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In this chapter, for now just focus on the epithelial portion of the skin. That means, focus on the epidermis, and just skim over the dermis and the hypodermis (a.k.a. subcutaneous layer) for now.
Skin = epidermis + dermis
The hypodermis is below that, so it is not part of the skin... it just lies underneath it. Here's the order in which they lie (but keep in mind that epidermis and dermis are the only parts of the skin).
apical surface
Types of skin:
The epidermis of skin is keratinized:
Because skin needs to be tough and protective, its epithelial surface contains keratinized cells. That means that the epithelial cells, shortly after being born, begin to make a protein called keratin that they store inside of them. This protein is really tough. As the cells get older and older, more and more keratin is found within them. This continues until they get so full of keratin that they can't survive any more (there's another reason that they can't survive, based on obtaining nutrients, described a bit below here). When they die, they remain as packets of keratin that form a tough protective barrier that we appreciate for our skin.
Keratinization of the cells in epidermis is important. You see, skin is not the only place we find stratified squamous epithelium, but it is the place where we find keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The stratified squamous epithelium on our tongues and that lines the insides of our cheeks is not keratinized; does that make sense?
The oldest cells of the epidermis are the most apical cells:
Epithelial cells are born all the time. You already learned this when you learned that epithelial tissue can recover well from injury. However, the epithelial cells are born at the most basal level of the epithelium, from cells sitting directly on the basement membrane. The basal cells continue to divide and make more and more cells. As they do so, the ones that were born shortly before the newest ones get pushed farther and farther up toward the apical level. Therefore, the oldest, and consequently, the dead cells, are at the apical surface.
5 layers of the epidermis can be described.
When you look at the epidermis, the cells that lie along the basement membrane look very different from those that lie at the apical edge. In fact, in thick skin, one can see 5 different appearances to the cells from the basal edge to the apical edge. These 5 different appearances have been given names that reflect their appearance, and are considered layers of the skin. The 5 different layers are indicated in this figure from your textbook (Figure 6.3 on page 163). Hairy skin typically only has 4 layers (the stratum lucidum is not present).
These same 5 layers can be seen in the Slide 3 photomicrograph that you can see from a histology web page series after you click on the "slide 3" written in the left frame.
Remember from the intro to epithelial tissue that one characteristic of all epithelial tissue is that it is not vacularized? Well, the epidermis is no exception. The problem is that the cells of our bodies receive their nutrients from the blood. Since the blood doesn't enter the epithelium, it has to get to the epithelial cells by diffusion. That's fine when epithelium is thin. But epidermis (the epithelium found in skin) is thick-- even in thin/hairy skin. It has many layers-- 4 or 5! What is the consequence of this?
The cells that lie closer to the basement membrane (closer to the underlying dermis which is vascularized) are closer to the nutrient source. They use the nutrients that are diffusing into the epidermis. Almost all the nutrients are used up by the cells in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum. Therefore, once a cell has been alive so long that it has gotten pushed up into the stratum granulosum, it stops receiving any nutrients and it has no choice but to begin to die.
These are large cells that sit on the basement membrane. These cells have elaborate extensions, kind of spidery in appearance, into the more apical stratum spinosum and even into the stratum granulosum. These cells make a pigment (pigments are proteins that provide color) called melanin. These cells make even more melanin when exposed to sunlight. The melanin courses throughout their cytoplasm, into all their spidery extensions. These extensions pop off little pieces of themselves that contain melanin which then get picked up by adjacent epidermal cells via endocytosis. This transfer of melanin from the melanocyte to other epidermal cells is called cytocrine secretion.
This is made of connective tissue, which you haven't learned about yet. You should be able to pick up the notion that this contains blood vessels (for nutrition of skin cells) and nerves (for sense of touch and pain and temperature). It is also responsible for our fingerprints (I'll discuss that in lab later).
Hypodermis/Subcutaneous Layer:
This is made up of a different type of connective tissue (just like there are different kinds of epithelial tissues, there are different types of connective tissues) than the dermis was made up of. But one thing about this layer is that it has a lot of fat in it. This helps to insulate our bodies.
© 2011 STCC Foundation Press

subset: commoncrawl


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TogliattiAzot Corporation represents nowadays one of the economically strong and socially attractive dynamically developing companies of domestic industry. The name of TogliattiAzot is associated with high quality and reliability. This is due to important services by ToAZ working team, who has created and realized the formula of "ToAZ corporate style" as a basis for every activity of the company.
Veterans of the company can be called its real treasury, those people who came to the production sites at the very first days of their construction and putting into operation, have become real writers and participants of many years' chronicles of this giant of chemical industry. Continuity of generations is kept thanks to these people – about 400 family dynasties are successfully working at the factory.
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Celeb hairdresser Chris McMillan, who was famed for his Rachel crop on Jennifer Aniston in the 90s, and who has also done Miley Cyrus' hair, also posted a snap of Kim on his own Twitter.
Pregnant K-Middy got the world oohing and ahhing last month when she stepped out sporting a new shorter hair do with a layer and a sweeping fringe.
And now American reality star Kimmy K has done the same - after her hairdresser Chris McMillan gave her a brand new look.
