text:
seldom in a sentence
Example sentences for seldom
The end of the road is seldom accompanied by teeming civilization, which is the essence of its seduction.
Drawers on casters conceal seldom-used items under the bed.
Actually, the winters are so mild here that lows seldom fall below freezing.
As you might expect, mâche grows as easily as a weed, but you'll need to start from seed since plants are seldom sold.
Nurseries seldom sell these as plants, but you can easily start them from seed.
Seldom-seen rulers of their wintry domain, lynx may face new threats.
Families can seldom get to the bottom of what happened to their loved ones.
Some fall into the more traditional type, but there are a few that stand out with more seldom-seen game mechanics, too.
And even more seldom do they resolve their differences by sleeping together.
But seldom can the sounds around it be designated as music.
The legend is that sons of famous athletes seldom match their fathers' accomplishments.
It is seldom that punishment though lame of foot has failed to overtake a villain.
They have great merit, but seldom the particular merit of the originals.
Of a master who never forgives, the orders are seldom disobeyed.
They are solitary and shy animals, seldom seen by humans.
They are vocal animals-though seldom seen, they are often heard screeching and barking in the tropical forest canopy.
The short-tailed weasel, active day or night, may be fairly common at times but is seldom seen.
The western seaboard is desert, where rain seldom falls.
Still, things seldom get dull-a handful of neighboring towns lend the area a cosmopolitan flair.
Most dinosaurs are known only from their bones, which are seldom found joined together as they would be in real life.
Those bars have seldom more to offer than one sort of rum and a cheep brand of cigarettes.
On land, canvasback movements are clumsy and the ducks seldom stray too far from the water's edge.
Most coyotes, even those living near humans, are seldom seen and are reclusive.
Their diet, consisting largely of insects, is so diverse that they are seldom at a loss for something to eat.
Next to the captain his word is law here, and he's seldom without something to say.
Granted, on land-where they seldom are-albatrosses walk with a spatula-footed, head-wagging waddle.
Song: long and elaborate, consisting of low trills and warbles, seldom repeating phrases.
He says that in a diverse community the virus quickly ceases to exist, because it is seldom successfully spread.
It seldom rains in the area, so farmers are heavily dependent on glacier melt to supply water for irrigation.
The reclusive cats are seldom seen but leave their mark by footprints in the snow and other physical evidence.
But once the badger is fixated on something, it seldom deviates from what it's trying to get.
War was a way of life with these people, and it was seldom full-scale.
Cicadas one can seldom see anyway, but they are scraping the air.
Championship rings are so bulky and gaudy that you seldom see an athlete wearing one in public.
Although there are usually no formal luggage restrictions, there are also seldom dedicated luggage racks for baggage, either.
In addition, hiccups are seldom isolated events but tend to recur every few seconds, sometimes for hours.
In the paved portions of the city, however, the disease is seldom met with.
Cosmologists and particle physicists have seldom felt so confused.
Another interesting but seldom talked about phenomenon is time dilation based on metabolic rates.
We have too much wind at night and too much solar in the day: but seldom overlapping in any one region.
Also, they come away from their training viewing themselves as members of the intelligentsia which is quite seldom true.
These experiences are rated as seldom to occasional, and tend to occur ever one to six months.
One-tailed t-tests are seldom used, but for no particularly principled reason.
It is distant from common experience because the urban dwellers seldom look at the stars.
Many people think they have grown through tragedy-except the research shows they seldom do.
Representative generalizations seldom occur in reality.
Manually milked cows seldom get milked more than three times a day, and it is expensive to staff round the clock milking.
Human behavior has seldom been driven overall by rational problem solving or quick thinking.
While seldom openly stated, their job is to supply the college with as many paying freshmen as possible.
We seldom recall the machinists who built the engines of our tanks.
In comparison, ability to do the job is seldom discussed.
On talk radio, public opinion is seldom acknowledged when it runs against the dogmas of movement conservatism.
Seldom has any legislative body been the subject of a solicitude more intense, or of aspirations more sincere and ardent.
The key in both cases-which is why artless would be such a mistake-is that about suffering, he was seldom wrong.
But those who have never suffered impairment of sight or hearing seldom make the fullest use of these blessed faculties.
Plus he's a wobbler: the shortest path between two points is seldom the one he takes.
Seldom has it been so easy to prove a dire prediction wrong.
Seldom is domestic violence celebrated, even by its perpetrators.
He was known for good-nature, even temper, and for seldom becoming angry.
It's seldom a good idea to think of cable news programming as a gauge of anything other than the decline of civic discourse.
Conviction does nothing to restore lost innocence, and acquittal seldom vindicates the right.
There are scores of fruits that are seldom found elsewhere.
What is ugly about life is that it so often only provides uneasy half solutions that are so seldom pure and tragic ones.
Highway engineers can seldom rely on trees and shrubs to buffer noise.
They seldom wear uniforms and may be difficult to distinguish from the general population.
But seldom has technology worked to bring food as far from what was considered normal as it does today.
They have been studied for decades, but seldom used for power production.
While he may have a handle on the technical specs, he seldom gets it right with respect his crystal ball predictions.
Solid research is seldom reported widely, partly because no news is not news.
Even the few rare diseases popularly thought to predominate among particular races seldom adhere to conventional categories.
Often he struggled with a sense of inadequacy, a nagging feeling that he had seldom written anything worthwhile.
IT seldom has adequate resources and the cultures lack adequate similarity.
One of the many things that academics need to do but are seldom trained for in graduate school is networking.
Of course, moral perfection seldom arrives at graduation, even in the best of cases.
Important books in the field seldom receive anything other than critical praise.
As a result, they are seldom commemorated on the same stage.
In academe that arrangement is seldom, if ever, legislated.
Even today, government surveys on the topic are seldom made public.
They will acquaint you with the vocabulary and the range of concerns seldom discussed in your graduate seminars.
Someone is making money and its seldom the original authors of those articles.
Campuses sprouted new buildings to house this new technology, which was seldom used.
Such habits are a seldom-discussed aspect of the career experience, too.
They are seldom seeking to be dissuaded of their views, but they are naturally curious about the views of others.
Exactly what effect they have on people's behaviour, though, is seldom a topic of scientific inquiry.
Single events seldom determine the fate of a presidency.
Dramatic social change seldom takes such a benign form.
Ministers seldom resign promptly, even after scandals unrelated to the bedroom.
Consultants have rethought strategy to the nth degree but seldom furrow their brows about sales.
Those longed-for record contracts, when they finally appear, are seldom lavish.
They start as a breath of fresh air but seldom stay fresh.
Almost all these treasured works are housed in university and monastery libraries where they are seldom seen by outsiders.
To put money over money seldom has been business wise.
Airlines, which seldom own their jets, will suffer too.
But lawyers have always cared about making money, and giving duff legal advice is seldom a good business plan.
Yet it seldom makes sense to isolate large parts of the world permanently, no matter how unpleasant the tyrants who govern them.
But such promises have never kept a journalist from speculating, and seldom do they later prove us wrong.
As they all too seldom were under the former regime, such practices are now in the dock.
Only a few years ago, news of specific incidents seldom filtered out to foreign journalists.
