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Last updated: August 2013
Section 1: General Questions
Section 2: Accountability Measurements
Section 3: Recognition, Accountability and Support
Section 4: Parent Engagement and Choice
Section 5: School and District Finances
Section 6: School and District Planning Activities
Section 7: Teacher Qualifications and Evaluations
Q: What does the ESEA Flexibility Waiver mean for Minnesota?
A: The federal Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) is the primary driver behind education systems across the country. The 2001 authorization of ESEA is called No Child Left Behind (NCLB), and since 2001, all states have been operating under the requirements outlined in this law. There has long been a consensus that many aspects of NCLB have not been effective in measuring or improving school effectiveness. The ESEA Flexibility Waiver (also known as "the waiver") was an opportunity to gain greater flexibility in the way we measure schools for accountability and the way that schools, districts and the Minnesota Department of Education (MDE) work to improve struggling schools.
Under the waiver, Minnesota has a new system of accountability for all schools. At the foundation of this system is a Multiple Measurements Rating (MMR) that replaces Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) as the primary measurement of school performance. The MMR looks at proficiency, growth, achievement gap reduction and graduation rates. Using the MMR, we will now identify schools for recognition, accountability and support by designating a percentage of Title I schools as Priority, Focus, Continuous Improvement, Celebration Eligible and Reward schools. Please see the NCLB Waiver Glossary for definitions of all these terms.
Q: How will tests change under the waiver?
A: Students are still required to take the same state tests, and nothing in the tests themselves is changed under the waiver. The only change is that test results are used in a different way for accountability purposes.
Q: How will the waiver affect the standards/expectations of a child's academic achievements?
A: Nothing in the waiver changes the state's rigorous academic standards in any way. The statewide standards remain in place. The state has only changed the way it measures schools' ability to help students meet those standards, as Minnesota is now using the MMR to measure school performance.
Q: How long will the waiver be in effect?
A: The waiver is approved for two years, with an option to extend for a third year. Year one is the 2012-13 school year. However, if ESEA is reauthorized before the end of the waiver period, the reauthorized law would take precedence over the waiver. MDE has worked to ensure that the approved waiver is compatible with congressional reauthorization proposals.
Q: How do schools get measured in the new accountability system?
A: All schools in the state are given an annual MMR and Focus Rating (FR), and schools and districts are still given an AYP determination each year as well. The MMR, a 0 to 100 percentage for all schools, is the primary measurement used for recognition, accountability and support in Minnesota. The FR is a secondary measurement for schools that sheds light on a school's ability to close growth gaps and achievement gaps.
Q: What measurements are included in the MMR and FR?
A: The MMR includes data on all students in the school focused in four areas: proficiency, student growth, achievement gap reduction and graduation rates. The FR includes data on only students of color, students in poverty, special education students and English learners in two areas: proficiency and achievement gap reduction. Reading and math are the two subjects included the MMR and FR.
Q: When are the MMR and FR released?
A: In 2013, MMR and FR results as well as school designations will be reported on or around October 1. In future years, MMR, FR and the school designation lists will be released in the summer, around the same time that AYP has traditionally been released in late July or August.
Q: How is proficiency measured in the MMR?
A: In Minnesota, each student that takes a test is placed into one of the four categories based on their score: Does Not Meet Standards, Partially Meets Standards, Meets Standards or Exceeds Standards. In the proficiency domain of MMR, we look at the proficiency index rate by considering the number of students in the Partially Meets Standards, Meets Standards and Exceeds Standards groups. The school's proficiency index rate is compared to a statewide established target, and a school's goal is to meet or surpass the target. A target is set for each of the nine AYP groups: All students, American Indian, Asian, Hispanic, Black, White, English learners, special education and free/reduced price lunch. Schools should strive to have their proficiency index rate within each of those subgroups be higher than the target. A school can earn a possible 25 points in the proficiency domain of MMR, and points are earned based on the number of targets a school is able to meet in reading and math.
Q: How is growth measured in the MMR?
A: Using the Minnesota Growth Model, each student is given a growth score based on how their test score compares to their expected test score. All students have an expected score based on how the student scored in the prior year; thus, the goal is to have the student meet or exceed that expected score. Once each student gets their own growth score, all individual student reading and math growth scores are then averaged to generate a school growth score. A school can earn a possible 25 points in the growth domain of MMR, and the points earned are based on how successful a school is in accelerating student growth.
Q: How is achievement gap reduction measured in the MMR?
A: With the same individual student growth scores that are used in the growth domain, MDE measures the success schools have in getting higher rates of growth in the seven subgroups that are typically lower-performing. The seven subgroups include: Black, Asian, Hispanic, American Indian, Free and Reduced Price Lunch (FRP), Limited English Proficient (LEP), and Special Education. The growth of each of these groups at the school is compared to the statewide average growth for their counterparts. The four subgroups of students of color are compared to the statewide average for white students. The three other subgroups are compared to the statewide average growth for all students that are not in their subgroup (e.g., LEP students are compared to the statewide average of all non-LEP students). A school can earn a possible 25 points in the achievement gap reduction domain of MMR, and the points are earned based on how successful the school is in accelerating growth for these select groups of students in order to close achievement gaps.
Q: How is graduation rate measured in the MMR?
A: The graduation rate for all of the groups in a school with at least 40 students is compared to a 90 percent graduation rate target. The graduation rate target is 90 percent for students overall as well as for each subgroup. A school can demonstrate success in this MMR domain not only by meeting the 90 percent target but also by showing improvement from year to year. A school can earn a possible 25 points in the graduation rate domain of MMR, and the points are earned based on the school's ability to meet the 90 percent target for groups or demonstrate an improvement in graduation rate over the prior year.
Q: How is the total MMR calculated?
A: A school's MMR is computed by dividing the total number of points a school earned in all of the domains by the total number of points it could have possibly earned to generate a percentage. For most elementary and middle/junior high schools, there will be 75 possible points. For most high schools, there will be 100 possible points. For all schools, the MMR will be a 0-100 percentage.
Q: What is the Focus Rating (FR)?
A: The FR is focused on a school's ability to close growth gaps and achievement gaps among typically lower-performing groups. The FR includes both proficiency and achievement gap reduction data on the following groups of students: American Indian, Asian, Hispanic, Black, special education, free/reduced price lunch and English learners. While the MMR has four measurements, the FR only has two domains: focused proficiency and achievement gap reduction. For all schools, there are 50 possible points in the FR.
Q: How does the performance of Minnesota students compare to that of other states, including the other states that have received waivers?
A: Minnesota will still be required to participate in the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) which is given to students in every state in the country. The NAEP results allow the public to see how students from Minnesota compare to those in other states.
Q: What types of schools are eligible for the school designations?
A: Only schools receiving federal Title I funds are eligible for the school designations (Priority, Focus, Continuous Improvement, Celebration Eligible and Reward). The only non-Title I schools that are eligible for designation are those current SIG schools that are not Title I schools.
Q: When does MDE release the lists of schools?
A: The Continuous Improvement, Celebration Eligible and Reward school lists are released on an annual basis along with the MMR data. Priority and Focus schools are designated every three years; thus, the schools that were designated as Priority or Focus in spring 2012 will remain in that status unless they meet exit criteria.
Q: How many schools fall into each of the new school designations?
A: The bottom five percent of Title I schools (approximately 42 schools) are identified as Priority Schools. Ten percent of Title I schools (approximately 85 schools) are identified as Focus Schools because they are making the largest contributions to the state's achievement gap. The top 15 percent of Title I schools (approximately 125 schools) are identified as Reward Schools. An additional 25 percent of high-performing Title I schools (approximately 210 schools) receive the Celebration Eligible status, with 10 percent of Title I schools (approximately 85 schools) being designated Celebration Schools. The bottom 25 percent of schools (approximately 210 schools) that are not already identified as Priority or Focus are designated as Continuous Improvement Schools.
Q: What are Priority Schools required to do for improvement?
