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Find out about battery development from the 1700s to today, and who is behind the inventions.
Inventions in the 1700s and 1800s are well documented and credit goes to the dignified inventors. Benjamin Franklin invented the Franklin stove, bifocal eyeglasses and the lightning rod. He was unequaled in American history as an inventor until Thomas Edison emerged. Edison was a good businessman who may have taken credit for inventions others had made. Contrary to popular belief, Edison did not invent the light bulb; he improved upon a 50-year-old idea by using a small, carbonized filament lit up in a better vacuum. Although a number of people had worked on this idea before, Edison gained the financial reward by making the concept commercially viable to the public. The phonograph is another success story for which Edison received due credit.
Countries often credit their own citizens for having made important inventions, whether or not they deserve it. When visiting museums in Europe, the USA and Japan one sees such bestowment. The work to develop the car, x-ray machines, telephones, broadcast radio, televisions and computers might have been done in parallel, not knowing of others' advancements at that time, and the rightful inventor is often not clearly identified. Similar uncertainties exist with the invention of new battery systems, and we give respect to research teams and organizations rather than individuals. Table 1 summarizes battery advancements and lists inventors when available.
William Gilbert (UK)
Establishment of electrochemistry study
|Ewald George von Kleist (Netherlands)
|Invention of Leyden jar. Stores static electricity
Luigi Galvani (Italy)
Discovery of "animal electricity"
Alessandro Volta (Italy)
William Cruickshank (UK)
André-Marie Ampère (France)
Michael Faraday (UK)
John F. Daniell (UK)
William Robert Grove (UK)
Gaston Planté (France)
Georges Leclanché (France)
Waldmar Jungner (Sweden)
Invention of the voltaic cell (zinc, copper disks)
First electric battery capable of mass production
Electricity through magnetism
Announcement of Faraday's law
Invention of the Daniell cell
Invention of the fuel cell (H2/O2)
Invention of the lead acid battery
Invention of the Leclanché cell (carbon-zinc)
Invention of the nickel-cadmium battery
Thomas A. Edison (USA)
Shlecht & Ackermann (D)
Georg Neumann (Germany)
Lew Urry, Eveready Battery
Group effort
Group effort
Sony (Japan)
Bellcore (USA)
Moli Energy (Canada)
University of Texas (USA)
Invention of the nickel-iron battery
Invention of the sintered pole plate
Successfully sealing the nickel-cadmium battery
Invention of the alkaline-manganese battery
Development of valve-regulated lead acid battery
Commercialization of nickel-metal-hydride battery
Commercialization of lithium-ion battery
Commercialization of lithium-ion polymer
Introduction of Li-ion with manganese cathode
Identification of Li-phosphate (LiFePO4)
University of Montreal, Quebec Hydro, MIT, others
Improvement of Li-phosphate, nanotechnology, commercialization
Table 1: History of modern battery development. No new major battery system has entered the commercial market since the invention of Li-phosphate in 1996.
Comments are intended for "commenting," an open discussion amongst site visitors. Battery University monitors the comments and understands the importance of expressing perspectives and opinions in a shared forum. However, all communication must be done with the use of appropriate language and the avoidance of spam and discrimination.
If you have a question, require further information, have a suggestion or would like to report an error, use the "contact us" form or email us at: firstname.lastname@example.com. While we make all efforts to answer your questions accurately, we cannot guarantee results. Neither can we take responsibility for any damages or injuries that may result as a consequence of the information provided. Please accept our advice as a free public support rather than an engineering or professional service.
You have commented that
"No new major battery system has entered the commercial market since the invention of Li-phosphate in 1996"
What about the fuel cells and Vanadium Redox Flow batteries which are already commercialized ? There is no mention about the high temperature molten electrolyte sodium cell either?
Really interesting !I learned a lot from it Thanks!
Thanks for the help. This helped me with my science fair
I work for an industrial supply company as a technical product support specialist. Often I receive many phone calls asking about batteries and their various types. Your site is extremely thorough. I appreciate the work you've done. Thank you! It will be of tremendous help to me and my peers.
Very interesting know about the history of the batteries, but us miss one thing who invent the Li-ion, Li-Po batteries. l want to know who develope the batteries that we use every day.
I wish to know all about battery and battery technology.
Kindly enlighten us about Flow Battery, particularly about its charge discharge characteristics, energy density and cycle life.
I do no y scientists came and y they invented…..........
I wish to know about battery technology
I wish to know why battery is invented
Great insight about battery development .
IT Support Braeside
I wants to be expert in Battery methodology
Does the laptop battery get affected by A.C. supply? Does the life of the battery gets affected if run our laptop continuously on A.C. power? All the laptops run on A.C. power when getting fully charged up and still connected to supply mains. Thank you
The A.C.Supply (110-230 V AC) is converted into DC and then fed into the battery for charging, with charging voltage regulation. So there is no need to worry. Once the battery reaches the full-charge level, almost no charging current flows, even though A.C.Power supply will be "on", as the charging is virtually stopped by the electronic control circuit built inside the Laptop battery.
However, in order to prevent overcharging and heat generation inside the battery, it is best to disconnect the A.C. Supply after battery is fully charged.
To know the charge level of the lap top battery, you may install a battery charge indicator software, which will indicate the percentage of charge level in the laptop battery. You may keep operating the laptop only with battery (without A.C.Supply) till the battery level drops down to say 70-75% level. At this stage we may plug in the A.C. Supply adapter, which will start charging the battery. In other words, it is best to use the lap top battery between 75 to 98% level. This will give a longer life to the battery.
I wants to expert in Battery methodology so any one can give suggetions?????
Great website-thanks. I am looking for a motion charger solution for a sensor data logger on an Arduino. I was thinking of using an LVDT sort of device but doughnut shaped and using an iron ball bearing as the core. Any thoughts?
Is carbon nanotubes being commercially used as anode and cathode material for battery application?


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Williamsburg Dinner Theatre
• A WorldWeb.com Travel Guide to Dinner Theatre in Williamsburg, VA, Virginia.
The Mystery Dinner Playhouse features a hilarious mystery/comedy skit being performed while guests enjoy a delicious four-course dinner. The audience participates as clues are given throughout the night.
Enter the theatre in the Quality Inn Historic and become a patron of the 16th-century English pub, where guests are encouraged to bang tables, sing along, and become part of the show.
Haunted Dinner Theater offers family entertainment from June through December at Captain George's Restaurant in Williamsburg, VA. A 71-item buffet dinner is offered, followed by an interactive haunted mystery show.