Follow his camera where it leads, and you will seldom be bored.
Although she was seldom entirely free of money worries, she always lived as if she were.
She co-wrote and co-produced the film, and is seldom out of our sight.
But in fact the show's nine puppeteers are seldom wholly invisible.
The sun by now was setting, and the police seldom patrol at night.
Because she has seldom been seen smiling for the camera, her portrait here is historic.
He sometimes does drawings of his sitters, but these seldom relate to the finished portrait.
He seldom complained, and he bolstered his courage with gallows humor.
During breaks he walks in the hall, seldom speaking to anyone.
DeLay memorized the rule book long ago and seldom commits blatant fouls.
People are attached to their planes in a way that they seldom are to other possessions.
Scientists are seldom in their field for the power or influence it gives them.
Yet her contention, backed up by research, that motherhood is a burden seldom embraced unconditionally has profound implications.
In reality, though, even a good typist's speed is seldom steadily maintained.
Since groundwater has less oxygen, its metals seldom oxidize and don't efficiently bind to trace elements.
He slept through lectures, seldom studied, and criticized his professors.
Maybe this is seldom the case with mammalian predators.
One thing about communication is, it's seldom useful to set up a stereotype and slam an entire group for that stereotype.
Seldom does one get to enjoy the spectacle of raw data fitted so precisely to theoretical curves.
The only reason mockery is called for in any argument is as a corrective mirror, but it seldom functions that way.
It would be if the atmosphere were near saturation, but that is seldom the case.
It is seldom, possibly unheard of, that a powerful theory is totally replaced by later ones.
Conspicuous consumption has seldom been so conspicuous.
Much seems to happen, but only seldom does anything happen to anyone.
Writers seldom give any sign that they are aware of the degree of freedom they enjoy here.
Its soldiers were seldom required to display much initiative or imagination.
Even people who endow hospitals or have their own personal doctors or specialists seldom escape the system.
One may be perfectly convinced that the state is wrong, but one is seldom confident of one's own virtue.
The authorship is often anonymous-ghostwriters seldom reveal their names.
The reform period spanned several years, and reforms seldom produce instantaneous effects.
Unit sets seldom satisfy all the dramaturgical needs of a production with equal success.
Another puzzle: much good writing appears in entertainment magazines other writers seldom read.
Recreational waters are seldom monitored for actual pathogens.
They are one of the earliest migrants, seldom facing cold weather.
The sill restricts water circulation with the open ocean and dense seawater seldom flows up over the sill into the estuary.
Its name is inappropriate because, unlike the closely related river otter, fishers seldom eat fish.
It is seldom harvested, but has occasionally been used for fence posts and railway ties.
Actors who are small and thin seldom make suffering effective.
Seldom has a president provoked so many extreme reactions.
But they seldom draw crowds or move their listeners to rafter-raising applause.
Telling tales out of school has seldom been this entertaining.
But there's a curious third rail that is seldom publicly discussed: the risks of suicide by firearm.
People seldom recognize her since she lost more than half her weight.
Famous quotes containing the word seldom
Let your foot be seldom in your neighbor s house, otherwise the neighbor will become weary of you and hate ... more
I have observed, that a Reader seldom peruses a Book with Pleasure, 'till he knows whether the Writer of it... more
Just across the Green from the post office is the county jail, seldom occupied except by some backwoodsman ... more
Explore Dictionary.com
Synonyms for seldom


text:
2011 Tokyo Motor Show Feature
Girls of the 2011 Tokyo motor showClick for more photos
Some of the other models on display at Japan's biggest motor show.
Quirky cars of the Tokyo motor show
Some of the more intriguing new cars displayed at Japan's biggest motor show.
Mazda6 hatch chopped
Bruce Newton Japanese brand likely to axe hatchback version of its mid-sizer due to low demand.
Honda's MX-5 fighter
Jonathan Hawley New all-electric open-top S2000-replacing sports car on the way.
Two-pronged Honda city solution
Jonathan Hawley Is this the ultimate combination for crowded city streets? Honda thinks the radical scooter that folds into a car could have 21st century appeal.
Volkswagen shows off SUV coupe
Bruce Newton The radical Cross Coupe could be the next Tiguan ... or yet another Volkswgen model line.
Fun the key to young buyers: Toyota
Richard Blackburn Toyota president determined to shake dowdy image in pursuit of a younger crowd.
RX-7 could join Toyota, Subaru coupes
Bruce Newton Subaru BRZ and Toyota 86 could spark return of rotary-powered Mazda coupe, which could even revive the RX-7 name.
Pulsar SSS to make comeback
Barry Park A range of sports models tuned by Nismo will help inject some excitement into Nissan's range.
Honda says its cars are 'a bit boring'
Jonathan Hawley Three concept cars reveal a 'dramatic change' to the Japanese brand's design direction.
Is it a Toyota or a Subaru?
Richard Blackburn Partners in slanging match over new joint-venture sports coupe.
2011 Tokyo
Honda to replace entire engine lineup
Jonathan Hawley Japanese brand says new, more efficient engines will be phased in over the next three years.
Subaru's sporty wagon concept
Richard Blackburn Japanese brand unveils Advanced Tourer concept, a sporty new sub-Liberty station wagon.
Mazda takes scalpel to MX-5
Bruce Newton Next gen sports icon to be leanest and meanest ever.
Subaru reveals BRZ sports coupe
MATT CAMPBELL New two-door co-developed with Toyota finally revealed ahead of Tokyo debut.
Toyota unveils 'smartphone on four wheels'
Yuri Kageyama Toyota's president unveiled a futuristic concept car resembling a giant smartphone to demonstrate how Japan's top automaker is trying to take the lead in technology at the upcoming Tokyo auto show.
Tokyo 2011
First drive: Toyota 86
Richard Blackburn Toyota's new sports coupe harks back to sportier times for the brand. But is it a convincing return?
Toyota reveals 86 sports car
Richard Blackburn Toyota has confirmed its new two-door sports car will be called 86.
2011 Tokyo motor show
Volkswagen aiming for Subaru's Outback
MATT CAMPBELL German brand to introduce high-riding Passat Alltrack in 2012
Toyko 2011
Toyota engineer steers clear of 'boring' cars
Richard Blackburn Chief engineer for Toyota takes a shot at management – and Subaru.
Suzuki gets quirky at Tokyo
MATT CAMPBELL Peculiar concepts and an electric Swift to debut at Suzuki's home-ground motor show.
Tokyo Motor Show
Tokyo show stealers
MATT CAMPBELL No-one does quirky concept cars quite like the Japanese and this year's Tokyo motor show promises plenty.
Subaru's toothless STI
MATT CAMPBELL Japanese brand's BRZ STI coupe concept doesn't get a turbo.
Baby Prius cuts fuel use by a third
MATT CAMPBELL Toyota's Prius C hybrid city car will use roughly a third less fuel than its bigger sibling when it goes on sale in Australia early 2012.
Honda's mystery sports car
MATT CAMPBELL Is it a new NSX or could it be a next-generation S2000?
The car that finds its own parking spot
MATT CAMPBELL Nissan's 3-seater Pivo 3 concept can valet park itself, sell excess power to the grid and do a u-turn in the average living room.
