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By Gary Stix Evolutionary psychology has typically tried to identify the piece parts of human cognition shaped by the rigors of natural selection. New questions have arisen in this contentious discipline about what exactly is on that parts list—or whether the list itself really exists. One of the foremost debating points centers on whether the brain consists of a series of Lego-like modules, each one produced from evolutionary adaptations that resulted in mental tools for things like going after Mastodons, forming clans and communicating the daily incidentals related to food, shelter and mating. Another way to think about all this is to invoke the metaphor of a Swiss-Army knife, with each adaptive module the equivalent of a corkscrew, nail clipper or a myriad of cutting implements. The revisionist viewpoint rejects this neat tailoring of mental functioning championed by psychologists like Leda Cosmides and John Tooby. Instead, upstarts trot out the human hand as a replacement analogy for the pocket knife, a single all-purpose implement that can poke, prod, pull and push. A walk through the new thinking on evolutionary psychology appears in the Aug. 5 edition of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. (The original journal, founded in 1665, was the first anywhere to deal solely with science—and this issue is open to everyone for a download.) The metaphor of the hand, notes Cecilia Heyes of Oxford in an introductory article, alludes to the ability of a limb extension that can "strip the defensive spines from a piece of fruit, making it safe to eat, but in Thai dancing it can also signal the smallest nuances of emotion. The human hand performs with equal facility a vast array of tasks that natural selection did and did not 'foresee'." © 2012 Scientific American,
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 0:
Link ID: 17218 - Posted: 08.30.2012
By SEAN B. CARROLL Early one evening a few years ago, I took a short hike with my wife, Jamie, in the Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary in Belize. The large, lush reserve is known for its healthy population of jaguars, so, following closely behind our guide, we kept our eyes peeled for the elusive cats. We saw a few tracks and some claw marks on trees, but elected to leave the jungle before nightfall. We were very near the end of the trail when we were surprised by a large snake, about six feet long, crossing directly in front of us. Belize has lots of snakes, more than 50 species. Some can get pretty large, like the boa constrictor, which is impressive but harmless. This one was not harmless. Even in the darkening jungle, the triangular pattern on its back allowed me to identify it quickly as a fer-de-lance, the most dangerous snake in Belize. Excited, and comfortable that I was well out of striking range, I reached into my backpack for my video camera and flipped on its "night shot" feature. I now saw the magnificent snake clearly on my LCD screen. As I tried to creep in for a closer shot, however, I felt something holding me back. It was Jamie. She had a grip on my backpack and was concerned that my enthusiasm for snakes had overtaken my judgment. She was not convinced that we were out of range, nor that the snake would not move quickly toward us. I used the zoom and filmed from where I stood. For me to film the snake in the dark, I had to rely on Sony's innovation and engineering. The camera's infrared LED source generated light with a longer wavelength than the human eye can detect; those photons then bounced off the snake and were detected by the camera's infrared sensors and converted into an image. © 2012 The New York Times Company
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 8: General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain; Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 5: The Sensorimotor System
Link ID: 17210 - Posted: 08.28.2012
by Hannah Krakauer Kanzi the bonobo continues to impress. Not content with learning sign language or making up "words" for things like banana or juice, he now seems capable of making stone tools on a par with the efforts of early humans. Eviatar Nevo of the University of Haifa in Israel and his colleagues sealed food inside a log to mimic marrow locked inside long bones, and watched Kanzi, a 30-year-old male bonobo chimp, try to extract it. While a companion bonobo attempted the problem a handful of times, and succeeded only by smashing the log on the ground, Kanzi took a longer and arguably more sophisticated approach. Both had been taught to knap flint flakes in the 1990s, holding a stone core in one hand and using another as a hammer. Kanzi used the tools he created to come at the log in a variety of ways: inserting sticks into seams in the log, throwing projectiles at it, and employing stone flints as choppers, drills, and scrapers. In the end, he got food out of 24 logs, while his companion managed just two. Perhaps most remarkable about the tools Kanzi created is their resemblance to early hominid tools. Both bonobos made and used tools to obtain food – either by extracting it from logs or by digging it out of the ground. But only Kanzi's met the criteria for both tool groups made by early Homo: wedges and choppers, and scrapers and drills. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior; Chapter 19: Language and Hemispheric Asymmetry
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 0: ; Chapter 15: Language and Our Divided Brain
Link ID: 17191 - Posted: 08.22.2012
By Jason G. Goldman The largest fish in the ocean is the whale shark (Rhincodon typus). This massive, migratory fish can grow up to twelve meters in length, but its enormous mouth is designed to eat the smallest of critters: plankton. While the biggest, the whale shark isn't the only gigantic filter-feeding shark out there: the basking shark and the megamouth shark also sieve enormous amounts of the tiny organisms from the sea in order to survive. While scientists like Al Dove and Craig McClain (of Deep Sea News) are learning more and more about the basic biology and behavior of these magnificent creatures, other scientists are busy investigating their neuroanatomy. A few years ago, Kara E. Yopak and Lawrence R. Frank from the University of California in San Diego got their hands on two whale shark brains from an aquarium, and put them into an MRI scanner. But they weren't just interested in imaging the brains of the whale sharks. What they wanted to know was how the organization of whale shark brains compared to the brains of other shark species for which scientists had previously obtained neuroanatomical data. Would the brains of two species be more similar if they shared a recent evolutionary ancestor, and were therefore more genetically related? Or would shark brains be more similar among species that shared a similar lifestyle, such as those that patrol the middle and surface of the water column (pelagic sharks, such as the great white, oceanic whitetip, blue, mako, and whale sharks) versus those that live along the sea floor (benthic sharks, such as the nurse and cat sharks). Or perhaps the brains of sharks would be grouped according to their habitat, such as those that live in coastal waters, around reefs, or in the open ocean. Maybe sharks brains ought to be grouped according to behavioral specialization, such as hunting methods. Answers to these questions could shed some important light on brain evolution, both in sharks as well as more generally. © 2012 Scientific American
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior; Chapter 2: Functional Neuroanatomy: The Nervous System and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 0: ; Chapter 2: Cells and Structures: The Anatomy of the Nervous System
Link ID: 17180 - Posted: 08.18.2012
By Bruce Bower An ancient finger bone recently landed a genetic sucker punch on scientists studying human evolution. DNA extracted from this tiny fossil, unearthed in Siberia's Denisova Cave, unveiled a humanlike population that interbred with people in East Asia at least 44,000 years ago. Denisovans supplied nearly 5 percent of the genes of native groups now living in Australia, New Guinea and on several nearby islands. That molecular shocker followed a revelation that the genetic instruction books of people from Australia to the Americas contain a roughly 2.5 percent contribution from Neandertals, modern humans' evolutionary cousins that died out around 30,000 years ago. Pulling the DNA shades up on ancient human dalliances with Neandertals and closely related Denisovans has sparked a scientific consensus that members of mobile human groups interbred with closely related populations in the Homo genus during the Stone Age. "The question is no longer 'When did ancient populations such as Neandertals go extinct?' but 'What happened to those populations and to modern humans as a result of interbreeding?' " says anthropologist John Hawks of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Clear signs of interbreeding have left archaeologists and other students of the Stone Age scrambling to revisit existing ideas about Homo sapiens' evolutionary past. A dominant theory holding that humans evolved in Africa and left on neat one-way routes to Asia and Europe has to be revised. Instead, these ancient people must have followed a tangled web of paths taking them to other continents and sometimes reversing course. During these travels, humans encountered Neandertals, Denisovans and probably other humanlike populations that were already traipsing interconnected avenues through Asia and Europe. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2012
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 0:
Link ID: 17161 - Posted: 08.14.2012
By Michael Harré As humans, we aren't born with formidable armaments or defenses, nor are we the strongest, fastest, or biggest species, yet despite this we are amazingly successful. For a long time it was thought that this success was because our enlarged brains allows each of us to be smarter than our competitors: better at abstract thinking, better with tools and better at adapting our behavior to those of our prey and predators. But are these really the most significant skills our brains provide us with? Another possibility is that we are successful because we can form long-lasting relationships with many others in diverse and flexible ways, and that this, combined with our native intelligence, explains why homo sapiens came to dominate the planet. In every way from teaching our young to the industrial division of labour we are a massively co-operative species that relies on larger and more diverse networks of relationships than any other species. In 1992 British anthropologist Robin Dunbar published an article showing that, in primates, the ratio of the size of the neo-cortex to that of the rest of the brain consistently increases with increasing social group size. For example, the Tamarin monkey has a brain size ratio of about 2.3 and an average social group of size of about 5 members. On the other hand, a Macaque monkey has a brain size ratio of around 3.8 but a very large average group size of about 40 members. From this work Dunbar put forward what is now known as the "social brain hypothesis." The relative size of the neo-cortex rose as social groups became larger in order to maintain the complex set of relationships necessary for stable co-existence. Most famously, Dunbar suggested that given the human brain ratio we have an expected social group size of around 150 people, about the size of what Dunbar called a "clan." © 2012 Scientific American,
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 0:
Link ID: 17141 - Posted: 08.08.2012
By Tina Hesman Saey Expeditions to Africa may have brought back evidence of a hitherto unknown branch in the human family tree. But this time the evidence wasn't unearthed by digging in the dirt. It was found in the DNA of hunter-gatherer people living in Cameroon and Tanzania. Buried in the genetic blueprints of 15 people, researchers found the genetic signature of a sister species that branched off the human family tree at about the same time that Neandertals did. This lineage probably remained isolated from the one that produced modern humans for a long time, but its DNA jumped into the Homo sapiens gene pool through interbreeding with modern humans during the same era that other modern humans and Neandertals were mixing in the Middle East, researchers report in the August 3 Cell. The evidence for ancient interbreeding is surprisingly convincing, says Richard "Ed" Green, a genome biologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz. "There is a signal that demands explanation, and archaic admixture seems to be the most reasonable one at this point," he says. Scientists have discovered that some people with ancestry outside Africa have DNA inherited from Neandertals or Denisovans, a mysterious group known only through DNA derived from a fossil finger bone found in a Siberian cave (SN: 6/5/10, p. 5; SN: 1/15/11, p.10). But those researchers had DNA from fossils to guide their research. This time, researchers led by Sarah Tishkoff at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia didn't have fossil DNA, or even fossils. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2012
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 0:
Link ID: 17112 - Posted: 08.01.2012
By JOHN NOBLE WILFORD In the widening search for the origins of modern human evolution, genes and fossils converge on Africa about 200,000 years ago as the where and when of the first skulls and bones that are strikingly similar to ours. So this appears to be the beginning of anatomically modern Homo sapiens. But evidence for the emergence of behaviorally modern humans is murkier — and controversial. Recent discoveries establish that the Homo sapiens groups who arrived in Europe some 45,000 years ago had already attained the self-awareness, creativity and technology of early modern people. Did this behavior come from Africa after gradual development, or was it an abrupt transition through some profound evolutionary transformation, perhaps caused by hard-to-prove changes in communication by language? Now, the two schools of thought are clashing again, over new research showing that occupants of Border Cave in southern Africa, who were ancestors of the San Bushmen hunter-gatherers in the area today, were already engaged in relatively modern behavior at least 44,000 years ago, twice as long ago as previously thought. Two teams of scientists reported these findings Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Since this early date for the San culture is close to when modern humans first left Africa and reached Europe, proponents of the abrupt-change hypothesis took the findings as good news. Richard G. Klein, a paleoanthropologist at Stanford University, said in an e-mail from South Africa that the new evidence "supports my view that fully modern hunter-gatherers emerged in Africa abruptly around 50,000 years ago, and I remain convinced that the behavior shift, or advance, underlies the successful expansion of modern Africans to Eurasia." © 2012 The New York Times Company
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 0:
Link ID: 17108 - Posted: 07.31.2012
Matt Kaplan Neanderthals have long been viewed as meat-eaters. The vision of them as inflexible carnivores has even been used to suggest that they went extinct around 25,000 years ago as a result of food scarcity, whereas omnivorous humans were able to survive. But evidence is mounting that plants were important to Neanderthal diets — and now a study reveals that those plants were roasted, and may have been used medicinally. The finding comes from the El Sidrón Cave in northern Spain, where the roughly 50,000-year-old skeletal remains of at least 13 Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) have been discovered. Many of these individuals had calcified layers of plaque on their teeth. Karen Hardy, an anthropologist at the Autonomous University of Barcelona in Spain, wondered whether it might be possible to use this plaque to take a closer look at the Neanderthal menu. Using plaque to work out the diets of ancient animals is not entirely new, but Hardy has gone further by looking for organic compounds in the plaque. To do this she and a team including Stephen Buckley, an archaeological chemist at the University of York, UK, used gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to analyse the plaque collected from ten teeth belonging to five Neanderthal individuals from the cave. The plaque contained a range of carbohydrates and starch granules, hinting that the Neanderthals had consumed a variety of plant species. By contrast, there were few lipids or proteins from meat. © 2012 Nature Publishing Group
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 0:
Link ID: 17067 - Posted: 07.19.2012
Emma Marris Large-brained animals may be less likely to go extinct in a changing world, perhaps because they can use their greater intelligence to adapt their behaviour to new conditions, according to an analysis presented to a meeting of conservation biologists this week. The finding hints at a way to prioritize future conservation efforts for endangered species. Brain size relative to body size is fairly predictable across all mammals, says Eric Abelson, who studies biological sciences at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California. "As body size grows, brain size grows too, but at slower rate," he says. Plotting brain size against body size creates a tidy curve. But some species have bigger or smaller brains than the curve would predict for their body size. And a bigger brain-to-body-size ratio usually means a smarter animal. Abelson looked at the sizes of such deviations from the curve and their relationships to the fates of two groups of mammalian species — 'palaeo' and 'modern'. The palaeo group contained 229 species in the order Carnivora from the last 40 million years, about half of which are already extinct. The modern group contained 147 species of North American mammals across 6 orders. Analysis of each group produced similar results: species that weighed less than 10 kilograms and had big brains for their body size were less likely to have gone extinct or be placed on the International Union for Conservation of Nature red list for endangered species. For species larger than about 10 kilograms, the advantage of having a large brain seems to be swamped by the disadvantage of being big. Large species tend to reproduce later in life, have fewer offspring, require more resources and larger territories, and catch the attention of humans, either as food or as predators. Hunting pressure or reductions in available space can hit them particularly hard. © 2012 Nature Publishing Group
