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|Print version
Related Links
|Adding Value to Your Interface by Using Simple Math and Matching
Background Links
|Fitts' law (Wikipedia)
|Hick's law (Wikipedia)
|Power Law of Practice in UsabilityFirst glossary
By Gerd Waloszek, SAP User Experience, SAP AG – August 5, 2009
When a colleague of mine attended a workshop organized by the Nielsen Norman group in London, she took part in a tutorial held by Bruce Tognazzini, or Tog for short. Among others, Tog presented Fitts' law (also known as Fitts's law) and was eager to mention that he probes job applicants on this law (as you can imagine, if you fail the "Tog test" you can forget about working for the NN group...).
My colleague had not heard of Fitts' law before and was curious to know whether she was the only one with this gap in her knowledge. Back at work, she probed her colleagues for Fitts' law in a team meeting. None of them had heard of it either – even those with a background in psychology. Then she asked me. Yes, I had heard of the law, but what I recalled was something different, namely Hick's law. I assume that similar gaps abound outside of SAP. Therefore, I would like to offer a short refresher of Fitts' law and include two other "classics," Hick's law and the power law of practice.
According to Wikipedia, "Fitts' law still remains one of the few hard, reliable predictive models in human-computer interaction." In short it says:
Fitts published his law in two articles (Fitts, 1954; Fitts and Peterson, 1964). The formula is best known in the "Shannon" formulation proposed by Scott and McKenzie:
T = time to complete the movement; D = distance to center of target; W = width of target in the direction of the motion; a and b are constants.
One might interpret this formula as follows: In order to achieve the same movement speed, the target width has to be increased according to the distance of the target (see figure 1). More details are given in Wikipedia.
Figure 1: Demonstration of Fitts' law
In the 1980s, Fitts' law was extended to graphical user interfaces. Here, the user's task is to move the mouse cursor and position it over an on-screen target, such as a button (Fitts' law can model both point-and-click and drag-and-drop actions). In its original and strictest form, however, the law:
The first restriction was dealt with in the Accot-Zhai steering law, which extends Fitts' law to two dimensions (see the Wikipedia article for details).
But what is the use of a law if we cannot apply it? Therefore, we had better assume that it is also valid for pointing with the mouse. According to Wikipedia, some consequences for user-interface design include:
Tog and other Apple Macintosh pioneers like to tell the story of why the Apple Macintosh menu bar solution is superior to the window-based menu bars in Windows. On the Mac, there is only one menu bar at the top edge of the screen, which reflects the active application. In Windows, however, each window has a menu bar of its own. Because the Mac menu bar is at the edge of the screen, menu items can be selected much faster than in Windows – you simply "slam" the cursor against the edge of the screen.
Popup menus, such as context menus, which are opened with the right mouse button, have the additional advantage that functionality can be offered not only "in-place" but also selectively. A long time ago, I called this the "locality" principle. However, popup menus, which are opened using small trigger icons, are not a good design choice, at least when seen from a Fitts' law perspective. Also note that Fitts' law tells us that the usual linear popup menus are not optimal – pie menus are better. However, the only pie menu that I know of is offered by the Logitech mouse driver (see figure 2; note that the menu items do not extend to the edge of the screen). I must admit that I have never used it.
Figure 2: Pie menu
Hick's law deals with the time needed to choose between alternatives of equal probability. Originally, the law was targeted at simple motor decisions, such as hitting a number key on a numerical keypad or hitting a "yes" or "no" button in a psychological experiment. In short, Hick's law says:
That sounds rather hard to understand. Somewhat oversimplified, one might say:
The formula is:
T = average reaction time required to choose between n equally probable alternatives; b is a constant.
By the way, the "plus one" is due to the fact that a decision about "no key" is also a decision. More details are given in Wikipedia.
Hick's law is similar in form to Fitts' law because both laws have their roots in information theory. An intuitive argument for the logarithmic form of Hick's law is that people subdivide the total set of choices into binary categories: At each step, they eliminate about half of the remaining choices, rather than consider the choices one by one, which would require a linear amount of time (from Wikipedia, adapted).
|# Choices
|Relative Time
Table 1: Relationship between time and number of choices
As already mentioned, Hick's law can be applied to hitting keys on a keyboard, where each key has the same probability of being a target.
Hick's law is sometimes also used to justify menu designs. However, applying the model to menus must be done with care: The order of the commands plays an important role as to which strategy people use. For example, to find a given word in a randomly ordered word list – in this case, the name of a command in a menu – requires each word in the list to be scanned. This strategy consumes linear time; thus, Hick's law does not apply here. Whereas, if the list is in alphabetical order, users may use a subdividing strategy and only need logarithmic time (from Wikipedia, adapted).
The power law of practice states that
*) I found this formulation in the UsabilityFirst glossary. Personally, however, I would not characterize such a decay as an exponential one. For me, "exponential" means a decay by the same factor for each time step (for example, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, etc.), that is, not "n to the power of a constant" but "a constant to the power of n."
Regrettably, Wikipedia's article on the power law of practice is incomplete, but there are other sources on the Web, such as the UsabilityFirst glossary, where you can find the formula and some details:
T(n) = the time to perform a task after n trials, T(1) = ditto in the first trial, n = the number of trials, a ~ 0.4
Note that according to Wikipedia, Heathcote, Brown, and Mewhort (2000) have suggested that at the individual-level a three-parameter exponential function tends to fit observed data better than a three-parameter power function (so the UsabilityFirst glossary might be right, but it still shows a power law).
The power law of practice can be visualized as a learning curve or "the learning curve effect on performance" (see figure 3):
Figure 3: The power law of practice shown as a so-called learning curve
The quantitative statement of the power law of practice has been applied to a wide variety of different human behaviors: immediate response tasks, motor perceptual tasks, recall tests, text editing, and more high-level, deliberate tasks such as game playing (from University of Michigan, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory: Power law of Practice, adapted).
Because of the decay according to a power function, we can make two observations:
Please note that typical reaction times at the computer are the result of a complex interplay of different, often competing, influences – Fitts' law, Hick's law, and the power law of practice are just some of them.
Further references can be found in the Wikipedia articles.


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The Global FlyFisher - The Largest and Best Place to go for Online Fly Fishing and Fly Tying
Book, video and gear reviews
First published June 11th 2007 - More than 8 years ago
More: New Zealand | Stream | Trout | Book Reviews | Reviews | Videos | Comment
GFF video/DVD review
Trout Bum Diaries - Kiwi Camo - A New Zealand AdventureA New Zealand Adventure
Another high paced production from the crazy people behind the Trout Bum Diaries in Patagonia. This time they travel to famous as well as unknown waters in New Zealand, and as usual everything takes place in an unorderly, anarchistic, punked kind of fashion. Not for all tastes, but we love it!Instructor, narrator, producer etc.: Angling Exploration Group
Reviewed by Martin Joergensen About 56½ minutes into this DVD one of the participants says: "When we woke up in the morning, we had no idea where we were. It kinda looked like we set up camp in some farmer's driveway. We walked down to the river and took a look at it. The first thing we saw was two big browns feeding on the surface. That was a sign that it's probably gonna be a good day."
These wise words occur after a scene where one member is happily trying to repair the broken down van while singing merrily, another member is aimlessly chopping down roadside bushes in the background while the third and fourth are by the river waving a fly rod and recording said words.
The whole incident is followed by a couple of minutes of fantastic fishing after huge browns in some extremely clear and calm pools - very skilfully filmed and edited and accompanied by soothing and laid back music. This scene again cuts to blurry and grainy campfire footage followed by rusty morning voices and a very short cut where an angler inspects a fly while a bungee jumper passes down and up again in the background.
These few scenes and the editing is very typical for the productions of The Angling Exploration Group, who are the team behind this DVD. And this way of mixing everyday scenes like any angler anywhere in the world could have experienced them with hefty action and soothing sequences is the reason I love this DVD.
This new installment brings us to New Zealand (why do these guys pick all the places where I want to - ought to - go?), and again it mixes action, beauty and a grungy, dogma, improv style into a wild journey centered around some fantastic fishing. It makes you want to be there, in spite of sand flies, heat, thirst, too much pasta, sheep, angry locals and broken down cars. Again this type of video footage reminds me much of my own attitude towards fishing and the trips that I take with my mates. We just eat better...
It's a far cry from the run-off-the-mill productions that have been seen coming out of the US for decades. A very welcome breath of fresh air if you ask me, and I'm glad to see that others have picked up the style.
Of course there is a bit of "sequel" feeling to this DVD. The first diaries from Patagonia were really ground breaking, and the new chapter can never have the same impact. But it manages to lift the heritage nicely and delivers what we expect: entertainment. I think this round has a few things going for it, and I get the impression that it has a few more slow parts (in a good way) and a few more moments to linger. That becomes it well. The music is also a bit less frantic and the DVD has several long stretches of ethereal music and uncommented video footage which allow the viewer to relax and really enjoy without being on the edge of the seat. Not that that is bad...
I'm split between a 5-Excellent for being a sequel and a 6-Global Class for being just as good as its predecessor, and I have decided on encouraging AEG into doing more of this by pronouncing this DVD yet another Global Class production.
Buy it! It's a NZ roller coaster ride from minute one.
Book review section
Review section
|More great articles on The Global FlyFisher
|These other stories on "Trout - Content about the most popular fish worldwide" might also interest you:
More about Trout
|A couple of random articles
AquaFly flyboxImagine an iMac of the first generation as a flybox: cool and soft shape, great color and translucent. That's what the AquaFly flyboxes are. GFF partner Martin Joergensen has been using one lately.
March 12th 2005