Hybrid SUV to be revealed
Barry Park A new generation of soft-roaders, city cars and family wagons will headline this month's Tokyo motor show.
First pictures: Subaru BRZ
Jez Spinks STI performance concept is first look at new sports coupe.
Updated! New Toyota sports car
MATT CAMPBELL New hero "86" looks to have been revealed on the internet.
Takeri concept previews new Mazda6
Jez Spinks Stunning Tokyo show car points to Mazda's next medium car.
GT-R parts create monster Nissan SUV
MATT CAMPBELL Japanese supercar's twin-turbo V6 and AWD system transplanted into baby SUV to test the waters for a potential 'super crossover' production model.
2011 motor shows
2011 Frankfurt Motor Show
Keep up-to-date with Drive's comprehensive live coverage of the 2011 Frankfurt motor show.
2011 Melbourne Motor Show
Keep up-to-date with Drive's comprehensive live coverage of the 2011 Melbourne motor show.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Fort Myers Airport Shuttle Service
Charlotte shuttles, Florida Shuttle and Naples shuttle provide shuttle service to the resort and the surrounding hotels. They will provide you with a clean safe ride to your hotel. The Vans are well maintained and reliable. The drivers are professional and courteous. The services are share ride vans, private vans and sedans. Limo services are also available.
The is serviced by numerous ground transportation 15 shuttles operate on a permit from Lee County a must if you want to service the airport. There are 12 Car rental agencies to name a few, Alamo, Avis, Budget, and Dollar. Taxi Service is MBA airport transportation LLC. The area surrounding the airport is broken into zones with each zone has a pre-set fee for a minimum of three passengers any fare over three passengers requires each additional passenger to pay $10.00 each to ride.
Public transportation service provided by Leetran bus service from 7:25 am to 8:00 pm to pick up at the airport and carried to a transit station where the passenger can get a bus to any destination in the area.
Shopping and Dinning in Fort Myers
In the mood for Starbucks or Dunkin Donuts or do you want to sip a pina' collada, take a seat or slip up to the Tikki Bar under a beautiful potted palm tree. With over 32 restaurants and shops you are sure to find something to tickle your fancy.
Hotels near RSW
There are 15 Hotels all with shuttle service to and from the hotel. Each of the hotels boast their lists of vacation packages, golf courses, everglades tours, pristine beaches, and luxury poolside service. A beautiful welcomes you to a vacation dream land full of sunny beaches, golf courses, and fantastic area attractions. Address 1100 Terminal Access Road, Fort Myers FL 33913.
|Fort Myers Southwest Florida International Airport (RSW)
|Fort Myers is in southern Florida where it is a major tourist destination. Visitors come throughout the year to destinations such as the Seminole Lodge an The Mangoes.
Fort Myers Sunshine Lives Here
The airport has accommodations for passengers with disabilities and handicap passengers to their transportation accommodations or between flights with transportation to connecting flights. The restrooms are equipped with baby changing stations. An outside open area is available for those passengers with pets and those who like to site outdoors between flights.
Three concourses a total of 28 gates and handles 221 flights, direct flights to Canada and Germany and many domestic cities. There are also daily flights to major hubs such as Atlanta, Chicago, and New York. Customs and Immigration services are available to those passengers arriving on international flights.
About Fort Myers Area
Originally Fort Myers was built as a base operation against the Seminole Indians which runs along the Caloosahatchee River. In addition Fort Myers is the home for National Baseball League teams Minnesota Twins and the Boston Red Sox.
Fort Myers main airport for travelers coming to and from the area is the Fort Myers Southwest Florida International Airport or RSW. Passengers can get to their hotels in Fort Myers, residences or even businesses by airport shuttle rides. The airport transfers consists of various vehicle types such as private van or private executive sedan services. For passengers looking to save on airport transfers they can book share ride van services.
RSW Contact Information


text:
Cute cat , er, make that bobcat
It had spots and stripes, but it was no ordinary feline dropped off at the Arizona Humane Society.
It was a baby bobcat.
"Initially everyone in admissions was looking at it as if it was a kitten," AHS spokeswoman Bretta Nelson said. "But it became very apparent when he opened his mouth and it was not a meow that came out. It was quite a noise."
A Scottsdale man dropped off the kitten on Tuesday after spending three days bottle-feeding it at his home. He first discovered the animal Saturday, walking along Cave Creek Road near Dynamite Boulevard.
In similar situations, AHS advises baby bobcats be left alone, as often their mothers temporarily leave to find food.
The bobcat is doing well at Southwest Wildlife Conservation Center, where he will eventually be released back into the wild.


text:
Simon Towers,
Infosys Contributors
About Me
I am Dr. Simon Towers, GM/AVP and Head of the Center of Innovation for Tomorrow's Enterprise, part of Infosys Labs. My family and I are based in Bangalore. After completing a DPhil at Oxford University and post-doctoral work at Edinburgh University, I have spent most of my career in industrial research for companies such as Hewlett-Packard and Adobe Systems in the UK and California's bay area. However, driven by a strong desire to see the fruits of my research make it into products, I have also spent a significant parts of my career in product groups for Hewlett-Packard and Microsoft. Most recently, prior to joining Infosys, I was part of a startup company. I have a number of patents and numerous conference and journal publications. In my current role at Infosys, I head the Center of Innovation for Tomorrow's Enterprise. This organization is the home for seven research institutes that drive the research behind Infosys's corporate initiative of Building Tomorrow's Enterprise (http://www.infosys.com/building-tomorrows-enterprise/). In addition, the center undertakes research on co-creation as an approach to innovation and drives Infosys-wide initiatives to enhance the internal culture of innovation.
My Other Website


text:
Interesting Things
Beware setting class variables in Rails Initializers: Schubert warned us that if you're setting vars on your Rails classes inside of config/initializers, you'll see weird things happen in development mode.
If you set a class var on a model in an initializer, the value will be available on your first request to the app. However, upon the second request, Rails will reload the class, but it will not reload the initializers. At this point, you'll have lost the value.
Bash Brace Expansion: If you ever find yourself renaming a file in some faraway path, you think to yourself, "Wouldn't be nice if I didn't have to specify the entire path and filename twice?" Many shells provide you with a nice shortcut.
So, instead of:
mv /a/b/c/d/foo.feature /a/b/c/d/bar.feature
You can use:
mv /a/b/c/d/{foo,bar}.feature
It's pretty hot. Of course, there are many other applications of brace expansion. Check out the reference here:
Schubert rewired a bunch of power cables in the server room. If you notice that something isn't right, you now know who to blame.
Peter mentions that BarCamp NYC is this weekend, May 21, 22. It sounds like a lot of fun, and a great place to learn and meet interesting people.
Agile UX will be meeting here this Thursday. The topic will be Rails for UXers.
Finally, Austin lead us in stretches this morning. It was quite exhilarating. Most of us ripped our pants and snapped our credit cards in half.


text:
Humorvolle Mode
The passion of the Korean kids for fashion seems limitless. They often wait for hours in long queues to get a ticket for a fashion show at the Seoul Fashion Week. They have an interesting, somewhat playful approach to fashion. They combine baseball caps with attached ears to sweat pants, they paint the outline of a foot on their leather shoes.


