text:
David Jones is a member of the Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital and the Massachusetts General Hospital. This article evolved out of conversations with Allan Brandt, Arthur Kleinman, and John Coatsworth. The author also benefited from advice from Warwick Anderson, David Barnes, Conevery Bolton, Elizabeth Caronna, Joyce Chaplin, Ward Churchill, Alfred Crosby, Ray Fisman, Jeremy Greene, Nick King, Marc Lipsitch, Christopher Sellers, Keith Wailoo, Deborah Weinstein, members of the History of Medicine Working Group at Harvard University, fellows and faculty of the Divisions of Immunology and Infectious Disease at Children's Hospital, Boston, and many insightful anonymous reviewers. The research was supported in part by a grant from the Medical Scientist Training Program, National Institutes of Health.
1 John M. Murrin, "Beneficiaries of Catastrophe: The English Colonies in America," in Eric Foner, ed., The New American History, rev. ed. (Philadelphia, 1997), 4.
Crosby, "Virgin
Soil Epidemics as a Factor in the Aboriginal Depopulation in America,"
William and Mary Quarterly, 3d Ser., 33 (1976), 289; Diamond,
Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New
York, 1997), 211–12.
Crosby, "Virgin
Soil Epidemics," 292.
4 For a challenge of another aspect of virgin soil theory, the assumption that new epidemics caused Indian cultures and religions to wither as quickly as Indian bodies, see Paul Kelton, "Avoiding the Smallpox Spirits: Colonial Epidemics and Southeastern Indian Survival," Ethnohistory, 50 (Fall 2003).
5 William A. Starna, "The Biological Encounter: Disease and the Ideological Domain," American Indian Quarterly, 16 (1992), 513; Arthur E. Spiess and Bruce D. Spiess, "New England Pandemic of 1616–1622: Cause and Archaeological Implication," Man in the Northeast, 34 (1987), 77.
6 David E. Stannard, "Disease and Infertility: A New Look at the Demographic Collapse of Native Populations in the Wake of Western Contact," Journal of American Studies, 24 (1990), 329, 346. Scores of similar accounts exist. Here is a partial listing since 1990: Colin G. Calloway, New Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America (Baltimore, 1997), 33; Paul H. Carlson, The Plains Indians (College Station, Tex., 1998), 8; James H. Cassedy, Medicine in America: A Short History (Baltimore, 1991), 5; A. D. Cliff, P. Haggett, and M. R. Smallman-Raynor, "Island Populations: The Virgin Soil Question," in Island Epidemics (Oxford, 2000), 120; Lawrence I. Conrad et al., The Western Medical Tradition: 800 B.C.-A.D. 1800 (Cambridge, 1995), 225–26, 474, 486; Noble David Cook and W. George Lovell, eds., "Secret Judgments of God": Old World Disease in Colonial Spanish America (Norman, Okla., 1991), xv; Francis Jennings, The Founders of America: How Indians Discovered the Land, Pioneered in It, and Created Great Classical Civilizations; How They Were Plunged into a Dark Age by Invasion and Conquest, and How They Are Reviving (New York, 1993), 383; Charles C. Mann, "1491," Atlantic Monthly (Mar. 2002), 43; Adrienne Mayor, "The Nessus Shirt in the New World: Smallpox Blankets in History and Legend," Journal of American Folklore, 108 (Winter 1995), 58; Murrin, "Beneficiaries of Catastrophe," 7; Linda A. Newson, "Old World Epidemics in Early Colonial Ecuador," in Cook and Lovell, eds., "Secret Judgments of God," 88; Gregory H. Nobles, American Frontiers: Cultural Encounters and Continental Conquest (New York, 1997), 41; Mary Beth Norton et al., A People and a Nation: A History of the United States, brief ed., vol. A: To 1877, 4th ed. (Boston, 1996), 18; John Steckley, "Developing a Theory of Smallpox: Huron Perceptions of a New Disease," Arch Notes, 90 (Jan.-Feb. 1990), 17; Ian K. Steele, Warpaths: Invasions of North America (New York, 1994), 22; Rebecca Storey, Life and Death in the Ancient City of Teotihuacan: A Modern Paleodemographic Synthesis (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1992), 43; Ronald Takaki, "The Tempest in the Wilderness: The Racialization of Savagery," Journal of American History, 79 (1992), 907; Alan Taylor, American Colonies (New York, 2001), 42; Patrick Tierney, Darkness in El Dorado: How Scientists and Journalists Devastated the Amazon (New York, 2000), 56; Daniel H. Usner, Jr., Indians, Settlers, and Slaves in a Frontier Exchange Economy: The Lower Mississippi Valley before 1783 (Chapel Hill, 1992), 16; Richard White, "Western History," in Foner, ed., New American History, 208; Edwin Williamson, The Penguin History of Latin America (New York, 1992), 13, 84–85; and Ronald Wright, Stolen Continents: The Americas Through Indian Eyes Since 1492 (Boston, 1992), 13–14.
7 Murrin, "Beneficiaries of Catastrophe,"7.
Crosby, The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences
of 1492 (Westport, Conn., 1972), 57. See also William H. McNeill,
Plagues and Peoples (New York, 1977), 184; Neal Salisbury,
Indians' Old World: Native Americans and the Coming of Europeans,"
WMQ, 3d Ser., 53 (1996), 458; and David S. Landes, The
Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So
Poor (New York, 1998), 169.
9 Jerry H. Bentley, Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times (New York, 1993), 183; Robert Boyd, The Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence: Introduced Infectious Diseases and Population Decline among Northwest Coast Indians, 1774–1874 (Seattle, 1999), 17; White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815 (Cambridge, 1991), 41.
10 Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York, 1983), 85. See also James Axtell, Beyond 1492: Encounters in Colonial North America (New York, 1992), 105; Elizabeth A. Fenn, Pox Americana: The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775–82 (New York, 2001), 23, 27; Karen Ordahl Kupperman, Indians and English: Facing Off in Early America (Ithaca, 2000), 34; McNeill, Plagues and Peoples, 3–4, 8, 184–85; and Russell Thornton, American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492 (Norman, Okla., 1987), 47.
11 Calloway, New Worlds for All, 37. See also Cook, Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650 (Cambridge, 1998), 166–67; Cronon, Changes in the Land, 88; Newson, "Highland-Lowland Contrasts in the Impact of Old World Diseases in Early Colonial Ecuador," Social Science and Medicine, 36 (1993), 1194; Stannard, "Disease and Infertility," 341, 346–47, 349; Taylor, American Colonies, 38–39; Michael K. Trimble, "The 1837–1838 Smallpox Epidemic on the Upper Missouri," in Douglas W. Owsley and Richard L. Jantz, eds., Skeletal Biology in the Great Plains: Migration, Warfare, Health, and Subsistence, (Washington, D. C., 1994), 82–87; and White, Middle Ground, 41.
12 J. S. Cummins, "Pox and Paranoia in Renaissance Europe," History Today, 38 (Aug. 1988), 28; Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900 (Cambridge, 1986), 34; Jennings, The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest (Chapel Hill, 1975), 22; White, Middle Ground, 41.
13 Axtell, The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America (New York, 1985), 96. See also Mayor, "Nessus Shirt," 74–75n19, and Steele, Warpaths, 84.
14 Murrin, "Beneficiaries of Catastrophe,"5.
15 In both Calloway, New Worlds for All, 33, and White, Middle Ground, 41.
16 Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel, 9.
17 Ibid., 16, 92, 191, 212. See also Taylor, American Colonies, 30–31, 41–42.
18 Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel, 25.
19 Ibid., back cover of 1997 edition (Ehrlich), leading page of 1999 edition (Crosby). Of more than 40 reviews of Guns, Germs, and Steel examined, nearly all praised Diamond for providing an alternative to racist theories of world history. For representative examples, see Sharon Begley, "Location, Location ... A Real-Estate View of History's Winners and Losers," Newsweek, 129 (June 16, 1997), 47; Thomas M. Disch, "A Crescendo of Inductive Logic," New Leader, 80 (Mar. 10, 1997), 19–20; "Geographical Determinism," The Economist, 344 (July 19, 1997), R4-R5; review of Guns, Germs, and Steel, in New Yorker, 73 (Mar. 31, 1997), 101; and Colin Renfrew, "Human Destinies and Ultimate Causes," Nature, 386 (Mar. 27, 1997), 339–40.
Other critical reviews have not addressed this point. For examples,
see James M. Blaut, "Environmentalism and Eurocentrism," Geographical
Review, 89 (July 1999), 391–408 (focused on geographic
determinism); Brian Ferguson, review of Guns, Germs, and Steel,
American Anthropologist, 101 (Dec. 1999), 900–01 (Diamond
ignores culture, society, politics); and McNeill, "History Upside
Down," New York Review of Books, 44 (May 15, 1997), 48–50.
Three reviewers actually criticize Diamond for downplaying the
importance of racial differences: Laurence Hurst, "Sex, War and
the Pox," New Scientist, 155 (Aug. 30, 1997), 40–41;
Mark Ridley, "The Uselessness of Zebras," TLS: The Times Literary
Supplement, Nov. 14, 1997, 6; and J. Philippe Rushton, review
of Guns, Germs and Steel in Population and Environment,
21 (Sept. 1999), 99–107. Only two reviews comment on Diamond's
implicitly racial arguments, and neither recognizes their pervasive
presence: Bruce Mazlish, "Big Questions? Big History?" History
and Theory, 38 (May 1999), 232–48, and Steve Sailer,
"Why Nations Conquer," National Review, 49 (May 19, 1997),
21 Jennings made a similar argument in Invasion of America, 22.
22 The term "race" requires clarification. Careful writers, including McNeill, Diamond, and (but not always) Crosby, avoid the politically charged term by discussing specific historically and geographically defined populations. American Indians at the time of contact, for instance, were a distinct group compared to Europeans and Africans. It is possible to discuss virgin soil epidemics without ever mentioning race. However, many authors (especially in popular forums) discuss race and racial difference as though they were real and self-evident categories. This position has gained support from genetic analyses of human populations that show a "general agreement" between popularly and genetically defined human subpopulations: Noah A. Rosenberg et al., "Genetic Structure of Human Populations," Science, 298 (Dec. 20, 2002), 2381–85. Such work has re-energized controversies about the relevance of race as a salient category in medical science: Richard S. Cooper, Jay S. Kaufman, and Ryk Ward, "Race and Genomics," New England Journal of Medicine, 348 (Mar. 20, 2003), 1166–70; Esteban Gonzàlez Burchard et al., "The Importance of Race and Ethnic Background in Biomedical Research and Clinical Practice," ibid., 1170–75. Casual use of race, however, introduces unneeded political baggage into debates about human health and disease, confusing an already complicated picture. I avoid race, racial, or racist as much as possible except where those terms are introduced by my sources.
23 For a similar argument, see Francis J. Brooks, "Revising the Conquest of Mexico: Smallpox, Sources, and Populations," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 24 (Summer 1993), 9–10.
24 McNeill, Plagues and Peoples, 196. For epidemics as an alternative to Euroamerican agency, see Terence Ranger, "To Fiji with Measles," London Review of Books, 21 (Feb. 4, 1999), 30. For similar arguments by environmental historians, see Donald Worster, "Transformations of the Earth: Toward an Agroecological Perspective in History,"JAH, 76 (1990), 1088, 1090. For political debates within environmental history, see the discussions by Worster, Crosby, White, Carolyn Merchant, Cronon, and Stephen J. Pyne in JAH, 76 (1990), 1087–1147.
25 Packard, White Plague, Black Labor: Tuberculosis and the Political Economy of Health and Disease in South Africa (Berkeley, 1989), 32.
26 Rozanne Dunbar Ortiz, "Aboriginal People and Imperialism in the Western Hemisphere," Monthly Review, 44 (Sept. 1992), 1–2.
27 Sowell, Conquest and Cultures: An International History (New York, 1998), 327; Stannard, American Holocaust: Columbus and the Conquest of the New World (New York, 1992), xii. However, Stannard himself cited Hawaiians' nonimmunity as a contributing factor to their decline in the 19th century. Stannard, "Disease and Infertility,"325–50.
Crosby, "Virgin
Soil Epidemics," 296–99; Kupperman, Settling With
the Indians: The Meeting of English and Indian Cultures in America,
1580–1640 (Totowa, N. J., 1980), 5. See also Crosby,
Columbian Exchange, 48–53, and Diamond, Guns,
Germs, and Steel, 210–11.
29 For an example, see Taylor, American Colonies, 41–42.
30 For a discussion of how African Americans in the 1960s and 1970s reformulated sickle cell anemia as proof of their fitness to their ancestral environment, see Keith Wailoo, Dying in the City of the Blues: Sickle Cell Anemia and the Politics of Race and Health (Chapel Hill, 2001), 106, 114–18, 144–47, 182–89. For hypertension and the slave trade, see Thomas W. Wilson and Clarence E. Grim, "Biohistory of Slavery and Blood Pressure Differences in Blacks Today: A Hypothesis," Hypertension, 17 (Jan. 1991, supplement), 1–122. For a refutation, see Philip D. Curtin, "The Slavery Hypothesis for Hypertension among African Americans: The Historical Evidence," American Journal of Public Health, 82 (1992), 1681–86.
31 Jennings, Invasion of America, 15. For changing European attitudes toward Indians, see Joyce E. Chaplin, Subject Matter: Technology, the Body, and Science on the Anglo- American Frontier, 1500–1676 (Cambridge, Mass., 2001). For the fertile reception of European plants and animals, see Crosby, Ecological Imperialism, and Elinor G. K. Melville, A Plague of Sheep: Environmental Consequences of the Conquest of Mexico (Cambridge, 1994).
32 Smith, Advertisements for the Unexperienced Planters of New England, or Any Where (1631), in Philip L. Barbour, ed., The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580–1631), 3 vols. (Chapel Hill, 1986), 3:275; Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana; or, The Ecclesiastical History of New-England (1732), 2 vols. (Hartford, 1853), 1:51. For historians' fetish for Puritans' providential responses, see Calloway, ed., Dawnland Encounters: Indians and Europeans in Northern New England (Hanover, N. H., 1991), 12; Cronon, Changes in the Land, 126; Kupperman, Settling with the Indians, 6; and Alden T. Vaughan, New England Frontier: Puritans and Indians, 1620–1675 (Norman, Okla., 1995; orig. pub. 1965), 104. I discuss the role of such providential explanations in Puritan society in Rationalizing Epidemics: Meanings and Uses of American Indian Mortality since 1600 (Cambridge, Mass., forthcoming).