A: Priority Schools are required to work collaboratively with parents, their communities, their districts, Regional Centers of Excellence and MDE to develop turnaround plans. This plan has to adhere to Turnaround Principles set by the US Department of Education (these Principles are outlined in the NCLB Waiver Glossary) and responds to the specific needs of the students in the school. Priority Schools maintain their status and continue working on their turnaround plans for three years unless they meet exit criteria. Priority Schools are required to set aside the equivalent of 20 percent of their Title I funds for activities related to their turnaround plan.
Q: What are Focus Schools required to do for improvement?
A: Focus Schools are required to work collaboratively with parents, their communities, their districts, Regional Centers of Excellence and MDE to develop school improvement plans aimed at improving the performance of their low-performing student subgroups. This plan is to be locally tailored by the school and district with technical assistance and strategic support from Regional Centers of Excellence and MDE. Focus Schools maintain their status and continue working on their improvement plans for three years unless they meet exit criteria. Focus Schools are required to set aside the equivalent of 20 percent of their Title I funds for activities related to their turnaround plan.
Q: What are Continuous Improvement Schools required to do for improvement?
A: Continuous Improvement Schools are required to work collaboratively with parents, their communities and their districts to develop school improvement plans. Regional Centers of Excellence and MDE are available for technical assistance and strategic support in this process. These school improvement plans are not submitted to or approved by MDE. Instead, districts are charged with implementing the plans within Continuous Improvement Schools. MDE audits 10 percent of Continuous Improvement Schools annually to ensure fidelity with the improvement planning process.
Q: Do Reward Schools receive recognition?
A: Currently, the only remuneration for Reward Schools is public recognition for their success. MDE is exploring the possibility of repurposing federal funds or securing funds from external partners to provide financial incentives to Reward Schools willing to partner with low-performing schools to share best practices.
Q: How does a school become a Celebration School and what is the recognition for that status?
A: Schools between the 60th and 86th percentile on the MMR are Celebration Eligible and may apply to MDE to become a Celebration School. These applications can include qualitative factors that go beyond assessment and graduation rates to explain why a school is deserving of recognition. MDE selects the equivalent of approximately 10 percent of Title I schools as Celebration Schools based on the quality of the applications. The primary reward for Celebration Schools is public recognition.
Q: How does the new system affect non-Title I schools?
A: As with the previous system, all schools, regardless of Title I status, are measured for accountability. Every school continues to receive an AYP determination, and every school now gets an MMR as well. However, the new school designations (Reward, Celebration Eligible, Focus, Priority and Continuous Improvement) will only apply to Title I schools.
Q: What are the district accountability provisions in the waiver?
A: The MMR and the new accountability designations are directed exclusively at schools. However, districts continue to receive annual AYP determinations, but there are no consequences or financial requirements for districts that are not making AYP. Additionally, districts with Priority and Focus Schools are required to complete a district-wide needs assessment to assess and improve their capacity for improving identified schools. If districts fail to effectively implement turnaround or improvement plans in identified schools, and exhibit persistently low performance at the district level, the district could be subject to restrictions on their Title I funding.
Q: How are SIG schools included in the accountability system?
A: Schools receiving federal School Improvement Grant (SIG) funds and implementing one of the SIG intervention models are also designated as Priority schools. SIG schools are required to comply with all requirements of Priority schools as well as the separate expectations of the federal SIG program.
Q: What are the parent notification requirements for identified schools?
A: Priority, Focus and Continuous Improvement schools are required to notify parents of their status upon identification and in each subsequent year until they exit their status. This notification must invite parents to participate in the school's turnaround or improvement activities and provide opportunities to engage in the process.
Q: What are the roles of parents and communities in school improvement planning?
A: Parents and communities are crucial to the school improvement or school turnaround process. The new system of school support envisions parents and communities taking a greater role in guiding the school improvement and turnaround planning and engaging in the implementation process. District and building leadership teams should include a parent membership. Priority and Focus Schools are required to develop a comprehensive parent and community engagement plan as part of their turnaround or improvement plan, developed in consultation with parent stakeholders representing the building and the district. Continuous Improvement Schools are required to notify parents of their status and invite them to be involved in school improvement planning and implementation. Just as importantly, the MMR provides parents and communities with more information than ever before, with which the goal is to spur greater involvement in the improvement of all schools, not just those identified as Priority, Focus or Continuous Improvement.
Q: ESEA Section 1116(b)(13), which requires the district to permit a child who has transferred to remain in the choice school through the highest grade in the school, does not appear to be waived. Do districts need to continue to provide transportation for these students in future years?
A: The section was not waived so as to allow states and districts that elect to provide that transportation to do so with Title I funding. Districts should work with parents of students that changed schools through the former school choice requirements to determine whether funding for that transportation will continue in future years. After the 2011-2012 school year, districts are not required to fund the transportation of those students to schools other than their "home" school.
Q: Is Supplemental Educational Services (SES) now optional for districts?
A: Beginning in the 2012-13 school year, Supplemental Educational Services (SES) is no longer required for any schools or districts. Under No Child Left Behind, schools that failed to make AYP for a certain number of years were required to offer SES, which typically takes the form of after-school tutoring. This requirement has been waived. Districts may choose to offer SES to students, and would contract out with any external providers they choose. There is no longer a list of state-approved SES providers.
Q: Is there additional funding for Priority, Focus and Continuous Improvement Schools?
A: Beyond the newly increased flexibility and release of formerly set-aside funds, Priority, Focus and Continuous Improvement Schools continue to receive the same amount of funding. There is no new funding attached to the waiver, but it does allow the state, districts and schools to use their existing funds more flexibly and effectively.
Q: Are there any mandated parameters around how Title I funds are used in either Priority or Focus Schools?
A: Priority, Focus and Continuous Improvement schools are required to set aside the equivalent of 20 percent of their Title I funds for activities related to their turnaround or school improvement plan. MDE and the Regional Centers of Excellence work with Priority, Focus and Continuous Improvement schools to determine which activities are allowable for this set-aside.
Q: Is the 10 percent staff development set-aside still in place for districts and schools?
A: There are no longer any mandatory set-asides for staff development. Districts may still spend Title I funds on staff development but it is not required. High quality staff development would be an allowable use of a Priority or Focus School's 20 percent set-aside.
Q: What are the fiscal implications of the waiver for nonpublic schools?
A: Nonpublic schools should be largely unaffected by the waiver. Nonpublic schools that receive Title I funds could see their funding increase as district-level set-asides (which were not distributed equitably to nonpublic schools) are eliminated and that funding rolls back into general Title I budgets. There are no circumstances under which the formula for Title I funding is altered to reduce funding for nonpublic schools.
Q: What are Regional Centers of Excellence and what role do they play in the new system?
A: Under the past model, there were eight education service regions to provide support to schools not making AYP. The new waiver provisions have created a need for MDE to reevaluate this model so as to provide better services to schools and districts, particularly to Priority and Focus Schools. The new models for service providers are called the Regional Centers of Excellence. The new Regional Centers provide a focused and consistent delivery of school improvement services across the state. Data analysis, standards, reading, math, English language development, special education and instructional leadership will be the focus of services and supports. The range of services and supports may include web-based resources and tools, as well as guided facilitation and technical assistance.
Q: Are there still district improvement plans?
A: MDE encourages all districts to continue looking at ways to improve, but there is no longer a requirement for districts to write and submit a district improvement plan on the basis of AYP or MMR results.
Q: How does the more flexible school improvement planning impact goals for Q Comp, literacy aid and other state programs?
A: Nothing in the waiver exempts schools or districts from the requirements of state programs such as Q Comp and the new required literacy planning.
Q: Do the requirements for Highly Qualified Teachers (HQT) remain in place?
A: Under the waiver, a district is not required to develop an improvement plan or restrict the use of federal funds pursuant to such a plan. Additionally, MDE is not required to enter into the agreement required by ESEA section 2141(c) with a district. Districts are not restricted in their use of Title I, Part A funds for paraprofessionals, but still must comply with the requirements with respect to paraprofessionals in ESEA section 1119(c) through (g). The basic highly qualified teacher requirements of ESEA remain in place. Also, there is still a requirement in place to ensure that poor and minority children are not taught at higher rates than other children by inexperienced, unqualified, or out-of-field teachers.
Q: Is the waiver at all tied to teacher evaluation?
