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All What's New
- Today
- Past 7 Days
- Past Month
- Past Year
- Specific Date Range
- Africa (8)
- South Asia (8)
- The World Region (2)
- Date
Growth without borders : a regional growth pole for Southern Africa
Several countries in Southern Africa have enormous potential to expand trade and mutually benefit from regional integration, and thus truly achieve 'growth without ... Show More +
Achieving shared prosperity in Kenya
This book is organized around three overarching themes under which various topics are aggregated. The first concerns human development and resilience, and discusses... Show More +
Deforestation trends in the Congo Basin : agriculture
The Congo Basin represents 70 percent of the African continent's forest cover and constitutes a large portion of Africa's biodiversity. Agricultural development is ... Show More +
Russian Federation - International development cooperation : set of lectures
This set of lectures is structured in accordance with the aforementioned objectives. It is divided into four parts. Part one examines the theoretical-methodological... Show More +
Sudan - The annual conference on economic challenges and their impact on economic development, service delivery, and decentralization : recommendations summary
The development objective of this project is to inform Sudan's government about macro economic development and policy options through Economic Briefs and a conferen... Show More +
Enhancing capabilities of central finance agencies : From diagnosis to action
Central Finance Agencies (CFA) of countries are pivotal to the Public Finance Management (PFM) reform process. Thus, the capabilities - not just capacities - of CFA... Show More +
Facilitating cross-border trade between the DRC and neighbors in the Great Lakes region of Africa : improving conditions for poor traders
This report looks at the current situation and opportunities for cross-border trade between Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and neighbors with a focus on agricul... Show More +
Vietnam - Assessing fiscal implication of the recernt changes in poverty lines and revision of allocation norms of capital expenditures and resources for targeted programs
There have been important changes in the budgeting process in Vietnam since 2006 when the government of Vietnam instituted a revolutionary reform in the management ... Show More +
Cape Verde - Initial assessment of the formal labor market
In the last 25 years, Cape Verde has made impressive progress in their historical transition from a centrally planned to market economy. Building the institutional ... Show More +
Public financial management reform in the Middle East and North Africa: an overview of regional experience (Vol. 2 of 2) : Individual country cases
This report surveys the experience of Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries on the topic of public financial management reform. Drawing upon a variety of so... Show More +
Public financial management reform in the Middle East and North Africa: an overview of regional experience (Vol. 1 of 2) : Overview and summary
This report surveys the experience of Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries on the topic of public financial management reform. Drawing upon a variety of so... Show More +
Belarus - Technical note on the methodology for the allocation of intergovernmental grants in the Republic of Belarus
Agricultural insurance in Bangladesh : promoting access to small and marginal farmers
Bangladesh is ranked as the world's fifth most exposed country to natural disasters, including floods, cyclones, and droughts. The purpose of this study is to inves... Show More +
Bringing finance to Pakistan's poor : access to finance for small enterprises and the underserved
Access to financing is now widely acknowledged as a path to meaningful economic inclusion and reduction in poverty. Policy efforts to increase access to finance in ... Show More +
Bolivia - Public financial management review, based on the PEFA methodology
The National Development Plan highlights the Bolivian Government's commitment to improving efficiency, transparency, and accountability in the use of public resourc... Show More +
Expanding access to housing finance (Vol. 1 of 2) : Task one : business and sustainability plan for affordable housing finance pilot projects
The objective of the First Initiative Project in Uganda is to expand the access of households to housing finance, especially modest and lower income households, by ... Show More +
The Canada-Caribbean remittance corridor : fostering formal remittances to Haiti and Jamaica through effective regulation
The World Bank has been at the global forefront in research on remittances. Studying over twelve bilateral remittance corridors thus far, the financial market integ... Show More +
Current issues in fiscal reform in Central Europe and the Baltic States 2008 : Performance-based budgeting and medium-term expenditure frameworks in emerging Europe
In recent years, governments in many regions have adopted a wide range of reforms to make fiscal policies more consistent and effective over the medium-term and emp... Show More +
Banking the poor : measuring banking access in 54 economies
Banking the Poor presents new data collected from two sources: central banks, and leading commercial banks in each surveyed country. It explores associations betwee... Show More +
Albania - Microfinance institutions and credit unions in Albania : regulatory, supervisory and market development issues
The objective of this report is to present an assessment of the current legal, regulatory, and supervisory framework in Albania for microfinance, as well as an asse... Show More +


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How to Get Hands-On with Web Data for SEOContent | Advanced SEO | Tools
The Web is a vast trove of date, much of it simply waiting to be explored and used to benefit your brand. It's far simpler than you think.
The Web is a vast trove of date, much of it simply waiting to be explored and used to benefit your brand. It's far simpler than you think.
Use the results of our study to help improve your site's mobile friendliness score.
Looking to increase your email open rates? Implementing these few simple tips could result in significant gains.
A fast website is no longer a luxury; it an expectation from site visitors and search engines. Google's PageSpeed Module can give you a leg up in creating a better user experience.
Bandit bots are always circling, looking for an opportunity to attack your site. Make certain you aren't an easy victim.
Often, the best methods to secure traffic and links are right under your nose, requiring little more than ingenuity and some legwork.
Looking to navigate the murky waters of algorithmic updates to better your business? You'll need plenty of data and a solid strategic mindset. What you uncover will likely be as surprising as it is useful.
Still not ready to dump your icon images? I know it's hard. That's why I've provided my team's three solid reasons for ditching icon images and replacing them with their newer, better-looking version - icon fonts:
Yikes! We accidentally deindexed our site. Here's how we got it back in Google's index within a few hours.
Our pagination strategy has changed several times to keep in step with Google's latest recommendations. At the end of this article, I will present a Google recommendation history.
Here's a test that compares the accuracy of GWT average position report to a paid ranking report.
It took me a month and hours of experimentation and updating things and coding - but I can proudly now say - I am an entity too.
One of the most helpful approaches to learning about and understanding a client's website I've found involves actually crawling a site, and learning about the structures of its URLs and how they are connected to each other. I was recently invited to try a beta test for a cloud-based crawler that can handle extremely large websites. I accepted the offer because it appeared that the tool might be useful in campaigns where the crawling tools I'm presently using might not be as effective.
What most people don't understand is that Penguin Penalties can be prevented. With the right information, you NEVER have to suffer from these terrible penalties that take away between 20% and 60% of your site's traffic. In this guide, I am going to give you suggestions for to protect your site from Penguin Penalties, and keep your site ranking well in Google.