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior; Chapter 13: Homeostasis: Active Regulation of the Internal Environment
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 0: ; Chapter 9: Homeostasis: Active Regulation of the Internal Environment
Link ID: 17063 - Posted: 07.18.2012
By Jennifer Viegas Dolphins may use complex nonlinear mathematics when hunting, according to a new study that suggests these brainy marine mammals could be far more skilled at math than was ever thought possible before. Inspiration for the new study, published in the latest Proceedings of the Royal Society A, came after lead author Tim Leighton watched an episode of the Discovery Channel's "Blue Planet" series and saw dolphins blowing multiple tiny bubbles around prey as they hunted. "I immediately got hooked, because I knew that no man-made sonar would be able to operate in such bubble water," explained Leighton, a professor of ultrasonics and underwater acoustics at the University of Southampton, where he is also an associate dean. "These dolphins were either 'blinding' their most spectacular sensory apparatus when hunting -- which would be odd, though they still have sight to reply on -- or they have a sonar that can do what human sonar cannot…Perhaps they have something amazing," he added. Leighton and colleagues Paul White and student Gim Hwa Chua set out to determine what the amazing ability might be. They started by modeling the types of echolocation pulses that dolphins emit. The researchers processed them using nonlinear mathematics instead of the standard way of processing sonar returns. The technique worked, and could explain how dolphins achieve hunting success with bubbles. © 2012 Discovery Communications, LLC.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 18: Attention and Higher Cognition; Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 14: Attention and Consciousness
Link ID: 17062 - Posted: 07.18.2012
By JOHN NOBLE WILFORD Who are we, and where did we come from? Scientists studying the origin of modern humans, Homo sapiens, keep reaching deeper in time to answer those questions — toward the last common ancestor of great apes and humans, then forward to the emergence of people more and more like us in body and behavior. Their research is advancing on three fronts. Fossils of skulls and bones expose anatomical changes. Genetics reveals the timing and place of the Eve of modern humans. And archaeology turns up ancient artifacts reflecting abstract and creative thought, and a growing self-awareness. Just last month, researchers made the startling announcement that Stone Age paintings in Spanish caves were much older than previously thought, from a time when Neanderthals were still alive. To help make sense of this cascade of new information, a leading authority on modern human evolution — the British paleoanthropologist Chris Stringer — recently sat for an interview in New York that ranged across many recent developments: the evidence of interbreeding between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens; the puzzling extinct species of little people nicknamed the hobbits; and the implications of a girl's 40,000-year-old pinkie finger found in a Siberian cave. Dr. Stringer, an animated man of 64, is an anthropologist at the Natural History Museum in London and a fellow of the Royal Society. But he belies the image of a don: He showed up for our interview wearing a T-shirt and jeans, looking as if he had just come in from the field. © 2012 The New York Times Company
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 0:
Link ID: 17051 - Posted: 07.17.2012
by Elizabeth Pennisi OTTAWA—With big brains comes big intelligence, or so the hypothesis goes. But there may be trade-offs as well. Humans and other creatures with large brains relative to their body size tend to have smaller guts and possibly fewer offspring. Scientists have debated for decades whether the two phenomena are related. Now a team of researchers says that they are—and that big brains do indeed make us smart. The finding comes thanks to an unusual experiment reported here yesterday at the Evolution Ottawa evolutionary biology meeting in which scientists shrank and grew the brains of guppies over several generations. "This is a real experimental result," says David Reznick, an evolutionary biologist at the University of California, Riverside, who was not involved in the study. "The earlier results were just correlations." Researchers first began to gather evidence that big brains were advantageous after 19th century U.S. biologist Hermon Bumpus examined the brains of sparrows, some of whom had succumbed in a blizzard and some of whom survived. The survivors had relatively larger brains. More recently, evolutionary biologist Alexei Maklakov from Uppsala University in Sweden found evidence that songbirds that colonize cities tend to have larger brains relative to their body size than species still confined to the countryside. The challenge of urban life might require bigger brains, he and his colleagues concluded last year in Biology Letters. Yet in humans and in certain electric fish, larger brain size seems to have trade-offs: smaller guts and fewer offspring. That's led some scientists to suggest there are constraints on how big brains can become because they are expensive to build and maintain. © 2010 American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior; Chapter 1: Biological Psychology: Scope and Outlook
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 0: ; Chapter 1: An Introduction to Brain and Behavior
Link ID: 17026 - Posted: 07.11.2012
By Eric Michael Johnson What would it take for you to give your life to save another? The answer of course is two siblings or eight cousins, that is, if you're thinking like a geneticist. This famous quip, attributed to the British biologist J.B.S. Haldane, is based on the premise that you share on average 50% of your genes with a brother or sister and 12.5% with a cousin. For altruism to be worth the cost it should ensure that you break even, genetically speaking. This basic idea was later formalized by the evolutionary theorist William Hamilton as "inclusive fitness theory" that extended Darwin's definition of fitness–the total number of offspring produced–to also include the offspring of close relatives. Hamilton's model has been highly influential, particularly for Oxford evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins who spent considerable time discussing its implications in his 1976 book The Selfish Gene. But in the last few years an academic turf war has developed pitting the supporters of inclusive fitness theory (better known as kin selection) against a handful of upstarts advocating what is known as group selection, the idea that evolutionary pressures act not only on individual organisms but also at the level of the social group. The latest row was sparked by the publication of Edward O. Wilson's new book, The Social Conquest of Earth, which followed up on his 2010 paper in the journal Nature written with theoretical biologists Martin Nowak and Corina Tarniţă. In both cases Wilson opposes kin selection theory in favor of the group selection model. For a revered scientist like Wilson–a Harvard biologist, recipient of the Crafoord Prize (the Nobel of the biosciences) and two-time Pulitzer prizewinner–to adopt a marginal and widely disputed concept has received a lot of attention and caused other prominent scientists to step forward and defend the mainstream point of view. © 2012 Scientific American
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 15: Emotions, Aggression, and Stress; Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 11: Emotions, Aggression, and Stress
Link ID: 17016 - Posted: 07.10.2012
SETH BORENSTEIN, AP Science Writer WASHINGTON (AP) — The more we study animals, the less special we seem. Baboons can distinguish between written words and gibberish. Monkeys seem to be able to do multiplication. Apes can delay instant gratification longer than a human child can. They plan ahead. They make war and peace. They show empathy. They share. "It's not a question of whether they think — it's how they think," says Duke University scientist Brian Hare. Now scientists wonder if apes are capable of thinking about what other apes are thinking. The evidence that animals are more intelligent and more social than we thought seems to grow each year, especially when it comes to primates. It's an increasingly hot scientific field with the number of ape and monkey cognition studies doubling in recent years, often with better technology and neuroscience paving the way to unusual discoveries. This month scientists mapping the DNA of the bonobo ape found that, like the chimp, bonobos are only 1.3 percent different from humans. Says Josep Call, director of the primate research center at the Max Planck Institute in Germany: "Every year we discover things that we thought they could not do." Call says one of his recent more surprising studies showed that apes can set goals and follow through with them. © 2012 Hearst Communications Inc.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior; Chapter 17: Learning and Memory
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 0: ; Chapter 13: Memory, Learning, and Development
Link ID: 16961 - Posted: 06.25.2012
by Michael Balter The basic questions about early European cave art—who made it and whether they developed artistic talent swiftly or slowly—were thought by many researchers to have been settled long ago: Modern humans made the paintings, crafting brilliant artworks almost as soon as they entered Europe from Africa. Now dating experts working in Spain, using a technique relatively new to archaeology, have pushed dates for the earliest cave art back some 4000 years to at least 41,000 years ago*, raising the possibility that the artists were Neandertals rather than modern humans. And a few researchers say that the study argues for the slow development of artistic skill over tens of thousands of years. Figuring out the age of cave art is fraught with difficulties. Radiocarbon dating has long been the method of choice, but it is restricted to organic materials such as bone and charcoal. When such materials are lying on a cave floor near art on the cave wall, archaeologists have to make many assumptions before concluding that they are contemporary. Questions have even arisen in cases like the superb renditions of horses, rhinos, and other animals in France's Grotte Chauvet, the cave where researchers have directly radiocarbon dated artworks executed in charcoal to 37,000 years ago. Other archaeologists have argued that artists could have entered Chauvet much later and picked up charcoal that had been lying around for thousands of years. Now in a paper published online today in Science, applied a technique called uranium-series (U-series) dating to artworks from 11 Spanish caves. U-series dating has been around since the 1950s and is often used to date caves, corals, and other proxies for climate and sea level changes. But it has been used only a few times before on cave art, including by Pike and Pettit, who used it to date the United Kingdom's oldest known cave art at Cresswell Crags in England. © 2010 American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 0:
Link ID: 16919 - Posted: 06.16.2012
by Ann Gibbons Chimpanzees now have to share the distinction of being our closest living relative in the animal kingdom. An international team of researchers has sequenced the genome of the bonobo for the first time, confirming that it shares the same percentage of its DNA with us as chimps do. The team also found some small but tantalizing differences in the genomes of the three species—differences that may explain how bonobos and chimpanzees don't look or act like us even though we share about 99% of our DNA. "We're so closely related genetically, yet our behavior is so different," says team member and computational biologist Janet Kelso of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. "This will allow us to look for the genetic basis of what makes modern humans different from both bonobos and chimpanzees." Ever since researchers sequenced the chimp genome in 2005, they have known that humans share about 99% of our DNA with chimpanzees, making them our closest living relatives. But there are actually two species of chimpanzees that are this closely related to humans: bonobos (Pan paniscus) and the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). This has prompted researchers to speculate whether the ancestor of humans, chimpanzees, and bonobos looked and acted more like a bonobo, a chimpanzee, or something else—and how all three species have evolved differently since the ancestor of humans split with the common ancestor of bonobos and chimps between 5 million and 7 million years ago in Africa. © 2010 American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 0:
Link ID: 16913 - Posted: 06.14.2012
By Gareth Cook How aware are plants? This is the central question behind a fascinating new book, "What a Plant Knows," by Daniel Chamovitz, director of the Manna Center for Plant Biosciences at Tel Aviv University. A plant, he argues, can see, smell and feel. It can mount a defense when under siege, and warn its neighbors of trouble on the way. A plant can even be said to have a memory. But does this mean that plants think — or that one can speak of a "neuroscience" of the flower? Chamovitz answered questions from Mind Matters editor Gareth Cook. 1. How did you first get interested in this topic? My interest in the parallels between plant and human senses got their start when I was a young postdoctoral fellow in the laboratory of Xing-Wang Deng at Yale University in the mid 1990s. I was interested in studying a biological process that would be specific to plants, and would not be connected to human biology (probably as a response to the six other "doctors" in my family, all of whom are physicians). So I was drawn to the question of how plants sense light to regulate their development. It had been known for decades that plants use light not only for photosynthesis, but also as a signal that changes the way plants grow. In my research I discovered a unique group of genes necessary for a plant to determine if it's in the light or in the dark. When we reported our findings, it appeared these genes were unique to the plant kingdom, which fit well with my desire to avoid any thing touching on human biology. But much to my surprise and against all of my plans, I later discovered that this same group of genes is also part of the human DNA. © 2012 Scientific American
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior; Chapter 2: Functional Neuroanatomy: The Nervous System and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 0: ; Chapter 2: Cells and Structures: The Anatomy of the Nervous System
Link ID: 16878 - Posted: 06.06.2012
by Michael Balter Three years ago, a stone-throwing chimpanzee named Santino jolted the research community by providing some of the strongest evidence yet that nonhumans could plan ahead. Santino, a resident of the Furuvik Zoo in Gävle, Sweden, calmly gathered stones in the mornings and put them into neat piles, apparently saving them to hurl at visitors when the zoo opened as part of angry and aggressive "dominance displays." But some researchers were skeptical that Santino really was planning for a future emotional outburst. Perhaps he was just repeating previously learned responses to the zoo visitors, via a cognitively simpler process called associative learning. And it is normal behavior for dominant male chimps to throw things at visitors, such as sticks, branches, rocks, and even feces. Now Santino is back in the scientific literature, the subject of new claims that he has begun to conceal the stones so he can get a closer aim at his targets—further evidence that he is thinking ahead like humans do. The debate over Santino is part of a larger controversy over whether some humanlike animal behaviors might have simpler explanations. For example, Sara Shettleworth, a psychologist at the University of Toronto in Canada, argued in a widely cited 2010 article entitled, "Clever animals and killjoy explanations in comparative psychology," that the zookeepers and researchers who observed Santino's stone-throwing over the course of a decade had not seen him gathering the stones, and thus could not know why he originally starting doing so. Santino, Shettleworth and some others argued, might have had some other reasons for caching the stones, and the stone throwing might have been an afterthought. © 2010 American Association for the Advancement of Science
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior; Chapter 18: Attention and Higher Cognition
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 0: ; Chapter 14: Attention and Consciousness
Link ID: 16777 - Posted: 05.10.2012
Ewen Callaway Humans walk on two feet and (mostly) lack hair-covered bodies, but the feature that sets us furthest apart from other apes is a brain capable of language, art, science, and other trappings of civilisation. Now, two studies published online today in Cell1, 2 suggest that DNA duplication errors that happened millions of years ago might have had a pivotal role in the evolution of the complexity of the human brain. The duplications — which created new versions of a gene active in the brains of other mammals — may have endowed humans with brains that could create more neuronal connections, perhaps leading to greater computational power. The enzymes that copy DNA sometimes slip extra copies of a gene into a chromosome, and scientists estimate that such genetic replicas make up about 5% of the human genome. However, gene duplications are notoriously difficult to study because the new genes differ little from their forebears, and tend to be overlooked. Evan Eichler, a geneticist at the University of Washington in Seattle, and lead author of one of the Cell papers, previously found that humans have four copies of a gene called SRGAP2, and he and his colleagues decided to investigate. In their new paper, they report that the three duplicated versions of SRGAP2 sit on chromosome 1, along with the original ancestral gene, but they are not exact copies. All of the duplications are missing a small part of the ancestral form of the gene, and at least one duplicate, SRGAP2C, seems to make a working protein. Eichler's team has also found SRGAP2C in every individual human genome his team has examined – more than 2,000 so far – underscoring its significance. © 2012 Nature Publishing Group,
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior; Chapter 7: Life-Span Development of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 0: ; Chapter 13: Memory, Learning, and Development
Link ID: 16753 - Posted: 05.05.2012