A: The waiver is only indirectly tied to teacher and principal evaluation. One of the US Department of Education requirements for receiving the waiver was to have these systems in place or in development, a requirement that Minnesota was able to meet due to the legislative action taken on this issue in 2011. Nothing in the waiver changes the state's statutory requirements for evaluation systems.


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Parrett Joins the Principal Financial Group as VP of Consulting
The Principal Financial Group® announced the hiring of Mike Parrett as vice president of consulting, effective August 18, 2014. Parrett will provide advanced consulting to employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs), including financial analysis and transaction structuring. He will be based in Indianapolis.
"We are pleased to welcome Mike to The Principal® team," said Jerry Ripperger, vice president of consulting at The Principal. "His extensive experience in finance and ESOPs will be instrumental in strengthening our consulting practice to better serve our clients."
Parrett has nearly 30 years of experience in finance, treasury and operations management. Most recently, he served as senior vice president and chief financial officer of Herff Jones, Inc., where he was responsible for overseeing the company's merger and acquisition, finance, treasury, insurance and risk-management functions.
Parrett earned bachelor's degrees in accounting and business administration from the University of Indianapolis and is a Certified Public Accountant and Certified Treasury Professional. He previously represented Herff Jones, Inc., on the Employee-Owned S Corporation of America (ESCA) board and is a current member of the Association for Financial Professionals (AFP).

subset: commoncrawl


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Central Bank of Liberia or CBL, Executive Governor J. Mills Jones has described arguments opposing the bank's microfinance loan scheme here as "nonsense and baseless."
Jones had been summoned several times by both the lower and upper houses of the Liberian Legislature over the loan scheme, with many holding the view that the CBL's initiative had a political motivation, before an act to amend the CBL law was passed.
The CBL amended act requires members of its board of governors or officials with political ambition to resign three years prior to elections.
But Jones responding to critics here on Tuesday at a news conference said: "This is nonsense- only intended to confuse the people that the CBL is not working in their interest. The question is, why go through such length to beat up on the CBL?"
He said most of the CBL's initiatives have been done in United States dollars and questions how does an increase in the supply of US Dollar lead to the fall in the value of the Liberian Dollar relative to the US Dollar.
Jones further took a whip at his critics who fear his entering the political race could undermine their own ambition saying "When there was no answer to this question (above), some began to talk about the CBL "infusing" Liberian Dollars into the economy," thus spurring an increase in the value of the US Dollar against the local currency.
He said what the public should notice about the bank's critics is that "they don't say how the CBL is doing this." Describing the action of the bank's critics as a campaign of misinformation, Jones noted that commercial banks were involved in all of the initiatives. According to him, these commercial banks were initially consulted on many occasions before the initiative was launched.
To justify that the CBL has not been giving loans to individual businesses, he made reference to a paragraph in the agreement on the placement/deposit with the banks on due diligence as follows: "the (name of bank) commits itself and undertakes to exercise due diligence in assessing the credit-worthiness of all potential borrowers consistent with its lending practices; it shall ensure that loans from the placement shall be made to the only creditworthy Liberian-owned small and medium enterprises."
Not only were these agreements notarized, he noted, they were also duly probated and registered at the Probate Court of Montserrado County.
"Does this look like an operation of the Executive Governor dividing public funds? The statement is a baseless one no matter how many times it is repeated; no matter how important the office of the one making the statement; no matter how loud the voice of the person making the statement- is nothing more than a baseless statement. Put simply- empty talk is empty talk," Dr. Jones stressed.
Jones, who had not only been criticized by the members of the Liberian Senate, House of Representatives, but also Finance Minister Amara Konneh indicated that it was under his leadership that a Reserve Management Guide was developed and approved by the Board of Governors.
"Neither the Executive Governor nor any Deputy Governor can just go dipping into the reserves of the CBL," he asserted, maintaining that even amounts put up for auction were decided upon after a process of discussion- following which the appropriate instructions are signed by the appropriate authority. Dr. Jones also pointed out that the foreign reserves of the CBL were not the government revenues deposited at the CBL. "The CBL does not touch government revenues, except upon instructions from the Ministry of Finance to make payments on its behalf. So those who talk about the CBL using taxpayers' money for its purposes were just simply wrong," he noted.
It should also be noted that the CBL, over the last several years, has been actively trying to stabilize the exchange rate through regular auctions of United States dollars to the private sector, Dr. Jones told the news conference in Central Monrovia. Jones, who refused to take questions from members of the media, noted that since 2010, the CBL has sold over US$242 million to the market, emphasizing the fact that today the CBL, has over 48 times the amount of reserves when the bank came in 2006, suggests that the bank's management has not been in the business of misusing the country's reserves. "This is for-nothing talk," he noted, asking his critics as to where is the evidence of misuse of the country's reserves?
"It should also be pointed out that the CBL has also cooperated in helping the government smooth out its spending to keep certain development programs on track by providing short-term borrowing facilities; the CBL intends to continue such constructive engagement with the government- evidence by the present discussion with the government for a short-term facility to support the country's infrastructure program," Dr. Jones concluded.
Governor Mills Jones' assertions are the first public pronouncements since the passage and signing into law a few weeks ago of the amended 1999 CBL Act by Legislature and President Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf. The Act was initially passed by the Liberian Senate and unanimously and speedily concurred with by the House of Representatives.
A mass demonstration by the Liberian business community, youth, women and student groups, as well as civil society groups, among others preceded the House's concurrence.
There was a small demonstration on the grounds of the Capitol Building in support of the passage of the Act preventing all governors, including Executive Governor Mills Jones from participating in all political activities. They are allowed to do so provided they resign three years to the electoral process.


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The Australian and Irish teams created a game record of 10 burnt ends in a tensely fought Pairs Final at the Hong Kong International Bowls Classic 2012 on Sunday Nov 11. Eventually Australia, who had more success in burning the head, clinched the title.
The Australian duo, Barrie Lester and Matthew Baus, said that they are relieved after taking more than four hours to beat Irishmen Graham McKee and Mark McPeak in the Final.
"We know it will be a tough game for us in the Final because both [McKee and McPeak] are great players. We just kept fighting, killed a few ends and hung on to win," skipper Lester said.
"This is our first time here, so it is quite amazing that we won the title at our first attempt."
In a tightly contested Final both teams performed well, but it was the Australians who took the first set 10:5. Both teams killed one end each – by putting the jack, or head, out of bounds – in this set.
In the second set it was an even tighter scenario when the end was killed eight times – particularly so in the second end when the end was burnt four times.
The Irish once opened up a 7:2 lead, but in the sixth end lost five as their skipper, Graham McKee, missed all four driving shots.
From then on it was all downhill for the Irish and they eventually lost 11:10, with the Aussies winning and Lester collecting both of the men's tournament's singles and pairs trophies.
Lester thinks that it's the hunger to perform well for Australia and for their bowling career made them perfect.
"Getting our name on the international stage will help us in selection for future competitions," said the 30-year-old Community Development Officer with Bowls Australia.
"The next big thing will be the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. And we all want to be considered for it."
First organised in 1981, the Hong Kong International Bowls Classic is recognised as one of the best outdoor bowls tournaments in the world. Over the years, famous bowlers from all leading bowling countries have participated in the event.
Hong Kong has won the Pairs title on five occasions and the Hong Kong Team last won it in 2007. In the Singles, Hong Kong players George Souza Jnr and Noel Kennedy won their titles in 1984 and 1994, respectively.
Last year the Classic was not held as the Hong Kong Lawn Bowls Association celebrated its 50th year with the HKLBA Golden Jubilee International Bowls Mixed Pairs Classic.
It was a landmark year in 2012, when for the first time in the history of bowling in Hong Kong every final match was televised live on Now TV.
He is particularly impressed with the whole tournament and the atmosphere.
"When hundreds of people are patting you on the back and shaking your hand and congratulating you, it gives you a great feeling and makes it easier in your bowling."
"Just getting invited here made me smile for days. I came here, performed well, winning is just a bonus. Having my name and Matthew's name on the trophy alongside great names in the game is a great honour," said Lester who beat his compatriot, Baus, in the International Classic Men's Singles Final a week earlier.