subset: commoncrawl


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The following is an archive of a post made to our
'vox mailing list'
by one of its subscribers.
I'm going to be unable to set up at the next LUGOD meeting
(I might not even make it). Can someone take over setting up for me?
All that _really_ needs to be done is:
1. Let the library know you're there.
2. Assuming the room won't be completely cleared out by 9pm,
get the key and instructions to lock the doors, and pay for the room.
($5.00, or $15.00 if people bring food)
3. Set the chairs up.
4. Put out the 'new user' signup sheets and 'club info' handouts out
5. Collect the 'new user' sheets at the end of the meeting
6. Clean up afterwards, put the chairs back where they were, and, if
applicable, enable the alarm & lock the library.
You can come to my place pretty much any evening this week (if you tell me
in advance), or perhaps we can meet up at the Demo at the Co-Op on Saturday.
vox mailing list
Hosting provided by:
Sunset Systems
Sunset Systems offers preconfigured Linux
systems, remote system administration and
custom software development.
LUGOD: Linux Users' Group of Davis
PO Box 2082, Davis, CA 95617
Contact Us
LUGOD is a 501(c)7 non-profit organization
based in Davis, California
and serving the Sacramento area.
"Linux" is a trademark of Linus Torvalds.


text:
Manage Subscriptions
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Frederick Olson, Automotive Contributor
State police have released security camera footage of two men wanted in connection with burglaries of convenience stores in Franklin County.
No email address was supplied by
To complete your registration on this site, please supply an address.
Please confirm or modify the email address to which you will have subscription offers sent.
For a more personalized experience, please supply the following optional information.


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Yamaha Lagenda 115Z
Lagenda 115Z is designed as a Sporty Premium moped and comes with an all new body design that projects a sense of richness and premium quality. The all new 115 cc engine promises a new riding experience.
Unique Selling Features:
1) Cast Wheel with Tubeless Tyres = For a more sporty look and safer riding
2) Gas Filled Rear Suspension = Overcome heat-induced performance drop associated with longer continuous riding to ensure greater comfort on longer rides
3) Illuminated Speedometer = A florescent ring accentuates the effect of the blue LED indirect illumination and gives a premium quality look at night
4) Illuminated Luggage Box = Incorporate a white LED light for night usage convenience.
5) Illuminated Switches = Adds beauty at night time


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What: Ann Taylor gives a sneak peek of their fall 2010 collection. Alissa gives us the scoop
What They Say: According to Ann Taylor, the fall collection was inspired by the idea of mixing European sophistication with timeless American style. They took romantic sensibilities and mingled them with decidedly modern silhouettes and impeccable fabrics to create their own style salon.
What We Say: We loved that Ann Taylor went outside the box and showcased their new collection by having the models sit amongst the guest to show the versatility of the fall collection. The perfectly posed models were styled in patterned sheath dresses, tailored blazers, and chunky knits. To us, the show stoppers were the accessories. We thought to ourselves, did AT get advice from iconic diamond jewelry queen, Elizabeth Taylor? We were blown away by all of the Pave and Swarovski crystal bracelets , pearl clustered necklaces and even thought that the jewelry almost out-shined the clothes. There was no surprise that AT continued to follow the trends with peep toe booties, animal print pumps, and large soft leather satchels. We loved how thick and soft the fabrics felt and as each model changed from one outfit to another, we could imagine ourselves in any one of these pieces taking us from the boardroom to happy hour. With modern shapes and functional design Ann Taylor still secures their place as one of the top go to stores for modern and sophisticated work wear.
Note: I received a 25% off coupon, a necklace, and a CD for attending this event.


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Angel of Augusta: Cabrera wins playoff on a tumultuous final day
Playing with Perry because they were the third-round co-leaders, Cabrera topped his partner with a 15-foot birdie at 16 that kept him within two shots of the lead.
Perry missed the green with his approach at 17 and skulled a chip to make his first bogey in 22 holes. At 18, still needing only a par to win, Perry drove into the left bunker, came up short and left of the green, and after chipping up, didn't put enough gas on a 16-foot putt to win.
In the playoff, Perry was short right on his approach from the fairway, his ensuing birdie chip coming up less than a foot short of the hole. At the 10th, he blamed mud on the right side of his ball for making it squirt left into an extremely difficult lie below the green.
The playoff loss was Perry's second in a major, the first coming in the 1996 PGA at Valhalla in his home state of Kentucky.
"I've got two to think about now," he said, appearing disappointed, but not shattered.
"I had the tournament to win. I lost the tournament. But Angel hung in there. I was proud of him. He was hitting shots everywhere."
Most memorable would be Cabrera's sliced drive into the trees on the 72nd hole. He looked to be stymied, but punched out, his ball caroming off a tree into the middle of the fairway. If it kicks the other direction, who knows the outcome? Cabrera eventually would make the 4-footer for par.
Minutes later, Cabrera's approach at 18 on the first extra hole came up short, but he clutched up again by making a 6-footer for par. He punched the air for the second time, igniting cheers with his smile.
Sitting in his green jacket, his peppered hair neatly combed, it was suggested to Cabrera that he won because he was enjoying the moment so much. His face lit up again in agreement.
"Yes, you're right," he said. "I was happy with my game, and I had confidence. I was just trying to enjoy the moment."


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"We had a hot air balloon theme that had banners hanging, and this sticker was a PERFECT way to send off our guests. We used these on his party favor bags, and it just looked really adorable."
"We were looking for a sticker photo for my daughter's sorority recruitment cards. It needed to be small. The size was perfect, but I would've liked to have seen a few more designs. In particularly more "grown up" designs. The ones you currently offer have a baby/child theme."
"I love this gift tag. I use it on my baked goods that I give out but would be very cute for child OR adult birthday gift tag."
"While the sample makes this look like a label, I edited so there is a "to: " line and a from line (e.g. From: Matthew and Andrew). I love these as birthday present gift tags."
"We are using these stickers to put on blue take out boxes for the candy buffet at my daughter's Baby Shower. Our stickers read "sweet treats". They match the invitations we ordered from you. I'm very happy with the quality of all of the items we ordered. Thank you!"


