text:
Forman Christian College offers Merit Scholarships to the top three (3) position holders in any of the BISE seeking admission with us. These scholarships are 100% tuition fee waiver. The students still need to deposit the admission fee, securities, and the Lahore BISE exam fee.
In addition, Forman Christian College offers Merit Scholarships to those students securing the highest marks in their respective program as evidenced on the First Merit List. These marks must be higher than 85% in the Matriculation exam to become an eligible candidate for this Scholarship. These students will receive 75% fee waiver and will still need to deposit the admission fee, securities, and the Lahore BISE exam fee together with 25% of the tuition fee.
The number of scholarships in each area of study are listed as under:
Pre Engineering: 13
Pre Medical: 10
Computer Science: 5
General Science: 4
Commerce: 3
Arts: 2
Total Scholarships: 37
The first preference for the Merit Scholarships will go to the position holders in the various BISE applying to us followed by the highest marks as displayed on our merit lists. The scholarships are awarded to students whose names appear on the first merit list, upon the deposit of admission, security, and examination fees. If students on the first merit list do not show up for admission and seek a roll number by the deadline posted on the merit, their scholarship will be forfeited and offered to the next candidate(s) in line for that program. No appeals will be entertained by the college authorities in this regard.
Students applying in special categories are not eligible for the merit scholarship. Only candidates in the "OPEN MERIT" category will be considered.
The students receiving the scholarships must maintain:
- 75% or better attendance at ALL times in every class
- 80% or better scores on monthly tests and send-up and pre-board exams
- Good discipline record consistently
If at any time the student fails to meet any of the above criteria, the scholarship will be cancelled and the student will have to clear all the remaining tuition dues. No appeals to reinstate the scholarship will be permitted. It is the student's responsibility to make sure that he maintains a healthy record as above.
The scholarship will continue into the second year based on the first year board results. The student must score equal to or better in first year compared with his Matriculation result to have his Merit scholarship continued for the next year. All of the above conditions will apply in the second year as well.


text:
Thanks for visiting!
Ozark Family Practice is focused on providing high-quality service and patient satisfaction - we will do everything we can to meet your expectations.
Our on site Lab and Digital X-Ray is convenient for patients who travel to come see us. Walk-in's are welcome and we also offer in office procedures.
Just brand new we are now doing allergy testing and shots!
Look around our website and if you have any comments or questions, please feel free to contact us.
Accepting New Patients!
Hablamos español
We hope to see you again! Check back later for new updates to our website. There's much more to come!
Website Builder
provided by

subset: commoncrawl


text:
1. Introduction
This section is not normative.
A selector is a boolean predicate that takes an element in a tree structure and tests whether the element matches the selector or not.
These expressions may be used for many things:
directly on an element to test whether it matches some criteria,
such as in the
element.matches()function defined in [DOM]
applied to an entire tree of elements
to filter it into a set of elements that match the criteria,
such as in the
document.queryAll()function defined in [DOM] or the selector of a CSS style rule.
- used "in reverse" to generate markup that would match a given selector, such as in HAML or Zen Coding
Selectors Levels 1, 2, and 3 are defined as the subsets of selector functionality defined in the CSS1, CSS2.1, and Selectors Level 3 specifications, respectively. This module defines Selectors Level 4.
1.1. Module Interactions
This module replaces the definitions of and extends the set of selectors defined for CSS in [SELECT] and [CSS21].
Pseudo-element selectors, which define abstract elements in a rendering tree, are not part of this specification: their generic syntax is described here, but, due to their close integration with the rendering model and irrelevance to other uses such as DOM queries, they will be defined in other modules.
2. Selectors Overview
This section is non-normative, as it merely summarizes the following sections.
A selector represents a structure. This structure can be used as a condition (e.g. in a CSS rule) that determines which elements a selector matches in the document tree, or as a flat description of the HTML or XML fragment corresponding to that structure.
Selectors may range from simple element names to rich contextual representations.
The following table summarizes the Selector syntax:
|any element
|§5.2 Universal selector
|an element of type E
|§5.1 Type (tag name) selector
E:not(s1, s2)
|an E element that does not match either compound selector s1 or compound selector s2
|§4.3 The Negation Pseudo-class: :not()
E:matches(s1, s2)
|an E element that matches compound selector s1 and/or compound selector s2
|§4.2 The Matches-any Pseudo-class: :matches()
E:has(rs1, rs2)
|an E element, if either of the relative selectors rs1 or rs2, when evaluated with E as the :scope elements, match an element
|§4.4 The Relational Pseudo-class: :has()
|an E element belonging to the class
(the document language specifies how class is determined).
|§6.6 Class selectors
|an E element with ID equal to
|§6.7 ID selectors
|an E element with a
foo attribute
|§6 Attribute selectors
|an E element whose
foo attribute value is
exactly equal to
|§6 Attribute selectors
E[foo="bar" i]
|an E element whose
foo attribute value is
exactly equal to any (ASCII-range) case-permutation of
|§6.3 Case-sensitivity
|an E element whose
foo attribute value is
a list of whitespace-separated values, one of which is
exactly equal to
|§6 Attribute selectors
|an E element whose
foo attribute value
begins exactly with the string "bar"
|§6.2 Substring matching attribute selectors
|an E element whose
foo attribute value
ends exactly with the string
|§6.2 Substring matching attribute selectors
|an E element whose
foo attribute value
contains the substring
|§6.2 Substring matching attribute selectors
|an E element whose
foo attribute value is
a hyphen-separated list of values beginning with
|§6 Attribute selectors
|an element of type E in with left-to-right directionality (the document language specifies how directionality is determined)
|§7.1 The Directionality Pseudo-class: :dir()
E:lang(zh, "*-hant")
|an element of type E tagged as being either in Chinese (any dialect or writing system) or othewise written with traditional Chinese characters
|§7.2 The Language Pseudo-class: :lang()
|an E element being the source anchor of a hyperlink
|§8.1 The Hyperlink Pseudo-class: :any-link
|an E element being the source anchor of a hyperlink of which the target is not yet visited
|§8.2 The Link History Pseudo-classes: :link and :visited
|an E element being the source anchor of a hyperlink of which the target is already visited
|§8.2 The Link History Pseudo-classes: :link and :visited
|an E element being the target of the referring URL
|§8.3 The Target Pseudo-class: :target
|an E element being a designated reference element
|§8.4 The Reference Element Pseudo-class: :scope
|an E element that is currently presented in a time-dimensional canvas
|§10 Time-dimensional Pseudo-classes
|an E element that is the deepest :current element that matches selector s
|§10 Time-dimensional Pseudo-classes
|an E element that is in the past in a time-dimensional canvas
|§10 Time-dimensional Pseudo-classes
|an E element that is in the future in a time-dimensional canvas
|§10 Time-dimensional Pseudo-classes
|an E element that is in an activated state
|§9 User Action Pseudo-classes
|an E element that is under the cursor, or that has a descendant under the cursor
|§9 User Action Pseudo-classes
|an E element that has user input focus
|§9 User Action Pseudo-classes
|an E element that can possibly receieve a drop
|§9.5 The Drag-and-Drop Pseudo-class: :drop and :drop()
|an E element that is the current drop target for the item being dragged
|§9.5 The Drag-and-Drop Pseudo-class: :drop and :drop()
|an E element that could receive the item currently being dragged
|§9.5 The Drag-and-Drop Pseudo-class: :drop and :drop()
|an E element that cannot receive the item currently being dragged, but could receive some other item
|§9.5 The Drag-and-Drop Pseudo-class: :drop and :drop()
|a user interface element E that is enabled or disabled, respectively
|§11.1.1 The :enabled and :disabled Pseudo-classes
|a user interface element E that is user alterable, or not
|§11.1.2 The Mutability Pseudo-classes: :read-only and :read-write
|an input control currently showing placeholder text
|§11.1.2 The Mutability Pseudo-classes: :read-only and :read-write
|a user interface element E that is the default item in a group of related choices
|§11.1.4 The Default-option Pseudo-class: :default
|a user interface element E that is checked/selected (for instance a radio-button or checkbox)
|§11.2.1 The Selected-option Pseudo-class: :checked
|a user interface element E that is in an indeterminate state (neither checked nor unchecked)
|§11.2.2 The Indeterminate-value Pseudo-class: :indeterminate
|a user-input element E that meets, or doesn't, its data validity semantics
|§11.3.2 The Range Pseudo-classes: :in-range and :out-of-range
|a user-input element E whose value is in-range/out-of-range
|§11.3.2 The Range Pseudo-classes: :in-range and :out-of-range
|a user-input element E that requires/does not require input
|§11.3.3 The Optionality Pseudo-classes: :required and :optional
|an E element, root of the document
|§12 Tree-Structural pseudo-classes
|an E element that has no children (not even text nodes)
|§12 Tree-Structural pseudo-classes
|an E element that has no content except maybe white space
|§12 Tree-Structural pseudo-classes
E:nth-child(n [of S]?)
|an E element, the n-th child of its parent matching S
|§12.4 Child-indexed Pseudo-classes
E:nth-last-child(n [of S]?)
|an E element, the n-th child of its parent matching S, counting from the last one
|§12.4 Child-indexed Pseudo-classes
|an E element, first child of its parent
|§12.4 Child-indexed Pseudo-classes
|an E element, last child of its parent
|§12.4 Child-indexed Pseudo-classes
|an E element, only child of its parent
|§12.4 Child-indexed Pseudo-classes
|an E element, the n-th sibling of its type
|§12.5 Typed Child-indexed Pseudo-classes
|an E element, the n-th sibling of its type, counting from the last one
|§12.5 Typed Child-indexed Pseudo-classes
|an E element, first sibling of its type
|§12.5 Typed Child-indexed Pseudo-classes
|an E element, last sibling of its type
|§12.5 Typed Child-indexed Pseudo-classes
|an E element, only sibling of its type
|§12.5 Typed Child-indexed Pseudo-classes
E F or
|an F element descendant of an E element
|§13.1 Descendant combinator ( ) or (>>)
|1 or 4
|an F element child of an E element
|§13.2 Child combinator (>)
|an F element immediately preceded by an E element
|§13.3 Next-sibling combinator (+)
|an F element preceded by an E element
|§13.4 Following-sibling combinator (~)
|an E element that represents a cell in a grid/table belonging to a column represented by an element F
|§14 Grid-Structural Selectors
|an E element that represents a cell belonging to the nth column in a grid/table
|§14 Grid-Structural Selectors
|an E element that represents a cell belonging to the nth column in a grid/table, counting from the last one
|§14 Grid-Structural Selectors
Note: Some Level 4 selectors (noted above as "3-UI") were introduced in [CSS3UI].