The brunette, who is currently dating US rapper Kanye West, tweeted to let her followers know she'd been a victim of a pair of scissors.
She posted: "Fun shoot today @chrismcmillan He just can't control his scissor hands! #bangs" alongside lots of snaps of herself in the hairdressers chair.
And the socialite showed off a much shorter look - with lots of choppy layers and a sweeping fringe.
He tweeted: "shawnsssr BANGS!!! @kimkardashian #love #fringe #photoshoot #sexy @ Pier 59 Studios"
Meanwhile Kimmy K might not be sharing so many pictures like this in the future after she stated her anger at the news that Instagram may be making money from its users' pictures.
She posted her annoyance: "I really loved Instagram :-( I need to review this new policy. I don't think its fair."
And in other news likely to make Kim Kardashian annoyed, her ex-boyfriend Nick Cannon has opened up about why he broke up with the reality star.
The rapper, who is now happily married to Mariah Carey, says he split with her after she lied to him about her sex tape with singer Ray J.
[Related story: Kim Kardashian shows off family Christmas card, no sign of Kanye West]
[Related story: Nick Cannon couldn't forgive Kim Kardashian for sex tape]


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Tuck: 2013 BCS Bowl Projections
Host, Tuck & O'Neill
Follow @ MikeTuck1080
Alabama vs. Nebraska
Two teams that failed to make their conference title games, and benefited by not taking an extra loss. The Tide jump over the Aggies who beat them during the year, and the Huskers get the nod over other at-large teams. The Orange Bowl won't complain because they get an all-time great match-up of rabid fan bases.
South Carolina vs. Cincinnati
The Gamecocks win the SEC and take on the AAC champ.
Texas vs. Boise State
The Big XII champion Longhorns take on the final ever BCS buster, who is appropriately Boise State, after the Broncos win the first ever MWC title game.
Michigan vs. Stanford
The Wolverines win the Big 10 and the Rose Bowl replaces Pac-12 champ Oregon with North runner-up Stanford, who gets the nod with a better record than South winner USC.
Florida State vs. Oregon
Two unbeaten teams this year, and they will play for all the marbles. Yes, it's different. Yes, it's bold. Yes, I believe it.
You can see my conference predictions, order of finish, here.
Tags: BCS, College Football, Florida State Seminoles, NCAA Football, TO - Tuck and O'Neill main, TO- Mike Tuck Column


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It's been a while since I've played a blog-worthy game, but two days ago I found one that got me really excited. It's called Unturned, and it's a zombie survival game (Think DayZ) with building and crafting elements (Think Minecraft), and it's awesome.
To put things into perspective: This is a free-to-play game made by a 17 year old kid (The first release was actually when he was 16) that beats the socks off 99% of other survival games. It's available on Steam now (Click here and download it immediately!) and although it's still in production, it's extremely playable and fun.
About the Game
Unturned is a sandbox game in the emerging mAultiplayer apocalypse survival genre. Rather than focusing on being an MMO it provides players with easy systems to sit down and survive the zombie infestation with their friends. Over the course of a typical adventure, groups will have a blast fortifying locations, scavenging for supplies, trying to live off the land and negotiating with other people. The game is being developed entirely with the community in focus, and tons of features are based entirely on feedback:
Players can build massive forts out of structural building blocks, or build onto smaller buildings in the world with barricades. It is also possible to create traps and intricate electronic systems. More options for building are constantly being added based on what the community requests.
It is entirely possible to live off the wilderness by harvesting trees and rocks, growing crops and hunting animals down. What sort of survival stuff is added is entirely decided by the community.
The game goes where the community wants it to. The initial release map is set on the lovely Prince Edward Island, but over the next few months many more locations will arrive for players to explore depending on what the community wants to see. Currently the island has plenty of interesting locations to discover and loot.
Players can choose to enter player versus player servers and battle other players to steal their gear. Banditry is highly supported with plenty of weapons and sneaky devices.
Players can join player versus environment servers to team up with other people, and easily create clans to play with their pals.
Early Access:
This is the first public release of the game, but new features and content are constantly getting added as a result of community feedback.
There is an option to get a Gold pack for only $5, which gives you extra starting XP, better resources and Gold servers, as well as a few more cosmetic improvements. Considering the quality of the game, it's well worth it though.


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Success Stories
After trying to conceive for a year, my husband was diagnosed with low sperm count and motility. We visited Dr. read more
I wanted to update to say that my husband and I have a second new baby. This time on our first try. This is all due to Dr. Turek. Had we listened to the RE's we would have had to go through 2 IVFs (at least) but these were both spontaneous pregnancies. The first was 6 ...
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Dr. Turek is an incredibly caring doctor, an excellent surgeon, and one of the few top male factor infertility specialists in the country. My husband saw him for severe male factor infertility, and he gave us hope for having a biological child after we had been told it...
read more
Apprehension, fear, cost, worry, stress ... You can think of many excuses not to see Dr. Turek, but I hope you take my advice and ma...