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Balmain – O'Style
Monday, July 30, 2012
Monday, July 30, 2012
Sunday, July 22, 2012
Blazer: Vintage, jumper: Zara, pants/pantalón: Zara, shoes/zapatos: Uterqüe
Again you have me styling this pants. For this ocassion I opted to let the printed pants do all the fashion work on itself and used just a jumper in a jazzy yellow color to elevate the whole outfit. Have a look to the other one that I posted last year and get more inspiration to mix printed pants by clicking on: http://stylelovely.com/ostyveranosle/2011/07/te-quiero-90-
¡Echa un vistazo al siguiente enlace e inspírate! http://stylelovely.com/ostyveranosle/2011/07/te-quiero-90-
Sunday, July 15, 2012
Friday, July 13, 2012


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DUBUQUE, Iowa - The two hospitals in Dubuque are close to reaching, or have reached, capacity because many patients are sick with the flu.
Staff at Finley Hospital said they've been near capacity for the past few days but they are ready if any more patients arrive.
Right now, Finley is nearing what they call traditional capacity. In order to make room for any additional patients, the staff will need to rearrange some of the beds.
"Currently we utilize all private rooms but if we would exceed the capacity with the private rooms we could go back to semi private or areas where we'd be clustering even additional patients," said Chief Nursing Officer Diana Batchelor.
FInley will only allow patients who have the same illness to share a room and they say they will not turn patients away.
Mercy Medical Center is also close to reaching capacity. The hospital could soon need to start converting some of the recovery rooms in what's more like a regular medical room.
Cedar Rapids, Iowa News, Sports, and Weather
Dubuque Hospitals Nearing Capacity Due to Flu Outbreak
By Katie Wiedemann, Reporter
Most Popular


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San Bernardino National Forest
Contact Information
Supervisor's Office
602 S. Tippecanoe Ave.
San Bernardino, CA 92408
(909) 382-2600 (Voice)
(TDD/TTY dial (800) 735-2922)
Barton Flats Visitor Center
(909) 794-4861 Summer Season Only
Big Bear Ranger Station & Discovery Center
(909) 382-2790
Idyllwild Ranger Station
(909) 382-2921
Lytle Creek Ranger Station
(909) 382-2851
Mill Creek Visitor Center
(909) 382-2882
Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument
(760) 862-9984
All offices are closed on Federal Holidays
Contact Us
This 67-mile route will take you from Palm Desert past snow-peaked mountains to Banning Pass. Palms to Pines Scenic Byway offers a full variety of ecosystems in the Lower Sonoran region. From clusters of desert palms to high country conifer forests and snow-capped mountains, experience a contrast of ecosystems within a short distance. Admire fantastic views of the urbanized valley floor below, craggy mountains, and the San Gorgonio Wilderness area to the north on the Banning Pass section of the byway. Start on Hwy 74 south of Palm Desert, or at the other end Hwy 243 south of Banning.
Map showing recreational areas.
Map Information
Current Fire Restrictions
Related Information
Quick Links
Related Links
Recreation Passes (Adventure Pass and Interagency Pass Info)
Be aware that firewood can harbor insects and diseases that threaten valuable forest resources. Transporting firewood can move these pests to new locations.
Learn about campfire safety and how to prevent vehicle-caused wildfire
Forest Service Home | USDA.gov | recreation.gov | USA.gov | Whitehouse.gov
Plug-Ins | FOIA | Accessibility Statement | Privacy Policy | Important Notices | Information Quality


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Finally the future mommy has started labor! She started by acting uncomfortable and began licking herself while panting heavily. I reminded her of the breathing classes but she didn't think I was very funny. On the first contraction, her abdomen tightened and her tail lifted and by then I knew it was time to call my vet Dr. Fred Metzger to let him know that it's finally game time!
I haven't helped whelp puppies in almost 10 years but I remember the anxiety well! My old vet Dr. Straley always said it was harder on me than the dog.
Here's my new whelping setup at the new Lion Country Kennel. The inside Kennel confines the dog for whelping and rearing with a door that slides to allow her outside kennel access. The chair is for me and the reproduction lady during the sometimes long wait between pups. The floor has heating pads under the whelping box and a heat lamp above to keep the pups warm. This is the most important part for the pups!! Stay tuned for updates after we have some pups!
2 comments to "Puppies Are On The Way! – Update #3"
22 April, 8:54 pm
Buck -
Good Luck with the Puppies!!
Let me know when you need some fishing lessons…..Kelley doesn't know all of the secrets!!
Big Mark
28 April, 1:56 pm
Well, the Easter bunny brought more than a basket to you, my friend! Good thing you had your Easter Dinner on Saturday night. Love the whelping box set-up for your beautiful mama dog–deluxe. Can't wait to see the puppies!


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The RepublicPaperback Dover Thrift Editions
List price $9.34
You save $4.04 43% off
Free delivery worldwide
Dispatched in 2 business days
When will my order arrive?
Additional formats available
- Format
- Hardback $16.13
- CD-Audio $28.98
- Publisher: Dover Publications Inc.
- Format: Paperback | 320 pages
- Dimensions: 130mm x 206mm x 23mm | 227g
- Publication date: 18 April 2000
- Publication City/Country: New York
- Sales rank: 3,160
Product description
Famous philosophical treatise of the 4th century BC concerns itself chiefly with the idea of justice, as well as such Platonic theories as that of ideas, the criticism of poetry, and the philosopher's role. Source of the famous cave myth and prototype for other imaginary commonwealths, including those of Cicero, St. Augustine, and More. Benjamin Jowett translation.
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Plato ranks among the most familiar ancient philosophers, along with his teacher, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle. In addition to writing philosophical dialogues used to teach logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion, and mathematics as well as philosophy he founded Athens' Academy, the Western world's first institution of higher learning."
Back cover copy
Often ranked as the greatest of Plato's many remarkable writings, this celebrated philosophical work of the fourth century BC contemplates the elements of an ideal state, serving as the forerunner for such other classics of political thought as Cicero's "De Republica," St. Augustine's "City of God," and Thomas More's "Utopia." Written in the form of a dialog in which Socrates questions his students and fellow citizens, "The Republic" concerns itself chiefly with the question, "What is justice?" as well as Plato's theory of ideas and his conception of the philosopher's role in society. To explore the latter, he invents the allegory of the cave to illustrate his notion that ordinary men are like prisoners in a cave, observing only the shadows of things, while philosophers are those who venture outside the cave and see things as they really are, and whose task it is to return to the cave and tell the truth about what they have seen. This dynamic metaphor expresses at once the eternal conflict between the world of the senses (the cave) and the world of ideas (the world outside the cave), and the philosopher's role as mediator between the two. High school and college students, as well as lovers of classical literature and philosophy, will welcome this handsome and inexpensive edition of an immortal work. It appears here in the fine translation by the English classicist Benjamin Jowett.


text: A modern classic bedding collection in khaki, the Lamont Home Simone Khaki bedding ensemble lends a Four Seasons inspired ambiance to any bedroom decor. Available in Full-Queen and King sizes, the Lamont Home Simone Khaki coverlet features an elegant all over embroidered motif on a soft illuminating texture perfect for adding exquisite charm to any bedroom decor. Complement the Simone Khaki coverlet with a matching standard sham accented with a generous flange edging. The Lamont Home Simone Khaki bedding collection is made from 100-percent combed cotton.