2.1. Dynamic vs Static Selector Profiles
Selectors are used in many different contexts, with wildly varying performance characteristics. Some powerful selectors are unfortunately too slow to realistically include in the more performance-sensitive contexts. To accommodate this, two profiles of the Selectors spec are defined:
- dynamic profile
The dynamic profile is appropriate for use in any context,
including dynamic browser CSS selector matching.
It includes every selector defined in this document,
except for:
- The :has() pseudo-class
- static profile
The static profile is appropriate for contexts which aren't extremely performance sensitive;
in particular, it's appropriate for contexts which evaluate selectors against a static DOM.
For example, the
query()method defined in [DOM] should use the static profile. It includes all of the selectors defined in this document.
CSS implementations conformant to Selectors Level 4 must use the dynamic profile for CSS selection. Implementations using the dynamic profile must treat selectors that are not included in the profile as unknown and invalid.
The categorization of things into the "dynamic" or "static" profiles needs implementor review. If some things currently not in the dynamic profile can reasonably be done in CSS Selectors, we should move them.
3. Selector Syntax and Structure
3.1. Structure and Terminology
The term selector can refer to a simple selector, compound selector, complex selector, or selector list.
A selector list is a comma-separated list of selectors; see Selector Lists.
A complex selector is a sequence of one or more compound selectors separated by combinators.
A compound selector is a sequence of simple selectors that are not separated by a combinator. If it contains a type selector or universal selector, that selector comes first in the sequence. Only one type selector or universal selector is allowed in the sequence.
A simple selector represents an aspect of an element to be matched against. A simple selector is either a type selector, universal selector, attribute selector, class selector, ID selector, or pseudo-class.
A combinator represents a particular kind of relationship
between the elements matched by the compound selectors on either side.
Combinators in Selectors level 4 include:
"greater-than sign" (U+003E,
"plus sign" (U+002B,
and "tilde" (U+007E,
Fill in more combinators.
An empty selector, containing no compound selector, is an invalid selector.
Note: As whitespace is a valid combinator, no whitespace is allowed between the simple selectors in a compound selector.
3.2. Evaluating a Selector
This section describes how to evaluate a selector against a set of elements.
APIs using this algorithm must provide a selector, and one or more root elements indicating the trees that will be searched by the selector. They may optionally provide:
- a scoping method and scoping root. If not specified, the selector defaults to being unscoped.
a set of :scope elements,
for resolving the :scope pseudo-class against.
If not specified,
the set defaults to being empty.
If the selector is a relative selector, the set of :scope elements must not be empty.
Note: Note that if the selector is scoped, the scoping root is automatically taken as the :scope element, so it doesn't have to be provided explicitly unless a different result is desired.
- which pseudo-elements are allowed to show up in the match list, if any. If not specified, this defaults to allowing all pseudo-elements.
A selector is evaluated against some initial list of elements: the selector match list. The selector match list is initially populated with the root elements provided to the algorithm, and all elements reachable from them by traversing any number of child lists.
If the selector is scope-contained, the selector match list is immediately filtered to contain only elements that are either the scoping root or descendants of the scoping root.
The selector is processed from left to right in order, with simple selectors filtering the selector match list, and combinators and pseudo-elements changing the selector match list into something new. If the selector is scope-contained then after each combinator the selector match list must be filtered to contain only elements that are either the scoping root or descendants of the scoping root.
If the selector is scope-filtered, then after the selector is finished processing, the selector match list must be filtered to contain only elements that are either the scoping root or descendants of the scoping root.
After the selector is finished matching, the selector match list must be filtered to only contain elements and pseudo-elements allowed by the invoker of this algorithm.
When this process is done, the elements in the selector match list are the elements said to match the selector. If the order of elements matter, they must be sorted in document order, unless otherwise specified.
Note: Many implementations of selectors instead evaluate them right to left, as it's more efficient to do so in many cases. This, as usual, is completely valid, as long as it results in the same elements being returned as the spec's algorithm would.
The relative position of pseudo-elements in the selector match list is undefined. There's not yet a context that exposes this information, but we need to decide on something eventually, before something is exposed.
3.3. Data Model
Selectors are evaluated against a DOM tree. [DOM] Within this specification, this may be referred to as the "document tree".
In addition to the information present in the document tree, for the purpose of selectors, elements are assumed to have arbitrary pseudo-class flags and pseudo-element slots, as defined by the given pseudo-class and pseudo-element.
For another example, all elements have ::before pseudo-elements, but not only elements with shadow trees have ::shadow pseudo-elements.
Five aspects of a DOM element are especially relevant for selectors:
- The element's type (also known as tagname), which is a string.
- The element's namespace, which is a string.
- An ID, which is a string.
- Classes, which are strings.
- Attributes, which are pairs of strings consisting of an attribute name and an attribute value.
While individual elements may lack any of the above features, some elements are featureless. A featureless element does not match any selector at all, except those it is explicitly defined to match. If a given selector is allowed to match a featureless element, it must do so while ignoring the default namespace. [CSS3NAMESPACE]
When matching a selector against a document which is in quirks mode, class and ID selectors must be matched ASCII case-insensitively against the classes and ID of the elements in the document.
3.3.1. Guidance on Mapping Document Languages to DOM
The DOM document structure is powerful and useful, but generic enough to model pretty much any langauge that describes tree-based data (or even graph-based, with a suitable interpretation).
Some languages, like HTML, already have well-defined procedures for producing a DOM object from a resource. If a given language does not, such a procedure must be defined in order for Selectors to apply to documents in that language.
At minimum, the document language must define what maps to the DOM concept of an "element".
The primary one-to-many relationship between nodes—
Other features of the element should be mapped to something that serves a similar purpose to the same feature in DOM:
- type
If the elements in the document language have some notion of "type"
as a basic distinguisher between different groups of elements,
it should be reflected as the "type" feature.
If this "type" can be separated into a "basic" name and a "namespace" that groups names into higher-level groups, the latter should be reflected as the "namespace" feature. Otherwise, the element shouldn't have a "namespace" feature, and the entire name should be reflected as the "type" feature.
- id
If some aspect of the element functions as a unique identifier across the document,
it should be mapped to the "id" feature.
Note: While HTML only allows an element to have a single ID, this should not be taken as a general restriction. The important quality of an ID is that each ID should be associated with a single element; a single element can validly have multiple IDs.
- classes and attributes
- Aspects of the element that are useful for identifying the element, but are not generally unique to elements within a document, should be mapped to the "class" or "attribute" features depending on if they're something equivalent to a "label" (a string by itself) or a "property" (a name/value pair)
- pseudo-classes and pseudo-attributes
If any elements match any pseudo-classes or have any pseudo-elements,
that must be explicitly defined.
Some pseudo-classes are *syntactical*, like :has() and :matches(), and thus should always work. Need to indicate that somewhere. Probably the structural pseudos always work whenever the child list is ordered.
- The "elements" of the JSON document are each array, object, boolean, string, number, or null. The array and object elements have their contents as children.
- Each element's type is its JS type name: "array", "object", etc.
- Children of an object have their key as a class.
- Children of an array match the :first-child, :nth-child(), etc pseudo-classes.
- The root object matches :root.
- It additionally defines :val() and :contains() pseudo-classes, for matching boolean/number/string elements with a particular value or which contain a particular substring.
This structure is sufficient to allow powerful, compact querying of JSON documents with selectors.
3.4. Scoped Selectors
Some host applications may choose to scope selectors to a particular subtree or fragment of the document. The root of the scoping subtree is called the scoping root, and may be either a true element (the scoping element) or a virtual one (such as a DocumentFragment).
There are two scoping methods for selectors:
- scope-contained
- With this method of scoping, selectors match as if the scoping root were the root of the document: all compound selectors must be represented within the scope. (The :root pseudo-class, however, still only matches the actual root of the document.)
- scope-filtered
- With this method of scoping, a selector matches an element only if the element is within the scope, even if other components of the selector are outside the scope. (A scoping element is considered to be in scope.)
element.querySelector() function defined in [DOM]
allows the author to define a scope-filtered selector.
On the other hand, the selectors within an [HTML5] scoped stylesheet define scope-contained selectors.
Note: If there are no :scope elements when a selector is evaluated, the scoping root acts like a :scope element.
3.5. Relative Selectors
Certain contexts may accept relative selectors, which are a shorthand for selectors that represent elements relative to a :scope element (i.e. an element that matches :scope). In a relative selector, ":scope " (the :scope pseudo-class followed by a space) is implied at the beginning of each complex selector that does not already contain the :scope pseudo-class. This allows the selector to begin syntactically with a combinator. However, it must be absolutized before matching.
Relative selectors, once absolutized, can additionally be scope-contained or scope-filtered.
3.5.1. Absolutizing a Relative Selector
To absolutize a relative selector:
If there are no :scope elements and the selector is scoped to a virtual scoping root:
- If the selector starts with a child combinator, remove the child combinator. The selector is now absolute, with the additional constraint that the first compound selector in the selector only matches elements without a parent.
- Otherwise, if the selector starts with any combinator other than the white space form of the descendant combinator, change the selector to :not(*). This is the shortest selector that is valid, but guaranteed to match nothing.
- Otherwise, the selector is already absolute.
- If the selector starts with a combinator other than the white space form of the descendant combinator, prepend :scope as the initial compound selector.
