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The Reconquista began in the immediate aftermath of the Islamic conquest and passed through major phases before its completion. The formation of the Kingdom of Asturias under Pelagius and the Battle of Covadonga in 722 were major formative events. Charlemagne (768–814) reconquered the western Pyrenees and Septimania and formed a Marca Hispanica to defend the border between Francia and the Muslims. After the advent of the Crusades, much of the ideology of Reconquista was subsumed within the wider context of Crusading. Even before the Crusades, however, soldiers from elsewhere in Europe had been travelling to the Spains to participate in the Reconquista as an act of Christian penitence.
Throughout this period the situation in Iberia was more nuanced and complicated than any ideology would allow. Christian and Muslim rulers commonly fought amongst themselves and interfaith alliances were not unusual. The fighting along the Christian-Muslim frontier was punctuated by periods of prolonged peace and truces. The Muslims did not cease to start offensives aimed at reconquering their lost territories. Blurring the sides even further were mercenaries who simply fought for whoever paid more.
The Reconquista came to an end on the 2 January 1492 with the conquest of Granada. The last Muslim ruler of Granada, Muhammad XII, better known as Boabdil, surrendered his kingdom to Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, the Catholic Monarchs (los Reyes Católicos). This event marked the end of Muslim rule in Iberia.
The conquering generals were necessarily acting very independently, due to deficient methods of communication. Successful generals in the field - and in a very distant province to boot - would also quickly gain the loyalty of their officers and warriors and their ambitions were probably always watched by certain circles of the distant government with a certain degree of concern and suspicion. Old rivalries and perhaps even full-fledged conspiracies between rival generals may have had influence over this development. In the end, the old successful generals were replaced by a younger generation considered more loyal by the government in Damascus.
The Muslim conquerors had a serious weakness. A division existed which opposed the Berbers against the Arabs. The Berbers were inhabitants of North Africa who had been recently converted to Islam. However they felt themselves discriminated against by the Arabs. This latent internal conflict would jeopardize Muslim unity time and time again.
The main strength of the Moorish army was absent; under the command of Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani, emir of Al-Andalus, it had crossed the Pyrenees and overrun Septimania, located in southern France. This invasion force was severely defeated in 721 by Odo the Great, the Duke of Aquitaine, in the Battle of Toulouse. Al-Samh was seriously wounded and died shortly afterwards. A drastic increase of taxes by the new emir Anbasa ibn Suhaym Al-Kalbi provoked several rebellions in Al-Andalus, which a series of succeeding weak emirs were unable to suppress. Around 722 a military expedition was sent into the north to suppress the rebellion of Pelagius, but his forces prevailed in the Battle of Covadonga.
Meanwhile Odo had married his daughter to Uthman ibn Naissa, a Berber and the Wāli - deputy governor of Septimania, fostering yet another rebellion. However a major punitive expedition led by Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, the latest emir of Al-Andalus, defeated and killed Uthman. Abdul Rahman later managed to defeat Odo in the Battle of the River Garonne in 732. A desperate Odo turned to his rival Charles Martel, who decisively beat the Muslims at the Battle of Tours in 732 and where Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi died.
Meanwhile Pelagius began raiding the city of León, the main city in the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula. He was crowned king and successfully established the small Kingdom of Asturias. He also established a royal dynasty, marrying his son and heir Favila to Duke Pedro's daughter.
Charlemagne, seeing an opportunity of conquest and annexation of new territories, agreed upon an expedition and crossed the Pyrenees in 778. Near the city of Zaragoza Charlemagne received the homage of Sulayman al-Arabi. However the city, under the leadership of Husayn, closed its gates and refused to submit. Unable to conquer the city by force, Charlemagne decided to retreat. On the way home the rearguard of the army was ambushed and destroyed at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. The Song of Roland, a highly romanticized account of this battle, would later become one of the most famous chansons de geste of the Middle Ages.
Charlemagne decided to organize a regional sub-kingdom in order to secure the southern border of his empire. In 781 his three year-old son Louis was crowned king of Aquitaine and was nominally in charge of Spanish March.
Around 788 Abd ar-Rahman I died, and was succeeded by Hisham I. In 792 Hisham proclaimed a Jihad, advancing in 793 against the Kingdom of Asturias and the Franks. In the end his efforts were turned back by William of Gellone, count of Toulouse.
Barcelona, a major city, became a potential target for the Franks in 797, as its governor Zeid rebelled against the Umayyad emir of Córdoba. An army of the emir managed to recapture it in 799 but Louis, at the head of an army, crossed the Pyrenees and besieged the city for two years until the city finally capitulated on the 28 of December 801.
The main passes were Roncesvalles, Somport and Junquera. Charlemagne settled in them the counties of Pamplona, Aragon and Catalonia (which was itself formed from a number of small counties, Pallars, Gerona, and Urgell being the most prominent) respectively.
Four states appeared: the kingdom of Pamplona (later known as Navarre) and the counties of Aragon, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza. Navarre emerged as a kingdom around Pamplona, its capital, and controlled Roncesvalles pass. Its first king was Iñigo Arista. He expanded his domains up to the Bay of Biscay and conquered a small number of towns beyond the Pyrenees, but never directly attacked the Carolingian armies, as he was in theory their vassal. It was not until Queen Ximena in the 9th century that Pamplona was officially recognised as an independent kingdom by the Pope. Aragon, founded in 809 by Aznar Galíndez, grew around Jaca and the high valleys of the Aragon River, protecting the old Roman road. By the end of the 10th century, Aragon was annexed by Navarre. Sobrarbe and Ribagorza were small counties and had little significance to the progress of the Reconquista.
The Catalonian counties protected the eastern Pyrenees passes and shores. They were under the direct control of the Frankish kings and were the last remains of the Iberian Marches. Catalonia included not only the southern Pyrenees counties of Girona, Pallars, Urgell, Vic and Andorra but also some which were on the northern side of the mountains, such as Perpignan and Foix.
In the late 9th century under Count Wilfred, Barcelona became the de facto capital of the region. It controlled the other counties' policies in a union, which led in 948 to the independence of Barcelona under Count Borrel II, who declared that the new dynasty in France (the Capets) were not the legitimate rulers of France nor, as a result, of his county.
These states were small and with the exception of Navarre did not have the same capacity for expansion as Asturias had. Their mountainous geography rendered them relatively safe from attack but also made launching attacks against a united and strong Al-Andalus impractical. In consequence, these states' borders remained stable for two centuries.
During the reign of King Alfonso II (791–842), the kingdom was firmly established. He is believed to have initiated diplomatic contacts with the kings of Pamplona and the Carolingians, thereby gaining official recognition of his crown from the Pope and Charlemagne.
Alfonso II also expanded his realm westwards conquering Galicia. There, the bones of St. James the Great were proclaimed to have been found in Compostela (from Latin campus stellae, literally "the star field") inside Galicia. Pilgrims came from all over Europe creating the Way of Saint James, a major pilgrimage route linking the Asturias with the rest of Christian Europe.
Alfonso's military strategy consisted of raiding the border regions of Vardulia (which would turn into the Castile). With the gained plunder further military forces could be paid, enabling him to raid the Moorish cities of Lisbon, Zamora, and Coimbra. For centuries the focus of these actions was not conquest but raids, plunder, pillage and tribute. He also crushed a Basque uprising, during which he captured the Alavite Munia; their grandson is reported to be Alfonso II.
During Alfonso II's reign a series of Muslim raids caused the transfer of Asturian capital to Oviedo.
Despite numerous battles the populations of neither the Umayyads — using the southern part of old Gallaecia (today's northern Portugal) as their base of operations — nor that of the Asturians, was sufficient to effect an occupation of these northern territories. Under the reign of Ramiro, famed for the legendary Battle of Clavijo, the border began to slowly move southward and Asturian holdings in Castile, Galicia, and León were fortified and an intensive programme of repopulation of the countryside begun in those territories. In 924 the Kingdom of Asturias became the Kingdom of León.
The cultural context of the Christian Kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula was different than that of the rest of Continental Europe in the Middle Ages, due to contact with the Moorish culture and the isolation provided by the Pyrenees (an exception to this is Catalonia, where Frankish influence remained strong). These cultural differences implied the use of doctrines, equipment, and tactics markedly different from those found in the rest of Europe during this period.
Medieval Iberian armies mainly comprised two types of forces: cavalry (mostly nobles, but including commoner knights from the 10th century) and infantry, or peones (peasants). Infantry only went to war if needed, which was not common.
Iberian cavalry tactics involved knights approaching the enemy and throwing javelins, before withdrawing to a safe distance before commencing another assault. Once the enemy formation was sufficiently weakened, the knights charged with thrusting spears (lances did not arrive in Hispania until the 11th century). There were three types of knights: royal knights, noble knights (caballeros hidalgos) and commoner knights (caballeros villanos). Royal knights were mainly nobles with a close relationship with the king, and thus claimed a direct Gothic inheritance. Royal knights were equipped in the same manner as their Gothic predecessors — braceplate, kite shield, a long sword (designed to fight from the horse) and as well as the javelins and spears, a Visigothic axe. Noble knights came from the ranks of the infanzones or lower nobles, whereas the commoner knights were not noble, but were wealthy enough to afford a horse. Uniquely in Europe, these horsemen comprised a militia cavalry force with no feudal links, being under the sole control of the king or the count of Castile because of the "charters" (or fueros) - see "Repopulating Hispania: the origin of fueros" below. Both noble and common knights wore leather armour, javelins, spears and round-tasselled shields (influenced by Moorish shields), as well as a sword.
The peones were peasants who went to battle in service of their feudal lord. Poorly equipped (bows and arrows, spears and short swords), they were mainly used as auxiliary troops. Their function in battle was to contain the enemy troops until the cavalry arrived and to block the enemy infantry from charging the knights.
Typically armour was made of leather, with iron scales; full coats of chain mail were extremely rare and horse barding completely unknown. Head protections consisted of a round helmet with nose protector (influenced by the designs used by Vikings who attacked during the 8th and 9th centuries) and a chain mail head piece. Shields were often round or kidney-shaped, except for the kite-shaped designs used by the royal knights. Usually adorned with geometric designs, crosses or tassels, shields were made out of wood and had a leather cover.
Steel swords were the most common weapon. The cavalry used long double-edged swords and the infantry short, single-edged ones. Guards were either semicircular or straight, but always highly ornamented with geometrical patterns. The spears and javelins were up to 1.5 metres long and had an iron tip. The double-axe, made of iron and 30 cm long and possessing an extremely sharp edge, was designed to be equally useful as a thrown weapon or in close combat. Maces and hammers were not common, but some specimens have remained, and are thought to have been used by members of the cavalry.
Finally, mercenaries were an important factor, as many kings did not have enough soldiers available. Norsemen, Flemish spearmen, Frankish knights, Moorish mounted archers and Berber light cavalry were the main types of mercenary available and used in the conflict.
This style of warfare remained dominant in the Iberian Peninsula until the late 11th century, when couched lance tactics entered from France and replaced the traditional horse javelin-shot techniques. In the 12th and 13th centuries, horse barding, suits of armour, double-handed swords and crossbows finally rendered the early Iberian tactics obsolete.
The repopulation of the Douro Basin took place in two distinct phases. North of the river, between the 9th and 10th centuries, the "pressure" (or presura) system was employed. South of the Douro, in the 10th and 11th centuries, the presura led to the "charters" (or fueros). Fueros were used even south of the Central Range.