text:
Caller.com 3A-2A-1A H.S. football polls: 10.24.12
No. 1 takes on No. 2 this Friday
COASTAL BEND - This Friday will see the No. 1 and No. 2 teams in the latest Caller.com 3A-2A-1A high school football poll meet.
Undefeated Refugio, ranked No. 1 in Class 2A in the Texas AP poll, hosts Banquete with the District 16-2A, Division II title on the line.
Despite both teams entering the game with 7-0 record, only 5 percent of the Caller.com high school football pick'em challenge give Banquete a chance to win.
Banquete is having a very good season with an average margin of victory near 32 points this season. But it doesn't compare to Refugio.
At this point, the closest four 16-2A, D2 foes have gotten to Refugio is 70 points. The defending state champs are averaging 65 points while giving up 6.6.
San Diego remains the only other undefeated 3A-2A-1A team in the Coastal Bend and is third.
Ingleside moves up one position and Sinton returns to the top 5 after handing Orange Grove its first loss.
1. Refugio / 7-0 / 1
2. Banquete / 7-0 / 2
3. San Diego / 7-0 / 4
4. Ingleside / 5-2 / 5
5. Sinton / 5-2 / NR
Honorable Mention: Orange Grove 6-1, George West 5-2, Falfurrias 6-2, Aransas Pass 5-2, Woodsoro 7-1, Bruni 7-1
Subscribe to the Caller-Times
Need Help? Call us at 1-800-566-8098.
Monday-Friday: 6am-3pm / Saturday: 7am-11am / Sunday: 7am-11am


text:
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A dispersion has particles dispersed in a continuous aqueous dispersion medium. The particles, preferably no more than about 2 micrometers in size, are formed of a mixture of styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene (S-EB-S) block copolymer having end blocks each with a weight average molecular weight of more than about 15,000 Daltons and an oil such as a mineral oil. The dispersion medium is a mixture of water and a surfactant. Articles are prepared by dipping a form into the dispersion and withdrawing the form to leave a film of the dispersion on the form. The water is evaporated from the film, leaving a coherent extensible film on the form.
1. An aqueous dispersion, comprising:
a dispersion medium comprising a mixture of water and a surfactant; and
a plurality of particles dispersed in the dispersion medium, each particle comprising a mixture of
a styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene block copolymer, where the styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene block copolymer has end blocks each having a weight average molecular weight of more than about 15,000 Daltons, and
an oil.
2. The aqueous dispersion of
3. The aqueous dispersion of
4. The aqueous dispersion of
5. The aqueous dispersion of
6. The aqueous dispersion of
7. The aqueous dispersion of
8. The aqueous dispersion of
9. An aqueous dispersion, comprising:
a dispersion medium comprising a mixture of water and a surfactant; and
a plurality of particles dispersed in the dispersion medium, each particle having an average size of no greater than about 2 micrometers and comprising a mixture of
a styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene block copolymer having end blocks, each with a weight average molecular weight of more than about 15,000 Daltons, and
a mineral oil.
10. An aqueous dispersion particularly formulated for dip-forming elastomeric articles, comprising:
a dispersion medium comprising a mixture of water and a surfactant; and
a plurality of particles dispersed in the dispersion medium, each particle comprising a mixture of
a styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene block copolymer, where the styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene block copolymer has end blocks each having a weight average molecular weight of more than about 15,000 Daltons, and
an oil,
and wherein said aqueous dispersion is configured to form a coherent extensible film when coated on a former and dried.
11. The aqueous dispersion of
12. The aqueous dispersion of
13. The aqueous dispersion of
14. The aqueous dispersion of
15. The aqueous dispersion of
16. The aqueous dispersion of
17. The aqueous dispersion of
18. An aqueous dispersion particularly formulated for dip-forming elastomeric articles, comprising:
a dispersion medium comprising a mixture of water and a surfactant; and
a plurality of particles dispersed in the dispersion medium, each particle having an average size of no greater than about 2 micrometers and comprising a mixture of
a styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene block copolymer having end blocks, each with a weight average molecular weight of more than about 15,000 Daltons, and
a mineral oil,
and wherein said aqueous dispersion is configured to form a coherent extensible film when coated on a former and dried.
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/695,612, filed Aug. 12, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,900,452, for which priority is claimed and a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/904,839, filed Aug. 1, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,288,159.
This invention relates to aqueous dispersions of S-EB-S block copolymer and the use of such aqueous dispersions in forming articles, preferably by dip forming.
Thin-walled, extensible articles such as gloves, condoms, and other products have long been made from natural rubber. In normal production, such articles are formed from natural rubber latex, a naturally occurring emulsion of rubber and water, with added stabilizing agents and vulcanizing chemicals. A form of the appropriate shape, previously coated with a coagulating solution in some cases, is dipped into the latex mixture once or several times to build up a layer of the desired thickness. The water is allowed to evaporate, leaving a solid rubber film. The film must be vulcanized to provide adequate mechanical and physical properties.
Natural rubber has many advantages in these applications, being strong and highly elastic and having good "tactility" or feeling to the user. Natural rubber has several shortcomings, such as susceptibility to "pinholes" therethrough, rapid attack by ozone which causes scission cracking, and oxidative attack during storage which causes cracking and destroys the physical integrity of the product. Natural rubber is also not hypoallergenic due to the residual surfactants, vulcanizing agents, stabilizing agents, antioxidants, and/or protein materials in the rubber. Persons who are particularly susceptible to irritation or sensitization, or who use the rubber products for extended periods of time, may experience allergic reactions.
Various types of synthetic elastomeric polymer products have been developed for use in thin articles produced by dip forming. Synthetic rubber compositions may be dissolved in solvents to form a true solution, so that pinholes are much less likely to be present. Many available synthetic rubber compositions have various other shortcomings, including unacceptable tactility. While each such composition may meet some of the requirements, most do not have the required combination of strength, tactility, resistance to environmental damage, and hypoallergenicity required for many products such as examination and surgical gloves, condoms, and other medical products that are to come into contact with the human body.
An important advance in the art of synthetic elastomeric polymer products is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,112,900 and 5,407,715. These patents disclose the preparation of specific styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene (S-EB-S) block copolymer solutions and their use in the dip forming of articles. The resulting articles have excellent elastomeric properties for use in gloves, condoms, and other products. They exhibit low incidence of pinholes, good resistance to environmental damage such as oxidation and ozonation, and hypoallergenicity.
There is, however, always a need to further improve the manufacturability of articles made of such formulations and the process economics. The present invention fulfills this need, and further provides related advantages.
The present invention provides an S-EB-S aqueous dispersion and an approach for utilizing that aqueous dispersion in the preparation of thin elastomeric articles. The articles have the desirable characteristics of comparable articles made from S-EB-S solutions, including excellent elastomeric properties, low incidence of pinholes, good resistance to environmental damage such as oxidation and ozonation, and hypoallergenicity. The present approach is compatible with related technology such as the use of powders and powder-free techniques for improving the donnability of the articles. Additionally, the dispersion-based dip-forming manufacturing operation functions at greater rates for improved process economics, as compared with the prior approach of dip forming from S-EB-S solutions. Thicker layers or articles may be made in each dip-forming step. The manufacturing operation is also safer due to the absence of toxic solvents during the dip-forming process.