subset: commoncrawl


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From local law enforcement to the UW-Madison football team, even in the News 3 newsroom, the ice bucket challenge raises awareness for a neurodegenerative disease known as ALS or Lou Gehrig's Disease.
Velena Jones reports.
Courtesy Fitchburg PD
Police said the suspect placed a skimming device and camera at a BMO Harris ATM at 2900 Fish Hatchery Rd., in Fitchburg on Memorial Day and removed it the same day.
Milos Bicanski/Getty Images
Greece announced on June 30 that it won't pay the International Monetary Fund the 1.5 billion euros it owes. Take a look at the latest developments in the Greece financial crisis and how it's affecting the United States.
New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie announced June 30 he will run for president as a Republican candidate. Find out who else is running and who some of the other possible candidates are.
Ah, how we've missed that view.
Keep up-to-date on what's going on in our area and find ideas for fun ways to take part in the community.
Check out live views of the area from our SkyCam Network.
An award-winning nonprofit that helps consumers solve problems is looking for volunteers in the Madison area.
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OpenSuse Calls for Board Election
In October the free Linux project from Novell will for the first time elect its own board members. Deadline for applications to vote or stand is September 24th.
The election period is divided into phases. Anyone who has supported or contributed to openSuse Linux software, translation, or bugreports has until 24. September to secure active and passive electoral rights. Candidates then have from 25. September to 6. October to run election campaigns. Communication channels will be blog entries, interviews with the openSuse news team and a moderated IRC Q+A. OpenSuse members will vote from 9. to 23. October 2008.
The openSuse board is a year old. Its members were appointed by Novell itself. Now the community are to elect four of the five board members, two from Novell and two independents. Novell reserves the right to select chairman of the board.
According to the new community manager, the role of the board is not to direct or control the software development, but to offer guidance and support. For its first board election, the project will follow the example of the Fedora and Debian elections, to which a link can be found on the openSuse page, together with a list of latest candidates.
OpenSuse membership can be applied for at Users.opensuse.org. Once logged in, account holders will find a web form to fill in. So first step is to get an account. Then have arguments ready to convince the community of the value of how and what has been contributed. Applications will first have to be accepted by the current board, so it's important to apply soon. Membership at openSuse comes with a free openSuse mail address which can also be terminated by mail. Members will appear on a public list.
Issue 177/2015
Buy this issue as a PDF
NoScript Flaw
Mozilla's script blocker add-on could be putting malware sites on the whitelist.
RIP SSLv3
The Internet community officially banishes the notoriously unsafe Secure Sockets Layer protocol.
Mate 1.1 Arrives
Popular desktop environment continues the Gnome 2 legacy – with new support for the Gnome 3 toolkit.
US Government Requires HTTPS
The Obama White House has issued a memorandum telling all US government agencies they must use HTTPS for all websites and web communication.
Mozilla Signs Firefox Add-Ons
New program will dial up security for the Firefox browser.
Fedora 22 Arrives
Red Hat's community distro embraces the cloud.
Code.org and College Board Team Reach Out for Talented High School Coders
New partnership will bring more and better CS training to US schools
A Peek Inside TeslaCrypt Ransomware
Criminals offer online help over Tor network
Mumblehard Still Spams
Sophisticated malware is still present on Joomla and WordPress sites around the world.
Launchpad Gets Git
Future versions of Ubuntu's code service will support the popular Git version control system used with Linux and other open source projects.


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Volunteers will be scouring the waters and shorelines of Watauga Lake on Saturday, July 20, during the Watauga Lake Cleanup.Comments
MECC's 9th annual Mountain Music School is accepting applications for the on campus event set for July 22-26.Comments
After successfully collaborating two years ago on "Cabaret," Barter Theatre and Symphony of the Mountains will joining forces again, this time bringing "Les Misérables" to Kingsport for two performances in August.Comments
Pasta salad with shrimp, tomatoes and cucumber is hearty enough to be a meal. And the dish, in a light lemon-buttermilk dressing, is the perfect addition to any on-the-go menu such as picnics, summer concerts or festival tailgating.Comments
There's no way around it — every baby needs a name. It isn't always an easy decision, but with these real-mom tips, it can be a fun one.Comments
Keeping a diary sounded wonderful in theory, but like most moms, I was so busy, I knew I'd never be able to find the time to write in a diary every day — or even every month.Comments
Come out and enjoy entertainment, exhibitors and lots of activities for the kids! Pick up all the information you need to get started back to school.Comments
United Way of Greater Kingsport and Target invite you to join in their first Stuff the Bus eventComments
July is full of outdoor activities for the entire family at Natural Tunnel State Park.Comments
Can you imagine a world where everyone was more other-centered? Being an at-home parent allows you to practice that skill every day. It is your greatest daily opportunity.Comments


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First Security Bank
content violation
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This website can definately use power of social media to reach more people.
This domain belongs to NETWORK SOLUTIONS, LLC.. It first created on 27.1.1999 and registered for the last time on 24.8.2012. If you are interested in buying fsbmsla.com domain, you can wait until it expire which is on 27.1.2014.
To define success and accessiblity of this site, we checked it on Alexa and world rank result is 1246790. Most of visitors are from . An average user spends 10 seconds on fsbmsla.com and views aproximately 2 pages. Google values this website with number 4 / 9.
fsbmsla.com's homepage html output is 19 KB. We had a close look to its HTML structure and found out homepage has 258 code lines and it contains 12 errors. A clean HTML, which means error-free structure and higher content/code ratio is search engine friendly as it is also user friendly.
Linking is an important step on website building. A good internal link web can bring you more search engine indexes and it will also increase your page visits as well as users will want to spend more time. This page has 64 internal links and 15 external links. Keep in mind that external links are ok, but too many of them will always be problem.
Social media has an important role on being popular as a website. This website got -1 likes on facebook which is not enough. These likes represents real user preferences which is also important for search engines. This domain is shared -1 times by users and clicked 0 times.
fsbo-leader.com is ranked #1117340in the world, with 0 PR. is the most searched query for this domain.
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HomeFurnitureArea RugsModern Contemporary Area Rugs (5'x8')Catalina Modern Abstract Feather Squares 5x8 Area Rug
Catalina Modern Abstract Feather Squares 5x8 Area Rug
An eclectic mix of floral themes and geometric shapes come together to form this Catalina Modern Abstract Feather Squares Area Rug. Perfect as an area rug in any room of your home, this rectangular floor covering can also serve as a work of modern art when displayed on a wall. The affordable area rug is power-loomed for a tight weave that makes it both beautiful and durable. Take note of the expert hand-carving in the plush pile, which creates an unusual 3-D effect in bold shades of brown and red.


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Glad we didn't pick up Reynolds like some suggested. Since he joined the Yankees, he is batting a blistering .192 and gone yard once.
Glad we didn't pick up Reynolds like some suggested. Since he joined the Yankees, he is batting a blistering .192 and gone yard once.
klw (08-26-2013)
...the 2-2 to Woodsen and here it comes...and it is swung on and missed! And Tom Browning has pitched a perfect game! Twenty-seven outs in a row, and he is being mobbed by his teammates, just to the thirdbase side of the mound.
What Mark Reynolds is is pretty well known at this point.
You'll see some homers if you sit and wait around enough. Pass.
And in his 09 season in which he hit 44 HRs and stole 24 bases on his way to a .260/.349/.543 line he was still only worth 3 wins.
Weird player that guy is.
Board Moderators may, at their discretion and judgment, delete and/or edit any messages that violate any of the following guidelines: 1. Explicit references to alleged illegal or unlawful acts. 2. Graphic sexual descriptions. 3. Racial or ethnic slurs. 4. Use of edgy language (including masked profanity). 5. Direct personal attacks, flames, fights, trolling, baiting, name-calling, general nuisance, excessive player criticism or anything along those lines. 6. Posting spam. 7. Each person may have only one user account. It is fine to be critical here - that's what this board is for. But let's not beat a subject or a player to death, please.


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CEH Products and Services
CEH offers a variety of specialist products and services, ranging from software for decision support, modelling and statistics to publications for sale. For many of our software products, we have significantly reduced charges for educational and non-commercial research purposes, in accordance with NERC's charging policy.
Research facilities
We have several analytical services in the fields of environmental monitoring, research and impact assessment which are available to external organisations and researchers. The experience and expertise of our staff allows us to offer a range of bespoke services, and we have achieved ISO 17025 compliance for our more frequently requested methods. Read more about the Centralised Analytical Chemistry Facility and Radiochemical Analysis – UKAS-accredited facility offering radiochemical analysis.
CEH datasets
Hydrological and Land Cover datasets available under licence from CEH for Commercial, Non Commercial and Academic Use.
CEH offers a range of software (much of it free) which relates to our scientific and commissioned research in Land, Water and Genetics.
Apps for citizen science and environmental recording
CEH has been involved in the development of a number of free smartphone apps for citizen science and biological recording, including iRecord Ladybirds and PlantTracker.
Statistical packages
These include downloadable macros which perform computationally-intensive inference in Minitab and Mixture Toxicity Analysis Tools.
A range of corporate and scientific publications to download or purchase from CEH and former institutes.