The presura referred to a group of peasants who crossed the mountains and settled in the abandoned lands of the Duero Basin. Asturian laws promoted this system with laws, for instance granting a peasant all the land he was able to work and defend as his own property. Of course, Asturian and Galician minor nobles and clergymen sent their own expeditions with the peasants they maintained. This led to very feudalised areas, such as León and Portugal, whereas Castile, an arid land with vast plains and hard climate only attracted peasants with no hope in Biscay. As a consequence, Castile was governed by a single count, but had a largely mostly non-feudal territory with many freeman peasants. Presuras also appear in Catalonia, when the count of Barcelona ordered the Bishop of Urgell and the count of Gerona to repopulate the plains of Vic.
During the 10th century and onwards, cities and towns gained more importance and power, as commerce reappeared and the population kept growing. Fueros were charters documenting the privileges and usages given to all the people repopulating a town. The fueros provided a means of escape from the feudal system, as fueros were only granted by the monarch. As a result, the town council (the concejo) was dependent on the monarch alone and had to help their lord (auxilium). The military force of the towns became the caballeros villanos. The first fuero was given by count Fernán González to the inhabitants of Castrojeriz in the 940 s. The most important towns of medieval Iberia had fueros or foros. In Navarre, fueros were the main repopulating system. Later on, in the 12th century, Aragon also employed the system; for example, the fuero of Teruel, which was one of the last fueros, in the early 13th century.
From the mid-13th century on no more charters were granted, as the demographic pressure had disappeared and other means of repopulation were created. While presuras allowed Castile to have the only non-feudal peasants in Europe other than Cossacks and Frisians, fueros remained as city charters until the 18th century in Aragon, Valencia and Catalonia and until the 19th century in Castile and Navarre. Fueros had an immense importance for those living under them, who were prepared to defend their rights under the charter militarily if necessary. The abolition of the fueros in Navarre was one of the causes of the Carlist Wars. In Castile disputes over the system contributed to the war against Charles I (Castilian War of the Communities).
After regaining control over the dissident governors, Abd-ar-Rahman III tried to conquer the remaining Christian kingdoms of the Iberian peninsula, attacking them several times and forcing them back beyond the Cantabric range. His Christian subjects were largely left in peace, however.
Christian political forces then openly accused Abd-ar-Rahman III of the pederastic abuse of a Christian boy who was later canonized Saint Pelagius of Cordova as a result of the event. This became a rallying cry for subsequent generations of Christian soldiers, and is reputed to have provided much political strength and popular support to the Reconquista for centuries. The episode is seen by some modern scholars as part of a pattern of demonization of Muslims, portraying Islam as a morally inferior religion.
Later Abd-ar-Rahman's grandson became a puppet in the hands of the great Vizier Almanzor (al-Mansur, "the victorious"). Almanzor waged several campaigns attacking and sacking Burgos, Leon, Pamplona, Barcelona and Santiago de Compostela before his death in 1002.
Between Almanzor's death and 1031, Al-Andalus suffered many civil wars which ended in the appearance of the Taifa kingdoms. The taifas were small kingdoms, established by the city governors establishing their long wished-for independence. The result was many (up to 34) small kingdoms each centered upon their capital, and the governors, not subscribing to any larger-scale vision of the Moorish presence, had no qualms about attacking their neighbouring kingdoms whenever they could gain advantage by doing so.
The only point during this period when the situation became hopeful for Leon was the reign of Ramiro II. King Ramiro, in alliance with Count Fernán González of Castile and his retinue of caballeros villanos, defeated the Caliph in Simancas in 939. After this battle, when the Caliph barely escaped with his guard and the rest of the army was destroyed, King Ramiro obtained 12 years of peace, but had to give González the independence of Castile as a payment for his help in the battle. After this defeat, Moorish attacks abated until Almanzor began his campaigns.
It was Alfonso V in 1002 who finally defeated Almanzor and regained the control over his domains. Navarre, though attacked by Almanzor, remained.
Alfonso VI the Brave gave more power to the fueros and repopulated Segovia, Ávila and Salamanca. Then, once he had secured the Borders, King Alfonso conquered the powerful Taifa kingdom of Toledo in 1085. Toledo, which was the former capital of the Visigoths was a very important landmark, and the conquest made Alfonso renowned throughout the Christian world. However, this "conquest" was conducted rather gradually, and mostly peacefully, for the course of several decades. It was not after sporadic and consistent population resettlements had taken place that Toledo was historically conquered. Alfonso VI was first and foremost a tactful monarch who chose to understand the kings of taifa and employed unprecedented diplomatic measures to attain political feats before considering the use of force. He adopted the title Imperator totius Hispaniae ("Emperor of all Hispania", referring to all the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, and not just the modern country of Spain). Alfonso's more aggressive policy towards the Taifas worried the rulers of those kingdoms, who called on the African Almoravids for help.
Meanwhile, Navarre lost all importance under King Sancho IV, for he lost Rioja to Sancho II of Castile, and nearly became the vassal of Aragon. At his death, the Navarrese chose as their king Sancho Ramirez, King of Aragon, who thus became Sancho V of Navarre and I of Aragon. Sancho Ramírez gained international recognition for Aragon, uniting it with Navarre, expanding the borders south, conquering Huesca deep in the valleys in 1096 and building a fort 25 km away from Zaragoza.
Catalonia came under intense pressure from the taifas of Zaragoza and Lérida, and also from internal disputes, as Barcelona suffered a dynastic crisis which led to open war among the smaller counties; but by the 1080s, the situation calmed, and the dominion of Barcelona over the smaller counties was restored.
But the papacy left no doubt about the heavenly reward for knights fighting for Christ (militia Christi): in a letter, Urban II tried to persuade the reconquistadores fighting at Tarragona to stay in the Peninsula and not to join the armed pilgrimage to conquer Jerusalem since their contribution for Christianity was equally important. The pope promised them the same rewarding indulgence that awaited the first crusaders.
Later military orders like the order of Santiago, Montesa, Order of Calatrava and the Knights Templar were founded or called to fight in Iberia. The Popes called the knights of Europe to the Crusades in the peninsula. After the so called Disaster of Alarcos, French, Navarrese, Castilian, Portuguese and Aragonese armies united against the Muslim forces in the massive battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212). The big territories awarded to military orders and nobles were the origin of the latifundia in today's Andalusia and Extremadura, in Spain, and Alentejo, in Portugal.
Some noble genealogies show the close relations (although not very numerous) between Muslims and Christians. For example, Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir, whose rule is considered to have marked the peak of power for Moorish Iberia, married Abda, daughter of Sancho Garcés of Navarra, who bore him a son – named Abd al-Rahman, and commonly known in pejorative sense as Sanchuelo (Little Sancho, in Arabic: Shanjoul). After his father's death, Sanchuelo/Abd al-Rahman, son of a Christian princess, was a strong contender to take over the ultimate power in Muslim Al-Anadalus. A hundred years later, King Alfonso VI of Castile, considered among the greatest of the Medieval Spanish kings, designated as his heir his son (also a Sancho) by the refugee Muslim princess Zaida of Seville.
The word Reconquista itself should be regarded as an explanation for a long unplanned historical shift or even as Christian and European propaganda by the new reigning houses to justify their rule as inheritance.
It has also been proposed that the war left the Iberian kingdoms with deep economic crises, leading to the expulsion of the Jews (who had lived in the Iberian Peninsula for over ten centuries) in order to confiscate their funds and property. It should be noted however that the Portuguese Reconquista ended in 1249 and that the Spanish and Portuguese kingdoms were already profiting from their maritime expansion before the Jews were expelled (see Portugal in the period of discoveries and History of Spain).
The Reconquista was a war with long periods of respite between the adversaries, partly for pragmatic reasons, and also due to infighting among the Christian kingdoms of the North spanning over seven centuries. Some populations practiced Islam or Christianity as their own religion during these centuries, so the identity of contenders changed over time.
Earlier Christians fighting the Moors, such as Pelayo, could plausibly be described as natives opposing foreign invasion and conquest; however, by the time most parts of Muslim Iberia were (re)conquered by Christian forces, the Muslim population there was centuries old, and much of it undoubtedly composed of converted Iberians rather than migrants from other Muslim lands. Granada at the time of its conquest in 1492 was as thoroughly Arab and Muslim a city as were Cairo or Damascus at the time.
Moreover, the ease with which the Reconquista in the Iberian Peninsula was directly and immediately continued by the exploits of conquistadors beyond the Atlantic clearly shows that for Spaniards at the time, conquest of non-Christian territory and its transformation into a Catholic, Spanish-speaking land were legitimate, whether or not a claim of prior possession of the land could be advanced.
Nevertheless, the expression "Reconquista" continues to be used to designate this historical period by most historians and scholars in Spain and Portugal, as well as internationally.
Also some Christian champions like El Cid were contracted by Taifa kings to fight against their neighbours. Indeed, El Cid got his first battle experience at 1063 the Battle of Graus – where he and other Castilians had taken the side of al-Muqtadir, Muslim emir of Zaragoza against the Christian forces of Ramiro I of Aragon.
In the late years of Al-Andalus, Castile had the military power to conquer the remains of the kingdom of Granada, but the kings preferred to claim the tribute of the Muslim parias. The trade of Granadan goods and the parias were a main way for African gold to enter medieval Europe.
Most Muslims and Jews were forced to either convert to Christianity or leave Spain and Portugal and have their assets seized. Many Muslims and Jews moved to North Africa rather than submit to forced conversion. During the Islamic administration, Christians and Jews were allowed to convert or retain their religions with rights and a tax, lower than that imposed by previous or later leaders, which was paid for a symbolic rather than a practical character, which if not paid the penalty was death, as it was considered as an attack on the supremacy of Islam, and since the tax was for protection from outside invasions, the refusal of pay was considered to weaken the empire, although during the time of the Almoravids and especially the Almohads they were also treated badly, in contrast to the policies of the earlier Umayyad rulers.
The new Christian hierarchy, on the other hand, demanded heavy taxes and gave them nominal rights, but only in heavily Islamic regions, such as Granada, until their own power was sufficient, and the influence of the Inquisition strong enough, to make further expulsion both possible and economically feasible. In 1496, under Archbishop Hernando de Talavera, even the Muslim population of Granada was forced to accept Christianity. In 1502, the king and queen declared submission to Catholicism officially compulsory in Castilian domains. Emperor Charles V did the same for the Kingdom of Aragon in 1526. These policies were not only officially religious in nature but also effectively seized the wealth of the vanquished.
Most of the descendants of those Muslims and Jews who submitted to compulsory conversion to Christianity rather than exile during the early periods of the Inquisition, the Moriscos and Conversos respectively, were later expelled from Spain and Portugal when the Inquisition was at its height. The expulsion was carried out more severely in Eastern Spain (Valencia and Aragon), due to local animosity towards Muslims and Moriscos — mainly for economic reasons.
Because some Muslims, and Jews, shared common ancestors with Christians, it was difficult to expel all of those with non-Christian ancestors from Iberia. However the Spanish state had success in expelling the "Moriscos". Those descended from practicing Muslims or Jews at the time of the Reconquista, however, were for a long time suspected of various crimes including practicing Islam or Judaism, or crimes against the Spanish state and finally expelled from peninsula.
Currently, the festivals of moros y cristianos (Castilian or Spanish), mors i cristians (Valencian or Catalan) and mouros e cristãos (Portuguese or Galician) these meaning "Moors and Christians" recreate the fights as colorful parades with elaborate garments and lots of fireworks, especially on the Spanish Mediterranean coast, popularly known as Levante.
The Radwa Ashour historical novel tholathey'et ghoranata, which is in Arabic, describes through the eyes of three generations the reconquista and the compulsory conversions, burning of all Arabic texts, and forced expulsion from Granada in a period between 1490 and 1500.