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"Yesterday's practice was really good," Willie Cauley-Stein said. "It was tough, but guys seemed to be in it mentally, more focused."
"We had a great practice yesterday," Kyle Wiltjer said. "Guys are working hard."
Even John Calipari had to agree: "Yesterday's practice was good, one of our better practices."
Combine those rave reviews with the fact that the Wildcats are just days removed from their best win - a comeback against Southeastern Conference champion Florida - and whether things are finally beginning to click into place for UK is a legitimate question. Fair as that question may be, the Cats don't have a response.
"We've been here before like this, so I'm not even going to try to answer right now," Cauley-Stein said.
The Cats aren't falling into that trap. Too many times this season they have been sure that they had finally turned a corner to believe it's for real this time. They are placing the burden of proving that this latest bit of progress is lasting on themselves.
"We have something to prove, believe me," Calipari said. "Individuals, as a team, we have a lot to prove."
And as a matter of fact, that's the reason UK even practiced on Monday in the first place.
Normally, Calipari gives his teams two days off immediately following the regular-season finale in anticipation of a lot of basketball and a lot of travel in the conference and NCAA tournaments. But this year, Coach Cal wasn't about to take his foot off the gas. After the Cats were given Sunday to relax, it was back to work on Monday.
"It was good that Coach didn't back off yesterday in practice and is going to continue to push us through because he said last year, or in years past, that they would have had two days off instead of one day off," Cauley-Stein said. "So it's good. It'll keep us in the right mind frame that we need to be in going into it."
It's been a rarity this season that Cauley-Stein - named to the SEC's All-Freshman team on Tuesday - hasn't been in the right frame of mind. He remains a work in progress, but his energy and effort have been beyond reproach. So, what prescription does he have for his team to match that?
"Just listen to what Coach has to say because he's been through it for so many years," Cauley-Stein said. "So that's something we don't get is the time that he's spent in this and preparing guys for it. We're fresh in the game; he's been there for a long time so we just gotta listen and I don't think that's what we've been doing."
The suggestion may be simple on its face, but following it is anything but. This year has clearly demonstrated that.
This season more than any of his first three in Lexington, Coach Cal hasn't had a friend in his bench. He simply hasn't had the option of sitting players when they fail to follow his instructions because there haven't been enough viable replacements. Calipari vowed things will be different in the future, but that doesn't matter in the present. For now, he has had to do everything in his power to put his best team on the floor.
"I'm going to do everything and try to get the team across the finish line," Calipari said. "What happens is it just, as a coach, you're doing everything in that in your heart of hearts, in your bones, you know you wouldn't do or accept or wouldn't even consider to try to get your team across the finish line, knowing at the end of the season (it's) time to regroup, going back to how we do things."
All things considered, it's hard for Coach Cal to be too displeased with the results.
UK finished the season 21-10 in spite of playing only brief stretches with a full complement of players. The Cats' 12-6 conference record was good enough to earn them a No. 2 seed in the upcoming conference tournament, even though SEC Freshman and Defensive Player of the Year Nerlens Noel missed their final seven games.
"This team has gone and done a lot of good stuff," Calipari said. "At the end of the day, you look back, with all that's happened to this team, to be where we are, second place...We're just hanging around, and that's what we want to do."
By "hanging around," Calipari surely means doing enough to reach the NCAA Tournament. Saturday's win over Florida put the Cats on the right side of the bubble according to most experts - at least temporarily anyway. Most agree that UK needs to back up that performance with a win over Arkansas or Vanderbilt in the SEC Tournament quarterfinals on Friday at 7:30 p.m. ET in Nashville, Tenn., to solidify its place in the Big Dance.
"We just need to go into the (conference) tournament with the mindset like we're not trying to get beat, like we want to win it, obviously, and keep it rolling," Cauley-Stein said.
Coach Cal still believes his team can roll deep into the NCAA Tournament. He invoked the example of Connecticut in 2011, a team that finished 9-9 in conference play before winning five games in five days at the Big East Tournament and six more - including a Final Four defeat of UK - to win the national title.
The Cats, however, don't have a player likely to average 24.6 points in postseason play to carry the load like Kemba Walker did for the Huskies. Coach Cal does see a player on his roster capable of having a similar impact though.
"Maybe Willie becomes the most dominating big guy in college basketball, makes a difference in every game, and everybody else just does what they're supposed to do," Calipari said.
That's heady stuff for a player who wasn't even focused exclusively on basketball a year ago.
The reality is that Coach Cal doesn't want Cauley-Stein or any of his players thinking in those terms with the postseason just days away.
"I keep telling them, 'Let's worry about us. Let's just keep playing at our best and see what that means,' " Calipari said.