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Author of the Month
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The Human Brain Project has just won a 1 billion research prize. Its director Henry Markram says the initiative will unify our understanding of the brain
Your project aims to recreate the human brain in a supercomputer. Why?
We want to reach a unified understanding of the brain and the simulation on a supercomputer is the tool. Today you have neuroscientists working on a genetic, behavioural or cognitive level, and then you have informaticians, chemists and mathematicians. They all have their own understanding of how the brain functions and is structured. How do you get them all around the same table? We think of the project as like a CERN for the brain. The model is our way of bringing everyone, and our understanding, together.
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It is not always easy to make a confirmed diagnosis of multiple sclerosis because early symptoms may be minor and sporadic. It can also be difficult because other diseases can have similar warning signs, and there is no definitive single laboratory test to confirm MS. The diagnosis is made based on a neurological examination and a history of neurological symptoms.
During the neurological evaluation our team sorts out even the most complex cases. Other diseases that mimic multiple sclerosis are carefully and systematically excluded. Some of the tests typically used for this evaluation include:
- MRI of the brain and/or spinal cord – The MRI often shows plaques or scars typical of MS.
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) evaluation – Using a lumbar puncture or spinal tap, the CSF evaluation may show immunological abnormalities that help in the diagnosis.
- Evoked potential studies – Measuring conduction of electrical impulses along the optic nerve (in patients suspected of having optic neuritis) and along nerve pathways in the brain and spinal cord.
Request an Appointment
For more information about diagnosing MS, request an appointment with our doctors.


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TOYOTA HILUXOwner Reviews
Photo: Drive's photo sample
- Make
- Model
- Series
- GGN25R MY11 UPGRADE SR 4x4
- Series Year
- 2011
- Body Group
- Std Transmission
- Engine Size
- 4.0
Owned since new?
Owned for how long?
Less than 1 year(s)
Buy this make again?
Price and equipment
Has all the things I need.
Under the bonnet
How it drives
Very good on the highway, feels very safe. Handles great off-road
Comfort and practicality
Plenty of room in the cab, lots of drink holders and storage space
Servicing and running costs
Great on fuel and the capped priced servicing is brilliant
Aesthetics & styling
Neat, clean and practical
Safety and security
Quality and reliability
Extremely reliable and built tough
Overall verdict
Great work ute, and is perfect for my needs. Amazing in the city and even better off-road
Got something to say about your car? Submit a review
Please note: The views which are expressed in this review are not our views, nor the views of any of drive.com.au's related entities, and we accept no liability in respect of any material posted in the comments areas, nor are we responsible for its content and accuracy. If you think that a comment that has been posted is offensive,please email us at email@example.com with a link to the comment and your reasons for objecting to it.


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Wild Orchid Baking Company
About this Vendor
Wild Orchid Baking Company
$$ - Affordable
Beautiful and delicious.Reviewed on 9/09/2014 Jessica N
Erin is an award-winning baker. I knew her cakes were going to be good. But they were SO good, that my mom and I could not choose which flavors to have. My husband wanted red velvet with cream cheese frosting/buttercream but I also fell in love with the guinness chocolate with salted caramel buttercream combo in addition to the lemon with raspberry buttercream combo. So, we had three cakes! I showed Erin a cake example I had seen on Pinterest and she took that idea and made it unique to our wedding. She even collaborated with my florist about sugar flowers to match. (People were shocked those weren't real flowers!) She was such a professional but so nice and down to earth. She was a vendor that, as soon as I had the contract signed, I knew I didn't need to worry. The cakes were amazing. Not only did they look absolutely beautiful but they were the best pieces of cake I (and anyone else at the wedding) had ever had. So many compliments about them! We wanted to keep eating it and barely have any saved! I'll will be going to her for cakes forever. So incredibly yummy!
Delicious and amazing!Reviewed on 11/16/2013 Kimberly G
From the day I first contacted Erin to schedule our cake-tasting, she was sweet and professional. When my fiancee and I had a difficult time narrowing down which flavors of cake and buttercream we wanted to sample (we got to choose six of each,) Erin helped us out by making some suggestions. We ultimately chose tropical carrot cake with cream cheese frosting and almond cake with chocolate hazelnut buttercream, and our wedding guests commented on how delicious it tasted. As for the design - gorgeous, elegant, exactly what I wanted. At the initial appointment, I showed Erin a few photos of wedding cake designs that I liked, and she used those ideas to create a design that was uniquely ours and within our budget. I cringed when I had to cut it at the reception, but fortunately my photographer got plenty of pictures of it and all of Erin's amazing scrollwork and sugar flowers. Throughout the planning process, Erin was beyond helpful and quick to respond to all of my emails. I cannot wait for our couple's cake on our first anniversary! Erin is a true artist, and I absolutely recommend her and Wild Orchid Baking Company.
Eew eew and EEWReviewed on 9/04/2013 Nyssa R
I didn't get a tasting since I had a destination wedding , but with all the awards this bakery got I figured a white chocolate cake with strawberry jam filling was fairly hard to screw up and so at least the cake would taste good even if it turned out to look different than what I expected. 1. The cake tasted BAD, really really bad. It was so dense it almost seemed like it didn't cook through in the middle areas, the buttercream was greasy like lard, I couldn't get it off my lips without washing them, and foul tasting. 2. The only tasty part was the strawberry jam filling 3. I gave pictures and very accurate descriptions of what I wanted. I got a bunch of messed up though 4. My daffodil yellow cake was a pea-green gold color 5. My 3 open sugar roses became 7 closed roses that stuck off the side of the cake like barnacles and looked awful 6. I asked for pearl bead piping cascading down off each tier. What I got were pearl beads stacked upon each other going upwards on each tier...and they were CRUNCHY! So rock hard I couldn't physically eat my cake! 7. The fondant bubbled up all over the place during transport and bubbled again while coming to temperature before cutting. 8. So overall my cake looked like a wart and fungus laden puked colored stone statue of a toad :( No one really ate it, they only had a bite or so each. I had a lot of extra cake to throw away, including the top tier (I wasn't about to save that bad memory).
Gorgeous and gluten freeReviewed on 8/04/2013 Kelleigh M
Our wedding cake was absolutely incredible. They worked to give us a really amazing cake that fit with our colors and decorations and flowers that was gluten free and still got compliments from everyone. The cake just looked and tasted incredible and we could not have done better any where else.
Best cake I've ever had!Reviewed on 5/29/2013 Ann-Sofie A
Erin at Wild Orchid is great to work with and she is full of fun ideas and very creative. What we liked the most was that they offer different and many kinds of flavors in both cakes and butter creams and they are all amzing and really delicious. We didn't really know how we wanted our cake to look but after discussing our wedding and our colors with her, she just sketched a cake infront of us and we loved it right away. When we couldn't decide on just two flavors(of all the delicious flavors)she just said why don't we do half the cake in one flavor combo and the other half in another, it was awesome. We served the cake in buffet style so our gusts could pick the flavor they preffered, many tried both because they liked it so much! :)
Something that pretty can be this delicious?!Reviewed on 10/23/2012 Elissa M
I didn't plan the cake far enough in advance but Erin took it all in stride. Her design was beautiful and she worked closely with me to agree on a design. Planning this remotely made scheduling a tasting hard -- no problem! Erin packed me up a to-go tasting of 6 cakes and 6 frostings. The ultimate wedding cake (coconut layers and a chocolate-guinness layer) was amazing. How can a work of art taste so good??
brideReviewed on 10/08/2012 Jennifer L
Great staff great cake and tons of flavors
Delicious!Reviewed on 8/29/2012 Sarah S
We have a few dietary restrictions in my family, including myself. We made the top layer of cake dairy-free. It was all delicious. Everyone loved the flavors of cupcakes we had as well. Unfortunately, the catering company put the sliced cake on dishes in a different area than the cupcakes, so it was confusing to the guests. Luckily, we got to take home all the leftover cupcakes and continue to enjoy them. Brides, remember to take a minute and sit and eat some cake. The only bite I got was the one my husband fed me!
Yum YumReviewed on 8/07/2012 Rachel S
We went with cupcakes and they were so amazing! The display was beautiful and Erin did everything that we asked!!!
Beautiful cake!Reviewed on 7/24/2012 MARCY L
Erin has the best wedding cake we have ever tasted! And she does amazing work! Our cake was more beautiful than I had hoped! Highly recommend her and we are looking forward to our one year anniversary cake she will make us!
Yummy!Reviewed on 6/19/2012 Lynn B
Our cake was awesome! It was exactly how we pictured the cake and cupcakes to be and it was delicious!!
Amazing cupcakes!Reviewed on 4/15/2012 Samantha N
We needed vegan and gluten free cupcakes for our wedding and after some searching online, I found Wild Orchid Baking Company. Having many friends with these food needs, I've had quite a few vegan, gluten free cakes and I must say that the cupcakes from Wild Orchid are the most delicious ones I've ever had. Even the people without special food needs enjoyed them. I was really impressed with how quickly they were able to fulfill my order too! I called the week before the wedding and they were able to fit my order in with no issues. They even had navy blue cupcake wrappers to fit my wedding colors which was really cute. The only surprise to me was the price at $45 a dozen. I do have to say that I'm quite sad they closed down the bake shop and are only doing cakes and cupcakes for events because she made the best dulce de leche thumbprints! While they might be on the pricy side, they are absolutely delicious - vegan & gluten free or otherwise.
Delicious cakes!Reviewed on 12/23/2011 Emma D
Erin at Wild Orchid makes the most delicious cakes I have ever had. When I first tried her black velvet cake I swooned! My one complaint is that we requested a different cake for each of our 3 layers and I confirmed this with her a few weeks before the wedding. On the wedding day (I can't be 100% sure of this, but I'm pretty sure) I don't think one of the layers was included. We asked around and no one had tried that flavor; it isn't in our photos of the cake table either. This was disappointing, although it wasn't an issue that anyone noticed and we didn't until later. However, the cake was beautiful and delicious, she did exactly what we wanted visually and the flavors were so fun - ginger cake with cranberry cabernet buttercream center and red velvet with cinnamon buttercream center! I can't wait for our 1 year anniversary when she will make us a top layer fresh (included in package), in any flavor we would like!
MmmmmmmmReviewed on 9/30/2011 Jessica M
Delicious and beautiful.
Absolutely Amazing to Work WithReviewed on 9/14/2011 Samantha W
Erin at Wild Orchid has a long time customer in me since I used her as my cake vendor for my June wedding. Her attention to detail, passion and creativity is just amazing, she is a true artist. I wanted a tropical themed wedding and cake and she pulled out all the stops designing a custom flavor for us that fit the bill perfectly. And her design esthetic was amazing; I'm by no means an artist, but she knew exactly what would look perfect without being over the top or done before. She was so accommodating to work with throughout the process, from the tastings to even re-making sugar orchids for me when my venue unfortunately did not get the message to save them. While it wasn't Erin's problem to fix, she understood the important of a happy customer and bride, so I have no qualms about recommending her to any bride, or just any customer looking for an amazing cake/cupcakes. And price wise she's reasonable compared to the larger more well known shops who frankly some of their cakes seem too generic and like factory; Erin has a personal touch at an affordable price. Erin is now our go-to baker for any special occasions, and we live about 50 miles from her, but it's well worth the trek!
Fabulous!!Reviewed on 9/12/2011 Sue M
As we had a brunch for our wedding, we wanted a coffee cake for our cake. Erin was excited to make something so diferent when other vendors tried to talk me out of it. It was the best coffee cake I've had in years. I highly recommend Wild Orchid!
Wonderful bakeryReviewed on 3/31/2011 Anne H
We have not ordered a wedding cake, but their baked goods are delicious
Highly RecommendedReviewed on 12/02/2010 Sheree B
All of the vendors who helped with my wedding were incredible, and Erin at Wild Orchid Baking Company was no exception. She has a passion for what she does, and her creativity and sense of fun are evident in all her creations. Whether you're looking for playful cupcakes or an ornate tiered masterpiece, she has the talent to make it happen. It doesn't matter how beautiful a cake is if it doesn't taste good, though, and you don't have to worry about that with Erin. Her prices are more than reasonable and she is easygoing and professional to work with. An extra perk is that she offers a freshly-made mini cake for your first anniversary, instead of year-old freezer cake. I highly recommend Erin at Wild Orchid for anyone in the area.
Delicious!Reviewed on 11/16/2010 Brittni W
Erin makes absolutely beautiful and delicious cakes. She is creative and offers a great service. I had interviewed and tasted quite a few cakes from different bakeries and instantly knew she was the one to make our cake. We had 3 different flavors for our cake and each one tasted amazing. We did have one communication issue with our cake but Erin quickly resolved the problem and offered us a credit. Even with this issue I would highly highly recommend Wild Orchid Baking to anyone looking for a cake vendor.


