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eCommons@Cornell >
CIGR E-Journal Volume 3
Collection home page
The International Commission of Agricultural Engineering (CIGR, Commission Internationale du Genie Rural) was set up by a Constituent Assembly on the occasion of the first International Congress of Agricultural Engineering, held in Liege, Belgium in 1930. It is an international, non-governmental, non-profit organisation regrouping, as a networking system, Regional and National Societies of Agricultural Engineering as well as private and public companies and individuals all over the world. Click here for more information on CIGR.
Recent Submissions
Effective Energy Use and Climate Change: Needs of Rural Areas in Developing Countries
Global Energy Flows and their Food System Components
Agricultural Sprayer Standards and Prospects for Development of Standards for other Farm Machinery
Communication Technology is the Backbone of Precision Agriculture
Agricultural Engineering Education Programs in Brazil
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Our 100% down kids' duvets are covered in 230-thread-count cambric cotton. They feature reinforced seams and baffle-box construction, which keeps the down evenly distributed.
Details of Down Duvet Filler Twin Lightweight Warmth
- Size: Twin
- Dimensions: 68"w 88"d
- Thread Count: 230
- Care: professional laundering recommended
- Product Origin: made in Michigan
- Item Number: 822578
- Material: 21oz down
- Material Detail: 100% cambric cotton cover
- Color: white
- Secondary Material: 100% snow white down
- Secondary Color: white

subset: commoncrawl


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Graduate Programs: MAIS Packages: Homeland & International Security
The University of Houston Victoria now offers a new MAIS concentration in Homeland and International Security (HIN).
The new concentration is designed to prepare students for careers in counterterrorism, intelligence, international security, conflict resolution, and diplomacy. The HIN major will feature intensive language study and offer secondary educational choices in computer science, forensic science, history, and religion. Study abroad programs to England, Israel, or Egypt are encouraged.
Interested students should contact Dr. J. Keith Akins at firstname.lastname@example.com for more information.
MAIS General Requirements:
Concentration-Specific Requirements:
First concentration (15 credit hours):
Students will take the following 12 credit hours:
Students will choose 3 credit hours from among the following:
Second concentration recommendations (9 credit hours):
Foreign Language Requirement:
Students will take 12 credit hours (undergraduate or graduate) or demonstrate proficiency in a foreign language (other than Spanish), preferably Arabic. They may substitute Study Abroad language programs for appropriate language credit with permission of their advisor. Credit hours may be transferred from another institution.
Thesis Requirement & Guidelines:
http://www.apastyle.org/ (APA Style Guide)
To visit websites for research resources, news and information, or enforcement agencies, click here.
For more information, contact Dr. J. Keith Akins at email@example.com.
Approval of Thesis Proposal
The student may not begin the research prior to the approval of the thesis proposal by the student's thesis committee (consult particular programs for committee composition). The thesis must present evidence of a mastery of the literature, a significant contribution to knowledge or professional skills and the ability to do independent research.
The final draft of the thesis must be completed and submitted to the committee no later than the following deadlines:
Fall graduation—November 1
Spring graduation—April 1
Summer graduation—July 1
The paragraph regarding "Binding and Distribution of Thesis" on the following pages specifies deadlines for submission of the approved thesis.
Continuous Registration and Credit for Thesis
The student who is working on a thesis is required to be continuously enrolled in the appropriate thesis course for a minimum of 6 semester hours per year (12 months). Advice or assistance from a member of the faculty in the preparation of a thesis may not be expected unless the student is officially enrolled.
Failure to enroll in thesis may delay the student's graduation. Enrollment is required in the semester in which the thesis is completed.
A person who lives in excess of 100 miles from the campus may register in absentia for thesis courses if arrangements are made through the Office of Admissions and Records at least two weeks before the registration period. Registration for all other students must be completed in the prescribed manner during the announced registration period. The thesis course is considered a part of the student's current course load.
For acquisition of three thesis credits (6308) a grade of S will be recorded. For completion of the other three credits (6309) a regular grade (A, B, etc.) will be recorded. A grade of I may be assigned in either case to indicate work still in progress. Students are to enroll in 6308 until a grade of S is achieved before registering for 6309. In rare cases where the thesis is likely to be completed in one semester, permission for dual registration may be granted by the dean of the school.
A final grade of B or better is required in the completed thesis. A grade of C indicates that the thesis is not acceptable. Students who are not progressing satisfactorily may be asked to withdraw.
An optional graduate grading system of S (satisfactory), U (unsatisfactory) or I (incomplete) may be elected by any school for a given period, generally the academic year. Grades in the thesis courses whether under the optional or regular grading system, are not considered in computing a student's grade point average.
For the master's thesis, six semester hours may be earned. Although more than this number may be required of the student, six is the maximum number of hours which may be applied toward the master's degree.
An oral examination over the research study will be held upon completion of the thesis.
Suggested Form for Thesis
As a general rule, the format and style of presentation should conform to the most acceptable standards of scientific and scholarly writing in the discipline. For example, psychology students should refer to the publication, Manual of the American Psychological Association (available in the Victoria College Bookstore and the Academic Center). The title page must bear the month and year of commencement and the signatures of the thesis committee members.
Before preparing the thesis, the student should obtain a copy of the guide for the preparation and submission of thesis from the advisor.
Binding and Distribution of Thesis
The original and three copies of the approved thesis should be submitted for binding to the Senior Director of the Libraries as early as possible, but no later than 4:00 p.m. on the last day of final exams for the semester or term in which the candidate expects to graduate.
Fall graduation—Last day of final exams for the fall semester (December)
Spring graduation—Last day of final exams for the spring semester (May)
Summer graduation—Last day of final exams for the summer terms (August)
Cost of Binding
The Library will charge the candidate the current binding charge, which may be based on the size of the thesis.
Distribution of Thesis
At the candidate's option, other copies may be bound for his/her own use.
Choice of Paper
The original copy of the thesis must be printed on acid-free paper.
Copyright of your thesis is secured automatically when the thesis is created, and it is "created" when it is fixed in a copy for the first time. However, if you want to register your copyright with the U.S. Copyright
Office, you have two options: (1) you may handle this entirely on your own, or (2) you may submit the appropriate paper work, along with one copy of your thesis (which may be unbound), and the registration fee of $20 to UH-Victoria by the deadline date shown above. The University will send all of this to the U.S.
Copyright Office for you. (The Library has a packet of materials that explain copyright registration in more detail.)
Study Abroad Suggestions:
Arab Culture (Israel):
Counterterrorism Studies (Israel):
Critical Language Studies (US State Dept):
British Studies (Variety of course options):
Homeland and International Security Links:
Employment Links:


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Video:Men's Hairstyles That Work With a Square Facewith John Alanouf
Men's hairstyles should compliment their face shape. Check out these men's hairstyles that work with a square face.See Transcript
Transcript:Men's Hairstyles That Work With a Square Face
Hi I'm John Alanouf, Master Hairstylist at Matador Alcove in Costa Mesa, California, here for About.com to help you find an ideal hairstyle for a square face.
Balace the Face Shape with the Hairstyle
A square face is generally characterized by an even width between the top of the head and the jaw line. Nick Lachey is our example and he has got a pretty classic square face, strong jaw line, strong brow area. The idea of a hairstyle with a square face shape is just keep things neat and simple. We don't want to get too high or too wide and kind of blow things out of proportion because the square shape face already has a lot of proportion and symmetry to it.
Cropped Hair Cuts Work on Square Faces
Simple, short, cropped hairstyles look really good, or if you want to go with something a little more spiky, or fauxhawk or whatever you want to call it, that's a little more narrower which works well too. Don't make it too long where it starts to exaggerate the length of your face. Keep things muted when it comes to the proportions of the length through the top and the middle of your hairstyle. The same thing goes for the very side edges of the hairstyle, we don't want to blow out and make the top of the head look too bulbous. Keeping the parietal ridge high on the side, just a little more tapered in as opposed to really squared off.
To recap, keep things simple, let your face shape do the work. The natural symmetry of your face shape will come through. Close cropped, and simple cropped, and textured hairstyles work well. If you're going to wear the hair up, into a spiky fashion, just keep the length a little bit muted, as not to elongate your face too much.Thank you for watching. To learn more about men's grooming, visit About.com.


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|Amount Per Serving
|% Daily Value
|Vitamin C (as ascorbic acid)
|1000 mg
This product may discolor or darken with age. The potency is not effected.
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Vitacost Vitamin C -- 1000 mg - 250 Capsules
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|Amount Per Serving
|% Daily Value
|Vitamin C (as ascorbic acid)
|1000 mg
You've never seen vitamin C like this before.
What is vitamin C?
Vitamin C is a natural compound most often consumed by humans through fruits and vegetables. It's important to note that this water-soluble vitamin is not produced or stored by the body, so it must be obtained through diet.
How does vitamin C support health?
· Supports the development and repair of the body's tissues*
· Is needed to form the protein collagen, used by the body to make skin, tendons, ligaments and blood vessels*
· Because vitamin C is an antioxidant, it can reduce cell damage caused by free radicals, chemicals and environmental pollutants*
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About Vitacost
Vitacost nutritional products are manufactured to high standards of quality, efficacy and safety. Each Vitacost product meets or exceeds the standards and requirements set forth in the FDA's Code of Federal Regulation (21 CFR, 111) Current Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMP).
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
* These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
As a dietary supplement, take 1 capsule daily with food or as directed by a healthcare professional.
Keep dry and at room temperature (59°- 86° F [15° - 30°C]).
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1/10Taylor Lautner:"The Twilight Saga: New Moon" star has come a long way in a short time. From small film roles in 2005 to the big time as leader o... Show More »"The Twilight Saga: New Moon" star has come a long way in a short time. From small film roles in 2005 to the big time as leader of the wolf pack Jacob Black. 'New Moon' will be released in theaters on Nov. 20. Until then, take a look back at the teen's cinematic progression...
-- Darcel Rockett, Zap2it.com
Hollywood Backlot: On the set of 'The Twilight Saga: New Moon'
Kristen Stewart: Life in Pictures
'Robert Pattinson: Evolution of Edward
Buy your 'Twilight: New Moon' tickets now
Watch the latest 'Twilight: New Moon' trailer
« Less
2/10Taylor Lautner at the 'Sahara' LA premiere in April 2005.
3/10Taylor Lautner at Camp Ronald McDonald charity event in Universal City in October 2006.
4/10Taylor Lautner at the Teen Vogue Young Hollywood Party in Los Angeles in September 2007.
5/10Taylor Lautner at Comic-Con in 2008.
6/10Taylor Lautner at the 'My Own Worst Enemy' premiere party in Los Angeles in October 2008.
7/10Taylor Lautner at the 2009 MTV Movie Awards
8/10Taylor Lautner at the 2009 CFDA Fashion Awards in New York City in June.
9/10Talor Lautner at the 20th Annual MuchMusic Video Awards in Toronto, Canada in June 2009.
10/10Taylor Lautner and Chace Crawford at the 2009 Nickolodeon Teen Choice Awards in August.:


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Whitmore, L; Slater, B; Catlow, CRA; (2000) Adsorption of benzene at the hydroxylated (111) external surface of faujasite. PHYS CHEM CHEM PHYS , 2 (23) 5354 - 5356.
Full text not available from this repository.
Using atomistic techniques we have investigated the adsorption of benzene at the external surface and sub-surface of purely siliceous faujasite. Our calculations reveal distinct optimal adsorption sites compared to those identified in the zeolite bulk crystalline environment. The magnitude of these external surface adsorption energies (30-43 kJ mol(-1)) is consistent with physisorption and therefore, at low concentrations and elevated temperatures, adsorbates will be bound transiently to the surface. Using a constrained optimisation procedure we have identified a minimum energy pathway for benzene diffusion from the external surface to the crystal interior, which shows an energy barrier of 18 kJ mol(-1) (compared to 31 kJ mol(-1) in the bulk) for the adsorption/desorption process. We therefore suggest that surface to sub-surface diffusion (and vice versa) is relatively facile and occurs on a shorter time-scale than bulk diffusion.
|Adsorption of benzene at the hydroxylated (111) external surface of faujasite
|UCL classification:
|UCL > School of BEAMS > Faculty of Maths and Physical Sciences > Chemistry
Archive Staff Only: edit this record


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Becoming a parent is one of the most rewarding things in life, but it does come at a cost. As you prepare to introduce a new child into your family, there are plenty of financial considerations. For those with limited financial means, there are a variety of programs available through Intermountain and state agencies.
Part of Intermountain Healthcare's mission is to provide medically necessary and generally available healthcare to the communities we serve regardless of a patient's ability to pay. If you don't have insurance, or if you need help in paying for care, contact the Financial Assistance Helpline and ask to speak with an Eligibility Counselor about Intermountain's Financial Assistance Program.
Through the Baby Your Baby program, financial help is available on a temporary basis to Utah women who are pregnant and do not have the money to pay for prenatal care. Baby Your Baby can help finance a pregnancy through a form of Prenatal Medicaid.
WIC is a nutrition program that helps pregnant women, new mothers, and young children eat well, learn about nutrition, and stay healthy. Nutrition education and counseling, nutritious foods, and help accessing health care are provided to low-income women, infants, and children through the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program, popularly known as WIC.


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San Francisco, CA (PRWEB) January 22, 2013
San Francisco, California (January 15, 2013) – In response to demand from both homeowners and people looking for vacation rentals, RezLux has decided to expand its premier home rental service to year round. RezLux will still have a highly curated portfolio of "America's Cup Ready" properties (see RezLux.com) in anticipation of the upcoming sailing event in the San Francisco Bay area. However, clients are seeking luxury home rentals, and the affiliated concierge services, throughout the year.
"San Francisco is one of the greatest cities in the world," said Charlie Martin, Managing Director of RezLux LLC, "and visitors come here every month of the year for culture, attractions, and great food in addition to world class events. To meet the needs of our rental clients, we simply had to extend our service to year round. While vacation rentals remain our major focus, we have even done longer term leases in response to requests from clients either relocating to the Bay Area or visiting for an extended period."
RezLux has succeeded, according to Martin, because the firm has removed the two most common risks in the home rental industry.
The RezLux level of service has convinced numerous homeowners to list their special houses with RezLux, resulting in a unique portfolio of luxury properties.
RezLux LLC is a firm specializing in the rental of luxury homes in the San Francisco Bay Area. The firm was formed in 2011 and its three professionals have over 60 years of real estate experience. For more information, see RezLux.com or call 415-689-6739.


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Better Off Dead 1985 720p BluRay x264-AMIABLE
AMIABLE has released 720p bluray of this well known classic 80′s comedy "Better Off Dead" with John Cusack.
Plot: Lane Meyer is a depressed teen who loses his girlfriend Beth. Her given reason for breaking up is: "Lane, I think it'd be in my best interest if I dated somebody more popular. Better looking. Drives a nicer car." Anyway, poor Lane is left alone and thinks up treacherous ways of killing himself. He finally meets a French beauty called Monique and falls for her. Simultaneously, he must endure his mother's terrible cooking which literally slides off the table and his disgusting next door neighbour Ricky (and his mum) while he prepares for the skiing race of his life – to get his old girlfriend back!
Genre: Comedy | Romance
IMDB rating: 7.1/10 (18,020 votes)
Directed by: Savage Steve Holland
Starring: John Cusack, David Ogden Stiers, Kim Darby, Demian Slade
Release Name: Better.Off.Dead.1985.720p.BluRay.X264-AMIABLE
Size: 4.41 GB
Quality: 1280×720, 4944 kbps, DTS Audio
Runtime: 97 min
Filename: better.off.dead.1985.720p.bluray.x264-amiable
Links: IMDB, Wiki, Trailer
Samples: Video sample
NFO: Here
Download: WUpload, Subtitles Search, Torrent Search


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Number of flu cases rose slightly, indicating season may be peaking
SAN JOSE, Calif. - Confirmed influenza cases in Northern California rose only slightly last week compared to the week before, signaling what could be the peak in the nastiest flu season in years.
The new number reported Monday comes just as state health officials distributed small batches of newly acquired flu vaccines to hospitals still crowded with patients fretting about their coughs and fevers.
Kaiser Permanente, the health giant that conducts flu surveys for the state health department, reported that 400 patients in its Northern California region tested positive for the influenza virus in the week ending Dec. 13 - up 3 percent from the week ending Dec. 6, when 390 cases were reported. The new figures follow a dramatic 70 percent spike in cases from late last month.
"It was going up, up, up and now it's leveled off," according to Dr. Roger Baxter, a consultant who oversees Kaiser's flu vaccine program in Northern California. "This is a good sign."
Still, Baxter said that 400 positive cases represent "a huge number," considering that at this time last year, Kaiser reported only one or two influenza cases this early in the flu season. Locally, the flu season peaks in January and generally runs through March. The Kaiser numbers also reflect only a fraction of flu sufferers, as most feverish and coughing people don't seek medical attention. The actual number of cases may be slightly higher as well since Kaiser has avoided testing borderline cases in order to save dwindling testing supplies.
People have been crowding emergency rooms in the Bay Area and across the country since seven children died from influenza in Colorado, four people died of flu-related illnesses in San Diego County, and a 7-year-old Bakersfield boy died last week of influenza. Though it hasn't tallied flu-related deaths from this year yet, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says that 36,000 people, primarily the elderly, die every year in the U.S. from the flu.
Epidemiologists, who track the spread of the virus, say the surge in flu cases is more pronounced this year in part because the vaccine is only partially effective against Fujian A, a variant of the Panama A strain present in this year's flu vaccine.
To help meet the unprecedented demand for inoculations, state health officials announced Monday they would ship 13,970 doses of flu vaccine this week to the local health departments with the highest rates of infection. State health officials said they would dispatch 500 shots to Santa Clara, 350 to San Mateo, 250 doses to Santa Cruz, and 400 vaccines to Alameda counties.
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services also announced Monday that it had purchased 375,000 additional doses of flu vaccine from Emeryville-based pharmaceutical company Chiron Corp. Federal health officials also signed a contract with MediImmune Inc. to buy three million doses of the nasal spray vaccine FluMist, which state and local health departments can purchase.
Santa Clara County hospitals said have been rationing flu shots for those people who are most at risk for complications, including the elderly, young and the chronically ill. FluMist has been approved only for healthy people between ages 6 and 49.