- Otherwise, if the selector does not contain any instance of the :scope pseudo-class (either at the top-level or as an argument to a functional pseudo-class), prepend :scope followed by the white space form of the descendant combinator.
- Otherwise, the selector is already absolute.
To absolutize a relative selector list, absolutize each relative selector in the list.
3.6. Pseudo-classes
The pseudo-class concept is introduced to permit selection based on information that lies outside of the document tree or that can be awkward or impossible to express using the other simple selectors.
The syntax of a pseudo-class is a ":" (U+003A COLON) followed by the name of the pseudo-class, which is either an identifier, or in the case of a functional pseudo-class, a function potentially containing arguments between parentheses (similar to CSS functions).
No white space is allowed between the colon and the name of the pseudo-class, and as usual for CSS syntax, there are no spaces between the function name and its opening parenthesis. As usual for CSS syntax, white space is allowed arond the arguments between the parentheses of a functional pseudo-class, unless otherwise specified.
Pseudo-classes are identical to any other type of simple selector: they're allowed in all compound selectors contained in a selector, and must follow the type selector or universal selector, if present. Pseudo-class names are ASCII case-insensitive. Some pseudo-classes are mutually exclusive (such that a compound selector containing them, while valid, will never match anything), while others can apply simultaneously to the same element. Pseudo-classes may be dynamic, in the sense that an element can acquire or lose a pseudo-class while a user interacts with the document.
3.7. Pseudo-elements
Similar to how pseudo-classes represent additional information not directly present in the document tree (or that is inconvenient to use), a pseudo-element is an element not directly present in the document tree, used to create abstractions about the document tree beyond those specified by the document language.
Pseudo-elements can also represent content that doesn't exist in the source document at all, such as the ::before and ::after pseudo-elements which allow additional content to be inserted before or after the contents of any element.
The syntax of a pseudo-element is "::" (two U+003A COLON characters) followed by the name of the pseudo-element as an identifier. Pseudo-element names are ASCII case-insensitive. No white space is allowed between the two colons, or between the colons and the name.
Due to legacy constraints, user agents must allow ::before, ::after, ::first-line, and ::first-letter pseudo-elements to be written with a single colon rather than two, similar to pseudo-class syntax. Authors must always use the double-colon syntax for these pseudo-elements.
Pseudo-elements do not exist independently; they belong to another element on the page, called their originating element. When a pseudo-element is encountered in a selector as part of a compound selector, the part of the selector to the left of the pseudo-element selects the originating element for the pseudo-element; the part of the selector to the right, if any, applies to the pseudo-element itself. If a pseudo-element starts a compound selector, it's treated as if the selector to its left was the universal selector.
The selector ::first-line is equivalent to *::first-line, which selects the ::first-line pseudo-element on every element in the document.
Pseudo-elements are featureless, and so can't be matched by any other selector. They also do not affect the interpretation of structural pseudo-classes, which are evaluated based solely on real elements. Other pseudo-classes can match pseudo-elements, unless otherwise specified.
I've switched over to defaulting to allowing. Is that okay, or should we stick with defaulting to *not* allowing, and requiring individual pseudo-classes to specify that they work on pseudo-elements?
Pseudo-elements may have children, as defined by the specification defining them. Their children can be children of other elements, too, turning the selector match list into a directed acyclic graph, but their rendering must be defined so as to maintain the tree-ness of the box tree.
<div> <span>foo</span> <"shadow root"> <content></content> </"shadow root"> </div>
the selectors div > span and div::shadow ::content > span select the same element via different paths.
However, when rendered,
<span> element generates boxes as if it were the child of the
<content> element,
rather than the
<div> element,
so the tree structure of the box tree is maintained.
The host language defines which pseudo-elements exist and their meaning. [CSS21] defines the ::before, ::after, ::first-line and ::first-letter pseudo-elements which exist in all document languages.
3.7.1. Types of Pseudo-Elements
Pseudo-elements are divided into two categories: content pseudo-elements, text pseudo-elements,
A content pseudo-element "acts like an element". It might be able to generate boxes (though it probably doesn't by default), and all properties are valid on it. While it is ignored by structural pseudo-classes, it's otherwise treated exactly like an element inserted in its place.
The ::shadow pseudo-element is also a content pseudo-element, even though it never generates boxes. It does, however, act as the parent of the top-level elements in its shadow tree.
A text pseudo-element, on the other hand, never generates boxes. Instead, it generates fragments within the boxes generated by its originating element. Further, the fragments generated by a text pseudo-element can cross content boundaries of elements within the originating element. For these reasons, the properties that apply to text pseudo-elements are extremely restricted. Explain this better.
3.8. Characters and case sensitivity
All Selectors syntax is case-insensitive within the ASCII range (i.e. [a-z] and [A-Z] are equivalent), except for the following parts, which are not under the control of Selectors: the case-sensitivity of document language element names, attribute names, and attribute values depends on the document language.
Case sensitivity of namespace prefixes is defined in [CSS3NAMESPACE]. Case sensitivity of language ranges is defined in the :lang() section.
White space in Selectors consists of the code points SPACE (U+0020), TAB (U+0009), LINE FEED (U+000A), CARRIAGE RETURN (U+000D), and FORM FEED (U+000C) can occur in whitespace. Other space-like code points, such as EM SPACE (U+2003) and IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE (U+3000), are never part of white space.
Code points in Selectors can be escaped with a backslash
according to the same escaping rules as CSS. [CSS21]
Note that escaping a code point "cancels out" any special meaning it may have in Selectors.
For example, the selector #foo>a contains a combinator,
but #foo\>a instead selects an element with the id
3.9. Namespaces
Certain selectors support namespace prefixes. The mechanism by which namespace prefixes are declared should be specified by the language that uses Selectors. If the language does not specify a namespace prefix declaration mechanism, then no prefixes are declared. In CSS, namespace prefixes are declared with the @namespacerule. [CSS3NAMESPACE]
3.10. Invalid Selectors and Error Handling
User agents must observe the rules for handling invalid selectors:
- a parsing error in a selector, e.g. an unrecognized token or a token which is not allowed at the current parsing point, causes that selector to be invalid
- a simple selector containing an undeclared namespace prefix is invalid
- a selector containing an invalid simple selector, an invalid combinator or an invalid token is invalid.
- a selector list containing an invalid selector is invalid.
An invalid selector represents nothing.
4. Logical Combinations
4.1. Selector Lists
A comma-separated list of selectors represents the union of all elements selected by each of the individual selectors in the selector list. (A comma is U+002C.) For example, in CSS when several selectors share the same declarations, they may be grouped into a comma-separated list. White space may appear before and/or after the comma.
h1 { font-family: sans-serif } h2 { font-family: sans-serif } h3 { font-family: sans-serif }
is equivalent to:
h1, h2, h3 { font-family: sans-serif }
Warning: the equivalence is true in this example because all the selectors are valid selectors. If just one of these selectors were invalid, the entire selector list would be invalid. This would invalidate the rule for all three heading elements, whereas in the former case only one of the three individual heading rules would be invalidated.
h1 { font-family: sans-serif } h2..foo { font-family: sans-serif } h3 { font-family: sans-serif }
is not equivalent to:
h1, h2..foo, h3 { font-family: sans-serif }
because the above selector (h1, h2..foo, h3) is entirely invalid and the entire style rule is dropped. (When the selectors are not grouped, only the rule for h2..foo is dropped.)
4.2. The Matches-any Pseudo-class: :matches()
The matches-any pseudo-class, :matches(), is a functional pseudo-class taking a selector list as its argument. It represents an element that is represented by its argument.
Pseudo-elements cannot be represented by the matches-any pseudo-class; they are not valid within :matches().
Within a :matches() pseudo-class, default namespace declarations only have an effect on compound selectors that contain a type selector.
Do we want to extend this protection from default namespaces to other things?
*|*:matches(:hover, :focus)
The following selector, however, represents only hovered or focused elements that are in the default namespace, because it uses an explicit universal selector within the :matches() notation:
*|*:matches(*:hover, *:focus)
4.3. The Negation Pseudo-class: :not()
The negation pseudo-class, :not(), is a functional pseudo-class taking a selector list as an argument. It represents an element that is not represented by its argument.
Note: In Selectors Level 3, only a single simple selector was allowed as the argument to :not().
Pseudo-elements cannot be represented by the negation pseudo-class; they are not valid within :not().
The following selector represents all but FOO elements.
The following compound selector represents all HTML elements except links.
Default namespace declarations do not affect the subject of any selector within a negation pseudo-class unless the argument is an explicit universal selector or a type selector. (See :matches()for examples.)
Note: The :not() pseudo-class allows useless selectors to be written. For instance :not(*|*), which represents no element at all, or div:not(span), which is equivalent to div but with a higher specificity.
4.4. The Relational Pseudo-class: :has()
The relational pseudo-class, :has(), is a functional pseudo-class taking a relative selector list as an argument. It represents an element if any of the relative selectors, when absolutized and evaluated with the element as the :scope elements, would match at least one element.
<a> elements that contain an
<img> child:
a:has(> img)
The following selector matches a
<dt> element
immediately followed by another
<dt> element:
dt:has(+ dt)
The following selector matches
<section> elements
that don't contain any heading elements:
section:not(:has(h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6))
Note that ordering matters in the above selector. Swapping the nesting of the two pseudo-classes, like:
section:has(:not(h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6))
...would result matching any
<section> element
which contains anything that's not a header element.
5. Elemental selectors
5.1. Type (tag name) selector
A type selector is the name of a document language element type written as either an identifier or, if interacting with namespaces, a CSS qualified name (see §5.3 Namespaces in Selectors) [CSS3NAMESPACE].
A type selector represents an instance of the element type in the document tree.
5.2. Universal selector
The universal selector is a special type selector,
written either as the asterisk character (
or as a CSS qualified name
with an asterisk as the local name (see §5.3 Namespaces in Selectors).
It represents an element with any name.
Like a type selector, the universal selector can be qualified by a namespace, and is affected by a default namespace as defined in §5.3 Namespaces in Selectors.