33 This is true for all cases in which social factors generate disparities in health status, as well as the specific case of the few remaining "virgin soil" populations. As late as 1998, experts estimated that 55 groups of isolated South American Indians had yet to encounter Europeans, Africans, and their pathogens; Magdalena Hurtado et al., "The Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases among South American Indians: A Call for Guidelines for Ethical Research," Current Anthropology, 42 (2001), 425–32.
34 Las Casas, The Devastation of the Indies: A Brief Account (1552), trans. Herma Briffault (Baltimore, 1992), 29.
35 Morton, New English Canaan (1632), in Peter Force, ed., Tracts and Other Papers, Relating Principally to the Origin, Settlement, and Progress of the Colonies of North America ... (1836–1847), 4 vols. (New York, 1947), 2:18–19; Lalemant, "Relation of What Occurred in the Mission of the Hurons" (1640), in Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed., The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents: Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610–1791, 73 vols. (Cleveland, 1896–1901), 19:93. Both Lalement and Pedro de Liévano (c. 1577), dean of the Cathedral of Guatemala, used the phrase "secret, but ever adorable, judgements of God." De Liévano, quoted in Lovell, "Disease and Depopulation in Early Colonial Guatemala," in Cook and Lovell, eds., "Secret Judgments of God," 77.
36 Winslow, Good Newes from New England (1624), in Alexander Young, ed., Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers of the Colony of Plymouth, from 1602 to 1625, 2d ed. (Boston, 1844), 346.
37 Heckewelder, History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian Nations Who Once Inhabited Pennsylvania and the Neighbouring States (1819), (Philadelphia, 1876), 221.
38 Chapman, physician report, in "Report of Agent for Yankton Agency," in Annual Reports of the Department of the Interior for ... 1904. Indian Affairs ... (Washington, D. C., 1905), 342.
39 Allan M. Brandt, "Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study," Hastings Center Report, 8 (Dec. 1978), 21–29; Alan M. Kraut, Silent Travelers: Germs, Genes, and the "Immigrant Menace" (Baltimore, 1994), 78–96, 136–65; Nancy Krieger, "Shades of Difference: Theoretical Underpinnings of the Medical Controversy on Black/White Differences in the United States, 1830–1870," International Journal of Health Services, 17 (1987), 259–78; Charles E. Rosenberg, "The Bitter Fruit: Heredity, Disease, and Social Thought in Nineteenth-Century America," Perspectives in American History, 8 (1974), 189–235.
40 Holder, "Papers on Diseases among Indians," Medical Record, 42 (Aug. 13, 1892), 178; Jones, "Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs," in Annual Reports of the Department of the Interior for ... 1904, 36; Hutchinson, "Varieties of Tuberculosis According to Race and Social Condition," National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis: Transactions of the Annual Meeting, 3 (1907), 199.
41 Williams, "The Epidemic of the Indians of New England, 1616–1620, with Remarks on Native American Infections," Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, 20 (1909), 340; Bushnell, A Study in the Epidemiology of Tuberculosis, With Especial Reference to Tuberculosis of the Tropics and of the Negro Race (New York, 1920), 35; Cook, The Extent and Significance of Disease among the Indians of Baja California, 1697–1773 (Berkeley, 1937), 1. At about this time, medical authorities in South Africa were identifying the local Africans as virgin populations; Packard, White Plague, Black Labor, 4, 22–23.
42 Dobyns, "An Outline of Andean Epidemic History to 1720," Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 37 (1963), 494. For similar claims, see C. H. Haring, The Spanish Empire in America (New York, 1947), 43, and John Duffy, "Smallpox and the Indians in the American Colonies," Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 25 (July-Aug. 1951), 327.
43 Cockburn, "The Evolution of Infectious Diseases," in Cockburn, ed., Infectious Diseases: Their Evolution and Eradication (Springfield, Ill., 1967), 90.
44 Ibid., 104. McNeill echoed this: see Plagues and Peoples, 272n3.
45 This connection served many agendas, from the desire of molecular biologists and population geneticists to make contributions to medicine, to the needs of the growing black identity movement; Wailoo, Dying in the City of the Blues, 106, 114–18, 144–47, 182–89.
46 Trigger, "Comments," on Dobyns, "Estimating Aboriginal American Population: An Appraisal of Techniques with a New Hemispheric Estimate," Current Anthropology, 7 (Oct. 1966), 440; Neel et al., "Notes on the Effects of Measles and Measles Vaccine in a Virgin-Soil Population of South American Indians," American Journal of Epidemiology, 91 (1970), 418–29. For debates about Neel's role in these epidemics, see Tierney, Darkness in El Dorado, 53–82, and "Perspectives on Tierney's Darkness in El Dorado," Current Anthropology, 42 (Apr. 2001), 265–76.
Crosby, "Virgin
Soil Epidemics," 291. In other writings on depopulation, Crosby
emphasized the lack of immunity without discussing contributing
social factors: Columbian Exchange, 39, 52, 57; "'God ...
Would Destroy Them, and Give Their Country to Another People ...,'"
American Heritage, 29 (Oct./Nov. 1978), 39.
Crosby as the authority on immunological determinism: Fenn, Pox
Americana, 25–26; Kupperman, Indians and English,
34; Salisbury, "Indians'
Old World," 458; White, "Western History," 208. Crosby as
the authority on social disruption: Axtell, Beyond 1492,
237; Chaplin, Subject Matter, 158; Calvin Martin, Keepers
of the Game: Indian-Animal Relationships and the Fur Trade
(Berkeley, 1978), 49–50.
49 Cook, Born to Die, 22–23; Newson, "Indian Population Patterns in Colonial Spanish America," Latin American Research Review, 20 (1985), 46. Taylor provides a lower, but still severe, estimate of initial population and subsequent mortality, 300,000; Taylor, American Colonies, 38.
50 Stannard, "Disease and Infertility," 325–50 (Hawaii); McNeill, Plagues and Peoples, 171 (Alaska); Neel et al., "Notes on the Effects of Measles," 418–29 (Amazonia).
51 Gookin, Historical Collections of the Indians in New England; of Their Several Nations, Numbers, Customs, Manners, Religion and Government, before the English Planted There (c. 1680) (Leicester, Mass., 1970; orig. pub. 1792), 9–12; Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, 1:51.
52 S. N. Clark, "Are the Indians Dying Out? Preliminary Observations Relating to Indian Civilization and Education," in Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior for the Year 1877 (Washington, D. C., 1877), 487–520.
53 The disparate estimates reflect different assumptions about the nature of American Indian life. Low estimates assume that precontact disease, unsophisticated social arrangements, and limited exploitation of ecological potential kept populations low. High estimates assume little precontact disease, limited warfare, high fertility, and full utilization of the ecological potential of American environments; European epidemics wiped out 95% of these populations before European censuses. See Michael H. Crawford, The Origins of Native Americans: Evidence from Anthropological Genetics (Cambridge, 1998), 33–39; Dobyns, "Estimating Aboriginal American Population," 395–416; Dobyns, Their Number Become Thinned: Native American Population Dynamics in Eastern North America (Knoxville, 1983); David Henige, Numbers from Nowhere: The American Indian Contact Population Debate (Norman, Okla., 1998); Ann F. Ramenofsky, Vectors of Death: The Archaeology of European Contact (Albuquerque, 1987), 1–21; and Douglas H. Ubelaker, "Patterns of Demographic Change in the Americas," Human Biology, 64 (June 1992), 361–79.
54 Newson, "Indian Population Patterns," 41–74; Stannard, "Disease and Infertility," 325–26; Dean R. Snow, "Microchronology and Demographic Evidence Relating to the Size of Pre-Columbian North American Indian Populations," Science, 268 (16 June 1995), 1601–04; Taylor, American Colonies, 40.
55 For a population of initial size P0 and a growth rate of r, the population at time t can be calculated simply: P=P0ert To find the rate needed to produce 90% loss over 100 years, rearrange the equation and solve for r to get a rate of 2.3%.
56 Las Casas, Devastation of the Indies, 29–31; Smith, A Description of New England ... (1616), in Barbour, ed., Complete Works of Captain John Smith, 1:330; Dermer to Samuel Purchas, 1619, in Purchas, ed., Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas His Pilgrimes (1625), 20 vols. (Glasgow, 1906), 19:129. Empty villages did not necessarily mean dead Indians: they might have withdrawn from the coast as part of their normal seasonal migrations, in response to the epidemics, or in response to the threat posed by Europeans.
57 Quoted in H. Evans Lloyd, preface to Maximilian, Prince of Wied, Travels in the Interior of North America, in Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed., Early Western Travels, 1748–1846, 32 vols. (Cleveland, 1904–1906), 22:33. For Alaska, see McNeill, Plagues and Peoples, 181.
58 For genocide, see Thornton, American Indian Holocaust and Survival; Ortiz, "Aboriginal People and Imperialism,"1–13; Stannard, American Holocaust; and Ward Churchill, Indians Are Us? Culture and Genocide in Native North America (Toronto, 1994), 11–63. For hunting Indians, see Lee Miller, ed., From the Heart: Voices of the American Indian (New York, 1995), 306.
59 Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel, 373–74. See also Calloway, New Worlds for All, 33; Dobyns, "Estimating Aboriginal American Population," 413–14; and McNeill, Plagues and Peoples, 180–81.
60 For these debates, see Timothy L. Bratton, "The Identity of the New England Indian Epidemic of 1616–19," Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 62 (Fall 1988), 351–83; Spiess and Spiess, "New England Pandemic," 71–83; and Williams, "Epidemic of the Indians of New England,"340–49.
61 For Mayan claims, see the account of Chilam Balam of Chumayel, quoted in Crosby, Columbian Exchange, 36. For Huron claims, see Paul le Jeune, "Relation of What Occurred in New France in the Year 1637," (1638) in Thwaites, ed., Jesuit Relations, 11:193. For the possibility that the Chinese beat the Europeans to America and brought diseases with them, see Gavin Menzies, 1421: The Year China Discovered America (New York, 2003), 114, 412, and Crawford, Origins of Native Americans, 88.
62 Ortiz, "Aboriginal People and Imperialism," 2. For similar claims, see McNeill, Plagues and Peoples, 176; Martin, Keepers of the Game, 48–49; and Cronon, Changes in the Land, 85.
63 Shreeve, "Dominance and Submission," New York Times Book Review, June 15, 1997, 13. For the Arctic passage, see Cronon, Changes in the Land, 85; Storey, Life and Death in the Ancient City of Teotihuacan, 42–43; and Taylor, American Colonies, 41. For a discussion and critique of the theory, see Crawford, Origins of Native Americans, 51–52. For the role of animals and cities, see Cronon, Changes in the Land, 85; Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel, 213; McNeill, Plagues and Peoples, 178; Taylor, American Colonies, 41; and Williams, "Epidemic of the Indians of New England," 241.
64 Howard S. Russell, Indian New England Before the Mayflower (Hanover, N. H., 1980), 35, 104–05; Stannard, American Holocaust, 53; Taylor, American Colonies, 41 ; Ubelaker, "Patterns of Demographic Change," 364.
65 Writers sometimes confuse these groups, for example discussing the "smallpox bacillus." See Stannard, American Holocaust, 77.
66The New England Journal of Medicine published a series of review articles on immunology that are accessible to nonexpert, but motivated, readers: Peter J. Delves and Ivan M. Roitt, "The Immune System: First of Two Parts," N. Eng. J. Medicine, 343 (July 6, 2000), 37–49; Delves and Roitt, "The Immune System: Second of Two Parts," ibid., 343 (July 13, 2000), 108–17; Ruslan Medzhitov and Charles Janeway, Jr., "Innate Immunity," ibid., 343 (Aug. 3, 2000), 338–44; Rolf M. Zinkernagel, "Maternal Antibodies, Childhood Infections, and Autoimmune Diseases," ibid., 345 (Nov. 1, 2001), 1331–35.
67 Although immunologists treat the distinction of self versus non-self as self-evident, this concept has an interesting historical and philosophical development. See Alfred I. Tauber and Scott H. Podolsky, "Frank Macfarlane Burnet and the Immune Self," Journal of the History of Biology, 27 (1994), 531–73. Confusion between self and non-self and an unbalanced immune system contribute to allergies and autoimmune disease. See Stuart E. Turvey, "Atopic Diseases of Childhood," Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 13 (Oct. 2001), 487–95.
68 Medzhitov and Janeway, "Innate Immunity,"338–39.
69 For comparisons of American Indians and Hawaiians to people with AIDS or other immunodeficiencies, see Hurtado et al., "Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases,"429; Stannard, "Disease and Infertility,"339; and Tierney, Darkness in El Dorado, 56.
70 For overviews, see Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel, 201, and Adrian V. S. Hill, "The Immunogenetics of Human Infectious Diseases," Annual Review of Immunology, 16 (1998), 593–617.
71 Sarah A. Tishkoff et al., "Haplotype Diversity and Linkage Disequilibrium at Human G6PD: Recent Origin of Alleles That Confer Malarial Resistance," Science, 293 (July 20, 2001), 455–62;D. M. Rodman and S. Zamudio, "The Cystic Fibrosis Heterozygote—Advantage in Surviving Cholera?" Medical Hypotheses, 36 (Nov. 1991), 253–58; Mary Carrington et al., "HLA and HIV-1: Heterozygote Advantage and B*35–Cw*04 Disadvantage," Science, 283 (Mar. 12, 1999), 1748–52; Hill, "Immunogenetics and Genomics," Lancet, 357 (June 23, 2001), 2037–41; J. Claiborne Stephens et al., "Dating the Origin of the CCR5–Δ32 AIDS-Resistance Allele by the Coalescence of Haplotypes," American Journal of Human Genetics, 62 (June 1998), 1507–15.
72 Diamond, "A Pox upon Our Genes," Natural History, 99 (Feb. 1990), 30.
73 Christian G. Meyer, Jürgen May, and Klaus Stark, "Human Leukocyte Antigens in Tuberculosis and Leprosy," Trends in Microbiology, 6 (Apr. 1998), 153.
74 Rima McLeod et al., "Immunogenetics in the Analysis of Resistance to Intracellular Pathogens," Current Opinion in Immunology, 7 (1995), 544–46.
75 Richard Bellamy et al., "Variations in the NRAMP1 Gene and Susceptibility to Tuberculosis in West Africans," N. Eng. J. Medicine, 338 (Mar. 5, 1998), 640–44.
76 These are reviewed in Marc Lipsitch and Alexandra O. Sousa, "Historical Intensity of Natural Selection for Resistance to Tuberculosis," Genetics, 161 (Aug. 2002), 1599–1607.