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Conversational Spanish Curriculum
Do your students need to know the rules of when to use "Ser" and "Estar"? Do you want them to study direct and indirect objects? Do they need to know exactly when to use the preterite and imperfect tenses?
What if your students simply wanted to say and understand basic small talk and general Spanish vocabulary? And they didn't have to study for several years and be bogged down with complicated grammar rules to get there!
Occupational Spanish Curriculum
Do you need something more specific than general conversational Spanish? Our ¡A Trabajar! series includes all of the benefits from the conversational Spanish curriculum, ¡A Conversar!, PLUS:
15% discount for 5-10 Guides30% discount for 11+ Guides


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Sewer rates to rise in Dunbar
Sewer rates are going up in Dunbar. The City Council okayed a sewer rate increase ordinance at their meeting last night by a vote of 5-3. The public hearing prior to the vote was packed, and most seemed to be against the rate hike. The average bill in Dunbar will go up by $4 to $8 per month. Dunbar is paying for a $12 million sewer project on its own, and the improvements helped drive the rate increase.
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Validated Methods
The promulgation of the Methods Innovation Rule (MIR) (70 FR 34547, June 14, 2005) allows for the use of any appropriate method for RCRA applications. These new SW-846 methods are intended to be guidance methods which contain general information on how to perform an analytical procedure or technique which a laboratory can use as a basic starting point for generating its own detailed Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), either for its own general use or for a specific project application. Therefore these methods can be used for any RCRA applications for which their performance can be demonstrated to be appropriate, ie. applications for which they can be demonstrated to work.
Method 1340 - Nov 2013
Method 1316 - Oct 2012
Method 1315 - Jan 2013
Method 1314 - Jan 2013
Method 1313 - Oct 2012
Method 8276 - Sep 2012
Method 9016 - Jun 2010
Method 4435 - Feb 2008
Method 4430 - Dec 2007
Method 8272 - Dec 2007
Method 8271 - Jul 2007
Method 8170 - Jul 2007
Method 3572 - Jul 2007
Method 3571 - Jul 2007
Method 6860 - Jan 2007
Method 6850 - Jan 2007
Method 8330B - Oct 2006
Method 8261A - Oct 2006
Method 8260C - Aug 2006
Method 3200 - Jul 2005
Method 3542A - May 2005
Method 9013A - Nov 2004
Method 9015 - Nov 2004
Method 5021A - Jun 2003
Method 8015D - Jun 2003
Method 5030C - May 2003
Method 8000C - Mar 2003
Method 8323 - Jan 2003
Method 3511 - Nov 2002
Method 3570 - Nov 2002
Method 4025 - Oct 2002
Method 5035A - Jul 2002
Method 8265 - Mar 2002
The following methods have been updated and published in Update V of SW-846: 3200, 3511, 3572, 4025, 4430, 4435, 5021A, 8000C, 8276, 9013A, and 9015. Method files and the notice can be downloaded, reviewed, and commented on at the RCRA docket at: regulations.gov. The docket number is RCRA-2012-0072
You will need Adobe Reader to view some of the files on this page. See EPA's PDF page to learn more.Method 1340 (PDF) (27 pp, 620 KB) [November 2013]
In Vitro Bioaccessibility Assay for Lead in Soil
Method 1340 is used to define the proper analytical procedure for the validated in vitro bioaccessibility (IVBA) assay for lead in soil. The method describes a leaching extraction procedure for the characterization of lead bioaccessibility in lead contaminated soil under field conditions. The sample is dried, sieved, and a portion is rotated in a buffered extraction fluid. The supernatant is separated from the sample by filtration and analyzed for lead by an appropriate analytical method (e.g., Method 6010 and Method 6020). The extraction is meant to mimic the process that occurs in the stomach when lead contaminated material is ingested. Knowledge of lead bioavailability is important because the amount of lead that actually enters the blood and body tissues from an ingested medium depends on the physical-chemical properties of the lead and of the medium.
At this time, this method has only been validated for lead-contaminated soil under field conditions and not for other matrices (eg, water, air, amended soils, dust, food, etc.)Method 1316 (PDF) (20 pp, 331K) [October 2012]
Liquid-Solid Partitioning as a Function of Liquid-Solid Ratio using a Parallel Batch Extraction Procedure
Method 1316 describes a leaching extraction procedure for a granular solid material at five specified liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S) values used to assess how constituent leaching varies with the relative leachant volume in contact with a solid material under equilibrium conditions, and at the pH generated by the test material. Assessment of leaching over L/S of 0.5 to 10 mL/g-dry provides estimates of initial leachate and pore water composition, as well as cumulative release up to L/S of 10 mL/g-dry for constituents of potential concern (COPCs). The L/S of 10 mL/g-dry parameter is common with the L/S of the Method 1313 (Liquid-Solid Partitioning as a Function of Extract pH) extractions. The method also allows identification of the mode of leaching for constituents (wash out of highly soluble salts or solubility limited leaching) and estimation of constituent depletion by leaching. The results of Method 1314 (Liquid-Solid Partitioning as a Function of Liquid-solid Ratio) provide more reliable initial leaching concentration source term data for groundwater fate and transport modeling. This method also may be used in conjunction with Method 1313 (Leaching as a Function of Eluate pH) and with Method 1315 (Mass Transfer Rates in Monolithic and Compacted Granular Materials) for mass transfer rate controlled release (i.e., diffusion) from monolithic or compacted granular materials, as needed.Method 1315 (PDF) (36 pp, 1.8 Mb) [January 2013]
Mass Transfer Rates of Constituents in Monolithic or Compacted Granular Materials Using a Semi-Dynamic Tank Leaching Procedure
Method 1315 is designed to provide the mass transfer rates (release rates) of inorganic analytes contained in a monolithic or compacted granular material, under diffusion-controlled release conditions, as a function of leaching time. Observed diffusivity and tortuosity may be estimated through analysis of the resulting leaching test data. This test method is intended as a means for obtaining a series of eluents which may be used to estimate the diffusivity of constituents and physical retention parameters of the solid material under specified laboratory conditions. This method is not applicable to characterize the release of organic analytes, with the exception of general dissolved organic carbon.Method 1314 (PDF) (26 pp, 480 K) [January 2013]
Liquid-Solid Partitioning as a Function of Liquid-Solid Ratio for Constituents in Solid Materials Using an Up-Flow Percolation Column Procedure
Method 1314 is designed to provide the liquid-solid partitioning (LSP) of inorganic constituents (e.g., metals, radionuclides) and non-volatile organic constituents (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dissolved organic carbon, etc.) in a granular solid material as a function of liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S) under percolation conditions, using an up-flow column. This test method is intended as a means for obtaining a series of extracts (or eluates) of a granular solid material that may be used to show eluate concentrations and/or cumulative release as a function of L/S, which can be related to a time scale when data on mean infiltration rate, density, and column height are available. The eluates may provide insight into the impact of organic carbon release and the influence of dissolved organic carbon on the LSP of inorganic constituents.Method 1313 (PDF) (28 pp, 641K) [October 2012]
Liquid-Solid Partitioning as a Function of Extract pH using a Parallel Batch Extraction Procedure
Method 1313 describes a leaching extraction procedure for a granular solid material at nine specified pH values used to assess how constituent leaching varies with leachant pH under equilibrium conditions. For many constituents of potential concern (COPCs), solubility and the extent of constituent partitioning into contacting water varies with pH; the pH of leachant in the field may also vary over the range of plausible management (disposal or reuse) options. This test provides information on the intrinsic leaching potential at different pH values, and allows evaluation of leaching potential over the range of plausible field pH values. This method also may be used in conjunction with Method 1314 (Liquid-Solid Partitioning as a Function of Liquid-Solid Ratio) or 1316 (Leaching as a Function of Liquid-to-Solid Ratio) for percolation through granular materials and with Method 1315 (Mass Transfer Rates in Monolithic and Compacted Granular Materials) for mass transfer rate controlled release (i.e., diffusion) from monolithic or compacted granular materials, as needed.Method 8276 (PDF) (60 pp, 492K) [September 2012]
Toxaphene and Toxaphene Congeners by Gas Chromatography/Negative Ion Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry (GC-NICI/MS)
This determinative method is used to measure the concentrations of various toxaphene congeners and technical toxaphene (along with the possible addition of other toxaphene congeners and compounds from Method 8081) in extracts from solid and liquid matrices, using fused-silica, open-tubular capillary columns with negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (NICI/MS). This approach emphasizes the analytical conditions recommended for technical toxaphene and for toxaphene congeners as compared to weathered toxaphene. Technical toxaphene can be definitively quantitated by NICI/MS while weathered toxaphene may only appear to be present based on the detection of ions found in toxaphene or the presence of known degradation products of toxaphene (e.g., Hx-Sed and Hp-Sed).
Analysis of toxaphene (a mixture of polychlorinated monoterpenes) involves monitoring a series of ions representing various congener groups found in the mixture and integrating all of these signals for a total toxaphene response. Individual toxaphene congeners are quantitated using the primary ion and confirmed by their secondary ions.
Method 9016 (PDF) (30 pp, 544K) [June 2010]
Free Cyanide in Water, Soils and Solid Wastes by Microdiffusion
This determinative method is used to measure free cyanide in wastewaters, ground waters, surface waters, drinking waters, soils and solid wastes. This test method reports the cyanide that dissociates from simple cyanides or weakly-bound metal cyanide complexes at room temperature, from a solution at pH 6-6.5.
This test method does not determine strongly-bound metal cyanide complexes that resist dissociation, such as the hexacyanoferrates and gold cyanide, nor does it determine thiocyanate and cyanohydrin.
Method 4435 (PDF) (58 pp, 386K) [February 2008]
Method For Toxic Equivalents (TEQS) Determinations For Dioxin-Like Chemical Activity with the CALUX® Bioassay
Method 4435 is a bio-analytical screening procedure for dioxin-like compounds in soils/sediments. This method is based on the ability of dioxin and related chemicals to activate the Ah receptor (AhR), a chemical-responsive DNA binding protein that is responsible for producing the toxic and biological effects of these chemicals. Measurement of the level of activation of AhR-dependent gene expression by a chemical or chemical extract provides a measure by which to estimate the relative potency and toxic potential of these chemicals and/or extracts with resulting values expressed as Toxic Equivalents (TEQs).
Method 4430 (PDF) (21 pp, 161K) [December 2007]
Screening For Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins And Furans (PCDD/Fs) By Aryl Hydrocarbon-Receptor PCR Assay
Method 4430 is a procedure for the screening of Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) in soil and sediment. This method uses a commercially available Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay.. The AhR-PCR assay screens samples by their toxicity equivalent quotient (TEQ) by responding to individual PCDD/F congeners in approximate correlation to their toxicity equivalent factors (TEF). The TEQ measured by the AhR-PCR assay is the sum of the response from the individual congeners. There is a table which contains a detailed list of response factors for individual PCDD/F congeners. More information about the AhR-PCR assay can be found at the manufacturer's website link in the method.
Method 8272
(PDF) (34 pp, 266K) [December 2007]
Parent and Alkyl Polycyclic Aromatics In Sediment Pore Water By Solid-Phase Microextraction And Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry In Selected Ion Monitoring Mode
The EPA narcosis model for benthic organisms in sediments contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is based on the concentrations of dissolved PAHs in the interstitial water or pore water in sediment. Method 8272 covers the separation of pore water from PAH-impacted sediment samples, the removal of colloids, and the subsequent measurement of dissolved concentrations of the 10-parent PAHs and two alkylated daughter PAHs in the pore water samples. This method directly determines the concentrations of dissolved PAHs in environmental sediment pore water, groundwater, and other water samples using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for static sample collection followed by desorption into a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a mass spectrometric (MS) detector operated in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode for analyte identification and quantitation.
Method 8271 (PDF) (20 pp, 237K) [July 2007]
Assay of Chemical Agents in Solid and Aqueous Samples by Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometry, Electron Impact (GC/MS/EI)
Method 8271 describes the analysis of chemical agents in aqueous and solid samples by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The method has been applied to concrete, charcoal, wood, water, brine, ash, coral, sand, and soil. It involves introduction of the sample into gas chromatograph with mass spectrometric detector. Samples can either be directly injected or desorbed from a solid sorbent. Potential extraction techniques include Methods 3571 and 3572. This determinative method may also be applicable to other chemically similar compounds and chemical agent degradation products.
Method 8170 (PDF) (18 pp, 205K) [July 2007]
Assay of Chemical Agents in Solid and Aqueous Samples by Gas Chromatography/Flame Photometric Detection (GC/FPD)
Method 8170 describes the analysis of chemical agents in aqueous and solid samples by gas chromatography/flame photometric detection (GCFPD). The method has been applied to concrete, charcoal, wood, water, brine, ash, coral, sand, and soil. It involves introduction of the sample into a gas chromatograph equipped with flame photometric detector. Samples can either be directly injected or thermally desorbed from a solid sorbent. Potential extraction techniques include Methods 3571 and 3572. This determinative method may also be applicable to other chemically similar compounds and chemical agent degradation products.
Method 3572 (PDF) (9 pp, 52K) [July 2007]
Extraction of Wipe Samples for Chemical Agents
Method 3571 (PDF) (14 pp, 139K) [July 2007]
Extraction of Solid and Aqueous Samples for Chemical Agents
Method 3571 describes the extraction of chemical agents from aqueous and solid samples using a microextraction technique. The method has been applied to concrete, charcoal, wood, water, brine, ash, coral, sand, and soil. Potential determinative procedures include Methods 8170 and 8271. This extraction technique may also be applicable to other chemically similar compounds and chemical agent degradation products.
Method 6860 (PDF) (31 pp, 219K) [January 2007]
Perchlorate in Water, Soils and Solid Wastes Using Ion Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization/Mass Spectrometry
This test method uses ion chromatography (IC) coupled with electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for the determination of perchlorate in surface water, groundwater, wastewater, salt water, and soil. Solids are first extracted prior to analysis using reagent water. Aqueous samples and extracts are filtered, and analyzed via IC/MS (with or without fragmentation) or IC/MS/MS. Perchlorate is detected and quantified using mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio 83 (or 99) for native perchlorate and internal standard calibration, based on the m/z ion 89 (or 107). Additional confirmation of perchlorate identification is provided by monitoring the abundance ratio of the isotopic ions, m/z 83 (or 99) and 85 (or 101). Method 6860 confirms perchlorate detection and overcomes many of the interference problems encountered when using IC/conductivity suppression analysis for perchlorate (Method 9058). The method allows analytical flexibility - a variety of chromatographic conditions and analysis options have been validated and are provided in the test method.