Unless an element is featureless, the presence of a universal selector has no effect on whether the element matches the selector. (Featureless elements do not match any selector, including the universal selector.)
- *[hreflang|=en] and [hreflang|=en] are equivalent,
- *.warning and .warning are equivalent,
- *#myid and #myid are equivalent.
The universal selector follows the same syntax rules as other type selectors: only one can appear per compound selector, and it must be the first simple selector in the compound selector.
Note: In some cases, adding a universal selector can make a selector easier to read, even though it has no effect on the matching behavior. For example, div :first-child and div:first-child are somewhat difficult to tell apart at a quick glance, but writing the former as div *:first-child makes the difference obvious.
5.3. Namespaces in Selectors
Type selectors allow an optional namespace component:
a namespace prefix that has been previously declared
may be prepended to the element name separated by the namespace separator "vertical bar" (
(See, e.g., [XML-NAMES] for the use of namespaces in XML.)
It has the following meaning in each form:
- elements with name E in namespace ns
- elements with name E in any namespace, including those without a namespace
- elements with name E without a namespace
- if no default namespace has been declared for selectors, this is equivalent to *|E. Otherwise it is equivalent to ns|E where ns is the default namespace.
@namespace foo url(http://www.example.com); foo|h1 { color: blue } /* first rule */ foo|* { color: yellow } /* second rule */ |h1 { color: red } /* ...*/ *|h1 { color: green } h1 { color: green }
The first rule (not counting the @namespace at-rule) will match only h1 elements in the "http://www.example.com" namespace.
The second rule will match all elements in the "http://www.example.com" namespace.
The third rule will match only h1 elements with no namespace.
The fourth rule will match h1 elements in any namespace (including those without any namespace).
The last rule is equivalent to the fourth rule because no default namespace has been defined.
If a default namespace is declared, compound selectors without type selectors in them still only match elements in that default namespace.
@namespace url("http://example.com/foo"); .special { ... }
The .special selector only matches elements in the "http://example.com/foo" namespace, even though no reference to the type name (which is paired with the namespace in the DOM) appeared.
6. Attribute selectors
Selectors allow the representation of an element's attributes. When a selector is used as an expression to match against an element, an attribute selector must be considered to match an element if that element has an attribute that matches the attribute represented by the attribute selector.
Add comma-separated syntax for multiple-value matching? e.g. [rel ~= next, prev, up, first, last]
6.1. Attribute presence and value selectors
CSS2 introduced four attribute selectors:
- [att]
Represents an element with the
attattribute, whatever the value of the attribute.
- [att=val]
Represents an element with the
attattribute whose value is exactly "val".
- [att~=val]
Represents an element with the
attattribute whose value is a whitespace-separated list of words, one of which is exactly "val". If "val" contains whitespace, it will never represent anything (since the words are separated by spaces). Also if "val" is the empty string, it will never represent anything.
- [att|=val]
Represents an element with the
attattribute, its value either being exactly "val" or beginning with "val" immediately followed by "-" (U+002D). This is primarily intended to allow language subcode matches (e.g., the
hreflangattribute on the a element in HTML) as described in BCP 47 ([BCP47]) or its successor. For
xml:lang) language subcode matching, please see the :lang pseudo-class.
Attribute values must be <ident-token>s or <string-token>s. [CSS3SYN]
The following attribute selector represents an h1 element
that carries the
title attribute,
whatever its value:
In the following example, the selector represents a
span element whose
class attribute has
exactly the value "example":
Multiple attribute selectors can be used to represent several
attributes of an element, or several conditions on the same
attribute. Here, the selector represents a span element
hello attribute has exactly the value "Cleveland"
and whose
goodbye attribute has exactly the value
The following CSS rules illustrate the differences between
"=" and "~=". The first selector would match, for example, an
a element with the value "copyright copyleft
copyeditor" on a
rel attribute. The second selector
would only match an a element with an
attribute having the exact value "http://www.w3.org/".
a[rel~="copyright"] { ... } a[href="http://www.w3.org/"] { ... }
The following selector represents an a element
hreflang attribute is exactly "fr".
The following selector represents an a element for
which the value of the
hreflang attribute begins with
"en", including "en", "en-US", and "en-scouse":
The following selectors represent a DIALOGUE element
whenever it has one of two different values for an attribute
DIALOGUE[character=romeo] DIALOGUE[character=juliet]
6.2. Substring matching attribute selectors
Three additional attribute selectors are provided for matching substrings in the value of an attribute:
- [att^=val]
Represents an element with the
attattribute whose value begins with the prefix "val". If "val" is the empty string then the selector does not represent anything.
- [att$=val]
Represents an element with the
attattribute whose value ends with the suffix "val". If "val" is the empty string then the selector does not represent anything.
- [att*=val]
Represents an element with the
attattribute whose value contains at least one instance of the substring "val". If "val" is the empty string then the selector does not represent anything.
Attribute values must be <ident-token>s or <string-token>s.
The following selector represents an HTML a element
with an
href attribute whose value ends with ".html".
The following selector represents an HTML paragraph
with a
title attribute whose value contains the substring "hello"
6.3. Case-sensitivity
By default case-sensitivity of attribute names and values in selectors
depends on the document language. To match attribute values case-insensitively
regardless of document language rules, the attribute selector may include the
i before the closing bracket (
When this flag is present, UAs must match the attribute's value
case-insensitively within the ASCII range.
frame attribute when it
has a value of
hsides, whether that value is represented
hSides, etc.
even in an XML environment where attribute values are case-sensitive.
[frame=hsides i] { border-style: solid none; }
6.4. Attribute selectors and namespaces
The attribute name in an attribute selector is given as a
CSS qualified
name: a namespace prefix that has been previously declared
may be prepended to the attribute name separated by the namespace
separator "vertical bar" (
|). In keeping with
the Namespaces in the XML recommendation, default namespaces do not
apply to attributes, therefore attribute selectors without a namespace
component apply only to attributes that have no namespace (equivalent
to |attr). An asterisk may be used for
the namespace prefix indicating that the selector is to match all
attribute names without regard to the attribute's namespace.
An attribute selector with an attribute name containing a namespace prefix that has not been previously declared is an invalid selector.
@namespace foo "http://www.example.com"; [foo|att=val] { color: blue } [*|att] { color: yellow } [|att] { color: green } [att] { color: green }
The first rule will match only elements with the attribute
att in the "http://www.example.com" namespace with the
value "val".
The second rule will match only elements with the attribute
att regardless of the namespace of the attribute
(including no namespace).
The last two rules are equivalent and will match only elements
with the attribute
att where the attribute is not
in a namespace.
6.5. Default attribute values in DTDs
Attribute selectors represent attribute values in the document tree. How that document tree is constructed is outside the scope of Selectors. In some document formats default attribute values can be defined in a DTD or elsewhere, but these can only be selected by attribute selectors if they appear in the document tree. Selectors should be designed so that they work whether or not the default values are included in the document tree.
For example, a XML UA may, but is not required to, read an "external subset" of the DTD, but is required to look for default attribute values in the document's "internal subset". (See, e.g., [XML10] for definitions of these subsets.) Depending on the UA, a default attribute value defined in the external subset of the DTD might or might not appear in the document tree.
A UA that recognizes an XML namespace may, but is not required to use its knowledge of that namespace to treat default attribute values as if they were present in the document. (For example, an XHTML UA is not required to use its built-in knowledge of the XHTML DTD. See, e.g., [XML-NAMES] for details on namespaces in XML 1.0.)
Note: Typically, implementations choose to ignore external subsets. This corresponds to the behaviour of non-validating processors as defined by the XML specification.
Consider an element
EXAMPLE with an attribute
that has a default value of
"decimal". The DTD fragment might be
<!ATTLIST EXAMPLE radix (decimal,octal) "decimal">
If the style sheet contains the rules
EXAMPLE[radix=decimal] { /*... default property settings ...*/ } EXAMPLE[radix=octal] { /*... other settings...*/ }
the first rule might not match elements whose
radix attribute is
set by default, i.e. not set explicitly. To catch all cases, the
attribute selector for the default value must be dropped:
EXAMPLE { /*... default property settings ...*/ } EXAMPLE[radix=octal] { /*... other settings...*/ }
Here, because the selector ''EXAMPLE[radix=octal]'' is
more specific than the type selector alone, the style declarations in
the second rule will override those in the first for elements that
have a
radix attribute value of
"octal". Care has to be taken that
all property declarations that are to apply only to the default case
are overridden in the non-default cases' style rules.
6.6. Class selectors
The class selector is given as a full stop (. U+002E) immediately
followed by an identifier. It represents an element belonging to the
class identified by the identifier, as defined by the document language.
For example, in [HTML5], [SVG11], and [MATHML] membership in a
class is given by the
class attribute: in these languages
it is equivalent to the
~= notation applied to the
class attribute
We can assign style information to all elements with
class~="pastoral" as follows:
*.pastoral { color: green } /* all elements with class~=pastoral */
or just
.pastoral { color: green } /* all elements with class~=pastoral */
The following assigns style only to H1 elements with
H1.pastoral { color: green } /* H1 elements with class~=pastoral */
Given these rules, the first
H1 instance below would not have
green text, while the second would:
<H1>Not green</H1> <H1 class="pastoral">Very green</H1>
The following rule matches any P element whose
attribute has been assigned a list of whitespace-separated values that includes both
pastoral and
p.pastoral.marine { color: green }
This rule matches when
class="pastoral blue aqua
marine" but does not match for
Note: Because CSS gives considerable power to the "class" attribute, authors could conceivably design their own "document language" based on elements with almost no associated presentation (such as div and span in HTML) and assigning style information through the "class" attribute. Authors should avoid this practice since the structural elements of a document language often have recognized and accepted meanings and author-defined classes may not.
Note: If an element has multiple class attributes, their values must be concatenated with spaces between the values before searching for the class. As of this time the working group is not aware of any manner in which this situation can be reached, however, so this behavior is explicitly non-normative in this specification.
6.7. ID selectors
Document languages may contain attributes that are declared to be of type ID.