77 For one claim of racial difference in tuberculosis susceptibility, see William W. Stead et al., "Racial Differences in Susceptibility to Infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis," N. Eng. J. Medicine, 322 (Feb. 15, 1990), 422–27.
78 Sousa et al., "An Epidemic of Tuberculosis with a High Rate of Tuberculin Anergy among a Population Previously Unexposed to Tuberculosis, the Yanomami Indians of the Brazilian Amazon," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94 (Nov. 25, 1997), 13227 ("high susceptibility"), 13231 ("immunologically naïve"); Kathleen Fackelmann, "Tuberculosis Outbreak: An Ancient Killer Strikes a New Population," Science News, 153 (Jan. 31, 1998), 73 ("first responded"), 75 ("ill-equipped").
79 Celia M. T. Greenwood et al., "Linkage of Tuberculosis to Chromosome 2q35 Loci, Including NRAMP1, in a Large Aboriginal Canadian Family," American Journal of Human Genetics, 67 (Aug. 2000), 405–14.
80 Jennings, Founders of America, 130.
81 No "racial susceptibility": Abram S. Benenson, "Smallpox," in Alfred S. Evans, ed., Viral Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control, 3d ed. (New York, 1989), 642; Thomas H. Weller, "Varicella-Herpes Zoster Virus," in Evans, ed., Viral Infections, 669. Social confounding: Francis Black, "Measles," ibid., 459; Masahiro Kushigemachi, Lawrence J. Schneiderman, and Elizabeth Barrett-Connor, "Racial Differences in Susceptibility to Tuberculosis: Risk of Disease after Infection," Journal of Chronic Disease, 37 (1984), 853–60.
82 In the 1970s Francis Black estimated that acute epidemic diseases, which require human populations of certain threshold sizes, had only been present for 200 generations, too short a time for significant natural selection: Black, "Infectious Diseases in Primitive Societies," Science, 187 (Feb. 14, 1975), 515–18. For recent refinements of this estimate, see Lipsitch and Sousa, "Historical Intensity of Natural Selection," 1599–1607; Paul Schliekelman, Chad Garner, and Montgomery Slatkin, "Natural Selection and Resistance to HIV: A Genotype That Lowers Susceptibility to HIV Extends Survival at a Time of Peak Fertility," Nature, 411 (May 31, 2001), 545–46; Stephens et al., "Dating the Origin," 1513; and Tishkoff et al., "Haplotype Diversity,"455–62.
83 Cystic fibrosis heterozygotes may have had protection against non-cholera secretory diarrheas, which likely did exist in Europe. See Sherif E. Gabriel, response to Paul Fontelo, "Protection Against Cholera," Science, 267 (Jan. 27, 1995), 440.
84 Bellamy, "Identifying Genetic Susceptibility Factors for Tuberculosis in Africans: A Combined Approach Using a Candidate Gene Study and a Genome-Wide Screen," Clinical Science, 98 (2000), 245–50; Greenwood et al., "Linkage of Tuberculosis,"406, 414.
85 Timothy J. Aitman et al., "Malaria Susceptibility and CD36 Mutation," Nature, 405 (June 29, 2000), 1015–16.
86 Diamond, "A Pox upon Our Genes,"26–30.
87 Black, Gerald Schiffman, and Janardan P. Pandey, "HLA, Gm, and Km Polymorphisms and Immunity to Infectious Diseases in South Amerinds," Experimental and Clinical Immunogenetics, 12 (1995), 214. See also Black, "An Explanation of High Death Rates among New World Peoples When in Contact with Old World Diseases," Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 37 (Winter 1994), 294–95.
88 Hurtado et al., "Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases," 426; Sousa et al., "Epidemic of Tuberculosis,"13231.
89 John B. Robbins and Rachel Schneerson, "Evaluating the Haemophilus Influenzae Type b Conjugate Vaccine PRP-D," N. Eng. J. Medicine, 323 (Nov. 15, 1990), 1415–16.
90 Robert P. Erickson, "Southwestern Athabaskan (Navajo and Apache) Genetic Diseases," Genetics in Medicine, 1 (May-June 1999), 151–57.
91 Crawford, Origins of Native Americans, 88–148. However, he noted that new DNA markers have shown more diversity than previous estimates.
92 Black, "Why Did They Die?" Science, 258 (Dec. 11, 1992), 1739–40; Black, "Explanation of High Death Rates,"301 ("can adapt"); Black et al., "HLA, Gm, and Km Polymorphisms,"215 ("limited genetic diversity"). This theory has been picked up by some historians: Fenn, Pox Americana, 26–27, 141; Robert McCaa, "Spanish and Nahuatl Views on Smallpox and Demographic Catastrophe in Mexico," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 25 (1995), 419–20.
93 Carrington et al., "HLA and HIV-1," 1748–52; Hill, "Defence by Diversity," Nature, 398 (Apr. 22, 1999), 668–69.
94 Benenson, "Smallpox,"634; Zinkernagel, "Maternal Antibodies," 1331.
"Virgin Soil Epidemics," 293–96.
96 Some historians have argued that influenza and other epidemics single out young adults for the highest mortality, stripping vulnerable societies of their most productive individuals. In fact, most infections have U-shaped mortality curves: high in infants, low in school-aged children and adolescents, then increasing steadily with age: Benenson, "Smallpox," 641; Anne A. Gershon, "Measles Virus (Rubeola)," in Gerald L. Mandell, John E. Bennett, and Raphael Dolin, eds., Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 5th ed. (Philadelphia, 2000), 1801–09; Weller, "Varicella-Herpes Zoster Virus,"668.
97 Many authors list tuberculosis, treponematosis, pneumonia (streptococcus), staphylococcus, typhoid, shigellosis, salmonella, leishmaniasis, Chagas' disease, toxoplasmosis, amebiasis, giardiasis, tinea, blastomycosis, tapeworm, whipworm, pin-worm, roundworm, and hookworm. See Suzanne Austin Alchon, Native Society and Disease in Colonial Ecuador (Cambridge, 1991), 20–24; Boyd, Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence, 15; and Starna, "Biological Encounter,"512. These diseases were found in some places; they were not likely endemic everywhere.
98 Arthur C. Aufderheide, "Summary on Disease before and after Contact," in John W. Verano and Ubelaker, eds., Disease and Demography in the Americas, (Washington, D. C., 1992), 165. For other rebuttals of the disease-free paradise, see Calloway, New Worlds for All, 25; Clark Spencer Larsen, "In the Wake of Columbus: Native Population Biology in the Postcontact Americas," Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 37 (1994), 109, 114; Ubelaker, "Patterns of Demographic Change,"372; or many of the other essays in Verano and Ubelaker, eds., Disease and Demography.
99 For the impact of common bacterial pathogens on a disease-experienced population, see Walsh McDermott, with David E. Rogers, "Social Ramifications of Control of Microbial Disease," Johns Hopkins Medical Journal, 151 (1982), 305. In 1990, viral pneumonia and diarrhea remained the leading causes of infectious deaths. See Christopher J. L. Murray and Alan D. Lopez, eds., The Global Burden of Disease: A Comprehensive Assessment of Mortality and Disability from Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors in 1990 and Projected to 2020 (Cambridge, Mass., 1996), 176. It is tempting, but impossible, to extrapolate this prevalence back to pre-contact America.
100 Eric T. Sandberg, Mark W. Kline, and William T. Shearer, "The Secondary Immunodeficiencies," in E. Richard Stiehm, ed., Immunologic Disorders in Infants and Children, 4th ed. (Philadelphia, 1996), 553–601; Christopher L. Karp et al., "Mechanism of Suppression of Cell-Mediated Immunity by Measles Virus," Science, 273 (July 12, 1996), 228–31.
101 The phenomena of obesity demonstrate the impact of social factors even on diseases that have strong genetic components. Studies have shown that 50% to 90% of the variance of obesity can be attributed to genetics. But the expression of genetic tendencies depends on social context: famine will prevent the expression of obesity, regardless of genetic predilection. Similarly, the prevalence of obesity in the United States has increased rapidly over recent decades, in the absence of significant genetic change; Gregory S. Barsh, I. Sadaf Farooqi, and Stephen O'Rahilly, "Genetics of Body-Weight Regulation," Nature, 404 (Apr. 6, 2000), 644–51.
Squire, "Reports of Societies: The Epidemiological Society," Medical
Times and Gazette, 1 (1877), 324; Hrdlika,
Tuberculosis among Certain Indian Tribes of the United States
(Washington, D. C., 1909), 31; Cook, "The Significance of Disease
in the Extinction of the New England Indians," Human Biology,
45 (Sept. 1973), 506. See also August Hirsch, Handbook of Geographical
and Historical Pathology, trans. Charles Creighton (London,
1883–1886), 167.
103 Sandberg, Kline, and Shearer, "Secondary Immunodeficiencies,"565. See also Black, "Measles," 451; Gershon, "Measles Virus (Rubeola)," 1805; and Weller, "Varicella-Herpes Zoster Virus," 674.
104 For an overview, see Robert Dirks, "Famine and Disease," in Kenneth F. Kiple, ed., The Cambridge World History of Human Disease (Cambridge, 1993), 157–63. For a specific example (tuberculosis during the siege of Paris), see David S. Barnes, The Making of a Social Disease: Tuberculosis in Nineteenth-Century France (Berkeley, 1995), 6–9. Malnutrition remains the major risk factor for mortality worldwide, accounting for 11.7% of the attributable risk (compared to 6% for tobacco, 5.8% for hypertension, 5.3% for sanitation and hygiene, and 1.5% for alcohol). See Murray and Lopez, Global Burden of Disease, 311.
105 Cronon, Changes in the Land, 88. See also Chaplin, Subject Matter, 158, and White, "Western History," 208.
106 John H. Coatsworth, "Welfare," American Historical Review, 101 (1996), 1–12 (general discussion); Crawford, Origins of Native Americans, 53 (Arikara); Larsen, "In the Wake of Columbus," 109–54 (worsening health); Storey, Life and Death in the Ancient City of Teotihuacan, 253–66 (cities); Ann L. W. Stodder et al., "Cultural Longevity and Biological Stress in the American Southwest," in Richard H. Steckel and Jerome C. Rose, eds., The Backbone of History: Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere (Cambridge, 2002), 481–505 (ill-health).
107 Steckel and Rose, "Patterns of Health in the Western Hemisphere," in Steckel and Rose, eds., Backbone of History, 563–79. While agricultural societies (e.g., Mexico, Andes) experienced poor health, rural areas (e.g., coastal Georgia, Brazil) did better. Societies with a pre-contact life expectancy of 40 years could more easily absorb new pathogens than societies with a life expectancy of 20 years; S. Ryan Johansson and Owsley, "Welfare History on the Great Plains: Mortality and Skeletal Health, 1650 to 1900," in Steckel and Rose, eds., Backbone of History, 556.
108 Newson, "Highland-Lowland Contrasts,"1191–94 (Ecuador); Melville, Plague of Sheep (Mexico); Cronon, Changes in the Land, 107–56 (New England); Alchon, Native Society and Disease in Colonial Ecuador; "Occasional Correspondent" to The Times, Apr. 23, 1875, quoted in Cliff, Haggett, and Smallman-Raynor, "Island Populations,"163 (Fiji).
109 Larsen, "In the Wake of Columbus,"137 (Maya); Steve J. Stern, Peru's Indian Peoples and the Challenge of Spanish Conquest: Huamanga to 1640, 2d ed. (Madison, 1993), 44 (Huamanga); Stodder and Debra L. Martin, "Health and Disease in the Southwest before and after Spanish Contact," in Verano and Ubelaker, eds., Disease and Demography, 63 (Pueblo); Enrique Tandeter, "Crisis in Upper Peru, 1800–1805," Hispanic American Historical Review, 71 (1991), 40–51; Alden and Miller, "Unwanted Cargoes: The Origins and Dissemination of Smallpox via the Slave Trade from Africa to Brazil, c. 1560–1830," in Kiple, ed., The African Exchange: Toward a Biological History of Black People (Durham, N. C., 1987), 35–109;Cliff, Haggett, and Smallman-Raynor, "Island Populations,"148–56 (Fiji).
110 Newson, "Highland-Lowland Contrasts," 1194. See also Newson, "The Demographic Collapse of Native Peoples of the Americas, 1492–1650," Proceedings of the British Academy, 81 (1993), 247–88.
111 Hurtado et al., "Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases,"428. See also Marcos Cueto, The Return of Epidemics: Health and Society in Peru during the Twentieth Century (Burlington, Vt., 2001).
112 Decker, "Depopulation of the Northern Plains Natives," Social Science and Medicine, 33 (1991), 383; Fenn, Pox Americana, 162, 187; Dollar, "The High Plains Smallpox Epidemic of 1837–38,"Western Historical Quarterly, 8 (Jan. 1977), 29; Kelm, Colonizing Bodies: Aboriginal Health and Healing in British Columbia, 1900–50 (Vancouver, 1998), 177. See also Maureen K. Lux, Medicine That Walks: Disease, Medicine, and Canadian Plains Native People, 1880–1940 (Toronto, 2001).
113 Kunitz, Disease and Social Diversity: The European Impact on the Health of Non-Europeans (New York, 1994), 5, 73. See also Crawford, Origins of Native Americans, 41–49.
114 Cook, "Interracial Warfare and Population Decline among the New England Indians," Ethnohistory, 20 (Winter 1973), 1–24; McCaa, "Spanish and Nahuatl Views," 429; Newson, "Indian Population Patterns," 47–65; Snow and Kim M. Lanphear, "European Contact and Indian Depopulation in the Northeast: The Timing of the First Epidemics," Ethnohistory, 35 (Winter 1988), 17; Trimble, "1837–1838 Smallpox Epidemic,"82; Ubelaker, "Patterns of Demographic Change,"364–69.
115 Stannard, "Disease and Infertility," 325–50; Ubelaker, "Patterns of Demographic Change," 364.
116 Larsen et al., "Population Decline and Extinction in La Florida," in Verano and Ubelaker, eds., Disease and Demography, 35. See also Larsen, "In the Wake of Columbus," 124.
Kupperman, "Apathy and Death in Early Jamestown,"JAH,
66 (1979), 24–40; Crosby, "Virgin
Soil Epidemics," 292–93 (smallpox); Squire, "Reports
of Societies,"324 (measles).
118 Ubelaker and Verano, "Conclusion," in Verano and Ubelaker, eds., Disease and Demography, 281.
119 Newson, "Indian Population Patterns,"42–44.
120 Cliff, Haggett, and Smallman-Raynor, "Island Populations," 147.
121 Compare Dobyns, Their Number Become Thinned, 13–16, to a critique, Alden and Miller, "Unwanted Cargoes," 37.
122 Cook, Born to Die, 5.
123 This story of science fiction has been told in Orson Scott Card, Pastwatch: The Redemption of Christopher Columbus (New York, 1996).
124 Jones and Allan M. Brandt, "AIDS, Historical," in Joshua Lederberg, ed., Encyclopedia of Microbiology, 2d ed., vol. 1. (San Diego, 2000), 104–15, esp. 114.
125 My own perspective is shaped by awareness of how social factors determine contemporary patterns of disease, by skepticism of the relevance of increasingly detailed genetic information, and by concern that observers often seek to blame victims to avoid responsibility for disparities in health status.
Content in the History Cooperative database is intended for personal, noncommercial use only. You may not reproduce, publish, distribute, transmit, participate in the transfer or sale of, modify, create derivative works from, display, or in any way exploit the History Cooperative database in whole or in part without the written permission of the copyright holder.