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Chatham County, North Carolina:
Chatham County was founded in 1771 is located geographically in the center of the state. The countys population of over 64,000 live in an area of over 707 square miles amid multiple rural communities and four incorporated towns (Goldston, Pittsboro, Siler City, and a small portion of Cary). Residents can reach major universities and North Carolina cities (Raleigh, Durham, Greensboro, etc.) within less than one hour. Additional county information is located at www.chathamnc.org.
School District Quick Facts:
Chatham County Schools has seventeen schools: four high schools (three traditional and one alternative), three middle schools, five K-8 schools, and five elementary schools. Slightly more than 8,200 students enrolled in kindergarten through twelfth grades. Drivers of 91 yellow school buses travel well over one million miles each school year transporting approximately 3,900 students to and from school. Multiple schools have pre-kindergarten and after school programs. The district employs over 1,200 people and is the largest employer in Chatham County. The teacher retention rate in 2013 was 86.65%.
District Address:
Mailing: P.O. Box 128, Pittsboro, NC 27312
Physical: 369 West Street, Pittsboro, NC 27312
District website: www.chatham.k12.nc.us
Telephone: (919) 542-3626 (main)
Fax: (919) 542-1980
District Highlights:
North Carolina 2013 graduation rate: 82.5%
North Carolina 2012-2013 dropout rate: 2.45% (record low)
Composite Scores
Math Scores
Critical Reading Scores
Writing Scores
|Last Updated: 10/31/14


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Man accused of killing ex had motive, prosecutor saysBRECKENRIDGE, Minn. – The case against Jeffrey Silvernail, the man accused in the shooting death of his ex-girlfriend, Lori Roberts, boils down to three things, a prosecutor told a Wilkin County jury as the murder trial opened Wednesday.
Rebuilding Together fixing up homesCharity's first project helping Fargo family
FARGO – A little more than a year ago, a couple of north Fargo empty-nesters sat down for a serious talk. Leah Strand wasn't sure how her husband, Robert, would react to the notion of her sister, recently diagnosed with multiple sclerosis and caring for her three children, possibly moving into their three-bedroom, one-bathroom house.
Man faces dangerous weapons charge for carrying nunchucks into Moorhead parkMOORHEAD – Police say a 38-year-old man faces a charge of possessing a prohibited weapon after he allegedly carried a set of nunchucks into a city park here.
This just in: Local newscasts fill new time slots, run longer to fill void left by OprahFARGO – Local TV news is on the upswing, at least in terms of quantity, and if you're looking for someone to thank, send the card to Oprah Winfrey in Chicago.
Cass County nixes $50,000 bell-tower viewProposed window would have provided vantage point of tower above courthouse
FARGO – How much is a close-up view of the historic bell tower that sits atop Cass County's courthouse worth?
Local reaction mixed on Netflix's split of DVD and online servicesFARGO – The reaction to Netflix's impending split of DVD and online services, if its own blog is any gauge, isn't nearly as divided as Netflix itself will soon be.
Valley City, Police Chief Ross take battle to court againVALLEY CITY, N.D. – A court petition the city here filed Friday asks a judge to drop an order preventing a hearing previously slated for Monday on the misconduct allegations its embattled police chief faces.
Fire at 13-unit garage causes $100,000 in damageVideo inside
FARGO – A fire Thursday night caused an estimated $100,000 in damage to a 13-unit garage building next to a partially built apartment complex in south Fargo for low-income seniors.
Murder trial DNA evidence at issueProsecutor says accused could have started Moorhead fire to eliminate evidence
MOORHEAD – Prosecutors in a murder trial set to start a month from now in Clay County want the jury to see DNA evidence from an unrelated and subsequently dismissed burglary case in Becker County.
5 years after Rodriguez convicted for Dru Sjodin's murder: 'Nothing but sadness'Sjodin's killer still on death row
FARGO – Five years ago this week, a federal jury in Fargo convicted and later sentenced to death the man who kidnapped, raped and murdered Dru Sjodin.


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Filmlinc DailyRSS
- • The Season
- • Interviews
- • Video
Spanish Cinema Now Opens Friday!
The popular series, which has run annually at the Film Society since 1992, brings two weeks of the latest features from some of Spain's top burgeoning talent as well as a 10-film retrospective of the work of brilliant Spanish filmmaker Luis García Berlanga.
Recession Spoof
French director Cédric Klapisch's delightful satire of the global economic crisis "My Piece of the Pie" opens Friday at Film Society of Lincoln Center!
New York Film Critics Circle Award Winners at Film Society
Werner Herzog's Best Non-Fiction Film winner "Cave of Forgotten Dreams" returns to Film Society Friday in stunning 3D and J.C. Chandor's Best First Feature winner "Margin Call" continues into next week!
Watch a Q&A with Filmmaker Dee Rees, "Pariah"
The Gotham Award-winning director of the festival circuit favorite, which opens at Film Society December 28, recently sat down with Program Director Richard Peña for an extended conversation about the making of the film.
NYFF9: Gleb Panfilov's "The Debut"
Playing Tuesday at 8:45pm, the Soviet director's film-in-film story of a provincial actress plunged into a major motion picture production is as charming and entertaining today as it was when it opened the ninth New York Film Festival in 1971.
Free Events This Weekend at the Film Society!
This weekend, the Romanian Film Festival in New York brings to the Film Society a number of free and open-to-the-public screenings and events designed to demonstrate the rich and varied tradition of Romanian cinema over the past decade.
NYFF Hit "Pina" Returning to Film Society in 3D!
On December 23, Wim Wenders's stunning 3D documentary about the life and work of celebrated choreographer Pina Bausch returns to the Film Society for an extended run. The film was a hit at the 49th New York Film Festival and awards. nominations and praise for the film keep rolling in.
Take Your Family On a "Fantastic Voyage" Through Cinema
Film Society has just announced the winter schedule for our ongoing series of $6 Family Films, among them "Mary Poppins," "Explorers," "Bedknobs and Broomsticks" and the inventive shorts of Georges Méliès's including "A Trip to the Moon."
Remembering Liviu Ciulei
All three films directed by the late master of Romanian theater—including "Forest of the Hanged," for which he won Best Director and received a Palme d'Or nomination at Cannes—will be shown as part of the 6th Romanian Film Festival in New York.
Radu Muntean in person at the Romanian Film Festival!
The festival's in-depth retrospective of Muntean's films will feature an extended conversation with the acclaimed director, who will be present at many screenings including "Tuesday, After Christmas" and Closing Night selection "The Paper Will Be Blue."