subset: commoncrawl


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Infogrames has released new shots of Superman: Shadow of Apokolips, a new action game set in the universe of Superman: The Animated Series.
As reported before, the game's plot, developed and written in conjunction with DC Comics, finds perennial Superman nemesis Lex Luthor trying to find a way to best use the alien technology he has discovered. As the title of the game implies, the evil Darkseid also quickly becomes involved.
Superman: Shadow of Apokolips is currently scheduled for a Q3 release for the PlayStation 2. We'll have more on the game later during the Electronic Entertainment Expo.


text:
American Idol
Ben Affleck Still Talks to Jennifer Lopez, Says Her American Idol Gig "Was Really Smart"
Ben Affleck's sure changed his tune on ex-fiancé Jennifer Lopez.
Just last month, he majorly dissed the former American Idol judge when he implied that 2003 — the year they were engaged and co-starred together in the box office blunder Gigli — was the "annus horribilis" (horrible year) of his life.
But Ben was much kinder about his former flame when speaking to The Hollywood Reporter recently, saying "We don't have the kind of relationship where she relies on me for advice, but we do have the kind of relationship where there'll be an e-mail saying, 'Oh, your movie looks great.'"
Ben added, "I remember when she got American Idol. I said: 'This was really smart. Good luck.' I touch base. I respect her. I like her. She's put up with some stuff that was unfair in her life, and I'm really pleased to see her successful."
Successful could be an understatement, as J.Lo was declared the most powerful celebrity in the world earlier this year. Maybe Ben got a new e-mail from Jennifer reminding him of that fact?
Source: The Hollywood Reporter
Need your daily dose of American Idol? Like us on our Facebook page at facebook.com/AmericanIdolFansite, or follow us on Twitter at twitter.com/IdolWetpaint!