text:
Photo sharing site Imgur has added its popular MemeGen tool to iOS via a new app on the App Store. The app actually launched late last year, but Imgur has only begun promoting it today. The application has three main tabs across the bottom: Browse, Create, and Recents. Browse allows fans of meme photos to browse new or popular images. Create allows you to harness the power of your iOS Device's camera and photo library to create your own memes. The interface for doing so is simple. Recents allows you to keep all of your created memes at your fingertips. The app is free on the App Store.
Leave a Reply
One Response to "Imgur MemeGen app launches on iOS, lets you make your own memes"
I prefer Meme Studio, less popular, but more complete and it's also free

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Finet Membership Services
Please select
Premium Membership
(Snap-shot Quote and Premium Content)
HK$58 / month
Basic Membership
(Delayed Quote and Basic Content)
Teletext Services (Streaming Quote)
Please select
Finet Market Express ("FME")
HK$418 / month
Finet Market Express ("FME") + Market Depth
HK$493 / month
Finet Information Express ("FIE")
HK$388 / month
Finet Information Express ("FIE") + Market Depth
HK$463 / month
Finet Futures Express ("FFE")
HK$198 / month
Finet Futures Express ("FFE") + Market Depth
HK$273 / month
Total Amount:
Personal Information
Year of Birth
Mobile Phone No.
For China mobile number, please add country code: 86.
For China mobile number, please add country code: 86.
Email Address
21CN Email Alert
Country / City
Hong Kong
South Korea
North Korea
United States
** Your email address will be used for correspondence.
Login Information
Retype Password
*** Please use 4-16 letters or numbers, no space and underline.
Credit Card Information
Card Type
Cardholder's Name
Card Number
Expiry Date
Other Information (Optional)
Please Select
Primary Eduation
Secondary Education
Please Select
under HK$10,000
HK$100,000 or above
I have read the terms and conditions attached hereto and hereby agree that the use of the Service shall be bound by the said terms and conditions.
I hereby agree and authorize Finet Holdings Limited ("Finet") to debit the service fee from my credit card on the subscription date and on payment due dates of subsequent renewals until I cancel the subscription of the Service by sending email notice to Finet.
I understand that I have to pay a full month of service fee regardless of the actual subscription date.
I hereby agree and authorize Finet to debit the relevant service fee for each of subsequent renewals from my credit card until an email termination notice is submitted to Finet on or before the 25 day of the Service expiry month.
I agree to receive marketing materials from Finet.
Enquiry and Service Termination
For enquiry:
(852) 8102-2137
(Monday to Friday 9:00-18:00)
For service termination notice:
Terms and Conditions
Terms and Conditions for Finet Web Services The following terms and conditions apply to the provision of Services (as defined below) by Finet Holdings Limited to Members. 1. Definitions In this Schedule, the following expressions shall have the following meanings: "Content" includes with limitation of any contents, software, data, information, messages and all textual, audio, video, still image, graphical and other contents or materials that can be accessed by or through the Services; "Data/Personal Data" represents the name, address, billing details and all other related personal information of the Member; "Fees" refers to all the subscription fees, connect time charges, access fees and other fees and charges from time to time payable by the Member to Finet and any party thereof for the Member's use and/ or access to the Services; "Finet" refers to Finet Holdings Limited offering the Services to the Member who has been successfully registered; "Member" means the user/subscriber of the Services enrolled by subscription-based and/or registration on the URL (http://www.finet.hk) or by registration through other channels as designated and accepted by Finet from time to time; "Premium Content" means the Content and/or related services provided by Finet through the "Premium Package Service" on a pay per view and/or usage base charging basis; "Schedule" refers to all the general and special terms and conditions herein contained; "Services" refers to all kind of Finet Web Services offered by Finet to Member via various applications including the webpages, links and/ or sections that require registration and/or subscription fees; "Sources" refers to all Content suppliers including but not limit to the HKEx Information Services Limited, Finet and any other exchanges and specialist data providers whose Content is contained within the Services; "Username and Password" means any unique personal identifiers issued by Finet to the Member for gaining access to the Services. 2. Obligations of Finet 2.1 In consideration of the Member registering and/ or subscribing for using the Services, Finet shall grant to the Member a non-exclusive, non-transferable limited license for accessing the Services in accordance with the Schedule and subject to any and/ or all copyright notices or restrictions applicable to the Services and its Content and such license shall not permit local area network, wide area network and any other means of distribution of the Content and is for individual use only. 2.2 Finet shall authorize each Member one set of Username and Password for accessing the Services where it is applicable. 2.3 Finet reserves the right at all times to (i) reject the registration and/ or subscription of the Member; (ii) immediately suspend the Member's access to the Services without notice, where Finet is of the opinion that the Member has breached any of the terms contained in the Schedule or that such action is appropriate, desirable or necessary in the reasonable opinion of Finet; (iii) amend the terms and conditions of this Schedule without prior notice to the Member. 2.4 Finet may, at its absolute discretion and at any time, add, amend or remove, without prior notice to Member, the presentation, substance or functionality of any Content of the Services. 3. Obligations of Member 3.1 By registering and/ or subscribing for using the Services, Member agrees to be bound by, and to comply with, the Schedule and any other terms and conditions posted on any individual Finet websites or services that are related to the Services. 3.2 Member shall provide all the Data as reasonably requested by Finet when necessary for the provision of the Services once the Member has registered and/ or subscribed the Services with the assurance that the Data is true, accurate, current and complete. The Member is required to maintain and promptly update the Data to keep it true, accurate and complete by notifying Finet whenever necessary. 3.3 Member acknowledges that the Services and the Content are proprietary to the copyright of Finet and/or its group companies and/or Sources and are to be used solely by the Member, and the Content provided by the Services may not be copied, uploaded, manipulated, republished or redistributed to third parties in any form by any means without the prior written consent of Finet and, where necessary, the Sources. 3.4 Member shall not trespass, hack, break into, access, use or attempt to trespass, hack, break into, access or use any other parts of Finet servers, the Content and/or any data areas for which the Member has not been authorized by Finet. 3.5 Member shall not assign, transfer or sub-license all or any part of its rights or obligations under the Schedule. 3.6 Member shall not use or permit the use of the Content or any part thereof for any illegal purposes or any other purposes not allowed under the provisions of the Schedule. 3.7 Member shall not use the Content or any part thereof other than in the ordinary course of its own business (which shall not include any dissemination to third parties). 3.8 Member shall not use the Content or any part thereof to establish, maintain or provide or assist in establishing, maintaining or providing an off market or a trading floor or dealing service where trading in (i) securities listed on an exchange or of a type capable of being so listed or (ii) any other securities relating to securities described above is being undertaken otherwise than at or through such an exchange. 3.9 Member shall allow Finet or any person authorized by Finet in writing to, upon receiving Finet written request, inspect promptly thereafter the premises and records of the Member for any lawful purpose in connection with the Schedule including but not necessarily limited to the purpose of satisfying that the Member is not using the Content or any part thereof contrary to any provision under the Schedule. 3.10 Member who subscribes the Services (i) shall pay all the Fees due to Finet in accordance with the terms of the Schedule and/ or any payment schedule or any other directions issued by Finet from time to time. All the Fees are non-refundable in all termination conditions, unless otherwise, in the opinions of Finet with reasonable grounds, Finet disclaims any warranty and responsibility; (ii) agrees that Finet will collect all the Fees in advance on the time basis set by Finet from time to time; (iii) agrees that no Services will be received not until full payment of the Fees is made; (iv) agrees and authorizes Finet to charge against the Member the lump sum Fees in the forms of payment requested by Finet from time to time on the actual date of subscription registration. Such Fees will also be requested on payment due date of subsequent renewal period implied by Member when no email reply or written notice of termination (along with username and password) is submitted by Member upon expiry date indicated by Finet. Subject to the expiry of service period, Members has the right to terminate the Services by giving Finet email or written notice on or before the 25th calendar day of that month, which termination shall take effect on the last calendar day of the same calendar month in which such notice is received by Finet. All termination notices received by Finet from the 26th calendar day to the last calendar day of the calendar month, the termination shall take effect on the last calendar day of the following calendar month in which such notice is received by Finet. 3.11 Member who subscribes the "Premium Package Service" shall be granted to access to the Premium Content (including Real-Time Quote) in aggregate for 500 times in each service term. 3.12 Member who subscribes the "Premium Package Service" shall acknowledge that existing unused quota for accessing to the Premium Content will be cleared upon subsequent renewals. 3.13 Member shall acknowledge that full month of service fee will be charged for the month of commencing the Services regardless the date of commencement of Services and all payment made is non-refundable and non-transferable. 4. Warranty and Liabilities 4.1 Disclaimer of Warranty Member expressly acknowledges and agrees that the Services are provided on an "as is" basis and that the use of the Content and Services is at the sole risk borne by the Member. Neither Finet nor the Sources make any warranty of any kind whatsoever (save for those expressly stated in the Schedule) relating to the Services including any Content furnished through the Services, expressed or implied, including without limitation, non-infringement of third party rights or merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose or use. Finet and the Sources endeavor to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the Content provided but do not guarantee its accuracy or reliability and accept no liability (whether in tort or contract or otherwise) for any loss or damage arising from any inaccuracies or omissions. 4.2 Limitations of Liabilities 4.2.1 Finet shall not be liable to the Member or anyone else for any direct, indirect, consequential or incidental loss, costs or damages, nor any special or punitive damages, or injury caused in whole or in part by Finet's negligence in procuring, compiling, interpreting, editing, reporting or delivering any Content. In no event will Finet be liable to the Member for any direct, consequential, incidental, special or punitive damages, including any lost profits or lost savings, or for any third party claim of any nature whatsoever related to the Services or its use. 4.2.2 Member will indemnify Finet and Finet's respective servants and agents, and hold Finet and Finet's respective servants and agents, harmless against all claims, liabilities, losses, damages and expenses, including, without limitation, legal fees and costs arising out of or incurred as a result of any claims made, or litigation brought, against Finet and Finet's respective servants and agents, as a result of the use by the Member of the Content or part thereof. 5. Term and Termination 5.1 Term 5.1.1 The Schedule shall be deemed to be effective upon the approval of Finet for the subscription registration of the Member who has subscribed the Services and shall continue until the termination of it. 5.2 Terminations and Effect 5.2.1 Member acknowledges that Services will be automatically extended for a subsequent referral period at the date of end of the term on the time basis in accordance with Clause 3.10 (ii) of the Schedule, unless the Member gives notice of termination upon expiry date as reminded by Finet and pays the full Fees according to the payment method(s) set out by Finet. Immediately upon full payment or of a time lead later as provided Finet, the Services shall be renewed, and repeatedly from time to time, accordingly to the same procedure stated. 5.2.2 Finet may terminate the Services forthwith at any time without any prior written notice to the Member if (i) the Member breaches any terms of the Schedule or if the Member's use of or actions in connection with the Services are inappropriate in the reasonable opinions of Finet; (ii) Finet enters into any form of insolvency administration, including liquidation, bankruptcy, receivership, voluntary winding-up or otherwise or shall otherwise be deemed by virtue of any applicable law to be unable to pay its debts, or has ceased to carry on business. 5.2.3 Upon the effective date of termination of the Services, (i) all licenses and other rights and privileges granted to the Member under the terms of the Schedule shall forthwith cease; (ii) it is agreed that Clauses 3, 4, and 7 shall survive the termination of the Services. 6. Privacy and Personal Data Collection Statements 6.1 If Member has once given Finet Member's Personal Data, Member may receive from Finet or from Finet affiliated companies from time to time telephone calls, email and direct mailings containing promotional materials. If Member does not want to receive them, please write to Finet Data Protection Officer. 6.2 Member expressly agrees that Member's Personal Data provided by Member to Finet may be used and retained by Finet for the following purposes and for other purposes as shall be agreed between Member and Finet or required by law from time to time (i) provisioning of the Services; (ii) marketing of products and/or services by Finet, Finet agents or Finet subsidiaries, in relation to the Services; (iii) processing of any benefits to Member arising out of or in connection with the Services; (iv) analyzing, verifying and/or checking of Member's credit, payment and/or status in relation to the provision of the Services; (v) processing of any payment instructions, direct debit facilities and/or credit facilities requested by Member; (vi) enabling the daily operation of Member's account and/or the collection of amounts outstanding in Member's account in relation to the Services; and (vii) enabling Finet to comply with Finet's obligations to interconnect or other industry practices. Member further agrees that Finet may disclose and transfer to Finet agents, contractors, any third party service providers, any third party collection agencies, any credit reference agencies, any security agencies, any credit providers, banks, financial institutions, our professional advisers and any other persons under a duty of confidentiality to Finet and any of Finet's actual or proposed assignees or transferees of Finet's rights with respect to Member to use, disclose, hold, process, retain or transfer such Personal Data for the purposes mentioned above. 7. Governing Law and General Provisions 7.1 The validity construction and performance of the provisions of this terms and conditions shall be governed by the laws of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and both Finet and the Member submit to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the Courts of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. 7.2 The provisions of this terms and conditions may, at Finet sole discretion, be changed from time to time without giving the Member prior notice by such means as Finet may decide. 7.3 In the event of discrepancy between the Chinese text and the English text of this terms and conditions, the English version shall prevail.
I agree with the above terms and conditions.