This method has not been fully validated for complex matrices, such as wastewater treatment sludges, using the recommended extraction procedure. Additional studies will be undertaken to confirm if alternative extraction approaches will provide more efficient perchlorate recoveries in such matrices.
Method 6850 (PDF) (27 pp, 143) [January 2007]
Perchlorate in Water, Soils and Solid Wastes Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization/Mass Spectrometry
This test method uses high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for the determination of perchlorate in surface water, groundwater, wastewater, salt water, and soil. Solids are first extracted prior to analysis using reagent water. Aqueous samples and extracts are filtered, and analyzed via HPLC/MS (with or without fragmentation) or HPLC/MS/MS. Perchlorate is detected and quantified using mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio 83 (or 99) for native perchlorate and internal standard calibration, based on the m/z ion 89 (or 107). Additional confirmation of perchlorate identification is provided by monitoring the abundance ratio of the isotopic ions, m/z 83 (or 99) and 85 (or 101). Method 6850 confirms perchlorate detection and overcomes many of the interference problems encountered when using IC/conductivity suppression analysis for perchlorate (Method 9058). The method allows analytical flexibility - a variety of chromatographic conditions and analysis options have been validated and are provided in the test method.
This method has not been fully validated for complex matrices, such as wastewater treatment sludges, using the recommended extraction procedure. Additional studies will be undertaken to confirm if alternative extraction approaches will provide more efficient perchlorate recoveries in such matrices.
Method 8330B (PDF) (60 pp, 285K) [October 2006]
Nitroaromatics, Nitramines and Nitrate Esters by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
There are three major changes associated with this method update:
- an update of information regarding use of up-to-date chromatographic columns and technology
- integration of Method 8332 analytes by inclusion of dual wavelength detector; and,
- addition of an appendix which addresses sampling issues for explosives and which contains many references.
This method is intended for the trace analysis of explosives and propellant residues by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a dual wavelength UV detector. This method provides a direct injection procedure for high level water samples, an extraction procedure for soils and sediments as well as a low level method for the extraction of water samples. The use of solid-phase extraction, Method 3535, has been shown to provide equal or superior results and is preferred for low level aqueous samples. All of these compounds are either used in the manufacture of explosives or propellants, are impurities in their manufacture, or they are the degradation products of compounds used for that purpose. Stock solutions for calibration are available through several commercial vendors.
Method 8261A (PDF) (99 pp, 487K) [October 2006]
Volatile Organic Compounds By Vacuum Distillation In Combination With Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (VD/GC/MS)
This is the version of this method that is recommended for use. It has been updated from the previous version to incorporate the latest available vacuum distillation equipment and has been made consistent with Method 8260C.
This method is based on a vacuum distillation and cryogenic trapping procedure (Method 5032) followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The method incorporates internal standard-based matrix correction, where the analysis of multiple internal standards is used to predict matrix effects. The normalization of matrix effects has the impact of making Method 8261 analyses matrix independent and allows multiple matrices to be analyzed within a sample batch. As a result, the calculations involved are specific to this method, and may not be used with data generated by another method. This method includes all of the necessary steps from sample preparation through instrumental analysis.
This method is used to determine the concentrations of volatile organic compounds, and some low-boiling semivolatile organic compounds, in a variety of liquid, solid, and oily waste matrices, as well as animal tissues. This method differs from the use of Method 5032/8260 in the use of internal standards to measure matrix effects and compensate analyte responses for matrix effects. This method is applicable to nearly all types of matrices, including water, soil, sediment, sludge, oil, and animal tissue. This method should be considered for samples where matrix effects are anticipated to severely impact analytical results.
This method can be used to quantitate most volatile organic compounds that have a boiling point below 245°C and a water-to-air partition coefficient below 15,000, which includes compounds that are miscible with water. Note that this range includes compounds not normally considered to be volatile analytes (e.g., nitrosamines, aniline, and pyridine).
Method 8260C (PDF) (92 pp, 324K) [August 2006]
Volatile Organic Compounds By Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry(GC/MS)
Method 8260C is a GC/MS method that is used to determine volatile organic compounds in a variety of solid waste matrices. This method is applicable to nearly all types of samples, regardless of water content, including various air sampling trapping media, ground and surface water, aqueous sludges, caustic liquors, acid liquors, waste solvents, oily wastes, mousses, tars, fibrous wastes, polymeric emulsions, filter cakes, spent carbons, spent catalysts, soils, and sediments. The RCRA analytes that have been determined by this method are listed in the table in Sec. 1.1
There are various techniques by which these compounds may be removed from the original matrices and introduced into the GC/MS system. The more common techniques are listed in the table in Sec. 1.1. Purge-and-trap, by Methods 5030 (aqueous samples) and 5035 (solid and waste oil samples), is the most commonly used technique for volatile organic analytes. However, other techniques are also appropriate and necessary for some analytes. These include direct injection following dilution with hexadecane (Method 3585) for waste oil samples; automated static headspace by Method 5021 for solid samples; direct injection of an aqueous sample (concentration permitting) or injection of a sample concentrated by azeotropic distillation (Method 5031); and closed system vacuum distillation (Method 5032) for aqueous, solid, oil and tissue samples. For air samples, Method 5041 provides methodology for desorbing volatile organics from trapping media (Methods 0010, 0030, and 0031). In addition, direct analysis utilizing a sample loop is used for sub-sampling from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) bags (Method 0040). Method 5000 provides more general information on the selection of the appropriate introduction method.
3200 (PDF) (28 pp, 215K) [July 2005]
Mercury Species Fractionation and Quantification by Microwave-assisted Extraction, Selective Solvent Extraction and/or Solid Phase Extraction
This test method uses sequential extraction and separation procedures to differentiate mercury species that are present in soils and sediments into four distinct fractions: extractable organic mercury, extractable inorganic mercury, semi-mobile mercury and non-mobile mercury. Extraction is accomplished with the aid of either microwave irradiation or ultrasound. Quantification of mercury in the different fractions may be performed using any appropriate determinative method, (e.g. Method 7473, 1631, or Methods 7470 and 7471). The test method also contains provisions for separating and quantifying individual extractable mercury species using HPLC.
3542A (PDF) (22 pp, 91K) [May 2005]
Extraction of Semivolatile Analytes Collected Using Method 0010 (Modified Method 5 Sampling Train)
Method 3542A describes the extraction of semivolatile organic compounds from samples collected by Method 0010. This method replaces the Sample Preparation section of Method 0010 (Modified Method 5 Sampling Train, also known as SemiVOST), which currently addresses preparation of Method 0010 train components for analysis with very little detail.
9013A (PDF) (10 pp, 90K) [November 2004]
Cyanide Extraction Procedure for Solids and Oils
Method 9013A is a procedure for extracting soluble and insoluble cyanides from solids and oil wastes prior to analysis using aqueous-based determinative methods. The resulting extraction solutions may be distilled and analyzed for total cyanide and/or cyanides amenable to chlorination (Methods 9010, 9012 and 9014) as well as analyzed for metal cyanide complexes (Method 9015). The method is applicable to oil, solid, and multiphasic sample matrices.
9015 (PDF) (51 pp, 396K) [November 2004]
Metal Cyanide Complexes by Anion Exchange Chromatography and UV Detection
This test method uses anion exchange chromatography and UV detection for the quantitative measurement of the individual anionic metal cyanide complexes of iron, cobalt, silver, gold, copper, and nickel in waters and solid waste extracts. There is no derivatization and little if any sample preparation. The analytes are measured directly in aqueous solution as the anionic cyanide complex species. Solid waste samples may also be analyzed through the use of a simple alkaline extraction procedure (Method 9013). Metal cyanide concentrations in the µg/L range are determined using on-line sample preconcentration.
5021A (PDF) (25 pp, 132K) [June 2003]
Volatile Organic Compounds in Various Sample Matrices Using Equilibrium Headspace Analysis
Method 5021 is a general purpose method for the preparation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in soil/sediment, solid waste, aqueous and water-miscible liquid samples for determination by gas chromatography (GC) or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The method is applicable to a wide range of organic compounds that have sufficiently high volatility to be effectively removed from samples using an equilibrium headspace procedure. It is particularly useful as the sample preparation method for fuel oxygenates when both the ethers and alcohols are target analytes of concern.
8015D (PDF) (37 pp, 202K) [June 2003]
Nonhalogenated Organics Using GC/FID
Method 8015D may be used to determine the concentrations of various nonhalogenated volatile organic compounds and semivolatile organic compounds, including fuel oxygenate compounds, by gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector (FID).
5030C (PDF) (28 pp, 167K) [May 2003]
Purge-and-Trap for Aqueous Samples
Method 5030C describes a purge-and-trap procedure for the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in aqueous samples and water miscible liquid samples. It also describes the analysis of high concentration soil and waste sample extracts prepared in Method 5035. The gas chromatographic determinative steps are found in Methods 8015 and 8021. The method is also applicable to GC/MS Method 8260.
8000C (PDF) (66 pp, 250K) [March 2003]
Determinative Chromatographic Separations
Method 8000C is not a determinative method, but instead provides updated guidance on analytical chromatography and describes calibration and appropriate quality control procedures that are common to all SW-846 chromatographic methods. However, more specific quality control requirements that are provided in the applicable determinative method will supersede those noted in Method 8000C. Method 8000C should be applied in conjunction with all SW-846 determinative chromatographic methods.
Recently, it has been brought to our attention that there is an inconsistency in the recommended use of standards for the Initial Demonstration of Capability between Method 8000C and Methods 8260C and 8270D. This memorandum (2 pp, 36K) is intended to eliminate this inconsistency which is due to the much earlier publication date of Method 8000C than of the two GC/MS methods.
8323 (PDF) (22 pp, 119K) [January 2003]
Determination of Organotins by Micro-Liquid Chromatography- Electrospray Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry
Method 8323 is the first product of an EPA project to develop a series of class-specific Electrospray HPLC/MS methods to replace the obsolete Thermospray interface currently used in Method 8321. When the project is complete, EPA will issue a single integrated Electrospray HPLC/MS method. Method 8323 covers the use of solid-phase extraction (SPE) discs, solvent extractions (for biological tissues) as sample preparation methods, and micro-liquid chromatography ( LC) coupled with Electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry (ES-ITMS) [this technique would also be applicable to ES-quadrupole mass spectrometry (ES-MS)] for the determination of organotins (as the cation) in waters and biological tissues.
3511 (PDF) (10 pp, 83K) [November 2002]
Organic Compounds in Water by Microextraction
Method 3511 is a procedure for extracting selected volatile and semivolatile organic compounds from water using a microscale approach which minimizes sample size and solvent usage, thereby reducing the supply costs, health and safety issues, and waste generated.
3570 (PDF) (9 pp, 74K) [November 2002]
Microscale Solvent Extraction (MSE)
Method 3570 is a procedure for extracting selected volatile, semivolatile, and nonvolatile organic compounds from solid matrices such as soils, sludges, and wastes using a microscale approach which minimizes sample size and solvent usage, thereby reducing the supply costs, health and safety issues, and waste generated.
4025 (PDF) (20 pp, 64K) [October 2002]
Screening for Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) by Immunoassay
This method is a procedure for the analysis of PolyChlorinated DibenzoDioxins and PolyChlorinated DibenzoFurans (PCDD/Fs) in soil at 500 ppt (pg/g). The procedure uses an Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) commercially available test kit containing a polyclonal antibody specific for PCDD/Fs. The EIA kit is designed for the screening of samples according to their toxic equivalent concentration (TEQ) by responding to the toxic PCDD/F congeners in approximate correlation with their toxic equivalency factors (TEFs). The test is capable of multiple congener recognition and preferentially targets congeners with high TEF values; i.e., those with the highest toxicity relative to 2,3,7,8- TetraChloroDibenzo-p-Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD). The final measured EIA response is the sum of the individual congener responses. This response correlates with TEQ because the immunoassay cross-reaction profile for PCDD/Fs correlates with TEF values.
5035A (PDF) (69 pp, 200K) [July 2002]
Closed-System Purge-and-Trap and Extraction for Volatile Organics in Soil and Waste Samples
This method describes a closed-system purge-and-trap sample preparation process for the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in solid materials (e.g., soils, sediments, and solid waste). While the method is designed for use on samples containing low levels of VOCs, procedures are also provided for collecting and preparing solid samples containing high concentrations of VOCs and for oily wastes. In addition, the method contains an appendix with pertinent information and appropriate references based on EPA's evaluation of currently available data and technology as applied to the most appropriate sample handling and preservation procedures in order to minimize the loss of VOCs during the collection and analysis of aqueous and solid materials, such as groundwater, wastewater, soils, solid waste, or sediments. These procedures are designed to minimize the losses of VOCs through the two most common mechanisms, volatilization and biodegradation.
8265 (PDF) (64 pp, 231K) [March 2002]
Volatile Organic Compounds in Water, Soil, Soil Gas and Air by Direct Sampling Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry (DSITMS)
This method uses direct sampling ion trap mass spectrometry (DSITMS) for the rapid quantitative measurement, continuous real-time monitoring, and qualitative and quantitative preliminary screening of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in water, soil, soil gas, and air. DSITMS introduces sample materials directly into an ion trap mass spectrometer by means of a simple interface (such as a capillary restrictor). There is little if any sample preparation and no chromatographic separation. The response of the instrument to analytes in a sample is nearly instantaneous. In addition, the instrument is field transportable, rugged, and relatively easy to operate and maintain.