text:
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Release Date 12th November 2008
Running Time 1 hour 15 minutes
Aspect Ratio 16:9 Widescreen
Click for Trailer
Outlaw Flat Four
Brand New for 2008
Wheel-standing, heads-up, VW powered drag racing action....! Catch the 2008 season from the awesome Outlaw Flat Four?on this full action DVD.
See them mixing it at full on MSA drag racing meets including the Springspeed Festival and Open Sport Nats, spanking the Yanks at the NSRA Nostalgia Nats and Garys Picnic, out
wheelie-ing the Gasser Circus at the Mopar EuroNats, and generally putting on a show wherever they go!
Plus, watch this must see?class at both the 2007 and 2008 Hot Rod Drags, running alongside the likes of Surrey Muscle, and anyone else who dared....!
With quarter mile times in the 9 and 10 second zone these wheelie popping machines have quickly become crowd favourites, watch this DVD and youll soon see why....!
2008 Outlaw Flat Four DVD
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* ?.50 p&p max will be added to each order (any quantity)
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text:
The wind has been rattling the roof here at the station for most of the morning and now the afternoon. Temperatures have reached the 60s...what another nice March day. Oh wait, it's still February...my bad. Call it calendar confusion.
It's had a March-like feel too with the severe showers that pushed through today, bringing 70 mph winds to the Emporia area and near 60 in the Manhattan area. I say "severe showers" because not once did Mark and I see any lightning depicted on the radar display. Not one bolt. But the Topeka NWS office did the right thing and issued the severe thunderstorm warnings this morning.
This energetic pattern will continue this week with yet another storm system pushing in our direction by Tuesday night. It's over southern Nevada as I type this...and there's even a severe thunderstorm warning in Arizona. We'll likely see some strong, if not severe storms in southeast Kansas tomorrow night (better chances of severe in Oklahoma).
Another system will arrive by Friday. This could bring some rain and snow.
Stay tuned!


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¡Ay, Dios mio! Ese Rubio me hace temblar (Oh my God! That Rubio makes me tremble)
From Univision, the Lateeenoh network:
Former New Mexico governor and Democratic presidential candidate Bill Richardson admits to the Univision cyclops that he is very afraid of Marco Rubio. The Castro-hugging Richardson -- whose propaganda exploits on behalf of the regime have been exposed here on Babalu numerous times (see this sample from last year) -- broke free from the talking points memo of the Obama campaign and admitted that Marco Rubio could siphon off some of the Hiss-Panic vote despite the fact that he is a Cuban-American and therefore also wrong on just about every issue that matters to Hiss-Panics.
As former SCTV superstar Count Floyd would say: AWWWOOOOOOOOO, ARRROOOOOOOOOO! This is so scary, kids. Make sure your Lateeenoh parents get out to vote, and remind them to vote for Obama early and often, in as many different precincts as possible. Remind them they won't need any identification. AWWWOOO-HAROOO-AAWHOOOOOO! HAA-HOOOOOOOOOOOOO!
To get rrreallly scared, kids, catch some classic Count Floyd Monster Chiller Horror Theater here ("Doctor Tongue's Evil House of Pancakes 3-D Special") and here ("Blood Sucking Monkeys from West Mifflin, Pennsylvania"). Please watch....I prrromise, you will be scaaared out of your pants!
Bill Richardson: "I'm afraid of Marco Rubio."
By Emily Deruy
Richardson said that Rubio could win over some Latinos, but that President Obama deserves their support.
Former New Mexico Gov. Bill Richardson says that he is afraid of Marco Rubio's ability to cut into President Obama's Latino support.
Richardson, a Mexican-American who ran against Obama in 2008 for the Democratic presidential nomination, said that the freshman Florida senator is one of the Republican Party's fastest-rising stars who could make the GOP more appealing to Latino voters both in this election and in future ones.
"I like him. And yes, I'm afraid of him because I think he is an attractive politician, well prepared. And he is Cuban-American and to me that is positive," Richardson said in an interview on Univision's Al Punto. "Because I want all Hispanics in the Republican Party, in the Democratic Party, whether Latin Americans, Central Americans, Cubans, Mexicans, I want us to unite."
Richardson went on to say that if Mitt Romney chooses him as his running mate, Rubio could steal votes away from Obama in battleground states with large Latino voter populations, though Richardson said it wouldn't be enough to outright defeat Obama.
"I think he is someone, for example, in states like Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and certainly Florida, could give Romney votes that he doesn't have now. I don't think putting him on the ticket will be enough to defeat President Obama. But he is an attractive politician."
Rubio has long attracted buzz as a potential running mate for Romney, both for his appeal to conservative voters and his potential to connect with Latinos, who strongly prefer Obama over his Republican opponent.
If you're not trrrrembling too much, kids, continue reading here. There is much more.... I prrromise.... AWWWOOO-HAROOO-AAWHOOOOOO!


text:
Here's how you canjoy the taste of cream without the fat and calories
Cutting the amount of fat in your diet doesn't mean you have to sacrifice all those wonderful recipes that call for heavy cream. A combination of tapioca and ricotta cheese makes a wonderful substitute that actually tastes like heavy cream—without the fat and calories.
Here's how to make it:
2 T. tapioca
1 c. water
¼ c. low-fat, low-sodium ricotta cheese
Put the tapioca and water into a small sauce pan and let sit for one hour. Bring to a boil and then turn heat down to a simmer for 2–3 minutes. Gradually, add the ricotta cheese to the tapioca mixture. Remove from heat and emulsify in a blender until the texture becomes creamy. Use as you would heavy cream.
If you need a thinner cream, cut the tapioca by 1 tablespoon.
See more substitutions and cooking tips or browse all recipes.


text:
By Zack Plair
For 17 days, my apartment sat in the relative calm of bachelor living, with only the television and the regular bustle of getting ready for work in the morning breaking the otherwise unending silence.
But yesterday, at about 7 p.m. to be more specific, my apartment again housed the sounds of normalcy as if they had never left.
"Turn around and eat." "Go find your shoes." "No toys in the living room." "Let's go brush your teeth."
Zayley has returned … and not a moment too soon.
To subscribe to the E-edition, please click here [1].
[1] http://www.starkvilledailynews.com/eedition


text:
Narrow your search
Deep in Tokyo's Shinjuku district is a place of wonder and technology, an explosive spectacle of robots, glitz and lasers: the Robot Restaurant.
Untold millions have gone into creating a bizarre floor show of 10-foot-tall robots and dancing girls.
Japanese photographer bundles couples in plastic, then snaps their picture. The results are captivating and strange--and available for viewing in a book and iPad app.
Continuing aftershocks, darkened shopfronts, and the radiation threat make life in the metropolis a dizzying experience.


text:
Artistry In Wood
Here at ARTISTRY IN WOOD we do a wide range of wood carvings. We do custom orders, demonstrations at various events and do onsite carvings.
Dayton Scoggins is both nationally and internationally recognized as a master chainsaw sculptor artist. His wife, Michelle is his business partner. The company was started in 2002 and has grown substantially by word of mouth, people seeing us perform at an event and wanting a carving right then and there or by seeing the masterpieces he sculpts at all the competitions he's done world wide.
His son Kenny Scoggins is an exceptional Pro chainsaw sculptor artist in his own right. He has carved full time at Artistry In Wood for the last 4 years. He has been chainsaw carving for 10 years. He likes to carve wildlife, but is known to carve out of the box.
Stump Jobs are one of Dayton and Kenny's specialties. These trees are still in the ground that have been cut to the owners desired height and then we come and turn them into beautiful sculpture on your property.
Our custom sculptures consist of various types of carvings. We are paid entertainers at state fairs, local fairs, conventions, and schools. We do special interior work for Log Homes like stair rails, columns and mantels. We have also done custom carved furniture like beds, chairs, coffee tables, and end tables. Other custom work includes whatever the person has in mind because Dayton and Kenny can carve anything!


text:
Chad R. Wright has been with MVV since 2007 and during that time has participated in the execution and implementation of the SSA/MVV Container Terminal Agreement and the SSA/MVV/Puyallup Tribe/Port of
He is currently a member of the board with Tacoma Goodwill and is the Trustee at Tacoma Community College. He has a B.S., from
Jamison B. Balousek, COO
Jamey Balousek serves as the Chief Operating Officer for Marine View Ventures, Inc. As COO, Mr. Balousek oversees all aspects of MVV's business operations. Prior to joining MVV, Mr. Balousek worked at The Clorox Company, most recently on the Wal-Mart sales team. In his role he developed in-store marketing strategies for Clorox's Laundry & Home Care divisions. Before Clorox, Mr. Balousek held various marketing positions at Encirq Corporation and SBC Communications.
He is currently on the board of the Foss Waterway Seaport and is the Chairman of the Tribal Summit Group. He has a B.A. degree from UCLA and an M.B.A. from Stanford University Graduate School of Business.