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You know you're right when the the only hole in your argument is your spelling and grammar ;)
Originally Posted by rhyno535
The thing i would like to see is a couple of guys comes up with an idea about their character and pitch it to the writers. But the writers know nothing about wrestling so it doesn't matter anyway. Well wrestling is still wrestling so the PPVs offer a good match every month.
This. But instead of pitching their ideas to the writers, they need to send the ideas to Vince. Vince is the best writer you can get nowadays.


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Thursday, 13 February 2014
Elders Being Green
[RONNI HERE: Over a period of time, several readers have sent this story via email. At first, I thought it was interesting but perhaps too divisive of generations to be useful.
But as more people forwarded it and I re-read it, I came to see that it is not just cathartic for elders to vent about misperceptions people have of them.
It is also an excellent reminder of how much more we could be doing for the environment by using or adapting behavior that was commonplace in the past.
See what you think:
Checking out at the store, the young cashier suggested to the older woman that she should bring her own grocery bags because plastic bags weren't good for the environment.
The woman apologized and explained, "We didn't have this green thing back in my earlier days."
The young clerk responded, "That's our problem today. Your generation did not care enough to save our environment for future generations."
She was right - our generation didn't have the green thing in its day.
Back then, we returned milk bottles, soda bottles and beer bottles to the store. The store sent them back to the plant to be washed and sterilized and refilled, so it could use the same bottles over and over. So they really were truly recycled.
But we didn't have the green thing back in our day.
Grocery stores bagged our groceries in brown paper bags that we reused for numerous things. Most memorabe, besides household garbage bags, was the use of brown paper bags as book covers for our schoolbooks.
This was to ensure that public property, (the books provided for our use by the school) was not defaced by our scribblings. Then we were able to personalize our books on the brown paper bags.
But too bad we didn't do the green thing back then.
We walked up stairs because we didn't have an escalator in every store and office building. We walked to the grocery store and didn't climb into a 300-horsepower machine every time we had to go two blocks.
But she was right. We didn't have the green thing in our day.
Back then, we washed the baby's diapers because we didn't have the throwaway kind. We dried clothes on a line, not in an energy-gobbling machine burning up 220 volts. Wind and solar power really did dry our clothes back in our early days.
Kids got hand-me-down clothes from their brothers or sisters, not always brand-new clothing.
But that young lady is right. We didn't have the green thing back in our day.
Back then, we had one TV or radio in the house - not a TV in every room. And the TV had a small screen the size of a handkerchief (remember them?), not a screen the size of the state of Montana.
In the kitchen, we blended and stirred by hand because we didn't have electric machines to do everything for us.
When we packaged a fragile item to send in the mail, we used wadded up old newspapers to cushion it, not Styrofoam or plastic bubble wrap.
Back then, we didn't fire up an engine and burn gasoline just to cut the lawn. We used a push mower that ran on human power. We exercised by working so we didn't need to go to a health club to run on treadmills that operate on electricity.
But she's right; we didn't have the green thing back then.
We drank from a fountain when we were thirsty instead of using a cup or a plastic bottle every time we had a drink of water.
We refilled writing pens with ink instead of buying a new pen and we replaced the razor blades in a razor instead of throwing away the whole razor just because the blade got dull.
But we didn't have the green thing back then.
Back then, people took the streetcar or a bus and kids rode their bikes to school or walked instead of turning their moms into a 24-hour taxi service.
We had one electrical outlet in a room, not an entire bank of sockets to power a dozen appliances. And we didn't need a computerized gadget to receive a signal beamed from satellites 23,000 miles out in space in order to find the nearest burger joint.
But isn't it sad the current generation laments how wasteful we old folks were just because we didn't have the green thing back then?
RONNI HERE AGAIN: Among the many terrible kinds of environmental degradation humans cause is the Great Pacific Garbage Patch which is the size of the state of Texas. Sometimes, when I think about it, I have trouble breathing.
Wikipedia has a good overview of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.
At The Elder Storytelling Place today, Mia McCabe: 50th High School Reunion
Posted by Ronni Bennett at 05:30 AM | Permalink | Email this post
My favorite was a dear friend who had a box marked. " string too short to save ".. And we always used it up.
I think I am one of many who miss the way we used things up and re-purposed them. I am also pulled by technology into many of the new things. I feel I am on the middle of the fence when it comes to this subject. I know I wouldn't want to part with many things like the computer, but I long for the days when "being green" was so natural. I think we can try to do both and we definitely have been unfairly accused.
I remember being in college and the notion of "planned obsolescence" was abhorrent. Now planned obsolescence runs our economy.
However, doesn't that story work just as well without the young/old introductory anecdote?
As one of Ronni's resident scientists, I'll point out what Ronni was too kind to mention. One is not "...burning up 220 volts...." Assuming that the writer wished to say that energy was being used, one appropriate unit would be watt-hours. *chuckling*
Yes, this golden oldie is still worth reading. Each of us could surely tailor it to our own experiences.
I live in California. Recently our governor was on TV asking us to conserve water. So, I do. But...
I visited Palm Springs yesterday. I was told they have over 100 golf courses. Guess what I am angry about today.
Aren't we also the generation that found less green ways of doing things easier and didn't do a very good job of passing the "old" values on to our children and grandchildren? And I'll bet the snippy young cashier has her own set of not-green habits at home - does she, for instance, always turn out the lights when she's the last person to leave the room?
I'm going to "ditto" Janet Matthews. As a child of the 1950's I was on the cusp of what I like to call "Generation W" (Wasteful). While I did make book covers out of paper bags I thought that plastic milk containers were just "so cool" as were all disposable containers which my mom recycled as a poor man's "Tupperware". So, depending on which side of the Second World War you were born on, I think many of us are to blame for our wasteful ways.
Of course, we didn't think of it as "being green" in those days because that concept hadn't been invented yet. It was simply what we had and what we knew. It's ironic that "progress" has brought us to the point where "being green" is necessary and its goal, basically, is to reintroduce those days.
But Earth Day was 40 years ago - and I remember recycling cans and bottles and newspapers then, until no place would take them. And the 55 mph speed limit that saved gas? And letting the lawn go dormant in the heat of the summer? All those things that were necessary then but ignored because they weren't cost effective - and that's still a big argument now.
Thanks for a great article and I loved reading all the commenyts.
Great post Ronni! Recently, I heard an older gentleman explaining "paper drives" to a youngish man.......he had no idea what a paper drive was & furthermore he wasn't the least bit interested.......oh well. Dee
I didn't have the "green thing." I let the water run and left the lights on. I embraced the invention of Styrofoam plates and cups. I celebrated our family's first air conditioner, and rejoiced when my parents bought our first freezer. Wow! Ice cream? Just go to the freezer and scoop it out!
During the mid sixties, I dated a guy who said he was majoring in sanitation engineering. Oh, how I cackled with my girlfriends about his "nerdiness." Now, I wonder where he is and what he's doing. I bet his toys are "green ones." He saw the future. I did not.
Plant a tree a bush or a shrub. Remember the good old days when sewage plants pumped the gray water right into the rivers and you could drain your oil onto the ground and cities stank. AND THE DUMB'S,OH THE DUMB'S.Four miles from the first Super Fund site myself:)))) Why dose New Jersey have the most Super Fund sites and New York the most lawyers? None of us is with out sin when it comes to trashing up the place.
I don't think elders need to be smug about our actions that benefited the environment when we were young . We were thrifty because we had to be and we didn't waste electricity, etc. because we didn't have those modern conveniences that industry has made available.
Now that we are aware of the danger of climate change how many of those same young people who are now elders are as guilty of contributing to the destruction of the environment as the youth? I know several who drive big gas guzzling cars and they drive fast. And I plead guilty to using a clothes dryer instead of going outside and I used to do in freezing weather to hang out my laundry.
I remember when I thought it was fun to mow the lawn with a push mower. We should get back to healthy things like that. I suppose it would be better to dry our clothes on an outside line, too - but only in fair weather. :-).
If there's a hero here, it's the people who do have access to multiple energy wasting devices and do not use them, or use them sparingly. And if there's a villain it's the industrialists who hawked those energy devouring appliances, autos, etc. for profit and who manufacture appliances that break down in a few short years.
We didn't know the damage we were doing by having a TV in every room or driving over 55 mph in our youth. We know now, so it's up to everyone to do our best to save the planet no matter what our age.
So many memories
you made surface.
Darlene, yes this one
loved to push the mover
when cutting grass.
Thank you for this post..
This matter goes way beyond paper or plastic at the supermarket checkout.
As Nan mentions, the first Earth Day was 40 years ago. It celebrated passage of federal environmental legislation--passed or pending. Some examples: the Clear Air Act, the Water Pollution Control Act, and the Superfund Act.
I've been inspired and impressed with the diligence and dedication of many people working in government or in environmental groups to clean up past contamination and to prevent future contamination.
Yet we still read of push-back from companies which want to loosen up existing legislation, such as the Endangered Species Act. This law was inspired by Rachel Carson's book "Silent Spring" which described-- among other horrors--how the bald-eagle was in danger of extinction due to wide-spread use of DDT.
We sure did know how to be green back when I was young. In addition to the above mentioned stuff, we not only handed down clothing to siblings or younger relatives, when they were too worn to wear we made quilts, doll clothing and cleaning rags out of the still good parts. AND we saved the zippers and buttons to recycle into new clothing.
Also, if the current generation wants to save the trees (which I fully support) why haven't they figured out a way to keep printers from spitting out papers with one stupid line of nothing on them when we print off the web?
I'lve read this one several times for couple of years now. Several versions out there. I love it, thanks for sharing.
I still reuse everything I can. Cut up jeans make great catnip containers. I use plastic milk containers to hold the distilled water that comes out of my dehumidifier. There are still lots of things one can do.
Use it up - wear it out - make it do. Still good advice.
LOVE this post! If the store is a place where the older woman shops regularly, she might consider passing the post and its great comments on to the clerk who "suggested" that she bring a reusable bag. The young woman, who (with good cause) appears to be concerned about the environment, might learn something instead of making assumptions about a time and place she really doesn't know much about.
If there were a whole lot fewer of us our collective bad environmental habits wouldn't be doing much serious harm to our planet.
The first thing I ever sewed was an apron made from a feed sack. For larger projects moms (and sometimes dads) would go through the sacks of feed to try to find matching fabrics. I remember my grandmother unraveling old ratty or out-grown sweaters, tightly winding the yarn around some cardboard, and dampening it to straighten it out, all so it could be re-knit into "new" clothing. This past week we made turkey soup from last week's carcass...all the youngsters in our family save them for us, otherwise they would throw them out.
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'American Idol' meanie Simon Cowell may marry in September
Recently engaged "American Idol" judge Simon Cowell joked on "The Tonight Show" earlier this week that he would get married in the next ten years.
But a source close to his fiancee, "Idol" makeup artist Mezghan Hussainy, says the ceremony may take place in September and that Ryan Seacrest will somehow be a part of it.
"Idol" stylist Miles Siggins also revealed to Fancast that the engagement rock was about $400,000, not the reported $750,000. But who's counting, right?