In accordance with the invention, an aqueous dispersion comprises a dispersion medium comprising a mixture of water and a surfactant, and a plurality of particles dispersed in the dispersion medium. Each particle comprises a mixture of an S-EB-S (styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene) block copolymer, and an oil such as a mineral oil. Most preferably, the particles are of an average size of no greater than about 2 micrometers. The S-EB-S block copolymer, which may be formed of molecules of substantially the same molecular weight or mixtures of two or more molecular weights, preferably having weight average end block molecular weights of each of the end blocks of more than about 15,000 Daltons.
The aqueous dispersion may be used in a dip-forming method for manufacturing thin-walled articles. In accordance with this aspect of the invention, a method for the preparation of an elastomeric article comprises the steps of furnishing an aqueous dispersion of the type described, dipping a form into the aqueous dispersion and withdrawing the form from the aqueous dispersion, leaving a film of the dispersion on the form, and evaporating the water from the dispersion on the form and fusing the remaining polymeric material, leaving a coherent extensible film on the form. The aqueous dispersion used in the dip-forming method is substantially free of non-aqueous solvents, but trace amounts that may be present are not detrimental in the dip-forming process, and may, in some cases, be beneficial in forming a coherent film.
The aqueous dispersion may be used in conjunction with other processing techniques. For example, the aqueous dispersion may be used in the coagulant dipping process that is utilized for natural latex rubber compounds. It also may be used, for example, in spray coating or slush molding operations.
The resulting article has the desirable features associated with the S-EB-S block copolymer as described U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,112,900 and 5,407,715, whose disclosures are incorporated by reference. Additionally, the articles may be made much more quickly than possible with the solution-based approach described in these prior patents. In the manufacturing operation, the dispersion is normally made at a location which has apparatus for disposing of the potentially toxic solvent vapors evolved during preparation of the dispersion. The dip-forming operation may be performed elsewhere. Because there is no potentially toxic solvent evolved in the dip-forming operation, there is little risk of injury to workers on the dip-forming and drying line.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following more detailed description of the preferred embodiment, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention. The scope of the invention is not, however, limited to this preferred embodiment.
FIG. 1 is a block flow diagram of a preferred approach for practicing the invention;
FIG. 2A is a schematic microstructural view of an (S-EB-S/oil)-in-(water/surfactant) aqueous dispersion;
FIG. 2B is a schematic microstructural view of a (water/surfactant)-in-(S-EB-S/oil) aqueous dispersion;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a glove form; and
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a male condom form.
FIG. 1 is a block flow diagram depicting a preferred approach for preparing an aqueous dispersion in accordance with the invention, and then for using that aqueous dispersion to prepare an article by dip forming.
A styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene (S-EB-S) block copolymer is provided, numeral 20. The S-EB-S block copolymer is formed from an ethylene-butylene copolymer central block and polystyrene end blocks. The polystyrene end blocks each have a weight average molecular weight of at least about 15,000 Daltons, and, more preferably, at least from about 18,000 to about 20,000 Daltons. Because there is a relatively large amount of oil in the dip-forming solution, it is beneficial that the S-EB-S block copolymer have a high end block polystyrene content, achieved with these end block molecular weights.
If the weight average molecular weights of each of the end blocks are less than about 15,000, articles can be formed by dip forming, but their strengths are reduced and unacceptably low for some applications. Such articles have poor mechanical properties. Dip formed articles made using S-EB-S block copolymers having end block weights of less than about 15,000 tend to crack during drying and fusion, possibly to their poor mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. On the other hand, when the weight average molecular weight of the polystyrene end blocks exceeds about 15,000 Daltons, and is preferably in the 18,000 to 20,000 Daltons range, the films exhibit superior strength properties and no crack formation during drying and fusion. In this case, it is desirable to have one S-EB-S block copolymer component with a total weight average molecular weight exceeding at least about 150,000 Daltons. When the weight average molecular weight of the polystyrene end blocks exceeds about 24,000 Daltons, the dispersion has good film-forming properties in dip forming, but the physical properties are not as good as those where the weight average molecular weight is in the 18,000 to 20,000 range.
The polystyrene end blocks typically constitute about 25-35 percent by weight of the total molecule. The total molecular weight of the copolymer is typically from about 50,000 to about 300,000 Daltons.
The S-EB-S block copolymer may optionally have end-block compatible resins added to the polystyrene end blocks. The added end-block compatible resin increases the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the S-EB-S block copolymer. The increased Tg allows the final products to be used at higher temperatures than otherwise possible, as the product tends to become somewhat sticky at and above Tg. An example of such an end-block compatible resin is poly alpha methyl styrene.
The S-EB-S block copolymer is to be distinguished from other block copolymers that have sometimes been used in synthetic rubber compositions, such as styrene-isoprene-styrene (S-I-S) and styrene-polybutydiene-styrene (S-B-S) block copolymers. It has been known to make thin rubberlike articles from S-I-S and S-B-S block copolymers, see for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,933,723. The use of these S-I-S and S-B-S block copolymers eliminates the need for vulcanization of the articles, but the articles are subject to oxidation and ozone damage.
The use of an S-EB-S block copolymer, as distinct from other types, is critical to the success of the present invention, for two reasons. First, elastomers based upon the S-EB-S block elastomeric triblock copolymers are resistant to attack by ozone, or by oxidative conditions, while S-I-S and S-B-S elastomers suffer from rapid cracking, when exposed to ozone, and cracking or hardening under oxidative conditions. Both of the latter copolymers are thus subject to failure even when protected by specific additives such as antiozonants or antioxidants which are deleterious in medical and other applications. The use of such special additives is undesirable, as they may cause allergic reactions in some persons. The present elastomeric composition is hypoallergenic and may be contacted with the skin of the user for extended periods of time. Additionally, in spite of the special additives, scission cracking can lead to premature failure by ozone cracking of the articles made from S-I-S and S-B-S compositions, particularly when the articles are stored in a folded condition and then stretched before and during use.
Second, the mechanical properties of the S-EB-S triblock copolymers may be selected to provide the desirable combination of tensile strength, elasticity, and tactility that is required in some applications. S-EB-S elastomeric triblock copolymers have higher tensile strength, lower elastic elongation, and higher stress at 50-500 percent elongation than the S-I-S and S-B-S triblock elastomers.
The structure, properties, and some applications of some S-EB-S elastomers have been disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,485,787; 3,830,767; 4,006,116; 4,039,629; 4,041,103; 4,386,179; 4,481,323; 4,511,354; and 4,613,640, whose disclosures are incorporated by reference.