text:
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The Mystery of Edwin DroodPaperback Classics Library (NTC)
Free delivery worldwide
Dispatched in 3 business days
When will my order arrive?
Additional formats available
- Format
- Hardback $12.16
- Publisher: Wordsworth Editions Ltd
- Format: Paperback | 496 pages
- Dimensions: 124mm x 196mm x 28mm | 318g
- Publication date: 1 October 1998
- Publication City/Country: Herts
- Edition: New edition
- Edition statement: New edition
- Sales rank: 42,418
Product description
With an Introduction and Notes by Peter Preston, University of Nottingham. Illustrations by S.L. Fildes and Hablot K. Browne (Phiz). Dickens's final novel, left unfinished at his death, is a tale of mystery whose fast-paced action takes place in an ancient cathedral city and in some of the darkest places in nineteenth-century London. Drugs, sexual obsession, colonial adventuring and puzzles about identity are among the novel's themes. At the centre of the plot lie the baffling disappearance of Edwin Drood and the many explanations of his whereabouts. A sombre and menacing atmosphere, a fascinating range of characters and Dickens's usual superb command of language combine to make this an exciting and tantalising story. Also included in this volume are a number of unjustly neglected stories and sketches, with subjects as different as murder and guilt and childhood romance. This unusual selection illustrates Dickens's immense creativity and versatility.
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Editorial reviews
Who killed Edwin Drood? Was he, in fact, murdered at all? And who is the very white-haired (and black-eyebrowed) Datchery? Those were the major questions left in mystery when Dickens died after writing only about half of The Mystery of Edwin Drood. And Garfield's attempt at completing the book - hardly the first such - wisely chooses to solve the murder mystery in the most generally accepted manner, the manner clearly indicated by Dickens' notes and conversations: opium addict Jasper is the killer, and he deposited his nephew's body in the quicklime beneath the Cathedral. On other counts, however, the plot turns here are somewhat disappointing. Datchery is not the lawyer Grewgious in disguise nor Helena Landless . . . but an actor-turned-detective working for Grewgious: an awfully mundane explanation. A second murder - of Neville Landless - seems arbitrary, And Jasper's death-cell confession - though based (perhaps too literally) on Dickens' own stated intentions - seems rather more akin to Tony Perkins' schizoid Psycho revelation than to anything that Dickens would have written. As for Garfield's style in the concluding 100 pages - it's an agreeable enough compromise: a modern equivalent of a Dickensian style instead of an imitation. But it must be said that Dickens' other-worldly aura collapses almost immediately in Garfield's chapters: the dark themes are not picked up on; the pace is too hurried (Dickens' own finale would probably have been at least half-again as long); the shifts between past and present tense become noticeably jarring (with Dickens, they're invisible); there's a contemporary flatness to the similes and digressions. All in all, then, this is a tasteful, talented, cautious job of work - good enough to give lucky readers an excuse to read (or re-read) the original, but not (how could it be?) the much-missed second half of a minor masterpiece. (Kirkus Reviews)
Back cover copy
The main issue in the novel is the disappearance of Edwin Drood and the suspicion that he has been murdered. But as intriguing as this central plot are the startling innovations in Dicken's work and the troubled elements lurking within the novel: a dark opium underworld, the uneasy and violent fantasies of its inhabitants, the disquieting presence of old 'Princess Puffer', of the quiet cathedral town of Cloisterham from which people have to escape in order to save themselves--and, at the centre, the menacing figure of Jasper.