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Red Cross Assistance
Northwest D.C. apartment fire leaves 60 homeless
2 injured, 9 displaced in Rockville, Md. apartment fire
Typhoon Haiyan: Red Cross volunteers connect area residents with loved ones
On Sunday, Red Cross volunteers in the nation's capital asked simple but critical questions at a call center, trying to connect people in our region with loved ones unreachable in the Philippines.
Oklahoma tornado: How to helpComment
With the massive destruction in Moore, Oklahoma, there are ways you can help with the recovery efforts.
Red Cross sent to Syrian city of HomsComment
The Red Cross dispatched an aid convoy to an embattled neighborhood in the Syrian city of Homs Friday, and the U.N. said it was alarmed by reports of execution-style killings after the Syrian army seized the area from rebel forces.
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In clinical practice, the physician generally makes a subjective, qualitative assessment of the severity of a patient's plaque psoriasis by combining the following observations/assessments10:
Involvement of plaque psoriasis on the hands, feet, face, and genitals should be considered in evaluating the severity of disease.10
You will need Adobe Acrobat Reader to view certain documents on this page. If you do not already have it, download it for free from Adobe's website. Get Adobe® Reader®.
ENBREL is indicated for reducing signs and symptoms, inducing major clinical response, inhibiting the progression of structural damage, and improving physical function in patients with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis. ENBREL can be initiated in combination with methotrexate (MTX) or used alone.
ENBREL is indicated for reducing signs and symptoms of moderately to severely active polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis in patients ages 2 and older.
ENBREL is indicated for reducing signs and symptoms, inhibiting the progression of structural damage of active arthritis, and improving physical function in patients with psoriatic arthritis. ENBREL can be used in combination with methotrexate in patients who do not respond adequately to methotrexate alone.
ENBREL is indicated for reducing signs and symptoms in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis.
ENBREL is indicated for the treatment of adult patients (18 years or older) with chronic moderate to severe plaque psoriasis who are candidates for systemic therapy or phototherapy.
Supportive data
Moderate to Severe Plaque Psoriasis
In medical studies, nearly half of patients saw 75% skin clearance in their moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in 3 months with ENBREL. Overall, 3 out of 4 patients saw 50% skin clearance in 3 months. ENBREL can work fast; many patients saw improvement within 2 months. Your results may vary.
Psoriatic Arthritis
In a medical study, ENBREL was shown to be effective in about 50% of psoriatic arthritis patients who used it at 6 months. Clinical responses were apparent at the time of the first visit (4 weeks) and were maintained through 6 months of therapy.
ENBREL has been prescribed by nearly 11,000 dermatology professionals in the U.S.9*
Learn more about our experience
* Dermatologists, nurse practitioners, physician's assistants in dermatology offices, and dermatology subspecialists, which include D, DS, DMP, PDD, and some NP, PA, and IM/PCPs. Based on cumulative data from 2003 through May 2011.
Colleen noticed significant improvement within 8 to 10 weeks of starting ENBREL. She feels like she can manage her plaque psoriasis even though her skin is not completely cleared.
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You say that scientists attending the recent Royal Society meeting in London concluded that, because DNA and amino acids that form in warm volcanic puddles bind to clay particles and become unavailable for further reaction, Darwin's suggestion that life originated in a warm prebiotic soup may be wrong (18 February, p 7).
However, if they had read the previous week's New Scientist, they would have learned that "before life spread on land, physical weathering broke down rocks, but the particles were not fine enough to form clay" (11 February, p 15).
From Boyd Williamson
You write that Darwin's idea, that life emerged in the primordial soup in warm volcanic puddles, has been scuppered by recent experiments showing that any reactive molecules were immediately bound to clay particles in the puddles. But clay particles are formed by bacterial action, so how did clay arrive in prebiotic puddles?
North Queensferry, Fife, UK ...
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The Good Word
A blog on Scripture and preaching from John W. Martens, America's Word columnist, and the Rev. Terrance W. Klein, the author of Vanity Faith.
July 2015
Jul 3 2015 - 12:16pm0 comments
It's said to be Pope Francis' favorite Church document. In his lifetime of ministry, his most cited. Back in 1975, in Evangelii Nuntiandi (Proclaiming the Gospel), Pope Paul VI insisted that


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Citations & Abstracts
Tobacco Research and Intervention Program (TRIP)
TRIP Directions
Forever Free®
FreshBreak® Smoking Cessation Clinic
Other Internet Resources
TRIP Members
TRIP Publications
TRIP Research
This is the original set of 8 booklets designed to prevent smoking relapse among individuals who have recently attempted to quit smoking.
Evidence-Based: The efficacy of these booklets has been supported in two clinical trials funded by the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute. Results demonstrated that the booklets were effective at preventing smoking relapse throughout the two years of follow-up, and that they were highly cost-effective at producing expected life-years saved (Brandon et al., 2000; Brandon et al., 2004; Chirikos et al., 2004)
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Booklet 2: Smoking Urges
Booklet 3: Smoking and Weight
Booklet 4: What if You Have a Cigarette?
Booklet 5: Your Health
Booklet 6: Smoking, Stress, and Mood
Booklet 7: Lifestyle Balance
Booklet 8: Life without Cigarettes


