transplant at St. Luke's, has been a dream for years," says Lappin. "I am truly delighted to join the Baylor College of Medicine academic surgical team."
Lappin attended University College Dublin and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and served as a research fellow at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. She completed her preliminary general surgery residency at The Medical Center of Delaware and a general surgery residency at The University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston. She performed her transplant fellowship within the Division of Immunology and Organ Transplantation at The University of Texas Medical School. Having spent time at the University of Minnesota with Dr. David Sutherland, a pioneer in solid organ pancreas transplantation, Lappin strives to expand the pancreas program, with particular emphasis on the combined use of simultaneous live kidney and deceased donor pancreas transplantation for patients with abnormal renal function.
Lappin will serve as surgical director for the pancreas transplantation program and Bhamidipati V.R. Murthy, MBBS, MD, DM, will serve as medical director. Additionally, Kanae Ishihara, MD is joining the pancreas transplantation team.
St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital Cooley Transplant Center continues to develop new approaches to treat patients with organ failure and enhance their quality of life. St. Luke's, home of the Texas Heart Institute, is world-renowned for the nation's first successful heart transplant. Additionally, the largest liver transplant program in Houston's Texas Medical Center, the team has performed more than 1,000 liver transplants since 1998, making St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital Cooley Transplant Center one of the premier centers in the country*. The program's liver transplant survival rate—the best indicator of the program's success—is the highest in Houston. St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital Cooley Transplant Center's one year adult patient survival rate is 94.98 percent, statistically significantly higher than the national 88.72 percent expected survival rate. With the addition of pancreas transplantation, St. Luke's offers a robust, comprehensive multi-organ transplant program.
*Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) srtr.org
Return to News and Events.
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Where to go and enjoy the sun in Lincolnshire this weekend
Posted: July 19, 2013|
There is plenty to do for families and party goers looking to make the most of the summer sun across Lincolnshire this weekend.
1) If it is the east coast you fancy for a day on the beach, we would recommend either Skegness or Mablethorpe. Both resorts boast a blend of long sandy beaches and a plethora of facilities for the kids.
2) Inland, why not spend a day at Jubilee Park in Woodhall Spa? One of the most beautiful villages in the county, crowds flock at weekends to the famous outdoor pool, so travel early to avoid traffic congestion.
3) Alternatively, a cheap and simple day out can be had at Hartsholme Park in Lincoln. Beautiful lakes, nature walks and a café make this an ideal activity for all family members.
4) There are also plenty sporting fixtures this weekend. Lincoln City travel to Grantham Town for a pre-season encounter on Saturday (ko 3pm).
5) For the cricket fans among you, our advice would be to head to Cross O'Cliff Court to watch title-chasing Bracebridge Heath entertain Spalding in the ECB Lincolnshire Premier League.
6) If you are hoping to enjoy an evening bite to eat or alcoholic beverage as the sun goes down, we would recommend you try either the Carpenters Arms, in Fiskerton, or the Electric Bar in Lincoln.
7) With outdoor seating, the Carpenters Arms, located in Fiskerton High Street, offers good food at reasonable prices.
Click here for further details
8) The Electric Bar, overlooking the Brayford Pool, in Lincoln city centre, is the perfect location to enjoy a deserved alcoholic beverage and good food too.
Click here for further details
Where are you going this weekend? Let us know below.


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Cyclic redundancy checking operations may be performed on a message made up of full words and a partial word. An accumulator value for the cyclic redundancy checking operations may be updated as the full words and partial word are processed. The partial word may be padded with pad bits. The effects of the partial word padding can be removed by performing polynomial division on the accumulator. Polynomial division may be performed using an arrangement where each polynomial division involves half as many bits as its predecessor. Iterative division schemes in which a fixed number of bits are processed in multiple passes may also be used. Hybrid arrangements involving cascaded divisions of different orders and iterative fixed-size division can be used. Unpadded partial words may also be processed using cascaded, iterative, and hybrid schemes.
1. A method for performing cyclic redundancy checking (CRC) on a message containing full words and a partial word, comprising:
padding the partial word with pad bits to create a full word;
computing an unadjusted value of an accumulator using the full words and the padded partial word;
using cascaded divisions each of an order half of its predecessor to compute an adjusted value of the accumulator; and
using the adjusted accumulator value in cyclic redundancy checking operations.
2. The method defined in
3. The method defined in
4. The method defined in
5. The method defined in
6. The method defined in
7. The method defined in
8. The method defined in
9. The method defined in
10. Circuitry that performs polynomial division on a cyclic redundancy check accumulator to convert an unadjusted value of the accumulator to an adjusted value of the accumulator to use in cyclic redundancy check operations, wherein a message containing full words of message bits and a partial word of message bits is padded with a number of pad bits to create a padded message, and wherein the padded message is used to calculate the unadjusted value of the accumulator, comprising:
a plurality of cascaded conditional polynomial division circuits that each conditionally perform polynomial division on the accumulator, wherein the plurality of cascaded conditional polynomial division circuits produce the adjusted value of the accumulator by collectively dividing the unadjusted value of the accumulator by a polynomial of order equal to the number of pad bits.