text:
News Archive
October 16, 2006
MIT plan would broaden science requirements, encourage study abroad and curb AP credit -- moves that could be influential nationally.
October 16, 2006
Rev. Tony Harris on Thursday announced that he would quit as vice president of Seattle University amid controversy over allegations that he was accused 10 years ago -- in a case that was settled -- of harassing a seminary student, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer reported. In e-mail to students and faculty members, Father Harris said it would be "a distraction" for the university for him to stay.
October 16, 2006
More than 130 student protesters are removed by force -- and vow to keep movement going unless president-designate quits.
October 13, 2006
University ends its ethics inquiry into Andrei Shleifer, who was charged with defrauding U.S. But was he punished?
October 13, 2006
A California appeals court ruled Wednesday that police could not enter the dormitory room of a student without a warrant, even if invited to do so by campus security officers. The court found that because the risks associated with the search were faced by the student who lived there, not his institution (in this case Santa Clara University), only the student could consent to the search.
October 13, 2006
Wisconsin-Whitewater limits men's rosters in the name of Title IX.
October 13, 2006
U. of Washington's plan to cover all tuition and fees for those up to 235 percent of U.S. poverty level could change student demographics.
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Beyond Javas: Chapter 6. Ruby in the Rough
Java's leadership run, at least for applications, might be drawing to an end. This book points out one language and two frameworks (one in Ruby and one in Smalltalk) that have something special to offer. One possible alternative language, Ruby. It improves on Java, but that doesn't mean that Ruby will succeed, or that it's the best possible alternative. Dynamic Languages...
Java's leadership run, at least for applications, might be drawing to an end. This book points out one language and two
frameworks (one in Ruby and one in Smalltalk) that have something special to offer. One possible alternative language, Ruby.
It improves on Java, but that doesn't mean that Ruby will succeed, or that it's the best possible alternative.
About Ruby
Ruby is a dynamic, fully object-oriented language that's usually grouped with scripting languages. The scripting term, for
languages like Ruby, Smalltalk, and Python, is a little too limited, so I'll use the term applications language .
Install it and type along. It comes with a primitive IDE, but the command line works well.
Ruby Is Fully OO
From here, you can evaluate Ruby statements. You'll frequently use irb to answer those tiny questions that come up often in
You don't have to worry about primitives or wrappers at all. More importantly, you don't have to deal with those cases in an
API. Ruby's reflection, persistence engines, and XML frameworks are all much simpler, because you don't have to deal with all
the edge cases related to primitives and arrays of primitives.
Try to do an assignment without a declaration:if it works that's a strong hint that Ruby is dynamically typed. The type in
Ruby is bound to the object, but not the thing that contains it. So Ruby is dynamically typed. But Ruby won't break its
typing rules by coercing one type to another. That means Ruby is strongly typed. Actually, strongly typed is an
oversimplification. Since you can change Ruby types indiscriminately, some might consider Ruby to have weaker typing.
You've read that dynamic typing lets you focus on the right part of the problem at the right time. It eases your refactoring
burden, and reduces the amount of code that you have to write and maintain.
Ruby's conditionals will remind you more of C than Java. Ruby also has a few conventions that you should know about. ? and !
are both valid in method names. By convention, methods ending in ? are tests. For example, nil? would test to see if a value
is Nil. Methods ending in ! are potentially dangerous, because they have side effects. Ruby has an if statement. Ruby also
supports an unless statement that works the same way. You can use if or unless in block form, as you do in Java. You can also
tack them onto the end of a line, to conditionally execute a single line of code.
Ruby has two conditional loops. The loop continued until I entered the end-of-file character. Until, the other looping construct.
Ruby supports first-class range support. Ranges introduce = = =, another type of comparison. Also third type of comparison,
called match, which you'll use with regular expressions .
Regular Expressions
Ruby builds regular expressions into the syntax. Some like regular expressions and others do not. They're a critical part of
dealing with strings. In Ruby, you'll define a regular expression between slashes.
Ruby returns the index of the character at the match. Ruby regular expressions are pattern matching, such as regular
expressions and ranges.
Ruby containers are like Java's collections. Everything in an array is also an object. Ruby uses a Hash. Like Java's HashMaps, a Ruby Hash is an object. Unlike Java's HashMap.
Like Java collections, Ruby containers hold objects, and they need not be homogeneous.
- Since there's no distinction between primitives and other objects, you can put literally anything into any given container, and you can nest them easily.
- Since everything inherits from object, everything has a hash code.
- The language gives you the same syntactic sugar for hashes as for arrays.
- Code blocks make iteration tighter and easier.
Similarly, you can use Hash whenever you need a set, dictionary, or any type of unordered collection. You'll find yourself
doing more with collections, and less customized iteration.
Using Ruby Grep.rb you're effectively using a library that specifies everything on the outside of a control loop that
iterates through a file. Ruby does the repetitive dirty work for you, and you customize the inside of the control loop with a
code block.
Why Should You Care?
By now, you should be getting a feel for the power and simplicity of Ruby. You can probably see how the lines of code go down
and the abstraction goes up.
- You still have to understand anything that your tools generate.
- The more code you have, the more bugs it can hide. Unit testing can take you only so far.
- Writing code is not the only cost, training, maintaining, and extending your code factor in also.
- Each code generation technique that you use limits your flexibility.
- Java developers rely increasingly on XML for configuration. Remember, configuration is still code. Developers from other languages often find Java's over-reliance on XML configuration annoying. Meanwhile, configuration in Ruby is usually clean
and comfortable.
With Ruby, you wind up building the iteration strategies into your containers and reusing that logic.
In dynamic languages like Ruby and Smalltalk, this programming strategy gives you tremendous intellectual freedom, both in
the frameworks that you use and in the frameworks that you build.
Applying Some Structure
Both Ruby and Java are object-oriented languages. Both support object models with single inheritance. Still, you're going to
see some differences between Ruby and Java:
- In Java, the smallest application is a class. In Ruby, everything is an object, so you can evaluate primitives, expressions, code blocks, and scripts. They all are objects, and all are valid Ruby.
- In Java, class definitions are static. In Ruby, you can modify your classes on the fly. When you see a class definition, if the class already exists, the new definition will modify the class that's already there.
- Ruby supports mixins and Java does not. Think of a mixin as an interface, plus an implementation, that you can attach to a class.
- In Ruby, everything returns some value, and that value is typed dynamically, so you won't see a return in the method definition.
- In Ruby, method parameters and instance variables are not typed; but the instances themselves are typed.
David Heinemeier Hansson: Ruby - Creator of Ruby on Rails
David Heinemeier Hansson (DHH) is the programmer of Base-camp, Backpack, and Ta-da List under the commercial banner of
- Q: What are the three most important features in Ruby that you use in Rails?
- DHH: First, meta-programming. You can manipulate a class while it's being defined. You can create domain-specific
languages, because you've got hooks everywhere into the life cycle of classes and objects... Second, open classes. Active
Record consists of around 10 layers that are all applied to the base class... Third, everything is an object, with
exceptions. You can work procedurally on top of the object orientation, but that's the order of business. It makes for an
incredibly consistent experience that really makes "The Principle of Least Surprise" come true. You can guess the names and
behavior of Ruby classes more often than not.
Ruby is object-oriented. In Ruby, instance variables start with @, class variables start with @@, and global variable start
with $. Ruby developers take advantage of open classes . You can change the class definition of an existing class. That's a
useful capability for debugging, iterative programming, and metaprogramming. Ruby also lets you subclass. To subclass, you
use the < operator. These concepts should look familiar to you. Classes package instance data and methods together. An
instance of a class is an object. All classes have single parents, and eventually inherit from Object, with the exception of
Using Mixins
To implement a mixin, Ruby uses a concept called a module. A module lets you group together methods and classes. You can't
instantiate a module, and a module doesn't stand alone. A module isn't a class, but it does have its own namespace. Modules
form the foundation of classes and mixins. Recall that a mixin is an interface with an implementation. That means you can
group together a set of methods that many classes may need to use. You can separate an aspect, or a capability, into a mixin.
What makes mixins so powerful is this: you can also access an objects class methods in your module. In fact, we used an
object propery in the module, before we had even defined the object.
With Ruby, interception is easy. You simply take a method, rename it, and put another method in its place
Aspect Oriented Programming (AOP)
AOP lets you add services to your POJOs without modifying any code. AOP helps you control the flow of your application, such
as adding custom methods at interesting points—for instance, before or after a method executes. In particular, you'll often
see AOP for:
- Debugging or logging
- Declarative services
- Mixins
A standardized AOP framework has never really taken off in Ruby because the language itself already supports most of the
desirable functionality of AOP. The next version of Ruby will take this a step further by including AOP-like constructs right
in the language with pre, post, and wrap conditions. The meta-programming capabilities of Ruby lie so close to the surface
and are quite accessible to the average Ruby programmer. Most of the problems addressed by AOP are addressed by meta-programming in Ruby.
Of course, AOP is a much broader tool, and if it is successful, the typical use cases obviously will grow in scope and power.
For Ruby developers, AOP is not quite as urgent, because you've already got robust tools to deal with these kinds of concerns:
- You can use interceptors. These let you add services to any object at any time. It's as easy as renaming one method and introducing another.
- You can use mixins, even attaching them at runtime. You could easily make all of the methods on a domain model secure, for example.
- You can use hooks . Ruby provides hooks so that you can inject custom code at certain well-defined locations. The next version of Ruby will support hooks called _ _before, _ _after, and _ _wrap.
In short, Ruby can already solve many AOP-like problems without AOP, and will add AOP-like features in the very near future.
Dependency Injection
The difference dependency injection in Java and Ruby is a little tougher to understand for Java developers. In Java,
dependency injection is rapidly changing the way that we build applications. It's a relatively simple concept:
A few things come up right off the bat when you look at dependency injection in Ruby. First, Java's not very good at
configuration, but Ruby lets you represent structured data quite well, often with far less invasive syntax than XML. You also
can solve many of the coupling problems by changing the definition of a class on the fly.
Some developers in Ruby seem to think dependency injection is important and that the idea will have a place in the Ruby
mainstream, given time. It should come as no surprise to you that Ruby has an outstanding dependency injection framework
called Needles.
Others tend to think that dependency injection should happen in spots, instead of with a single, general-purpose framework.
Since it's easy to change a class definition on the fly, you can easily inject the behavior that you need without adding
another layer of complexity, across the application. Most of the Ruby programming community seems to be converging on the
idea that Ruby's overall dynamic design makes dependency injection unnecessary for all but the most complex applications
Breaking It Down
Ruby makes some of the hard things in Java easy. More and more of the top independent consultants are looking for ways to make more money
working in Ruby, or other languages that are more dynamic. The Java community is spending an amazing amount of money and
brainpower on making Java more dynamic. Dependency injection and aspect-oriented programming are groundbreaking ideas for
Java, and they are only now getting serious commercial traction.
Collapsing Under the Weight of Abstraction?
As we stretch Java in increasingly unnatural directions,
there's a cost. AOP and dependency injection are near-trivial exercises in Ruby, but they force Java developers to learn new
programming models, deal with XML, and introduce increasingly complex syntax. With each new meta-programming concept that we
bake into Java, it's looking more and more like all of that complexity is trying to drive us somewhere. The net effect is to
push Java further and further into the enterprise niche, and make it less and less accessible to the average Joe. Contrast
that situation with Ruby, where dependency injection and AOP don't consume your focus; you're free to apply those ideas in
spots right where you need them.