In the history of the Classic there had previously been only two teams that had won both the men's singles and pairs tournaments in the same year. Both were from England in 2004 and 2010.
Claudius Lam is an Officer with the Hong Kong Lawn Bowls Association.
The Epoch Times publishes in 35 countries and in 19 languages. Subscribe to our e-newsletter.


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BEER drinkers who suspect that their Christmas tipple has been watered down or adulterated may soon be able to have the offending samples checked against the genuine article. Tom Marshall and Katherine Williams at the University of Sunderland have devised a system for "fingerprinting" beers and say that it could be used to test the authenticity of any brew.
The fingerprints are based on barley proteins. Beers typically contain between 100 and 200 proteins, each present in concentrations of a few milligrams per litre. Some of the proteins are beneficial, causing formation of the head on beer. Others produce unwanted cloudiness.
The combination of proteins is different for each beer, yielding a distinct, reproducible fingerprint. "We've fingerprinted different samples of the same beer at different times, and they are almost identical," says Williams. "It may be possible to blind-test beers, identify them and say which brewery they came from."
The ...
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text: Frederick James Rick Roop, 56, was born Aug. 29, 1956, in Tulsa, to parents William Bill and Patsy (Ross) Roop, and passed from this life suddenly on April 4, 2013. Rick was a principal in the Altus school system. He received his bachelors degree from Central State University and his masters from Southwestern Oklahoma State University. A loving husband, father, son, PaPa, brother, and friend, Rick never met a stranger and always made a friends with anyone he met. He enjoyed riding Harleys, officiating basketball games, and hobby farming. He was also a hard worker who wanted a plan for everyday. He was always asking, Whats the game plan?Rick was preceded in death by his father, Bill; and uncle, Robert Roop.He is survived by his wife and best-friend, Vickie; son, Robert Roop and his wife Tiffany; daughter, Katie Endres and her husband Michael; mother, Patsy Melton; sisters, Margaret Snyder and Lesley Lemmon; brothers, Will Roop and Bill T. Roop; grandchildren, Bryce, Abbie, Lucy, and Wagoner; uncle, Gene C. Roop; and tons of nieces, nephews and friends.Visitation will be from 1 to 8 p.m. Sunday at Chapel Hill Funeral Home 8701 NW Expressway in Oklahoma City. Funeral services will be held at 2 p.m., Monday at Surrey Hills Baptist Church 12421 N Mustang Rd. in Yukon with interment to follow at Chapel Hill Memorial Gardens. Please visit Fredericks online memorial at www.ChapelHill-OKC.com.


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Muscle Mustangs & Fast FordsFeatured Vehicles
1986 Mustang GT - Master Of Arms
Perry Santini Brandishes A Gun Of A Different Caliber In The Super Street Outlaw Wars.
Per Super Street Outlaw rules, an automatic transmission was a must. Perry went the conventional route, as he slung a Performance Automatic-built two-speed slushbox behind the mod motor, but not before laying in a Performance Automatic flywheel and Neil Chance 4,300-rpm stall converter in the bellhousing. A B&M trans cooler keeps the fluid cool under race conditions, and Perry makes the single gear change via a B&M shifter. Linking the trans to the rearend is a custom-built carbon-fiber driveshaft.
While on the topic of the rearend, the venerable Ford 8.8-inch rear still resides, showing that a serious amount of power can be handled by the 9-inch's little brother, although Perry beefed it up with a set of 3.55 gears, C-clip eliminators, a spool, and an aluminum rearend girdle. When it comes to the suspension, strip only was the thought process. A pair of D&D Motorsports upper control arms and a manual steering conversion get the front end to shed some weight off the nose and transfer the heft rearward upon launch.
Since our photo shoot, Perry has revamped the entire front end with help and parts from Skinny Kid Race Cars. A set of upper control arms and SSM lowers suspend the rear and get it to hook along with Strange shocks, Moroso Trick springs, an antiroll bar, and custom subframe connectors. After a bit of trial and error, Perry relocated the rear to aid in traction on the starting line, as well as having thrown on a set of wheelie bars after hiking the wheels at the Columbus NMRA race and coming back to planet Earth hard enough to crack the oil pan. The rolling stock consists of Weld Pro Stars sized 15x3.5 fore and 15x10 rear. The bow rides along on Moroso DS2 skinnies, while the rear hoops are Mickey Thompson 28x10.5 gumballs. Braking duties are handled by Aerospace Competition brakes up front, stock drums out back, and a Simpson parachute.
The Fox-body was originally black and in rough shape, so a new look was obviously needed. A new hood and hatch were lowered on the flanks, followed by the application of numerous coats of Medium Canyon Red Metallic, an '86 SVO Mustang color. Once the paint was dry, an Ed Quay strutless aluminum wing was bolted on, and a hole was cut in the front bumper so the turbo could suck in copious amount of air.
The interior of the Pony is all business. The stock gray and black color scheme remains, though the cabin has been made legal for sub-7-second laps thanks to an NHRA-certified 25.2 chromoly rollcage. A pair of race seats and five-point harnesses keeps Perry and the invisible passenger secured tightly, and a window net is clicked into place right before he fires up the car for a trip down the strip. A bevy of Auto Meter gauges and an Auto Meter tach clue him in to the engine's vitals, and a shift light blinks on at the 7,300-rpm shift point.
Since our photo shoot, a couple of things have changed on Perry's four-eyed flyer. The exhaust is now routed out the side, and the aforementioned suspension changes were made to make the car more competitive and easier to handle. They must have worked as Perry made it to the final round at the '08 Columbus event, despite breaking the motor. All told, the car is good for solid 8.40-second e.t's, with trap speeds approaching 164 mph. This is all accomplished with a 60-foot time of 1.23 seconds.
"I love the fact that the car has a stock appearance, and has the mod motor," Perry comments. "Running a supercharger on a mod motor at this level doesn't work with the stock internals too well, and you just can't make enough power on nitrous with these small cubic-inch engines. I'm happy with the turbo/mod motor combination, and am really striving to be competitive in Super Street Outlaw with the car."
If the Columbus final-round appearance is a glance at things to come, the SSO field better look out. This Master of Arms is about ready to lay down the law.


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VIDEO: James Franco, Michelle Williams and More in OZ THE GREAT AND POWERFUL Super Bowl Spot
Disney's fantastical adventure "Oz The Great and Powerful," directed by Sam Raimi, imagines the origins of L. Frank Baum's beloved wizard character. Check out the movie's just-aired Super Bowl spot below!
When Oscar Diggs (James Franco), a small-time circus magician with dubious ethics, is hurled away from dusty Kansas to the vibrant Land of Oz, he thinks he's hit the jackpot-fame and fortune are his for the taking-that is until he meets three witches, Theodora (Mila Kunis), Evanora (Rachel Weisz) and Glinda (Michelle Williams), who are not convinced he is the great wizard everyone's been expecting. Reluctantly drawn into the epic problems facing the Land of Oz and its inhabitants, Oscar must find out who is good and who is evil before it is too late. Putting his magical arts to use through illusion, ingenuity-and even a bit of wizardry-Oscar transforms himself not only into the great wizard but into a better man as well.
"Oz The Great and Powerful" is produced by Joe Roth, with screen story by Mitchell Kapner and screenplay by Mitchell Kapner and David Lindsay-Abaire. Grant Curtis, Palak Patel, Josh Donen and Philip Steuer are serving as executive producers. "Oz The Great and Powerful" opens in U.S. theaters on March 8, 2013.
About Author
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Complete Subframe Assembly
The new Hotchkis bolt-in subframe system combines sport springs, sway bars, and chassis max subframe brace for perfect balance, handling and control. The track-tested bolt-in subframe system arrives on a pallet ready to bolt into your '67-69 Camaro and '68-'74 Nova. Every subframe system is assembled by hand using the highest quality domestic hardware.
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Keyless Ignition System
ididit is your key to keyless with the company's newest product, the Keyless Push Button ignition system. It includes two key fobs and one compact control box with 10-foot range ability. The key fob has automatic and manual security ability.
ididit Inc.