11. The circuitry defined in
12. The circuitry defined in
13. The circuitry defined in
a conditional divide by x32 circuit that receives the unadjusted value of the accumulator and supplies a corresponding output value;
a conditional divide by x16 circuit that receives the output value from the divide by x32 circuit and supplies a corresponding output value; and
a conditional divide by x8 circuit that receives the output value from the divide by x16 circuit and supplies the adjusted value of the accumulator.
14. The circuitry defined in
15. A method for performing cyclic redundancy checking operations on a message containing full words and a partial word, wherein the words have a word size of w, comprising:
padding the partial word with a number of pad bits to create a full word;
computing a value for a cyclic redundancy check accumulator by, for each word, updating a value for the accumulator using a previous version of the accumulator, wherein updating the value of the accumulator for each word comprises multiplying the previous version of the accumulator by a polynomial having an order w, wherein the multiplication is performed modulo g, where g is a generator polynomial, and by adding the multiplied previous version of the accumulator to that word, wherein the addition is performed modulo g; and
further updating the value of the accumulator by using a plurality of cascaded conditional polynomial division circuits to divide the accumulator formed by the multiplication and addition by a polynomial of order p, where p is the number of pad bits.
16. The method defined in
17. A method for performing cyclic redundancy checking operations on a message containing full words and a partial word, wherein the words have a word size of w, and wherein calculations are performed on a cyclic redundancy checking accumulator with polynomial multiplication and addition using a generator polynomial g, the method comprising:
initializing the cyclic redundancy checking accumulator;
for each of the full words, updating the accumulator by multiplying the accumulator's previous value by a polynomial of order w (xw) mod(g); and
after the full words have been processed, using a plurality of cascaded partial cyclic redundancy checking stages to process the partial word to update the accumulator to a final value, wherein using the plurality of cascaded partial cyclic redundancy checking stages comprises multiplying the accumulator's previous value by a polynomial of order q (xq) mod (g) and adding ŵi mod g, where q represents how many valid bits are present in the partial word and where ŵi represents the q valid bits in the partial word.
18. The method defined in
19. The method defined in
using the first stage to process 32 bits of the partial word;
using the second stage to process 16 bits of the partial word; and
using the third stage to process 8 bits of the partial word.
20. The method defined in
constructing a codeword from the message bits and the final value of the accumulator; and
transmitting the codeword from a first integrated circuit to a second integrated circuit over a communications path.
This invention relates to error checking, and more particularly, to ways in which to perform cyclic redundancy checking on data packets of variable lengths.
Error-detecting code techniques such as cyclic redundancy checking (CRC) techniques are commonly used in data communications and other applications in which it is desired to check whether data has been corrupted. In a typical scenario, data to be transmitted (called a "message") is encoded by performing CRC operations. During CRC operations, message bits are processed to generate corresponding parity bits (also sometimes called a CRC checksum). The parity bits are appended to the message bits to form code words.
Each codeword is transmitted over the communications link and is received by appropriate receiver circuitry at a remote circuit. The receiver circuitry performs the same type of CRC calculations on the codewords that were performed at the receiver. The resulting calculations are then evaluated to determine whether the transmitted data has been corrupted. With one approach, the parity bits from the receiver are compared to newly calculated parity bits to determine whether they match as expected. If the CRC operations performed at the receiver reveal that the computed parity bits do not match the parity bits that were transmitted as part of the codeword, then appropriate actions can be taken. For example, the receiver can ask the transmitter to resend the data.
Sometimes CRC functionality is used locally. For example, CRC techniques may be used to check whether data has been corrupted on a local hard disk drive. With this type of arrangement, CRC operations are performed before data is stored in the drive and when the stored data is being retrieved.
To calculate the parity bits for a message, the message bits are treated as the coefficients of a polynomial. During CRC processing, the polynomial is divided by another polynomial called the generator (g) using polynomial division. The remainder of this polynomial division becomes the parity bits.
In low data-rate environments, it is possible to compute parity bits on incoming message bits by processing each bit one at a time. A running value (the accumulator "A") is computed as each bit is received. After the last message bit has been processed, the value of the accumulator A is equal to the desired remainder (i.e., the desired parity bits).
At higher data rates, it is desirable to handle message bits in batches (bytes), typically of 8 bits. With this type of scheme, the message bits are processed 8 bits at a time. Each 8 bits that are processed result in an update to the value of the accumulator A. When an entire packet of message bits (i.e., an entire message) has been processed, the value of the accumulator represents the parity bits for the message. Because packets of message bits typically have bit lengths that are integral multiples of 8, this type of scheme is generally satisfactory, so long as the data rate is not too high.