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Paul Turek is the physician I selected for my No-Scalpel Vasectomy procedure. I come from a long line of doctors / surgeons in my family. I did not follow in their footsteps, but I learned ...
read more
- Overview
- Male Fertility & Infertility
- Vasectomy Reversal
- Sperm Mapping
- Azoospermia
- No-Scalpel Vasectomy
- Varicocele Treatment
- Erectile Dysfunction
- Men's Sexual Health
- Second Opinion
You may have seen Dr. Turek on The Doctors TV show, discussing male factor infertility, DNA fragmentation and the importance of male fertility supplements, to help Gabe and Alexis become parents. Watch the segment online. Dr. Turek reviews the factors in Gabe's case in this blog post. Could any apply to you? Schedule a consultation with Dr. Turek. Are you looking for a prenatal vitamin for men? Dr. Turek recommends his own Essential Begginings – XY Pre-Conception For Him.
Our clinics in San Francisco and Beverly Hills, California are international destinations for male fertility and men's sexual healthcare In addition to his countless published research papers on men's reproductive health issues, Dr. Turek is an internationally renowned master microsurgeon whose patients have ranged from salesmen to the sultans. Our success rates for procedures such as vasectomy reversal are the best worldwide and are the industry standards that urologists strive to achieve. In other words, at The Turek Clinic you are in the best hands for men's sexual health and male fertility care.
The Clinic is dedicated to treating and solving the unique conditions that affect reproductive age men such as vasectomy and reversal, sperm mapping and sperm retrieval, varicocele or ejaculatory duct repair. Our specialties also include the latest advances in men's sexual health concerning ejaculatory disorders, testosterone replacement, erectile dysfunction and testis prosthesis. Founder and Medical Director, Dr. Paul Turek is an internationally renowned expert in male infertility and men's sexual health. He believes that a combination of an intensely personal approach, the most advanced technologies and evidence-based medicine provides the best holistic care for men.
Dr. Turek has an international reputation for his surgical skill and is a fellowship-trained microsurgeon. He performs vasectomy reversals weekly. Unlike the vast majority of practicing surgeons, his experience with vasectomy reversals is published, as are many of his innovations. In the clinic, 40% of the patients Dr. Turek sees have a second obstruction that requires epididymovasostomy and 25% have already failed a vasectomy reversal procedure. Most of his cases are referred by urologists who do not feel comfortable performing a vasectomy reversal on men with older vasectomies because of the high likelihood that an epididymovasostomy is needed. Dr. Turek also routinely tackles cases of traumatic, infectious or congenital obstruction that require microsurgery. Because of his experience as a master surgeon, his complication rates after vasectomy reversal are extremely low and his success rates are very high.
Sperm Mapping (also known as Testicular Mapping or FNA Mapping) is a technology invented by Dr. Turek to "map" out the location of sperm in the testis. The technique is designed to benefit severely infertile men. It is a minimally-invasive, non-surgical procedure performed under local anesthesia in the office.
With Sperm Mapping, Dr. Turek can determine if a man with azoospermia (no sperm in the ejaculate) is a candidate for sperm retrieval to have children. Sperm Mapping also helps to minimize invasive testis sperm retrievals and reduces the potential damage to the testis from these procedures.
Azoospermia is a male fertility issue many men face. Board certified Dr. Paul Turek, named one of the "Best Doctors in America" for 7 years running, understands all aspects of the issues related to azoospermia and is the expert in the field.
Azoospermia is defined as the complete lack of sperm in the ejaculate. It occurs in 5% of infertile men. If this is the case, then one or both of two conditions may be present: A) There is a problem with sperm production, B) There is a blockage such that sperm production, although normal, cannot reach the ejaculate
One important point concerning this diagnosis is that although no sperm are found in the ejaculate, there are often usable sperm found in the testis, as not all sperm that are made in the testis actually make it into the ejaculate.
If you are considering having a vasectomy you are not alone. Every year, about half a million men in the U.S. choose vasectomy as a permanent contraception. Even though vasectomy is a minor surgical procedure performed under local anesthesia, it is recommended to choose a urologist who is performing the procedure on a routine basis. Board certified Dr. Turek, one of the "Best Doctors in America", is the leading expert in vasectomies in the Greater San Francisco area.
The procedure takes approximately 10-20 minutes to perform. The goal of the procedure is to render the ejaculate free of sperm. This prevents the sperm from entering the semen (ejaculate) so that the female egg cannot be fertilized after intercourse. Remarkably, sperm continue to be produced within the testis but disintegrate and are reabsorbed by the body.
In clinical use for over 100 years, a vasectomy can be performed by making small surgical incisions or through the No-Scalpel technique that uses no incisions. Dr Turek much prefers the latter and offers it whenever possible to his patients.
Dr. Turek performs 100-150 varicocelectomies annually. He has operated on sultans and sailors, prime ministers and principals. He helped popularize the subinguinal microsurgical approach to varicocele repair in the 1990's and has trained over 50 urology residents, fellows, practicing urologists in this method since then. In addition, many varicocele patients he sees have failed the procedure elsewhere. Because of this experience, his complication rates are extremely low.
Dr. Turek's approach to varicocele treatment was chosen based on the need for any such procedure to meet the following criteria:
- Provide a high likelihood of seeing and treating the culprit veins.