What makes attributes of type ID special
is that no two such attributes can have the same value in a conformant document,
regardless of the type of the elements that carry them;
whatever the document language,
an ID typed attribute can be used to uniquely identify its element.
In HTML all ID attributes are named
XML applications may name ID attributes differently,
but the same restriction applies.
Which attribute on an element is considered the "ID attribute" is defined by the document language.
An ID selector consists of a "number sign" (U+0023,
immediately followed by the ID value,
which must be a CSS identifier.
An ID selector represents an element instance that has an identifier that matches the identifier in the ID selector.
(It is possible in non-conforming documents for multiple elements to match a single ID selector.)
The following ID selector represents any element whose ID-typed attribute has the value "chapter1":
The following selector represents any element whose ID-typed attribute has the value "z98y".
Note: In XML 1.0 [XML10], the information about which attribute contains an element's IDs is contained in a DTD or a schema. When parsing XML, UAs do not always read the DTD, and thus may not know what the ID of an element is (though a UA may have namespace-specific knowledge that allows it to determine which attribute is the ID attribute for that namespace). If a style sheet author knows or suspects that a UA may not know what the ID of an element is, he should use normal attribute selectors instead: ''[name=p371] instead of #p371''.
If an element has multiple ID attributes, all of them must be treated as IDs for that element for the purposes of the ID selector. Such a situation could be reached using mixtures of xml:id, DOM3 Core, XML DTDs, and namespace-specific knowledge.
7. Linguistic Pseudo-classes
7.1. The Directionality Pseudo-class: :dir()
The :dir() pseudo-class allows the author to write
selectors that represent an element based on its directionality as
determined by the document language.
For example, [HTML5] defines how to determine the directionality of an element,
based on a combination of the
dir attribute, the surrounding text, and other factors.
The :dir() pseudo-class does not select based on stylistic
states—for example, the CSS direction property does not affect
whether it matches.
The pseudo-class :dir(ltr) represents an element that
has a directionality of left-to-right (
ltr). The
pseudo-class :dir(rtl) represents an element that has
a directionality of right-to-left (
rtl). The argument to
:dir() must be a single identifier, otherwise the selector
is invalid. White space is optionally allowed between the identifier
and the parentheses. Values other than
ltr and
rtl are not invalid, but do not match anything. (If a
future markup spec defines other directionalities, then Selectors may
be extended to allow corresponding values.)
The difference between :dir(C) and ''[dir=C]''
is that ''[dir=C]'' only performs a comparison against a given
attribute on the element, while the :dir(C) pseudo-class
uses the UAs knowledge of the document's semantics to perform the
comparison. For example, in HTML, the directionality of an element
inherits so that a child without a
dir attribute will have
the same directionality as its closest ancestor with a valid
attribute. As another example, in HTML,
an element that matches ''[dir=auto]'' will match either
:dir(ltr) or :dir(rtl) depending on the resolved
directionality of the elements as determined by its contents. [HTML5]
7.2. The Language Pseudo-class: :lang()
If the document language specifies how the (human) content language of an element is determined, it is possible to write selectors that represent an element based on its language. The :lang() pseudo-class represents an element that is in one of the languages listed in its argument. It accepts a comma-separated list of one or more language ranges as its argument. Each language range in :lang() must be a valid CSS <ident> or <string>. (Language ranges containing asterisks, for example, must be quoted as strings.)
The language of an element is defined by the document language.
For example, in HTML [HTML401], the language is determined by a
combination of the
lang attribute, information from
meta elements, and possibly also the protocol (e.g.
from HTTP headers). XML languages can use the
attribute to indicate language information for an element.
The element's language matches a language range if the element's language (normalized to BCP 47 syntax if necessary) matches the given language range in an extended filtering operation per [RFC4647] Matching of Language Tags (section 3.3.2). The matching is performed case-insensitively within the ASCII range. The language range does not need to be a valid language code to perform this comparison.
Note: It is recommended that
documents and protocols indicate language using codes from BCP 47 [BCP47]
or its successor, and by means of
xml:lang attributes in the
case of XML-based documents [XML10]. See
"FAQ: Two-letter or three-letter language codes."
html:lang(fr-be) html:lang(de) :lang(fr-be) > q :lang(de) > q
Note: One difference between :lang(C) and the ''|='' operator is that the ''|='' operator only performs a comparison against a given attribute on the element, while the :lang(C) pseudo-class uses the UAs knowledge of the document's semantics to perform the comparison.
<body lang=fr> <p>Je suis français.</p> </body>
For example, :lang(de-DE) will match all of de-DE, de-DE-1996, de-Latn-DE, de-Latf-DE, de-Latn-DE-1996, whereas of those ''[lang|=de-DE] will only match de-DE'' and de-DE-1996.
To perform wildcard matching on the first subtag (the primary language), an asterisk must be used: *-CH will match all of de-CH, it-CH, fr-CH, and rm-CH.
Note: Wildcard language matching is new in Level 4.
8. Location Pseudo-classes
8.1. The Hyperlink Pseudo-class: :any-link
The :any-link pseudo-class represents an element
that acts as the source anchor of a hyperlink.
For example, in [HTML5], any a, area, or link elements with an
href attribute
are hyperlinks, and thus match
It matches an element if the element would match :link or :visited,
equivalent to :matches(:link, :visited).
Any better name suggestions for this pseudo?
8.2. The Link History Pseudo-classes: :link and :visited
User agents commonly display unvisited hyperlinks differently from previously visited ones. Selectors provides the pseudo-classes :link and :visited to distinguish them:
- The :link pseudo-class applies to links that have not yet been visited.
- The :visited pseudo-class applies once the link has been visited by the user.
After some amount of time, user agents may choose to return a visited link to the (unvisited) ':link' state.
The two states are mutually exclusive.
footnote and already visited:
Note: It is possible for style sheet authors to abuse the :link and :visited pseudo-classes to determine which sites a user has visited without the user's consent. UAs may therefore treat all links as unvisited links, or implement other measures to preserve the user's privacy while rendering visited and unvisited links differently.
8.3. The Target Pseudo-class: :target
Some URLs refer to a location within a resource. This kind of URL ends with a "number sign" (#) followed by an anchor identifier (called the fragment identifier).
URLs with fragment identifiers link to a certain element within the
document, known as the target element. For instance, here is a URL
pointing to an anchor named
section_2 in an HTML
The :target pseudo-class matches the target element of the document's URL. If the document's URL has no fragment identifier, then the document has no target element.
This selector represents a p element of class
note that is the target element of the referring
*:target { color : red } *:target::before { content : url(target.png) }
8.4. The Reference Element Pseudo-class: :scope
In some contexts, selectors can be matched with an explicit set of :scope elements.
This is is a (potentially empty) set of elements
that provide a reference point for selectors to match against,
such as that specified by the
querySelector() call in [DOM],
or the parent element of a scoped
<style> element in [HTML5].
The :scope pseudo-class represents any element that is a :scope element. If the :scope elements are not explicitly specified, but the selector is scoped and the scoping root is an element, then :scope represents the scoping root; otherwise, it represents the root of the document (equivalent to :root). Specifications intending for this pseudo-class to match specific elements rather than the document's root element must define either a scoping root (if using scoped selectors) or an explicit set of :scope elements.
9. User Action Pseudo-classes
Interactive user agents sometimes change the rendering in response to user actions. Selectors provides several pseudo-classes for the selection of an element the user is acting on. (In non-interactive user agents, these pseudo-classes are valid, but never match any element.)
These pseudo-classes are not mutually exclusive. An element may match several pseudo-classes at the same time.
a:link /* unvisited links */ a:visited /* visited links */ a:hover /* user hovers */ a:active /* active links */
An example of combining dynamic pseudo-classes:
a:focus a:focus:hover
The last selector matches a elements that are in the pseudo-class :focus and in the pseudo-class :hover.
Note: The specifics of hit-testing, necessary to know when several of the pseudo-classes defined in this section apply, are not yet defined, but will be in the future.
9.1. The Pointer Hover Pseudo-class: :hover
The :hover pseudo-class applies while the user designates an element with a pointing device, but does not necessarily activate it. For example, a visual user agent could apply this pseudo-class when the cursor (mouse pointer) hovers over a box generated by the element. Interactive user agents that cannot detect hovering due to hardware limitations (e.g., a pen device that does not detect hovering) are still conforming.
The parent of an element that matches :hover also matches :hover.
Note: When an element that is :hover is in a shadow tree, the host element (and its parents) are also in the :hover state. (See [css-scoping-1])
Host languages may define additional ways in which an element can match :hover.
For example, [HTML5] defines a labeled control element as matching
when its label is hovered.
Note: Since the ':hover' state can apply to an element because its child is designated by a pointing device, then it is possible for ':hover' to apply to an element that is not underneath the pointing device.
The :hover pseudo-class can apply to any pseudo-element.
9.2. The Activation Pseudo-class: :active
The :active pseudo-class applies while an element is being activated by the user. For example, between the times the user presses the mouse button and releases it. On systems with more than one mouse button, :active applies only to the primary or primary activation button (typically the "left" mouse button), and any aliases thereof.
There may be document language or implementation specific limits on which elements can become :active. For example, [HTML5] defines a list of activatable elements.
The parent of an element that matches :active also matches :active.
Note: When an element that is :active is in a shadow tree, the host element (and its parents) are also in the :active state. (See [css-scoping-1])
Host languages may define additional ways in which an element can match :active.
Note: An element can be both ':visited' and ':active' (or ':link' and ':active').
9.3. The Input Focus Pseudo-class: :focus
The :focus pseudo-class applies while an element has the focus (accepts keyboard or mouse events, or other forms of input).
There may be document language or implementation specific limits on which elements can acquire :focus. For example, [HTML5] defines a list of activatable elements.
If the host language has defined additional ways by which an element can match :active, the same ways must apply to elements matching :focus as well, except that the parent of an element that matches :focus must not match :focus.
9.4. The Generalized Input Focus Pseudo-class: :focus-within
The :focus-within pseudo-class applies to elements for which the :focus pseudo class applies. Additionally, the ancestors of an element that matches :focus-within also match :focus-within.