At even higher data rates, further increases in CRC throughput are needed. As a results, CRC arrangements have been developed that handle data in larger batches. For example, CRC arrangements have been developed that handle message data in 64-bit (8-byte) batches. When messages have lengths that are multiples of 8 bytes, a single CRC circuit can be used to handle the functions associated with calculating the accumulator A. For example, if a message is 128 bits long, this CRC circuit could make two calculations—one to calculate an initial value of A based on the first 8 bytes and one to calculate the final value of A based on the initial value of A and the next 8 bytes. A message that is 256 bits long could be treated similarly using the CRC circuit to calculate the initial value of A and then updating this value three times using the same CRC circuit.
As the size of the "batch" in which the message bits increases, however, it becomes increasingly less realistic to expect all message to have a length that is an integral multiple of the batch size. Thus it is generally not practical or desirable to require that all messages have a length that is an exact multiple of 64 bits (i.e., only full 64-bit words). This has resulted in the use of special length-dependent CRC circuits, each of which is designed to handle the CRC operations associated with a particular length of data.
In a situation in which CRC operations are performed on eight bytes of the message at a time, it is typically necessary for CRC processing circuitry to include 8 special length-dependent CRC circuits for calculating the accumulator. Each of these eight length-dependent CRC circuits handles a different one of the eight possible message-length scenarios. If the length of the message is an integral number of 64-bit words, a first CRC circuit is used to update the accumulator as the message is processed. If, however, the length of the message is not an integral number of 64-bit words and the end of the message contains a partial word, the message bits in the partial word can be handled by an appropriate one of the remaining CRC circuits. For example, if a partial word at the end of the message contains three bytes of data, a special three-byte CRC circuit may be used to perform the final accumulator update. A partial word can contain anywhere from one byte to seven bytes of data, so seven of the eight length-dependent CRC circuits are used to handle accumulator updating operations in each of these seven conditions.
With this type of parallel CRC arrangement the number of CRC subcircuits that are required to perform CRC operations scales linearly with the number of possible partial word lengths, resulting in the consumption of significant resources.
It would be desirable to be able to handle messages containing partial words more efficiently.
In accordance with the present invention, methods and apparatus are provided for performing cyclic redundancy checking operations. Packets of data to be processed are called messages. Each message includes a number of full words and may conclude with a partial word. The partial word may be processed by padding the partial word with a sufficient number of "0" bits or another suitable pattern of pad bits to make up a full word. The full word that has been constructed from the padded partial word can then be processed like a full word.
To remove the effects of padding, polynomial division is performed. During the division operations, a particular form of division modulo g is performed (where g is a generator polynomial). In particular, when dividing A by x, the quantity (A/x) mod g is calculated by checking the coefficient of the x0 term of A (conventionally bit 0), and, if it is 1, adding g to A (using an exclusive-OR operation) and dividing the result by x (i.e., shifting bit 0 out), otherwise, simply dividing A by x. A/xn can be implemented by performing this operation recursively.
During polynomial division, a series of cascaded divisions may be performed to complete the necessary division operations. The amount of polynomial division to be performed depends on the amount of padding that was used. If, for example, 24 pad bits were added to the partial word, polynomial division by a polynomial of order 24 is required. To accommodate a wide range of pad bit configurations without using an excessive amount of division resources, the cascaded divisions can be staggered so that at first w/2 bits are divided, then w/4, and so forth, where w is the number of bits in a full word. This type of approach consumes resources (circuits and/or software) in a way that scales logarithmically with the number of bits to be processed, rather than linearly.
If desired, iterative division schemes may be used in which a fixed number of bits are processed per pass and in which multiple passes are used to complete the desired amount of division. In hybrid schemes, both cascaded divisions and iterative divisions are performed.
Messages with partial words can be processed efficiently without padding by using cascaded partial cyclic redundancy checking stages. Each cascaded stage can process half as many bits as its predecessor, so that the number of stages that are required scales logarithmically rather than linearly with partial word length. Iterative approaches may also be used in which multiple passes are made, each of which processes a fixed number of bits in the partial word. If desired, cascaded and iterative schemes for handling unpadded partial words may be used together in a hybrid arrangement.
Further features of the invention, its nature and various advantages will be more apparent from the accompanying drawings and the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments.
The present invention relates to ways in which to perform cyclic redundancy check (CRC) operations. The functionality for implementing the CRC operations of the present invention may be implemented using hardware (circuitry) and/or software (e.g., code in a microprocessor, configuration data in a programmable logic device, instructions in a digital signal processor, etc.) As an example, the polynomial divisions, multiplications, and additions involved in performing CRC operations may be performed using software and/or using dedicated circuits that perform these functions. The present invention therefore relates to both software and hardware implementations. A CRC circuit may be formed from hardwired logic or from programmable logic (e.g., logic on a programmable logic device that has been configured to perform the functions of the CRC circuit using configuration data).