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I was astonished by Barbara Preston's article 'Danger: children crossing' (Forum, 25 February). My surprise came not from her observation that buses are implicated in almost half the accidents to school children, but from the fact that she concludes from this that we therefore need more buses!
Nowhere does she even suggest that the sheer opacity of the bus, its unpredictable behaviour, its slow acceleration and deceleration, excessive fumes and ability to obscure the view ahead might be the cause of many of the accidents.
Major improvements are needed to the designs of buses. Their height should be reduced and windows made lower to allow other road users to see the conditions ahead. Their signalling should be improved. A left/right signal may mean that the bus is pulling out or merely moving off forwards (of some importance to a child or cyclist!). Their width should be reduced (and/or tapered) to ...
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This profile for A R Howard MD is located in Lubbock, TX. A R Howard MD industry is listed as Medical Doctor's Office.
Arthur Howard serves as the Medical Doctor
Key roles for A R Howard MD
Arthur R. Howard
Medical Doctor
Comprehensive Insight Plus Report
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|The D&B Comprehensive Insight Plus Report for A R Howard MD combines D&B's proprietary statistical scoring with business, payment and financial information all in one report.
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|The D&B U.S. Company Profile contains basic information such as address and telephone number, executive names and titles, line of business and SIC codes, D-U-N-S Numbers, organization status, and year and location of incorporation for A R Howard MD.