subset: commoncrawl


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product details-Tab
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(based on 2 reviews)
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Love this tea!! I use it all the time!
By Jes Goodall
from Monroe, Ga
describe yourself Chef, Health Conscious
Best Uses
Comments about Lipton Decaffeinated Iced Tea Bags, Family Size Original, 24 bags:
I boil 2-3 bags for 1 min. with sugar already added to the water, then allow it to steep for 30 mins. Pour in pitcher and add remaining water to make a gallon of wonderful sweet tea.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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(4 of 4 customers found this review helpful)
My fav tea
By Island Girl Sam
from APO, AP
See all my reviews
I use these in a tea maker. I hate the paper pouch and the stapled label for the bag, but love the flavor. Also, as I like my tea on the strong side, I brew a little longer than some people. The bags themselves don't seem to hold up too well. They often break or split, so I have to strain my tea...
For 2 quarts of refreshing iced tea, pour 8 cups boiling water over 2 tea bags and brew 3 to 5 minutes. Sweeten to taste and chill or add ice.
Quick Chill: Pour 4 cups boiling water over 2 tea bags and brew 3 to 5 minutes. Add 4 cups cold water and chill or add ice.


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Hillsborough Commissioner Kevin Beckner speaks with South Tampa constituents
Atecia Robinson
WMNF Drive-Time News Monday | Listen to this entire show:
Elected officials often travel around their districts to hear from a range of citizens. On Friday Hillsborough County Commissioner Keven Becknerheld a sparsely-attended community meeting at the Jan Platt Regional Library in South Tampa.
Only two library employees stopped by to see Commissioner Beckner. He said he started community meetings in 2009 after being elected.
He said a variety of issues were brought to his attention in these meetings.
Coleen Brazier, a former high school teacher, she said she was concerned about the future of public libraries. Beckner said he would try to correct one of her other issues.
In addition to a recent juvenile justice program Commissioner Beckner has worked with the Sheriffâs office on stamping out insurance fraud.
Beckner said Hillsborough has more acts of insurance fraud than any other county in Florida. The Board of County Commissioners unanimously passed an ordinance to deal with the high costs of fraud.
Beckner said Hillsborough County has found that insurance fraud is tied to other criminal activity in the state.
Commissioner Becker will meet with residents again on Friday, December 16 in the Upper Tampa Bay Regional Public Libraryon Country way Blvd in Tampa.comments powered by Disqus


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Smart Bubble Popups or Tooltips with jQuery Bubble Plugin
jQuery Bubble Popup – is a jQuery plugin to display smart and animated 'bubble' popups or tooltips, highly configurable, with a very long list of features and examples.
The plugin support HTML5 and it is fully compatible with IE6+, Firefox, Chrome, Opera, Safari, Webkit based browser (reKonq, Arora) and KHTML based browser (Konqueror).
Examples: HTML image map / Add to shopping cart – e-commerce example.
Main Features:
- create popups or tooltips for any DOM element
- attach popups on the left, top, right or bottom side of the target element
- set vertical or horizontal alignment
- mouseover/mouseout events automatically managed
- set custom popups events
- create smart shadowed popups! (in IE too)
- choose popup's style templates at runtime
- load asynchronously data inside Bubble Popups
- make 'selectable' Bubble Popups
- 'tag' pictures or add a Bubble Popups to image hotspots!
- and more …
The plugin automatically manages popups position when browser window is resized.


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MA to CO and Back: The Anti-Adventure Ride
View Single Post
Hero of the Stupid
Joined: Nov 2006
Location: Adams, MA
Oddometer: 747
OK...back from vacation and back to business...
Short commercial break...if you're ever in the Lake George area with your family and you're looking for that perfect Adirondack Lodge vibe with lots of food and the nicest staff ever...try Canoe Island Lodge...the place is phenomenal and your kids will love you for bringing them there. The owners, Tom and Karla, give every indication of being genuinely great people and Tom's a bike guy so that helps if you're like me and family fun is a lot like torture. I spent my days hoping Tom would let me fix something or put me to work in the garage changing the oil in a tractor or fixing a golf cart. He's a BMW and Harley guy, but don't get him started on his Vespa scooter...he may seem like a "Rocker", but he might just be a "Mod" at heart...I think he really loves this thing. He let me take the scooter for a spin and I could feel myself succumbing to it's dark power...step-thru chassis, plush seat, clutch-less accelleration, and surprisingly fast 300cc motor...it's like your 10 years old and riding your minibike all over again...but without getting electrocuted every time you try to shut it off with that shitty little metal tab that grounds out the spark plug (some of you know what I'm talking about)...I could feel myself turning to the Dark side...my voice sounding just a little bit more like James Earl Jones...somewhere in the distance I heard the Imperial March...these things are just silly fun...but be careful...there's no known cure once you're hooked...I've seen the hardest 1%er go all Rip Taylor over a canary yellow Vespa with a big-bore kit and a pipe...I swear its true. So I promptly returned it before my transformation could become irreversible. The same thing happens everytime I drive a rental minivan. Anyways, great people, great food, phenomenal surroundings...not enough bike guys to talk to...so please book a room for the 4th week of July next year and bring your bike...we can ditch our families after breakfast and go riding in the Adirondacks every day.
BTW...Adirondack Ural is closed...bummer...I was looking forward to visiting them in Chestertown.
OK...OK...I apologize for the paid commercial endorsement...back to Day 3, Nebraska, and gale force winds. Not much more to tell...it was windy...it sucked...we pressed on. At one point, however, Mike started yelling through the headset...a sudden crosswind had blown his tankbag clear off the tank and it was trailing behind like a kite in a windstorm. The only thing that kept it from being lost completely was the little safety strap tied to the bars. It was flapping in the wind wildly and he was trying to wrestle it into submission at 70mph while also maintaining the 30 degree angle needed to continue in a straight line on the highway. We pulled over and regrouped. I've had that magnetic tankbag for 20 years and I've never had it even move - let alone take flight. The winds were fierce.
The winds eventually subsided as we neared the Colorado border.
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Turkey shot, killed by police after attacking children, dog
CORINNE — A turkey who attacked children and a dog in Corinne was shot by a police officer on Saturday.
According to Chief Deputy Kevin Potter of the Box Elder Sheriff's Office, the department received a call about a turkey that was acting strangely when it showed up in a yard where children played.
"The turkey came over and was pecking and scratching at the kids and at the dog, and attacking them," Potter said. "A deputy went out to check on it and found out the turkey was in the attack posture so he shot it."
Potter said turkeys have sharp claws and beaks, and shooting it was the only solution.
"He didn't want himself getting hurt; he didn't want the kids getting hurt," Potter said of the deputy. "He did what he had to do."
Not a wild bird, the turkey was owned by someone in town, Potter said. The owner took care of the remains.
Read more at http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=2753...GVwSkd8wKjh.99
Black Blade: Meanwhile, Chief Deputy Potter explained over a gathering of deputies for turkey sandwiches at the station house, "no department policies were violated" and "you gots to do what you gots to do". (sorry couldn't resist)


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Quebec Climate Change Initiative
Quebec Ponies Up $2.6 Billion to Reduce Carbon Emissions
As reported in Green Car Congress, the Premier of Québec Jean Charest along with the Minister of Sustainable Development Pierre Arcand and Minister of Transport Pierre Moreau recently unveiled the Québec 2013-2020 Action Plan on Climate Change (PACC 2020).
What this plan entails is a $2.6 billion total investment into the province's efforts to wean it from fossil fuels. 63% of the funding will go directly to the transportation sector for efforts such as to encourage the use of hybrid trucks, the purchase of equipment that reduces fossil fuel consumption and the use of alternative fuel-powered vehicles.
Officials expect this new plan to result in the reduction of greenhouse gas levels by 20% below 1990 levels as well as eliminate 6.1 megatons of greenhouse gases from entering the atmosphere by 2020. Ultimately, Québec hopes to drop greenhouse gas emissions by 11.7 megatons.
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Ford getting aggressive in the future of personal transportation.