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Ultimate lemon meringue pie
By Angela Nilsen
Cooking timePrep: 1 hr, 30 mins Cook: 1 hr, 45 mins Or 40-50 mins if baking the pastry a day ahead
Skill levelEasy
ServingsServes 6 - 8
You can't go wrong with one of Angela Nilsen's ultimates and this is no exception
Nutrition and extra info
Nutrition per serving
- kcalories
- 480
- protein
- 7g
- carbs
- 64g
- fat
- 24g
- saturates
- 13g
- fibre
- 1g
- sugar
- 41g
- salt
- 0.53g
For the pastry
- 175g plain flour
- 100g cold butter, cut in small pieces
- 1 tbsp icing sugar
- 1 egg yolk
For the filling
- 2 level tbsp cornflour
- 100g golden caster sugar
- finely grated zest 2 large lemon
- 125ml fresh lemon juice (from 2-3 lemons)
- juice 1 small orange
- 85g butter, cut into pieces
- 3 egg yolks and a 1 whole egg
For the meringue
- 4 egg whites, room temperature
- 200g golden caster sugar
- 2 level tsp cornflour
Compare prices
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Not quite what you're looking for?
Try some of our other lemony treats, Lemon drizzle cake, Luscious lemon baked cheesecake or Fastest-ever lemon pudding .
- For the pastry, put the flour, butter, icing sugar, egg yolk (save the white for the meringue) and 1 tbsp cold water into a food processor. Using the pulse button so the mix is not overworked, process until the mix starts to bind. Tip the pastry onto a lightly floured surface, gather together until smooth, then roll out and line a 23 x 2.5cm loose-bottom fluted flan tin. Trim and neaten the edges. Press pastry into flutes. The pastry is quite rich, so don't worry if it cracks, just press it back together. Prick the base with a fork, line with foil, shiny side down, and chill for 1⁄2-1 hour (or overnight).
- Put a baking sheet in the oven and heat oven to 200C/fan 180C/gas 6. Bake the pastry case 'blind' (filled with dry beans) for 15 mins, then remove the foil and bake a further 5-8 mins until the pastry is pale golden and cooked. Set aside. (Can be done a day ahead if you want to get ahead.) Lower the oven to 180C/fan 160C/gas 4.
- While the pastry bakes, prepare the filling: mix the cornflour, sugar and lemon zest in a medium saucepan. Strain and stir in the lemon juice gradually. Make orange juice up to 200ml/7fl oz with water and strain into the pan. Cook over a medium heat, stirring constantly, until thickened and smooth. Once the mixture bubbles, remove from the heat and beat in the butter until melted. Beat the egg yolks (save white for meringue) and whole egg together, stir into the pan and return to a medium heat. Keep stirring vigorously for a few minutes, until the mixture thickens and plops from the spoon. (It will bubble, but doesn't curdle.) Take off the heat and set aside while you make the meringue.
- Put the egg whites in a large bowl. Whisk to soft peaks, then add half the sugar a spoonful at a time, whisking between each addition without overbeating. Whisk in the cornflour, then add the rest of the sugar as before until smooth and thick. Quickly reheat the filling and pour it into the pastry case. Immediately put spoonfuls of meringue around the edge of the filling (if you start in the middle the meringue may sink), then spread so it just touches the pastry (this will anchor it and help stop it sliding). Pile the rest into the centre, spreading so it touches the surface of the hot filling (and starts to cook), then give it all a swirl. Return to the oven for 18-20 mins until the meringue is crisp and slightly coloured. Let the pie sit in the tin for 30 mins, then remove and leave for at least another 1⁄2-1 hr before slicing. Eat the same day.
Recipe from Good Food magazine, April 2005
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Comments, questions and tips
I made this pie today and it is lovely. I used carton orange juice which was fine and also I used flour instead of cornflour as I didn't have any and my village shop had run out! The pie was lovely and tangy and the pastry divine. My pie didn't look as good as the picture as the meringue wasn't as stiff as it might have been. Perhaps I over whisked it? The recipe makes a good-sized pie and I will definitely make it again even though there was loads of washing up by the time I had finished cooking!
This is a good recipe (the pastry, filling and meringue were all perfect before cooking) ...however:
When assembling the dessert and reheating the lemon filling, I don't think the recipe gives enough guidance about how hot the lemon should be. I now know that it has to be piping hot so that it starts to cook the underside of the meringue. I didn't realise at the time and so the meringue started weeping and my pastry ended up slightly soggy.
It tasted very nice and I'll give it another go at some point.
Oh no! Where did I go wrong? I've made lemon meringue pie a few times, one time in particular it was absolutely fantastic. Unfortunately I lost that recipe, so chose to do this one tonight for a dinner party since it got such great reviews. Total disaster! The curd wouldn't thicken properly, the meringue wasn't thick enough and barely covered the top of the pie. I cooked it, hoping for the best and it has come out, cooled and the curd is still runny and too sharp in flavour. The meringue isn't the right consistency at all either.
So disappointed! I wish I could find my other recipe...
absolutely fabulous. When it says ultimate its so true. I make lemon meringue often and my dad said this was the best he's ever tasted. Wants me to make him one for himself! However i would not put all that butter in the lemon mixture next time i dont think it needs it. I made double quantities for a 12 flan tin. certainly not for anyone on a diet!
Absolutely wonderful recipe and the results are even better! Don't be put off with what I'm about to say but it is time consuming and you've to wait a good while after it's baked before you can eat it to allow it to cool. Saying that it was my first time making it so I hope that the time to table will decrease. It is worthwhile making the pastry the day before as suggested. Superb taste, everyone wanted seconds and some wanted thirds! It's true that it tastes best on the day of baking but found that the small bit that did survive till the next day was still ok if not perfect. I will make this recipe again.
This recipe has to be awarded for taste, looks and delivery of recipe cos it does exactly what it says on the tin.. i have made this particular recipe 3 times now and it delivers every time, the addition of orange is just lovely as it keeps the taste very fresh and citrus without being to sharp! the pastry is easy and melts in your mouth, i make mine in the processor and add the butter, icing sugar, egg yolk and water (hot) to create a wet paste, then adding the flour last. i make all my short pastry this way and it is always melting in the mouth... whether i make 1lb or 4kg at a time. throw any recipe you have for LMP, and keep this and pass it on to avid cooks and friends it's definately a winner ...well done good food!
No need to worry about the left over's or even washing the bowls! First time making a lemon meringue pie for me. I had no idea what to expect as I've never even eaten one before ... amazing result. Everyone wanted seconds. Easy to follow recipe (although I substituted a few things) and it turned out perfect first time!
This pie was absolutely delicious. I've disliked lemon meringue ever since it was served to me as part of school dinners but I decided to make this for my husband as it was a childhood favourite of his. What can I say? It was lovely - I'm a convert.
I did make a few changes to the recipe though. I only used 75g of sugar in the meringue and it was still sweet enough for us. I also only used one lemon, next time I will leave out the zest as I am not too keen on lemony things.
This was the first time I have made a meringue anything and it won't be my last.


text:
Diagnosed with a rare form of cancer, a young man (Joseph Gordon-Levitt) vows to beat the odds.
The Independent Spirit Awards nominations are out and guess who isn't pleased?
With silent movie The Artist and apocalyptic drama Take Shelter receiving the bulk of the nominations, including Best Feature (along with cancer comedy 50/50, father-son drama Beginners, noir thriller Drive, and family dramedy The Descendants), director Kevin Smith questioned why his horror movie Red State got completely snubbed. Smith took his complaint to his Twitter, where he called out the Spirit Awards for ignoring his cast.
REELZ isn't just a great place for movie reviews and celebrity news, we also have a great slate of original programming.
Choose one of our shows below to learn more!


text: Meta Battle Subway PokeBase - Pokemon Q&A Login Register All Activity Questions Unanswered Tags Users Ask a Question Rules Chat Can you sketch sketch? 0 votes Is it possible to sketch sketch in battle? sketch asked Jan 2, 2012 by Pixelmon Why would you want to? commented Jan 2, 2012 by Rio Please log in or register to add a comment. Please log in or register to answer this question. 1 Answer 0 votes No. it's not possible to sketch sketch. (HOPE THIS HELPS) :) answered Jan 3, 2012 by Darktyperuler1 Please log in or register to add a comment. Related questions Can you sketch hm moves and use the hm moves use like fly ? Can you use a PP Up/PP Max on Sketch? Can you breed Fusion Bolt (taught by Smeargle using Sketch) onto any other Pokemon? Can you sketch Night Daze, Blue Flare, V-Create and Glaciate? Can you Mimic Sketch? Can you sketch struggle? How do you use Sketch? Can the move sketch sketches the same move which you already have? Useful Meta Posts How to change your username How to add a user avatar Why was my post hidden? The points system Question etiquette Flags vs Downvotes Anime FAQ


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Sony Computer Entertainment Europe has today released the first information on WRC 3 for the PlayStation 2. The game, which is currently in development at UK-based Evolution Studios, is the only officially licensed game of the FIA World Rally Championship for a current-generation console.
As the official game of the 2003 World Rally Championship, WRC 3 will feature all of the official cars, drivers, rallies, liveries, sponsors, countries, and stages of the 2003 rally season--including the all-new WRC event in Turkey. The game promises to improve upon its predecessor in a number of ways, not the least of which is the introduction of shrapnel particle emitters that will allow pieces of bodywork and glass to fly off cars as a result of collisions. Other improvements mentioned in today's press release include working in-car instrumentation, more realistic car handling, more detailed locales, and more intelligent CPU drivers.
WRC 3 will feature multiplayer support for up to four drivers and is currently scheduled for release in Europe in November. We'll bring you more information on the game as soon as it becomes available.


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Monthly Archives: April 2010
Clyde on KSDK video (sorry for the wait)
By Katie | Published: April 26, 2010
Here's the video segment that aired last week on KSDK. You'll see Clyde in the middle of the video plus, you'll find out what a 'locavore' is! Cheers!
Posted in Uncategorized, Videos | Comments closed
Clyde on NBC's KSDK
By Katie | Published: April 21, 2010
In February Clyde went into Local Harvest Grocery in St. Louis to tape a segment for the St. Louis NBC affiliate, KSDK. We just received word this morning that the segment will be airing tomorrow morning (Thursday, April 22) during the 5am and 6am news hours. It might also air during the noon news hour. […]
Posted in Uncategorized | Comments closed
Zesty Citrus Chicken
By Katie | Published: April 21, 2010
Warm weather is making me want all the foods that go with summer. But we are back to spring, and a few of these nights have been pretty cold this week, so I haven't wanted to be outside grilling. Then I found this recipe, which sounded like the perfect compromise – summery citrus flavors, and […]
Posted in Recipes, Uncategorized | Comments closed


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GALACTIC Announce Their Music Festival "THE LANDING"
Galactic and legendary New Orleans music venue Tipitina's are joining forces this September for the inaugural year of THE LANDING MUSIC FESTIVAL - Just minutes outside of downtown at South Shore Harbor on Lake Pontchartrain. This two day festival will feature incredible national acts and showcase established and rising local stars curated by Galactic and Tipitina's including: Grace Potter, CAKE, Dr. Dog, Trampled by Turtles, St. Paul and The Broken Bones, North Mississippi Allstars & Anders Osborne Present: N.M.O., The Soul Rebels, Rayland Baxter and many more to be announced.
Exclusive Fan Presale & VIP packages go on sale THIS FRIDAY June 26th at 12NOON CST Here: http://bit.ly/TLPRESALE - Use password "LANDING2015"
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