text:
19th February 2014
Exclusive: 70% of gay men believe that sex without condoms is more pleasurable 161
11:52 AM — New research exclusively published by PinkNews.co.uk shows 70% of young gay men believe that sex without condoms is more pleasurable and exciting.
30th August 2013
Comment: I had unprotected sex and went for PEP, but am shocked by the lack of awareness of it 38
5:32 PM — Writing for PinkNews.co.uk Daniel Carter, reflects on being part-way into a month long course of PEP - Post-Exposure Prophylaxis - and expresses concern at the lack of awareness, particularly within the gay community, of PEP as an option for those possibly exposed to HIV.
21st January 2013
Study: 47% of gay and bisexual men admit to bareback sex 49
11:01 PM — A new survey of gay and bisexual men commissioned in the US shows almost half report having unprotected sex at some point.
21st December 2009
Exclusive: Eurocreme CEO speaks to PinkNews.co.uk about the bareback porn debate 19
3:09 PM — Max Lincoln, CEO of one of Europe's largest gay pornography producers 'Eurocreme', speaks exclusively to PinkNews.co.uk about his decision to stop producing bareback porn.


text:
|Dictionary of Old English
|Also known as:
|OEC; The Old English Corpus in Machine-Readable Form; Old English Corpus
Internet-delivered database. There are three ways to connect:
1. from a public computer in the University of Delaware Library
2. from a University of Delaware campus connection in your dorm, lab, or office
3. from an off-campus connection (University of Delaware ID required)
|The Corpus contains all surviving Old English material, excluding some variant texts. The texts have been divided into meaningful units, usually editorial sentences. The Corpus comprises over 3000 different texts, each of which has: a unique text number; a Cameron number (assigned in Cameron A Plan for the Dictionary of Old English); a "short title," used in the published microfiche concordance; and a "short short title" used to identify the text in the Dictionary of Old English.
|Full details of the sources used in compilation of the Old English Corpus may be found in these publications: A Plan for the Dictionary of Old English (Toronto, 1973) (PE273 .P5) and A Microfiche Concordance to Old English (Toronto, 1980) (Microforms - Microfiche no.395 Index).
|Permitted Uses:
|Terms and Conditions for Use of The Dictionary of Old English Corpus in Electronic Form
|For further assistance, Ask a Librarian.
|Related Resources:
|Middle English Compendium, ARTFL Project, Linguistic Corpora
|unlimited concurrent users
|Dictionary of Old English Project, Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Toronto


text:
Publication: Andreas Gehrke's ghostly photographs of dormant modernist buildings
There's something peculiarly haunting about abandoned buildings, particularly when they were once inhabited as the headquarters of sprawling corporate organisations. It's this strange ghostliness that German photographer Andreas Gehrke like to play on. He has spent years photographing the now dormant modernist headquarters of companies such as IBM, German newspaper Der Spiegel and department store Quelle Versand, which he describes as "playing a significant role in shaping the political, social and economic face of post-war Germany." His oddly beautiful images have now been compiled into lovely, simple publications, published by Drittel Book, and they're a real treat.


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Organizing your recipes in folders is a snap—just click on the Create New Folder link under My Tools in the sidebar. We've started you off with a few of our favorite categories, but feel free to rename, delete or add your own!
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The La Grange Police Deparment has set a city curfew for juveniles during the summer.
City ordinance states those under the age of 18 cannot be in any public place – including assemblies, buildings, streets, etc.) within the city during these hours: from 1 to 6 a.m. Friday and Saturday; and from 11 p.m. to 6 a.m. Sunday through Friday.
It also violates the ordinance for a parent to allow a juvenile to violate the curfew and they could face fines of up to $500 or jail time for more than one offense.
I love humble folks. When I think of humble folks, I think of Abraham Lincoln. I think of Hospice care providers who comfort the dying and grieving. I think of people behind the scene who make things happen. I think of my wife who always makes me look good.
Basketball: SHELBY SADOLSKY
Name: Shelby Sadolsky.
School: Kenwood Station Elementary School.
Sport: Soccer/basketball.
Age: 11.
Position: Forward.
Hometown: Crestwood
Accomplishments: The 11-year-old Sadolsky has been one of the standout campers this week at South Oldham High School Lady Dragons' coach Frank Wright's summer camp.
Wright said she may be the best natural athlete in the morning group and is a hard worker from the moment she walks into the gym.
The Ohio River Sweep, an annual riverbank clean-up for the Ohio River and its tributaries, will take place 8 a.m. to noon Saturday.
Residents of Oldham County can help cleanup the river at the Westport boat ramp.
For information, call Dave Barnett at 222-7872.
Members of the Ballardsville Fire Department are planning routine fire hydrant maintenance throughout the district beginning next month.
Anyone who has questions or concerns is asked to call BFD between 8 a.m. and 5 p.m. Monday through Friday at 222-1953.
Members of La Grange Fire and Rescue will test fire hydrants in the city and the district.
Hydrant tests are planned through Sept. 14.
During this time, residents may experience some water discoloration.
Anyone who has questions is asked to call LFRD at 222-1143.
Nathan Stumler, a South Oldham High School graduate, was named to the St. Catharine College dean's list for the spring semester.
To be named to the dean's list at St. Catharine, students must earn at least a 3.5 grade-point average.
A local writer and historian who has worked with the Oldham County History Center will be featured on an upcoming TV program.
At 5:30 a.m. Monday and 2 p.m. June 25, Dr. E. Bruce Heilman, chancellor of the University of Richmond, member of the Campbellsville University Board of Trustees and CU alumnus will appear on a show on the Kentucky Educational Television channel – the university's "Dialogue on Public Issues" TV show, hosted by John Chowning.
Baptist Hospital Northeast hosted a groundbreaking ceremony for its Baptist Crestwood facility on June 10.
The $3 million, 12,450-square-foot facility is scheduled for completion in January 2010 and will house outpatient diagnostic imaging and physical therapy.
The facility is also the future home of the Baptist Medical Associates family practice of Donna Gatewood, M.D., and Richard Hefner, D.O., FAAFP and other physician offices.
Plans are to expand Baptist Medical Associates' staff and hours to provide walk-in and after-hours care.
One family's small vegetable garden could lead Prospect officials to change the city's fence ordinance.
During the last two years that he's tended to a vegetable garden in his yard, Bob Westerman said he's received no complaints from his neighbors, especially since they enjoy the fresh tomatoes, squash and peppers he shares.
But complaints made their way to the city council about the 6-foot row of trellises staked around the garden to protect his produce from deer.
Nancy Simpson, a former Oldham County educator, recently earned the Carroll County Board of Education Administrative Employee of the Year – Student Support Service Award.
After teaching 22 years, six in Oldham County, she left the classroom to serve as administrative coordinator at Carroll County High School.
Copyright © 2015
The Oldham Era is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Oldham County and LaGrange, Kentucky, and the surrounding area.


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|Physical Sciences, Mathematics & Engineering Division
|Winter 2014
|4 hours lecture, 3 hours laboratory.
|5 Units
|Total Quarter Learning Hours: 84 (Total of All Lecture, Lecture/Lab, and Lab hours X 12)
|Lecture Hours: 4
|Lab Hours: 3
|Note: If Lab hours are specified, see item 10. Lab Content below.
|Repeatability -
|Not Repeatable.
|Status -
|Course Status: Active
|Grading: Letter Grade with P/NP option
|Degree Status: Applicable
|Credit Status: Credit
|Degree or Certificate Requirement: AS Degree
|GE Status: Non-GE
|Articulation Office Information -
|Transferability: CSU
|Validation: 11/13/12
|1. Description -
|Introduction to mobile apps programming in Java for the Android. Coding topics include the Android SDK for Eclipse, the ADT Plugin, XML fundamentals and a survey of API methods and objects used to control the Android user interface. Concept topics include layouts, activity lifecycles, runtime binding, intents, location awareness, audio, video, OpenGL ES, and monetizing apps.
|Prerequisite: None
|Co-requisite: None
|Advisory: C S 1B or 2B.
|2. Course Objectives -
|The student will be able to:
|3. Special Facilities and/or Equipment -
|4. Course Content (Body of knowledge) -
|5. Repeatability - Moved to header area.
|6. Methods of Evaluation -
|7. Representative Text(s) -
|Zigurd Mednieks, et. al., Programming Android, O'Reilly, 2011.
Rick Rogers, et. al., Android Application Development: Programming with the Google SDK, O'Reilly, 2009.
|8. Disciplines -
|Computer Science
|9. Method of Instruction -
|10. Lab Content -
|11. Honors Description - No longer used. Integrated into main description section.
|12. Types and/or Examples of Required Reading, Writing and Outside of Class Assignments -
|13. Need/Justification -
|This course is a restricted support course for the AS degree in Computer Science.
|Course status:
|Last updated:
|2014-06-19 12:39:48


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Here's what we know — Bobby Frankel is ill. The Daily Racing Form reported last week that the only trainer to win five Eclipse Awards is at his home in Pacific Palisades instead of New York, where he normally spends his summers. Speculating on Frankel's illness or its severity is irresponsible and something we won't get into. There are all sorts of rumors and stories floating around out there that are just that — rumors and stories — and until they become fact, we won't comment on them.
What we will comment on is how we hope this is something that will not keep Frankel from returning to his training duties on a fulltime basis. Horse racing is a sport the 68-year-old Brooklyn native loves, and he's one of the best trainers I've seen during my more than 30 years following the sport. It's tough to put anybody up there with the incomparable Charlie Whittingham, but Frankel ranks right up there with the other greats of the past 30 to 40 years.
One industry icon, Dr. Jack Robbins, president and founding director of the Oak Tree Racing Association and one of the most respected track veterinarians in the business before his retirement more than 20 years ago, told me recently that Frankel just might be the best trainer he's ever worked for. That's high praise indeed.
"I worked with Bobby when he first got to California and I worked with him until I retired," Robbins said. "He's a very astute, if not diplomatic, horse trainer. Bobby, I wouldn't want him to hear it, but he probably was the best trainer I ever worked for. He has a knack with a horse. You don't know why, because he's never been able to get on a horse to my knowledge, but he seems to know what to do with a horse at the right time. He was a little bit of an ornery guy with his owners, but he was very pleasant as far as I was concerned."
Word of Frankel's sickness comes at a time when he's struggling to win races, particularly at Hollywood Park. Heading into the final week of the 55-day meet, Frankel's horses have won only once in 35 tries, and that was a victory by Midships in the Whittingham Handicap on June 6. On Saturday, a pair of Frankel runners finished fourth in the two stakes — Mast Track in the $700,000 Hollywood Gold Cup and Visit in the $250,000 Royal Heroine Mile.