The S-EB-S block copolymers are available commercially in a range of solution viscosity/copolymer concentration values. The solution viscosity/copolymer concentration value is determined by measuring the viscosity of a copolymer that has been previously dissolved in a solvent at a specified level. The solution viscosity/copolymer concentration value is a conventional approach for uniquely defining the nature of a block copolymer whose central and end block content has been specified by type and relative amount. For example, an S-EB-S block copolymer is uniquely specified by the stated composition of polystyrene end blocks and poly-(ethylene-butylene) central blocks, the relative amount of end blocks and central blocks, and the solution viscosity/copolymer concentration. Thus, a block copolymer is uniquely defined by stating that it is of the S-EB-S type, that the percentage of polystyrene end blocks is, for example, 28 percent by weight of the total copolymer, and that the Brookfield Viscosity of a 20 weight percent solution in toluene at 77° F. is 1500 cps.
The commercially available S-EB-S block copolymers are manufactured in a precise manner so that each of the commercially available materials is closely controlled to meet such standards. Shell Kraton G1650 is an S-EB-S block copolymer having a styrene/central block ratio of 28/72 and a Brookfield Viscosity in toluene solution (20 percent concentration by weight) at 77° F. of 1500. Shell Kraton G1651 is an S-EB-S block copolymer having a styrene/central block ratio of 33/67 and a Brookfield Viscosity in toluene solution (20 percent concentration by weight) at 77° F. of 2000. Shell Kraton G1652 is an S-EB-S block copolymer having a styrene/central block ratio of 29/71 and a Brookfield Viscosity in toluene solution (20 percent concentration by weight) at 77° F. of 550.
The S-EB-S block copolymer may comprise molecules with substantially the same molecular weight. It may also comprise mixtures of molecules with two or more different molecular weights. The molecular weights and/or mixtures of molecular weights are selected to contribute to achieving desired mechanical properties in the final product. For example, in one preferred embodiment, mixtures of S-EB-S molecules as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,112,900 and 5,407,715 are utilized in order to achieve the required mechanical properties to meet ASTM specifications. The present studies have demonstrated that S-EB-S polymer blend compositions in most cases exhibit superior film properties compared to typical single commercial polymers, although the formulations with a single commercial polymer are suitable for at least some applications. In particular, S-EB-S polymer blends with at least one polymer with a high weight average molecular weight such as Kraton G1651 tend to have performance superior to other S-EB-S blends.
An oil (also sometimes termed a "plasticizer") is provided, numeral 22. The oil is preferably a mineral oil, which is a refined petroleum paraffinic hydrocarbon oil described in Entries 6971 and 6972 of the Merck Index, Eighth Edition. The preferred mineral oil has a specific gravity of 0.87 at 77° F., a viscosity of 170 centistokes at 77° F., and a Hirschler molecular weight of 492. The selected oil should not swell or solubilize the polystyrene end segments. Formulations with high levels of oil form more stable dispersions with less surfactant than other formulations.
The S-EB-S block copolymer is furnished by the manufacturer as a solid. To form a mixture from which a suitable dispersion may be prepared, a solvent (toluene or cyclohexane in the preferred approach) is provided, numeral 24. The S-EB-S block copolymers and the mineral oil plasticizer are mixed together and dissolved in a mutual solvent, preferably toluene or cyclohexane, numeral 26.
A dispersion medium is prepared from water, numeral 28, and a surfactant, numeral 30. The surfactant may be an anionic or cationic form, or a mixture of ionic and nonionic types. Suitable surfactants are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,360,599; 3,305,917; and 5,120,765, whose disclosures are incorporated by reference. The preferred surfactant is an anionic surfactant. Cationic surfactants are operable but less preferred, because cationic surfactants may be allergenic but most anionic surfactants are hypoallergenic. Although most of the surfactant and its residues are leached out and removed during the manufacturing operation, small amounts may remain and may cause an allergic reaction in the product user, if the surfactant is not hypoallergenic. The surfactant 30 is mixed with the water, numeral 32, in an amount of from about 1 to about 5 percent by volume. The surfactant 30 may also be produced in situ by adding and reacting surfactant-forming chemicals. For example, oleic acid added to the oil phase (the S-EB-S solution) and potassium hydroxide added to the water phase react to form the surfactant potassium oleate upon mixing.
Optionally, modifying additives such as thickeners, defoamers, or buffers may also be supplied and added to the aqueous dispersion medium, numeral 31.
The mixture 26 of S-EB-S, oil, and solvent is mixed together with the mixture 32 of water and surfactant, numeral 34. The mixing 34 is performed under high-speed, high-shear-rate conditions using a mixer designed to produce dispersions. A preferred mixer is a rotor/stator mixer such as an X-series 410-X6 mixer available from Charles Ross & Co or a Microfluidizer M210 available from Microfluidics Co. Several high-shear mixing passes may be required to obtain the desired particle size.
After dispersing step 34, the solvent (toluene or cyclohexane in the preferred approach) is removed from the dispersion, numeral 36, a step often termed "stripping". Stripping may be accomplished by any operable approach, with heat/vacuum stripping and steam stripping preferred. The solvent has the highest vapor pressure of any of the components and is therefore vaporized and drawn out of the dispersion. Additional water may be added in step 36, or water may be removed by heating or other approach in a concentration step 37. Optionally, a biocide may be added in step 37 as well.
Equivalently to the procedure discussed in relation to steps 20-36, the components may be mixed and the dispersion formed in other orders and by other paths. In one approach, for example, the S-EB-S block copolymer, the solvent, and some of the water are mixed together under high-shear conditions to form a first dispersion, and the oil and additional water are mixed together under high-shear conditions to form a second dispersion. Modifiers may be dispersed into either of the dispersions. The solvent is stripped from the first dispersion. The stripped first dispersion and the second dispersion are thereafter mixed to form a third dispersion.
FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate two possible types of dispersions produced by the present approach of steps 20-36, an (S-EB-S/oil)-in-(water/surfactant) aqueous dispersion (FIG. 2A) and a (water/surfactant)-in-(S-EB-S/oil) aqueous dispersion (FIG. 2B). The type of dispersion produced is responsive to the relative amounts of the mixture 26 and the mixture 32 that remain after the stripping step 36, as well as the type and amount of the surfactant (which alters the surface energies of the phases). If a relatively small amount of (S-EB-S/oil)-solvent mixture is present, as compared with the amount of (water/surfactant) mixture, the dispersion has a structure of discrete droplets 50 of (S-EB-S/oil)-solvent mixture in a continuous (water/surfactant) phase 52, as depicted in FIG. 2A. In the dispersion of FIG. 2A, the (S-EB-S/oil) particles 50 are generally spherical with an average size of no more than about 2 micrometers. If the particles are significantly larger, they have a tendency to separate and the dispersion is not stable. If a relatively large amount of (S-EB-S/oil)-solvent mixture is present, as compared with the amount of (water/surfactant) mixture, the dispersion has a structure of discrete droplets 54 of (water/surfactant) phase in a continuous (S-EB-S/oil)-solvent mixture 56, as depicted in FIG. 2B. (The water/surfactant phase is termed the "dispersion medium" herein, whether it forms the continuous phase or, during intermediate stages of the processing, the dispersed phase.)
The (S-EB-S/oil)-in-(water/surfactant) aqueous dispersion of FIG. 2A is useful for dip-forming operations. The (water/surfactant)-in-(S-EB-S/oil/solvent) aqueous dispersion (FIG. 2B) is a transient system present only during the preparation of the aqueous dispersion used in dip-forming operations.