Note: When an element that is :focus-within is in a shadow tree, the host element (and its parents) are also in the :focus-within state. (See [css-scoping-1])
9.5. The Drag-and-Drop Pseudo-class: :drop and :drop()
The :drop pseudo-class applies to all elements
that are drop targets,
as defined by the host language,
while the user is "dragging"
or otherwise conceptually carrying an item
to be "dropped".
For example, in HTML the
dropzone attribute
specified that an element is a drop target.
The :drop() functional pseudo-class is identical to :drop, but allows additional filters to be specified that can exclude some drop targets. Its syntax is:
:drop( [ active || valid || invalid ]? )
The keywords have the following meanings:
- active
- The drop target is the current drop target for the drag operation. That is, if the user were to release the drag, it would be dropped onto this drop target.
- valid
If the host language has a concept of "valid" and "invalid" drop targets,
this only matches if the drop target is valid for the object currently being dragged.
Otherwise, it matches all drop targets.
For example, HTML's
dropzoneattribute can specify that the drop target only accepts strings or files that are set to a given type.
- invalid
- If the host language has a concept of "valid" and "invalid" drop targets, this only matches if the drop target is invalid for the object currently being dragged. Otherwise, it matches nothing.
Multiple keywords can be combined in the argument, representing only drop targets that satisfy all of the keywords. For example, :drop(valid active) will match the active drop target if it's valid, but not if it's invalid.
If no keywords are given in the argument, :drop() has the same meaning as :drop
it matches every drop target.
10. Time-dimensional Pseudo-classes
These pseudo-classes classify elements with respect to the currently-displayed or active position in some timeline, such as during speech rendering of a document, or during the display of a video using WebVTT to render subtitles.
CSS does not define this timeline; the host language must do so. If there is no timeline defined for an element, these pseudo-classes must not match the element.
Note: Ancestors of a :current element are also :current, but ancestors of a :past or :future element are not necessarily :past or :future as well. A given element matches at most one of :current, :past, or :future.
10.1. The Current-element Pseudo-class: :current
The :current pseudo-class represents the element, or an ancestor of the element, that is currently being displayed.
Its alternate form :current(), like :matches(), takes a list of compound selectors as its argument: it represents the :current element that matches the argument or, if that does not match, the innermost ancestor of the :current element that does. (If neither the :current element nor its ancestors match the argument, then the selector does not represent anything.)
:current(p, li, dt, dd) { background: yellow; }
10.2. The Past-element Pseudo-class: :past
The :past pseudo-class represents any element that is defined to occur entirely prior to a :current element. For example, the WebVTT spec defines the :past pseudo-class relative to the current playback position of a media element. If a time-based order of elements is not defined by the document language, then this represents any element that is a (possibly indirect) previous sibling of a :current element.
10.3. The Future-element Pseudo-class: :future
The :future pseudo-class represents any element that is defined to occur entirely after a :current element. For example, the WebVTT spec defines the :future pseudo-class relative to the current playback position of a media element. If a time-based order of elements is not defined by the document language, then this represents any element that is a (possibly indirect) next sibling of a :current element.
11. The Input Pseudo-classes
The pseudo-classes in this section mostly apply to elements that take user input, such as HTML's input element.
11.1. Input Control States
11.1.1. The :enabled and :disabled Pseudo-classes
The :enabled pseudo-class represents user interface elements that are in an enabled state; such elements have a corresponding disabled state.
Conversely, the :disabled pseudo-class represents user interface elements that are in a disabled state; such elements have a corresponding enabled state.
What constitutes an enabled state, a disabled state, and a user interface element is host-language-dependent. In a typical document most elements will be neither :enabled nor :disabled. For example, [HTML5] defines non-disabled interactive elements to be :enabled, and any such elements that are explicitly disabled to be :disabled.
Note: CSS properties that might affect a user's ability to interact with a given user interface element do not affect whether it matches :enabled or :disabled; e.g., the display and visibility properties have no effect on the enabled/disabled state of an element.
11.1.2. The Mutability Pseudo-classes: :read-only and :read-write
An element matches :read-write if it is user-alterable, as defined by the host language. Otherwise, it is :read-only.
For example, in [HTML5] a non-disabled non-readonly
<input> element is :read-write,
as is any element with the
contenteditable attribute set to the true state.
11.1.3. The Placeholder-shown Pseudo-class: :placeholder-shown
Input elements can sometimes show placeholder text
as a hint to the user on what to type in.
See, for example, the
placeholder attribute in [HTML5].
The :placeholder-shown pseudo-class
matches an input element that is showing such placeholder text.
11.1.4. The Default-option Pseudo-class: :default
The :default pseudo-class applies to the one or more UI elements that are the default among a set of similar elements. Typically applies to context menu items, buttons and select lists/menus.
One example is the default submit button among a set of buttons.
Another example is the default option from a popup menu.
In a select-many group (such as for pizza toppings), multiple elements can match :default.
For example, [HTML5] defines that :default matches
the "default button" in a form,
the initially-selected
<option>(s) in a
and a few other elements.
11.2. Input Value States
11.2.1. The Selected-option Pseudo-class: :checked
Radio and checkbox elements can be toggled by the user. Some menu
items are "checked" when the user selects them. When such elements are
toggled "on" the :checked pseudo-class applies.
For example, [HTML5] defines that checked checkboxes, radio buttons, and selected
<option> elements match :checked.
While the :checked pseudo-class is dynamic in nature,
and can altered by user action,
since it can also be based on the presence of semantic attributes in the document
(such as the
selected and
checked attributes in [HTML5]),
it applies to all media.
11.2.2. The Indeterminate-value Pseudo-class: :indeterminate
The :indeterminate pseudo-class applies to UI elements whose value is in an indeterminate state. For example, radio and checkbox elements can be toggled between checked and unchecked states, but are sometimes in an indeterminate state, neither checked nor unchecked. Similarly a progress meter can be in an indeterminate state when the percent completion is unknown. For example, [HTML5] defines how checkboxes can be made to match :indeterminate.
Like the :checked pseudo-class, :indeterminate applies to all media. Components of a radio-group initialized with no pre-selected choice, for example, would be :indeterminate even in a static display.
11.3. Input Value-checking
11.3.1. The Validity Pseudo-classes: :valid and :invalid
An element is :valid or :invalid when its contents or value is, respectively, valid or invalid with respect to data validity semantics defined by the document language (e.g. [XFORMS11] or [HTML5]). An element which lacks data validity semantics is neither :valid nor :invalid.
Note: There is a difference between an element which has no constraints,
and thus would always be :valid,
and one which has no data validity semantics at all,
and thus is neither :valid nor :invalid.
In HTML, for example, an
<input type="text"> element may have no constraints,
but a p element has no validity semantics at all,
and so it never matches either of these pseudo-classes.
11.3.2. The Range Pseudo-classes: :in-range and :out-of-range
The :in-range and :out-of-range pseudo-classes apply only to elements that have range limitations. An element is :in-range or :out-of-range when the value that the element is bound to is in range or out of range with respect to its range limits as defined by the document language. An element that lacks data range limits or is not a form control is neither :in-range nor :out-of-range. E.g. a slider element with a value of 11 presented as a slider control that only represents the values from 1-10 is :out-of-range. Another example is a menu element with a value of "E" that happens to be presented in a popup menu that only has choices "A", "B" and "C".
11.3.3. The Optionality Pseudo-classes: :required and :optional
A form element is :required or :optional if a value for it is, respectively, required or optional before the form it belongs to can be validly submitted. Elements that are not form elements are neither required nor optional.
11.3.4. The User-interaction Pseudo-class: :user-error
The :user-error pseudo-class represents an input element with incorrect input, but only after the user has significantly interacted with it. The :user-error pseudo-class must match an :invalid, :out-of-range, or empty-but-:required form element between the time the user has attempted to submit the form and before the user has interacted again with the form element. User-agents may allow it to match such elements at other times, as would be appropriate for highlighting an error to the user. For example, a UA may choose to have :user-error match an :invalid element once the user has typed some text into it and changed the focus to another element, and to stop matching only after the user has successfully corrected the input.
<form> <label> Volume: <input name='vol' type=number min=0 max=10 value=11> </label> ... </form>
Look into :-moz-ui-valid as well.
12. Tree-Structural pseudo-classes
Selectors introduces the concept of structural pseudo-classes to permit selection based on extra information that lies in the document tree but cannot be represented by other simple selectors or combinators.
Standalone text and other non-element nodes are not counted when calculating the position of an element in the list of children of its parent. When calculating the position of an element in the list of children of its parent, the index numbering starts at 1.
The structural pseudo-classes only apply to elements in the DOM; they must never match pseudo-elements.
12.1. :root pseudo-class
The :root pseudo-class represents an element that is the root of the document.
For example, in a DOM document, the :root pseudo-class matches the root element of the Document object. In HTML, this would be the html element (unless scripting has been used to modify the document).
12.2. :empty pseudo-class
The :empty pseudo-class represents an element that has no children at all. In terms of the document tree, only element nodes and content nodes (such as [DOM] text nodes, and entity references) whose data has a non-zero length must be considered as affecting emptiness; comments, processing instructions, and other nodes must not affect whether an element is considered empty or not.
foo:empty is not a valid representation for the following fragments:
<foo>this is not <bar>:empty</bar></foo>
12.3. :blank pseudo-class
The :blank pseudo-class is like the :empty pseudo-class, except that it additionally matches elements that only contain code points affected by whitespace processing. [CSS3TEXT]
We don't like the name :blank—
12.4. Child-indexed Pseudo-classes
The pseudo-classes defined in this section select elements based on their index in their list of siblings.
12.4.1. :nth-child() pseudo-class
The :nth-child(An+B [of S]? ) pseudo-class notation represents the An+Bth element which matches the selector list S among its siblings.
The CSS Syntax Module [CSS3SYN] defines the An+B notation. If S is omitted, it defaults to *.
For example, this selector could address every other row in a table, and could be used to alternate the color of paragraph text in a cycle of four.