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5 Things To Like About Obama
As President Barack Obama's second term commences, I thought I'd write about the things I liked in his first term. Here are five:
1) Obama is a great role model — and not simply as a black American who broke racial barriers. Obama is a strong role model for the adult male — a husband who cherishes his wife, a father who nurtures his daughters. Obama has shown the country how a youthful yet mature man takes care of his family.
2) Obama authorized the mission that brought Osama bin Laden to justice.
3) Obama signed the Fair Sentencing Act, which reduced the infamous 100-1 disparity — the federal mandatory minimum sentence for 5 grams of crack cocaine was the same as the sentence for 500 grams of powder cocaine — to 18-1. To some purists, the law didn't go far enough. The 18-1 disparity falls too heavily on African-Americans, who represented 82.7 percent of crack convictions in 2007 — whereas whites and Latinos represented 71.4 percent of powder cocaine offenders. But the measure also ended a mandatory minimum sentence for crack possession — and that represented the first time Washington had terminated a mandatory minimum sentence since Richard Nixon was president.
4) Obama stepped up the Secure Communities program, which allows U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement to cross-check fingerprints from local law enforcement. Thus, though the administration deported close to 400,000 illegal immigrants annually, ICE was able to focus on individuals convicted of crimes.
5) As a candidate, Obama pledged to close the detention facility at Guantanamo Bay. In 2009, the president signed an executive order to close Guantanamo; after bipartisan congressional opposition in 2011, Obama signed an executive order to keep it running. PolitiFact rates Obama's Guantanamo pledge as a "promise broken."
But that's OK. He's a Democrat. So there's only muted outrage from the civil rights community.
When Obama hired Jennifer Daskal, a former Human Rights Watch attorney who had advocated closing Guantanamo, to serve as an attorney at the National Security Division, the right went nuts. Keep America Safe — the former vice president's daughter Liz Cheney is on its board — warned that Daskal and other like-minded attorneys would turn the Department of Justice into the "Department of Jihad."
Daskal moved on from the Justice Department to Georgetown Law. On Jan. 11, she wrote a piece in The New York Times, headlined "Don't Close Guantanamo." Daskal described the prison as a "communal" facility where detainees can "eat, pray and exercise together." Shuttering Gitmo and transferring the remaining detainees to federal penitentiaries, she warned, might isolate them.
You can say goodbye to what Obama once called "the false choice between our security and our ideals." When a Democrat is in the White House, national security comes first; human rights advocates can be co-opted, and drones are king. That's a good thing.
As John Yoo — the University of California, Berkeley law professor who, as a George W. Bush administration attorney, authorized the CIA's use of enhanced interrogation techniques — once told me, "I'm glad they're hypocrites."
Email Debra J. Saunders at: [email protected].
Also see...
Facebook37kTwitter36Email1 This dad punches the crap out of two girls attacking his daughter. Tell me you wouldn't do the same if a pack of thugs were beating on your child....Read More
Debra Saunders
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FacebookTwitterEmail The 2012 congressional redistricting cycle following the 2010 Census is just about over and done with. And it seems


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Hi Folks,
I need a bit of help...
I'm off to France & Germany soon, but I can't find how to convert the lights over. The manual shows a massive switch to do the change over, but I just can't see it....
Can anyone help ?
cj10jeeper wrote:Switch the lights of as else the grim reaper will visit you...
Turn the steering onto lock
Undo the cover under the wheel arch using a coin in the slots
Remove the rear light cover by undoing the wire clip
Remove the cover
Look at the side of the xenon reflector and see a lever. Move it to the opposite position
Replace light rear and wheel arch cover.
2 minutes per side
sapphire_nick wrote:Wierd, I have just gone down to do this myself as I leave for mainland Europe on Thursday and I can't find the lever either. Is it on both sides of the car and is this procedure still relevant for 2007 facelift coupes? There is no mention of being able to do this in the manual so I am not sure if this feature has been removed!? It says that you need to be qualified to do any work on Xenons that is all.
I managed to undo the plastic cover in the wheel arches, but not fully remove the hard plastic light cover under the wired clip.
Not sure what I am doing wrong. Can anyone help??
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Does this work with the Mac Pro 2,1 8 core?
Since I don't see this specific mac mentioned yet, Does this card work in the 2,1?
- Asked by Edgars K from Redmond
ATI Radeon HD 5870 Graphics Upgrade Kit for Mac Pro (Mid 2010 or Early 2009)
Product No Longer Available
1 Answer from the Community
Best Answer:
I broke down and decided to risk it, as people say it works with the 1,1. I replaced my dead X1900 with it, and works like a charm. I have a monitor in the DVI and one of the mini-display ports. I have not tried boot camp, though.
- Answered by Edgars K from Redmond


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Cleve is a Line Producer and Unit Production Manager for theatrical motion pictures and television movies, series and pilots. He recently completed Season 3 of the TNT television series Perception in Los Angeles and consults on other projects.
Cleve currently serves on the DGA National Board and also on the DGA AD/UPM Council. See About Cleve for more info.
We will be adding sections to our new website as time permits.
CLEVE MOVIE TOOLS: To order any of the Tools, please email your request to email@example.com.


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Originally Posted by Cat--Smasher
I dont really think that is the image the UFC is trying to associate with its brand.
I am bummed out this game will not be released on the PS3... I told myself I was not going to buy the PS4 if UFC was released on PS3 but starting to look like I am going to have to buy one now.
Less interested in the image, and more in entertainment value. Tell me that wouldnt be entertaining. I wonder what button it would be to knee a downed opponent.
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To make reservations by phone, call 1-800-321-2211 in the USA and Canada (or any of our worldwide reservation telephone numbers).
Let those in the know show you around town
The what, when and where on local happenings, special events and more
Phone: +1-703-719-6504
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Phone: +1-703-2434015
Identification of these resources is solely for the convenience of our guests. Neither Marriott International, Inc. nor any of its affiliates or franchisees endorses or is a sponsor of these resources.


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VIDEO: Toshiba AC100 Android smartbook
It's an interesting conundrum. Will the gap between your smartphone and your notebook be filled by tablet style devices such as the iPad or the Dell Streak, or will "smartbooks", which have the compactness of a netbook, but offer a more mobile experience, emerge victorious in this battle? Or is there room for both?
Toshiba certainly seems to think so. It has had a couple of bashes at tablet style devices in the past, most notably, with the Journe Touch, and now it has unleashed its very first Android powered smartbook.
The Toshiba AC100 features a modified version of Android 2.1, running via a 1GHz Nvidia Tegra 250 Mobile Processor. It's got a 10.1-inch, 1024 x 600, LED backlit display and is just 14mm thick at its thinnest point (and 21mm at its thickest).
Because of Nvidia's specialised mobile chip, it doesn't have a greedy CPU or a fan killing the battery in quick time, on stand by this smartbook should last about a week and you should get a solid 8 hours of usage out of it.
There's 8GB of NAND flash memory and 512MB of DDR2 RAM. Toshiba is stating that the device will be ready for action in under a second when powered up. It's very compact, weighing in at just 870g and measuring 262 x 190 x 14/21mm.
Connectivity wise, it's got an integrated 3G module to go with the Wi-Fi and Bluetooth options and there's also HDMI out and a 1.3-megapixel webcam for all your video calling needs.
One cool Android feature is the location based switch-able desktops. The device can detect where you are, and present you with your own customised desktop for the situation that you're in.
There's no doubt that the Toshiba AC100 has all the attributes needed to be the first truly successful Android notebook. Only time will tell though, as to whether the world wants a smartbook invasion.
It's out in August and we'll give you pricing details as soon as we have them.


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'Dexter' Season 8: Jennifer Carpenter has 'had fantasies' of Debra's deathAdd to Favorites | Dexter
Jennifer Carpenter went into filming the last season of "Dexter" unable to shake how she ended the past one.
And no wonder: Her character, Debra Morgan, had protected her half-brother Dexter's ( Michael C. Hall) serial-killer secret by fatally shooting their Miami police boss LaGuerta ( Lauren Velez). That action still weighs mightily and quite visibly on the reasonably undone Debra as "Dexter" begins its eighth and final Showtime season Sunday, June 30.
"I wish they'd had cameras on what was happening between takes," Carpenter tells Zap2it after being nominated for a Critics' Choice Television Award for her work on "Dexter" last year. "Lauren and I have a really special relationship, so on a personal level, it was complicated to be sending a friend off.
"Offering a minute of keeping the camera running after the scene technically ended was the greatest gift they could have given me," Carpenter adds. "I don't know where I would have stored all that emotion; that would have been a terrible suffering. Then the pressure was released a bit, and it actually started to be OK. Maybe we were going through the grieving process together or something."
It surely seemed that way, especially thanks to an unexpected gesture between the actresses. "We were doing coverage on Lauren," Carpenter reports, "and she was cradled in my arms and I was crying over her ... and she started hugging me back. And I just said, 'Be dead, sweet girl. Be dead.' It was a reason to laugh in something that felt so heavy."
As for the way Debra's own story wraps up when "Dexter" concludes in September, Carpenter expectedly isn't giving up any details. Which isn't to say she hasn't had thoughts of how Debra's exit should be staged.
"I have had fantasies of the last scene," she says, "where Dexter is calling to her from across the street, and she bounces into the street and gets hit by a car. Or she chokes on a chicken bone. You never know. It would have to be that kind of event. I just feel like accidents happen, and Debra is so accident-prone, why not let it fall that way?"
Photo/Video credit: Showtime