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Maple Hill
Maple Hill is a 1,224 ft / 373 m mountain peak near West Milford, New Jersey, United States. Based on peakery data, it ranks as the 25th highest mountain in New Jersey and the 54519th highest mountain in the United States. The nearest peaks are Round Hill, Bearfort Mountain North, Taylor Mountain, Warwick Mountain, Bellvale Mountain, and Jennings Mountain. See the Maple Hill map, 3D fly around, and the Maple Hill photos to get a better sense of the mountain.
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1,224 ft / 373 m
ProminenceHeight Rank
#25 in New Jersey
#55309 in United States
Summited by
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Nearest peaks see on map »
- Round Hill 1,184 ft / 361 m 1 mi / 2 km away
- Bearfort Mountain North 1,480 ft / 451 m 2 mi / 3 km away
- Taylor Mountain 1,490 ft / 454 m 2 mi / 3 km away
- Warwick Mountain 1,345 ft / 410 m 3 mi / 4 km away
- Bellvale Mountain 1,332 ft / 406 m 3 mi / 5 km away
- Jennings Mountain 1,072 ft / 327 m 4 mi / 6 km away

subset: commoncrawl


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My Stine AgronomyLearn more
2015 Seed CatalogCheck out our latest lineup of high-performance corn and soybean seeds in an easy-to-view online format.
View Catalog
Test Plot Considerations
Farmer-conducted test plots allow growers to evaluate how soybean varieties will perform under real-world conditions given the variations in soil types, planters and weather conditions. Investing the time to plant test plots may help growers maximize profits but there are several factors to take into consideration before conducting a soybean test plot. For example, where are you going to plant your test plot? How much land can you dedicate? How many varieties are you going to evaluate?
Stine Regional Sales Agronomist Bill Kessinger says many farmers plant their test plots near their homes so they can monitor them closely. It is critical for test plots to be as uniform as possible to eliminate variables and maintain the integrity of the results. "Plots should be square, have similar slope and drainage and be located side-by-side to draw an accurate comparison," explains Kessinger. "You can't compare the standability and yield in one field to another located a mile down the road because weather systems that affect one field may not reach the other."
The size of the test plot varies by operation. "The general rule of thumb is to plant the width of your platform, which can be between 25 – 35 feet depending on the planter, and the rows should stretch at least 200 feet long," says Kessinger. The number of varieties planted is based on the grower's personal preference. "I've seen some farmers plant four to five varieties per acre and others plant up to twenty. It all depends on the time and space they have available."
When it comes time to evaluate seed plot results, it is important to harvest the field early to ensure even stand counts and avoid adverse weather variables. Test your weigh wagon for accuracy and only compare varieties planted within the same plot. Ask your Stine Regional Sales Agronomist to help setup and evaluate your test plot to ensure accurate results.


