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Gear Review
Great for larger fit
Shipped and delivered really quickly from realcyclist. Just a tad large for me personally, but impressed with the optics and frame. Great return policy from realcyclist as well. I plan to exchange for the smaller Traces.
View More Details on Smith Interlock Spoiler Polarized Sunglasses


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Published: 06/11/2012
The Save the Tasmanian Devil Program's Annual Program Report for 2011/12, which outlines the activities undertaken to save the Tasmanian devil during the 2011/12 financial year has been released. It is the second Annual Report produced by the Program, following the first in 2010/11. The Report contains an overview of the key activities and outcomes, performance reviews and partnerships for the Program in 2011/12.
The Program is the largest national conservation effort undertaken to date. It is a joint initiative of the Tasmanian and Australian Governments. In 2008 the Tasmanian Government committed to ongoing support for the Program with initial annual funding of $3 million. The Australian Government committed to annual funding of $2 million for a five-year period.
The Program is guided by a strategic plan and a business plan and has a vision of an enduring and ecologically functional population of Tasmanian devils living wild in Tasmania. The inclusion of information in this Report outlining the Program's major achievements for the year, our partnerships and our progress in the field of scientific research, provides evidence that the Program has made significant advances towards that vision.
This page was last modified on 06/11/2012
This site is maintained by The Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment.
Questions concerning content can be sent to the Internet Coordinator, by mail to:
GPO Box 44, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 7001, or by telephone to 03 6165 4300.
The Save the Tasmanian Devil Appeal is the Program's official fundraising entity. The University of Tasmania Foundation administers all funding associated with the Appeal. All donations over $2 are tax deductible in Australia. ABN: ABN 73 744 631 571. To support the Appeal please click here

subset: commoncrawl


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Press room
If you are a journalist wanting to find out more about the philosophy and science behind homeopathy, quickly and succinctly we hope the following information will be of use.
Here you can download facts about homeopathy that you may now know already? click here
To find out more visit our About homeopathy pages: click here
or our Research section: click here
If you require any further information please contact Pamela Stevens on 01604 817890 for assistance or to email Pamela click here.


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Ask Your Doctor
Vietrez P. David-Abella, MD
Diplomate, Philippine Board of Surgery
Fellow, Philippine Society of General Surgeons
Fellow, Philippine College of Surgeons
Fare thee well
July 09, 2008
For months, I had struggled with my father's (Fredegusto Gueco David's) imminent babang luksa this July 13. Is this society's way of saying that mourning is over? That by this time one should be able to get on with one's life? For me, it seemed, night had just begun.
True, I breezed through denial-anger-bargaining-depression by throwing myself into my work. And thankfully, I found a lot of work to do. Exhaustion was the balm for pain. The few times that I wasn't exhausted enough were when feelings got the better of me. Although my rational mind had accepted that my father was gone, in my dreams I was still struggling to come to terms with it. I had accepted that his time had come to rest, and yet, I wanted just a little more time for the two of us, for me to hear from him that this is what he wanted. I had accepted that his work in this world was done, but how come he still had dreams for coming days? And had he really concluded that he had finished preparing his eight living children to face the world in their own terms, and that they would succeed doing so?
I railed at the thought that I'd have to officially end my mourning in a few days' time. Searching for answers, I turned to my faith. This time, it wasn't about picking up bits and pieces of Bible passages to relate to my life. It was a conscious effort to find out why we believe, and how we came to this point in our belief. And I found such a systematic study in the "Catechism for Filipino Catholics." (It is an on-going study, so there remain unanswered questions.)
It was during this study that I finally believed and accepted: yes, my father has gone on. He might have died, to us, but he has moved on to another plane of existence. He needs no pity or mercy from us. He had done a superb job of teaching thousands of students in his 45 years with the University of the Philippines Diliman, Department of Psychology. He had provided for his family by the sweat of his brow. He left behind some writing: poems, essays, and more importantly for me, letters that speak from the heart and touch the mind and soul. A lot of what he was trying to tell me from 35 years ago, I finally understand only now. And yes, he had been preparing us for his death for the past 20 years. Even so, I had prayed a lot that it would not come sooner, and it seems God had answered those prayers. We, the family, are quite blessed to have been sustained in our needs and esp. in our studies. It was indeed time for my Dad to rest, having spent 70 fruitful years on this earth.
But what about us, whom he has now left behind? What about me? Words alone cannot comfort a heart that is raw from being torn apart. And yet…we continue to face the challenges of life. The world will not cease to turn just because one is undergoing a major crisis. People marry, beget children, and they grow up to be parents themselves. The circle of life, indeed, goes on. I must go on. I have my own load to bear, responsibilities to take. I have children to raise, a husband to share my own time on earth with.
Yes, enough about me! It is time to move on.
Copyright © 2008, The Catanduanes Tribune. All rights reserved.


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Main Content
Mexico not only has talent on the field – they have heart and perseverance. Celebrate El Tri with this 2013 track top from adidas. It features Mexico's team colors with the crest embroidered on the left chest, as well as a full zippered front and two front pockets. This jacket truly honors the never-ending spirit that La Verde embodies!
- 100% Polyester
- Coat hook loop
- Fabric overlay stripes
- Full zip jacket
- Imported
- Officially licensed
- Olympic collar
- Quality embroidery
- Rib-knit collar, cuffs & waist
- Two front pockets
Other Customers also liked:
Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


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RIMS CBSE pune, nursery school located at undri, has following fees structure for the year 2012-2013.
One time Rs. 30,000/- which is non refundable and goes towards admin charges. Apart from this, Rs. 2500/- per month ie Rs.7500 per quarter. Please note that this fees does not include uniforms, books, shoes and transport charges. Transport charges depends on where you are located, if you are staying nearby hadapsar then it will be Rs. 15,000/- per annum. Opps.. They have two batches, A and B. each batch have 25 students.
- CBSE IIT Main 2015 Exam Result Check Now (Declare On 27 April 2015)
Also note that they are following CBSE pattern and not yet affiliated to CBSE. This is third year, and hopefully they will get it.
Information provided by - admission counseller , Monika - 892 893 9235.
Now My real view about this school, RIMS CBSE, undri pune, is located around 2 KMs from Undri Naka. Surrounded by farms only one three story building at right hand side. The entrance is good with big banner. The first look when you enter the school is, the ongoing construction from second and third floor. Well this was the concern for me and my first impression for this school was gone below average. Well rest is OK, like school classrooms, quite big, but little dusty may be because of ongoing construction in the school.
School timings.
Nursery / JKg / Sr Kg : 8:30am – 11:30pmRIMS International School & Junior College is an institution with an educational tradition of over 75 years. It is one of the first school/college to establish the Cambridge IGCSE and "A' level qualifications in Mumbai(2001) and Pune (2005).
Carrying forward this illustrious background RIMS has now ventured into the national educational curriculum and is launching its first CBSE school,RIMS CBSE,Pune at Undri.
The curriculum at the nursery stage is a series of learning goals in 6 major areas which a child would be aided to attain:
- Personal,social and emotional development.
- Communication,language and literacy.
- Mathematical development.
- Knowledge and understanding of the world.
- Physical development.
- Creative development.
For the Primary classes focus would be on the following areas of child development:
- Literacy (Reading,Writing,Speaking and Listening ).
- Numeracy & Mathematics.
- Science & Technology.
- Health & Physical Education.
- Art & Creativity.
- Drama & Performance.
- Civics & Citizenship.
- Humanities
- Computing skills.
- Music & Singing.
- Field Trip & Excursions.
The above inspiring curriculum would be ably backed by the sports and co-curricular activities enabling to harness and build a well rounded personality of a young mind and body.
This in a nutshell is a small step by RIMS aiming to make a giant impact in the educational milieu and hoping to keep the banner flying high.
- CBSE IIT Main 2015 Exam Result Check Now (Declare On 27 April 2015)