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Neurolinguistic Job Talk - Philip J. Monahan "From Variation to Representation and Back"
Fri, February 24, 2012 • 12:00 PM - 1:30 PM • UTC 1.132
We comprehend spoken language with little effort, despite significant variation inherent in the speech signal. The mechanisms by which the brain accomplishes this task, however, remain poorly understood. In this talk, I argue that the internal knowledge of our phonological system is central in imposing structure on this highly variable signal. I support this position via a combination of cognitive neuroscience and formal linguistic theory. First, I present evidence for a specific auditory scaling mechanism with neurobiological plausibility that helps us arrive at our structured linguistic category representations from the noisy signal. Additionally, it appears that the relative density of the phonetic space to which the signal is being mapped determines the sensitivity of this algorithm. Second, with behavioral responses and real-time brain measures, I demonstrate that some aspects of a speech sound are not represented in their long-term representations. Importantly, these representations provide the basis for which we interpret the signal and construct expectations about it. Finally, I provide an example in which the brain exploits non-contrastive acoustic variation to construct high-level, i.e., dialectal, categorizations based on limited speech input. This work has important implications for understanding how we perceive discrete phonetic categories from continuous physical quantities and the underlying neural computations.
Philip J. Monahan of Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language (BCBL), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain


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Santa's endangered reindeer need you this holiday season
Sad news this Christmas from the Dec. 24 issue of the weekly e-newsletter of the Center for Biological Diversity:
On Christmas Eve, as countless kids across the world dreamed of Santa and his flying reindeer clattering across their rooftops, the real wild reindeer of the world faced a more dismal reality: population decline.
According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's 2009 "Arctic Report Card," 18 of the Arctic's 23 largest migrating reindeer herds are dwindling, and another study found that global populations have shrunk by 57 percent in 20 years.
Read the rest of this entry »
Posted on Tuesday, December 29th, 2009
Under: Caribou, Endangered species, Reindeer | No Comments »


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I'm in my fifth year hear.This is my third property manager,I must admit that we have had problems here. Management that we know has been very diligent in making this an enviroment enducive to family,seniors,and young adults, and above all drug free. Maintenace has been terrific,in that if you have a promblem they are on the job 24/7.Parking is great,We have near by shopping, churches,parks,schools,agreat bunch of folks,home owners around us.Come join us,love to have ya!.
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Rustic Porch to be open next two weekends
November 10, 2013 at 10:47 pm in Uncategorized
WORTHINGTON â Kristin Schmidt, who works full time running a group home at New Dawn, is also the owner of the Rustic Porch, which is located on 212 10th St., above BenLeeâs Café.
âI always wanted to own my own business,â said Schmidt. â…continue reading on dglobe.com


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The "BTF Weld On Caliper Brackets" were designed with the latest CAD software and laser cut from 3/8" high-strength steel plate. The brackets are designed to work on Dana 70 rear axles. The caliper bracket kit includes 2 caliper brackets. This kit utilizes brake rotors from a '73-'87 GM 3/4 ton front axle and calipers from a '73-'87 1/2 or 3/4 ton front axle. Our caliper brackets offer multiple mounting locations to insure proper fit no matter what pinion angle you are running. You can shed massive weight from your Dana 70 by doing a disk brake conversion. Disk brake systems are cheaper and easier to service than drum brake systems. Disk brake systems are self cleaning. No more brake drag from dirt in the drums.
NOTE: The brackets will also work on a Ford 9 inch axle. This is the brackets the guys over at Xtreme 4x4 TV have been using on 9 inch axles. If you have any questions please let us know.


text: Even in small waters rainbows usually exhibit some degree of adfluvial if not anadromous behavior. As they mature they tend to move downstream seeking out larger waters and better forage; bigger streams, lakes or even, in the case of steelhead, the ocean, returning to the areas where they were spawned only to reproduce in spring. In situations where they find themselves restricted to small waters, above barriers to anadromous migration or where available food is limited, it is quite normal for them to mature and spawn at 6 to 8 inches in length. As Roderick Haig-Brown so feelingly put it "... the rainbow is an individualist, a pioneer searching always wider scope; mere rivers confine him, and he goes out with the salmon into the breadth of the sea, to grow himself to the silvered nobility of the steelhead."


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3.5 out of 5
Casio Exilim EX-H10 digital camera25 September 2009
Cameras offering broad focal ranges but pocket-sized dimensions are an expanding market. So it is no surprise Casio is joining the likes of Panasonic, Kodak, Samsung, Sony et al with its own offering in the 10x optical zoom Exilim EX-H10. Like its competitors,... >>


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Spoiler Alert - The Jewish References in this episode may taint your perception of Jews or worse, spoil this episode for you.
1) Chai Achiever
Andy wears a "Chai Achiever" shirt when comforting his nephnew. Here's where to buy:
2) Sweaty Jew
Dean helps Celia move into her new condo. She immediately kicks him out and calls security, reporting that a "sweaty Jew" is roaming the halls.
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First attested in 1448, Cotnari was the site of a strong Roman Catholic community mainly comprised of Germans and Magyars. The establishmment of vineyards is attributed by local tradition to an initiative of Moldavian Prince Stephen the Great, under whose rule the village rose to the status of alternate residence, while stone structures and roads to serve the wine trade were built in the area.
Its Catholic tradition made the village a target for Reformation in the 1560s, under the rule of the Protestant Prince Ioan Iacob Heraclid: Heraclid built a Latin Renaissance academy (Schola Latina), placed under the leadership of Ioannes Sommerus; the church he built on the site was re-established as a Catholic place of worship after Heraclid's death, and served the community until 1873, when it burned down. In 1641, Cotnari became the regional center of Catholic education, until being replaced 60 years later by the Jesuit school in Iaşi.


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Our holdings include hundreds of glass and film negatives/transparencies that we've scanned ourselves; in addition, many other photos on this site were extracted from reference images (high-resolution tiffs) in the Library of Congress research archive. (To query the database click here.) They are adjusted, restored and reworked by your webmaster in accordance with his aesthetic sensibilities before being downsized and turned into the jpegs you see here. All of these images (including "derivative works") are protected by copyright laws of the United States and other jurisdictions and may not be sold, reproduced or otherwise used for commercial purposes without permission.
Vintage photos of:
October 1942. "War production drive. Anthracite rallies. Servicemen working together! Soldiers, sailors and marines went into Pennsylvania mines during the anthracite rallies, September 30th through October 1st, and saw how hard coal is extracted from beneath the earth's surface." 4x5 nitrate negative by William Perlitch for the Office of War Information. View full size.
June 23, 1936. "General Motors truck -- Trukmixed Concrete, Horan Fuel & Feed Co., San Francisco." 79 years ago today! 8x10 acetate negative. View full size.
Feb. 19, 1949. "Lamont Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Long view, main corridor, third level." Gottscho-Schleisner photo. View full size.
In 1861, A.M. Chandler enlisted in the Palo Alto Confederates, which became part of the 44th Mississippi Infantry Regiment. His mother, Louisa Gardner Chandler, sent Silas, one of her 36 slaves, with him. On Sept. 20, 1863, the 44th Mississippi was engaged in the Battle of Chickamauga, where Chandler was wounded in his leg. A battlefield surgeon decided to amputate but, according to the Chandler family, Silas accompanied him home to Mississippi where the limb was saved. His master's combat service ended as a result of the wound but Silas returned to the war in January 1864 when A.M.'s younger brother, Benjamin, enlisted in the 9th Mississippi Cavalry Regiment. (See also: A Slave's Service in the Confederate Army.
"Sergeant A.M. Chandler of the 44th Mississippi Infantry Regiment, Co. F., and Silas Chandler, family slave, with Bowie knives, revolvers, pepper-box, shotgun, and canteen." Handwritten label on back of frame: "Andrew Martin Chandler, born 1844, died 1920. Servant Silas Chandler. 44th Mississippi Regiment, Col. A.K. Blyth. Wounded in battle of Chickamauga." View full size.
Circa 1900. "The Hollenden, Cleveland." A giant hostelry that opened in 1885 and was demolished in 1962. 8x10 inch dry plate glass negative. View full size.
The trial of the first American-built Handley-Page aeroplane, driven by Capt. E.B. Waller, of the British royal air force, yesterday was witnessed by President Wilson and Secretary Baker. A crowd of more than 5,000 greeted the President when he arrived at the polo field in Potomac Park early in the afternoon.-- Washington Post, Nov. 16, 1918
November 1918. Washington, D.C. "Bolling Field -- Handley Page on polo grounds." National Photo Company Collection glass negative. View full size.
Montgomery County, Maryland, circa 1917. "Ford car in front of Dawsonville country store, probably H.E. French's." Herbert French being the proprietor of the National Photo Company. 4x5 inch glass negative. View full size.