:nth-child(even) /* represents the 2nd, 4th, 6th, etc elements :nth-child(10n-1) /* represents the 9th, 19th, 29th, etc elements */ :nth-child(10n+9) /* Same */ :nth-child(10n+-1) /* Syntactically invalid, and would be ignored */
:nth-child(-n+3 of li.important)
Note that this is different from moving the selector outside of the function, like:
This selector instead just selects the first three children if they also happen to be "important" list items.
Normally, to zebra-stripe a table's rows, an author would use CSS similar to the following:
tr { background: white; \ } tr:nth-child(even) { background: silver; }
However, if some of the rows are hidden and not displayed, this can break up the pattern, causing multiple adjacent rows to have the same background color. Assuming that rows are hidden with the [hidden] attribute in HTML, the following CSS would zebra-stripe the table rows robustly, maintaining a proper alternating background regardless of which rows are hidden:
tr { background: white; } tr:nth-child(even of :not([hidden])) { background: silver; }
12.4.2. :nth-last-child() pseudo-class
The :nth-last-child(An+B [of S]? ) pseudo-class notation represents the An+Bth element which matches the selector list S among its siblings, counting backwards from the end.
The CSS Syntax Module [CSS3SYN] defines the An+B notation. If S is omitted, it defaults to *.
tr:nth-last-child(-n+2) /* represents the two last rows of an HTML table */ foo:nth-last-child(odd) /* represents all odd foo elements in their parent element, counting from the last one */
12.4.3. :first-child pseudo-class
The :first-child pseudo-class represents an element that precedes all of its siblings (if any). Same as :nth-child(1).
div > p:first-child
This selector can represent the
p inside the
div of the following fragment:
<p> The last P before the note.</p> <div class="note"> <p> The first P inside the note.</p> </div>
but cannot represent the second
p in the following fragment:
<p> The last P before the note.</p> <div class="note"> <h2> Note </h2> <p> The first P inside the note.</p> </div>
The following two selectors are usually equivalent:
* > a:first-child /* a is first child of any element */ a:first-child /* Same (assuming a is not the root element) */
12.4.4. :last-child pseudo-class
The :last-child pseudo-class represents an element that follows all of its siblings (if any). Same as :nth-last-child(1).
li that
is the last child of an ordered list
ol > li:last-child
12.4.5. :only-child pseudo-class
The :only-child pseudo-class represents an element that has no siblings. Same as :first-child:last-child or :nth-child(1):nth-last-child(1), but with a lower specificity.
12.5. Typed Child-indexed Pseudo-classes
The pseudo-elements in this section are similar to the Child Index Pseudo-classes, but they resolve based on an element's index among elements of the same type (tag name) in their sibling list.
12.5.1. :nth-of-type() pseudo-class
The :nth-of-type(An+B) pseudo-class notation represents the An+Bth element with the same namespace and type among its siblings.
The CSS Syntax Module [CSS3SYN] defines the An+B notation.
img:nth-of-type(2n+1) { float: right; } img:nth-of-type(2n) { float: left; }
Note: If the type of the element is known ahead of time, this pseudo-class is equivalent to using :nth-child() with a type selector. That is, img:nth-of-type(2) is equivalent to *:nth-child(2 of img).
12.5.2. :nth-last-of-type() pseudo-class
The :nth-last-of-type(An+B) pseudo-class notation represents the An+Bth element with the same namespace and type among its siblings, counting backwards from the end.
The CSS Syntax Module [CSS3SYN] defines the An+B notation.
h2 children of an XHTML
body except the first and last, one could use the
following selector:
body > h2:nth-of-type(n+2):nth-last-of-type(n+2)
In this case, one could also use :not(), although the selector ends up being just as long:
body > h2:not(:first-of-type):not(:last-of-type)
12.5.3. :first-of-type pseudo-class
The :first-of-type pseudo-class represents an element that is the first sibling with a particular namespace and type among its siblings. Same as :nth-of-type(1).
dt inside a definition list
dl, this
dt being the first of its type in the list of children of
its parent element.
dl dt:first-of-type
It is a valid description for the first two
elements in the following example but not for the third one:
<dl> <dt>gigogne</dt> <dd> <dl> <dt>fusée</dt> <dd>multistage rocket</dd> <dt>table</dt> <dd>nest of tables</dd> </dl> </dd> </dl>
12.5.4. :last-of-type pseudo-class
The :last-of-type pseudo-class represents an element that is the first sibling with a particular namespace and type among its siblings, counting backwards from the end. Same as :nth-last-of-type(1).
td of a table row
tr > td:last-of-type
12.5.5. :only-of-type pseudo-class
The :only-of-type pseudo-class represents an element that has no siblings with the same namespace and type Same as :first-of-type:last-of-type or :nth-of-type(1):nth-last-of-type(1), but with a lower specificity.
13. Combinators
Descendant combinator (
) or (
At times, authors may want selectors to describe an element that is the descendant of another element in the document tree (e.g., "an em element that is contained within an H1 element"). The descendant combinator expresses such a relationship. It has two syntactic forms:
- whitespace that separates two compound selectors or
- A doubled child selector (>>)
A selector of the form A B or A >> B' represents an element
B that is an
arbitrary descendant of some ancestor element
h1 em
It represents an em element being the descendant of an h1 element. It is a correct and valid, but partial, description of the following fragment:
<h1>This <span class="myclass">headline is <em>very</em> important</span></h1>
The following selector:
div * p
represents a p element that is a grandchild or later
descendant of a div element. Note the whitespace on
either side of the "*" is not part of the universal selector; the
whitespace is a combinator indicating that the
div must be the
ancestor of some element, and that that element must be an ancestor
of the
The following selector, which combines descendant combinators and
attribute selectors, represents an
element that (1) has the
href attribute set and (2) is
inside a
p that is itself inside a
div p *[href]
Note: Note that the whitespace form has existed since CSS Level 1,
whereas the
>> form is introduced in Level 4.
It was introduced to give the descendant combinator a visible, non-whitespace form
and to bridge the gap between the child combinator (
and the shadow-piercing descendant combinator (
Child combinator (
A child combinator describes a childhood relationship between two elements. A child combinator is made of the "greater-than sign" (U+003E, >) code point and separates two compound selectors.
body > p
The following example combines descendant combinators and child combinators.
div ol>li p
It represents a p element that is a descendant of an
li element; the li element must be the
child of an ol element; the ol element must
be a descendant of a
div. Notice that the optional white
space around the ">" combinator has been left out.
For information on selecting the first child of an element, please see the section on the :first-child pseudo-class above.
Next-sibling combinator (
The next-sibling combinator is made of the "plus sign" (U+002B, +) code point that separates two compound selectors. The elements represented by the two compound selectors share the same parent in the document tree and the element represented by the first compound selector immediately precedes the element represented by the second one. Non-element nodes (e.g. text between elements) are ignored when considering the adjacency of elements.
math + p
The following selector is conceptually similar to the one in the
previous example, except that it adds an attribute selector — it
adds a constraint to the h1 element, that it must have
h1.opener + h2
Following-sibling combinator (
The following-sibling combinator is made of the "tilde" (U+007E, ~) code point that separates two compound selectors. The elements represented by the two compound selectors share the same parent in the document tree and the element represented by the first compound selector precedes (not necessarily immediately) the element represented by the second one.
h1 ~ pre
represents a pre element following an
h1. It
is a correct and valid, but partial, description of:
<h1>Definition of the function a</h1> <p>Function a(x) has to be applied to all figures in the table.</p> <pre>function a(x) = 12x/13.5</pre>
14. Grid-Structural Selectors
The double-association of a cell in a 2D grid (to its row and column) cannot be represented by parentage in a hierarchical markup language. Only one of those associations can be represented hierarchically: the other must be explicitly or implicitly defined in the document language semantics. In both HTML and DocBook, two of the most common hierarchical markup languages, the markup is row-primary (that is, the row associations are represented hierarchically); the columns must be implied. To be able to represent such implied column-based relationships, the column combinator and the :nth-column() and :nth-last-column() pseudo-classes are defined. In a column-primary format, these pseudo-classes match against row associations instead.
14.1. Column combinator
The column combinator, which consists of two pipes (||) represents the relationship of a column element to a cell element belonging to the column it represents. Column membership is determined based on the semantics of the document language only: whether and how the elements are presented is not considered. If a cell element belongs to more than one column, it is represented by a selector indicating membership in any of those columns.
col.selected || td { background: gray; color: white; font-weight: bold; }
<table> <col span="2"> <col class="selected"> <tr><td>A <td>B <td>C <tr><td colspan="2">D <td>E <tr><td>F <td colspan="2">G </table>
14.2. :nth-column() pseudo-class
The :nth-column(An+B)
pseudo-class notation represents a cell element belonging to a column
that has An+B-1 columns
before it, for any positive
integer or zero value of
n. Column membership is determined
based on the semantics of the document language only: whether and how the
elements are presented is not considered. If a cell element belongs to
more than one column, it is represented by a selector indicating any of
those columns.
The CSS Syntax Module [CSS3SYN] defines the An+B notation.
14.3. :nth-last-column() pseudo-class
The :nth-last-column(An+B)
pseudo-class notation represents a cell element belonging to a column
that has An+B-1 columns
after it, for any positive
integer or zero value of
n. Column membership is determined
based on the semantics of the document language only: whether and how the
elements are presented is not considered. If a cell element belongs to
more than one column, it is represented by a selector indicating any of
those columns.
The CSS Syntax Module [CSS3SYN] defines the An+B notation.
15. Calculating a selector's specificity
A selector's specificity is calculated for a given element as follows:
- count the number of ID selectors in the selector (= A)
- count the number of class selectors, attributes selectors, and pseudo-classes in the selector (= B)
- count the number of type selectors and pseudo-elements in the selector (= C)
- ignore the universal selector
If the selector is a selector list, this number is calculated for each selector in the list, and the specificity of the entire selector is the largest of any individual selector in the list that matches the element.