text:
AN innocent-looking clause in Britain's new Broadcasting Bill could kill off the proposed new fifth channel of terrestrial TV in Britain. Channel 5 is expected to begin broadcasting in 1993, but the frequencies allocated to the new channel conflict with those used by many domestic video recorders and satellite TV decoders, creating interference on the screen whether you watch Channel 5 or not.
Earlier this year John McCormick, the BBC's company secretary, told an electronics trade conference in Torquay that Channel 5 could be the 'best buy of the decade'. But engineers now fear it could prove the most expensive, costing Channel 5 as much as Pounds sterling 300 million to retune equipment in as many as 10 million homes.
This is because Clause 28 of the Broadcasting Bill, which is expected to become law on 1 January 1991, specifies that whoever takes on the franchise for Channel 5 must ...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.


text:
Miranda Lambert Sizzles in Her 'Little Red Wagon' Video
Hot damn! Miranda Lambert looks and sounds amazing in her new music video for "Little Red Wagon."
Hot damn! Miranda Lambert looks and sounds amazing in her new music video for "Little Red Wagon."
Miranda Lambert not only won Best Country Album at the 2015 Grammy Awards tonight (Feb. 8), she also delivered a seriously red-hot performance of 'Little Red Wagon.'
In a 2015 Ram Trucks commercial, Miranda Lambert can be seen singing straight into the camera, wearing a white, lace dress. What's the song?
The 2014 CMA Awards saw Miranda Lambert and Meghan Trainor taking to the stage to perform Meghan's hit 'All About that Bass' tonight (Nov. 5).
Kelly Clarkson posted a photo on Twitter today (Oct 14) of a guitar given to her daughter by country power couple Blake Shelton and Miranda Lambert.
Jennifer Lawrence, Taylor Swift, Taylor Lautner, Rihanna and Miranda Lambert all wore white T-shirts and denim for their Rolling Stone covers. Who wore it best?
Miranda Lambert chopped her long locks into an adorable bob. Check out the photos here!
Miranda Lambert and Carrie Underwood shared the stage at the 2014 Billboard Music Awards to perform together for the first time ever, putting on a rocking production of 'Something Bad.'
The Grammys are taking place this weekend, and even more impressive performers have been added to the lineup, as well as some presenters.
Joining the already prestigious singers are Madonna, Billie Joe Armstrong (of Green Day), Miranda Lambert and Juicy J.
On tonight's live elimination episode of 'The Voice' (May 21), the Top 8 contestants were revealed. After last night's round of performances, America has voted and determined who gets to stay in the competition — and conversely, who gets sent home.