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WEDNESDAY, July 23, 2014 (HealthDay News) -- Children and teens who lose a parent might face an increased risk of an early death in adulthood, a new study suggests.
People who were children or teens when a parent died had a 50 percent greater risk of death during the study period than those who had not experienced the death of a parent, according to the report.
Although the study found an association between a parent's death and a child's later risk of premature death, it wasn't designed to prove cause-and-effect.
Also, the increased risk of premature death among these people may be due to both genetic factors and the long-term effects of a parent's death on the health and social well-being of a child, researcher Jiong Li and colleagues at Aarhus University in Denmark theorized.
The study findings were published in the July 22 issue of the journal PLoS Medicine.
The team analyzed data on children born in Denmark, Finland and Sweden between 1968 and 2008. Nearly 190,000 children were between 6 months and 18 years when one of their parents died. During a follow-up period ranging from one to 40 years, almost 40,000 of those people died.
The increased risk of early death persisted into early adulthood, no matter how old a child was when a parent died. The researchers also found that the increased risk of death was higher among children whose parents died from unnatural causes rather than natural causes (84 percent vs. 33 percent). The risk of death was highest among children of parents who committed suicide, according to a journal news release.
The researchers said their findings show the need for health and social support for children and teens who have lost a parent, and added that this support may be necessary for a long time.
More information
The American Academy of Pediatrics explains how to help children cope with death.
Copyright © 2015 HealthDay. All rights reserved.
HealthDayNews articles are derived from various sources and do not reflect federal policy. healthfinder.gov does not endorse opinions, products, or services that may appear in news stories. For more information on health topics in the news, visit Health News on healthfinder.gov.
Note: Documents in PDF format require the Adobe Acrobat Reader®. If you experience problems with PDF documents, please download the latest version of the Reader®.


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Manatee County moms encouraged to use resources of World Breastfeeding Week
Andrea Lypka
WMNF Drive-Time News Friday | Listen to this entire show:
World Breastfeeding Week is being celebrated this week in more than 170 countries across the world. Breastfeeding advocates in Bradenton informed the community on the benefits of breastfeeding and community resources.
Manatee County's Women Infants & Children's Office (WIC) offers a special nutrition program and counseling for breastfeeding mothers like Delia Dardon.
âFor me it was a big help. Even though I did not get to breastfeed my first daughter as much because I did not apply for WIC. I was living in New Jersey at that time. Since I got here, everybody is pushing you to breastfeed and how important it is for the baby,â Dardon said.
Though she got support from her breastfeeding counselor in Bradenton, it hurt to take the first step.
âEven though it was painful because I was getting wounds and infections related to breastfeeding, I eventually went through the process,â Dardon said.
Dardon thanks the support she received from Katie Powers, a board-certified lactation consultant and perinatal educator at Manatee Memorial Hospitalâs Family BirthPlace. Powers encourages women to stick to breastfeeding.
âPlease, breast feed that baby those first three days because guess what? The more you nurse, the sooner you are back into your clothes. So you just have to cope an attitude with that baby and say hey, you made my uterus big, now letâs make it small,â Powers said.
According to a study last year in the journal Pediatrics, if 90 percent of babies were breastfed for six months, we would save $13 billion per year in health care costs.
Débora D. Castañón, Nutrition Educator and Breastfeeding Coordinator at Florida Department of Health-WIC, says that in Manatee County more mothers are breast feeding.
â75.8 percent of our clientele are breast feeding. We are above state average for initiation rates for breast feeding,â Castañón said. She adds the state average in breast feeding initiation rate is 72 percent.
âSo we are very pleased with that and we want to encourage Manatee County mothers to continue breastfeeding, which is what we recommend together in conjunction with the Academy of Pediatrics, they are recommending at least one year of fully breast feeding,â she said.
Castañón says the lack of breast feeding poses health concerns for both the mother and the child.
âThis includes diabetes, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, obesity which is really going up pretty high so definitely, we can make a better choice for our infants and we can prevent those types of diseases that are affecting our community,â she said.
Manatee County mothers can contact counselors at the newly established Breastfeeding Peer Counseling program at 941-748-0747, ext. 1394.
World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action (WABA)
Manatee County's Women Infants & Children's Office (WIC)
World Breastfeeding Week in the U.S.
Breastfeeding Report CardâUnited States, 2011comments powered by Disqus


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I'm actually had a much needed weekend away from home and work. I started this post ay my friend's amazing farmhouse somewhere up North.
After an amazing dinner and a perfect night's sleep I snuck down to the screened in porch to get in a little writing before everyone got up. Until Cheryl came down to check on me, I didn't even know I was actually locked out of the house. But then Cheryl let the door click…and we were both locked out. Don't worry there was a happy ending that included having a warm cup of coffee with vanilla almond milk!
Sitting in jammies with a very cold nose gave me hope that fall would reach me in the South. And when fall comes to mind, my first thought is making something with pumpkin. It's true, I'm one of the pumpkin obsessed!
Oddly enough, the pumpkin spice syrup at Starbucks actually has dairy in it, so if you want a pumpkin-spiced anything making it at home is your best bet.
If you are a coffee hater leave it out and enjoy a pumpkin pie shake or a hot cup of pumpkin spice tea instead.
Vegan Pumpkin Spice Cheap-o-chino
Makes about 2 to 3 servings
soy-free, gluten-free
- 1/4 cup pumpkin puree (make it from scratch if you want)
- 1/4 cup (63ml) cold brewed coffee concentrate (or 1 cup (250ml) regular brewed coffee)
- 1/4 cup (63ml) So Delicious Coconut creamer original flavor
- 1 cup (250ml) Unsweetened So Delicious Coconut Milk
- 1/4 teaspoon cinnamon
- 1/8 teaspoon cardamom
- pinch cloves
- pinch allspice
- pinch nutmeg
- Sweetener to taste: brown sugar, stevia, agave nectar, or maple syrup, etc. (I used 1 packet Nu-Stevia)
- 1/8 teaspoon xanthan gum or 1 teaspoon pectin (do not leave out – it holds it together!)
- 2 cups ice
In a blender mix everything except for the sweetener, xanthan gum and ice. Taste and adjust sweetener as needed. Remember this is a concentrated flavor so it needs to be a little sweeter now to be just right later.
Then add xanthan gum (or pectin) and blend. This will keep the different ingredients from separating.
Add the ice. Depending on your blender you may have to add it 1/2 cup at a time. I have a really powerful one so I can blend it all in at once.
You can add more coconut milk if it's too thick or you can add more ice if it's too thick.
Maple-sweetened Pumpkin-Spiced Latte
Soy-free gluten-free
Fall comes around and hot drinks start seeming better, or at least as good as, the iced ones. Wake up, throw all the ingredients into the slow cooker, and in 11⁄2 to 2 hours you have piping hot lattes made with the nondairy milk of your choice.
Note: This recipe uses a 11⁄2- to 2-quart (1.4 to 1.9 L) slow cooker. You can double or triple the recipe and use a larger slow cooker if you like.
- 1 to 2 cups (235 to 470 ml) brewed coffee or espresso (or use tea)
- 2 cups (470 ml) vanilla-flavored almond milk or nondairy milk mixed with 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
- 2 to 4 tablespoons (30 to 60 ml) maple syrup (to taste)
- 3 tablespoons (46 g) pumpkin purée, store-bought or homemade
- 1 teaspoon cinnamon
- 1⁄4 teaspoon ground cloves
- 1⁄4 teaspoon allspice
- 1⁄8 teaspoon nutmeg
directions :
Note: If the texture of the pumpkin puree bothers you, put the mixture in a blender before putting in the slow cooker to create a smoother, silkier drink..
Place all the ingredients in the slow cooker. Whisk to combine. Cook on high for 11⁄2 to 2 hours or on low for 3 hours.
(Many small slow cookers have no temperature control, so they cook everything on low.) Stir well before serving because the pumpkin tends to settle at the bottom.
yield: 4 servings
total prep time: 5 minutes
total cooking time: 3 hours on low or 11⁄2 to 2 hours on high


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Narrow your search
The next Mini will also sport the Touch ID found on the iPhone 5S, according to alleged images of the tablet.
The new iPad mini boasts a Touch ID fingerprint scanner as seen on the Apple iPhone 5S in these leaked photos.
The iPad 5 and iPad Mini 2 rumor mills have been buzzing with reports of new colors, thinner hardware, and delayed devices. We're rounding up all of the rumors here.
Photos on the site appear to show a thicker rear casing than the one on the current iPad Mini, leading some to speculate that the next version of the device will have a Retina display.
Days after the iPad Mini lands at stores and doorsteps, here's a report out of China about a future Retina version of the 7.9-inch tablet.
According to a new rumor, Siri may gain support for Japanese, Mandarin, and Russian as early as next month.