- Be reliably performed and have minimal risk of failure.
- Have operative versatility.
- Be performed with minimal morbidity and complications.
- Be consistent with cost-containment principles in modern urology.
Erectile dysfunction is the inability to achieve and maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual intercourse. It is estimated to affect 20 to 30 million men in the US and is definitely age-related.
It may result from any one of the following factors: psychological, neurologic, hormonal, arterial, and venous. Recently it has become quite clear that, in many cases, erection dysfunction can be a "silent marker" for the later development of cardiovascular disease.
There is a lot more to the field of men's sexual health than simply fertility issues. In fact, erection problems in men are far more common than is male infertility.
And another issue that is just as common as erectile dysfunction is the group of ejaculatory disorders that includes premature or early ejaculation. In many older men, their sexuality and sexual performance is profoundly affected by low male hormone (testosterone) levels which is also a very treatable condition. Less common, but highly treatable men's sexual health issues include testis implants for men with missing testicles and treatments for penile curvature, also termed Peyronie disease.
Medicine is both an art and a science. It is the doctor's job to understand and interpret the vast amount of information and science in medicine so that the patient can make important decisions regarding their health care.
As with any art, the way that medical information, symptoms and health care is interpreted and delivered varies widely among doctors and this can affect patient decision-making.
Although medical advice can get complex, for the most part, the discussion that you have with your doctor should make sense to you, and you have a right to have all of your questions answered so that it does make sense to you. Similar to buying a car, people often seek second opinions regarding how they should proceed with their medical care.


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It's nice to see you here again. And yay for another Grayson Hall mention.
All: Soap Opera Dinner Party
Posted 11 February 2013 - 07:22 PM
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Posted 11 February 2013 - 07:26 PM
Robin Christopher
Claire Labine
Robin Mattson
Michelle Stafford
Lynn Herring
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Posted 12 February 2013 - 02:42 AM
just for the hell of it and to see the Drama:
Crystal Chappell
Kristian Alfonso
Robert Kelker-Kelly
Scott Reeves
Melissa Reeves
Jason Brooks
with an appearance by Ken Corday
Girl, yes. I am in. I will serve drinks, or whatever cuz i aint missing this for nothing!
- 0
Posted 12 February 2013 - 03:17 AM
Ruth Warrick
James Mitchell
Anna Lee
Henry Slesar
Emma Samms
Ricky Martin
I think that would be a fabulous dinner party with interesting conversation
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Posted 12 February 2013 - 04:25 AM
Anna Stuart
EJ Bonilla
Ben Jorgensen
Nathaniel Marston
Lorraine Broderick
Richard Culliton
- 0
Posted 13 February 2013 - 09:26 PM
Frank and Doris Hursley
Susan Lucci
Victoria Wyndham
Harding Lemay
Bill Bell
Jeanne Cooper
If I was going the superficial/fun route, then:
Victoria Wyndham
Lynn Herring
Robin Christopher
Stuart Damon
Kathleen Noone
Stephen Schnetzer
Kristina Wagner
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Posted 14 February 2013 - 05:39 PM
just for the hell of it and to see the Drama:
Crystal Chappell
Kristian Alfonso
Robert Kelker-Kelly
Scott Reeves
Melissa Reeves
Jason Brooks
with an appearance by Ken Corday
Ooh, now that'd be an epic Real Housewives-like dinner party! I insist that the Reeves already be seated at the dinner, deep in conversation with others, and then along comes Mr. Jason Brooks swaggering in with that joker grin. Scott fumes. Melissa wets her panties (for one reason or another...) LOL
My List:
Bill Bell
Agnes Nixon
Eileen Fulton
Deidre Hall
Susan Lucci
Irna Phillips
Edited by Gray Bunny, 14 February 2013 - 05:44 PM.
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Posted 19 February 2013 - 01:45 AM
I would be more interested in those whose careers spanned many decades or many different soaps:
Larry Auerbach
Constance Ford
Henry Slesar
Jada Rowland
Bill Bell
Gillian Spencer
Bridget and Jerome Dobson
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Posted 19 February 2013 - 01:52 PM
Yes yes yes, Gillian Spencer would be one of my guests, too. An actress and a writer, an integral part to the greatest eras of my two favorite soaps of all time.
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Posted 18 March 2013 - 09:16 PM
Lane Davies
Marcy Walker
A Martinez
Maura West
Louise Sorel
Mark Collier
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Posted 18 March 2013 - 09:57 PM
This is tuff....so i am doing different lists....
Female actress
Elizabeth Hubbard
Colleen Zenk
Allyson Rice
Kathryn Hays
Lisa Brown
Heather Rattray
Melanie Smith
Male actors
Chandler Massey
Trevor St. Johns
Jacob Young
Brandon Barash
Scott Bryce
Andrew Kavovit
Don Hastings
Eric Sheffer Stevens
Douglas Marland
Pam K. Long
William J. Bell
Paul Lammers
Maria Wagner
Jill Mitwell
And all the Y&R directors from the golden days
Thats it....LOL
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Posted 18 March 2013 - 11:03 PM
I think for a fun night with a cool, relaxed group - Agnes Nixon, Lorraine Broderick, Richard Culliton on the writing side with David Canary, Julia Barr and Jill Larson on the acting side.