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Arab Awakening Foreign Policy War and Peace World Leaders Global Organizations Regions and Countries
Mexico's Zapatista community is protesting the commercial exploitation of the country's ecological riches.
At the end of this summer, an event will take place that could change the way the world thinks about one of its most vexing problems--racism.
A world effort to force an end to the US death penalty is gaining strength.
These days, the buzz on Capitol Hill seems loudest about Gary Condit.
The mood in the occupied territories is one of growing rage and despair.
Augusto Pinochet entered political life in 1973 by destroying the rule of law. Now, twenty-eight years later, thanks to a decision by a Chilean appeals court, he exits the public stage still beyond the reach of the law. The July 9 ruling found the 85-year-old former dictator too sick to stand trial for his role in the kidnap and murder of dozens of civilians. Plaintiffs will attempt a last-chance reversal, but observers agree that this is probably the end of the general's legal travails, which began in October 1998 when he was detained in London on a Spanish arrest warrant.
Over these past three years, Pinochet has been extended every legal recourse and guarantee that he denied his opponents. He was not beaten, kidnapped, tortured or "disappeared." Instead of being hauled before a kangaroo court and sentenced to summary execution, he was delicately passed from the Spanish legal system to the Crown Prosecution Service to the House of Lords to the Chilean Supreme Court.
But then the courts blinked. As the typically understated Chileans would say, this final outcome is lamentable. Still, much has been gained. Pinochet's arrest by Scotland Yard and his detention for 503 days in London shook open the Chilean system and eventually led to Pinochet's indictment in Santiago. A courageous judge, Juan Guzmán Tapia, piled up more than 250 criminal complaints against Pinochet, and he boldly resisted intimidation attempts by Chile's military as well as its civilian government. Soon, dozens of other former military officers, including an active-duty general or two, found themselves formally accused. At precisely the moment when Chile's unresolved human rights debate was threatened with extinction, it came roaring back to life. The Chilean military, which had refused to accept any responsibility for the bloodletting during its seventeen-year rule, finally admitted to killing and throwing into the sea scores of its opponents. Today, even the Chilean right takes pains to distance itself from the sullied general whom it once venerated as a demigod.
Pinochet may be spared trial, but his status as an indicted criminal will stand. His closest collaborators still face prosecution, not only in Chilean courts but also in other Latin American and European legal venues. The Bush Justice Department claims its investigation of Pinochet's role in the 1976 car-bomb murder of Orlando Letelier and Ronni Moffitt is still active. It should be pressured to follow through with an indictment. And a fearless Judge Guzmán continues his work in Chile. In early July he was reported to have issued letters to the US government requesting that then-Ambassador to Chile Nathaniel Davis and former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger reveal what they know about the murder of Charles Horman, one of two Americans killed in the opening days of the Pinochet dictatorship. As for Pinochet, now suffering from diabetes, "moderate dementia," dental woes and permanent public scorn, one can only wish him many more years among us.
The prospect of Slobodan Milosevic facing justice before the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia is a giant step. For the first time in history a former head of state will be tried for crimes against humanity and violations of the laws of war committed during his reign. Milosevic and his cronies must face judgment for the death and suffering they wreaked on the Balkans in furtherance of the delusion of a Greater Serbia. What concerns us at this point is that the trial be an exemplary one, fully upholding the ideal of an objective international tribunal capable of trying and punishing the crimes of war. There are signs that it will not.
For one thing, the indictment against Milosevic is primarily limited to the killings and ethnic cleansing in Kosovo that occurred after NATO's bombing campaign was launched. It is essential that Chief Prosecutor Carla Del Ponte bring the additional charges covering the war in Bosnia that she has promised. A trial limited to atrocities in Kosovo will raise the issue of the legitimacy of NATO's bombing campaign, which was undertaken without UN authorization and which not only Milosevic's supporters will argue led to much of the Serb violence that followed. Would the NATO powers release secret intelligence gathered at the time that could throw light on who ordered the massacres, as well as the strategy behind the bombing campaign? The point is that if this relevant evidence is withheld, the trial will be tainted and will fuel suspicions that it is designed to vindicate NATO's war.
The slaughter in Bosnia--the massacres of Muslims, the atrocities, rapes and ethnic cleansing--was far greater than in Kosovo,and the perpetrators, some of them still at large, must be punished. But bringing in Bosnia (or Croatia) will again open up the question of the role of the United States and the West. Their long support of Milosevic as the man to deal with in the Balkans should be aired in court. Will the governments in Washington and in other NATO capitals produce evidence from their files relative to their appeasement? Not that such information would exculpate Milosevic, but without it the trial will be perceived as victor's justice.
This leads to another question: Were the means and the timing of Milosevic's apprehension proper, in terms of the objectives of international law? A case can be made that they were not. In turning Milosevic over to The Hague, the Serbian government acted under the gun--a threat by the United States that it would veto promised foreign aid. This was a power play, not law. Also, the extradition violated Yugoslav law and bypassed President Vojislav Kostunica, who heads Yugoslavia's first freely elected government in many years. Undercutting the rule of law is no way to encourage a fragile democracy. It arguably would have been better for the Serbs themselves to try Milosevic first. As Kostunica said, "In order for the people to realize what justice is, it should be in their hands."
Ultimately, though, Milosevic should answer to the international community if the principle of prohibiting war crimes is to be upheld. But the reckoning must take place before a fully independent international court. In the long run, the world must move beyond ad hoc courts like the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, set up for specific crimes, to an autonomous body like the International Criminal Court. Milosevic's crimes were against humanity and international law, not the United States and NATO.
In early June I sat on a panel, in front of a large and mainly Arab audience, with Thomas Friedman of the New York Times. Our hosts, the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, had asked for a discussion of contrasting images of the Israel-Palestine conflict. The general tempo of the meeting was encouragingly nontribal; there were many criticisms of Arab regimes and societies, and one of our co-panelists, Raghida Dergham, had recently been indicted in her absence by a Lebanese military prosecutor for the offense of sharing a panel discussion with an Israeli. However, it's safe to say that most of those attending were aching for a chance to question Friedman in person. He was accused directly at one point of writing in a lofty and condescending manner about the Palestinian people. To this he replied hotly and eloquently, saying that he had always believed that "the Jewish people will never be at home in Palestine until the Palestinian people are at home there."
That was well said, and I hadn't at the time read his then-most-recent column, so I didn't think to reply. But in that article he wrote that Chairman Arafat, by his endless double-dealing, had emptied the well of international sympathy for his cause. This is a very Times-ish rhetoric, of course. You have to think about it for a second. It suggests that rights, for Palestinians, are not something innate or inalienable. They are, instead, a reward for good behavior, or for getting a good press. It's hard to get more patronizing than that. During the first intifada, in the late 1980s, the Palestinians denied themselves the recourse to arms, mounted a civil resistance, produced voices like Hanan Ashrawi and greatly stirred world opinion. For this they were offered some noncontiguous enclaves within an Israeli-controlled and Israeli-settled condominium. Better than nothing, you might say. But it's the very deal the Israeli settlers reject in their own case, and they do not even live in Israel "proper." (They just have the support of the armed forces of Israel "proper.") So now things are not so nice and many Palestinians have turned violent and even--whatever next?--religious and fanatical. Naughty, naughty. No self-determination for you. And this from those who achieved statehood not by making nice but as a consequence of some very ruthless behavior indeed.