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Accomack County Democratic Committee meetings are held on the first Wednesday of every month at the Eastern Shore Chamber of Commerce in Melfa at 6p.m. unless noted below.
All Democrats are welcome to join us!
Calling all Democrats in
Accomack County... We want you! We want your skills, your expertise, your passion, and your commitment to help us turn Virginia blue!
Click here to contact Committee Chair, Parker Dooley, for information on how you can help.
Clic aquí para Español
Use the button below to make a convenient online donation to the Accomack County Democratic Committee with PayPal or with a major credit card.
The button will take you to our payment page where you can choose any amount for your donation. You can also cancel the payment page easily and email us with any concerns or questions you might have.
1. Basic Voting in Accomack County from Accomack Voter on Vimeo.
How to cast your vote in Accomack County.
2. A Common Mistake from Accomack Voter on Vimeo.
A common mistake and how to fix it.
3. A Write-in Vote from Accomack Voter on Vimeo.
This video explains how an Accomack County Voter can add a Write-in vote.
4. Casting a Blank Ballot from Accomack Voter on Vimeo.
Sometimes a voter wants to cast a blank ballot. This is possible.
Click here to contact Committee Chair, Parker Dooley, for information on how you can help.


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Bodega Aguirre Winery Description
A metal archway greets visitors as they drive back past a house and the fermentation tanks of Bodega Aguirre Winery. The boutique winery, which produces only red wines, is the passion of Dr. Ricardo Aguirre, who prides himself on producing rich red wines from his Livermore Valley vineyards.
In1995 he planted 12 acres of grapes - half Merlot, and the other half Cabernet Sauvignon - on a 32-acre parcel. He later grafted some of the grapes over to Cabernet Franc. He bought more land and planted seven acres of Petite Sirah, which has become his signature wine. The Petite Sirah vineyard is pruned to yield three tons per acre, while the Cabernet and Merlot blocks yield four tons per acre.
The tasting room is attached to the winery building, situated across from a lawn area under Italian Cypress trees. There is a small, elevated covered patio in front to use for relaxing as you taste their wines. The cozy room hosts visitors on the weekends. The label art for Bodega Aguirre Winery is from the artist Carlos Canas of El Salvador, who was a disciple of Pablo Picasso. His bright bold artwork is often on display in the tasting room.
The wines have a minimum of five rackings, and the barrels are topped every two weeks during the winemaking process. Ninety percent of their cooperage is French oak, and ten percent American oak. The winery offers Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Petite Sirah, Trio, Postre (dessert wine), Cabernet Sauvignon Reserva, Merlot Reserva, Petite Sirah Reserva, and Castello.
Review Disclaimer
The above reviews are the subjective opinion of Winery Advisor members and not of California Winery Advisor.


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Dog Tales [1]
What do you get when you bring children, dogs and books together? You get happy, confident children who love to read. The object of the program is to provide a monthly opportunity for kids in first through fifth grades to read aloud to dogs who listen patiently and without judgement for 15 minutes. Children and dogs will bond together over a shared story.
Event Type:
Youth Program [2]
Storytime Room
Youth Services firstname.lastname@example.com 920-886-6335
Date of Event:
Saturday, January 15, 2011 - 10:00am


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Elisabeth Hasselbeck's Manhattan Apartment
Elisabeth Hasselbeck — cookbook author, host of ABC's The View and former Survivor contestant — has listed the 2,300-square-foot Manhattan apartment she shares with her husband, ex-NFL player Tim Hasselbeck, and her three young children. The $3.3 million, four-bedroom condo is spritely and youthful with lots of gingham and bright blues, but also has a classic look with elegant built-ins and dark hardwood floors. It's a fitting space considering Hasselbeck's ebullient-yet-proper persona on The View, however the bubbly blond reportedly wants something a little more suburban than an Upper West Side condo to raise her growing family.
The open-concept dining and living rooms wrap around a generous galley kitchen. The 10' ceilings make the already large condo feel airy.
The vibrant blue walls in the dining room add warmth, even on an overcast, grey day. (The floor-to-ceiling windows also help.)
The den feels nautically inspired with a navy-and-white palette. Judging by the tiny chair and mini grand piano, this is where the kids hang out.
For more information on the house, contact Brown Harris Stevens.
Enjoy recipes from Elisabeth Hasselbeck's cookbook, Deliciously G-Free.
Photo credits:
1-3. Brown Harris Stevens
Comment Guidelines
We welcome your feedback on Houseandhome.com. H&H reserves the right to remove any unsuitable personal remarks made about the bloggers, hosts, homeowners and/or guests we feature. Please keep your comments focused on decorating, design, cooking and other lifestyle topics. Adopt a tone you would be willing to use in person and do not make slanderous remarks or use denigrating language. If you see a comment that you believe violates any of the guidelines outlined above, please click "Flag as inappropriate." Thank you.


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Hardship exemption deadline extended by CMS
CMS has extended its deadline for filing hardship exemptions to avoid Medicare payment penalties next year. CMS-designated groups and qualified professionals can claim the exemption on the CMS website until Jan. 31, 2013. Physicians who do not meet e-prescribing requirements could lose 1.5% of their Medicare payment rates next year without the exemption.
Modern Medicine/Medical Economics


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Programmable Tournament Grade
The Turtle Beach Call of Duty®: Black OPS II Ear Force Sierra Limited Edition Headset is fully equipped for battle with programmable audio presets, Dolby® Digital Surround Sound, interchangeable speaker plates, and a state-of-the-art control unit. Featuring official Call of Duty®: Black Ops II optimized audio presets and exclusive color scheme and speaker plates, the Ear Force Sierra is the weapon of choice to bury the opposition.
The new fully-programmable Digital Signal Processor (DSP) allows you to enhance and tweak the entire audio experience with up to 9 configurable presets for game and chat/mic audio paths. Custom Call of Duty®: Black Ops II audio presets designed by game developer Treyarch, allow gamers to hone in on footsteps, amplify heart-pounding explosions and hear every shell casing hit the floor in glorious 360 degree surround sound – all while calling the shots and coordinating with your squad mates with crystal-clear communication.
Audio Presets - Customize Your Game Sound!
The Ear Force Sierra is also a programmable headset which means you can take your game sound to a whole new level with Audio Presets. With the press of a button, you can hear cues like the sound of unseen footsteps in the distance or a weapon being reloaded so you can gain the ultimate competitive advantage. Even increase the screech of tires racing around a track for a deeper immersion experience. Professional video game sound engineers, the sound experts here at Turtle Beach and gamers like you have created a number of Audio Presets for all the latest games. Learn more by watching this video and joining our Audio Presets Community. Now you can completely immerse yourself in and dominate your games!
If you're serious about gaming, then get serious about the sound. Step up to the Call of Duty®: Black Ops II Ear Force Sierra and experience game audio like never before.
Click Here To Read The List of Games we have Audio
Presets for!
- Call of Duty®: Black Ops II
- Dead Space 3
- BioShock Infinite
- Gears of War
- Tomb Raider
Item Number: TBS-4210-01