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Algiers — Winds of change in Algerian politics are driving speculation about the future of several parties.
A year before the presidential elections, several heavyweights have disappeared from the Algerian political stage.
The Algerian political scene bereft of its big names is akin to an "elephants' graveyard", Liberté commented.
"For twenty years now, this mammoths' tomb has swallowed up the beautiful flower of Algeria's political future, which must now be consigned to the past, of course," the February 3rd editorial said.
"From Sifi to Belkhadem, Redha Malek, Taleb El-Ibrahimi, Benbitour, Hamdani, Hamrouche, Benflis, Boukrouh, Sadi, Ait Ahmed, Ouyahia and Soltani have all played their part in keeping politics going before this was crushed by indifference," the Algerian daily opined.
A popular adage says that when the National Liberation Front (FLN) catches a cold, Algerian politics sneezes. Indeed, the changes have been coning at breakneck speed.
The January departure of FLN party chief Abdelaziz Belkhadem is just the latest in a series of changes to Algeria's political landscape.
Rally for Culture and Democracy (RCD) head Said Sadi also stepped down last spring to make way for Mohcine Belabbas, the former leader of the Socialist Forces Front (FFS).
Political parties including the National Democratic Rally (RND), the Movement for a Peaceful Society (MSP) and the FFS also recently experienced changes in their leadership.
El Watan suggested that the "political killing" of the leaders of the FLN and RND was possibly part of a plan to make way for surprise replacements.
"The crisis that the FLN has gone through of late and the way in which the party's secretary general, Abdelaziz Belkhadem - who was known for his loyalty to the president, to whom he owed his career - was removed could indicate the lack of a consensus at the very top with regard to the 2014 presidential elections," the Algerian daily editorialised.
The only prominent political group that has enjoyed relative stability is the Workers' Party (PT) led by Louiza Hanoune.
In an interview with Magharebia, MP Ramdane Taazibt said his party was not affected because "the bylaws and internal regulations are adhered to within the PT".
Challenges within parties were healthy as long as they were disputes over policy, and not personal, Ouargla University Politics Professor Goudi Bouhania told El Khabar.
Commenting on the conflicts within the FLN, he said that any change affecting the biggest party would have repercussions on the political stage and state institutions.
"It is the oldest party and is the pool from which the political elite are drawn. This makes it more likely that the change at the helm of the FLN is linked to the general political situation of the country, but not necessarily the institutions of state," he said.
What is happening within the country's oldest party and other parties can be likened to a "political spring" with a distinctly Algerian flavour, he added.


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This year we were a Nuclear Family for Halloween, with our 4-month-old daughter Corvidae dressed up as a 3-armed happy mutant.While we wanted to be su...
As with many superheroes, Corvidae's mutation is the result of irradiation. in this case, both of her parents take serious rads on a regular basis - ...
To clothe your adorable 3-armed mutant, you'll need duplicate outfits, as few baby clothes are sold with an extra sleeve. Choose highly-patterned clo...
A similarly-sized doll can be useful in sizing the costume for your 3-armed baby. We'll use one of its arms to mock up the outfit, though of course w...
Cut the doll's arm off at the shoulder, leaving as much extra material as possible. Test against the sleeve of your outfit - the arm should be long e...
Cut the sleeve from your sacrificial outfit, again leaving extra material arund the shoulder region to accommodate future sewing.Test your doll arm in...
Use a seam ripper to open the seam directly below the existing arm hole in your final outfit, extending the hole just far enough to fit your third sle...
Of course she's happy - she finally has a custom pantsuit, specially fitted to accommodate her third arm! Be careful, though - with three arms vs. yo...
With five flailing limbs, this may prove difficult! Be sure to secure all three arms underneath the shoulder straps.
Take you happy mutant out on the town!Most people were completely oblivious. When people smiled at Corvidae, I waved her third arm back at them - eve...
Document your nuclear family!
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Product Code: B362
A best seller! Inspired by the gorgeous colours of the heather that covers the Cornish cliffs, we have created these sumptuous bead packs just for you. Gemstones, pearls and shells in the most gorgeous shades of mauve, lilac, plum and aubergine, blackberry and forest green. Most bead sizes vary from 4mm - 12mm, making this a perfect bead pack for creating a necklace, bracelet or earrings.
20g pack including amethyst, lilac stone, rose quartz, freshwater pearls, purple aventurine and mother of pearl. Each time we get new stocks in we like to carefully choose a slightly different blend of stones and colours, keeping this bead pack fresh and exciting!
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As their high school chapters wind down, local students — and their families — have a lot to celebrate and remember.
Through their graduation cakes, they can do both.
The Northwest Florida Daily News learned more about unique designs students are dreaming up and some of the local bakeries bringing those creations to life.
"It's tapping into our creative juices"
Years ago, people would flip through a book of a few standard cake designs at their local grocery stores.
Not anymore, said Kristin Clark, owner of Just Think Cake in Fort Walton Beach.
"They realize there are more options," Clark said.
In the world of Pinterest, a website that allows users to collect ideas, almost everyone wants the tall, tiered, elaborate cakes, Clark said. The traditional sheet cake with a piped on message is rare.
She often receives several "pins" or photos of cake ideas from clients.
They have about 13 orders to fill this coming weekend.
In one recent order, a Choctawhatchee High School graduate requested a three-tiered cake. Each has meaning for him: one celebrates his entering the University of Florida pre-med program, one is decorated in the Choctaw colors, and the final tier celebrates his completion of the International Baccalaureate Program.
The idea was the result of the graduate and Clark sitting down to discuss his past and future endeavors.
"It's tapping into our creative juices," Clark said.
"They grew up with us"
It's not strange for families to grab a Cakemasters cake before heading out of town to celebrate a graduation, said General Manager Lisa Schomburg.
The kids will often ask for them.
"They grew up with us," Schomburg said of the Fort Walton Beach bakery.
The cake designs range from a simple cap and scroll decoration to three-tiered cakes.
"There's no limit to how many different themes you can do," Schomburg said.
Some families have kids graduating from elementary, middle and high school, Schomburg said. They've created three stacks of books in a color for each child.
Cakes aren't the only request, however. They've decorated cupcakes in the school colors and supplied coffee cake and doughnuts for a breakfast graduation party.
The one recommendation Schomburg had for families looking to get a cake — especially something special — is to get their order in early.
"Graduation is the busiest cake time of the year," Schomburg said.
"It can be anything"
The biggest cake trend this year is to customize it for the individual, said Kara Enache of KaraBoo Bakery in Destin.
"There's a lot of focus on their achievements and then where they're heading next," Enache said.
The cake follows the different ways people have developed over their academic career, she said.
A lot of sports-themed cakes were requested this year. They memorialized the student playing in high school and then going on to college often on a sports scholarship.
It usually takes five to six hours, not including talking to the clients, to create these special cakes. It depends on the cake and design, Enache said.
She encourages the students to be creative in their designs.
"It can be anything," Enache said.