The present invention may sometimes be described below in the context of arrangements using particular byte and word sizes. This is merely illustrative. Any suitable byte and word sizes may be used if desired.
CRC operations may be used to encode data. A data packet that is encoded during such operations is generally referred to as a "message" or "message bits." The CRC operations performed on the message bits produce corresponding parity bits (sometimes referred to as a CRC checksum or CRC of the message). The message bits and corresponding parity bits are combined to produce codewords. In a typical scenario, the codewords are transmitted to a remote receiver where they are decoded using CRC operations of the same type used during encoding operations. In particular, the CRC decoder at the receiver may compute a new set of parity bits from the codeword. By comparing the newly-calculated value of the parity bits to the value of the parity bits that was transmitted with the codeword, the receiving circuitry can determine whether the data has been corrupted.
The present invention is generally described in the context of using CRC operations to CRC-encode and error check data to be transmitted over a communications link. The link may be, for example, a high-speed communications link between two boards in a system rack. This is, however, merely one illustrative arrangement. For example, CRC operations may be performed prior to storing data on a hard drive. When the data is retrieved, the parity bits can be compared against newly-calculated parity bits to determine whether the data was corrupted during storage. If desired, the CRC functionality of the invention may be used in other contexts as well.
A typical system environment in which CRC operations may be performed before and after transmission of data over a communications link is shown in
The data packets produced by logic 12 may be referred to as messages. Circuitry 16 processes the message bits from logic 12 using CRC functions to produce parity bits. Circuitry 16 may also perform other functions (e.g., insertion of idle codes, clock compensation characters, packet information, etc.).
Circuitry 16 may combine the message bits and CRC parity bits to form codewords. With one suitable arrangement, the message bits are padded with zeros or another known pattern of pad bits and the parity bits are appended to the padded message to form the codewords. A relatively small number of CRC polynomial division circuits (or look-up tables in software implementations) may be used during computation of the parity bits from the padded message. With one suitable approach, the number of CRC circuits that is used to handle partial words scales logarithmically with the number of possible partial word sizes. With another suitable approach, a single CRC dividing circuit may be used repeatedly, in an iterative fashion. If desired, hybrid arrangements may be used that include one or more cascaded conditional division circuits for handling certain partial word sizes in conjunction with recursive dividing circuit arrangements.
At circuit 24, CRC circuitry and other receiver circuitry 20 receives the codewords from path 18. The CRC circuitry 20 may compute the parity bits corresponding to the messages. The parity bit portion of each codeword can then be compared to each newly-generated version of these parity bits. If there is match, it can be concluded that the message was not corrupted, and logic 22 can use the received data. If there is not a match, the data has been corrupted. If desired, error checking can be performed by calculating the parity bits from the codeword (i.e., both the message bits and the original parity bits) and checking whether these parity bits are zero (or another known value). The receiver circuitry 20 or other suitable circuitry on integrated circuit 24 may take appropriate action when an error is detected such as requesting that the transmitter resend the data, etc. (Resend requests and other data may be sent from integrated circuit 24 using transmitter circuitry and may be received by integrated circuit 14 using receiver circuitry.)
Illustrative steps involved in performing CRC operations using the equipment of system 10 are shown in
As shown in
If desired, other processing may also be performed during step 28 before the CRC is computed. For example, the circuitry 16 may invert some of the data after the initial message bits. Inverting the data in this way helps to avoid confusion by making it possible to discriminate between a faulty transmitter and the intentional transmission of a large number of logic "0s." With one suitable approach, the first k-n bits may be inverted where n is the length of the codewords and k is the number of message bits in the message (i.e., where k-n is the length of the CRC). The k-n message bits need only be inverted for purposes of performing the CRC computation of the parity bits. The message bits being transmitted over link 18 need not be inverted. Codewords are formed by adding the parity bits that have been computed to the end of each message. The codewords may then be transmitted to the receiver.
As shown in
In the example of
Circuitry 16 (
After the message has been padded, CRC operations may be performed. During these operations, the effect of the pad bits can be removed by dividing by xp (i.e., x24 in this example) using polynomial division.
The parity bit calculations on the padded message may be performed using a fixed (but reduced) number of cascaded dedicated CRC divider circuits (or, in software, look-up tables), by using a single divider circuit (or look-up table) that is used in multiple passes in an iterative fashion, or using a hybrid approach that uses both cascaded CRC division and an iterative arrangement.
During CRC operations, parity bits are calculated by updating a value of a CRC accumulator A. When the update to A that is based on the final word (w4 in this example) has been computed, the calculation of A is complete, and an inverted version of that value of A may be appended to the message to form the codeword, as shown by the illustrative codeword 42 in
After the codeword has been transmitted to the receiver and received, the receiver may process the codeword to calculate a syndrome (using the same types of processing and polynomial operations that were used at the transmitter). The syndrome is then compared to a known (precalculated) syndrome to determine whether there is a match. If the newly calculated syndrome matches the known syndrome, the receiver can conclude that the data has not be corrupted during transmission.