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Across the country millions Americans are going to be voting this November on marijuana reform. Initiatives about marijuana will likely be on the ballot in at least seven states and numerous cities. Voters in Massachusetts, North Dakota, and Arkansas will likely be deciding on whether or not to approve marijuana for medical use in their states. Montana residents will face a referendum on changes to their medical marijuana laws. Most significantly, in Oregon, Washington State and Colorado voters will have the opportunity to completely legalize marijuana.
The bulk of these states are either so reliably blue, like Washington, or reliably red, like Arkansas, that they will be effectively ignored by the major presidential candidates this year, but that is not true of Colorado. Colorado is among the swingest of the presidential swing states. It is possible that Colorado could end up being the decisive state this election. That is why it was selected to hold the first of the Presidential debates, which will be about domestic issues.
As a result President Obama and Mitt Romney are going to be spending a lot of time and money in the state. While they could relatively easily ignore the marijuana initiatives in the other states, it won't be easy for them to ignore Amendment 64, which would legalize cannabis in Colorado.
Even if amendment 64 wasn't on the ballot in Colorado, the candidates would still have a tough time avoiding questions about marijuana in that state. Back in 2000 voters in the state approved medical marijuana. Since then the state has developed one of the largest and best run medical marijuana industries. Already this cycle Colorado is where the media forced Romney to face questions about his stance against medical marijuana. With the state potentially taking a leading role in what could be a small wave of marijuana legalization efforts this year, the stakes are significantly higher now.
A final factor that will make it even harder for both Obama and Romney to ignore the issue of marijuana while in Colorado is former New Mexico governor and Libertarian candidate for president Gary Johnson. With his socially liberal and fiscally conservative position, he potentially could draw supporters away from Obama or Romney. Johnson knows marijuana legalization is one of his most popular stances that distinguishes him for the major candidates, both of whom have taken very unpopular positions in opposition to even medical marijuana. Johnson also knows that Colorado, a swing state that directly neighbors his home state, with legalization on the ballot, gives him one of his best openings. It is one of his big selling points in the state.
So far this election both Obama and Romney have been very reluctant to discuss marijuana policy, but the need for them to campaign in Colorado may force them to talk about it anyway. It has already had the effect before this cycle, and things should only get more intense as the election day nears.


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Famous Puppet Death Scenes
Let us cure your fear of death; no more anxiety about difficult choices, no more dreading birthdays, no more desperate pleas for immortality through fame, art, or progeny.
Through a collection of famous scenes culled from the absolute best puppet shows in history, including Edward's Last Prance, from The Ballad of Edward Grue by Samuel Groanswallow, The Feverish Heart by Nordo Frot, Why I Am So Sad by Sally, and the unforgettable Bipsy's Mistake, from Bipsy and Mumu Go to the Zoo by Fun Freddy, the Old Trouts will deconstruct your traumatized psyche and reconstruct you so that death means nothing to you anymore.
In a way, we promise ever-lasting life. Through a puppet show. That's right.
2014-15 North American Tour on now:
November 22 - 23 Margaret Greenham Theatre, Banff Centre, Banff, AB - SOLD OUT
December 9 - January 4, Woolly Mammoth Theatre, Washington, DC
* Helen Hayes Award Nominee for Outstanding Visiting Production
February 3 - 22, Majestic Theatre, Eastglen High School, Theatre Network, Edmonton, AB
March 13 - 28, Flanagan Theatre, Theatre Junction GRAND, Calgary, AB
March 31 - April 19, York Theatre, The Cultch, Vancouver, BC
Check out the Nathanial Tweak interview in the Washington Post.
Trunk Puppet
Did you hear an odd thump?
What's inside that trunk? What's that strange scratching sound? Oh no! It… it's opening!
A show for all ages about what happens when you dare to unlatch the Big Box of Life. What wonders, what mysteries, what hilarity – what havoc – might be unleashed? Once opened, can it ever be closed again?
This new show, first conceived and workshopped in 2014, is ready for its Eastern Canadian Premiere at Montreal's Festival de Casteliers March 4 – 8, then a Western Canadian Premiere at the International Festival of Animated Objects in Calgary March 14 @ 7:00 pm and March 15 @ 2:00 pm at the Downtown Legion Hall.
Co-produced with the support of the Calgary Animated Objects Society (CAOS), Old Trout Pete Balkwill is teaming up with Trout performing alumnae Anne Lalancette and Teddy Ivanova to face the hideous truth within.
Interested in helping us?
The Old Trout Puppet Workshop is a peculiar and wondrous and fragile thing that struggles to exist against great odds -- like, say, a very small flower in a nasty place full of rocks and cruel wind. Except that a very small flower needs sun and a little water now and then whereas the Old Trout Puppet Workshop needs, well, money.
If you would like to help us, "Become a Trout", we'd be glad to have you join us.
The Old Trout Workshop is a registered non profit organization (BN:867021529RR0001). Old Trout Puppet Workshop donations are processed through Canada Helps, a public charitable foundation providing a donation portal to 80,000 Canadian charities. To make a safe, secure on-line donation, please click on the Canada Helps link below:
If you have any questions or would care to donate with cash or cheque, please send us an email or give us a call: 403-508-4929
Curious about what we do?
If you live in Calgary, Alberta or nearby or heck - even if you're just passing through - drop by the studio anytime for a visit.
Please call ahead to ensure that someone is actually there: 403-508-4929
Find us here: #102, 4632 1 Street S.E. - Calgary, Alberta, Canada
"one of the best shows of the year… not to be missed."
The Globe & Mail
"visually stunning and endlessly entertaining."
The L.A. Times
"dramatically engaging and visually stunning."
The Boston Globe
Thank you to the following "Trouts" for their support of our 2013-14 Fundraising Campaign:
Rainbow Trouts ($500+)
Grant Burns
Johanne Daoust
Andrea Killackey
Bob Davis
Lara King
Paul Beique
Len Kraemer and CKAID
Hugh and Karen Balkwill
Bull Trouts ($250 - $499)
Greg Francis
Doug McKeag
Christina Marta
Chris Manderson
James Gottselig
Speckled Trouts ($100 - $249)
Cimmeron Meyer
Duval Lang
James Davidge
Roisin Hutchinson
Hugh Thomas
Andrea Shalanski
Paul Tanguay
Brook Trouts ($50 - $99)
Jennifer Robbins
Up to $49
Allison Yauk
Amadine Rajon
Geoffrey Berner
$1,800 - Dolly Wiggler Cabaret
Special thanks to:


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Kosher Chicken Parmesan – Almost!
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Kosher Chicken Parmesan – Almost!
I got this recipe from my neighbor who was missing several key ingredients from a cookbook recipe she was trying to follow, and the results are amazing! I have made it many times since, and my favorite compliment I've gotten was from my friend who is a baalas tshuva and told me that it's the closest kosher thing she has tasted to chicken parmesan!
- Prep Time : 20 min min
- Cook Time : 1 hour
- Ready Time : 1 hour, 20 min
- 1 package Chicken Breast
- Flour for Coating
- 2-3 Eggs
- Seasoned Bread Crumbs
- 1/3 c. Jarred Marinara Sauce
- 1/3 c. Mayonnaise (I prefer full fat)
- 1/3 c. Orange Juice (the fresher the better)
- 1/3 c. Honey
- 1 Tbsp. Onion Soup Mix
- 1 Tbsp. Prepared Yellow Mustard
1. Cut each chicken breast into 2-3 pieces (either strips or squares). Coat each piece in flour, then egg, and then bread crumbs. Fry until crumbs are light-medium brown. (The inside does not really need to be cooked through so don't dry it out!)
2. Combine all sauce ingredients with an immersion blender until smooth.
3. Arrange shnitzel pieces in single layer in a baking pan, and pour the sauce over them. Cover with foil, and bake on 350 for 1 hour.
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Meat , Dinner, Main , Shabbat , Cooking for a Crowd, Dinner Tonight , Chicken ,


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Lane Fox Concept Saddle Made in england.
I bought a saddle today, for $500 Its a very nice saddle. But I'm having a hard time finding what it was originally sold for. The lady at the shop called it a liberty Bell. But the inside is stamped Lane fox Concept made in england. was $500 to much to pay for it? I still have 5 days to return it. So anybody have any idea of what I've got? Thanks.
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Outlander & Outlander MAX 2013-2015 (except with 400 engine)
Outlander 2012 with 800R or 1000 engine (G2)
- Relocates radiator to a top mount position to prevent cooling performance loss in mud conditions.
- Reuses radiator and includes support, hardware and hoses.
- Engineered for easy cooling system bleeding and maintenance.
- Radiator not included.
Color: Black
Did you know?
This kit keeps things from boiling over on muddy trails, relocating the radiator up top in front of the handlebars where it stays cleaner, and your engine cooler!