text:
National award winning eminent filmmaker Rituparno Ghosh passed away Thursday morning following a cardiac arrest, family sources said. He was 49.
He died at his residence around 7.30 a.m.
Colleagues and friends gathered at his home as the news spread. Bollywood filmmakers and actors expressed shock.
Born and brought up in Kolkata, Ghosh was the son of documentary filmmaker Sunil Ghosh.
He started his career in advertising. After making hundreds of ads, he went behind the camera in 1994 to direct his first film "Hirer Angti".
The filmmaker, who won 12 national awards in various categories, made movies like "Chokher Bali", "Unishe April", "Raincoat" and "The Last Lear".
His 2012 directional venture "Chitrangada" won him a special jury award at the 60th National Film Awards ceremony.
For "Arekti Premer Golpo", "Memories In March" and "Chitrangada", he faced the camera to show his acting skills.
Do you like this article?
|User Rating
|(5 Votes)
|SandCastle., samicute, MrsSidMalhotra, VasusenaRadheya
He was a exceptional filmmaker who was sensitive to the pain of women and hope our Creator will be sensitive towards him
You're the best director Mr. Ghosh...tollywood lost a star .
This one shocking news. R.I.P sir!
dis is so shocking..one of the best filmmaker n talented person we hve lost..the work he has done no one ever can fill dat place..may his soul R.I.P..we will miss him n his work..
Edited on:30 May 2013 at 4:06am
its really shocking news for every one
Its really shocking :(
Everyone who loved his movies will miss him. May he rest in peace.
Edited on:30 May 2013 at 2:50am
shock 2 hr dat...
its a biggg loss..
rip rituparno sir...
This is a shock.
Rest in pewde Rituparno Ghosh
R.I.P Rituparno ghosh
shocking . noone make "19th april" , "utsab", "dahan" better than u. it a big loss for film indrustry
this is a total shock. RIP Rituparno Ghosh


text:
The 'Hard' Truth About Software-Defined Data Centers
Can you handle the truth? In many quarters, software-defined data centers are viewed as a panacea to the challenges of the modern data center in bringing together the convergence of important trends such as virtualization, cloud computing and big data.
The software-defined data center (SDDC) expands virtualization to the entire infrastructure, including servers, storage and networks, by abstracting and pooling these IT resources. The SDDC is meant to enable IT organizations to place resources where it makes the most financial sense and allows workloads to be moved where they best serve the needs of the business at any point in time.
All elements of the infrastructure are virtualized and delivered as a service, whereby functions such as deployment, provisioning, configuration and operation are abstracted from hardware and implemented through software.
The truth is that the SDDC does, indeed, offer organizations vast potential in making IT more agile, scalable and cost efficient. But SDDCs also come with challenges that will make them hard to successfully deploy without the right technologies and services in place.
What are some of the challenges that could make it hard to successfully deploy the SDDC? Here are several to consider:
The SDDC Can Create Increased Risk.
Software-defined data centers are only as good as their underlying protection and performance solutions allow. This includes how the data, applications and infrastructure are protected while appropriate performance levels are maintained. As data centers become more highly virtualized, their vulnerabilities change, and organizations need to address these changing vulnerabilities with new means of protection and detection.
Furthermore, every organization's security, data protection and business continuity challenges are exacerbated by corresponding increases in risks that emanate from outside the data center, including:
- The constantly growing use of Web applications and social media;
- New and ever-changing cybersecurity threats;
- The changing nature of the network;
- The increase in the volume of data and applications; and
- The ever-present potential of man-made and natural disasters.
While the SDDC is a relatively new concept, there are critical solutions available that address the challenges of today's environments, with feature sets designed specifically for a software-defined approach. An example would be a security virtual appliance that enables security and policy orchestration for the software-defined data center. Another example would be a storage management platform that orchestrates and manages storage performance and capacity across multiple operating systems, virtualization technologies and storage hardware, including the emerging category of solid-state drives.
The SDDC Requires Integration of Key Technologies.
The challenges of security, data protection, storage and business continuity can't be approached in a vacuum if you are to achieve success with your SDDC. You not only need solutions that provide the features and functions to deal with the challenges of a highly virtualized environment and the physical elements of your data center, but you also have to look at these solutions as an integrated whole that can be purchased from a single vendor.
The idea of the SDDC is to bring everything together, simplifying management and orchestration with increased automation and abstraction of resources. Using separate vendors for functions that are highly interrelated—such as security, data protection, storage and business continuity—doesn't make sense, particularly when a leading vendor such as Symantec can offer a highly integrated approach to all of these solutions. An integrated approach will not only reduce risk, but it will also be far more cost efficient and simple to manage—providing the characteristics of an agile data center.
The SDDC Must Support Seamless Interoperability and Collaboration Across Participating Ecosystem Vendor Services.
As more value-added services such as security leverage the unique contextual insights provided by the underlying platform, these services bring powerful controls and intelligence into the mix, allowing the SDDC to advance beyond simply pooling and allocating abstracted resources available for manipulation via software. These critical service layers, collaborating across the SDDC, ensure that ecosystem vendors can inject services into the logical infrastructure on demand, and that the right policies and actions are executed based on the right information and the right best practices.
With interoperability among ecosystem vendor services each integrated into the fabric of the SDDC, policies can be unified and actions such as incident response can be coordinated from a single point of management. From a security operations perspective, this accelerates corrective action and minimizes risk.
The SDDC Must Support Heterogeneous Environments.
In moving to the SDDC, very few companies are going to be in a position to rip and replace everything they have. To the contrary, where possible, organizations will attempt to deploy solutions that are open, vendor-agnostic and support a broad heterogeneous environment. This makes sense and is absolutely necessary as the management functions of infrastructure solutions become abstracted from the hardware itself.
In addition, support for open and heterogeneous vendor-agnostic solutions is necessary as agile data centers increasingly support cloud-computing models, whether private, hybrid or public. With the SDDC you want to be able to build in the capability and flexibility to move workloads anywhere within the data center to any platform, including out to the cloud or from one cloud vendor to another. The key is to be able to do this in a seamless manner without jeopardizing data availability, security, continuity or compliance.
The shift to a new type of agile data center characterized by a software-defined approach is happening rapidly. According to a survey by SearchVirtualization.com, more than 60% of server workloads are already virtualized, and nearly 45% of companies have already virtualized at least some of their storage pool of resources.
The simple truth about software-defined data centers is that they have the massive potential to redefine the data center of the future—if the IT organization puts the right foundation in place.
The hard truth is that successfully deploying the SDDC doesn't have to be hard at all: But it does require an integrated and heterogeneous approach to the interrelated challenges and risks involved in security, data protection, storage, high availability and business continuity.