text: A luxury floral and stripe bedding collection in silver, raspberry, mauve, and white, the LJ Home Fashions Robindale bedding ensemble will furnish any bedroom with a luxurious ambience of floral bliss. Available in Queen and King sizes, the LJ Home Fashions Robindale duvet set includes a duvet cover and shams. The duvet cover and shams are embellished with a creative montage of florals and stripes in silver, raspberry, and mauve. For versatility the duvet cover reverses into a coordinating colorful stripe. Use LJ Home Fashions Paradise sheers in ivory with a whimsical bouquet of pink and purpl


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C-Thru Ruby
C-Thru Ruby
by Cthru
WFor Women
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- Design House: Cthru
- Fragrance Notes: raspberry, peach, rose, melon, bergamot, vanilla, freesia, sandalwood
- Year Introduced: 2009
- Recommended Use: casual
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Local store does not sell this anymore so when I found it on this site, I was thrilled. Great price, received it quickly and have ordered again!!
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SCARCITY of water, which has for years haunted some 500 households in Kambi ya Simba village in Karatu district, will soon be history, thanks to a 45m/- donation by Tanzania Breweries Limited (TBL) towards drilling of a water borehole in the area.
Through the support, the beer brewers will foot costs for drilling a water well, construction of storage tanks and installation of water pumps, according to TBL's Public Relations Officer, Dorice Malulu.
"As of late last year, TBL had dished out a total of 450m/- to support communities countrywide to access water as part of our corporate social responsibility," Ms Malulu said during a ceremony to hand over a cheque for the financial support. She added that:
"Each year we give back to the community a portion of our profits and this is because we appreciate the fact that TBL cannot exist without customers. We can hardly reward each of our consumers but we can do so through communities."
It is through community- based projects that the company can reach out to the majority of people in rural and urban areas, Ms Malulu explained.
She urged the Kambi ya Simba villagers to take good care of the well when its construction is completed so that it does not only serve them by generations to come.
"If the well is sustained we will be encouraged to continue supporting the government to bring development to the people," Ms Malulu said.
Speaking at the occasion, Karatu's District Executive Director, Moses Mabula, described the support as a "blessing" to the villagers who have been facing acute shortage of water, particularly during dry seasons.
He thanked TBL for supporting the government to supply water to people in rural areas who have had to spend a lot of time to search for the precious liquid at the expense of other economic activities.
Ms Cecilia Lazaro, a resident of the village, could not hide her joy over the water project. She said: "Starting August every year this area is hit by a dry season and women suffer most as we have to search for water in far-flung areas."


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L.L.Bean Commemorates 100 Years on Main Street with 100th Anniversary Hometown Anniversary Celebration
Freeport is the Destination for L.L.Bean's Centennial Festivities Beginning July 4th – Music from Chris Isaak and Jo Dee Messina, Along with Outdoor Fun and a Spectacular Fireworks Display
Freeport, ME, May 30, 2012 – Outdoor retailer L.L.Bean announced today the highlight of its centennial year – the L.L.Bean 100th Anniversary Hometown Celebration to be held July 4-7 in Freeport, ME. The four-day event will be chock full of free outdoor entertainment and activities for the whole family, with free daily concerts in L.L.Bean's Discovery Park, the 35th annual L.L.Bean 10K Road Race, visits from the L.L.Bean Bootmobile, special guests and much more.
L.L.Bean has enlisted the musical talents of Chris Isaak, veteran rocker and recent recipient of New York's WFUV radio "Artist of the Year" to headline one of the many free outdoor concerts at L.L.Bean's Discovery Park on Saturday, July 7. Other performances include American country music artist and Grammy nominee Jo Dee Messina who will perform on Wednesday, July 4, with another free outdoor concert in the park.
In addition to the open-air concerts, L.L.Bean will host four days of family-friendly activities, including a Fourth of July parade, children's performances, appearances of the L.L.Bean Bootmobile and free Outdoor Discovery Schools® instruction. The celebration will culminate on Saturday, July 7 with a spectacular fireworks display. Additional activities running throughout the four-day celebration include:
- Wednesday, July 4
- 35th annual L.L.Bean 10K Road Race and Freeport Fun Run/Walk (7:30 a.m. & 9:15 a.m.)
- Freeport Fourth of July parade, featuring the L.L.Bean Bootmobile (10 a.m.)
- Free concert featuring country artist Jo Dee Messina in Discovery Park (7:30 p.m.)
- Thursday, July 5
- Free Outdoor Discovery Schools demonstrations, including kayaking and stand-up paddleboarding (10 a.m.-4 p.m.)
- Visits from retired Red Sox player Rico Petrocelli, Wally the Green Monster and the World Series trophies (11 a.m.-1 p.m.)
- Muddy Bean Boots ice cream sampling, a special flavor created by Gifford's in celebration of L.L.Bean's 100th anniversary (11 a.m.-1 p.m.)
- Friday, July 6
- Outdoor games with World Champion Snowboarder Seth Wescott and visits from notable Maine authors (10 a.m.-4 p.m.)
- Farmers' market with kid-friendly arts and crafts (1-5 p.m.)
- Free concerts by regional artists (2-9 p.m.)
- Saturday, July 7
- All-day street festival with local crafts, food and live entertainment (10 a.m.-5 p.m.)
- Free outdoor concert featuring headliner Chris Isaak (7:30-9 p.m.)
- A spectacular fireworks display (9 p.m.)
For every person to participate in the festivities, L.L.Bean will donate $1 to the National Park Foundation through its Million Moment Mission – a year-long campaign designed to support the National Park Foundation's programs for kids. For each outdoor moment shared, L.L.Bean will donate $1 to the National Park Foundation up to $1 million.
"While much has changed in 100 years, much has remained the same, especially our appreciation of the outdoors," said Steve Fuller, L.L.Bean Chief Marketing Officer. "There is no better way for L.L.Bean to celebrate its centennial than to enjoy the outdoors with our customers, employees and local community right here in Freeport where it all began."
L.L.Bean's founder Leon Leonwood Bean believed that spending time outdoors was fundamental to happiness in life. In this spirit, L.L.Bean is hoping to inspire people to get outdoors and encourage a new generation of outdoor enthusiasts throughout the 100th anniversary year. In addition to the Million Moment Mission, as part of the anniversary celebration, L.L.Bean is giving away more than $100,000 in outdoor gear and Outdoor Discovery Schools experiences through the Get Out(fitted) Gear Giveaway. As part of the Get Out(fitted) Gear Giveaway, for every day in 2012, a deserving group or individual will be selected to receive L.L.Bean gear or an Outdoor Discovery Schools experience (valued up to $500).
L.L.Bean also offers a great opportunity for children and families to participate in a wide range of outdoor recreation with its Outdoor Discovery Schools® (ODS), where expert guides provide an easy and affordable way to learn more about a favorite activity or try something new for the first time. Throughout the anniversary year, ODS is celebrating "100 Years with 100 Adventures," with the launch of an expanded roster of outdoor adventures.
For more information on L.L.Bean's 100th Anniversary Hometown Celebration, as well as ways to get involved in the company's 100th anniversary initiatives, visit www.llbean.com.
About L.L.Bean, Inc.
L.L.Bean, Inc. is a leading multichannel merchant of quality outdoor gear and apparel. Founded in 1912 by Leon Leonwood Bean, the company began as a one-room operation selling a single product, the Maine Hunting Shoe. While its business has grown over the past 100 years, L.L.Bean still upholds the values of its founder, including his dedication to quality, customer service and a love of the outdoors. To celebrate the company's centennial, L.L.Bean is reigniting America's passion for the outdoors, with donations of nearly $3 million to organizations that engage young people and their families in outdoor recreation. Over the past 10 years, L.L.Bean has given nearly $26 million to local, state, regional and national conservation, human service, education and arts organizations. L.L.Bean products are rigorously tested, guaranteed to last and always shipped free. The 200,000 sq. ft. L.L.Bean retail store campus in Freeport, ME, is open 24 hours a day, 365 days a year and welcomes more than 3 million visitors every year. L.L.Bean can be found worldwide at www.llbean.com, Facebook, Twitter and YouTube.