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Dacryocystorhinostomy is a type of surgery sometimes used to treat
blocked tear ducts in adults. It is rarely used in
This procedure creates a new passageway between the tear duct sac and
the nasal cavity, bypassing the blocked tear duct. To do the procedure, the doctor needs to make a cut (incision) in the skin by the eye. A tube is inserted through
the tear duct sac and into the nose through a hole in the bone. This tube is
left in the nose and stitched in place.
Adults who have long-term tear duct blockage that is not caused by an
infection often need to have dacryocystorhinostomy. If the person has a tear
duct infection, surgery will be delayed until the infection has cleared.
local or general anesthesia can be used during this
Antibiotics applied to the eye or taken by mouth are
used to prevent infection after surgery.
After about 3 days, you
return to the doctor's office to check the placement of the tube and to have
the stitches removed. The tube is left in place for at least 6 weeks.
The risks of dacryocystorhinostomy include:
You will have a small scar where the surgery was done.
Last Revised:
November 8, 2011
Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine & Christopher J. Rudnisky, MD, MPH, FRCSC - Ophthalmology
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your visits to this Site and other websites in order to provide advertisements about goods and services of
interest to you. If you would like to obtain more information about these advertising practices and to make
choices about online behavioral advertising, please click here.


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National workshop on child marriage laws in Zambia
Zambia – Following the Regional Dialogue on child marriage laws held in Johannesburg from 3-4 February 2015, AWEPA and Plan Zambia, in cooperation with Southern African Development Community Parliamentary Forum (SADC-PF), organised a national workshop in… Read more
Chair of AWEPA's EP Section on Women Empowerment and Development
Amsterdam, the Netherlands – "Africa has noted that despite positive achievements registered recently in decision-making, women, as the largest proportion of our population; still remain vulnerable, at-risk and impoverished", according to the African Union. 2015… Read more
Somalia: Meetings on the inclusion of women in politics
Adado, Somalia – A delegation of twelve persons, among which parliamentarians, members of civil and youth organisations and officials from the Ministry of Gender and Human Rights including the Minister of Gender and Human Rights… Read more
#DAC2015: Towards bringing an end to child marriage in Africa
Amsterdam, the Netherlands – AWEPA celebrates the Day of the African Child (DAC), commemorated each year on 16th June by the African Union (AU) and its partners. The DAC is a day for governments, communities… Read more
FGM/C: A briefing for Members of the Kenya National Assembly
Following the launch of AWEPA/Plan's Obligation to Protect (O2P): Agents of Change Unite against FGM/C programme in 2014 a seminar on FGM/C took place in Nairobi on 12 June 2015. The seminar, which was organised jointly by AWEPA,… Read more
> Benin: Induction Training for the National Assembly
> "Peace, Security and Sustainable Development": An AWEPA International Parliamentary Seminar in the Belgian Senate
Annual Report 2013
Financial Statement 2013
Démocratie et diplomatie parlamentaire – 15 ans de Coopération au Coeur de l'Afrique
Trainer's manual on gender in local councils in the Republic of South Sudan
Background The four-year capacity-building project for the National Legislative Assembly (NLA) and the local councils in Central Equatoria and Western Equatoria States of South Sudan was launched in July 2012 and will come to a… Read more


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Purchasing a car sight unseen is a big-time gamble, and finding yourself on the bidding end of on online auction poses the same amount of risk. But for some reason stubborn car junkies, like ourselves, have no problem rolling the dice on a car we know very little about. With no actual vehicle history report and no character reference of its previous existence, you may be looking at the perfect breeding ground for hidden blemishes, rust, and corrosion -- internally and externally. Not even a top-of-the-line high-def computer monitor can reveal what may be lurking underneath that slab of Bondo.
It's a little scary how that rose-colored screen can have such an influence on making us purchase a car we wouldn't have given a second glance at a local auto swap meet. But the adrenalin rush of buying a classic car can be intensely overpowering. It's just how the male species are wired, and we just can't help it, it's all about the thrill of the kill. By the way, that '69 you've been looking at on eBay for the last two days; it's the car of your dreams−or is it?
Bill and Larry Amsley−car guys through and through−began an online search for a low-buck '69 Camaro they could bring home, follow up with a few minor repairs, dial in some upgrades, and have a cool cruiser to enjoy on the weekends. At least that was the plan. Unfortunately, their digital dilemma began when they won an eBay auction. As Bill explains, "Not thinking I'd actually win, I threw down a pretty low bid on a car that was described as a "nice driver." As the auction was winding down I was certain someone would post a higher bid, but it didn't happen.
After taking delivery on this car, I immediately noticed it had more internal issues than a teenage Hollywood celebrity." Bill decided to hedge his bet and flip the car in hopes of getting back what he'd paid. He re-listed the car on the same auction site and set the reserve at his original winning bid, but as luck would have it, there were no takers. Needless to say the Amsley's were stuck with a Camaro that was worth a whole bunch less than what they had paid.
Being the owner of an auto collision repair business and self-proclaimed metalworking junky, Bill informs us. "I told my dad, Larry, since we can't get our money back on this car, we have no option but to just build it."
After tearing apart the car, closer inspection of the sheet metal revealed shoddy bodywork repair and more holes than a block of imported Swiss cheese. "Fortunately, my Dad and I really enjoy working with metal," states Bill, "so, we decided to go with something a little outside the box." Needless to say, the Father and Son duo didn't just replace the rotted sheetmetal with off-the-shelf product. Nope, they went in and sculpted some very cool, custom pieces.
It took four long months of working weeknights and weekends, but the outcome definitely paid off. What they ended up with is a uniquely-styled, custom '69 Camaro that is full of subtle, but tasty nuances that even the most versed Camaro freak would need to take a couple extra laps around to fully notice. Most notably, the '69s scallops on the quarter panels have been replaced by aggressive-looking air vents. Camaro purists would certainly consider this a risky move, as messing with perfection can easily bite you in the ass. But the Amsley's pulled it off. Continuing with the one-off pieces are a custom chin spoiler, front valance, rocker trim, and firewall, and they even extended the cowl hood 3-inches. The dash and roll bar are fully custom, as are the rear body panel and spoiler.
"My Dad and I wanted to make sure when we pull in to a car show and park next to another '69, our Camaro will stand out from the rest−just not too exaggerated or freakish," says Bill. "I spent over 20 hours doing different spray-outs to get the color combination just right, but we think the most unique features of the '69 are the gills on the quarter panels. We just took what was there, ran with it a little and made them vented. That's half of the reason we came up with the name Vented 454. The other reason? That's pretty simple−the 454ci big-block."


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Chronic pain affects one third of Americans or about 133 million people.
Relieving chronic back pain, no surgery required.
If your teenager tells you that he or she has a stomach ache it might be more than just an excuse to get out of doing something you've asked them to do.
We'll show you how doctors are zapping away pain!
Alternative treatments that really help folks with arthritis.
The same technology used in your smart phone is helping zap away severe pain.


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The Judges' Club of Egypt's Administrative Prosecution decided on Wednesday not to oversee the second round of the constitutional referendum scheduled for December 22.
Egypt: Administrative Prosecutors Not to Oversee Referendum
Copyright © 2012 Aswat Masriya. All rights reserved. Distributed by AllAfrica Global Media (allAfrica.com). To contact the copyright holder directly for corrections — or for permission to republish or make other authorized use of this material, click here.
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Articles and commentaries that identify allAfrica.com as the publisher are produced or commissioned by AllAfrica. To address comments or complaints, please Contact us.