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Posted 18 March 2013 - 11:04 PM
I think I'm happy with this list after narrowing it down to 6
Greg Vaughan - the hunk
Robin Strasser - the diva
Larry Haines - the legend
Matthew Ashford - the favourite
Nancy Barrett - the underrated
Henry Slesar - the writer
Edited by Bright Eyes, 18 March 2013 - 11:05 PM.
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Posted 19 March 2013 - 08:09 AM
Behind the Scenes Folk:
Jill Farren Phelps (DUH!)
Bridget Dobson (Double DUH!)
Jerome Dobson
Debbi Bachtell
The Culltions
Harding Lemay
Paul Rauch
- 0
Posted 21 March 2013 - 06:57 AM
Agnes Nixon
Gillian Spencer
Susan Lucci
Megan McTavish (I want to know what that crazy bitch was thinking!)
David Canary
One of AMC's EPs maybe Jean Dadario Burke, Julie Hanan Carruthers or Felicia Minei Behr
- 0
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0 members, 0 guests, 0 anonymous users


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Dabney S. Lancaster Community College has scheduled three New Student Orientation sessions for those enrolling in the Fall Semester. Every new student must attend one of the sessions to gain valuable information that they will need to have when classes begin. Two sessions will be held on the campus in Clifton Forge and one will be offered at the DSLCC Rockbridge Regional Center in Buena Vista.
The first session is Tuesday, August 19, from 6-9 pm on the Clifton Forge campus; the second session is on Thursday, August 21, from 6-8:30 pm at the DSLCC Rockbridge Regional Center; and the final session is set for Saturday, August 23 from 9-11:45 am on the Clifton Forge campus.
New students may select the session most convenient for them. Any returning students who have not attended DSLCC for a considerable amount of time are welcome to attend. There is no cost to attend any of the sessions.
Matt McGraw, Director of Student Services, stressed that all individuals planning to enroll in DSLCC this fall for the first time should attend, stating, "There is a considerable amount of information that new students should have before beginning classes. We will be sharing important details about class locations, student schedules, gaining access to final grades, financial aid, and proper procedures to follow for changing, adding or dropping courses." Other topics on the agenda include student email addresses, Blackboard usage, campus security and issues such as personal health and safety. Parents of new students are encouraged to attend to learn about the college, various curricula, students' rights and responsibilities, activities and support services, financial aid eligibility and other programs and services in place to maximize student success. Students who have not completed the registration process will able to finalize their course schedule that day. "We want to provide our students with all of the information that they will need in order to have a positive experience at DSLCC," added McGraw.
Fall Semester classes begin the week of August 25. For more information about selecting a New Student Orientation session, applying for admission to DSLCC, or registering for fall courses, contact Student Services at 540/863-2820 or email email@example.com. Rockbridge area students may visit the RRC or call 540-261-1211. Visit www.dslcc.edu. Applications for admission for the 2014-2015 academic year are still being accepted.


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Past greenhouse warming events offer clues on future climate change
University of California - Santa Cruz
February 16, 2008
Scientists studying the PETM are piecing together an increasingly detailed picture of its causes and consequences. Their findings describe what may be the best analog in the geologic record for the global changes likely to result from continued carbon dioxide emissions from human activities, according to James Zachos, professor of Earth and planetary sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz.
"All the evidence points to a massive release of carbon at the PETM, and if you compare it with the projections for anthropogenic carbon emissions, it's roughly the same amount of carbon," Zachos said. "The difference is the rate at which it was released--we're on track to do in a few hundred years what may have taken a few thousand years back then."
The Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum by mongabay.com
Research published over the past year indicates that PETM climate change helped drive the evolution of modern primates by causing the dispersal of tarsier-like primates across the globe.
Past global warming suggests massive temperature shift in our future
If past climate change is any indication, Earth could be in store for some significant global warming according to research published in the December 8, 2006, issue of the journal Science. The work suggests that climate change skeptics may be fighting a losing cause.
Massive climate change rocked ecosystems, animals 55 million years ago
Continued increases in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere from the combustion of fossil fuels could trigger large-scale changes in global biodiversity and require thousands of years of recovery according to recent research on an extreme global warming episode 55 million years ago.
The ocean has the capacity to absorb huge amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. But as carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean, it makes the water more acidic. That, in turn, could make life more difficult for corals and other marine organisms that build shells and skeletons out of calcium carbonate.
Technically, the "acidification" is a lowering of the pH of ocean water, moving it closer to the acidic range of the pH scale, although it remains slightly alkaline. Lowering the pH affects the chemical equilibrium of the ocean with respect to calcium carbonate, reducing the concentration of carbonate ions and making it harder for organisms to build and maintain structures of calcium carbonate. Corals and some other marine organisms use a form of calcium carbonate called aragonite, which dissolves first, while many others build shells of a more resistant form called calcite.