I am writing these lines in memoriam for my dear friend and comrade Dr. Israel Shahak, who died on July 2. His home on Bartenura Street in Jerusalem was a library of information about the human rights of the oppressed. The families of prisoners, the staff of closed and censored publications, the victims of eviction and confiscation--none were ever turned away. I have met influential "civil society" Palestinians alive today who were protected as students when Israel was a professor of chemistry at the Hebrew University; from him they learned never to generalize about Jews. And they respected him not just for his consistent stand against discrimination but also because--he never condescended to them. He detested nationalism and religion and made no secret of his contempt for the grasping Arafat entourage. But, as he once put it to me, "I will now only meet with Palestinian spokesmen when we are out of the country. I have some severe criticisms to present to them. But I cannot do this while they are living under occupation and I can 'visit' them as a privileged citizen." This apparently small point of ethical etiquette contains almost the whole dimension of what is missing from our present discourse: the element of elementary dignity and genuine mutual recognition.
Shahak's childhood was spent in Nazified Poland, the Warsaw Ghetto and Bergen-Belsen concentration camp; at the end of the war he was the only male left in his family. He reached Palestine before statehood, in 1945. In 1956 he heard David Ben-Gurion make a demagogic speech about the Anglo-French-Israeli attack on Egypt, referring to this dirty war as a campaign for "the kingdom of David and Solomon." That instilled in him the germinal feelings of opposition. By the end of his life, he had produced a scholarly body of work that showed the indissoluble connection between messianic delusions and racial and political ones. He had also, during his chairmanship of the Israeli League for Human and Civil Rights, set a personal example that would be very difficult to emulate.
He had no heroes and no dogmas and no party allegiances. If he admitted to any intellectual model, it would have been Spinoza. For Shahak, the liberation of the Jewish people was an aspect of the Enlightenment, and involved their own self-emancipation from ghetto life and from clerical control, no less than from ancient "Gentile" prejudice. It therefore naturally ensued that Jews should never traffic in superstitions or racial myths; they stood to lose the most from the toleration of such rubbish. And it went almost without saying that there could be no defensible Jewish excuse for denying the human rights of others. He was a brilliant and devoted student of the archeology of Jerusalem and Palestine: I would give anything for a videotape of the conducted tours of the city that he gave me, and of the confrontation in which he vanquished one of the propagandist guides on the heights of Masada. For him, the built and the written record made it plain that Palestine had never been the exclusive possession of any one people, let alone any one "faith."
Only the other day, I read some sanguinary proclamation from the rabbinical commander of the Shas party, Ovadia Yosef, himself much sought after by both Ehud Barak and Ariel Sharon. It was a vulgar demand for the holy extermination of non-Jews; the vilest effusions of Hamas and Islamic Jihad would have been hard-pressed to match it. The man wants a dictatorial theocracy for Jews and helotry or expulsion for the Palestinians, and he sees (as Shahak did in reverse) the connection. This is not a detail; Yosef's government receives an enormous US subsidy, and his intended victims live (and die, every day) under a Pax Americana. Men like Shahak, who force us to face these reponsibilities, are naturally rare. He was never interviewed by the New York Times, and its obituary pages have let pass the death of a great and serious man.
The Supreme Court, in the final week of June, handed down three decisions, each of which seems to endorse a valuable social principle.
In the first, involving the right of legal immigrants who have pleaded guilty to crimes in the past to a judicial review of deportation proceedings, the Court upheld the principle that no matter who you are, you are entitled to your day in court.
In the second case, the High Court affirmed the right of writers and artists to share in the wealth made possible by the new media. The case was brought by a group of freelancers who objected to the inclusion of their work in electronic databases without permission or remuneration; the group was led by Jonathan Tasini, the president of the National Writers Union and a man with an admirable mission.
In the third case, the Supreme Court made it more possible for Congress to provide correctives to the influence of money in politics by upholding Watergate-era limits on how much political parties can spend in coordination with candidates for federal office. Had the Court eliminated the restrictions, it would have legitimized the parties as cash-laundering machines for donors.
Left to be determined, in all three cases, are the appropriate remedies for the ills the rulings addressed, and the difficulty of fashioning these should not be underestimated. But it is heartening to see the Court acting in its proper role as the guardian of both the individual and society.
Last August, amid the final throes of President Alberto Fujimori's scandal-ridden administration in Peru, he bowed to US pressure and announced that Lori Berenson's conviction by a secret military court would be voided and that she would be granted a new civilian trial. Thanks to nearly six years of poisonous publicity, Berenson, who in January 1996 was sentenced to life in prison for "treason against the fatherland," was widely viewed by Peruvians as a gringa terrorista who had come to Peru to join the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA), an unpopular guerrilla organization. So when her new trial finally opened this past March, Berenson's supporters held out little hope that it would yield a just verdict.
As expected, on June 20 the panel of three judges handed down a conviction on the reduced charge of collaboration with terrorism. Sentencing Berenson to the maximum of twenty years in prison, the court declared that she was not an active member of the MRTA but neither was she a "mere spectator" in the house she shared in Lima with fifteen MRTA militants. Because of the more than five years she has already served, she is scheduled to be released in 2015.
As Peru's fragile democracy grapples with the legacy of Fujimori's war on guerrilla movements--carried out by notorious spymaster and former CIA collaborator Vladimiro Montesinos, recently captured in Venezuela after an eight-month international manhunt--Berenson's trial was an opportunity to show how far the country has come since the days of hooded military judges, doctored evidence, coercion of witnesses and trumped-up terrorism charges. Sadly, the answer turned out to be, Not far enough. In many respects Berenson's new trial was a vast improvement over the last--she was able to confront her accusers, her lawyers cross-examined witnesses and the proceedings were open to the public. But Peru's judicial system has yet to resolve the thorny issue of how civilian courts should deal with evidence that may have been tainted or even fabricated by Fujimori's ruthless antiterrorism police force. While hundreds remain in prison on the basis of no evidence at all, thousands more, like Berenson, are serving lengthy sentences as a result of circumstantial evidence and untrustworthy investigations [see Jonathan Levi and Liz Mineo, "The Lori Berenson Papers," September 4/11, 2000]. Peruvian courts must devise an approach to those cases that respects international standards of fairness and due process. In the absence of that, Berenson's pending appeal to the Peruvian Supreme Court is unlikely to succeed, although the court might decide to reduce her sentence.
Incoming President Alejandro Toledo, who could pardon Berenson when he takes office on July 28, disappointed her supporters when he said on a late June visit to the United States that he would not interfere with the court's decision. Toledo pointed out the need to respect the independence of the courts, but surely there is a difference between a president meddling with the judiciary to enhance his own power, as Fujimori did, and using executive authority to pardon someone denied a fair trial.
Granting clemency to Berenson and others like her is no long-term solution, however. Peru still needs far-reaching judicial reforms, beginning with the repeal of the draconian antiterrorism laws enacted in 1992. That would be an important step forward in the long process of exorcising the ghosts of Fujimori and Montesinos, and restoring the faith in government shattered by their corrupt rule.