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A contact lens (also known simply as a contact) is a corrective, cosmetic, or therapeutic lens usually placed on the cornea of the eye. Modern soft contact lenses were invented by the Czech chemists Otto Wichterle and Drahoslav Lim, who also invented the first gel used for their production.
Contact lenses usually serve the same corrective purpose as conventional glasses, but are lightweight and virtually invisible—many commercial lenses are tinted a faint blue to make them more visible when immersed in cleaning and storage solutions. Some cosmetic lenses are deliberately colored to alter the appearance of the eye.
It has been estimated that 125 million people use contact lenses worldwide (2%), including 28 to 38 million in the United States and 13 million in Japan. The types of lenses used and prescribed vary markedly between countries, with rigid lenses accounting for over 20% of currently-prescribed lenses in Japan, Netherlands and Germany but less than 5% in Scandinavia.
People choose to wear contact lenses for many reasons, often due to their appearance and practicality. When compared to spectacles, contact lenses are less affected by wet weather, do not steam up, and provide a wider field of vision. They are more suitable for a number of sporting activities. Additionally, ophthalmological conditions such as keratoconus and aniseikonia may not be accurately corrected with glasses.
Leonardo da Vinci is frequently credited with introducing the general principle of contact lenses in his 1508 Codex of the eye, Manual D, where he described a method of directly altering corneal power by submerging the eye in a bowl of water. Leonardo, however, did not suggest his idea be used for correcting vision—he was more interested in learning about the mechanisms of accommodation of the eye.
René Descartes proposed another idea in 1636, in which a glass tube filled with liquid is placed in direct contact with the cornea. The protruding end was to be composed of clear glass, shaped to correct vision; however the idea was impracticable, since it would make blinking impossible.
In 1801, while conducting experiments concerning the mechanisms of accommodation, scientist Thomas Young constructed a liquid-filled "eyecup" which could be considered a predecessor to the contact lens. On the eyecup's base, Young fitted a microscope eyepiece. However, like Leonardo's, Young's device was not intended to correct refraction errors.
Sir John Herschel, in a footnote of the 1845 edition of the Encyclopedia Metropolitana, posed two ideas for the visual correction: the first "a spherical capsule of glass filled with animal jelly", and "a mould of the cornea" which could be impressed on "some sort of transparent medium". Though Herschel reportedly never tested these ideas, they were both later advanced by several independent inventors such as Hungarian Dr. Dallos (1929), who perfected a method of making molds from living eyes. This enabled the manufacture of lenses that, for the first time, conformed to the actual shape of the eye.
It was not until 1887 that a German glassblower, F.E. Muller, produced the first eye covering to be seen through and tolerated. In the next year, the German physiologist Adolf Eugen Fick constructed and fitted the first successful contact lens. While working in Zürich, he described fabricating afocal scleral contact shells, which rested on the less sensitive rim of tissue around the cornea, and experimentally fitting them: initially on rabbits, then on himself, and lastly on a small group of volunteers. These lenses were made from heavy brown glass and were 18–21mm in diameter. Fick filled the empty space between cornea/callosity and glass with a dextrose solution. He published his work, "Contactbrille", in the journal Archiv für Augenheilkunde in March 1888.
Fick's lens was large, unwieldy, and could only be worn for a few hours at a time. August Müller in Kiel, Germany, corrected his own severe myopia with a more convenient glass-blown scleral contact lens of his own manufacture in 1888.
Also in 1887, Louis J. Girard invented a similar scleral form of contact lens.
Glass-blown scleral lenses remained the only form of contact lens until the 1930s when polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA or Perspex/Plexiglas) was developed, allowing plastic scleral lenses to be manufactured for the first time. In 1936, optometrist William Feinbloom introduced plastic lenses, making them lighter and more convenient. These lenses were a combination of glass and plastic.
In 1949, the first "corneal" lenses were developed. These were much smaller than the original scleral lenses, as they sat only on the cornea rather than across all of the visible ocular surface, and could be worn up to sixteen hours per day. PMMA corneal lenses became the first contact lenses to have mass appeal through the 1960s, as lens designs became more sophisticated with improving manufacturing (lathe) technology.
One important disadvantage of PMMA lenses is that no oxygen is transmitted through the lens to the conjunctiva and cornea, which can cause a number of adverse clinical effects. By the end of the 1970s, and through the 1980s and 1990s, a range of oxygen-permeable but rigid materials were developed to overcome this problem. Collectively, these polymers are referred to as "rigid gas permeable" or "RGP" materials or lenses. Although all the above lens types—sclerals, PMMA lenses and RGPs—could be correctly referred to as being "hard" or "rigid", the term hard is now used to refer to the original PMMA lenses which are still occasionally fitted and worn, whereas rigid is a generic term which can be used for all these lens types. That is, hard lenses (PMMA lenses) are a sub-set of rigid lenses. Occasionally, the term "gas permeable" is used to describe RGP lenses, but this is potentially misleading, as soft lenses are also gas permeable in that they allow oxygen to move through the lens to the ocular surface.
The principal breakthrough in soft lenses was made by the Czech chemists Otto Wichterle and Drahoslav Lim who published their work "Hydrophilic gels for biological use" in the journal Nature in 1959. This led to the launch of the first soft (hydrogel) lenses in some countries in the 1960s and the first approval of the "Soflens" material by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1971. These lenses were soon prescribed more often than rigid lenses, mainly due to the immediate comfort of soft lenses; by comparison, rigid lenses require a period of adaptation before full comfort is achieved. The polymers from which soft lenses are manufactured improved over the next 25 years, primarily in terms of increasing the oxygen permeability by varying the ingredients making up the polymers.
In 1999, an important development was the launch of the first silicone hydrogels onto the market. These new materials encapsulated the benefits of silicone—which has extremely high oxygen permeability—with the comfort and clinical performance of the conventional hydrogels which had been used for the previous 30 years. These lenses were initially advocated primarily for extended (overnight) wear although more recently, daily (no overnight) wear silicone hydrogels have been launched.
For those with certain color deficiencies, a red-tinted "X-Chrom" contact lens may be used. Although the lens does not restore normal color vision, it allows some colorblind individuals to distinguish colors better.
ChromaGen lenses have been used and these have been shown to have some limitations with vision at night although otherwise producing significant improvements in colour vision. An earlier study showed very significant improvements in colour vision and patient satisfaction
Later work that used these ChromaGen lenses with dyslexics in a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled trial showed highly significant improvements in reading ability over reading without the lenses This system has been granted FDA approval in the United States.
A cosmetic contact lens is designed to change the appearance of the eye. These lenses may also correct the vision, but some blurring or obstruction of vision may occur as a result of the color or design. In the United States, the FDA frequently calls non-corrective cosmetic contact lenses decorative contact lenses.
Theatrical contact lenses are a type of cosmetic contact lens that are used primarily in the entertainment industry to make the eye appear pleasing, unusual or unnatural in appearance, most often in horror and zombie movies, where lenses can make one's eyes appear demonic, cloudy and lifeless, or even to make the pupils of the wearer appear dilated to simulate the natural appearance of the pupils under the influence of various illicit drugs.
Scleral lenses cover the white part of the eye (i.e. sclera) and are used in many theatrical lenses. Due to their size, these lenses are difficult to insert and do not move very well within the eye. They may also hamper the vision as the lens has a small area for the user to see through. As a result they generally cannot be worn for more than 3 hours as they can cause temporary vision disturbances.
Similar lenses have more direct medical applications. For example, some lenses can give the iris an enlarged appearance, or mask defects such as absence (aniridia) or damage (dyscoria) to the iris.
Although many brands of contact lenses are lightly tinted to make them easier to handle, cosmetic lenses worn to change the color of the eye are far less common, accounting for only 3% of contact lens fits in 2004.
The first contact lenses were made of glass, which caused eye irritation, and were not wearable for extended periods of time. But when William Feinbloom introduced lenses made from polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA or Perspex/Plexiglas), contacts became much more convenient. These PMMA lenses are commonly referred to as "hard" lenses (this term is not used for other types of contact lens).
However, PMMA lenses have their own side effects: no oxygen is transmitted through the lens to the cornea, which can cause a number of adverse clinical events. In the late 1970s, and through the 1980s and 1990s, improved rigid materials—which were also oxygen-permeable—were developed. Collectively, these polymers are referred to as rigid gas permeable or 'RGP' materials or lenses. One advantage of hard lenses is that, due to their non-porous nature, they do not absorb chemicals or fumes. The absorption of such compounds by other types of contacts can be a problem for those who are routinely exposed to painting or other chemical processes.
Rigid lenses offer a number of unique properties. In effect, the lens is able to replace the natural shape of the cornea with a new refracting surface. This means that a regular (spherical) rigid contact lens can provide good level of vision in people who have astigmatism or distorted corneal shapes as with keratoconus.
While rigid lenses have been around for about 120 years, soft lenses are a much more recent development. The principal breakthrough in soft lenses made by Otto Wichterle led to the launch of the first soft (hydrogel) lenses in some countries in the 1960s and the approval of the 'Soflens' material (polymacon) by the United States FDA in 1971. Soft lenses are immediately comfortable, while rigid lenses require a period of adaptation before full comfort is achieved. The polymers from which soft lenses are manufactured improved over the next 25 years, primarily in terms of increasing the oxygen permeability by varying the ingredients making up the polymers.
A small number of hybrid rigid/soft lenses exist. An alternative technique is piggybacking of contact lenses, a smaller, rigid lens being mounted atop a larger, soft lens. This is done for a variety of clinical situations where a single lens will not provide the optical power, fitting characteristics, or comfort required.
In 1999, 'silicone hydrogels' became available. Silicone hydrogels have both the extremely high oxygen permeability of silicone and the comfort and clinical performance of the conventional hydrogels. These lenses were initially advocated primarily for extended (overnight) wear, although more recently daily (no overnight) wear silicone hydrogels have been approved and launched.
While it provides the oxygen permeability, the silicone also makes the lens surface highly hydrophobic and less "wettable." This frequently results in discomfort and dryness during lens wear. In order to compensate for the hydrophobicity, hydrogels are added (hence the name "silicone hydrogels") to make the lenses more hydrophilic. However the lens surface may still remain hydrophobic. Hence some of the lenses undergo surface modification processes which cover the hydrophobic sites of silicone. Some other lens types incorporate internal rewetting agents to make the lens surface hydrophilic.
Extended lens wearers may have an increased risk for corneal infections and corneal ulcers, primarily due to poor care and cleaning of the lenses, tear film instability, and bacterial stagnation. Corneal neovascularization has historically also been a common complication of extended lens wear, though this does not appear to be a problem with silicone hydrogel extended wear. The most common complication of extended lens use is conjunctivitis, usually allergic or giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC), sometimes associated with a poorly fitting contact lens.
Like eyeglasses, contact lenses can have one (single vision) or more (multifocal) focal points.
For correction of presbyopia or accommodative insufficiency multifocal contact lenses are almost always used; however, single vision lenses may also be used in a process known as monovision: single vision lenses are used to correct one eye's far vision and the other eye's near vision. Alternatively, a person may wear single vision contact lenses to improve distance vision and reading glasses to improve near vision.
Rigid gas permeable bifocal contact lenses most commonly have a small lens on the bottom for the near correction, when the eyes are lowered to read, this lens comes into the optical path. RGPs must translate (move vertically) to work properly, and thus the gaze of the eye can change from the near to the distant sections, much like bifocal eyeglasses.
Multifocal soft contact lenses are more complex to manufacture and require more skill to fit. All soft bifocal contact lenses are considered "simultaneous vision" because both far and near vision corrections are presented simultaneously to the retina, regardless of the position of the eye. Of course, only one correction is correct, the incorrect correction causes blur. Commonly these are designed with distance correction in the center of the lens and near correction in the periphery, or vice versa.
Although many companies make contact lenses, there are four major manufacturers:
Smaller Manufacturers are:
The practitioner or contact lens fitter typically determines an individual's suitability for contact lenses during an eye examination. Corneal health is verified; ocular allergies or dry eyes may affect a person's ability to wear contact lenses successfully. Especially after the age of 35 years dry eyes often makes wearing contact lenses too risky, especially soft lenses.
The parameters specified in a contact lenses prescription may include:
Many people already wearing contact lenses order contact lenses over the internet at their own risk. In the US, The Fairness to Contact Lens Consumers Act, which became law in February, 2004, was intended to ensure the availability of contact lens prescriptions to patients. Under the law consumers have a right to obtain a copy of their contact lens prescription, allowing them to fill that prescription at the business of their choice.
Studies conducted on side effects from long-term wearing of contact lenses, i.e. over 5 years, such as by Zuguo Liu PhD, MD and Stephen C. Pflugfelder MD: "The effects of long-term contact lens wear on corneal thickness, curvature, and surface regularity", Ophthalmology , Volume 107 , Issue 1 , Pages 105 - 111, concludes that: Long-term contact lens wear appears to decrease the entire corneal thickness and increase the corneal curvature and surface irregularity.
It has also been suggested elsewhere that the thinning of the cornea results in patients being unable to have cataract operations later on in life because of their reduced corneal thickness.
Rigid contact lenses may be removed by pulling with one finger on the outer or lateral canthus, then blinking to cause the lens to lose adhesion. The other hand is typically cupped underneath the eye to catch the lens. There also exist small tools specifically for removing lenses, which resemble small plungers made of flexible plastic; the concave end is raised to the eye and touched to the lens, forming a seal stronger than that of the lens with the cornea and allowing the lens to be removed from the eye.
While daily disposable lenses require no cleaning, other types require regular cleaning and disinfecting in order to retain clear vision and prevent discomfort and infections by various microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, and Acanthamoeba, that form a biofilm on the lens surface. There are a number of products that can be used to perform these tasks:
Some products must only be used with certain types of contact lenses: it is important to check the product label to make sure that it can be used for a given type of lens. Water alone should never be used to clean the contact lens itself as it will not adequately disinfect the lens. The use of water to clean contact lenses may lead to lens contamination and has been known in some cases to cause irreparable harm to the eye. It is also important to follow the product's directions carefully to reduce risk of eye infection or eye irritation. In addition, one should remember to wash the contact cases or lens covers thoroughly with water and multipurpose solution or hydrogen peroxide to avoid formation of biofilms on its surfaces.
It is important to ensure that the product does not become contaminated with microorganisms: the tips of the containers for these solutions should never touch any surface, and the container should be kept closed when not in use. To counteract minor contamination of the product and kill microorganisms on the contact lens, some products may contain preservatives such as thiomersal, benzalkonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, and other compounds. In 1989, thiomersal was responsible for about 10% of problems related to contact lenses: because of this, many products no longer contain thimerosal. Preservative-free products usually have shorter shelf life. For example, non-aerosol preservative-free saline solutions can typically be used for only two weeks once opened. The introduction of silicone-hydrogel soft contact lens materials in 1999 made selection of the proper disinfecting solution more important. One study has noted several incompatibilities between these new lens materials and some solutions resulting in corneal staining.
One specific research topic of interest is how microbes such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa invade the eye and cause infection. Although the pathogenesis of microbial keratitis is not well understood, many different factors have been investigated. One group of researchers showed that corneal hypoxia exacerbated Pseudomonas binding to the corneal epithelium, internalization of the microbes, and induction of the inflammatory response. One way to alleviate hypoxia is to increase the amount of oxygen transmitted to the cornea. Although silicone-hydrogel lenses almost eliminate hypoxia in patients due to their very high levels of oxygen transmissibility, they also seem to provide a more efficient platform for bacterial contamination and corneal infiltration than other conventional hydrogel soft contact lenses. A recent study showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermis adhere much more strongly to silicone hydrogel contact lenses than conventional hydrogel contact lenses and that adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 20 times stronger than adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis. This might help to explain one reason why Pseudomonas infections are the most predominant.
Another important area of contact lens research deals with patient compliance. Compliance is a major issue surrounding the use of contact lenses because patient noncompliance often leads to contamination of the lens, storage case, or both. The introduction of multipurpose solutions and daily disposable lenses have helped to alleviate some of the problems observed from inadequate cleaning but new methods of combating microbial contamination are currently being developed. A silver-impregnated lens case has been developed which helps to eradicate any potentially contaminating microbes that come in contact with the lens case. Additionally, a number of antimicrobial agents are being developed that have been embedded into contact lenses themselves. Contact lenses with covalently attached Selenium molecules have been shown to reduce bacterial colonization without adversely affecting the cornea of a rabbit eye and octylglucoside used as a contact lens surfactant significantly decreases bacterial adhesion. These compounds are of particular interest to contact lens manufacturers and prescribing optometrists because they do not require any patient compliance to effectively attenuate the effects of bacterial colonization.