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For people with dyslexia, playing action video games may help them better manage shifting attention between audio and visual cues, new research reveals.
Dyslexia affects five to ten percent of the population and is a learning disability in reading, writing and spelling. One well-documented side effect is difficulty processing and switching between visual and audio sensory cues– for example, looking at an image and then shifting attention to a sudden noise.
In a new study published in Cell Biology, researchers tested the reaction times of 34 participants by asking them to press a button each time they heard a sound, saw a dim flash or experienced both together during the experiment. Half the group had dyslexia and half did not.
Overall, they found that people with dyslexia had slower reaction times when a sound cue followed a visual cue, compared to the control group.
"This fits into the attention model of dyslexia – being slower to shift attention from one thing to another," study author Vanessa Harrar, junior research fellow at the University of Oxford said.
Their findings lead researchers to hypothesize that video games may be valuable for people with dyslexia – helping them train to shift more easily between auditory and visual stimuli. Harrar cited the example of children learning to read– when a teacher says the sound of a letter, then shows the letter, says the next sound, then shows the next letter. There's a constant shift between sound and visual stimuli and location that, if one is unable to shift attention that way, makes it difficult to learn the sound associated with the letter and the word.


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Mfg.: American Range
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Please note the picture above is for reference only. The grill is NOT included with the stand but can be purchased separately. Items shipping from 91331 may have a lead time of 2 to 4 weeks.This item is BRAND NEW and ships directly from the manufacturer with a full warranty.
Equipment Stand
This item weighs 65 lbs. but we have added 15 lbs. to the weight for packing and shipping.
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A flat panel field emission device includes a black matrix formed from an electrically insulative material such as praseodymium-manganese oxide. The insulative black matrix increases image contrast and reduces power consumption. For field emission devices which utilize a switched anode for selectively activating pixels, the insulative material reduces or eliminates problems associated with short circuiting of the pixels.
1. A flat panel field emission display comprising:
a screen having a phosphor coating;
an emission source opposite the screen configured to selectively excite portions of the phosphor coating to generate visible light by impingement thereon of electrons emitted by the emission source; and
a black matrix provided on the screen, the black matrix comprising praseodymium-manganese oxide having a molar ratio of praseodymium to manganese configured as an insulator and further configured on the screen to direct the electrons toward the phosphor coating and to prevent drainage thereby of electrons emitted from the emission source.
2. The display of
3. The display of
4. The display of
5. The display of
6. The display of
7. The display of
8. The display of
9. The display of
10. The display of
11. A flat panel field emission display, comprising:
a faceplate including a screen, phosphors on the screen, and a black matrix on the screen;
a baseplate assembly including a plurality of electron emission cathode tips arranged in an array and a low potential extraction grid;
wherein the black matrix is formed from PrMnO3 of a molar ratio of praseodymium to manganese configured as an insulator and further configured to direct the electrons toward the phosphors on the screen and to prevent drainage of electrons emitted from the cathode tips toward the phosphors.
12. The field emission display of
13. The field emission display of
14. The field emission display of
15. The field emission display of
16. The field emission display of
17. A flat panel field emission display comprising:
a screen comprising a phosphor coating arranged to provide different color segments, and a matrix of anode electrodes mutually isolating at least some of the different color segments;
an emission source opposite the screen for selectively exciting portions of the phosphor coating by impingement of electrons thereon to generate visible light; and
a black matrix provided on the screen, the black matrix being formed from a substantially insulating material,
wherein an anode switching scheme is used to drive the flat panel field emission display and the insulating material is of a sufficient resistance to prevent electrical shorting between the different color segments; and
the insulating material comprises praseodymium-manganese oxide of a molar ratio of praseodymium to manganese configured as an insulator and further configured to direct the electrons toward the phosphor coating.
18. The field emission display of
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/339,958, filed Jun. 25, 1999, now abandoned, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in this application.
This invention was made with Government support under Contract No. DABT63-93-C-0025 awarded by Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). The Government has certain rights in this invention.
The present invention relates to an improved flat panel display. More particularly, the present invention relates to an improved flat panel display such as a field emission display and a black matrix which improves image quality of the flat panel display.
Cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, such as those commonly used in desk-top computer screens, function as a result of a scanning electron beam from an electron gun impinging on phosphors of a relatively distant screen. The electrons increase the energy level of dopant(s) in the phosphors. When the dopant(s) return to their normal energy level, they release energy from the electrons as photons of light, which is transmitted through the glass screen of the display to the viewer.
One major disadvantage with CRT displays is that the CRT screen must be spaced from the electron gun by a relatively long distance. Moreover, CRTs typically consume relatively large amounts of power in operation. Thus, a CRT is not suited for use in small, portable devices—particularly those which operate under battery power.
Flat panel display technology is becoming increasingly important in appliances requiring lightweight portable screens. Currently, such screens typically use electroluminescent, liquid crystal, or plasma display technologies. Field emission devices represent a promising flat panel display technology which utilizes an array of cold cathodes or field emitter tips to excite pixels of phosphors on a screen. As an example, a field emission display may utilize a matrix-addressable array of cold cathodes which is selectively operated to activate particular picture segments. Field emission displays seek to combine the advantages of cathodoluminescent-phosphor technology with integrated circuit technology to create thin, high resolution displays wherein each pixel is activated by its own electron emitter.
Field emission devices generally include a baseplate assembly and an opposed faceplate. The faceplate has a cathodoluminescent phosphor coating that receives a patterned electron bombardment from the opposing baseplate, thereby providing a light image which can be seen by a viewer. The faceplate is separated from the baseplate by a vacuum gap, and outside atmospheric pressure is prevented from collapsing the two plates together by support columns. These support columns are often referred to as spacers. Arrays of electron emission sites (emitters) typically include a plurality of sharp cones that produce electron emission in the presence of an intense electric field. In the case of most field emission displays, a positive voltage is applied to an extraction grid relative to the sharp emitters to provide the intense electric field required for generating cold cathode electron emissions. Typically, FEDs are operated at anode voltages well below those of conventional CRTs.