Air Filter
This stock replacement air filter for '08-and-newer Corvettes from K&N features a reversed sealing surface for maximized airflow and surface area. The filter is washable and reusable with a 1,000,000-mile warranty and includes mounting brackets.
K&N Engineering Inc.
Musclecar Drop Spindle Set
Here's a 2-inch drop spindle set for '67-69 Camaros and '68-72 Chevelles. This forged steel spindle is built as a direct factory replacement and has a modular design to accept many brake upgrades.
KW Automotive North America
Drive-by-Wire Electronic Throttle Control (ETC)
Lokar partnered with Williams Controls in developing the first programmable electronic drive-by-wire throttle pedal for the automotive aftermarket. This throttle pedal is three times faster than the OE pedals and also looks much better.
Lokar Performance Products
Serpentine System
This billet aluminum LS Protrack serpentine system for LS-based motors is the newest thing to come out of the March Performance camp. It is CNC-machined from 6061-T6 aluminum, features an OEM-style tensioner to ensure perfect belt tension, and a canister-style power steering pump. It comes in either black or chrome, with all the needed accessories.
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'60s Muscle Gauge Set
Marshall Instruments brings you retro, muscle-car-era-themed gauges with period look and modern technology. There are three different silk screens available in two different sizes with through the dial lighting and lit pointers. All the traditional gauges are covered like speedo, tach, fuel, volts, and so on.
Marshall Instruments
Door Panels
New from Legendary are these '66 Chevelle door panels with the correct three-dimensional filler board construction, heat-sealed madrid grain vinyl upper, crushed ice grain lower and pebble grain textured chrome accent. This door panel is available in all the original factory colors and grains.
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Glasspack Mufflers
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Nova Taillight
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text:
Seining herring, Lubec, ca 1940
Contributed by Lubec Historical Society
This man is loading herring on a sardine carrier boat using a dip fish net. The canvas over the gunwale helps slip the load on board. The location of this photograph is Lubec's Boot Cove.
As the fishing industry grew in Lubec larger boats with hydraulic powered cranes for harvesting were used, but in the older days it was all muscle.
Other Information
- Title: Seining herring, Lubec, ca 1940
- Creation Date: circa 1940
- Subject Date: circa 1940
- Local Name: Boot Cove
- Town: Lubec
- County: Washington
- State: ME
- Media: Photograph
- Dimensions (cm): 96 x 76
- Local Code: 622 jpg
- Object Type: Image
For more information about this item, contact:
Lubec Historical Society
135 Main Street, Lubec, ME 04652
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LC Subject Headings
Fishing industry--Maine--Lubec
Fishing & hunting gear--Maine--Lubec
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text:
A message component for an industrial automation system is provided. This includes a service component that is employed to locate functionality of applications associated with a control system message bus. An operations component exchanges messages with the message bus, where the service component and the operations component form an external view to facilitate communications between the applications.
1. A system embodied on a computer-readable storage medium that, when executed on one or more processors, facilitates communications in an industrial automation system, comprising:
a message component, comprising:
a service component that locates functionality of applications communicatively coupled to a control system message bus; and
an operations component that exchanges messages with the message bus, the service component and the operations component form a browsable external view that illustrates relationships between the applications and specifies security requirements, access rights, and transport protocols required to connect to each application, the external view enabling selection of functionality associated with a first application on the message bus to be supplied to a second application on the message bus to form a control application.
2. The system of
3. The system of
4. The system of
5. The system of
6. The system of
7. The system of
8. The system of
9. The system of
10. The system of
11. The system of
12. The system of
13. The system of
14. The system of
15. The system of
16. The system of
17. The system of
18. The system of
19. A computer-readable storage medium having a data structure stored thereon to facilitate communications in an industrial automation environment, comprising:
a first data field that specifies operations that communicate with a message bus;
a second data field to specify services that employ the operations to communicate with the message bus to locate desired functionality associated with applications coupled to the message bus; and
a third data field that generates an external view of the applications based in part on the operations and the services, the external view illustrating relationships between the applications together with security requirements, access rights, and transport protocols required to connect to each of the applications.
20. The computer-readable storage medium of
21. The computer-readable storage medium of
22. The computer-readable storage medium of
23. The computer-readable storage medium of
24. The computer-readable storage medium of
25. The computer-readable storage medium of
26. The computer-readable storage medium of
27. A method for coupling industrial control components, comprising:
employing a processor executing computer executable instructions stored on a computer readable storage medium to implement the following acts:
defining one or more interfaces for each of a plurality of modules communicatively coupled to an industrial control system message bus, each of the one or more interfaces providing a point of communication through which to interact with each of the respective modules;
defining at least one service that publishes functionality and access policy information associated with the plurality of modules and
generating a user interface that provides a view of the published functionality and access policy information for each of the plurality of modules, the user interface allowing a user to locate at least two modules on the message bus having desired functionality and to couple the at least two modules across the message bus via the respective interfaces associated with each of the at least two modules to form a control application.
28. The method of
29. The method of
30. The method of
31. The method of
32. The method of
33. A messaging system for an industrial control environment, comprising:
a processor;
a memory communicatively coupled to the processor, the memory having stored therein computer-executable instructions configured to implement the messaging system, including:
means for interfacing to a control system bus;
means for locating functionality associated with a set of applications coupled to the control systems bus; and
means for generating a user interface that provides a browsable view of the functionality, the user interface facilitating selective connectivity between the set of applications to form at least one control application.
34. The messaging system of
The subject invention relates generally to industrial control systems and more particularly to industrial control services that provide an external view of applications at an abstract level in order to facilitate communications between applications.
Industrial controllers historically have operated in factory networks where a plurality of controllers and associated I/O modules communicate. These lower level control elements are often in communication with higher level computing systems or servers that aggregate data from the controllers and help to manage day-to-day activities of an enterprise. As systems have become more complex however, communications and functional cooperation between components has become a challenge. For instance, when users purchase multiple products from one or more vendors there is often limited interoperability and consistency between such products. Software and control engineers must then learn their unique product and how the components interact with each other. Limited product and component consistency suggest that techniques engineers learn in one product do not necessarily carry over to other implementations. In general, control and application systems use different interfaces that make mapping difficult; meanwhile qualified personnel that understand both hardware and software environments are in short supply and command high salaries.
Often times, integration of products (production and automation systems in particular) is too complex and difficult to manage. Process and control engineers cannot code and configure their respective components of a solution without concern for other system components. In addition, system startup metrics are generally not sufficient to supply clear and measurable information for the user/integrator. In one example, a user specifies a line production system with both control and software system components. The development (customization) and integration cost is significant allowing for long ramp-up and integration due to the complexity of connecting systems and uncertainty of how the system will perform. This has a significant impact beyond the cost of the control system as line commissioning and ramp-up are delayed during control system integration. A more predictable process and less complex system integration capability will reduce these costs.
Another problem with current control solutions is that users currently focus on implementation and glue logic rather than the production solution at hand. The underlying technical details have become a primary worry where engineers from multiple environments do not focus on process information (application level concerns) and values exchanged, rather they more often focus on the "how" not the "what." For instance, a user may decide to automate a manual section of their plant. The design may start at a high level but soon becomes a series of discussions regarding nonfunctional requirements e.g., DCOM, TCP, transaction rates, and the like. While these nonfunctional requirements are important, the design of functional requirements is where the true value is to the designer or end user. Thus, the user would prefer to focus on functional requirements (equipment control, product flow control, and so forth) providing direct improvements in value rather than dealing with superfluous technology issues.
In another case, system design does not sufficiently enable trade-offs between overhead burden (memory footprint, CPU cycles, and so forth) and application coupling. For instance, processing load should be better distributed across the system in accordance with system capabilities. Thus, if one part of the system is shut down, alternative processing capability should be in place to allow production to continue. For example, a user initially designs and installs a control system suiting their immediate needs. Incremental changes are then applied to controllers and often new interface functions are added to the human machine interface (HMI) for such controllers. Current solutions however do not facilitate a smooth and uncomplicated transition for the respective changes. Multiple technologies underneath many vendors' products complicate configuration and management of systems. This is also aggravated when third party systems are involved. Such complexity hinders the system's capacity to provide higher-level information and reduces its ability to easily configure such systems.