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VIDEO: First Look - MEL BROOKS STRIKES BACK! on HBO
Check out a first look at Mel Brooks STRIKES BACK! set to air on HBO Dec. 10, below!
From the groundbreaking TV series "Your Show of Shows" to landmark films like "Blazing Saddles" and "Young Frankenstein," Mel Brooks has been one of the most influential voices in comedy. Now, this entertainment legend looks back on his remarkable career in Mel Brooks STRIKES BACK!, debuting MONDAY, DEC. 10 (9:00-10:00 p.m. ET/PT), exclusively onHBO.
OtherHBO playdates: Dec. 13 (noon, 8:00 p.m.), 15 (3:00 p.m.), 18 (2:00 p.m., 11:00 p.m.), 21 (5:00 p.m.), 23 (noon) and 25 (5:30 a.m.)
HBO2 playdate: Dec. 27 (noon, 8:00 p.m.)
Appearing onstage with Alan Yentob, creative director for the BBC, at the Geffen Theater in Westwood, Cal. before a live audience, Brooks reviews his career as a writer, director, actor, producer, composer, failed ballet dancer and comedian. The special looks at the Brooklyn native's early life, show-business influences, early career and ascension as one of Hollywood's most successful writers and directors.
Mel Brooks STRIKES BACK! also features clips from some of his classic movies and TV work, including "Your Show of Shows," featuring Sid Caesar and Carl Reiner, one of Brooks and Reiner's "2000 Year Old Man" routines and the movies "The Producers," "Blazing Saddles" and "High Anxiety." Brooks also takes questions from the audience, discussing his experiences in World War II and the origins of the song "Retreat," which he performs in a clip with longtime collaborator Ronny Graham.
Mel Brooks STRIKES BACK! marks his second appearance onHBO in recent years, following 2011's Emmy(R)-nominated special "Mel Brooks and Dick Cavett Together Again."
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Photo by Scott Peterson
YIELD: Makes 4 to 6 side-dish servings
ACTIVE TIME: 20 minutes
TOTAL TIME: 20 minutes
Cook linguine in large pot of boiling salted water until just tender but still firm to bite. Drain, reserving 1 cup pasta cooking liquid. Return pasta to same pot.
Meanwhile, heat olive oil in heavy large skillet over medium-high heat. Add 1/2 cup basil, garlic, and crushed red pepper; stir 1 minute. Add wine and boil until slightly reduced, about 3 minutes. Add mixture from skillet, remaining 1/2 cup basil, and 3/4 cup cheese to pasta. Toss over medium heat until sauce coats pasta, adding reserved pasta liquid by 1/4 cupfuls if dry. Season with salt and pepper. Transfer to bowl. Sprinkle with remaining 3/4 cup cheese.