During CRC operations at the receiver, the same padding technique that was used at the transmitter may be used to convert any trailing partial word to a complete word. In the example of
A flow chart of illustrative steps involved in performing CRC operations at the transmitter using a partial-word padding scheme in accordance with the present invention is shown in
At step 46, preparations are made for processing the message by initializing the value of the accumulator A. The value of the accumulator A may, for example be set to "1" for all of its bits (all 32 bits in this example). A counter i may be set to 0.
At step 48, the CRC circuitry at the transmitter obtains the word wi.
At step 49, the circuitry 16 (
If wi is not the last word, at step 50, the accumulator is updated using equation 1.
In equation 1, g is the generator polynomial, "*" denotes polynomial multiplication (i.e., appending "0s" in this example), and "+" denotes polynomial addition (i.e., addition mod (2)).
At step 52, the counter i is incremented and control loops back to step 48, as indicated by line 51.
If it was determined at step 49 that wi is the last word, the process continues at step 58. If the word obtained at step 48 was a partial word, padding operations are performed at step 58. During step 58, the partial trailing word of the message is converted into a full, padded word to facilitate subsequent processing.
At step 60 (
At step 62, the effect of the pad bits is removed from the accumulator using equation 2, where p is the number of pad bits.
At step 64, the codeword is computed by adding the value of A to the message (e.g., by appending −A to the message).
The codeword that is constructed at step 64 may be sent to the receiver circuitry 20 (
Illustrative steps involved in using the receiver circuitry 20 to receive and evaluate the transmitted codeword for possible data corruption are shown in
At step 68, the codeword is received from the transmitter.
At step 70, the accumulator A and counter i are initialized.
At step 72, the CRC circuitry at the receiver obtains the word wi from the received codeword.
At step 73, circuitry 20 performs a test to determine whether the word wi that has been obtained is the last word.
If wi is not the last word, the accumulator is updated using equation 1 at step 74.
At step 75, the counter is incremented by one.
The process then loops back to step 72, as indicated by line 80.
If at step 73 it was determined that the word obtained at step 72 was the last word, padding operations are performed at step 82 if the last word is partial. During step 82, the partial trailing word of the message is converted into a full, padded word to facilitate subsequent processing.
At step 84, the accumulator is updated using equation 1.
At step 86, the effect of the pad bits is removed from the accumulator using equation 2, where p is the number of pad bits. The value of A computed during step 86 may be referred to as the syndrome.
At step 88, the value of A (the computed syndrome of step 86) may be compared to a precalculated (expected) syndrome value. If there is a match, circuitry on the receiving integrated circuit 24 (e.g., logic 22) can use the received message bits as regular, uncorrupted data (see line 90). If there is not a match, the receiving integrated circuit can take actions suitable when there is data corruption (line 92). For example, the receiving integrated circuit may ask the transmitting integrated circuit to resend the message.
Both the transmitter circuitry 16 and receiver circuitry remove the effects of the pad bits by performing polynomial division (step 62 of
Illustrative circuitry 94 that may be used in circuitry 16 and 20 to perform the polynomial division operations of steps 62 and 86 is shown in
The cascaded division circuits 96, 98, and 100 of
When w=64 and b=8 as in the present example, P ranges from 0 to 7. As a result, circuit 96 removes 0 or 4 pad bytes, circuit 98 removes 0 or 2 pad bytes, and circuit 100 removes 0 or 1 pad byte. Only three division circuits (or their software counterparts) are needed to adjust the accumulator value A to accommodate the effects of the pad bytes.
An iterative division arrangement that may used to perform the operations of equation 2 is shown in
If desired, a hybrid approach may be used to remove pad bytes, as shown in
The number of partial CRC stages that are used in a CRC environment in which padding is not used may also be reduced using cascaded partial CRC stages, each of which has an order that is half as much as the preceding stage. Illustrative steps involved in using this type of cascaded approach to calculate a CRC accumulator are shown in
At step 132, the accumulator A and counter i may be initialized.
At step 134, the word wi may be obtained from the message.
At step 135, a test may be performed to determine whether wi is the last word of the message and, if wi is the last word, whether wi is a partial word or a full word.
If wi is not the last word, at step 136, A may be updated using equation 3.
At step 138, the counter i may be incremented by one. The process may then loop back to step 134, as shown by line 142.
If wi is the last word, the step taken following step 135 depends on whether or not wi is a partial word or is a full word. If wi is the last word of the message and is a complete (non-partial) word, the value of the accumulator A is updated a final time using equation 3 at step 148. The accumulator calculations are then complete and the value of the accumulator may be used as the parity bits to add to the codeword (at the transmitter) or may be compared to the predetermined syndrome value (at the receiver), shown as step 146 in
In equation 4, q is the number of valid bits in the partial word and ŵi is made up of the q valid bits in the partial word wi.