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Physical Therapy and Athletic Training > Physical Therapy > Faculty and Staff > Darina Sargeant
Associate Professor, Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training
Spirituality in Patient Care; Clinical Education; Interprofessional Education; Professional Development
Sargeant DM, PT, PhD, Newsham KB, AT, PhD. Physical Therapy Students Perceptions of Spirituality and Religion in Patient Care. Journal of Physical Therapy Education, 26(2), 2012.
Sargeant DM, PT, PhD. Teaching Spirituality in the Physical Therapy Classroom and Clinic. Journal of Physical Therapy Education, 23(1), 2009.
Beckel C, Austin T, Kettenbach G, Sargeant, DM. Computer and Internet Access for Physical Therapist Education. Journal of Physical Therapy Education, 22(3), 2008 19-23.
Sargeant DM, PT, PhD, Werner D, PhD. Letter to the Editor Training on How to Teach. Fam Med, 2008, Feb 40(2) 84.
Sargeant, DM, PhD. Spirituality in Patient Care in Patient-Therapist Interaction An Experiential Manual for Developing the Art of Health Care. (5th Edition), Davis CM (editor), Thorofare, NJ: Slack, Inc. 2011.


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Welcome to the Village House Inn, a charming turn-of-the century brick farmhouse with a touch of elegance! We are the proud recipients of Trip Advisor's Award of Excellence which is given to the top 10% of properties world-wide that continually receive excellent reviews from their customers. We're grateful to all our guests who have recommended us, and we look forward to serving you too! Continental breakfast. Free WiFi. Handicap accessible. Off-street parking.
Score Breakdown based on
11 Reviews
5 on March 28, 2014
We were in Winona for a night but didn't want to stay at the typical box hotel. VHI has a simple history, beautiful bedrooms/bathrooms, all the necessary amenities and and it was easy to work with Anne for arrival time and need for extra rooms. It was really great that my brother, sister and I could stay in the same house, have our own rooms...something we haven't done since we were kids. Breakfast was up to us and the refrig was well stocked with fresh items and other breakfast goodies. I have a feeling Anne will be seeing us again on our trips to Winona. Thank you!
5 on January 17, 2014
I have been staying at the Village House for over a year, and some of my colleagues have been staying there for a long time. Our company's home office is located in Winona, and we come to town periodically. I cannot say enough about the homeyness and extreme hospitality that is shown each and every time. From the personal welcome on the sign at the door, to the delicious goodies Anne always makes sure we have, the Village House is my home in Winona. I feel very special and spoiled while I'm in town! Don't hesitate a moment in deciding to spend your time at this lovely home!
5 on September 02, 2013
We were 7 women who are friends from college that stayed at the Village House Inn. The Inn was absolutely beautiful and very well kept. We were provided with food in the fridge and general kitchen which was meant for breakfast but also provided us with delicious snacks and drinks throughout the day. I am from Minneapolis and have never spent any time in Winona and was very pleasantly surprised by how beautiful that part of Minnesota/Wisconsin is and how much there was for us to do. We had a WONDERFUL weekend at this Inn and will definitely be recommending it to my friends looking for a weekend away!
3.0 on August 31, 2013
This was a very nice place to stay but was lacking the breakfast part of the b&b. It is a self serve breakfast, so you miss out on the charm of the whole b&b experience. The house was very clean and nice and the person we met was really sweet. No dining service. So it was just really a place to sleep with a few sweets left out from the afternoon before. Not so appealing.
Innkeeper Response
Our self-serve continental breakfast is perfect for guests who prefer to eat light and on their own schedule. A breakfast of homemade pastries, homemade granola, oatmeal, Greek yogurt, fruit, juice, and coffee or tea is prepared the night before so that its ready to go for early risers. The patio is a favorite spot for lingering over morning coffee, or just grab a muffin and head out exploring for the day.
5 on August 29, 2013
I had the great pleasure of staying at the Village House Inn with a group of women I went to college with - we reunited this year as we all turned 50! What a charming place to spend time together. We slipped so easily into long ago patterns of talking: roommates in very comfortable rooms, with their own bathrooms, rather than bathrooms down the hall; little groups in the sitting area upstairs; and all of us in the very comfy chairs in the living room. We even enjoyed the grand piano as there was a musician in the bunch. We experienced a place well cared for, with delicous food, and where all details have been anticipated! Because of the comfort and quiet of the Inn, some of our plans changed during the weekend as we just wanted to spend more time there. Our group really looks forward to going back. I have done a lot of traveling for my career and I simply cannot recommend the Inn highly enough!!!
4.8 on August 09, 2013
What a fabulous time I had in Winona MN, when I stayed at The Village House Inn. It was home away form home but more. I went to Winona to attend a training/conference for my home business and made it a "me" time as well. I decided to stay in this B&B instead of the usual hotel. For a price that is slightly lower than the traditional hotel, I have a house with bedroom all to myself on my first night; It's a roomy home, have a huge TV, very well-kept and there's a grand piano. I ended up borrowing DVDs from a local video store; I packed the fridge with food I eat - its was truly home. I love the "fresh" and clean smell of the house. There's Keurig coffee maker and complete with house supplies. My housemaster, Anne and her son and daughter welcomed me and they were very friendly and warm. I locked myself out one night, and help was there right away. Anne is a thoughtful and tasteful host. It was a two night get-away I needed. I came back to my own home, energized and inspired. Thanks for a fabulous experience. I'd like to come back and bring my entire family next time.
4.8 on July 20, 2013
We recently rented the entire house for a family wedding in the area. We could not have been more happier in our choice!! The Inn was spotless! Such history!! The air conditioning was the first thing that greeted us!! It had been a long hot drive and sure appreciated that. Each family member chose their own room and then we gathered together downstairs. Very roomy! We were able to do some outside games together as well. All slept very well as the beds were comfy! We awoke to some yummy treats left by our inn keeper in the morning. It was the BEST spot to stay. We were able to gather as an extended family, enjoy each others company in a very private, lovely setting. Great time was had by all & we would love to return again!
5 on April 15, 2013
This is the note I wrote the innkeeper: Thank you so much for providing the perfect place for our family "Girl's" Weekend! We loved every minute of time together, and enjoyed the whole house rental very much. The little touches you provided – great breakfast, lovely restful rooms, wonderful amenities – wow. We enjoyed Winona too, even though the weather wasn't ideal. We had fun shopping and eating – went to the Vault and Bub's – two favorites, I think. We also visited the Blue Heron and the winery up the road, Garvin Heights Vineyards, plus had pizza and watched a movie. We had to leave some things undone for the next time! We even talked about booking for the same time next year. No way could it snow on April 14 two years in a row, right? Again, thank you! We will be back!
5 on January 24, 2013
We couldn't be more pleased with our weekend in Winona, spent at the Village House Inn. With its elegance, cleanliness, history, and esthetic beauty, the inn epitomizes the area itself. We look forward to our next stay!
4.4 on January 22, 2013
Wonderful spot. Great common area that a larger group can relax together. Anne is a great hostess. She does not reside in the building but makes sure that you have everything that you need. Much better than any motel/hotel and about the same price.
Lanesboro, MN, Rochester, MN, Wabasha, MN, La Crosse, WI, Red Wing, MN, Small town
Rochester, MN (RST) 40 miles
The Village House Inn is just 3/4 mile west of Highway 61 on Highway 14 across from Saint Mary's University. Turn north on Knopp Valley Drive and the Village House Inn is immediately on your left, across the boulevard. Off-street parking available.
Antique Shopping, Art Galleries, Concert venue, Extreme sports, Gourmet/Fine Dining, Historical interests, Lake, Live Music, Movie Theater, Museum, National/State parks, Nature area, Night life, Winona State University, Saint Mary's University, Minnesota Marine Art Museum, Great River Road National Scenic By-Way, Mississippi River, National Eagle Center, Performing Theater, Picnic area, Religious Services, River, Ski area, Tours, University, Vineyard, Winery
Other, Historic Inn
Amenities Basket, Board games, Coffee/Tea facilities, DVD Player, Desk, Fridge, Ironing Board, Kitchenette, Library, Microwave, Movie library, Outdoor grilling, Parking, Piano, Satellite/Cable TV, TV, Videos, Walk to mass transit
Air conditioning, Alarm clock, Ceiling fans, Hairdryer, Wheelchair access, Wi-Fi, Wired internet
Anne Larson
Please note: The innkeeper does not live on site.
Self-Serve Continental
$50.00 off when you book the entire house! The Village House is ideal for family gatherings or a weekend getaway with friends. A whole house rental includes all four double-occupancy guest rooms¿each with a full private bath, all indoor and outdoor spaces, and a continental breakfast for eight.