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Harbinger Review
Crisis on Infinite Earths (DC Direct) - Series 1
Harbinger stands about 6.25 inches and is sooooooo pretty! This is one of the best female face-sculpts I've seen, it's just too bad she has a sculpted mask bits and that awful poofy hair, too much work for me to use for customs. This is really a fantastic figure, paint apps are flawless for the most part and the articulation is sturdy. My main complaint is that her stance pretty much forces you to use the stand included or else she'll fall over and cause all your other figures to suicide-dive off the shelf. Also, I hate the hair, it's clumsily painted and is actually a little sticky, yuk. The suit's colors are nice enough, but I wouldn't really buy this figure, only reason I have it is because someone wanted me to repaint it as a Green Lantern (it reminds me of Boodika for some reason, looks pretty cool!). I think you're going to have to be a completist or love this character to buy it, though it might not be a bad buy since I've seen it selling for as little as 3 bucks, hah. Anyway, the skirt is flexible so the V-cut legs can actually move, though I don't see what poses you could possibly put this figure in since the balance is wierd...maybe on all fours?...but that's just silly! The right hand pops off annoyingly easily and the peg is ribbed like the Mr Fantastic with extendable body parts. I think maybe she's supposed to have interchangeable hands...
Articulation is standard DC Direct; Head, shoulders, elbows, wrists (only the right one), hips, and knees. All joints move smoothly and stay in place securely.
No way I'd pay $15 for this, or whatever the price is near you for DCD figures. Try to find it somewhere a lot cheaper.
Dr Nightmare
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Outdoor Research Women's Alti Mitt
The Outdoor Research Women's Alti Mitt. Our warmest, most versatile expedition-grade mitt system for 8000m peaks, Arctic expeditions, and seriously cold endeavors.
FEATURES of the Outdoor Research Women's Alti Mitt
- Waterproof
- Breathable
- Lightweight
- Wicking
- Fully Seam Taped
- Removable Liner
- Kevlar Stitching on Palm
- Moonlite Pile Fleece Liner Palms
- Pre-Curved Box Construction
- Three-Panel Thumb
- SuperCinch Gauntlet Closure
- ToughTek LT Tabs Prevent Slipping
- Heat Pack Pocket on Back of Liner
- Pull Loop
SPECIFICATIONS of the Outdoor Research Women's Alti Mitt
- Weight: per pair: (M): 11.8 oz / 333 g
- Gore-Tex 2.5L 100% nylon, 40D ripstop shell
- Pittards Armortan leather shell palm
- 100% nylon ripstop liner
- PrimaLoft 100% polyester insulation, PrimaLoft One insulation: 170g in shell, 340g in liner
This product can only be shipped within the United States. Please don't hate us.
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for the Outdoor Research Women's Alti Mitt
Average Custy Rating:
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My partner has always used gloves but struggles with cold hands when tempretures drop towards zero. She was relunctant to buy mitts but the reviews suggest they were some of the warmest mitts on the market so I bought her a pair for Christmas and it didnt take her long to put the gloves into retirement.
I wore these mitts for about ten minutes on a summit in the Adirondacks when the windchill was single digits below zero and my hands got so hot that I had to take them off a couple times. My girlfriend, who gets very cold, has worn these for two days in the backcountry and loves them so much she's buying a pair for herself. Temps ranged from thirties to teens, with subzero wind chill. Most of the time she just wore the liners.
These mitts are the jam. So incredibly warm on those frigid cold days / nights up in the mountains. Also the shells are great when the liners are removed for the less cold days. Definitely going to stay both warm and dry with these on. Great quality from OR as always, they are by far the best in my opinion, best lifetime warranty around.
These gloves are great. They're really warm, you can take out the liners. However, I've worn them three times and the threads are coming apart. This may be a sign OR is losing it's integrity. The company is replacing them under their lifetime return policy. However, I don't spend quality money on gloves to expect them to break down so fast. This is absolutely making me hesitate purchasing OR in the future.
These gloves are solid. They have a double layer liner mitten. Shell and inside are fleece lined. The wrist guards are great and slide over my outside jacket. The only issue I have with these are when they arrived the inside liner was ripped. Perhaps OR is losing it's quality investment in their gear. This is the first piece of OR gear that hasn't lived up to it's name.
I don't even bother with anything other than OR for gloves and mittens. These are incredibly warm and you can't destroy them. The quality is unmatched plus OR is great about taking back products if you do manage to destroy them...and they will replace them for free no questions asked ( and usually, by taking back damaged products, they come out with a new version thats great the next year anyways...)
Ships FREE When will I get it?