The following presents a simplified summary in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects described herein. This summary is not an extensive overview nor is intended to identify key/critical elements or to delineate the scope of the various aspects described herein. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
Industrial controller services are provided that present an abstraction for an industrial communications infrastructure to enable components to easily locate and connect desired functionality across the infrastructure. Services help locate and connect application interfaces between applications (or modules) to and from a control system message bus. Such services differ from web services since they are not restricted to standard http/SOAP implementations yet have the capability to interface with the control system message bus which is in contrast to web services. Although the services are compatible with web services they include operations that exchange messages with the message bus that include industrial protocols employed on the bus. Generally, services associate higher level behaviors to sources and destinations of control system messages such as: how the message will be processed; which output messages will be associated with input messages and vice versa; and how security and encoding rules are to be reconciled by sender and receiver applications. By employing the services to determine/locate available functionality, applications can be efficiently integrated across system components.
To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, certain illustrative aspects are described herein in connection with the following description and the annexed drawings. These aspects are indicative of various ways which can be practiced, all of which are intended to be covered herein. Other advantages and novel features may become apparent from the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the drawings.
Systems and methods are provided to facilitate communications for applications associated with industrial controller environments. In one aspect, a message component for an industrial automation system is provided. This includes a service component that is employed to locate functionality of applications associated with a control system message bus. An operations component is provided to exchange messages with the message bus, where the service component and the operations component form an external view for developers to facilitate communications between the applications.
It is noted that as used in this application, terms such as "component," "module," "service," and the like are intended to refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution as applied to an automation system for industrial control. For example, a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program and a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a server and the server can be components. One or more components may reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers, industrial controllers, and/or modules communicating therewith.
Referring initially to
In general, the services 140 present an abstraction for an industrial communications infrastructure including the message bus 110 to enable components such as the source and destination applications 120 and 130 to easily locate and connect desired functionality across the infrastructure. The services 140 help locate and connect application interfaces 124 and 134 between applications 120 and 130 (or modules described below) to/from the control system message bus 110. Such services 140 differ from web services since they are not restricted to standard http/SOAP implementations yet the services have the capability to interface with the control system message bus 110 which is in contrast to web services. Although the services 140 are compatible with web services they include operations 144 that exchange messages with the message bus 110 that include industrial protocols employed on the bus. Generally, the services 140 associate higher level behaviors to source applications 120 and destination applications 130 of control system messages such as: how the message will be processed; which output messages will be associated with input messages and vice versa; and how security and encoding rules are to be reconciled by sender and receiver applications. By employing the services to determine/locate available functionality, applications can be efficiently integrated across system components.
In one example, two services 140 can send and receive the same messages. A "Controller" service supports the operations below which exchange messages ItemInfo and Value:
Typically, an interface presents the developer with a boundary to connect modules together from the module designer's context (e.g., C++, ladder, etc.). The service 140 provides an external 'module clients' view at 150 associating additional information such as security requirements, access rights, and transport protocols required to connect the applications 120 and 130, where the context is common across the system 100 (e.g., language neutral). This information can be provided by engineers, system integrators, or system administrators depending on requirements and capabilities.
A client to the application's interface 124,134 locates services 140 that support the interface they are searching for. The service 140 advises the client of the policies (security, format, and so forth), ports (in memory, CIP, http, and so forth) and diagnostics that are to be satisfied to connect the applications (or modules) together. This information can be grouped into the format suitable to the user's view at 150. Such information can be filtered by port (show memory only) or by a combination (show all ports to interface status). In another aspect, the system 100 can be employed as a messaging system for an industrial control environment. This includes means for interfacing to a control system bus such as via the interfaces 124 and 134. This also includes means for locating application functionality (e.g., services 140) for the control systems bus 110. The messaging system can also include means for publishing data relating to the application functionality such as via the platform directory 160.
The system 100 provides a model that allows module developers to annotate applications or modules with requirements for access to externally visible components which provide the client view at 150 to enable client modules to browse. The application or module identifies its public actions (Commands, Events, Data, Alarms and so forth) in the interface 124, 134, where these actions are mapped to operations that enable additional information to be added to fully describe connection requirements for clients. Services 140 publish these operations on Ports (e.g., CIP, Live Data, JMS, Web Service and so forth). Clients are then able to discover functionality by browsing these associations in the platform directory 160 for example. These relationships allow searches on the automation platform such as; where is this interface deployed?, which ports are the module's interface available on?, what access roles are required to connect to server?, what messages are exchanged during a connection to this module?, and what controller chassis or PC server functionality is required to run the service, for example.
Before proceeding, it is noted that the source applications 120 or the destination applications 130 can be provided as a module (shown below in
In general, the module is an association of logic with one or more resources. The logic includes program code that can alter the state of a resource; for example, ladder code, function chart, script, JAVA, C code, and so forth. The resources are those components or elements that perform an activity in a system including equipment and personnel that perform work in a system. Other examples of types of resources include Equipment, Material, Personnel, Segments and Storage. Personnel and equipment (machines) can perform activities in a system. Resources that can perform work can be classified as active resources (e.g., CNC machine, Injection molding machine), whereas other equipment resources can be considered passive resources (e.g., sensor, material). The modules hide the user from internal interfaces, messages, and logic specific to the resources yet provide standard or generic interfaces to external systems or between components. Modules may include other modules including nested modules (described in more detail below) where standard module behaviors and attribute patterns can be represented using common data model representations for module classes, module templates and module inheritance. Module classes and templates can be maintained in libraries which facilitate access to desired system functionality and further promote system integration.
It is further noted that the components illustrated in the system 100 can include various computer or network components such as servers, clients, programmable logic controllers (PLCs), communications modules, mobile computers, wireless components, control components and so forth which are capable of interacting across the message bus 110. Similarly, the term PLC as used herein can include functionality that can be shared across multiple components, systems, and/or networks. For example, one or more PLCs can communicate and cooperate with various network devices across the message bus 110. This can include substantially any type of control, communications module, computer, I/O device, sensor, Human Machine Interface (HMI)) that communicate via the message bus 110 which includes control, automation, and/or public networks. The PLC can also communicate to and control various other devices such as Input/Output modules including Analog, Digital, Programmed/Intelligent I/O modules, other programmable controllers, communications modules, sensors, output devices, and the like.
The message bus 110 can include public networks such as the Internet, Intranets, and automation networks such as Control and Information Protocol (CIP) networks including DeviceNet and ControlNet. Other networks include Ethernet, DH/DH+, Remote I/O, Fieldbus, Modbus, Profibus, wireless networks, serial protocols, and so forth. In addition, network devices can include various possibilities (hardware and/or software components). These include components such as switches with virtual local area network (VLAN) capability, LANs, WANs, proxies, gateways, routers, firewalls, virtual private network (VPN) devices, servers, clients, computers, configuration tools, monitoring tools, and/or other devices.
Referring now to
The configuration of services and operations can be automated; however, users may elect to view or update the configuration information. Typically operations designed to work together are supported on the same service 210. Thus, message bus products can automatically generate default service and operation configurations based on existing module interface definitions. Similarly, meta-data provided by the service 210 and operations 240 can be created based on system policies associated with user interface selection (child module, local access), rather than manual entry by user. Users may also customize the default service and operations. For example the name of the operation 240 provided to clients may be different than an internal name.
Examples in which the user may elect to override default settings include: A control engineer integrates three machines from different vendors that publish part count information in interfaces that have common functionality but different names. The internal HMI and data collection systems expect a common service interface; a company has a set of validated control modules that are mapped into the system as services 210 and operations 240. The names and publication rates of actions on the modules are to be changed, where the operations can be changed without touching the validated module logic. In another example, a customer upgrades their controller to support controller based Live Data and desires to convert some control modules from another Data format. The change can be accomplished by overriding the operation parameters without affecting the underlying module code. In yet another example, a customer has a module supporting 80 actions on his Control Module interface which spans HMI, data collection and control data. The volume and mix of information requires highly trained personnel and is prone to errors when the client's access information is not published for them. The customer updates access permissions on the operations to partition the operations between the three clients.