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- One Petite Ribbon Box Sampler (ten infusers) from our Sampler Collection
- One porcelain Café Cup
- One ceramic Tea Tray in white.
rejuvenation gift set
Average Customer Rating
| 5 of 5 stars
Tea Forte's signature porcelain Café Cup, a ceramic Tea Tray and Petite Ribbon Box Sampler help transform an afternoon cup of tea into a rejuvenating ritual of quiet contemplation. This gift set comes in a keepsake green clamshell box.
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Wonderful gift!
I've given this as a gift several times and it's always been a success!
2/17/12 | Stephanie, Norman, OK
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ANE's April e-magazine goes live Monday
April 2, 2015 06:01 CET
The latest issue of the Automotive News Europe monthly e-magazine goes live on Monday, April 6. This month's edition looks at how PSA CEO Carlos Tavares made France's largest automaker operationally profitable again after years of huge losses....
Volvo plans $500 million U.S. assembly plant
12:30 am U.S. ET | March 30, 2015
Volvo will spend about $500 million to build its first assembly plant in the United States as part of an ambitious effort to jump-start lagging sales. The automaker is talking to three states on a possible location and plans to start production in 2018....
BLOG: With Volvo's help, Geely goes upscale
4:31 am U.S. ET | March 27, 2015
Zhejiang Geely Holding Group launched sales last week of its new flagship car, the GC9 midsize sedan, which is the first product developed by the Chinese automaker with the support of Volvo....
Former GM Europe chief Forster will lead UK taxi builder
March 25, 2015 06:01 CET
Auto industry veteran Carl-Peter Forster, who once headed GM Europe and Tata Motors, is new board chairman at London Taxi Company, which builds the UK's iconic black cabs....
Volvo appoints Europe boss as part of global reorganization
March 24, 2015 11:43 CET
Volvo named Anders Gustafsson as head of Europe, Middle East and Africa, one of three global business regions that also include new divisions for the Americas and Asia....
With CMA, Volvo plans to develop cars faster
12:01 am U.S. ET | March 9, 2015
Volvo will slash product development time to 20 months when it adds a second new vehicle architecture, r&d chief Peter Mertens said. The replacement for the V40 and other compact cars will use Volvo's new compact modular architecture, or CMA, "and from then on," all cars will take 20 months to develop, he said....
BLOG: No German-driven 'rat race' for Volvo
12:01 am U.S. ET | March 5, 2015
Volvo r&d boss Peter Mertens is not impressed with the proliferation of models at the Swedish brand's bigger German rivals. "They are in a rat race. We are not going to follow them," he said....
BLOG: Whatever happens with a takeover, automakers always learn something
11:00 am U.S. ET | March 3, 2015
Jaguar Land Rover, Mazda and Volvo all have something in common today besides the fact that they were once owned or controlled by Ford. All three are starting to blossom again now that they have developed their own unique vehicle architectures, powertrains and technologies, and as Ford-based hardware ages out of production....
Volvo to unleash self-driving cars on Swedish roads
12:01 am U.S. ET | March 1, 2015
Volvo Cars' Drive Me pilot program announced last week will push autonomous driving a step closer to reality by putting 100 self-driving XC90 crossovers on Swedish streets by 2017. The vehicles will be driven by ordinary people in Volvo's home city of Gothenburg using a controlled 31-mile route....
Volvo boosts 2014 profit by 17% on record sales
Feb. 26, 2015 08:31 CET
Volvo said its 2014 operating profit rose 17 percent in its best year of sales to date as rapid expansion in China and recovery in Europe offset the brand's continued weakness in the U.S....
Volvo: XC90 marks brand's rebirth
12:01 am U.S. ET | Feb. 23, 2015
Volvo Cars is heralding its new XC90, the first vehicle it has developed since Ford Motor Co. sold it to China's Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co. in 2010, as the rebirth of the Swedish brand. The 2016 model has no components from Ford's parts bin....
JAMIE LaREAU
BLOG: Volvo captive finance's plan to help spur sales of Volvo's XC90
3:30 pm U.S. ET | Feb. 19, 2015
The redesigned 2016 Volvo XC90 is "the big" launch facing Volvo's captive finance company. Just ask Dan Romagnoli. He is the man responsible for making sure dealers get enough financing support to sell the heck out of the crossover when it goes on sale in May....
Volvo touts redesigned XC90 as rebirth of the brand
4:00 pm U.S. ET | Feb. 18, 2015
Volvo is targeting U.S. sales of 28,800 in a full year for the redesigned XC90 crossover that goes on sale in May. Volvo is heralding the crossover -- with new Scandinavian styling, a roomier interior and semiautonomous driving and safety features -- as the rebirth of the Swedish brand....
BLOG: No big bucks for a Super Bowl ad? No problem
6:00 pm U.S. ET | Feb. 6, 2015
Mitsubishi, along with Volvo, didn't run ads during the Super Bowl's primary NBC broadcast. The small brands, lacking the deep ad budgets of their larger counterparts, relied heavily on social media to piggyback on Super Bowl hype....
Volvo sales rise 2% in January for 19th month of growth
Feb. 4, 2015 11:21 CET
Volvo said vehicle sales rose 2 percent in January, marking the 19th consecutive month of growth. Deliveries were up in western Europe, China and the United States....
Volvo dealers will get product details in March
12:01 am U.S. ET | Feb. 2, 2015
Volvo will detail the seven new products it will launch through 2017 at a March dealer meeting in Vail, Colo., dealers were told at their make meeting. The newest vehicle, the redesigned XC90 crossover, will go on sale in the second quarter....
BLOG: Volvo and the 'sweet hereafter'
12:59 pm U.S. ET | Jan. 30, 2015
Excruciatingly long product lead times have always challenged automakers, who have to figure out what will sell four or five years hence. But they're tough on dealers, too, who face lengthy product droughts while hearing -- literally for years -- about the really sweet stuff that's on the way....
BLOG: Volvo's interception not likely to win the game
6:43 am U.S. ET | Jan. 29, 2015
Volvo wants some of the attention the big boys with fat wallets will get during the Super Bowl....
Volvo's revival plan 'starts now'
12:01 am U.S. ET | Jan. 26, 2015
After its U.S. market share fell to the lowest level since 1978, Volvo has put its global product strategy chief in charge of North America and significantly boosted its marketing budget in preparation for an upcoming blitz of new vehicles. Lex Kerssemakers, a 55-year-old native of the Netherlands, replaces Tony Nicolosi as CEO of Volvo Cars of North America after a 15-month period in which sales continued to fall....
Volvo dealers embrace U.S. management shift
5:00 pm U.S. ET | Jan. 24, 2015
Dealers applaud the recent management change at Volvo Cars of North America and said having a senior executive from the home office in Sweden at the helm assures quick responses on all issues -- including product and retail support -- and signals a real commitment to the U.S. market....
Volvo dealers are hungry for the redesigned XC90
2:00 pm U.S. ET | Jan. 23, 2015
Volvo dealers thought 2014 would be the turnaround year for sales. But it wasn't and the struggle continues for many retailers, said Chip Gengras, chairman of the Volvo Retail Advisory Board....
Volvo appoints another U.S. chief amid sales decline
12:15 am U.S. ET | Jan. 21, 2015
Volvo is reshuffling its North American management, moving CEO Tony Nicolosi to head of its finance company for the Americas and bringing global corporate product strategy chief Lex Kerssemakers to replace him....
Volvo's first China-built car arrives in June
12:01 am U.S. ET | Jan. 19, 2015
Volvo will begin importing its first China-built car in June and could sell up to 5,000 units a year of the stretched S60 sedan, executives said. The long-wheelbase S60 Inscription sedan goes on sale in the United States in June. It will be the first China-built car sold in the United States....
Volvo dealers pin hopes on XC90
12:01 am U.S. ET | Jan. 19, 2015
Volvo dealers continued to struggle last year as 2014 failed to bring the anticipated turnaround in sales. And the struggle continues for many retailers, said Chip Gengras, chairman of the Volvo Retail Advisory Board....
Volvo may expand export markets for China-built cars beyond U.S.
Jan. 16, 2015 11:36 CET
Volvo, which will start shipping the S60L sedan to the U.S. later this year, says it could add additional export markets in the Asia-Pacific region and elsewhere. The automaker may also consider future exports of a large china-built sedan, dubbed internally as the S90....