A cascaded series of partial CRC stages (or their software counterparts based on look-up tables) may be used in the transmitter and receiver circuitry to implement the partial-word accumulator calculations of step 144 of
To reduce the amount of resources needed to implement the CRC circuitry for performing the operations of step 144 of
If desired, a single iterative CRC stage may be used to perform the functions of
The foregoing is merely illustrative of the principles of this invention and various modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
Patent Citations
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text:
Secret Life of the American Teenager
Watch Sneak Peeks From Secret Life Season 3, Episode 21: "Young at Heart"
Last week we totally swooned when Ricky finally admitted his love for Amy (even though his unfaithful cat is about to come out of the bag) and cringed when it looked like Ben was having second thoughts about his marital/new baby bliss combo with Adrian.
However, in this first preview clip we're seeing a completely different side of Benny. He's happy. Like, really happy. Granted, Leo just showed him all he stands to inherit when he dies and Ben is officially crowned Sausage King, but we get the feeling that this excessive happiness is due to something else. Only time will tell...
Amy may not be ready to confront cheating Ricky just yet, but she sure is giving him the cold shoulder. Amy's so distant that she's got Ricky begging her to move in with him. Say what?! Play those mind games girl, we love the drama!
Meanwhile, Adrian is busy planing the nicest wedding Grant High has seen
since Amy and Ben's nuptials and new BFF Grace doesn't seem to be enjoying her maid of honor-esque duties. Grace is usually so sweet and demure, but when Adrian falls in love with a wedding dress that can't fit around her growing baby bump, she tells it like it is. Be careful Grace, you're dealing with a pregnant bride after all!
Be sure to tune in and catch Season 3, Episode 21: "Young at Heart" on Monday, May 9 at 8 p.m. ET on ABC Family.


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|calendar>>February 21. 2014 Juche 103
Halt to S. Korean Authorities' Crackdown upon Unified Progressive Party Called for
| Pyongyang, February 21 (KCNA) -- Koreans in the U.S. on Feb. 7 staged demonstrations in New York and Los Angeles urging the south Korean authorities to stop the crackdown upon the Unified Progressive Party, according to Minjok Thongsin, internet paper of Koreans in the U.S.
The participants charged that after the truth behind the case of illegal interference by the Intelligence Service (IS) of south Korea in the election was disclosed, IS is busying itself suppressing the party in a bid to get rid of the crisis.
It made heavy penalties demanded for progressive politicians with the fabricated and distorted evidence in collusion with the prosecution, terming the party a political party plotting rebellion, they said.
They strongly protested against the crackdown upon the opposition party, holding slogan boards "Abolish the Security Law" and "Plotted Rebellion was Fabricated".
Copyright (C) KOREA NEWS SERVICE(KNS) All Rights Reserved.


text:
WEST POINT, N.Y. – Junior guard R.J. Evans (Salem, Conn.) totaled 18 points, five assists and three rebounds, but the Holy Cross men's basketball team was defeated by Army 74-68 at Christl Arena. The Black Knights were led by Ella Ellis with 26 points and five rebounds. Holy Cross falls to 8-12 overall and 2-4 in the Patriot League with the loss, while Army improves to 10-11 on the season and 3-3 in the conference.
The Black Knights shot 54.5 percent from the field on the night (24 of 44), while holding a 28-12advantage in free throw attempts. Holy Cross did force Army to commit 20 turnovers in the game, but also had 19 turnovers of its own.
Army started the game hot, jumping out to an early 12-2 lead after the first four minutes of play. The Black Knights were still up by nine (15-6) at the 13-minute mark, when the Crusaders went on a 12-0 run to claim their first lead of the night. Holy Cross eventually led by seven points (26-19), before Army came back to tie the score at 33-33 heading into the locker room.
The Black Knights were back in front 46-45 early in the second half, when the Crusaders used a 7-0 spurt to regain the lead. But Army came right back with a 14-0 run of its own, and led 60-52 with 7:27 left to play. Holy Cross was able to trim the margin down to two points (63-61) when senior guard Devin Brown (Baltimore, Md.) hit a three-point field goal with 5:16 remaining, before the Black Knights scored the next 10 points and went on to post a six-point victory.
Brown finished the game with 12 points and two steals, while sophomore forward Dave Dudzinski (Elburn, Ill.) added nine points and five rebounds. Jordan Springer posted 18 points and eight rebounds for Army.
The Crusaders return to action on Saturday, Jan. 28, when they play host to Colgate at 5:00 p.m.


text:
I'm thankful for a lot of things. A lot of things. But this year I'm exceptionally thankful that I didn't need to spend much of turkey day updating a story like the Mumbai terror attacks.
A year ago today, terrorists launched a three-day siege of the historic Indian city that left 173 dead. Among the terrorists' targets was the Mumbai Chabad house.