text:
Residents, commission say no to man camp
September 21, 2011 at 7:00 pm in The Dickinson Press
About 50 people filled Dickinson City Hall's meeting room during a hearing for a 600-room man camp Wednesday. The general consensus was that people were in favor of the man camp but don't want it near their homes. Continue Reading


text:
Hand painted ceramic Jack-O'-Lantern mug. 3/8"Dia. x 1/4"H
Scale: 1/12
Assembly Required:
No1/12 scale, also referred to as one-inch scale (or 1" scale), means 1 inch = 1 foot
This is the best for halloween and your trick or treat tables. Definitely recommend getting two and what a great price. The detail is amazing and you can see the pumpkin clearly.
miniatures.com is dedicated to bringing you quality items at the best prices, and
we stand behind our products 100 percent. Satisfaction guaranteed. If, for any reason,
you are not completely satisfied with your order from miniatures.com, simply return
it to us within 30 days. We are more than happy to exchange it or provide you with
a credit or refund.


text:
Originally written on rattleandhumsports.com | Last updated 4/1/13
PODCAST Robert Scalice joins Bryan Houston to talk Dallas Mavericks Playoffs??? RATTLE AND HUM SPORTS PODCASTS WITH HOST BRYAN HOUSTON NO COMMENTS EDIT It ain't over til it's over, so can the Dallas Mavericks somehow make the NBA Playoffs?
By Robert Scalice
Rattleandhumsports.com Dallas Mavericks insider Robert Scalice joins host Bryan Houston to talk about the Dallas Mavericks season and the chances this team has of squeaking into the NBA Playoffs as the regular season draws to a close. Click the link below to hear what we think of the Dallas Mavericks playoffs hopes.Dallas Mavericks "Playoffs"???
Comments are closed.
What do you think?To leave a comment, you can:
All Sports News
Delivered to your inbox
You'll also receive Yardbarker's daily Top 10, featuring the best sports stories from around the web. Customize your newsletter to get articles on your favorite sports and teams. And the best part? It's free!
Follow us on Twitter
|Best of Yardbarker
|NFL News
|MLB News
Today's Best Stuff
For Bloggers
Join the Yardbarker Network for more promotion, traffic, and money.
Company Info
What is Yardbarker?
Yardbarker is the largest network of sports blogs and pro athlete blogs on the web. This site is the hub of the Yardbarker Network, where our editors and algorithms curate the best sports content from our network and beyond.
|© 2015 Yardbarker, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of this website (including any and all parts and components) constitutes your acceptance of these Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. (What's New?)


text:
Skateboard Buying Guide
Shredding down the street, sliding just inches off the ground on four speedy wheels — that's why skateboarding is one of the most popular sports in the world. It's easy to get started. All you need is the right board. Here's how to pick one.
The type of skateboard you choose depends on the kind of skating you plan on doing. There are three main styles of boards: street, park/ramp and longboards.
The first two types are similar but with different sizes of wheels. Longboards are — you guessed it — longer and better for cruising and making big, wide turns.
To help you pick the right skateboard, we asked 14-year-old pro skating sensation Ryan Sheckler to fill us in on the ins and outs of shopping for a new board.
"If you're going out to buy a skateboard you should go to your local skate shop," Sheckler says.
The local shop will have a wider variety of boards and the salespoeple are more knowledgeable about skating than at sporting goods or department stores.
"At the skate shop, they'll just ask you what you want and if you don't know, they'll tell you what's good."
Sure, you can get a skateboard for $35, but "you'll be getting a board that's heavy and that's not going to be very fast," Sheckler warns. "If you want to get a legit street board it'll be in the range of $100 to $180."
That's the price for a "complete" or, in other words, a board that's already put together for you. As you get more advanced you'll probably want to buy the parts individually and put together your own board.
Besides being heavier, slower and less durable, cheap skateboards can be dangerous — parts can break and cause wipeouts. If you're planning to just tool around the neighborhood, a cheap board may be fine. But if you'll be skating a lot and you're looking to learn tricks, it's worth investing in a quality board.
Most skateboard decks are make of seven layers of plywood glued together. Sheckler says all decks are similar, with the same shape, a length of 31 to 32.5 inches and a width of 7.5 to 8 inches. Smaller boards are better for tricks, wider boards are easier to carve in ramps. The big difference is graphics.
"Pretty much all decks are the same, so sometimes you just buy a board because it has a cool graphic on the bottom," Sheckler says.
Most decks cost $50 to $60.
The axles that hold your wheels to the board are called trucks. They let you turn the board, and they are the surface you grind on for tricks like rail slides. Sheckler says all trucks are similar, though some are lighter or more durable.
"You can make a truck work however you want to make them work," he says.
Tighten the trucks for flip tricks, loosen them for carving. Expect to pay $30 to $50 for a pair of trucks.
The single most important part of your board is the set of wheels. Wheel size is measured in millimeters, and the bigger the wheel the faster you'll go. For street skating, Sheckler recommends 49 mm to 54 mm wheels. For ramps and pools, stick with 58 mm to 62 mm.
The other thing to keep in mind is the durometer, or hardness, of the wheel. The softer the wheel the more forgiving it is. For instance, E.G. Fratantaro, Team Manager for Sector 9 Skateboards, says a durometer of 78A to 87A is best for rough surfaces with rocks and cracks; a 97A or higher is better for smooth surfaces like ramps and skate parks. Dual-durometer wheels combine a hard center and soft outer edges for all-around performance.
You'll spend $25 to $40 for a set of four wheels. The total for your do-it-yourself board: $105 to $150.
Add these to your skateboarding shopping list (and always wear them):
- Helmet
- Elbow pads
- Knee pads


text:
David Coppola, Ph.D. (GSE '98) will become the 10th president of Keystone College in LaPlume, Pennsylvania on June 1st. Currently vice president for strategic planning and administration at Sacred Heart University in Fairfield, Connecticut, Dr. Coppola's appointment was announced to a room full of faculty, staff and Keystone supporters on Monday.
He said he will work to increase academic programs and to keep college affordable and attainable, with the challenges of first-generation students like himself in mind. "It's a dream come true," Dr. Coppola said of his appointment.
Click here to read the full story in the Scranton Times-Tribune.


text:
Thirty nine people died in renewed clashes between the Orma and Pokomo people in the Tana Delta. Hundreds more are reported injured in the fighting between the two communities. Reports say that over 100 militiamen from the Pokomo community mounted an early morning raid on the Orma village of Kipao where they killed the residents, majority of them who were still asleep.
Coast deputy police boss Robert Kitur, said among the dead are 13 children, six women and 11 men from the Orma community. Nine Pokomo raiders were also killed and 20 other people were injured.
Kitur said the raiders were armed with AK 47 and G3 rifles, petrol bombs, machetes and other crude weapons. He said the raiders were ferried from outside Tana River county.
"Intelligence information reveals that the attackers had undergone military training in readiness to carrying out the attack," said Kitur in Mombasa.
Kenya Red Cross Society said over 45 houses were torched but police insist only five houses were burnt. Survivors interviewed said the raiders were all wearing red bandanas.
Some of the those indued during the attack who included a two year old baby were admitted to Malindi general hospital by the Red Cross and other volunteers. Many suffered gunshot and machete wounds, said Mohammed Dhado, a clinical officer at the Oza dispensary where some of the injured were taken.
The injured, nearly all from the Orma community, were afraid of being treated at the Ngao hospital because of the animosity between them and the Pokomo.
The hospital is in an area where the Pokomo people are predominant. In August, over 100 people died whenthe two communities clashed in a dispute over Orma farmers grazing their cattle on land that the Pokomo say is theirs.
The Pokomo farmers and semi-nomadic Orma pastoralists have clashed intermittently for years over access to grazing, farmland and water.
Over 1,000 paramilitary officers were deployed in the Tana Delta following the attacks in August and September in which an estimated 12,000 people were displaced.
Their presence did not seem to reassure the residents many of whom accused the security agents of atrocities including rapes and beatings.
A disarmament campaign conducted in the area has since proven to be unsuccessful as many of the residents who are armed have refused to do surrender them.
Yesterday, Kitur said majority of the Pokomo people who were well armed with rifles and other weaponry were reluctant to surrender them.
"We only recovered 20 guns that were surrendered from the Orma community and from the Kenya police reservists within their community," said Kitur adding that this was a major setback in restoring peace in the county.
Galole MP and assistant Livestock minister, Dhadho Godhana was arrested and charged with incitement. He has denied the charges.
Defence minister Yusuf Haji who was also mentioned as having a hand in the clashes earlier in the year denied the allegations when he a appeared before the judicial commission of inquiry chaired by High Court judge Grace Nzioka.
He was acting Internal Security minister when the clashes occurred in August. The commission, whose term was extended by one month to allow it to complete its report, has held sessions in Mombasa, Hola and Garsen in Tana River and visited the sites of the clashes.
Others who have testified include Coast PC Samuel Kilele, provincial police boss Aggrey Adoli and Lands Commissioner Zablon Mabea. It will present its report on January 16.
Tensions between the two communities have escalated since the redrawing of political boundaries ahead of next year's general election.
Haji alluded to boundary dispute when he told the commission that he and his Ijara constituents were opposed to the current boundary between Tana River and Ijara being located some three kilometres from River Tana and want the border shifted to the middle of the river.
He said Constituency Development Fund money was used to compensate Pokomo farmers for crops destroyed by any cattle that strayed onto their farms.
Yesterday, Kitur confirmed that the clashes were 'political' and blamed unnamed politicians in the area of fueling the attacks over the disputed boundaries.


text:
Review: Pantech Pursuit
Form Basics Extras Video Tour Wrap-Up Comments
Replying to: Maybe... by muchdrama
Re: Maybe...
The browser is the Access Netfront browser, version 3.5. It's a very common browser in feature phones. Access sells it pretty cheap. I've never had a good experience with it. Opera Mini is a much better choice for phones in this class, I think.
- Re: Maybe... by muchdrama


text:
One year ago against the Kentucky Wildcats, Mississippi State quarterback Tyler Russell was splitting time with Chris Relf.
Russell performed well in relief of Relf by having one of his best games of the season. He had nine completions out of 12 attempts for 172 yards and one touchdown.
For one group of seniors at Starkville High School, they waited a long time to have their night in the lights.
Michaela Mills, Jamiyah Covington and Stacie Young are the only three seniors on the SHS volleyball team, and they played their last regular season match in the Beehive on Tuesday night.
The Mississippi State Bulldogs are rested and ready to hit the road coming off a bye week.
The Kentucky Wildcats will be anxiously waiting in Lexington, Ky. on Saturday in search of their first Southeastern Conference win of the season.
The Starkville Academy girls soccer team believes it is heading into the Class AAA-Division 2 playoffs with some momentum.
After defeating Copiah Academy 11-0 in the final regular season match at the Starkville Sportsplex, the Lady Volunteers do enter the postseason on somewhat of a roll.
Mississippi State enjoyed a bye week during week five of the college football season, leaving a Saturday open for head coach Dan Mullen to take a day away from the grind.
"I played with my son and my daughter, hung out with my wife, (and) had a good time," said Mullen.
Stepping away from football doesn't mean he didn't keep an eye on the action.
It was one of those "David vs. Goliath" type of matchups Sunday afternoon in Southeastern Conference volleyball action between the Mississippi State Bulldogs and Florida Gators.
In one corner were the Gators with their No. 12 ranking, undefeated conference record and seven-match winning streak overall.
Mississippi State officially released its 2013 baseball schedule on Saturday and there are several dates that catch the eye.
First, it's the final weekend in February where the Bulldogs play Purdue and Samford at home. Purdue was a program that hosted an NCAA regional last season and Samford defeated MSU 5-0 and 3-2 at the Tallahassee (Fla.) Regional last spring.
Mississippi State baseball coach John Cohen has been doing a good job of finding talented players from all across the country.
Now, he's even starting to bring them in from outside the United States.
Of the 14 newcomers to the Bulldogs this fall, Cohen is anxious to work with two of them from Canada.
GALLMAN – Michael Miller scored a pair of early rushing touchdowns and the Starkville Academy Volunteers were off and running in winning their second Class AAA-District 2 game of the season over Copiah Academy 40-0 Friday night.
JACKSON – The Starkville Yellowjackets survived a night of three turnovers to escape with a 23-6 Class 5A, Region 2, District 6 victory over the Provine Rams at Hughes Field in the heart of the capital city.
Starkville improved its records to 3-3 overall and 2-0 in the region.
Provine took advantage of an early turnover to take the lead in the first quarter.