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The Align T-Rex 700 uses a pair of clutch bell mounted magnets for the governor sensor instead of the usual fan mounted magnets. It will be fine if you are running the Align governor included in the box, but if are like me, you opted for another governor, you will need a bit of work to fit the governor sensor in. This mod will work for governors like, Throttle Jockey Series, ATG, GV-1 and a whole bunch of others.
All you need is:
- 1x 30/50size sensor mount (do take note that some 50 sizers are actually using the 90 size sensor mount, we need a real 30/50 one.)
- 1x Small saw
- 1x sensor
- Some shrink wraps and cable tie.
- Some C.A, i.e superglue
1. Prepare/Cut the bracket to size.
Cut the 30/50 governor sensor mount as shown above. The black one on top is a un-cut standard 30/50 mount. The one under it, is what you should end up with after cutting. It should be around the region of 26mm, give or take an mm or two. It is suppose to be a little shorter than the one on the G-600 because on the Align governor, the sensor goes THROUGH the mount, whereas on our generic mounts, the sensor goes ON the mount which increases the length of the final assembly.
It doesn't have to be an exact, on the dot kind of cut because there is a little bit of room for adjustment when the sensor is mounted on the main frame.
2. Attaching the sensor to the bracket.
Bend the sensor gently to form a 90 degrees arc. I am not very sure if all sensors are directional, but on mine, only the side with the wordings work for my magnet. So check yours before bending as you will want the side of the sensor that works to face the magnet.
Attach the sensor to the bracket and shrink wrap the sensor to the bracket as shown in the photo above.
C.A. the sensor tip to the bracket as in the photo. Thick C.A. tends to work better here. The key here is to apply in thin layers. Its going to take a while to dry and solidify, but don't blow at it coz you only end up making the the C.A. run. Do test fit your bracket/sensor on the main frame before applying the C.A., just in case its too long.
Cable tie the wire at the shrink wrapped area. Cable tie on none-shrink wrap area might cut through the wires. I had forgot about the cable ties on mine, but it seems to be working well so far.
3. Mounting the bracket onto the main frame.
I highly/strongly/definately recommend that the sensor assembly be mounted before putting the frame halves together. Spacer was required on mine to space the sensor away from the main frame to that it is hanging directly above the magnet on the clutch bell. The photo is a bit dark and blur, but for those who are wondering, the spacer goes between the bracket and the included governor mount (pg10 of manual). You will need to source for self tapping screws to mount the sensor assembly. Adjust the height of the sensor by "dry fitting" the clutch bell assembly on the frame.


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We offer discount to nonprofits, government agencies, and federal contractors
In just the last two weeks, congressional calls to #EndFamilyDetention have turned the tide of momentum significantly.
AILA Doc No. 11070862 | Dated July 7, 2011 | File Size: 22 KDownload the Document
DOL press release announcing that Maryland's Prince George's County Public Schools system has agreed to pay $4.2 million in back wages due to H-1B employees because the employees were required to pay fees that the school system should have paid.
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Cite as AILA Doc. No. 11070862.Open the Document
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Guess MK, Partin SN, Schrader S, Lowe B, Lacombe J, Reutman S, Wang A, Toennis C, Melman A, Mikhail M, Connell KA. Women's Bike Seats: A Pressing Matter for Competitive Female Cyclists. J Sex Med. 2011 Aug 11. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02437.x. [Epub ahead of print] Women cyclists can develop genital pain, numbness, and swelling of pelvic floor structures from bike riding, similar to the pudendal nerve problems men sometimes have from bike riding. These researchers analyzed genital vibratory thresholds and saddle pressures in 48 healthy, premenopausal, competitive women bicyclists. More than half of the participants (54.8 percent) used traditional saddles, and the remainder (45.2 percent) rode with cut-out saddles. Traditional saddles produced lower perineal pressures than cutout saddles. Saddle design, however, did not affect mean or peak total saddle pressures. Use of wider saddles was associated with lower peak perineal saddle pressure and lower mean total saddle pressure. Cut-out and narrower saddles negatively affect saddle pressures in female cyclists, concluded the investigators. However, they noted, the effects of saddle design on pudendal nerve sensory function were not apparent. Studies following cyclists over the long term to look at the effect of saddle pressure on the pudendal nerve are needed, they said.
Alappattu MJ, Bishop MD. Psychological Factors in Chronic Pelvic Pain in Women: Relevance and Application of the Fear-Avoidance Model of Pain. Phys Ther. 2011 Aug 11. [Epub ahead of print] These authors discuss the role of psychological variables in chronic pelvic pain in women, especially vulvodynia and IC. Their psychological model is based in the fear-avoidance model (FAM) of pain, which theorizes that some people are more likely to develop and maintain pain after an injury because of their emotional and behavioral responses to it. They divide people into those who have low fear, confront pain, and recover from injury and people who catastrophize pain, which they say leads to avoidance/escape behaviors, disuse, and disability. The authors suggest that physical therapists integrate this model into their decision making, based on the pain-related thinking and behavior of their patients.
Roth RS, Punch MR, Bachman JE. Psychological factors and chronic pelvic pain in women: a comparative study with women with chronic migraine headaches. Health Care Women Int. 2011 Aug;32(8):746-61. Chronic pelvic pain is often attributed to psychogenic cause, note these authors. They conducted a study to determine whether women with chronic pelvic pain have a typical psychologic profile by comparing the pain experience, psychological functioning, and marital/sexual satisfaction of women with chronic pelvic pain with the same in women who had chronic migraine headache. Patients with chronic pelvic pain were more dissatisfied with their marriage and had more sexual dysfunction. But there were no differences between the groups in terms of depression, anxiety, mood factors, or additional personality traits. These data suggest that, in general, when psychological disorders are observed in chronic pelvic pain patients, they most likely reflect the effects of chronic pain rather than cause it, concluded the authors.
Why these things are risk factors for IC isn't clear. Don't take these results to mean that hormone use and abortion cause IC or that pregnancy prevents it. It could be that the women who used noncontraceptive hormones were taking them to help treat pelvic pain. Oral contraceptives are a typical treatment for endometriosis, which many IC patients have, but it was not mentioned specifically in the article. It may have fallen under the category of chronic pelvic pain, especially if it had gone undiagnosed, which is common. Although the authors speculated that hormones at and after menopause might play a role in encouraging the development of IC and that hormones might enhance pain, the relationship might have showed up because postmenopausal women were receiving hormones improve IC symptoms or those that exacerbate IC. Furthermore, studies about estrogen's effect on pain are conflicting. Women with IC who had abortions may have gone through fewer pregnancies, which the authors speculated might postpone IC. On the other hand, the women may have terminated pregnancy because it was too difficult and painful with their IC and associated conditions. Women with IC may have had fewer pregnancies for similar reasons.
With regard to associated conditions, the authors said finding a cause of these often "functional syndromes" would likely also help reveal the cause of IC. The functional syndromes, which are groups of symptoms that have no apparent physical cause, are now often thought to result from abnormal brain processing of sensory information. Research, however, is suggesting potential causes outside of the nervous system for some of these disorders, such as viruses in chronic fatigue syndrome and chronic low-grade chronic inflammation in IBS.
Revised May 30, 2013
Copyright 2014 Interstitial Cystitis Association


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A blue tarp covers the
top of
Organizers say they had no choice, but to delay the grand opening of the historic home and museum.
Laurent House Foundation Board President Jerry Heinzeroth says "once we realized that the roof problems were more extensive then we had first anticipated and now that means shutting the building down completely, and completely replacing the roof."
And repairing this
damage could take up to a year.
Heinzeroth says "because of the fourteen inches of snow and the freeze thaw cycle we sustained considerable roof damage and now realized that we're going to have to go through our full restoration efforts before we can open it as a museum."
Not good news for Laurent President Jerry Heinzeroth, who has been working on the museum for more then seven years.
He says "it's been very traumatic; we had high expectations this year, as did our donors."
The Laurent House
Foundation is launching the
They are counting on the same Stateliners who helped them acquire this house in an auction, to help fix up the historic landmark.
Heinzeroth says "we're
hopeful that they will recognize that after the acquisition, the restoration is
just as important and they will step up and help us with the restoration
funding also.
For more information on the Laurent House you can visit their website http://laurenthouse.com/