That weekend, I attended a memorial service for the Chabad rabbi and rebbetzin who were murdered in the attack. Here's a reflection:
I spoke with a Chabad rabbi who went to school with Gavriel back in New York and with a scholar who had celebrated Shabbat at the Mumbai Chabad house the Friday before the attacks, but most the people there were simply grabbed by the power of the Holtzbergs' story, by the personal mission that caused the young couple to relocate after marrying in 2003 to a foreign land—to, as one speaker said, "the spread of good and the destruction of evil."
Despite the circumstances, the mood at the memorial was upbeat. And I was surprised to hear so many times the exhortation that Jewish men put on tefillin to honor Gavriel's legacy and that they create a kosher house for Rivkah. I'm still amazed with how Rabbi Holtzberg and his rebbetzin have come to serve as the public faces of this tragedy. From everything I've heard about the couple, I think they'd be a bit embarrassed by all the attention. But so many Jews, and non-Jews too, felt like the attacks were an attack on them personally; when one suffers, we all suffer.
"All of the Jewish people are connected. They are part of us," Marilyn Greenberg, 71 and of no relation, told me at the service. "A young family, doing work for Klal Yisroel—and they were killed because they were Jewish. There wasn't any other reason."
With that in mind, it's been nice to have a quite Thanksgiving—and to just be able to give thanks.
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text:
The following is an archive of a post made to our
'vox mailing list'
by one of its subscribers.
The spam seems to go only to the few accounts on my contacts list.
I think my screen got scraped on an infected Win XP box.
--- On Mon, 5/17/10, Bill Kendrick <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote:
> From: Bill Kendrick <firstname.lastname@example.com>
> Subject: Re: [vox] (no subject)
> To: "LUGOD's general discussion mailing list" <firstname.lastname@example.com>
> Date: Monday, May 17, 2010, 11:53 AM
> On Mon, May 17, 2010 at 09:48:42AM
> -0700, Marc Hasbrouck wrote:
> > [an URL]
> I've contacted Marc to find out what's up.� (Guessing
> the
> random post to 'vox' and other lists might be due to a
> virus,
> or a break-in to his Yahoo! mail account.� I doubt
> he's suddenly
> spamming the list manually, since he's been part of LUGOD
> for
> 9 years :) )
> -bill!
> _______________________________________________
> vox mailing list
> email@example.com
> http://lists.lugod.org/mailman/listinfo/vox
vox mailing list
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"Linux" is a trademark of Linus Torvalds.


text:
Your favorite champagne lover (yes, that can mean you) will flip for these fab figs. Handmade in small batches using perfectly ripened black mission figs, creamy white chocolate ganache, and a bit of bubbly, they're the excuse to crack open that bottle you've been saving for a special occasion. These simple indulgences arrive individually wrapped and can be frozen for up to six months...if they make it to the freezer. Unwrap, and let the bubbles pop and sparks fly.
Items are guaranteed to arrive by Friday, May 10.
Includes 6 individually wrapped figs. Enjoy within 3 weeks of arrival; refrigerate for up to 3 months or freeze for up to 6 months.
Ingredients: dried black Mission figs, white chocolate (sugar, cocoa butter, whole milk powder, emulsifier: soy lecithin, natural vanilla), cream, champagne.
This product has no reviews yet. Be the first to review this product. Write a review
Enjoy 10% off your first order*


text:
Gel Streaking
I have been getting some streaking in my gels. I initially thought it was degradation, but have had the same result using fresh material. My PCR reactions are 20 microliters and I load about 2 or 3 microliters. Does anyone know what could be causing this?
Thanks a bunch!
Re: Gel Streaking
Hi Lisa,
welcome to the site. Can you post an image of the gel?
Sounds like a buffer or gel issue. Have you tried another buffer TAE or TBE / fresher buffer? What about gel voltage, you may be heating up your gel, is it hot when it comes out?
Re: Gel Streaking
I am also facing the same problem of vertical streaks which are clearly visible between the DNA and RNA bands on the gel, the gel was not hot but i ran the samples for 20 minute at 150V,I used TBE buffer for this, I am a beginner so needs appropriate guidance that what can be the probable reason for it, may I use the same DNA samples for PCR or they have some degradation or other sort of abnormality in them?
Re: Gel Streaking
People,I have also been getting streaking in my gel......i am using qPCR and loading the PCR products in a gel gives me streaking near the wells .......is there a problem in the reaction or the gel???
thanks in advance
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text:
Narrow your search
It's another win for Google -- Boston city employees make the switch to some of the search giant's business services.
Today is the ninth annual Safer Internet Day, a European initiative designed to "make the Internet a safer and better place."
There's a little panic over the fact that Bing's market share dropped last month, but you have to remember folks, Bing is young. Rafe puts it in perspective for us. Also Kindle gets a price cut and goes worldwide, yo. That's big.
Don Reisinger thinks Google needs to move quickly to fix YouTube. If it doesn't, it better kill it before it gets out of hand.