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The Graduate Center offers more than thirty doctoral programs in the arts, humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences, including History.
Learn about the Graduate Center's core faculty,
including Distinguished Professor David Joselit (pictured),
on the Faculty Profiles page.
Through its extensive public programming, the Graduate Center contributes to the intellectual and cultural vitality of New York City.
The Graduate Center has announced its
Doctoral Student Parental Accommodation Policies.
Support for the Graduate Center ensures continued excellence in arts and
sciences graduate education, research, and public programming.
Pick a day:
5/9/2013 | 6:30 PM to 8:00 PM
New York City Cartmen, 1667–1850 (NYU Press) uncovers the forgotten world of one-horse cart drivers who monopolized the movement of private and commercial goods in New York City from 1667-1850. Read more
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5/9/2013 | 4:15 PM to 6:15 PM
Learning to Generate Understandable Animations of American Sign Language
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5/9/2013 | 11:00 AM to 12:15 PM
Knowledge Extraction and Taxonomization from the Web Read more


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Light artist Bruce Munro creates an ethereal, Arctic-inspired treat
Artist Bruce Munro has a real talent for using light to create ethereal, other worldly installations and we've seen before how well he works in traditional surroundings. His latest piece Cantus Arcticus is inspired by a piece of music of the same name by Finnish composer Einohujani Rautavaara and features shimmering curtains of light which reference the Northern lights and the silhouettes of circling birds. With clever use of mirrors, visitors to Waddeston can step into an extraordinarily immersive experience where sound and light combine to stunning effect.
Bruce Munro: Cantus Artcius runs until October 27.


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Below is the poem entitled How Was I To Know which was written by poet
Malone. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Nikeisha Malone
How was I to know my love,
That your heart was the twin of mine?
That each of our souls danced
To the beat of a single rhyme?
How was I to know my dear,
That you already fell for me?
When you were sun kissed freckles
And I was just all knees?
How was I to know my heart,
That I was your moon?
That years ago a seed was planted,
With a potential for love to bloom?
How was I to know my only,
That I was waiting for you, too?
That all these broken roads I traveled,
Were just leading me straight to you?
How was I to know my one,
That you were to be my forever?
That we were already bound,
So tightly to one another?
How was I to know my own,
That I loved you, too?
That one day I would promise my heart,
So completely to you?
How was I to know my future,
That I would be here at this alter?
Giving you my hand in marriage
And a love that will never falter.


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Chavez compounded the current energy problem in 2007. By fulfilling his pledge in implementing the 'Bolivarian Revolution', Chavez removed energy executives from Corpoelec, the state-run utility company. Men of much experience and know how were gradually replaced by loyal military personnel. Consequently, investment and maintenance in the energy sector were postponed and neglected, and gradually corruption surfaced within Corpoelec. Quickly the energy issue escalated, and due to the lack of investment in new infrastructure, Venezuela was not able to cope with the growing demand, hence, the reoccurring blackouts.
The situation has become so dire, that Colombia (one-time Chavez enemy) is supplying energy to the regions hugging the Venezuelan-Colombian border. This eases Chavez's pressure of having to ration power throughout the region. To further remedy the energy crisis, the Chavez administration has announced that the price of electricity will increase—an effort to alleviate demand. Already having to cope with a fragile domestic economy, both household consumers and businesses will bear the burden of proposed price hikes.
The biggest energy consumers, such as large businesses, industrial firms and shopping malls must reduce their energy consumption by 10 percent in the next months. If reduction of energy consumption is not met, a surcharge of 10 percent will have to be paid. The surcharge will increase by 5 percent per month until the consumption drops to the newly required levels. If household consumers fail to decrease their energy consumption by 10 percent, compared to 2009 levels, a fee of 75 percent of their monthly bill will be added on. If energy consumption increases compared to the previous month, additional surcharges could total up to 100 percent of the monthly bill.
Venezuelans are already battling with food inflation, a currency that has multiple exchange rates, and now constant energy outages and utility price hikes. Interestingly, the 2012 presidential election is looming, and if Chavez doesn't get his house in order, there might be a chance, albeit extremely small, that the people might vote Chavez out of power.