A client to the module's interface 230 locates services that support the interface they are looking for. The service 210 advises the client of the policies (security, format, etc.), ports (in memory, CIP, http, etc.) and diagnostics needed to connect the modules 220. This information can be grouped into the format appropriate to the user's view.
Turning to
Interfaces 310 provide an internal application logic view of exposed functionality. This includes an application specific view, along with actions and arguments that are in application specific format. Interfaces 310 are aligned with services 320, where the interface is the application developer's view and the service is the operational/implemented view. Typically, clients browse services to locate functionality. Services 320 allow clients/systems view of exposed functionality. System views include identifying the "what, where, and how." Service operations 330 allow the association of communications and deployment data with the actions on the interface 310. Messages are common format of the arguments/data supported on the interface and in communication. The operations 330 may also specify mappings. Operations 330 can be supported on multiple ports, where observing the port from a client can discover the operations supported. Similarly, by observing the service 320, the client can identify what ports are supported.
At 410, the service publication data 400 can include access policy data. This can include security requirements such as role, credentials, encryption levels required, and so forth. The data 410 can also include scope information that outlines applications/hosts/domains allowed access to the interface. At 420, frequency data may be published which can include how often the data producer provides updates to the data consumer, for example. At 430, protocol/encoding requirement data may be published by the service. At 440, data types and message types required to interact with the service operation can be published. At 450, data relating to deployed instances that currently support the interface can also be identified via linkages to hosts established during previous deployment steps. As can be appreciated, other data can be published at 400 from the examples shown at 410-450.
The system level 514 of operation delivers runtime functionality which manages the communications with a production facility, for example. It generally has stringent demands in terms of high availability and predictability. It should be in a known state within the facility. The system level 514 as a result is automated and running with exposed services for configuration and reporting, it executes as part of the automation platform.
The application level 510 includes UI tools 520, API's 530, and drivers 540 that collaborate to provide transparent support for system design and configuration across different environments. In the runtime system, drivers 540 and Message Engines 550 compliment each other to transparently connect modules together. In the simplest case, drivers 540 may facilitate direct connection of modules (or applications) on the same machine such as two control modules within a controller. More advanced message processing activities are handled by message engines 550. In these cases, the driver 540 provides the on ramp for a message onto the message bus, where message engines 550 manage the delivery to configured recipients of the message. To enable this, message engines 550 support a service interfaces to transport channels.
Typically, the messaging infrastructure 500 matches the different operating environments underlying the logical message bus, where the messaging infrastructure components match the respective target environment. For example, drivers 540 implemented in controller modules can be coded as real time code as proposed for CIP data whereas drivers for MES systems can be coded as Java modules.
Proceeding to 610 of
At 640, data relating to the service defined at 620 is published to allow developers to locate information pertinent to communicating with a module. Such data can include policy data for accessing the respective module, frequency data indicating how often data is presented in a system, protocol or encoding data for communicating with a module, data or message type information, and/or information relating to other deployed instances using such interfaces defined at 610. At 650, a client view is generated enabling developers to view information related to how to couple modules or applications, where such information is presented in a more abstract form than the interfaces themselves to facilitate efficient integration of components or applications across a message bus.
Referring now to
Attributes presented below are represented associations from the module to objects which may be internal in a common data model (See.
Public verbs 724 initiate an action within the module. The activity is described to clients of the interface 720. The implementation is considered private and is not presented to clients—for example, Open, Stop, Abort, Shut, and so forth. A data value property 710 provides public access to information that is used by the module during its operation and can be provided by request values and/or internal values (or an equivalent). The association of logic to transfer request values to internal values and vice versa are referred to as get and set logic for the value. It is noted that in a controller, if there is not a set routine to transfer request values to internal values, the internal value can overwrite the request value on the next scan providing read only capability.
In general, the properties 710 can be considered in at least two classifications. States have special significance for production systems and can have a specific set of values that can be represented by range or enumeration. A state can represent the current status of the primary resource being encapsulated by the module e.g., Percent open, Mode, Service (in, out), and so forth. Information that is used by the module during its operation includes access to data that is provided by interfaces 720. e.g., Conversion Map, Name, Description, expiry date, personnel contact information. Some properties 710 can be common to all instances of resource modules (e.g., scanned copy of resource specification documents), whereas other properties 710 are specific to each module instance (e.g., Status, percent open).
At 730, internal resource interfaces include interfaces from logic 740 in the module to the resource being managed at 750, where the logic includes code and/or configuration that processes a command and/or updates state and data properties. In some cases, this can be hardware such as I/O interfaces, or in other cases it is to subordinate resource control modules that have direct interfaces. Some examples include I/O mapping, material management logic routines, and so forth. These interfaces 730 are internal to the module enabling the module's public interfaces 720 and properties 710 to be the boundary to other system components. Modules that wrap different resources but support the same public properties/interfaces can be exchanged without disrupting interfaces to other components. Generally, I/O mapping and system messaging interfaces are exposed during deployment bind processes. When bound, external interfaces 720 to runtime systems may then consider these interfaces as internal.
At 760, alarm and event messages can be provided which include messages that exposed as runtime messages visible to external systems during the execution of the module. This includes alarms and events explicitly coded by the developer and system messages promoted to be visible by external systems. At 770, one or more artifacts include information that document the operation and structure of the resource such as, for example, wiring diagrams, warranties, payroll, parts supplier information, and so forth. Visualization aspects include associated graphics that present the resource state and properties to applications interacting with the resource. For example: faceplates, icons, state overlays, edit dialogs, help files. At 780, system messages allow modules to listen for and publish data model messages to external components. Inbound messages are typically used to manage modules (configure, initialize, propagate properties, and so forth) and publish messages on module activity (resource state, data model messages, and so forth).
A second hierarchy 802 can be utilized that represents each of the aforementioned hierarchical representations. The hierarchy 802 can include representations of an enterprise, a site, an area, a work center, a work unit, an equipment module, and a control module. Thus, a common representation can be generated that adequately represents the hierarchy 800. For purposes of consistent terminology, data objects can be associated with metadata indicating which type of process they are associated with. Therefore, data objects can be provided to an operator in a form that is consistent with normal usage within such process. For example, batch operators can utilize different terminology than a continuous process operator (as shown by the hierarchy 800). Metadata can be employed to enable display of such data in accordance with known, conventional usage of such data. Thus, implementation of a schema in accordance with the hierarchy 802 will be seamless to operators. Furthermore, in another example, only a portion of such representation can be utilized in a schema that is utilized by a controller. For instance, it may be desirable to house equipment modules and control modules within a controller. In another example, it may be desirable to include data objects representative of work centers and work units within a controller (but not equipment modules or control modules). The claimed subject matter is intended to encompass all such deviations of utilizing the hierarchy 802 (or similar hierarchy) within a controller.
Referring to
Turning to
It is noted that the above modules can be processed on various types of computing devices and resources, where some of these devices may be associated with an industrial control component and other devices associated with standalone or networked computing devices. Thus, computers can be provided to execute the above modules or associated data that include a processing unit, a system memory, and a system bus, for example. The system bus couples system components including, but not limited to, the system memory to the processing unit that can be any of various available processors. Dual microprocessors and other multiprocessor architectures also can be employed as the processing unit.
It is to be appreciated that software components can be provided that act as an intermediary between users and the basic computer resources described in suitable operating environment. Such software includes an operating system which can be stored on disk storage, acts to control and allocate resources of the computer system. System applications take advantage of the management of resources by operating system through program modules and program data stored either in system memory or on disk storage. It is to be appreciated that the claimed subject matter can be implemented with various operating systems or combinations of operating systems or shared with control systems.
Computers or controllers can operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers. The remote computer(s) can be a personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a workstation, a microprocessor based appliance, a peer device or other common network node and the like, and typically includes many or all of the elements described relative to computer. Remote computers can be logically connected through a network interface and then physically connected via communication connection. Network interfaces encompass communication networks such as local-area networks (LAN) and wide-area networks (WAN). LAN technologies include Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI), Ethernet/IEEE 1102.3, Token Ring/IEEE 1102.5 and the like. WAN technologies include, but are not limited to, point-to-point links, circuit switching networks like Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN) and variations thereon, packet switching networks, and Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL), and wireless networks.