In most cases, a selector has the same specificity for every element it applies to. A few pseudo-classes, however, instead provide "evaluation contexts" for other selectors, and so have their specificity defined by their contents and how they match:
The specificity of a :matches() pseudo-class is the specificity of the most specific complex selector that matched the given element. (The full selector's specificity is equivalent to expanding out all the combinations in full, without :matches().)
The specificity of a :not() pseudo-class is the specificity of the most specific complex selector in its selector list. Within a :not(), the :matches() pseudo-class has the highest specificity of any of its arguments.
In either case, the pseudo-class itself does not contribute any additional specificity. For example, :matches(em, strong) has a specificity of (0,0,1), like a tag selector.
Specificities are compared by comparing the three components in order: the specificity with a larger A value is more specific; if the two A values are tied, then the specificity with a larger B value is more specific; if the two B values are also tied, then the specificity with a larger C value is more specific; if all the values are tied, the two specifities are equal.
Due to storage limitations, implementations may have limitations on the size of A, B, or C. If so, values higher than the limit must be clamped to that limit, and not overflow.
* /* a=0 b=0 c=0 */ LI /* a=0 b=0 c=1 */ UL LI /* a=0 b=0 c=2 */ UL OL+LI /* a=0 b=0 c=3 */ H1 + *[REL=up] /* a=0 b=1 c=1 */ UL OL LI.red /* a=0 b=1 c=3 */ LI.red.level /* a=0 b=2 c=1 */ #x34y /* a=1 b=0 c=0 */ #s12:not(FOO) /* a=1 b=0 c=1 */ .foo :matches(.bar, #baz) /* Either a=1 b=1 c=0 or a=0 b=2 c=0, depending on the element being matched. */
Note: Repeated occurrences of the same simple selector are allowed and do increase specificity.
Note: The specificity of the styles
specified in an HTML
style attribute is described in CSS Style Attributes. [CSSSTYLEATTR]
16. Grammar
Rewrite this whole danged thing in terms of Syntax parsing algos instead.
The grammar below defines the syntax of Selectors. It is applied to a stream of tokens, as returned by the tokenizer defined in [CSS3SYN]. It is globally LL(1) and can be locally LL(2) (but note that most UAs should not use it directly, since it doesn't express the parsing conventions). The format of the productions is optimized for human consumption and some shorthand notations beyond Yacc (see [YACC]) are used:
- *: 0 or more
- +: 1 or more
- ?: 0 or 1
- |: separates alternatives
- [ ]: grouping
The productions in uppercase are defined by CSS Syntax [CSS3SYN], and correspond to the tokens of the same name. Literal strings correspond to delim tokens with the given value. Unlike other grammars in CSS, whitespace is not ignored The production "S" represents a whitespace token. The wqname_prefix production comes from the Namespaces spec [CSS3NAMESPACE]
The productions are:
complex_selector_list : complex_selector [ COMMA S* complex_selector ]* ; scope_relative_selector_list : scope_relative_selector [ COMMA s* scope_relative_selector ]* scope_relative_selector : combinator? complex_selector ; complex_selector : compound_selector [ combinator compound_selector ]* S* ; combinator /* combinators can be surrounded by whitespace */ : S+ | S* [ '>' | '>>' | '+' | '~' | COLUMN | '/' IDENT '/' ] S* ; compound_selector_list : compound_selector S* [ COMMA S* compound_selector ]* S* compound_selector : type_selector [ id | class | attrib | pseudo ]* | [ id | class | attrib | pseudo ]+ ; simple_selector_list : simple_selector S* [ COMMA S* simple_selector ] S* simple_selector : type_selector | id | class | attrib | pseudo type_selector : wqname_prefix? element_name ; element_name : IDENT | '*' ; id : HASH ; class : '.' IDENT ; attrib : '[' S* attrib_name ']' | '[' S* attrib_name attrib_match [ IDENT | STRING ] S* attrib_flags? ']' ; attrib_name : wqname_prefix? IDENT S* attrib_match : [ '=' | PREFIX-MATCH | SUFFIX-MATCH | SUBSTRING-MATCH | INCLUDE-MATCH | DASH-MATCH ] S* attrib_flags : IDENT S* pseudo /* '::' starts a pseudo-element, ':' a pseudo-class */ /* Exceptions: :first-line, :first-letter, :before and :after. */ /* Note that pseudo-elements are restricted to one per selector and */ /* occur only in the last compound_selector. */ : ':' ':'? [ IDENT | functional_pseudo ] ; functional_pseudo : FUNCTION S* value ')' ;
To aid with the authoring of property grammars, the following CSS grammar productions are defined:
- <selector>
complex_selector_listproduction representing a selector list.
- <relative-selector>
scope_relative_selector_listproduction representing a selector list comprised of relative selectors.
- <compound-selector>
compound_selector_listproduction representing a selector list comprised of compound selectors.
- <id-selector>
idproduction representing an ID selector
17. API Hooks
To aid in the writing of specs that use Selectors concepts, this section defines several API hooks that can be invoked by other specifications.
17.1. Parse A Selector
This section defines how to parse a selector from a string source. It returns either a complex selector list, or failure.
Let selector be the result of parsing source against the
complex_selector_listgrammar. If it does not match the grammar, return failure.
- Otherwise, if any simple selectors in selector are not recognized by the user agent, or selector is otherwise invalid in some way (such as, for example, containing an undeclared namespace prefix), return failure.
- Otherwise, return selector.
17.2. Parse A Relative Selector
This section defines how to parse a relative selector from a string source, against :scope elements refs. It returns either a complex selector list, or failure.
Let selector be the result of parsing source against the
scope_relative_selector_listgrammar. If it does not match the grammar, return failure.
- Otherwise, if any simple selectors in selector are not recognized by the user agent, or selector is otherwise invalid in some way (such as, for example, containing an undeclared namespace prefix), return failure.
- Otherwise, absolutize selector with refs as the :scope elements.
- Return selector.
17.3. Match a Selector Against A Tree
This section defines how to match a selector against a tree.
APIs calling this algorithm must provide a selector, and a set of root elements of the trees to be matched against. They may optionally provide:
- A scoping method and scoping root. If not specified, the selector defaults to being unscoped.
- A set of :scope elements, which will match the :scope pseudo-class. If not specified, then if the selector is a scoped selector, the set of :scope elements default to the scoping root; otherwise, it defaults to the root elements.
- Which pseudo-elements are allowed to show up in the match list. If not specified, this defaults to allowing all pseudo-elements.
This algorithm returns a (possible empty) list of elements.
- Evaluate a selector with the same arguments provided to this algorithm, and return the result.
17.4. Match a Selector Against an Element
This section defines how to match a selector against an element.
APIs calling this algorithm must provide a selector and an element. They may optionally provide the same optional arguments as described in the algorithm to match a selector against a tree.
This algorithm returns either success or failure.
- Let root element be the "root ancestor" of element: the element found by traversing parent links from element until an element without a parent is encountered.
- Evaluate a selector with selector and root element, and any optional arguments passed to this algorithm. Let matched elements be the result.
- If element is in matched elements, return success. Otherwise, return failure.
18. Changes
Significant changes since the 2 May 2013 Working Draft include:
- Split out relative selectors from scoped selectors, as these are different concepts that can be independently invoked.
19. Acknowledgements
The CSS working group would like to thank everyone who contributed to the previous Selectors specifications over the years, as those specifications formed the basis for this one. In particular, the working group would like to extend special thanks to the following for their specific contributions to Selectors Level 4: L. David Baron, Andrew Fedoniouk, Ian Hickson, Grey Hodge, Lachlan Hunt, Jason Cranford Teague


text:
[UPDATE 3: Now Amazon has it for $69.99 as well.]
[UPDATE 2: And Newegg has it for $69.99 until 4pm ET or while supplies last. Thanks Jared.]
[UPDATE: Adorama now has Lightroom 5 for $72.99 until 4pm ET.]
B&H has Adobe Lightroom 5 for $84 (download version) and $89 (box version) until 4pm ET today as a Cyber Monday special. Check it out here at B&H Photo.
Keep up with all of the latest deals on our Black Friday & Cyber Monday Deals page.


text:
Bihar State Health Society 4272 Ayush Doctors ANM and Pharmacist Recruitment 2013, Bihar State Health Society 4272 Ayush Doctors ANM and Pharmacist Recruitment, Bihar State Health Society Recruitment 2013, Bihar State Health Society Recruitment.
The detailed information about the SHS Bihar Recruitment 2013:
Total no of posts: 4272
Name of posts:
- AYUSH Doctor (RBSK): 2136 posts.
- ANM (RBSK): 1068 Posts.
- Pharmacist (RBSK): 1068 Posts.
Educational Qualification:
- AYUSH Doctors: BAMS/BUMS/BHMS degree from authorized institution.
- ANM (RBSK): Diploma in Nursing from authorized institution.
- Pharmacist (RBSK):B.Pharma degree from any authorized institution.
How to apply: The candidates those want to fill the application forms they have to apply and then there will be bar coded acknowledgement card send that card with DD on given address:
The Executive Director, State Health Society,Bihar, Pariwar Kalyan Bhawan, Sheirkhpura,Patna – 800014
Last date of application forms submission: 10th of October 2013.


text:
Video: Tags: nixon-kennedy debates
A tag is a word or phrase that helps you find video clips with similar content. View all tags »
Displaying 1 result.
Nixon and Age: The Kennedy Style | PBS
The Nixon-Kennedy debates would forever change the way Americans chose their Presidents. 02:51
Displaying 1 result.
Video Collections
American Experience
As television's longest-running, most-watched history series, American Experience brings to life the incredible characters and epic stories that helped form this nation.


text:
Free Casting Calls and Acting Auditions Online
MTV is looking for FEMALE Models between the ages of 18 to 24 for a video shoot.
Send one recent photo and your name to firstname.lastname@example.com for buy eriacta
MTV is also looking for outgoing people between the ages of 18 to 24 to be featured in upcoming summer segments. Please send one recent photo and tell us about yourself for consideration. Must be comfortable with talking on camera.