Both types of dispersions of FIGS. 2A and 2B may be present at different times (but not coexisting) during the course of the preparation of the dispersion in steps 20-34. For example, in a preferred inverse-dispersion approach as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,872,427 and 3,867,321, and Canadian Patent 876,153, all of whose disclosures are incorporated by reference, the mixture 26 may be prepared with a relatively high content of solvent, so that the volume of the S-EB-S/oil/solvent mixture 26 is large as compared with that of the water/surfactant mixture 32. The high-shear-rate mixing step 34 produces a dispersion of water/surfactant mixture in S-EB-S/oil/solvent. When, however, the solvent is vacuum stripped and optionally more water is added in step 36, the relative volume of the remaining (S-EB-S/oil) mixture is much less, so that the dispersion inverts, resulting in the (S-EB-S/oil)-in(water/surfactant) aqueous dispersion of FIG. 2A. Thus, the point in the processing at which the nature of the dispersion is to be judged is after the stripping step 36, not at earlier stages of the process.
Any other operable method for producing a dispersion may be used as well. Examples of such approaches are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,238,173, 3,503,917, and 5,120,765, whose disclosures are incorporated by reference.
The dispersion prepared by the steps 20-36 is preferably used in a dip forming operation. (Although, as discussed earlier, it may be used in other types of forming and applying techniques as well.) Dip-forming technology is generally known for other applications, and will be described only briefly here. A form is provided, numeral 38. Any operable form may be used, and examples of such forms of most interest to the inventor include a human hand form 60, FIG. 3, and a cylinder form 62 with a closed end, FIG. 4. The hand form 60 is used to make elastomeric gloves, and the cylinder form 62 is used to make male condoms.
Articles are prepared by first dipping the form into a volume of the dispersion, numeral 40, and thereafter evaporating the water (i.e., drying) and fusing the film, and optionally leaching the film, numeral 42. The preferred drying temperature is in the range of about 30° C. to about 100° C., most preferably from about 70° C. to about 90° C. Fusing is typically accomplished by heating the article to a temperature above the softening point of the end blocks of the S-EB-S block copolymer for a period of time. For conventional S-EB-S block copolymers, the fusing treatment is preferably in the range of about 120° C. to about 150° C., most preferably in the range of about 130° C. to about 140° C., in all cases for no more than about 25 minutes. The high temperatures aid in achieving good mechanical properties. The S-EB-S block copolymer is stable at these-temperatures. These conditions also allow making articles on dip lines designed for natural rubber dipping. However, as discussed herein, the S-EB-S block copolymers may be modified to increase their glass transition temperatures, so that the fusing temperature will correspondingly be increased. The times and temperatures of the fusing treatment may be varied, with shorter times used for higher temperatures and longer times used for lower temperatures.
Optionally, the final article may be leached in warm water to remove any residual surfactants. The preferred leach time is 10 minutes or less, preferably 5 minutes or less. Improved leach conditions of longer times and warmer temperatures provide improved film properties. The preferred leach temperatures are in the range of from about 30° C. to about 90° C.
To prepare such an article, a sufficiently large amount of the dispersion is prepared in the manner described and placed into a dipping tank, at ambient temperature. A commercially available form (typically made of aluminum, glass, plastic, or porcelain) in the shape of the desired article is coated with a release agent such as calcium carbonate slurry or calcium stearate. The form is thereafter dipped into the tank and removed slowly, leaving a thin, uniform layer of the aqueous dispersion deposited onto the form, much in the same manner that a layer of paint would be deposited upon the form if it were dipped into a container of paint. During dipping, the dispersion is distributed evenly over the surface of the form by a combination of rotational and wavy motions applied to the form. The form and overlying layer of dispersion are dried in a stream of air to permit the water in the thin elastomeric layer to evaporate, at ambient or elevated temperature. Each dipped and dried layer is typically about 0.03-0.20 millimeters thick. The dipping procedure is repeated as necessary to build up a completed layer of the required thickness. Thin articles prepared according to the dipping process of the invention have thicknesses of from about 0.03 to about 1.0 millimeter, depending upon the thickness per layer and the number of layers. It is difficult to maintain the integrity of layers of less than about 0.03 millimeters thickness. It is difficult to prepare articles more than about 10 millimeter thick by dip forming. After drying and fusion of the film, the article is removed from the form, which is then reused. The article may be modified or treated in ways consistent with the present approach as, for example, by powdering the surface to allow it to be slipped onto the body more easily, or provided with a compatible non-powder surface layer to permit easy donning.
There are several practical considerations in commercial dip forming of articles by the present approach. The solids levels in the dispersion into which the form is dipped is in the range of from about 30 to about 65 weight percent, most preferably from about 55 to about 63 weight percent. At about 55 weight percent solids, many dips are required to achieve desired glove thickness to meet ASTM specifications. At about 60 to about 63 weight percent solids, 2-3 dips provide satisfactory films of 0.25 to 0.3 millimeters thickness. Dipping conditions such as former temperature and extraction speed may be varied to achieve the desired thickness. A uniform film is achieved by rotation or wavy motion of the form. Thicker films may be made with lower solids content of the dispersion or by modifying the viscosity of the dispersion by adding thickeners. The preferred dip method does not use a coagulant on the form. Other dipping processes may also be used. A bead may be formed easily when the film is hot, preferably after exiting the fusion oven.
The following examples illustrate the application and practice of the present invention. These examples are presented by way of illustration and not of limitation, and should not be interpreted as limiting of the invention in any respect.
About 150 grams of a 16 weight percent toluene solution of 40 parts by weight Kraton G1650, 40 parts by weight Kraton G1651, and 10 parts by weight Kraton G1652 S-EB-S block copolymers, and containing 56 phr oil, was dispersed in about 100 grams of water containing 1 gram of Emcol K-8300 surfactant obtained from Witco Chemical. Dispersion was accomplished with a rotor/stator assembly under high shear conditions for two minutes. The solvent was stripped off in a rotovap under heat and vacuum, and the solution diluted by adding water. The dispersion was used in a dip-forming operation to form an elastomer film.
About 150 grams of a cyclohexane solution of 40 parts by weight Kraton G1650, 40 parts by weight Kraton G1651, and 10 parts by weight Kraton G1652 S-EB-S block copolymers, and containing 48 phr oil, was dispersed in about 150 grams of water containing 0.67 grams of sulfo-succinate surfactant. Dispersion was accomplished with a rotor/stator assembly under high shear conditions for two minutes. The cyclohexane was stripped off and the dispersion concentrated to obtain an aqueous dispersion of S-EB-S block copolymer and oil. The dispersion was used in a dip-forming operation to form an elastomer film, which was dried and fused at 80-95° C. for 10-20 minutes. The resulting film exhibited excellent mechanical strength properties.
A dispersion was made as in Example 1, except that the final dispersion contained 2.5 weight percent Emcol K-8300 surfactant. The film produced in dip forming was fused at 80-95° C. for 10-20 minutes. The resulting film exhibited excellent mechanical strength properties.