text:
Abbreviation of "Okay G-unit". Largely used by white people. Alternative of simple saying "ok". Mostly said in a text format (msn, or sms messages) although is used when talking.
Origins New Zealand.
Origins New Zealand.
Someone else: "I will be around in twenty minutes."
You: "kg"
You: "kg"
লিখেছেন- FalczPwndYa 6 de সেপ্টেমবার de 2009
Kevin Garnett's nickname. A.K.A. "The Big Ticket" and "The Kid". Kevin Garnett is a professional basketball player playing for Minesota Timberwolves.Super versatile and tallented, Kevin Garnett can play any position on the court. With two MVP titles(2003 & 2004) he is known as the most dominating Power Forward in the NBA right now.
KG has been nominated for the MVP title again.
লিখেছেন- V.K. 27 de মে de 2006
A.K.A. Kevin Garnett. One of the best players in the league right now. Got the MVP and is gon stay gettin the MVP. He also plays for the best team ever-the Minnesota Timberwolves.
KG is gon bust every team. KG 4 MVP
লিখেছেন- Happyness 8 de মে de 2004
Best basketball player in the modern era will fuck up anyone who stands in his way........looks like dmx
KG is MVP of the year folks
লিখেছেন- Lakers_Bizatch 9 de মে de 2004
The fucking greatest basketball player ever
KG fucking rocks.
লিখেছেন- YO DAADA 25 de এপ্রিল de 2004
Tall MVP type basketball player, often times warrants league MVP award. Might be first player with the ability to be an All Star at 4 different positions.
When I grow up I hope I can be just like KG.
লিখেছেন- LakerSunSpurSucKid 11 de অগাস্ট de 2003


text:
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Profile: Beach-city complex Location: Central Atlantic coast between Melbourne and West Palm Beach, 125 miles north of Miami Elevation: 11 Time zone: Eastern Standard Time
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The towns of Port St. Lucie and Fort Pierce are among several that make up the south end of the so-called "Treasure Coast," named for old Spanish shipwrecks lying off the coast. These are smaller, comfortable, more laid-back residential communities than the bustling beach cities farther south. Port St. Lucie is a small, business-friendly but largely nondescript community just south and inland from Fort Pierce along U.S. 1.
Growth is rapid, as is redevelopment as the town makes the transition from a sleepy backwater to a preferred small town destination. Employers include QVC, Tropicana and a Wal-Mart distribution center, but the area in general doesn't have a lot of high paying jobs. Fort Pierce shares the story with a little more historic interest and typical beachfront amenities. Entertainment is provided by baseball spring-training camps, golf, water sports and the study and viewing of wildlife. The area is still less crowded and affected by sprawl problems than those areas to the south, but it's also far from services such as healthcare and air transportation. The long commute times reflect distances from jobs rather than congestion.
The landscape consists of a barrier island and coastal plain—topography typical of Florida's coastal cities. There is extensive agriculture, tropical trees, and vegetation inland. Lake Okeechobee is 40 miles to the southwest. The subtropical coastal climate is pleasant year-round. Summer temperatures are tempered by ocean breezes and by the frequent formation of afternoon cumulus clouds and showers. Temperatures of 90 degrees have occurred in all months but seldom reach 100. There is some hurricane risk, but the area is north of the major hurricane tracks.
As of 2014, Stuart's population is 15,653 people. Since 2000, it has had a population growth of 11.86 percent.
The median home cost in Stuart is $97,000. Home appreciation the last year has been 11.70 percent.
Compared to the rest of the country, Stuart's cost of living is 13.40% Lower than the U.S. average.
Stuart public schools spend $11,899 per student. The average school expenditure in the U.S. is $12,435. There are about 17.3 students per teacher in Stuart.
The unemployment rate in Stuart is 5.70 percent(U.S. avg. is 6.30%). Recent job growth is Positive. Stuart jobs have Increased by 3.69 percent.
Ranked #55 America's Best and Worst Cities for Crime (Mid-Size Metro Areas)Ranked #100 Best Green CitiesRanked #163 2005 Best Places to LiveSee More Rankings Click Here
Average Commute time is 18 minutes. The National Average is 25 minutes.
Stuart's Real Estate Market (click to see properties) • Newly Listed Homes • Most Expensive Listing • Million Dollar Houses • Homes from $750,001 to $1,000,000 • Homes from $500,001 to $750,000 • Homes from $250,000 to $500,000 • Homes under $250,000 • Median Priced Homes
Schools: Many people are moving to the area because Martin County schools are rated higher then the surrounding... (read more)Stuart Florida : Sweet place to live. Most of our neighbor's and us get together always informally to sit on each others patios and chat. The Children all play together and are free to... (read more)Becoming a bit more difficult to live here: Quite apart from the past and future hurricanes, (we've had three pass right over us last two seasons), cost-of-living issues and, particularly for my profession, home... (read more)Have an opinion about Stuart? Leave a commentTo See All SperlingViews for Stuart Click Here