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Nick Saint is a former reporter at Business Insider. Prior to that, he was a PhD candidate in philosophy at the CUNY Graduate Center and headline writer for Overheard in New York.
Here are the most fascinating innovations in underwater travel
More "Travel 360" »
Mark Cuban's advice for his 20-year-old self — and millennials now
More "Idea Factory" »
In just one hour, two Bell Labs scientists had a breakthrough that won the Nobel prize — and changed photography forever
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From the dust jacket: In the Hollywood movie storms of 1977 where films like Star Wars and Close Encounters spawned a maelstrom of epic adventure and wonder for kids everywhere, such streets also spawned another breed of child. Bitter, alienated, and lost in the punk-influenced beginnings of a feel-good era of disco-inflamed junkies, Joey Minstrel wandered Hollywood's backyard–Bakersfield, California–where the Lords of Bakersfield prey on youth. The story is based on an urban legend of the late 1970s and early 1980s where law officials and the media killed for lust of the most corrupt kind.
Order Lords: Part 1 from Amazon (look for Belardes as the seller). You can also order via PayPal by sending your email to email@example.com. Higher rates are applied for orders outside the U.S.
Want another freaky read? Order A People's History of the Peculiar from Viva Editions, Amazon, Indiebound, B&N, Quality Paperback Books and Powells and locally from Russo's Books. ". . . a compendium of blistering funny facts, outrageous anecdotes and all kinds of zany information you really need to know." —Caroline Leavitt, NYT best-selling author of This is Tomorrow and Pictures of You (foreword also by Caroline Leavitt). Featured on Coast to Coast AM and the Marilu Henner Show. Read more about the book and see what so many authors are saying.
THE LORDS OF BAKERSFIELD spans more than a century of secret-society murders in Central California. Begin your journey with Belardes' book, which takes you deep into the psychological territory of the urban legend, tying the legend to remittance men in the late 1800s, media conspiracies in the late twentieth century, high-society killings, witch hunts and ghost legends. Read about Joey Minstrel, a child prostitute based on the true life of convicted killer Robert Mistriel, who has been incarcerated since the 1970s for his murderous role with the Lords of Bakersfield, a group of prominent, corrupt lawmakers, media moguls and city leaders. Read the newspaper stories that implicate the dead, former publisher as part of the murder spree. Even the Los Angeles Times says there were secrets in Bakersfield. Rolling Stone in 2005 agreed and wrote about Bakersfield's secretive D.A. regarding pedophilia witch hunts in the 1980s and conspiracies in the 2000s surrounding the slaying of the assistant D.A., stabbed to death by a cop protecting his family too little too late. Lords: Part One precedes Edward Humes' Mean Justice, a true-crime nonfiction book taking place after Belardes' fictitious account, documenting criminal cases from the 1980s and 1990s. Belardes interviewed secret eyewitnesses for his novel, crept around murder sites, reviewed court documents and more, digging deep into the story, including into a bizarre collection of documents titled Valley Fire. He even pulled from his own memories of growing up in Bakersfield, where he overheard talk from credible sources about "gay snuff films" and "suspicious video tapes" disappearing from file cabinets after one of the supposed Lords of Bakersfield died in the early 2000s.
WHEN LORDS: PART ONE was initially released, between 300,000 to 800,000 of America's youth were estimated to be involved in child prostitution. According to statistics from a 2005 FBI report, the average age of a child first used in prostitution is between 11 and 14 years of age. The narrator of Lords: Part One, a fictional character based on one of the most notorious child prostitutes from Kern County, is 13. Another notorious child prostitute from Kern County is Justin Berry. He appeared on Oprah for being a child internet porn star and prostitute out of Bakersfield, California. Belardes worked for several years at Bakersfield-based ProSoft Technology when Berry was hired at only sixteen years of age as the webmaster. Berry mysteriously disappeared from his position at the company. No one at ProSoft would answer Belardes' questions about Berry when he later worked for KERO, an ABC affiliate in the area. Robert Mistriel was rumored to have begun working on Hollywood streets at age 11 in the late 1970s. Read more about the problem of prostitution in Kern County.
THE AMERICAN DEATHROCK BAND Burning Image released Oleander in 2011 after conversations between Oscar-winning actor Sean Penn (who narrated the documentary Witch Hunt about Lords of Bakersfield set-ups in the 1980s. Penn verbally slammed the D.A. at the Bakersfield premiere) and Jello Biafra of the Dead Kennedys. Their discussions led to talks between Moe Adame of Burning Image and Biafra. Belardes' book was at the epicenter of Oleander's creation, as it was also said Lords: Part One was part of the discussion. Belardes can be heard on the album reading parts of his novel as spoken word. Belardes appeared onstage with Burning Image in 2012 at Riley's Tavern in Bakersfield, where he read passages from his book during the dark, guitar-driven deathrock opening moments of the show.
HOWARD OWENS, FORMER Vice President of the Bakersfield Californian newspaper, held a secret meeting with Belardes at Jerry's Pizza and said the newspaper suppressed any reviews of the novel upon its release in 2005 (2015 marks the 10-year anniversary of the novel). Equivalent to a book burning you might say? Owens, who was terminated from his position, later opened up about the novel. "Bakersfield is a noir town. It is a hard, bitter town. It is the kind of town where any crime is possible, and with enough of a good-old-boys essence that cover-ups and conspiracies are easy to believe." In his review of Lords: Part One, Owens wrote, "If N.L. Belardes hadn't given Bakersfield the noir novel it richly deserves, then who would have done it? The only way to write this book is to believe in the conspiracy, fear the conspiracy, and then write it anyway. You're only bound to make as many enemies as you are to gain readers." Now read a review from Dissident Books.
CLICK ON THE IMAGE to watch a documentary clip from Hectic Films about the Lords of Bakersfield. What happened to the rest of the footage? (Filmed around 2007).
Nicholas Belardes with Moe Adame of Burning Image. Second image: lyrics from Burning Image album on Lords of Bakersfield.
AT LEAST TWO PEOPLE HAVE DIED who were related to Lords: Part One. Donald Ackland helped shape the introduction (modeled after Ackland's suggestion of using the literary structure of true crime in A Season in Purgatory by Dominick Dunne). Ackland, who acted as agent for the book, died in a single-car crash outside of Las Vegas, Nevada in 2004. He once wrote in a letter to Nicholas:
For me there are no commoners, only liars: good liars, bad liars; those who victimize & lie, those who enrich & lie; those who lie with a smile, those who lie with a snarl. This said there is still one class of commoner, coming from any direction and any level. Those who are mundane, banal, dull witted, socially regressive, haters of mankind, bad liars & their fellow travelers; and such commoners are most often found among the upper reaches and middle reaches of our perverse society.
In a video for a short-film contest, actor Jim Padgett can be seen portraying the over-the-top newspaper publisher Simon Sundale in a scene from the novel. Padgett, who gave acting lessons, including to Belardes, died soon after making this video. He will always be remembered as a passionate, forceful actor and friend. Click to watch.
NICHOLAS BELARDES HAS RECEIVED many emails about the Lords of Bakersfield. Here's a typical sample from a letter:
I have been waiting for someone to come and bring this corrupt twisted conspiracy forward and shed some more light on it. The reason why I am writing to you is to let you know of a specific case that is dear to me which I feel pertains to the Lords and also to give you extra material to look into as you continue to write your books and shed light on these issues that have been kept in the dark for so long.
I do not have the time to go into specifics, so I will just give you the simple gist of my case and maybe over time we can correspond through email or maybe even in person sometime. If you ever get time, please look into the murder case of . . .
Stay tuned to a full page of emails . . .
Had enough? How about the paranormal side of the story? Did you know there are connections between child ghosts, Yokut wolf spirits and the Lords of Bakersfield? Ready for a ghost tour of Oleander? Is the Fritts mansion haunted? Stay tuned for a map of Lords sites and ghostly haunts. There's a lot more to come, including past articles retooled for the site . . .
Articles (lots of links coming)
The Nervous Breakdown: The Night I Told That Radio Guy I Was Searching For Frozen Babies At Disneyland
The Nervous Breakdown: Phone Call From A Small Town Mayor


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Concur is now part of SAP.
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Bulgarian is spoken by 12 million people in total. It is the official language of Bulgaria, but it is also often used in Bulgarian communities in Greece, Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey, Ukraine, Moldova, Albania, Kosovo and more countries. The Bulgarian language is mutually intelligible with Macedonian.
Quality controlled translation: The dictionary above is powered by Google and is of high quality. However, we recommend that you also try the other free online dictionaries listed below. That way you can verify the translations. More information: You will also find all the available information about the translated words, such as synonyms, usage examples, related words and more.
Another service from MG.no!


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Vaughan Lee Related Articles
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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
35 year old man | Saint Louis Park, MN, USA | Seeking women 25-35 within 50 miles
It only takes one step to begin a journey
. What am I looking for someone who is genuine, has a sense of purpose, loves adventure, being outdoors, and just has a love of life. I have a huge heart and love to volunteer time when I can. I am looking for someone to share adventures with, a camping trip, a weekend on the North Shore, building a camp fire or just a night out on the town for dinner or something fun. It is hard to talk about yourself to someone you have not met.Here are a few things about me, I would have to say I am a true adventurous, fun loving person. I live a life of integrity and compassion. I am very afraid of heights but I still rock and ice climb. I love to bike and have been doing the MS 150 in Wisconsin for 13 years now. I am originally from WI but have been in MN for 7 years. No matter where I go or how hight I climb I will always be grounded in family, they are very important to me. I am looking for someone to be a best friend someone I could spend the rest of my life with, to share in my love of adventure, someone to love me for who I am. I come from a wonderful family who instilled in me a sense of living life the best I can, to give back more than I get. I love life and want to share my passions for it with someone very special.
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Business networking , Dining out , Gardening/Landscaping , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Performing arts , Playing sports , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Auto racing / Motorcross, Baseball, Billiards / Pool, Cycling, Inline skating, Other types of exercise, Swimming, Walking / Hiking, Yoga
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Birds, Cats, Dogs, Exotic Pets, Fish, Horses
Middle of the Road
yellowstone, northshore MN, devils lake WI. any place I can bike hike climb or take pictures of
I love photography, working on starting a business there.
Rock climbing Ice Climbing, road and mountain biking, camping, just love being outdoors
I have been reading the classics and just finished Around the World in 80 Days
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|5'7" (170cms)
|4'6" (137cms) to 8'11" (271cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
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|No preference
|Dark brown
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way, Occasionally
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|Definitely, Someday, Not sure
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
|Christian / Catholic
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|Bachelors degree
|Bachelors degree
I have an undergrad in Geosciences and Geography.