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Adventure Technology Columbia Glass
Where to Buy
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CLOSEOUTS . With its high-angle blade design, Adventure Technology's Columbia fiberglass kayak paddle offers plenty of stability for touring in a variety of environments. Available Colors: SEE PHOTO.
- Sierra Trading Post
For aggressive paddlers who are focused on technique and an intense water workout more than long, casual cruising, Adventure Technology offers the Columbia Fiberglass Touring Paddle. The short yet wide blade and slightly bent fiberglass shaft means this high-angle-specific paddle provides the power and allows the quick strokes required by those who paddle fast and hard.
- Backcountry.com
Adventure Technology Columbia Glass
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text:
In a preferred embodiment, an audio signal interconnect cable, including: at least two thin, flat conductors and a flexible jacket surrounding the at least two, thin, flat, conductors. Each of the at least two, thin, flat conductors may have a width on the order of from about 2 to about 6 mm and a thickness on the order of from about 50 to about 100 microns.
1. An audio signal interconnect cable conductor, comprising:
(a) at least two, thin, flat, solid, substantially similarly dimensioned conductors each having dimensions on the order of 2 to 6 millimeters wide by 50 to 100 microns thick and each enclosed in a film of thin dielectric;
(b) said at least two conductors being superimposed sandwich-like and in close mutual contact; and
(c) said at least two conductors being twisted about a major axis thereof.
2. An audio signal interconnect cable conductor, as defined in claim 1, further comprising: a flexible polymer jacket surrounding said at least two conductors.
3. An audio signal interconnect cable conductor, as defined in claim 1, further comprising: a third, similarly dimensioned conductor enclosed in a film of thin dielectric disposed between said at least two conductors, in close mutual contact therewith, and serving as a ground plane therefor.
4. An audio system, comprising:
(a) an audio source;
(b) an amplifier; and
(c) an audio interconnect cable attached to said audio source and to said amplifier, said audio interconnect cable comprising at least two, thin, flat, solid, substantially similarly dimensioned conductors each having dimensions on the order of 2 to 6 millimeters wide by 50 to 100 microns thick and each enclosed in a film of thin dielectric; said at least two conductors being superimposed sandwich-like and in close mutual contact; and said at least two conductors being superimposed about a major axis thereof.
5. An audio system, as defined in claim 4, further comprising: a flexible polymer jacket surrounding said at least two conductors.
6. An audio system as defined in claim 4, further comprising: a third, similarly dimensioned conductor enclosed in a film of thin dielectric disposed between said at least two conductors, in close mutual contact therewith, and serving as a ground plane therefor.
The present invention relates to audio signal cables in general and, more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to a novel so-called audio signal interconnect cable.
Interconnect cables transport low level voltage signals from a source such as a microphone or a tape or record player to a load such as a pre-amplifier or a power amplifier. The cable must be able to transfer the signal without changing its amplitude and shape within a frequency band covering at least the audible range from 20 through 20,000 Hertz. However, recent advances in amplifier and loudspeaker technology have demonstrated audible benefits if cables are able to transfer signals at frequencies beyond the audible range without distortion such as high frequency roll-off and frequency dependent phase shift.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,393,933 describes an audio loudspeaker cable which achieves an extremely low series inductance combined with a high relative capacitance to obtain a characteristic impedance on the order of magnitude of 2-10 ohms. The effect of this is an almost total absence of roll-off and ringing caused by repeated signal reflections. In addition, the cable has a low loop resistance in order to support a powerful, undistorted bass and lower mid range. According to the patent, these characteristics are achieved by means of a sandwich construction of two relatively heavy, wide conductors separated by a thin layer of dielectric material. Because of the required low loop resistance, this cable is basically a power cable which is able to transmit signals of several amperes without excessive power loss.
Since the signal strength in an audio interconnect cable rarely exceeds a few milliamperes, such cables do not require the heavy conductors used in loudspeaker cables, but, on the other hand, become more sensitive to electromagnetic interference such as hum, noise, cross-talk, and air borne radio frequency signals. Basic protection from interference includes optimizing the geometry of signal carrying conductors by arranging them co-axially or as twisted pairs, and, in addition, individual conductors or groups of conductors are often surrounded by shielding which is connected to ground or to the chassis of interconnected components.
Besides interference from the outside, the weak signals traveling in interconnect cables may be affected by noise generated in the cable itself caused by interaction between wire strands, so called microphony, and by tribo-electric charges and discharges in the dielectric materials which separate the signal carriers from one another and their shielding. Tribo-electric charges may be generated by even minute movement or compression of cables or by ground loops and, in addition, charge build up may be caused by the signals traveling in the cables.
In order to improve the noise to signal ratio, often balanced constructions are preferred over single ended cables, either by replacing the single center conductor in a coaxial cable with a twisted pair or by arranging the second signal carrier as a braided tube concentrically surrounding the center carrier, the whole construction again surrounded by a braided, grounded shield. The relative capacitance and series inductance of such cables, and thus their characteristic impedance, are dependent on dimensions, geometry, and the characteristics of the dielectric and all of these affect cable performance.
The term "strip line" describes a kind of transmission line which is similar in many respects to a coaxial cable. It may, in fact, be regarded as a simple variation of the coaxial line, although it has a great many practical advantages over the latter. The basic strip line is uniform in cross section and consists of a thin center conductor of rectangular cross section situated between two parallel conductors of the same width or wider than the center conductor and serving as ground planes. The three layers in turn are insulated from one another by means of layers of a thin dielectric sheet. When energized, the field is largely confined to the region between the three parallel conductors with the field strength decreasing rapidly away from the strip at a rate relative to the distance between the plates. Thus, with conductors consisting of thin foil and separated by an even thinner dielectric, the outside field is close to zero and, by the same token, such a strip line is closed to a high degree towards interference from signals traveling in nearby lines and airborne RF signals.
In an audio system, interference may be directly audible or may enter amplifiers through feedback loops from either the input or output terminals. Thus, interfering radio frequency signals may audibly change the bias of amplifier stages and may result in indirect distortion of the output signal, and in some cases may cause overheating due to inaudible amplification of high frequency interference. This is the reason why good interconnect cables must be screened from or otherwise rendered insensitive to external magnetic field and RF signals.
A further limitation of flat cables is that, due to the solid conductors employed, the flat cables can only be bent and coiled perpendicularly to the axis of bending and this can constitute a problem when the cables are used as, e.g., microphone or instrument cables.
Accordingly, it is a principal object of the present invention to provide an interconnect cable that eliminates or considerably reduces signal distortion, noise, and interference from surrounding electric and magnetic fields.
It is a further object of the invention to provide such an interconnect cable that is able to transfer signals at frequencies beyond the audile range without distortion such as high frequency roll-off and frequency dependent phase shift.
It is another object of the invention to provide such an interconnect cable that is relatively insensitive to electromagnetic interference such as hum, noise, cross-talk, and air borne radio frequency signals.
An additional object of the invention is to provide such an interconnect cable that is relatively unaffected by noise generated in the cable itself.
Yet a further object of the invention is to provide such an interconnect cable that is insensitive to surrounding magnetic fields and radio frequency signals.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide such an interconnect cable that can be bent and coiled other than perpendicularly to the axis of bending.
Other objects of the present invention, as well as particular features, elements, and advantages thereof, will be elucidated in, or be apparent from, the following description and the accompanying drawing figures.
The present invention achieves the above objects, among others, by providing, in a preferred embodiment, an audio signal interconnect cable, comprising: at least two, thin, flat conductors and a flexible jacket surrounding said at least two, thin, flat conductors. Each of said at least two, thin, flat conductors may have a width on the order of from about 2 to about 6 mm and a thickness on the order of from about 50 to about 100 microns.
Understanding of the present invention and the various aspects thereof will be facilitated by reference to the accompanying drawing figures, provided for purposes of illustration only and not intended to define the scope of the invention, on which:
FIG. 1 is an enlarged cross-sectional view through a preferred embodiment of a conductor as used in cables according to the invention.
FIG. 2 is an enlarged isometric view of one preferred embodiment of an audio interconnect cable according to the invention, this embodiment having two strip conductors.
FIG. 3 is an enlarged isometric view of another preferred embodiment of an audio interconnect cable according to the invention, this embodiment having two conductors placed on each side of a central ground plane.
FIG. 4 is an isometric view of a cable as shown in FIGS. 1 or 2, twisted and enclosed in a polymer jacket.
Fig.5 is an isometric view of a cable as shown in FIGS. 1 or 2, twisted and enclosed in a continuously wound helix made of a suitable metal wire.
FIG. 6 is a schematic/block representation of the use of an audio interconnect cable, according to the invention, operatively connecting a source and a load.
Reference should now be made to the drawing figures on which similar or identical elements are given consistent identifying numerals throughout the various figures thereof, and on which parenthetical references to figure numbers direct the reader to the view(s) on which the element(s) being described is (are) best seen, although the element(s) may be seen on other figures also.
In summary, the invention replaces the conventional stranded conductors with thin, narrow ribbons of solid copper or silver separated from one another by a thin dielectric or individually enclosed in a micro-thin layer of film insulation, and sandwiched together in close mutual contact. The cable according to the invention may contain just the two conductors, or an additional central strip conductor serving as a ground plane, and an outer protective jacket of a suitable polymer and/or helical spring may be provided.
Referring first to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a flat, solid ribbon conductor, shown enlarged 25 to 50 times, and generally indicated by the reference numeral 10. Conductor 10 includes a conductive core 20 which is a metal foil and which may be made of copper or silver measuring on the order of 2 to 6 mm wide by 50 to 100 microns thick. Conductive core 20 is enclosed in a film 22 of a thin dielectric which may be applied as multiple coats of a suitable varnish or as a discrete film which is folded around the conductive core and bonded in place.
As illustrated on FIG. 2, two conductors 10 (FIG. 1) as described are then placed together in close mutual contact and surrounded by a flexible polymer jacket 40.
FIG. 3 illustrates a balanced version of the invention in which two conductors 10 (FIG. 1) are placed on either side of a similarly constructed third conductor 50, which serves as a ground plane. Conductors 10 and 50 are surrounded by flexible polymer jacket 40. For audio applications, typically the signal carrying conductors 10 are made of silver and the ground plane conductor 50 is made of copper.
As is illustrated on FIG. 4, the preferred plane of bending of the flat conductor may be eliminated for conveniently coiling the cable by providing a group 60, of two or three conductors with a continuous twist, before enclosing the group of conductors in a jacket 62 of a suitable polymer, having, preferably, a round cross section. The twisting may have a pitch in the order of 5 to 20 times the width of the conductor per fill revolution. Preferably, polymer jacket 62 may be extruded in place to provide maximum protection against crushing the conductor bundle.
FIG. 5 illustrates that a different way of protecting flat conductors is to enclose twisted bundle 60 in a continuous helical closely wound spring 70. Spring 70 may be wound of hardened steel wire like music wire which selected to provide simultaneous strength against crushing as well as acting as shielding the cable against electromagnetic and radio frequency interference. Typically, jacket spring 70 may be made of 0.026″ diameter wire wound into a spiral with an outside diameter of around 0.25″. Twisted bundle 60 is placed loosely inside spring jacket 70 and is able to turn and move relative to the jacket while the cable is moved around and being coiled and uncoiled. Conductor bundle 60 may be placed loosely inside spring 70 or be jacketed with a flexible polymer jacket 62 (FIG. 4) before adding the coil spring jacket.
The benefits of the described construction are the following:
(1) A total elimination of microphony from galvanic strand interaction, due to the use of solid conductors.
(2) Since the field extends only negligibly beyond the edges of the sandwich, the active dielectric is largely limited to the thin layers of film placed between the strip conductors. Quantitywise, this amounts to only a few percent of the active insulation compared with cables of conventional construction and the result is greatly reduced stored charges and an almost complete elimination of tribo-electric noise.
(3) An unsurpassed low series inductance caused by placing the ribbon conductors only microns apart. This ensures short rise-time, virtually eliminating high frequency roll-off.
(4) Further, according to the invention, a truly balanced construction can be achieved by placing a ground plane, also in the form of a narrow, solid ribbon conductor, between the two signal carriers. The effect of this three-layer geometry is improved interference rejection and signal to noise ratio.
(5) A continuous twist can be applied to the flat conductor sandwich as it is being jacketed in order to eliminate any preferred plane of bending.
(6) An additional benefit from twisting the conductor bundle is a further improvement in interference rejection along the same lines as that achieved in twisted pairs used universally in telephone systems and other forms of telecommunication.
As is illustrated on FIG. 6, audio interconnect cables as described above can be used to carry signals between a source and a pre-amplifier or a power amplifier. Here, an audio interconnect cable 80 is employed to operatively connect a source 82 to a load 84. Source 82 may be assumed to be, for example, a microphone or a tape or record player and load 84 may be assumed to be, for example, a pre-amplifier or an amplifier.
Trials at professional recording studios have demonstrated that the cables of the invention are specifically beneficial as microphone cables, providing a startling transparency and stereo definition as well as a dead silent background. It is a drawback, however, that the composition with its three micro thin conductors may be easily damaged in a studio environment. Besides the risk of chafing, the fragile three layer ribbon tends to buckle when coiled and uncoiled and may be crushed by traffic loads and rough handling. These drawbacks are easily overcome by employing the embodiment shown on FIG. 5 in which bundle 60 is encased in spring jacket 70.
In the embodiments of the present invention described above, it will be recognized that individual elements and/or features thereof are not necessarily limited to a particular embodiment but, where applicable, are interchangeable and can be used in any selected embodiment even though such may not be specifically shown.
Terms such as "upper", "lower", "inner", "outer", "inwardly", "outwardly", and the like, when used herein, refer to the positions of the respective elements shown on the accompanying drawing figures and the present invention is not necessarily limited to such positions.
It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those elucidated in, or made apparent from, the preceding description, are efficiently attained and, since certain changes may be made in the above construction without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown on the accompanying drawing figures shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not in a limiting sense.
It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described and all statements of the scope of the invention which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween.
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Liane Cassavoy, Jan 24, 2013 for PC World Magazine
by PhoneArena Team, PhoneArena.com, Cell Phone Reviews: MOBILedit! - controlling your phone from your PC
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Windows tinting has over the years became very popualr with owners of a varity of cars and reasons for tinting them. Anglesey Auto Tint has an extensive range of films designed to meet all your needs.
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LOGAN, Utah - The No. 35 Boise State men's tennis team (8-4) got back on the winning track, Thursday with a 6-1 win over the Utah State Aggies.
Sophomore Nathan Sereke actually never left the winning track and is now a perfect 9-0 in singles play this spring. Sereke played at the No. 4 spot for the Broncos, Thursday, defeating Fredrik Peterson in straight sets 6-2, 6-2. The streak is the best start by any Boise State player since the 2007-08 season, which is where the Bronco individual match-by-match records begin.
Filipp Pogostkin did not give up a single game in his No. 5 match, defeating Lenny Whiting 6-0, 6-0.
Both of the squad's ranked players came away with victories at the top two spots. James Meredith (No. 60 nationally) edged Sven Poslusny in both sets at the No. 1 spot while Damian Hume (No. 59 nationally) showed his strength as the match went on, winning 6-4, 6-1.
Andy Bettles improved to 6-3 this dual season with a 6-2, 6-4 win over Matt Sweet in the No. 3 match.
The Broncos swept the doubles competition, winning 8-3 at the second and third positions while the top team of Meredith/Sereke won in tiebreak fashion. Tandem play has been a strong suit for the team this season, as it now holds a 23-5 record in dual doubles matches.
Boise State will make the drive to Provo, Utah for a 5:30 p.m. contest against BYU, Friday, and will conclude the road trip in Salt Lake City where they will face No. 59 Utah.
1. No. 60 James Meredith (BSU) def. Sven Poslusny (USU) 7-6 (5), 7-5
2. No. 59 Damian Hume (BSU) def. Marcus Fritz (USU) 6-4, 6-1
3. Andy Bettles (BSU) def. Matt Sweet (USU) 6-2, 6-4
4. Nathan Sereke (BSU) def. Fredrik Peterson (USU) 6-2, 6-2
5. Filipp Pogostkin (BSU) def. Lenny Whiting (USU) 6-0, 6-0
6. Nate Ballam (USU) def. Aidan Reid (BSU) 4-6, 7-5, 10-7
Order of Finish: 4, 3, 2, 1, 5, 6
1. James Meredith/Nathan Sereke (BSU) def. Sven Poslusny/Marcus Fritz (USU) 8-7 (7-5)
2. Andrew Bettles/Filipp Pogostkin (BSU) def. Nate Ballam/Matt Sweet (USU) 8-3
3. Damian Hume/Aidan Reid (BSU) def. Andrew Whiting/Lenny Whiting (USU) 8-3
Order of Finish: 2, 3, 1