"As the carbonate concentration starts to decrease, it becomes harder for some organisms to build their shells. They have to use more energy, and eventually it's impossible--in laboratory experiments, they precipitate some shell during the day, and overnight it dissolves," Zachos said. "If you lower the carbonate concentration enough, corals and eventually even calcite shells start to dissolve."
The effect of ocean acidification on the chemistry of calcium carbonate is reflected in the sediment cores from the PETM. Marine sediments are typically rich in calcium carbonate from the shells of marine organisms that sink to the seafloor after they die. Sediments deposited at the start of the PETM, however, show an abrupt transition from carbonate-rich ooze to a dark-red clay layer in which the carbonate shells are completely gone (see earlier press release at http://press.ucsc.edu/text.asp?pid=706).
Ocean acidification starts at the surface, where carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere, and spreads to the deep sea as surface waters mix with deeper layers. The calcium carbonate in marine sediments on the seafloor provides a buffer, neutralizing the increased acidity as the shells dissolve and enabling the ocean to absorb more carbon dioxide. But the mixing time required to bring acidified surface waters into the deep sea is long--500 to 1,000 years, according to Zachos.
"We are adding all this carbon dioxide in less than one mixing cycle. That's important for how the ocean buffers itself, and it means the carbonate concentration in surface waters will get low enough to affect corals and other organisms, assuming emissions continue on the current trajectory," he said.
In a recent article in Nature (January 17, 2008), Zachos and coauthors Gerald Dickens of Rice University and Richard Zeebe of the University of Hawaii provided an overview of the PETM and other episodes of greenhouse warming in the past 65 million years. These "natural experiments" can help scientists understand the complex interactions that link the carbon cycle and the climate.
Christina Ravelo, a professor of ocean sciences at UCSC and coorganizer of the symposium at which Zachos will speak, said climate records preserved in seafloor sediments provide a valuable test for the climate models scientists use to predict the future consequences of greenhouse gas emissions.
"There are no exact analogs in the past for what is happening now, but we can use past climates to test the models and improve them," Ravelo said. "The ocean drilling program is the only way to get really good records of these past warm periods."
Current climate models tend to have difficulty replicating the features of warm periods in the past, such as the PETM, she said. "Even though the models do a great job of simulating the climate over the past 150 years, the future probably holds many climatic surprises. As you run the models farther into the future, the uncertainties become greater."
A particular concern over the long run is the potential for positive feedback that could amplify the initial warming caused by carbon dioxide emissions. For example, one possible cause of the PETM is the decomposition of methane deposits on the seafloor, which could have been triggered by an initial warming. Methane hydrates are frozen deposits found in the deep ocean near continental margins. Methane released from the deposits would react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide. Both compounds are potent greenhouse gases.
"We have some new evidence that there was a lag between the initial warming and the main carbon excursion of the PETM," said Zachos, who is a coauthor of a paper describing these findings in the December 20/27, 2007, issue of Nature. "It's consistent with the notion of a positive feedback, with an initial warming causing the hydrates to decompose," he said.
Although this raises the possibility that the current global warming trend might trigger a similar release of methane from the ocean floor, that would not happen any time soon. It would take several centuries for the warming to reach the deeper parts of the ocean where the methane hydrate deposits are, Zachos said.
"By slowing the rate of carbon emissions and warming, we may be able to avoid triggering a strong, uncontrolled positive feedback," he said.


text:
THRIVE freeze-dried celery is the perfect product for adding that garden fresh taste to your soups, salads, and casseroles. A diet that includes celery will help support a strong immune system that will fight to lower cholesterol levels.
THRIVE Celery has an extend shelf life, so you can be certain that you will always have it on hand when you want to add a dash of delicious flavor to your dinner line-up.
Rehydration Instructions:
Add 1 cup celery to 4 cups hot water. Let celery soak for 3–5 minutes until tender. Drain water. Add 3 minutes soak time when rehydrating in cold water.
Click here to view the THRIVE to Fresh Equivalents Chart.
What is freeze drying?
THRIVE freeze-dried products are flash frozen, sublimated, and packaged to remove as much water as possible, all without sacrificing quality or nutritional value. These foods last longer and are healthier than foods that are simply dehydrated. Though both processes remove significant amounts of water from perishable food items, the speed of freeze drying locks in existing tastes and nutrients that would be lost during dehydration. Additionally, since freeze drying removes a greater percentage of water than dehydration, the shelf life of freeze-dried food increases by several years.
*Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Your daily values may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs
|Saturated Fat
|Less than
|Less than
|Less than
|Total Carbohydrate
|Dietary Fiber
Celery. CERTIFIED GLUTEN FREE (pouch excluded)
Storage Conditions
Temperature: Storing THRIVE at a high temperature can significantly increase the speed that calories and vitamins will degrade over time. In the correct storage container, low-moisture foods such as THRIVE can be stored at room temperature or cooler (75 degrees Fahrenheit or lower) and remain nutritious and edible for years. Our stated shelf life assumes that the product will be stored in optimal conditions.
Humidity: The effects of humidity on a closed can are caused by heat and very similar to the effects of high temperature (see above). High humidity can corrode the cans and in some cases even cause the cans to leak. Areas with high humidity can reduce the opened shelf life of the product. As humidity varies with location please use your own discretion to prevent possible sickness from eating spoiled food.