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Supporting, Educating and Protecting the American Crowdfunding Market
Crowdfunding 101
Here is a great white paper by our member Laura Anthony, JD
(click to go to pdf)
More from Laura Anthony, JD:
Legal & Compliance Website
If you have questions,
comments, please
submit on the form here.
Back to Top
This video by one of our Founding Members, ROCK THE POST , does an excellent job of introducing not only crowdfunding, but gives some great advice on launching a reward-based crowdfunding campaign. Thanks ROCK THE POST for letting us repost it here! You rock.
This is what you think of when you think about current crowdfunding. Popular sites for this type are Kickstarter and Indiegogo. This form is unregulated, and you can ask for as much as you want. The backers may not get any security (as defined by the law) in your business. Deloitte estimates over $3B will be raised via Reward Crowdfunding in 2013. In addition, as Mark Cuban said, Reward Crowdfunding is an ideal testing ground for new projects and products prior to larger equity investors getting involved.
See a much more full description below. This is not allowed presently, but is expected to launch by the end of 2013.
This is not necessarily crowdfunding, but it leans on the soon to be lifted ban on general solicitation of accredited investor offerings. Circle Up is a portal that is utilizing this well for consumer products. Slated is moving toward this for film.
Crowdfunding is a way to get small amounts of money from a large number of people to fund a particular project. It's been around for a few years in the form of small donations for arts and social projects, in return for token rewards such as t-shirts or dinner with the founders.
The CROWDFUND Act, signed by the President on April 5, 2012, as part of the JOBS Act, now allows crowdfunding to be used by for-profit enterprises – so a start-up that needs money to expand its business can now turn to everyday investors. The investors can receive equity (i.e. a "share" of ownership in the business) or bonds (i.e. providing a small loan to the business) depending on what the start-up chooses to offer. Large-scale crowdfunding was not previously permitted under federal securities regulations. In broad terms, selling an interest in your business is the sale of securities, and any offer or sale of securities has to be registered with the SEC (e.g. in an IPO) or tailored to fit one of the exemptions from registration, which are very narrow (and mainly for accredited investors, i.e. rich people).
The traditional pattern of financing for entrepreneurs starts with the entrepreneur maxing out her own credit card, then getting "friends and family" financing, before moving on to "angel" financing (having a rich person support your company in exchange for an interest in it), bank loans and money from venture capitalists (private funds that provide money and advice to startups in return for some ownership in the company). Crowdfunding expands the "friends and family" stage, and may offer some new funds from the other stages as well. Now, in addition to friends and family, everyday people unknown to the entrepreneur can invest small amounts in her enterprise and receive an equity (ownership) stake in the company in return.
Why would entrepreneurs want to give up even a small amount of the ownership of the company to people they don't know, who probably can't help them much with advice and experience the way angel and VC investors can? For some companies, it's the only way to get the "seed capital" to develop their idea enough to get to the stage where angels and VCs will take notice of them. Other companies may be in areas of the country where it's hard for start-ups to get noticed. And many entrepreneurs can be found in communities that have not been well-served by traditional banking and capital markets.
This is a revolutionary and exciting form of investing. However, it is also risky. Many startups don't make it.
So why would anyone invest in crowdfunding? The worst reason would be because you think you are going to make a fortune. For a start, you can only invest a small amount of money through crowdfunding. Regular folks are limited to $2,000 a year. Even the richest among us can only invest $100,000. Even if you think you've identified the next Facebook, after further rounds of financing (and the "dilution" that entails) and the length of time it takes to get a company to the IPO stage, a crowdfunding investment isn't going to change your life. The best reason to make a crowdfunding investment is because you love the idea the entrepreneur is presenting, or you're a fan of the product, or you believe in the entrepreneur herself, and you want to give her a shot at making it. Indeed, the best reason for making a crowdfunding investment is to give someone else the chance to change their life.
For the basic flow of the most simple crowdfunding, please see the following chart. Scroll below the chart to dig deeper into the details of crowdfunding.
Crowdfunding has been used to describe a number of methods that enterprises and collections of people may use to fund or support various initiatives. For startup companies looking to raise debt or equity from the sale of securities, crowdfunding refers to raising such funds, primarily over the Internet, in smaller amounts from a larger pool of investors though intermediaries.
On March 27, 2012, the House accepted the Senate version of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the "JOBS Act") which provides for amendments to our securities laws to allow for crowdfunding activities. President Obama signed the JOBS Act into law on April 5, 2012. In order for crowdfunding to get underway, the SEC and other regulatory agencies will need to adopt certain rules and regulations implementing the new law. The law provides that these measures should be adopted within 270 days of signing by the President, and the SEC has already begun to collect comments from the public for this purpose.
This is exciting news for companies that are attempting to raise capital. Title III of the JOBS Act allows business enterprises to raise capital through crowdfunding initiatives. These companies can raise capital from individual investors by offering stock for sale through their third-party intermediaries. The JOBS Act adds a new Section 4(6) to the 33 Act, which provides a new exemption for the small business from registration for the offer and sale of securities in connection with crowdfunding transactions. The exemption would be available for offerings not greater than $1M in the aggregate during any twelve month period, subject to further limitation on a per investor basis. The amount sold to any particular investor during a twelve month period by all crowdfunding issuers may not exceed:
Securities issued pursuant to the new 4(6) exemption will be considered (1) "covered securities" which means that they will be exempt from state Blue-Sky registration and (2) "restricted securities," subject to Rule 144 restrictions for public resales. The one-year restriction on resale described above would apply to private as well as public resales. Another benefit to small businesses – the crowdfunded investors will not count against the shareholder cap for triggering public reporting requirements with the SEC.
As described above, sales of securities under the new crowdfunding exemption must occur through third-party intermediaries. Who can serve as an intermediary? An intermediary must be a registered broker or funding portal (as defined in new Section 3(a)(80) of the 34 Act). It is not specified whether the intermediaries must be an electronic system or manual brokerage operation.
Regulations still need to be adopted regarding these intermediaries. Funding portals will be required to register with the SEC and an applicable self-regulatory organization, but are conditionally exempt from registration as a broker dealer. It is expected that FINRA will become the self-regulatory organization.
What will it cost? Restrictions regarding fees and how much an intermediary may charge an issuer or investor in connection with a transaction are not specified. However, the JOBS Act does provide that the intermediary and its directors, officers or partners cannot have a financial interest in an issuer using its services, which would presumably preclude taking stock for providing the service. Intermediaries also may not compensate promoters, finders, or lead generators for providing them with the personal identifying information of any potential investor. Other restrictions regarding disclosures, risk, cancellation and protection of privacy have been set in place for intermediaries and issuers to protect investors and reduce the risk of fraud with respect to such transactions. It is expected that these restrictions will be further clarified as the SEC adopts the needed regulations.
How does the JOBS Act compare against Rule 506 under Regulation D? Separate from the crowdfunding measures, the JOBS Act also requires that the SEC amend Rule 506 under Regulation D to permit general solicitation in 506 offerings in which sales are made only to accredited investors. It also provides for an exception from broker-dealer registration requirements for platforms or mechanisms that aim to facilitate offerings under Rule 506 of Regulation D. More specifically, a person (including a platform or other service provider and its associated persons) would not be obligated to register as a broker-dealer for engaging in any of the following:
To be eligible for this exemption, however, the person and its associated persons:
Rule 506 may therefore serve as an alternative type of "crowdfunding" exemption for accredited investors without any of the limitations in related to the new Section 4(6) exemption for crowdfunding.
New Crowdfunding Exemption 4(6)
The Act adds a new exemption from registration under the Securities Act of 1933, Section 4(6). The new exemption is subject to the following conditions:
Requirements for Intermediaries
A person acting as an intermediary in a transaction involving the sales of securities for someone else pursuant to section 4(6) must:
Funding portals are exempt from having to register with the Commission as brokers, but the Commission will be adopting rules establishing conditions for that exemption.
Funding portals may not:
The Commission will specify by rule the circumstances that will disqualify a broker or portal from offering securities under Section 4(6).
Requirements for Issuers
The issuer must be incorporated or organized under the laws of a US state. It may not be an "investment company" under the Investment Company Act of 1940, and cannot be an SEC-reporting company.
Issuers of crowdfunded securities must:
The Commission will specify by rule the circumstances that will disqualify an issuer from offering securities under Section 4(6).
Issuer (and control persons including directors and principal officers) have 12(a)(2)-type liability. If the issuer makes an untrue statement of a material fact or omits to state a material fact necessary to make its statements, in light of the circumstances in which they were made, not misleading, and cannot sustain the burden of proof that it did not know, and in the exercise of reasonable care, could not have known, of such untruth or omission, it must reimburse the purchase price of securities plus interest.
State Law
The Commission will make the issuer information available to state regulatory authorities. The states are pre-empted from requiring registration of Section 4(6) offerings, but there is no restriction of their ability to take enforcement action with respect to fraud or deceit by issuers, brokers or funding portals. States may impose fees if they are the principal place of business of the issuer or if more than half the purchasers of a crowdfunding offering are in that state. A funding portal's home state may regulate the portal, but cannot impose rules that are different or additional to what is required under the Act.
Securities sold under Section 4(6) can only be resold:
• Back to the issuer.• To an "accredited investor".• In a registered offering of securities (such as an IPO).• To a family member on death or divorce.
• Back to the issuer.
• To an "accredited investor".
• In a registered offering of securities (such as an IPO).
• To a family member on death or divorce.
The Commission may adopt other restrictions and will likely clarify that these are "restricted" securities under the definition of Rule 144(a).
Crowdfunding securities and registration under the Exchange Act
Securities acquired in a Section 4(6) offering are not included in counting the number of shareholders that triggers the need to register a class of securities under the Exchange Act.
Copyright 2014 National Crowdfunding Association