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Promentis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Promentis) is a pharmaceutical company which develops novel compounds for the treatment of schizophrenia and other central nervous system disorders. Promentis utilizes an array of technologies in its drug development activities. The company's drug development effort concentrates on the neurotransmitter glutamate and its critical role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and other diseases. The company is developing an effective first in class medication that addresses the pathological changes in brain functioning which gives rise to schizophrenia. Promentis is headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the US.
Full Report Details at
- www.fastmr.com/prod/774558_promentis_pharmaceuticals_inc_pharmac ..
Promentis is actively embarking on an effort to redefine possibilities in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. In line with this objective, the company secured a
Author:Bill Thompsone-mailWeb: www.fastmr.comPhone: 18008448156


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New WFO build in Northeast Florida
Well, the addictive nature of this forum has bitten me and caused me to go out and DO IT. I've started building my oven. I must say I am excited like a little kid. Much of my spare time is spent reading about refractory materials, how calcium aluminates work, what is the difference between medium and high grade firebrick, thermal mass, etc. In other words, it is an obsession. This new oven will be the 'cornerstone' of an outdoor kitchen plan. My only fear will be how to control the size of parties! All my friends are lining up their 2009 schedules to make room for Pizza nite at Joe's. This puts a lot of pressure on me to complete within a couple of months. I don't want to let down my friends :).
I started December 27, 2008 and hope to finish by the end of February. It's an aggressive schedule for a part-time oven builder, me thinks. Even more aggressive for a noob. You can take a look at my progress so far on my blog. Why am I doing a blog? I have no idea. I guess it's the cool thing to do. No one's hit the site yet. But one day it might be a famous blog. Go here to be one of the first visitors The 1425 Chronicles . The site has pictures, crappy as they might be since they are the product of my phone camera.
Thanks to Forno Bravo for hosting this forum and all the advice on it.
I would like to hear from fellow Floridians, especially if any exist in the NE Florida (Jacksonville) area.
Re: New WFO build in Northeast Florida
I'll skip your blog. Good luck on your build.
Re: New WFO build in Northeast Florida
Obsession eh? Well, you've certainly got the right attitude, your oven should turn out great! :)
I think the blog looks good... but none of the pictures of your oven came up. But at least I now know what you want your oven to look like.
Re: New WFO build in Northeast Florida
Hey Joe, Checked out your blog...oven looks great!
Nice to see another Gator on the boards!
Re: New WFO build in Northeast Florida
Great blog. Time to eat.
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My child has
Your opinion means a lot. We'd love to hear your thoughts on how we're doing.
Dr. Burgess earned her undergraduate degree from Baylor University in 1989. She went on to Baylor College of Medicine, in Houston, Texas, where she graduated in 1993 in the top 25% of her class. She completed her pediatric residency training at Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital in 1996.
After residency, Dr. Burgess began private practice with Texas Children's Pediatric Associates in Sugar Land, TX. In 1998 she moved to the Dallas area and joined Cook Children's Physicians Network, becoming the founding partner of the Flower Mound CCPN office. She is Board Certified by the American Board of Pediatrics and is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics.
Dr. Burgess met her husband in Houston, and they married in 1994. They have three children. She loves to spend time with her family, and enjoys scrapbooking, step aerobics, and church activities. They have been members of First Baptist Church in Flower Mound since 1999. Dr. Burgess has also been a member of the Flower Mound Rotary Club since 2000.
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text:
1st April 2013
Monday 1 April 7.30pm
Wigmore Hall, 36 Wigmore Street
London, W1U 2BP
Handel La Resurrezione HWV47
Julia Doyle soprano
Stefanie True soprano
Anna Starushkevych mezzo-soprano
Alexander Sprague tenor
Lukas Jakobski bass
Adrian Butterfield conductor
London Handel Orchestra
La Resurrezione, written for performance at Easter in Rome in 1708 at a time when opera
was banned in the city by the Pope, is a dramatic portrayal of the battle between God
(represented by an Angel) and the Devil after Jesus's crucifixion. This is one of Handel's
most colourful scores and the orchestra at the first performances was led by the famous
Italian violinist, Arcangelo Corelli.
Tickets: £30, £25, £20, £15 - THIS CONCERT IS NOW SOLD OUT
Booking will start online on 14 January and by telephone on 21 January for other Festival events.
This concert is already on sale.
Booking for this concert is through Wigmore Hall Box Office - 020 7935 2141
or online http://www.wigmore-hall.org.uk/
|Julia Doyle
|Stefanie True
|Anna Starushkevych
Alexander Sprague
|Adrian Butterfield
|Lukas Jacobcski


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Significantly, the rapid improvement of India-Japan relations is the result of many a factor including track-two channels which at times work better in improving business relations. The Parliamentarians' delegation which included Mithi is one of such efforts. The visit was organized by Indian industry body, Ficci, and is co-sponsored by
's foreign ministry. Japan
Mithi and other MPs met a number of senior Parliamentarians, government officials, business leaders, intellectuals and media personnel.
(In Picture: (On Top) Mithi in the backdrop of a Shinkansen, popularly known as Bullet Train. 2nd picture -- MPs enjoying Japanese Green Tea)


text:
Southborough police investigate attempted B&E
Southborough – On Thursday, Dec. 29, at approximately 3:58 p.m., Southborough Officers responded to a Ward Road residence for a report of an attempted burglary that had just occurred while one of the residents was at home.
The resident reported that two caucasian males broke a glass pane in the kitchen door, and then attempted to reach in to unlock the door from the inside. The resident came to the door, startling the suspects, who then fled the scene. Officers checked the area and requested assistance from the Ashland K9 unit, but were unable to locate the suspects. It is believed that they fled west on Ward Road.
The suspects were described as two white males in their twenties. The first suspect had dark hair and was wearing blue jeans and a blue hooded sweatshirt. The second suspect had hair that came down past his ears and was wearing blue jeans and a light-colored T-shirt.
If you have any information that could assist in locating these two suspects, contact Detective McCarthy of the Southborough Police Department at 1-508-485-2121.
Short URL: http://communityadvocate.com/?p=16960


text:
PUT those face creams away. You may be able to banish wrinkles simply by changing your diet, say researchers from Australia, Greece and Sweden.
Led by Martalena br Purba of Monash University, Melbourne, they studied 450 people aged 70 or more to see if there was a link between how wrinkly they were and what they ate. They found that those who ate mainly legumes, vegetables, fish, low-fat milk products and tea were the least wrinkled.
The magic ingredients for protecting against wrinkles seem to be vitamin C, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron and zinc. People with the most wrinkles lunched on full-fat dairy foods, butter, margarine, red meat, soft drinks, cakes and pastries (
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.


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CEDAR RAPIDS, Iowa - A rare parasite is giving people diarrhea for an average of 57 days.
Five Iowa counties are reporting cases of the parasite Cyclospora. That number includes Linn County, where three news cases have been documented. At least six people are suffering in Linn County. Those cases in Linn County bump the state total to 13.
Cyclospora is a rare bug. In the past two decades, only 10 cases have been reported.
Health officials say the best way to avoid getting sick from produce, such as vegetables or fruit, is to wash raw produce before eating it.
If the fruit or vegetable has a smooth surface, rub it with your fingers. For produce with a rougher surface, like cantaloupe or avocado, use a produce brush. A toothbrush will also work.
Cedar Rapids, Iowa News, Sports, and Weather
5 Iowa Counties Report Cases of Rare Parasite Cyclospora
Most Popular


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The Sangre de Cristo Arts & Conference Center serves as a valuable community resource, providing varied educational opportunities, quality visual and performing arts, and an artistic venue for celebrations.
Who We Are
One-of-a-kind, educational, inspirational, inclusive … the Sangre de Cristo Arts & Conference Center fits all these descriptions plus many more. Pledging art for all, this beautiful facility has held hands with arts education in southern Colorado since 1972 and never let go. We are a multi-disciplinary center for the arts located in Pueblo that also serves 17 surrounding counties. As an organization, we encourage people to bring out the best in others through high-quality art exhibitions, performing arts, dance arts, an award-winning children's museum, comprehensive arts educational programming, and space for meetings, performances and life events.
Our History
In 1972, the Sangre de Cristo Arts Center opened its doors with funding provided through a match between the federal Economic Development Agency and Pueblo County. In the past 30 years, we have enjoyed great success in achieving our mission, and have seen phenomenal growth in the process. The original two-building complex housed a single gallery, a 500-seat theater, studio/classroom spaces, a dance studio and a conference/banquet facility. In 1982, we completed our first expansion, funded by Puebloan Helen T. White, adding three galleries, a gift shop and a small children's museum. The latest expansion resulted in our wonderful Buell Children's Museum and Jackson Sculpture Garden. The Buell Children's Museum offers 7,500 square feet of interactive gallery space, a theater, a café and a gift shop. From an original staff of three and a budget under $100,000, the Arts Center now employs 15 full-time and 26 part-time employees—as well as 60 class instructors and 125 volunteers who work in many capacities—and has an annual budget of over $2 million. With the progressive addition of over 24,000 square feet to our original 65,500, the Sangre de Cristo Arts Center is now a stunning three-building complex, offering all of the arts for all of southern Colorado.