Damaged Container: Minor dents in the center of the can are usually just a cosmetic issue. However, a can that has been dented near or on a seam can have a compromised air-tight seal and allow oxygen to enter the can. If this is the case we recommend using the dented can within the specified opened shelf life, rather than closed.
The best way to maintain the highest quality of your THRIVE products is to take care of them. If you intend on storing your food for the sealed shelf life, store the cans in a place that is not open to elements such as water, light, and air. Take care of it. Don't expose it unnecessarily to the elements. Also, be sure to keep the temperature and humidity low and even. Under these proper storing situations your THRIVE will maintain its delicious taste, natural coloring, and proper nutrients.
View shelf life on all THRIVE Click here
*Shelf life based on optimal storage conditions.


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Derating is the technique employed in power electrical and electronic devices wherein the devices are operated at less than their rated maximum power dissipation taking into consideration the case/body temperature, ambient temperature and the type of cooling mechanism used.
Power electronic devices have a maximum power dissipation rating usually quoted at a case temperature of 25°C. The datasheet for the device also includes a derating curve which indicates how much a device will dissipate without getting damaged at any given case temperature and this must be taken into account while designing a system. As can be seen from the derating curve image for a hypothetical BJT, the device (rated for 100 W at 25°C) cannot be expected to dissipate anything more than about 40 W if the ambient temperature is such that the temperature at which the device's case will stabilise (after heat-sinking) is 65°C. This final case temperature is a function of the thermal resistance between the device's case and the heat-sink; and the heat-sink and the ambient (this includes the heat-sink's temp/watt rating - with lower values implying better cooling characteristics).


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Symbolic Collection to Present Ronnie Wood Exhibition, Premiering 4/9
Symbolic Collection, one of the world's greatest collections of twentieth-century pop culture, will present a collection of fine art works by music icon and Rolling Stones band member Ronnie Wood in a worldwide exhibit entitled Faces, Time and Places, to premiere on Monday, 9 April 2012 for three months through Saturday, 30 June 2012 at 498 Broome Street at West Broadway in New York City.
Gallery hours are from 10am to 6pm, Monday to Sunday. Private appointments also available. Symbolic has presented the exhibition in part to recognize Wood's second induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, to take place in Cleveland, Ohio on 14 April 2012, in celebration of his pioneering influence as a guitarist for the seminal rock band The Faces.
With works selected by the artist himself with assistance by Brandon Coburn, the retrospective exhibition will showcase the rock and roll legend's personal and engaging record of an evolving culture centered on celebrity and music from the 1960s to the present day. The exhibition includes paintings, drawings and limited-edition prints available for sale, many of which have never been seen before by the public. Symbolic debuted Wood's Faces, Time and Places at 28 Cork Street in London in November.
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We're honored that Natural Solutions Magazine has selected 2 Alima Pure products to win their 2008 'Beauty With a Conscience' awards:
Best Foundation - Alima Satin Matte Foundation
"Never cakey, this light powder imparted a healthy radiance and all-day coverage. Plus, their 60 shades are bound to match any skintone."
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"This color left our cheeks with a lovely glow that garnered us a boatload of compliments whenever we wore it."
Our dear friends at Talulah won 'Best Cleanser for Dry to Normal Skin' for their fabulous Vanilla Bean Cleanser.


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Motorcycle Batteries .. AGM, GEL, Wet, Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)
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Beastly Adventurer
Joined: Sep 2011
Location: Tulsa, Oklahoma
Oddometer: 6,439
Originally Posted by
PS Why the larger size batt. for longer trips? I might be replacing the batt. on my 02 R1150RT soon,and I usually travel 4-7 hours to Rallys.Are you worried about overcharging?
not worried about overcharging look closely at chart below. LiFePO4 batteries in 4s config charges to 14.6v (full charge). then if battery is equipped with internal BMS. volts will drop down to about 13.8v range. LiFePO4 battery without BMS will typically self discharge overnight to 14.1v range. note very little power loss from 14.6 to 13.85v
a normal motorcycle charges at 13.8v to 14.2v range. so long as charging voltage remains in normal range. your LiFePO4 battery will not overcharge.
LiFePO4 li-ion batteries are inherently stable and very hard to cause it to catch on fire. vs lithium cobalt li-ion batteries catching on fire Boeing 787 in the news.
keep in mind airhead (non- fuel injected) motorcycles takes longer crank times when temps dips down. LiFePO4 batteries degrade in the cold.... much as 50% degradation in amp hour capacity within range of motorcycle riding temps. most folks don't go riding at -10c (14f) degrees, but it's not unusual for folks to ride below that.
so a short cold ride with headed gear and long crank times = worst case scenario for a LiFePO4 battery. keep in mind I'm dealing with actual amp hour not wildly inflated amp hour listing by most battery mfg. PB/EQ or lead acid equivalent.
both Shorai LFX21 and Earth-X ETX24 failed next morning... after being subjected to long crank times at 25f to start R80G/S followed by a 15-20 minute ride with full heated gear on. then bike was parked outside for several hours while temps fell to 20f. then R80G/S was started and ridden home 15-20min with full heated gear (Gerbing heated jacket, heated pants, heated gloves and BMW heated grips)
next morning R80G/S with both Shorai LFX21 failed to start R80G/S at 20f. repeated same scenario with Earth-X ETX24 which also failed next morning.