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Recall Information Systems Inc. has leased 169,732 square feet at 7875 Hemlock Ave., Fontana, according to costar.com. The Georgia-based document- management company signed for 10 years. Greg Lance of UGL Equis represented Recall. Mark Zorn of Daum Commercial Ontario represented the landlord, Alere Property Group.
Monthly Archives: September 2009
Tire supplier leases warehouse space in Fontana
Greenball Corp. has signed a seven-year lease for the 250,430-square-foot warehouse at 13204 Jurupa Ave., Fontana, according to costar.com. The tire supplier is moving from 10746 Commerce Way, Fontana, in early 2010. Charles Belden, Kyle Kehner and Tim Pimentel of Cushman and Wakefield represented the landlord, Principal Life Insurance Co. Jeff Smith of Lee and Associates represented the tenant.
Chino Valley chamber slates business expo for Oct. 10
The Chino Valley Chamber of Commerce's Business Expo will take place Oct. 10 in the parking lot of Sam's Club, 3951 Grand Ave., Chino. Sponsorships and vendor spaces are still available. A private party for chamber members, expo sponsors and exhibitors and local officials will be held at the expo site at 5 p.m. Oct. 9. Information: (909) 627-6177
SchoolsFirst FCU promotes Mendez to COO position
SchoolsFirst Federal Credit Union, the nation's largest credit union for school employees, has promoted Erin Mendez to executive vice president and chief operating officer. She is directly responsible for finance, facilities, information technology, strategic planning, strategic marketing, and automation and business services, which includes the online channel delivery, according to a news release. Mendez joined SchoolsFirst FCU in 2003 and most recently was senior vice president of finance and information services.
Office-furniture manufacturer secures Ontario industrial space
Grubb and Ellis Company (NYSE: GBE), a real estate services and investment firm, represented Belmont and Grove Land Holdings LLC, a division of Panattoni Development Company, in securing a 63-month lease of 101,690 square feet of industrial space for Office Master Inc. at 1110 S. Mildred Ave., Ontario. Roger Rhoades, senior vice president, Milo Lipson, senior vice president, and Michael Arens, associate, represented Belmont and Grove Land Holdings LLC in the transaction. Office Master Inc., an office-furniture manufacturer, was represented by CB Richard Ellis in the transaction.
Marketing professionals to host seminar on use of social media
Mark Ress and Tom Burciaga of GotMobileMarketing.com will put on a seminar on "how businesses can leverage social media marketing and mobile marketing to drive more traffic to their Web sites and more foot traffic to their business" at 5:30 p.m. Oct. 15 at Cambridge College, 337 N. Vineyard Ave., Suite 100, Ontario. Topics will include how to build a following on social media sites such as Twitter and Facebook, and how to take advantage of mobile marketing. Cost: $25. Information: (909) 248-4022.
High Desert event to feature keynote speech by Ben Stein
The High Desert Opportunity committee announced that actor, author, economist and humorist Ben Stein will be keynote speaker for the 2009 business conference. The 27th annual event will be held Oct. 15 at the San Bernardino County Fairgrounds in Victorville. According to a news release, the goal of the event is to "support economic growth and stability by attracting businesses and jobs to the High Desert." Information: (760) 245-7600; www.highdesertopportunity.com
Research group reports drop in housing permits pulled
Demand for new homes slipped again in August, a decline California home builders attributed to the discontinuation of the state home buyer tax credit program, the California Building Industry Association said this week. According to statistics compiled by the Construction Industry Research Board, home builders pulled permits for 2,911 total housing units in August, down 5 percent from July. The Construction Industry Research Board is forecasting permits will be pulled for just 39,500 total units in 2009. That would be the lowest total on record.
State building industry group appoints new president/CEO
Robert Rivinius has finished his 30-year tenure as president and CEO of the California Building Industry Association. According to a news release, the association spent a year and a half seeking a successor and has appointed Elizabeth Snow to the position. Snow previously was chief strategy officer for the California Dental Association. According to the release, Rivinius will be staying on board as an executive adviser.
R.C. banker named among 'Most Powerful Women in Banking'
U.S. Banker magazine has recognized U.S. Bancorp in its selection of the "Most Powerful Women in Banking." For the fourth year in a row, U.S. Bancorp's team of 56 female leaders ranked first among the Top Banking Teams for 2009. Included in that list of leaders is Karen Racusin, senior vice president of consumer banking, who is based in Rancho Cucamonga. "This has been an unprecedented year for all of us in the financial services industry, so I am extremely proud to see the hard work and leadership of all these women recognized by their peers," Richard Davis, chairman, president and chief executive officer of U.S. Bancorp, said in a news release. "Their positive attitudes and commitment to their customers, shareholders, colleagues, employees, communities and families through this economic downturn is a testament to the character and quality of leadership that will bring this economy back to its feet."


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Find information about cancer, treatment options and procedures, symptom management, nutritional tips, survivorship resources, and more. Watch videos, search recipes, and read articles that will help you to better understand different aspects of your cancer experience, and support your cancer journey.
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Pumpkins are a fantastic source of alpha-carotene, a cancer-fighting phytonutrient. Alpha-carontene produces the vibrant orange color pumpkins are so well known for, and as a member of the carotenoid family, it helps prevent tumor growth.
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Sandra J. Clark
Phillipsburg resident, Sandra J. Clark, died Friday, Oct. 4, 2013 in a vehicle accident near Crawford, NE at the age of 43. Her mother, Patsy Baumgarner, and nephew, Brandon Clark, also died in the accident.
She was born January 11, 1970 in York, NE, the daughter of Norman Clark & Patsy (Corbit) Clark. Sandy worked as a real estate attorney at the Phillips County Abstract office in Phillipsburg.
She is survived by her daughter, Victoria Main of Lincoln, NE; father, Norman Clark and brother, Gary Clark, both of Billings, MT; her sister, Diann Clark of Lincoln, NE; and companion, Gary Buchner, of Phillipsburg.
A memorial service will be held Sunday at 1:00 p.m. in the First Christian Church, Phillipsburg, with Pastor LeRoy Herder officiating.
Friends may sign the book on Saturday, Oct. 12, from noon – 9 p.m. at Olliff-Boeve Memorial Chapel, Phillipsburg.
Memorial contributions may be given to the Victoria Main College Fund. Online condolences to: www.olliffboeve.com.


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Gap (NYSE: GPS ) is reporting a rather slow start to 2014, as well as a relatively sluggish end to fiscal 2013. The company said its comparable-store sales for the month grew by only 1% on a year-over-year basis. That's down notably from the January 2013 figure, which was 8%.
That same 1% was the increase recorded by the company for its Q4 "comps." As with the monthly rate, it is below the year-ago result, which was 5%.
In terms of net sales, Gap's figure was $899 million for January 2014, down from the $1.13 billion in the same period the previous year. For the quarter, those numbers were $4.58 billion, versus the Q4 2012 tally of $4.73 billion.
In spite of the marginal improvements and the lower sales figures, the firm managed to sound an upbeat note in the press release detailing the figures. It quoted CEO Glenn Murphy as saying that "we're pleased to deliver a strong finish to the year, with another month and quarter of comp sales growth."
Perhaps his optimism stemmed from the wider picture -- the company also released guidance for Q4, projecting EPS of $0.65 to $0.66. This would top the current average analyst estimate of $0.60.
Meanwhile, for the year ended on February 1, 2014, the company recorded sales of $16.2 billion. This compared favorably to the $15.7 billion it booked the preceding year.
Gap is scheduled to release a full set of Q4 results on February 27.


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October 2nd, 2010
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March 13th, 2010
Hit for Haiti 2: Agassi Disrespects Sampras
The Hit for Haiti 2 made a million dollar donation to Haiti, but it left me with a sour taste in my mouth.
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Technology in World Civilisation by Arnold Pacey, Blackwell, pp 238, Pounds sterling 8.95 pbk
A LIVELY debate in the history of technology centres on the questions of whether transfer of technology from Western to 'underdeveloped' countries necessarily benefits the latter or whether the benefits are often outweighed by the costs of disruption of traditional social patterns, environmental damage and so on. This new volume by Arnold Pacey, author of the well-received The Culture of Technology, is an attempt to contribute to this debate by taking a long-term historical view (from about 700 AD to the present day) of the process of technology transfer. He shows that this process has frequently been a two-way, or dialectical one, and has often resulted in technologies emerging that exhibit features characteristic of the two or more cultures involved.
Pacey backs his case with numerous examples; in fact they are what the book largely consists ...
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