The faceplate of a field emission display operates on the principle of cathodoluminescent emission of light. A color image can be obtained using a color sequential approach sometimes referred to as spatial integration. Nearly all commercially successful color displays today employ spatial integration to provide a color image to the viewer. A common way to employ spatial integration is to provide red, green, and blue pixels which are addressed in the form of R/G/B triads. The intensity of each of the color dots within the triad is adjusted relative to one another to produce a range of colors within the triangular boundary formed by the color coordinates of the R, G, and B dots as depicted on the 1931 or 1976 C.I.E. chromaticity diagram. During viewing, the human eye integrates the spatially separated R/G/B dots into a perceived color image.
Spatial color displays may include a dark region separating the red, green, and blue patterned dots. For optimal performance, this region should be black. A major advantage of this region, referred to as the black matrix (although not necessarily black), is improved contrast of the display in ambient light. When a black matrix is employed on the faceplate it absorbs ambient incident light, thereby improving the contrast performance of the display. The use of a black matrix or "grille" in a CRT is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,891,110, issued Jan. 2, 1990 to Libman et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
As noted above, display technology such as CRTs consumes relatively large amounts of energy. However, applications such as portable battery-operated computer displays put a premium on lower power consumption. Displays for other portable devices, such as portable stereos, electronic diaries, electronic telephone directories, and the like, also require low power consumption. Moreover, with available software features and consumer preferences, it is also desirable to provide portable devices with the ability to display color images.
Accordingly, there is a need for a flat panel color display having good contrast and reduced power consumption. Since flat panel field emission displays will become important in portable appliances that rely on portable power sources, there is a need to minimize the power consumption required by such displays. The present invention provides a field emission device which can provide color images having good contrast in a display having reduced power consumption.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a black matrix for a flat panel cathodoluminescent display, such as a field emission device, is formed from a substantially insulative material. An exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes a screen having a phosphor coating and an opposed emission source which selectively excites portions of the phosphor coating to generate visible light. The opposed emission source may include, for example, an array of conical field emitter cathodes. The black matrix may be formed, for example, from praseodymium-manganese oxide (PrMnO3).
A flat panel field emission device in accordance with the present invention may include a faceplate having a screen with phosphors and an insulative black matrix provided thereon. A baseplate includes a plurality of electron emission cathode tips arranged in an array and a lower potential extraction grid. The electron emission cathode tips may be selectively operated with row and column control signals to excite particular portions of the phosphors on the screen. Alternatively, the cathode tips may be addressed by row control signals, and columns in the extraction grid may be selected by column control signals to excite the particular portions of the screen phosphors. Additionally, the screen may include an addressable matrix of anode electrodes which are operated with row and column control signals.
The objects, features, advantages and characteristics of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of an exemplary embodiment, when read in view of the accompanying drawings, wherein:
The present invention is described in the context of exemplary embodiments. However, the scope of the invention is not limited to the particular examples described in the specification. Rather, the description merely reflects what are currently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, and serves to illustrate the principles and characteristics of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize that various modifications and refinements may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Conical micro-cathode field emitter tips 10 are constructed over the base 8 at the field emission cathode site. A base electrode resistive layer (not shown) may be provided between the conductive material layer 6 and the field emitter tips 10. The resistive layer may be formed, for example, from silicon which has been doped to provide an appropriate degree of resistance. The resistive layer may operate as a lateral resistor wherein the direction of current flow from the conductive material layer 6 to the emitter tips 10 is primarily lateral. This arrangement helps reduce the likelihood of pinhole shorts through the resistive layer. Alternatively, a vertical resistor could be provided, in which case the field emitter tips 10 would be vertically aligned over the conductive material layer 6, and current flow would be primarily vertical.
A low potential anode gate structure or extraction grid 12 formed, for example, of doped polycrystalline silicon is arranged adjacent the field emitter tips 10. An insulating layer 14 separates the extraction grid 12 from the base electrode conductive material layer 6. The insulating layer 14 may be formed, for example, from silicon dioxide.
Proper functioning of the emitter tips requires operation in a vacuum. Thus, a plurality of support columns 16 are provided over the base assembly 4 to support a display screen 18 against atmospheric pressure. The support columns 16 are commonly referred to as "spacers." The spacers 16 may be formed in a number of conventional ways. Appropriate techniques for forming the spacers 16 are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,205,770 issued Apr. 27, 1993 to Lowrey et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,232,549 issued Aug. 3, 1993 to Cathey at al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,484,314 issued Jan. 16, 1996 to Farnworth, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,486,126 issued Jan. 23, 1996. Each of these patents is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
In operation, the display screen 18 acts as an anode so that field emissions from the emitter tips 10, represented by arrows 20, strike phosphor coating 22 on the screen 18. A black matrix 23 is formed on the screen 18 to improve image contrast. The field emissions from the emitter tips 10 excite the phosphor coatings 22 to generate light. A field emission is produced from an emitter tip when a voltage controller 24 establishes a voltage differential between the emitter tip and the anode structures. Thus when a group of emitter tips is activated, electrons are accelerated toward the phosphor coated transparent plate of the screen, which serves as an anode and has a positive voltage relative to the activated emitters. The phosphor on the screen is induced into cathodoluminescence by the bombarding electrons arriving at the phosphor surface, and serves as the emissive light source seen by a viewer.