The systems described above employing the authentication protocols can include one or more client(s). The client(s) can be hardware and/or software (e.g., threads, processes, computing/control devices). The systems can also include one or more server(s). The server(s) can also be hardware and/or software (e.g., threads, processes, computing/control devices). The servers can house threads to perform transformations by employing the authentication protocol, for example. One possible communication between a client and a server may be in the form of a data packet adapted to be transmitted between two or more computer processes.
What has been described above includes various exemplary aspects. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes of describing these aspects, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations are possible. Accordingly, the aspects described herein are intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, to the extent that the term "includes" is used in either the detailed description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term "comprising" as "comprising" is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim.
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Florida A&M Rattlers at Bethune Cookman Wildcats Basketball
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Today's questions from Music Memoirs are all about concerts.
What's the best concert you've attended?
I'm going to cheat and name two.
1.Over the Rhine in Kent, OH; April 2005: I traveled a ridiculous distance by car to go see them, was sleep deprived after spending one night driving straight . . . → Read More: Music Memoirs: Concerts


text: I have a Kenny Brown Strut tower Brace for sale. The kind that attachs with four bolts to each side of the strut tower and goes back and attaches to the fire wall with 2 bolts. Color-Black Faded I will take $75 for it. Its still got the sticker on it. Hit me up here to discuss shiping/ect, or u can call me at 812-296-0328 Here are pictures of the strut tower, im not selling the subrame connectors they are too much trouble to take off.


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The Maryland Democratic Party is asking state prosecutors to investigate what it says are "serious campaign finance violations" by a group that opposes the state's Dream Act.
The director of the group called the claims "bogus." Brad Botwin, who founded Help Save Maryland six years ago, described the challenge as "another violation of my First Amendment rights."


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Mental Exam Ordered in Prairie Grove Murder Case
Posted: July 11, 2013 at 5 a.m.
Heather Carlene Swain, one of four Prairie Grove residents charged with capital murder in the beating death of Ronnie Lee Bradley, will undergo a mental examination that could delay the Aug. 19 trial.
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November 4, 2002 12:44 PM PST
Dell to debut handhelds at Comdex
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Dell Computer is looking to put the squeeze on handheld makers with the introduction this month of two of its own handhelds.
A company representative Monday confirmed that the Austin, Texas-based computer maker will release its handhelds Nov. 18 at the Comdex Fall 2002 trade show, but declined to comment further on specifications or pricing.
But sources close to the company said it will offer two devices, one for $199 and another for $299, which will fall under a new product line called Axim X5.
A sneak peek of the devices, including the name and the launch date appeared on Dell's Web site Monday.
According to an internal Dell document leaked onto the Web last month, the devices will also feature Secure Digital and Compact Flash expansion slots, a 3.5-inch transflective TFT (thin-film transistor) screen and a jog dial. The document was confirmed to be from Dell, but the specifications might not be final.
One significant difference between the two devices is the processor. The $199 Axim will use a 300MHz Intel XScale chip, while the $299 device will use a 400MHz Intel XScale chip, sources said.
Reader resources
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ViewSonic recently announced a $299 Pocket PC-based device, and Hewlett-Packard has said that it is aiming for the midrange market with at least one new device for the holiday shopping season.


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In this short video, mothers share stories of intimacy after having a baby.
Intimacy following childbirth can be hard to achieve. This video covers physical and emotional difficulties, effects of sleep deprivation, and ways to cope with the changes in your relationship with your partner in the months after your child is born.


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How to Do Envelope Budgeting
After you budget your money, your next challenge is to follow through. It can be difficult keeping track of how much money you have left for everything. The envelope method is one way some people use to make sure their spending stays within their budget.
1Create your budget. This means dividing your money into categories. Some suggestions include:
- Rent or mortgage payment
- Childcare
- Automobile costs
- Groceries
- Club Fees (or some type of organization)
- Utilities
- Taxes
- Saving
2Assign each category to a single envelope. Use whatever size works best for you. The money that will be spent outside your home should be kept in envelopes that fit easily in your wallet or purse. Use a marker and make it easy to read.
3Break down your income onto the various envelopes. All of the categories that get spent incrementally (not all at once) should be spent in cash. Rent, mortgage payments, or anything you're only going to pay once and in full can have their envelopes left empty, or you can write a check and put it in there, or you can get rid of those envelopes altogether. The remaining envelopes, however, need to have the allocated cash inside. If you budgeted $500 to spend on groceries until your next paycheck, for example, put $500 cash in that envelope.
- Optional: In pencil, write on the back of the envelope how much you are putting in.
4Pull money from the envelopes as needed for that category. Recalculate how much is left, and write it on the back, so you know how much remains at a glance. If you run out of money for a category but need more, you only have two choices:
- Just do not spend any more money in that category. Do you really need to spend it? Can it wait until the money is replenished in that envelope by your next paycheck?
- Pull money from another envelope. Of course, that leaves you less money to spend in that category.
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You get paid twice a month. This paycheck is for $1300. These are the bills that will be due before your next paycheck:
- Rent - $600
- Utilities, water, sewage - $150
- Electric - $80
- Student loan payment - $100
- Total: $930
Assuming you know for sure that your next paycheck will cover your bills and then some until the paycheck after that, you might divvy up remaining money ($370) as follows:
- Savings - $70, transfer to savings account
- Groceries (food, toiletries, etc.) - $100, cash in envelope
- Gas - $60, cash in envelope
- Entertainment - $70, cash in envelope
- Dining out - $70, cash in envelope
|Use envelopes to manage your budgeting
- If you have been using an envelope for car payment and you complete paying for the car, continue to make at least half of that payment each month towards a new car or towards general savings. Because you are already used to making this payment, it's money that you won't miss, and when it's time to buy a new car, it won't hurt so much having to start making payments. For the long times that pass between new cars, this money would do well in a bank CD or mutual fund that's not too risky.
- Envelope budgeting works particularly well for keeping track of cash spending. Paying cash, particularly when you have a clear, visual indicator of how much cash is allocated, will probably result in your spending less, overall.
- Try using bills in larger denominations. Even if it is the same amount of money, you may be less tempted to spend it (especially little bits of it) if you must break up a larger denomination to do it.
- Some people keep receipts for any money they spend, and put those receipts in the envelope. This can help with seeing how you spend your money (and where you can cut corners). It can also be useful during tax time.
- Pay yourself first. The purpose of a budgeting system is to make sure you don't spend more money that you have, but it's also a great way to save money. The best way is to reserve that money before you create the rest of your budget. That is, deposit your paycheck and take out only what you allocate for spending during that month or pay period. Leave the rest in the bank.
- You may find it useful to have a "bank" or "debit card" envelope, so that if you want to buy concert tickets online, for example, you can use your card and replace the money from the relevant budget envelope into the bank envelope. This money stays in the envelope until the end of the month or budgeting period and can then be deposited back into your account. This is a great way to avoid overspending, and you'll feel great putting money back into your account!
- Never, ever, pull additional cash from your bank account, or use a debit or credit card, if you want to stay within your budget. No budgeting system works unless you stick to the parameters that you have set. Sometimes you might overspend, but the resulting discomfort will motivate you to keep better track of your money next time.
- If you're low on cash for a category, and think you might need more, pull some money from another envelope before you leave. The last thing you want to do is pull out your debit or credit card.
- Consider using recycled envelopes. You probably get dozens in the mail each month. If you open them with a neat cut, you'll have a fresh set of envelopes delivered to your door each month.
Things You'll Need
- Envelopes, whatever size works for you
- Marker
- Cash
Sources and Citations
- About.Com - Research source.
Article Info
Featured Article
Categories: Featured Articles | Budgeting
In other languages:
Español: hacer un presupuesto usando sobres, Português: Usar o Sistema de Envelopes para Orçamento Doméstico, Italiano: Rispettare un Budget Usando il Sistema delle Buste, Русский: вести бюджет в конвертах
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