R80G/S used a voltage regulator from
that charges at a slightly higher (14.4v) voltage to increase output. R80G/S has an upgraded 400watt alternator (from
). have changed back to normal voltage regulator since then. changed battery out to larger Shorai LFX36 and have had NO further problem with battery not having enough amp hour reserves. one year later and LOTS of short cold rides with heated gear.
this is why for folks who takes their adventure bikes (pigs) on extended trips ... Earth-X ETX36 and Shorai LFX36 are the only two batteries I would recommend. by the way for modern high tech fuel injected bikes ... yes when things are tuned and running perfect. bike starts with a few seconds of cranking even when cold. ah .. but what happens when that fancy bike's fuel pump decides to take a dump??? and/or you get a bad load of fuel.... sometime cranking and cranking and cranking while beating on the fuel pump will get you going again.
all that takes amp hours! ... an Odessey AGM for BMW 28 AH, weight 22lb. vs ETX36 weight 3lb 11oz, LFX36 slightly heavier. both measure out actual about 13 amp hour. that's a whooping 18lb saving. original BMW gel battery is 19AH.
Bringing BMW R90S back to life
LiFePO4 testing
Which is more reliable ...
Points or Electronic Ignition for Airheads?
for airhead charging issues
scroll down to #898
_cy_ screwed with this post 01-16-2013 at
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Which tech company is most cash rich: Apple, Microsoft or Google? Having tons of cash in reserves gives them a lot of clout, always on the lookout to buy companies that can add value to its R&D or product mix. The reason why they have so much cash is that they have the structure or products or patents that keep generating massive amounts of free cash flow to the reserves. Now, why would they not give it back to shareholders? We can debate this till the cows come home - a company, in particular a tech company, needs the cash to invest in R&D, to keep pushing the line on innovative products, they need the cash to compete with new technologies or disruptive technologies, and when they cannot compete... they can use their cash to buy the competition out.
One good thing about these 3 companies, there will not likely be a rights issue anytime soon. You invest in a company for growth, not for dividends.
The chart below from Gridstone looks deceptive if you only look at absolute cash holdings. One should look at the number of shares issued and the actual Cash Per Share. Even that is not good enough, to throw a better light at it, the net cash per share should be cited as a percentage of the most recent market share price.
Total cash at at Oct 2009: $21.99bn
Shares Issued: 316.5m
Market Cap: $174.6bn
Cash per share: $69.43
CPS/Mkt Px: 12.6%
Total cash as at Oct 2009: $29.9bn
Shares Issued: 8.9bn
Market Cap: $234.97bn
Cash per share: $3.356
CPS/Mkt Px: 12.7%
Total cash as at Oct 2009: $24.22bn
Shares Issued: 895.82m
Market Cap: $178.0bn
Cash per share: $27.039
CPS/Mkt Px: 13.6%
Here lies the interesting finding, the cash on hand for each of these companies IS NOT AS RANDOM as you might think. There is obviously some "finance strategic" modeling behind it. Cash per share as a percentage of its share price CANNOT possibly be between 12.6% to 13.6% among these 3 companies by chance, obviously they benchmark against each other for competitive reasons.
Benchmarking is just one aspect, could this be the "optimum" cash holding level for companies that have a high propensity to do M&A as a major part of their corporate strategy? Looks that way as having that optimum cash cushion will allow them to act very fast, either in paying cash upfront in a desperate bidding war, or even raising double or triple that cash level from short term lending - which banks will not lend to these 3 companies with such a cash backing? All said, each of these are primed to ACT should they come across a significant major company for sale. Imagine Apple or Google buying Nokia ... Nokia has a market cap of $49.27bn. Say they pay a 30% premium to take over the company, it would cost $64.05bn in value. They need a warchest to at least buy up 51%-100% in case all shareholders accept their offer. No problem, with their cash back, they can easily raise the funds within hours literally.
Lastly, the reason why they such a similar level of cash per share as a percentage of their share price is to FEND OFF the vultures. They can use the cash to buy back shares if they want to, and cancel them as well. By benchmarking with each other, none of the companies would appear to be "too attractive" to vultures - imagine if one of the company has a ratio of 25% instead of 12.5%-13.6%, private equity mega houses may gang up to raid the companies or greenmailing them.
Can I get my honorary PhD now?
p/s photos: Elanne Kong Yuk Lam


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Calvin Gurley; Fmr. Gov. Jim Gilmore
January 14, 2014 - 12:42 PM
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Today on NewsTalk:
Calvin Gurley (D) talks about his bid to unseat DC Council Chairman Phil Mendelson.
Then, former Virginia Governor Jim Gilmore discusses Terry McAuliffe's transition to Governor.
Watch today's full hour in the clips below. Click "Continue Reading" to see segments 2 through 4.
Wednesday at 10am: Legal analyst Jim Shalleck
Short URL: http://wj.la/1fv2lh4