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"Hi I would like to introduce myself. My name is Mary Guariglia and I am a mother of two beautiful girls. I live in Oceanside, NY on Long Island. I am a professional network marketer and my passion is helping others. Most of our info can help and…"
© 2015 Created by Sup Biz Coo.


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I love Maine I have been visiting for many years. This fall I had the opportunity to spend some time with some of my extended family up there. The Maine Primitive Gathering is where people come from all over to practice and learn with each other. There is so much to go over even though it is a weekend event ,but I wanted to share what has been a focus for me in Maine for the last 2 years working with an amazing Basket maker Mark Young. Stay tuned for the video…
had the opportunity to mentor with and capture some incredible video at the 2009 Maine Primitive Gathering in Wells ME hosted by Mal Stephens.
Mark demonstrates and gives insight into a traditional skill that has been practiced for many years.
In this video here Mark's Philosophy of the baskets he makes,see pieces of this processes from pounding so the growth rings lift,making and shaping splints and how water is your best friend also here the questions folks have about the (How -to) and the story that shaped a bow maker into a basket maker.
The baskets you see here and others may be available through Mark Young directly.while supplies last order your basket and support our basket makers and mentors that share this knowledge today.
* Mark Young
* 207-646-1096
* email@example.com
Black Ash Pack Basket – Maine Basket Maker
Made in Maine by Mark Young