text:
USA Team Delivers Faultless Performance in Mexico
March 12, 2015
Day 2 action in Aguascalientes sees USA Taekwondo team qualify the four remaining spots for Toronto
Day 1 in Mexico a BIG success!
March 11, 2015
Team USA athletes qualify all four available weight categories on Day 1 of the Pan Am Qualifying Event
Pan Am Games Qualifying Event Gets Underway!
March 11, 2015
Aguascalientes, Mexico is where the fate of Team USA for the Pan American Games later this year will be decided!
Should Athletes Eat Junk Food?
March 09, 2015
Our nutritional guru Nancy Clark weighs in on how high calorie, high speed fast food options can affect athletes
Nominations Sought for Americas Paralympic Committee
March 06, 2015
Think you could do a great job for Paralympic athletes? Click to find details of how you could help!
ACE Athlete Education Portal Launches
March 06, 2015
USOC Athlete and Career Education Program launches new portal to help athletes with life after sport. Details inside.
Membership Review of Proposed By-Law Changes - January 2015
March 05, 2015
Clearing Your Mind Using Meditation
March 04, 2015
USA Taekwondo's sports pyschology expert Jinnie Cristerna is back with advice on how to focus
How to Lose Fat and Have Energy to Train
March 03, 2015
Our nutritional expert Nancy Clark is back with advice on how to eat right and train hard!
2015 National Championships Schedule
March 02, 2015
The schedule for this year's biggest tournament is now available!


text:
Global Warming Fears Worrying UK Youngsters
By StopGlobalWarming.org (StopGlobalWarming.org) - April 4, 2007
Worries about global warming is keeping kids awake at night with the extinction of animals top of their fears, according to a new report.
Other dreads include widespread health problems, death and flooding with more than a quarter (28 per cent) blaming politicians for the problems of climate change.
A major survey of 1,150 youngsters aged between seven and 11 found one-in-seven (15 per cent) point the finger at their own parents, saying they were not doing enough to improve the environment.
The most feared consequences of the crisis include widespread health problems and possible death (36 per cent) as well as the eventual submergence of entire countries (29 per cent).
But the greatest concern of all, more than people or places, is the welfare of animals (46 per cent) who kids fret may become extinct if global warming persists.
The extinction of the human race due to global warming is also a worry for 29 per cent of kids while one-in-eight (12 per cent) lament the loss of the seasons.
Children believe Greenpeace are doing most to save the environment (31 per cent) followed by grown-ups (30 per cent), politicians (28 per cent) George Bush (25 per cent), teachers (24 per cent), kids (22 per cent), celebrities (10 per cent), superheroes (six per cent), and nobody (three per cent).
Almost half (48 per cent) are anxious about the effects of global warming with one in 10 (11 per cent) regularly losing sleep over the issue.
While awareness and understanding of recycling is high amongst UK children (86 per cent), 10 per cent still believe it is linked to riding a bicycle. However, seven per cent feel global warming is a positive change, believing summer will last longer as a result.
The study by supermarket Somerfield marks the launch of its new 'Bags for Life' scheme which aims to reduce the eight billion plastic bags wasted by UK households each year.
Somerfield spokesman Pete Williams said: "Concerns over our environment dominate the media at present and kids are exposed to the hard facts as much as anybody. While many adults may look the other way, this study should show that global warming is not only hurting the children of the future, its affecting the welfare of kids now.
"By raising awareness amongst today's young, hopefully we are improving our chances of reaching a solution."
The reports says the true heroes may be the kids themselves with 15 per cent pestering their parents to reduce carbon emissions. Similarly, two-fifths (40 per cent) plan to lower pollution when they are older by taking the bus instead of a car and nearly one-in-five (18 per cent) expect to holiday solely in the UK to avoid the carbon dioxide emitted through flying.
Mr Williams added: "Somerfield launches its new Bag for Life scheme to reward greener shopping habits. For every five old carrier bags returned to Somerfield, shoppers will receive a free Bag for Life, which is recyclable, holds twice as much and lasts 25 times longer than the average plastic carrier bag.
"And the supermarket is now committed to recycling all the old bags into reusable plastic items."
Ben Bradshaw, Minister for Local Environmental Quality, said: "Plastic and other disposable shopping bags are a symbol of our throwaway culture. We dump eight billion a year in landfill.
"Consumers already have the option of reusing old bags and refusing new ones, but retailers have an important role to play by supporting their customers in making those choices and helping them to change their behaviour."


text:
Johnson & Johnson names new CEO
February 22, 2012
TRENTON, N.J. — Johnson & Johnson has named Alex Gorsky as CEO, effective April 26, according to a press release.
Gorsky will succeed Bill Weldon, who has served as chairman and CEO of the healthcare giant since 2002.
Gorsky, 51, is currently vice chairman of the company's Executive Committee with responsibility for the Medical Devices & Diagnostics Group, Global Supply Chain, Health Care Compliance & Privacy and Government Affairs & Policy.
"This succession decision involved a rigorous, thorough and formal multi-year process, which included consideration of two superbly qualified internal candidates, as well as outside candidates," said Weldon.


text:
Louis Moinet & UNC Head Coach Butch Davis
The Louis Moinet Twintech Chronograph.
Offered in Limited Edition of only
20 pieces worldwide
An Enduring Legacy Deserves a
Timepiece Just as Legendary
Renowned as one of the finest watchmakers of his time, Louis Moinet embodied an unfaltering spirit of integrity and excellence – even being commissioned by U.S. Presidents Jefferson and Monroe to make special clocks that today still reside in Monticello and The White House. So, it is only fitting that Louis Moinet™ has created this limited edition, luxury timepiece honoring Coach Davis and the University of North Carolina, an institution that has stood for these very same ideals in academics, athletics, and research for more than two hundred years.
Look for Coach Davis wearing his limited edition Twintech Chronograph at every game during the 2009-2010 season. At the end of the season, Coach Davis' Louis Moinet Twintech Chronograph will be auctioned off on tarheelblue.com to the highest bidder with all proceeds benefiting the SECU Family House.
Show Your Carolina Pride with the
Exclusive Louis Moinet Twintech Chronograph


text:
Shreveport-Bossier City Mardi Gras Calendar 2013 – 2014
Who's thinking about Mardi Gras in Shreveport/Bossier City? We are! Even though the parades won't roll until early 2014, Mardi Gras madness never ends in the SBC!
Who's thinking about Mardi Gras in Shreveport/Bossier City? We are! Even though the parades won't roll until early 2014, Mardi Gras madness never ends in the SBC!
Elizabeth Morales and myself went to The Office on Shreveport Barksdale Highway before the Krewe of Gemini parade this past Saturday! They had all kinds of craziness going on!
Join K945 tomorrow at The Office for an amazing Mardi Gras parade day experience featuring great music from Cody Cook and the Bayou Outlaws and fantastic food from their food truck court featuring Morgan's Crawfish, I Fry, Some Like It Hot and Mickey The Hot Dog Man. Two tents of music and a great party all day and after the p
With the Krewe of Gemini set to roll tomorrow in Shreveport, Bill Goodin with the Shreveport Police Department has some helpful hints and reminders on Mardi Gras etiquette!
Though we in Shreveport-Bossier like to think every day is Mardi Gras, in reality the end of the 2013 Mardi Gras season falls on one specific day that changes every year.
Masked revelers on floats, marchers, and horseback riders respond to the age old cry "Throw me something, Mister!" by tossing beads, toys, and trinkets. Doubloons are coins of no monetary value, minted for the Krewe and collected by many.
Locals and visitors alike will get a brand new way to enjoy the whole local Mardi Gras experience with Parti-Gras 2013.
Can I just say that 12th Night was amazing! Talk about a fitting kick off to the 2013 Mardi Gras season.
Saturday morning, members of different area Mardi Gras krewes gathered at St. Pius X for the annual Mardi Gras Mass. The event was created by John Manno, a member of the Krewe of Gemini, more than 15 years ago.
The Mardi Gras season officially kicked off Saturday night with the 12th Night Celebration hosted by the Krewes of Centaur and Gemini at the Bossier Civic Center. But on Friday night the area royalty got the chance to let their hair down in a casual setting at the annual Royalty Mixer at the Centaur Den.
I dropped off five Mardi Gras dresses to the cleaners today and got a Dryel for the rest that can't be dry cleaned... I'm getting my nails done tonight and I plan to Mystic in the morning. Yep, Mardi Gras kicks off this Saturday and I CAN'T WAIT!!!


text:
Site menu:
Archive for July 20th, 2011
Mixed-Media Files Bulletin Issued
We are pleased to announce that NARA Bulletin 2011-04 has been issued. This Bulletin provides guidance to agencies who frequently manage files with records created or received in more than one type of medium. This Bulletin reminds agencies of the lifecycle management requirements for records in all formats. It also points to the need to […]
Posted by Arian Ravanbakhsh on July 20, 2011, under General.
appraisal ARMA backlog BRIDG BYOD capstone census Chief Records Officer classification Compliance and Oversight Disaster Preparedness Disposition draft e-forums electronic records management email ERA update FAQ FRCP GAO GRS guidance live conference mobile NAGARA Open Government OPM program RACO 2010 RACO 2011 RACO 2012 Records Control Schedule Records Management reporting request RM Directive SAO Self-assessment Toolkit for MER training transfer guidance transformation video web 2.0 WNRC
Subscribe to Email Updates


text:
A 2004 movie directed by Alfonso Cuarón.
Polyjuice Potion allows you to assume the appearance of someone else for one hour. Its ingredients include fluxweed, knotgrass, lacewing flies, leeches, powdered Bicorn horn, shredded Boomslang skin, and, … see full wiki
A 2004 movie directed by Alfonso Cuarón.
A 2005 movie
A movie directed by David Yates