A large number of suitable phosphors is known in the art. However, not all phosphors are recommended for use in field emission devices because the cathodes are in relatively close proximity to the coatings and may be sensitive to electronegative chemicals arriving on the cold cathode emitter surfaces. These surfaces can absorb the chemicals, thereby increasing the work function value and requiring higher operating voltages. This is undesirable in portable devices. Accordingly, the most preferred phosphors for use in a field emission device include, for example, ZnO:Zn, Y3(Al, Ga)5O12:Tb, YZSiO5:Ce, Y2O3:Eu, Zn2SiO4:Mn, ZnGa2O4 and ZnGa2O4:Mn. Except for ZnO:Zn and ZnGa2O4, these phosphors tend to be dielectric in nature. As a consequence, the typical threshold voltage needed to excite the phosphor tends to be relatively high (e.g., approximately 500 V to 2000 V). However, the threshold voltage may be reduced in a known manner by adding conducting materials such as non-luminescent zinc oxide or indium tin oxide powders to the phosphors before application to the screen.
It has been found that during operation a charge builds up on phosphors which are nonconductive or semi-conductive. The incident electrons on the phosphors surface are reflected, scattered, or absorbed by the phosphor. Furthermore, if the energy of these incident electrons is greater than a few tens of eV, then they can create a large number of secondary electrons within the phosphor screen. Some of these secondary electrons can escape back into the vacuum provided they have sufficient energy to overcome the work function of the phosphor surface. This can lead to the floating surface of the phosphor to shift its potential when the number of incident electrons is not equal to the number of secondary electrons escaping from the surface. The negative charge built up on the phosphor screen, by reducing its potential, seriously diminishes the light output, leading to an unstable emission. Thus, it is desirable to have some degree of conductivity in the phosphors.
Referring now to the perspective view of
Various techniques are known in the art for allowing selectable activation of a display segment. For example, the grid 12 and screen 18 illustrated in
Turning now to
To drive a particular picture segment, the controller selects a conductive material layer row (row 6C for example) and a grid electrode column (column 12A for example) and connects them respectively to appropriate voltage potentials. In this way, the picture segment corresponding to the cathodes located at the intersection of row 6C and column 12 a will be activated. Suitable pixelator drive circuitry for the rows and columns is known in the art and is disclosed, for example, in commonly-owned U.S. Pat. No. 5,438,240, issued Aug. 1, 1995 to Cathey et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,410,218, issued Apr. 25, 1995 to Hush, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
As previously noted, in a different arrangement the conductive material layer 6 which forms the base electrodes may form a matrix of addressable nodes and provide for both row and column controls for addressing the field emitters. In such an arrangement, the patterned conductive material layer 6 preferably provides a matrix of base electrodes under the individual picture segments. The conductive grid 12 is preferably continuous throughout the entire display and is maintained at a constant potential VGRID. Drive circuits for use with such an arrangement are disclosed, for example, in commonly-owned U.S. Pat. No. 5,357,172, issued Oct. 18, 1994 to Lee et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,387,844, issued Feb. 7, 1995 to Browning, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,459,480, issued Oct. 17, 1995, to Browning et al. These patents are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
A single emitter node is illustrated in
A fusible link FL may be provided in the arrangements of
Referring now to
Three emitter nodes, EN1, EN2 and EN3, are supported by the R0-C0 intersection region. Each emitter node comprises a first active area AA1 and a second active area AA2. A metal ground line GND makes contact to one end of first active area A1 at first contact CT1. In combination with first active area AA1, a first L-shaped doped polycrystalline silicon strip S1 forms the gate of field-effect transistor QC (see
Various techniques are known for producing structures such as those illustrated in
Overall techniques for producing the base assembly are known, for example, from U.S. Pat. No. 5,186,670, issued Feb. 16, 1993 to Doan et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,372,973, issued Dec. 13, 1994 to Doan et al. The techniques disclosed in those patents utilize a mechanical planarization technique such as chemical-mechanical planarization following creation of the layers which make up the base assembly. Each of these patents is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
In a preferred exemplary embodiment, the black matrix is formed from praseodymium-manganese oxide (PrMnO3) having an appropriately high molar ratio of praseodymium to manganese (Pr:Mn). The molar ratio is selected to ensure that the black matrix material is highly resistive. This can be accomplished by reducing the amount of manganese relative to praseodymium, thereby decreasing conductivity. The praseodymium-manganese oxide material may be made by combining Pr6O11 with MnO2 or MnCO3 in a mill jar and milling the combination to a powder containing particles having an average diameter of approximately 2 μm. The powder may then be heated at a temperature ranging from 1200� C. to 1500� C., and preferably from 1250� C. to 1430� C., for about 4 hours. As a result, the material takes on a very dark matte black color. The powder is thereafter re-crushed and milled to yield a powder having about a 2 μm average particle size. The Pr:Mn ratio in the resulting material may be controlled by adjusting the relative amounts of Pr6O11 and MnO2 or MnCO3 in the starting materials.
The praseodymium-manganese oxide material may be deposited on the screen using conventional techniques well-known in the art. For example, RF sputtering, laser ablation, plasma deposition, chemical vapor, deposition or electron beam evaporation may be utilized. Appropriate operating parameters used in the foregoing techniques are readily within the skill in the art, and need not be detailed here.
Prior to deposit of the black matrix material, the screen may be patterned with a photoresist in a known manner to expose only those areas of the screen on which the black matrix is to be deposited. The photoresist may then be removed following deposition of the black matrix material. A second photoresist may then be patterned to expose only those areas of the screen on which the phosphor is to be deposited, followed by depositing phosphor in the exposed areas. If desired, an appropriate binder may be applied and the screen baked, as is known in the art.
As an alternative, a uniform layer of PrMnO3 may be provided on the screen. An appropriate etching technique may then be utilized to remove portions of the PrMnO3 layer that do not correspond to the black matrix, as understood in the art. Of course, other appropriate techniques known in the art may be utilized as well.
As noted above, the praseodymium-manganese oxide material used in the black matrix is selected to be highly resistive, and therefore acts as an insulator. For low voltage operations, it is beneficial to have the areas around the pixels be insulated so that electrons go to the phosphors rather than being drained by non-light emissive materials of the black matrix. Such a drain wastes emitted electrons and increases power consumption, which would be a notable drawback for battery operated devices in particular. Furthermore, if a screen anode switching scheme is utilized to selectively activate the pixels, as discussed above, an insulative black matrix material alleviates possible problems associated with electrical shorting between the pixels. Such short circuits, of course, degrade or completely ruin the quality of any displayed image.
Although the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiments, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. For example, appropriate insulative materials other than praseodymium-manganese oxide also may be used for the black matrix 23.
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