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Hotels/lodging near Lincoln Park Zoo are listed below sorted in the order of their distance (closest at the top). Explore our hotels/motels to find accommodations near Lincoln Park Zoo in Magnificent Mile - River North IL for your upcoming individual or group travel.
We list the best lodging close to Lincoln Park Zoo so you can review the discounted Magnificent Mile - River North IL hotels & motels below and book your perfect hotel. Booking 5+ Rooms for a group? Reserve a Magnificent Mile - River North IL discounted group rate
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Motorcycle Industry is Doomed
View Single Post
Joined: Nov 2010
Oddometer: 48
most young people around here make 7.25-9.00 /hr... the few 5% get lucky and make 10+/hr. if you have a full time job you're a lucky bastard.
I dont know about the rest of you guys around the U.S., but every factory wants to hire us young guys as temps for 8.00 / hr no benefits. retail wants to pay 7.60 /hr and fast food wants to pay 7.25. my college classes went up 30% this year, my books are all well over $150.. each. The cheapest apartment i found was 550 /mnth... if i paid electric and water... cheap cars out the door are over 20,000 now. Insurance for a USED car is 100/mnth + until we're 25 years old. Ive lost a lot of weight surviving on 2 dollars per day for food. haha
young people are doing college with loans they'll pay back later, buying cars with money they don't have, and borrowing money off their parents/friends to pay rent.
hard to pay for a bike when my generation is bringing home 250-400 dollars every 2 weeks. Everyone that rides around here has gray hair.
edit: oh i failed to mention, several people i graduated with never took the driver's ed class. many of them still don't drive. heck, my sister doesn't even drive and she's 22.... come to think of it, I bet 1 in 4 of my friends doesnt have a license. not because they got suspended, but because they just never bothered. it's too expensive to own a car. I bet this is happening all over the country, especially in the city.
I bet this is the worst time in U.S. history to be a young person. In 1968, when minimum wage was 1.80, gas was 25c per gallon. so, 1 hour of work could pay for 7 gallons of gas. you'd be lucky to get 2 gallons for 1 hour now... a mid grade car back then, like a chevy bel air, was around 2700 dollars. at 1.80, it took roughly 1500 hours to pay it off. today a midgrade chevy, like a malibu, around 25,000 dollars, would take roughly 3,500 hours to pay off at minimum wage.
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NO ONE saw it coming. Three months ago the rulers of Tunisia and Egypt, Libya and Bahrain seemed firmly in control. Dissent of any kind, let alone revolutionary change, was nowhere on the horizon. Now it's anybody's guess which country will be next.
This is not unusual. The US military tries to predict political instability, and the results, while secret, have apparently been poor. "We have never once gotten it right," Robert Gates, US Secretary of Defense, said last week.
Scientists who study mathematically complex systems claim we can do better. They are planning to study recent events to devise better ways to predict a fall.
Complex systems with many interrelated variables, such as ecosystems or societies, can accumulate stresses while showing no obvious change - until they reach a point where a small stress can trigger a sudden shift to another stable state. For example, forests accumulate kindling until a spark ignites a fire.
According to Yaneer Bar-Yam, who heads the New England Complex Systems Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the stresses of poverty, unemployment and an absence of government accountability built up in Middle Eastern countries with a large "youth bulge" of young adults without jobs, children or prospects. Then spiking food prices and the public suicide of one young Tunisian triggered revolution.
The key to predicting regime shifts, says Marten Scheffer of the University of Wageningen in the Netherlands, is to look beyond individual behaviour to seek simple laws that describe a population's collective behaviour.
Bar-Yam has previously used mathematical models to predict violence between ethnic groups. Though the system's mathematics was complex, it yielded a simple result: ethnic violence flares when enclaves are a certain size. This successfully modelled 90 per cent of recent ethnic conflicts in India, Kenya, central Asia and former Yugoslavia (Science, DOI: 10:1126/science.1142734). With the right data we can model other social changes, he says - though good social data may be hard to find.
Scheffer, however, believes such data may not be necessary. "All complex systems exhibit certain symptoms before a regime shift," he says, including slower responses to small changes, and a tendency for all players to behave similarly. Bar-Yam has found this behaviour pattern in the lead-up to market crashes. Scheffer is launching research to look for such symptoms in social systems, including the Middle East.
In the past, Scheffer says, analysts focused on the trigger that sparks change, rather than the underlying system. "We cannot predict the spark," he says, "but we can say when a forest has accumulated dangerous levels of kindling." Repressing revolution is not the way to achieve stability, he adds. It would be like preventing small forest fires, allowing kindling to accumulate until a big fire breaks out. But uncovering the symptoms of instability may warn societies to reform themselves before revolution happens.
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You may be wondering, if carrots can be problematic to grow, what is it that makes them worth the extra care they require?
Carrots are a household favorite for most families and are one of the most common vegetables found at Farmer's Markets.
Carrots are a household favorite for most families and are one of the most common vegetables found at Farmer's Markets.
1. By growing them locally, you're able to offer your customers carrots that are diverse in flavor and color; attributes not typically found in carrots at large grocery stores.
2. Bright orange roots are a great contrast in color for your market offering, especially when placed next to fresh green products such as lettuce, spinach, or kale. Carrot colors can range from white to yellow, red to purple, and of course orange.
3. When grown correctly, a farmer's market carrot will taste much better than a store-bought carrot. At Johnny's we trial many new varieties each year and flavor is one of the most important criteria we evaluate. Each year there are many varieties that are rejected due to poor flavor. What we have selected for our carrot line are the best performing, and best tasting varieties available.
4. Depending on your locale, small-scale farmers can entice customers with carrots ranging from mini Nantes to small, round Parisian Market types. Baby vegetables are in high demand right now.
5. Carrots display extremely well at farm stands. There is something about a bunch of smooth orange roots, and fresh green tops that looks very tempting to customers.
At Johnny's, we offer a number of different types of carrots, from Nantes to Imperators. Let's discuss the advantages and disadvantages to each type of carrot. We'll also cover the key defining characteristics of each type.
1. Nantes: these carrots have cigar-shaped roots with blunt tips. Some varieties are more pointed and not as blunt-tipped as others. There are varieties galore within the Nante group, ranging in length and width. Some Nantes have slender, pencil-thick roots, while others have mini roots (3-4") or large roots (7-8"), and all sizes in between. Nantes is very popular in Europe, as well as around the world.
2. Chantenay: these carrots have wedge-shaped, tapered roots and are broad shouldered. They also typically have pointed to slightly-rounded tips. Chantenay types tend to have very strong tops and can typically perform well in heavy soils due to their shape. They're popular in Europe, Asia, and South America.
3. Kuroda: Kuroda carrots are similar in shape to the Chantenays; however, they typically have more bulk or weight, and are more rounded at the tip of the root. These are commonly grown in Asia.
4. Imperator: Imperator carrots have long slender roots that often reach lengths of 10" or more. These perform best in deep, light soils so that the roots can grow straight and long without small obstructions distorting the shape. Imperators are very popular in the U.S. in the industrial segment. This is also the type of carrot commonly sold as a "baby" carrot by slicing and shaving down to a baby size.
There are many opportunities to market your carrot offerings to set yourself apart from other growers. One way to do this is to offer your customers a selection of baby carrots, as these crops are in high demand right now. Another marketing approach is to expand your offering of colored carrots.
True baby carrots differ from carrots that are harvested prematurely since true baby types are harvested at full maturity. They also differ from the store bought "baby" carrots, which are actually full-sized carrots that have been sliced into smaller lengths and then shaved to achieve the desired size and shape.
Some major advantages to offering true baby carrots are:· Because they're grown to full maturity, their flavor will be fully developed.
· They can be sold as bunches or with partial tops which helps prevent the roots from drying out. Also, if you market baby carrots with their tops attached, consumers can easily distinguish them from the packaged "baby" carrots.
· Baby carrots have a range of market audiences. They appeal to children who eat them as value-added snacks, parents who purchase bunches for nutritious meals at home, and chefs for a variety of restaurant entrees.
Johnny's offers 3 baby or mini carrots in 3 different types and shapes:· Adelaide: a true baby Nantes (3-4"). Adelaide is small, with short tops which allow
for closer spacing.
· Atlas: a Parisian Market type; Atlas is a small, golf-ball sized carrot with round roots. Atlas must have adequate soil moisture to maintain its round shape. Dry soil will force the roots to elongate deeper into the soil in search of water.
· Caracas: a baby Chantenay, with approximately 4-4 ½" wedge-shaped roots. This carrot has strong, healthy tops.
considering ways to set your carrot display apart from your competitors,
consider thinking outside of the orange carrot box. Incorporating colored
carrots is a great way to add more color to your display. Colored carrots are
edible raw (though more palatable when cooked), and with new healthy trends
leaning towards not-your-typical vegetable colors, they're becoming more and
more popular.
|Purple Haze
Offering purple, white, yellow, and red carrots is a great way to draw people into your Farmer's Market stand. Also, chefs are always looking for new ways to interest their customers and colored carrots might be just what they are looking for.
- To learn more about carrot culture, including bed preperation, spacing, wedding and watering, visit Johnnyseeds.com
- To learn about carrot season extension, click here
- Explore Johnny's quick-guide to carrot pests and diseases
Leave a comment under this Blog and let us know what carrots you offer your customers, and which variety is your favorite!


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James John Turner, a 21-year-old nursing auxiliary in a geriatric ward at Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, had his employment terminated by NHS Grampian.
A health board investigation into the photo allegations is said to have started when an official complaint was made last Wednesday.
A police spokeswoman said: "Police Scotland are making inquiries into allegations of theft of property."