An S-EB-S polymer blend composition was prepared by dissolving 103.13 grams of Kraton G1651, 154.69 grams of Kraton G1650, and 154.69 grams of mineral oil in 2088 grams of toluene. The weight average molecular weight of the polystyrene end blocks was estimated to be about 18,000 Daltons. An aqueous dispersion was prepared using 600 grams of this solution and 466 grams of water containing 3.25 grams of Emcol K-8300 and 3.25 grams of potassium rosin soap. The dispersion was concentrated by vacuum and heat in a rotovap after stripping the toluene. The resulting aqueous dispersion had a solids content of about 54 percent by weight.
Films were dip formed from this dispersion using warm glass condom formers, using multiple dips to obtain a thickness of 0.05-0.09 millimeters. The film was dried at about 70-80° C. after each dip. After the last dip, the film was heated at 130° C. for 5 minutes and then leached in warm water for 5 minutes. The film was then heated to 130° C. for 25 minutes, cooled, and stripped from the form after application of powder. The condoms produced in this manner had a tensile strength of 22.37 MPa, a modulus at 500 percent elongation of 2.69 MPa, and an elongation at break of 812 percent.
An S-EB-S blend formulation was prepared as in Example 4, except that the blend contained 127.74 grams of Kraton G1651, 151.68 grams of Kraton G1650, 31.94 grams of Kraton G1652, and 175.64 grams of mineral oil. The weight average molecular weight of the polystyrene end blocks of the blend is estimated to be 17,800 Daltons.
An aqueous dispersion was prepared as in Example 4, and dispersion concentrated to 63.23 weight percent solids. Condoms were prepared as in Example 4 in a thickness range of 0.1 to 0.16 millimeters. The films had a tensile strength of 23.78 MPa, a modulus at 500 percent elongation of 2.94 MPa, and an elongation at break of 839 percent.
Samples of the condoms were sterilized by gamma radiation at a dose of 29.9 KGy to 39.1 KGy. These samples showed a tensile strength of 20.61 MPa, a modulus at 500 percent elongation of 2.64 MPa, and an elongation at break of 897 percent.
An S-EB-S blend formulation was prepared as in Example 4, but containing 70 phr of mineral oil. The weight average molecular weight of the polystyrene end blocks is estimated to be 18,000 Daltons as in Example 4. Dispersions and films were prepared as in Example 4, using 600 grams of the blend solution and 466 grams of water containing 3.25 grams of Emcol K-8300 and 4 grams of DRS 42 surfactant obtained from Arizona Chemical Co. The dispersions were concentrated and condoms were dip formed from this dispersion at about 0.04 to about 0.06 millimeters thickness. The films showed a tensile strength of 18.8 MPa, a modulus at 500 percent elongation of 2 MPa, and an elongation at break of 884 percent. The present dispersion-dipped condoms showed burst volumes and burst pressures similar to those of solution-dipped films. Gloves were dip formed using ceramic formers and the above dispersions.
An S-EB-S solution formulation was prepared by mixing 242.65 grams of Kraton G1652 and 169.9 grams of mineral oil in 2087.5 grams of toluene. A dispersion was prepared as in Example 4. The weight average molecular weight of the end blocks was estimated to be 7250 Daltons. Condoms dipped from this dispersion at 0.05 to 0.07 millimeters thickness showed signs of cracking of the film during drying and fusion of the film. The tensile strength of the film was 4.36 MPa and the modulus at 500 percent elongation was also about 4.36 MPa.
An S-EB-S solution blend was prepared using Kraton G1651 and Kraton G1652 with 70 phr mineral oil in toluene. A dispersion was made as in Example 4. The weight average molecular weight of the polystyrene end blocks of the blend was estimated to be about 24,000 Daltons. The dispersion was concentrated to 63.5 percent solids, and condoms were dip formed from this dispersion. The dispersion had excellent film forming characteristics and moderate strength.
An S-EB-S blend composition as detailed in Example 5 was prepared at about 21 weight percent solids. The dispersion was made using 3 kilograms of the solution and 4 kilograms of water containing 30 grams of Emcol K-8300 and 70 grams of potassium rosin soap in a Microfluidizer at 2200 pounds per square inch in 3 passes. A predispersion was made before passing through the Microfluidizer. The dispersion had an average particle size of 0.47 micrometers. The dispersion was stripped and concentrated. The dispersion showed good film-forming characteristics and good film strength properties.
An S-EB-S solution was prepared as in Example 5 and a dispersion made using the Ross X-Series mixer. The dispersion was concentrated to 61 weight percent solids The dispersion showed good stability and good film formation as in Example 5.
The present approach provides a technique for forming good-quality films from an aqueous dispersion. The films have the advantageous properties as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,112,900 and 5,407,715, but the dip-forming operation is more economical than the approach described in these patents. Although a particular embodiment of the invention has been described in detail for purposes of illustration, various modifications and enhancements may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not to be limited except as by the appended claims.
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Like what Samsung had in it's galaxy s line starting...2009? Um...maybe Apple should give back the Nickels...
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One Book, One Bakersfield, One Kern will like to announce this years read, "The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks" by Rebecca Skloot. Skloot gracefully explains the book, "Her name was Henrietta Lacks, but scientists know her as HeLa. She was a poor black tobacco farmer whose cells—taken without her knowledge in 1951—became one of the most important tools in medicine, vital for developing the polio vaccine, cloning, gene mapping, in vitro fertilization, and more. Henrietta's cells have been bought and sold by the billions, yet she remains virtually unknown, and her family can't afford health insurance."
We are proud to announce that on Wednesday, November 6th, Rebecca Skloot will be coming to the Icardo Center at California State University Bakersfield to speak about "The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks." This event will take place at 7 p.m. and is free to the public.
Many outstanding events will be taking place before the author visit, thanks to great sponsors such as The Kern County Library, California State University Bakersfield, Bakersfield City School District, Bakersfield College, Taft College, Kern Adult Literacy Council, Russo's Books at The Marketplace, Friends of the Kern County Library, Independence High School – KHSD, PG&E, and the list is currently growing.
For more updates regarding the events and this years read, follow One Book, One Bakersfield, One Kern on Facebook.


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Since there is a lot of confusion and interest from many people, I would like to clarify what happened to this expedition from my perspective. I have tried to stay out of the rumour mill but there are some very good questions being asked. You can read some of the theories on David's post on the Guerrilla Explorer.
I would like to clarify that I did not receive any of the funding, nor used any of it. In fact, my participation and desire to produce a documentary film was not within the original budget when Stephen first authored the kickstarter page. I came on board in late April 2012 with the expectation that I would have to fund myself and that the expedition's finances would only cover my food and travel expenses once I was in the country. I was responsible for my Congo airfare and personal gear and my documentary film would have to be funded via my own kickstarter fundraiser. Unfortunately, my fundraising had failed to garner the support I was expecting and I had to place my hope for producing the documentary project on an alternate strategy.
Two days before Stephen and Sam left for the Congo, I had begun to suspect that the expedition had financial problems when I was told that a specific purchase was not within the budget. Within two days of the team entering the Congo, I was forced to withdraw from the expedition when I was told that there "wasn't enough funds for three months." This was shocking and I was disappointed that I had placed my reputation on the line, only to have someone I trusted disappoint me with their poor financial planning.
I have since decided to start to raise my own funding for a new Congo expedition to search for Mokele-mbembe. The team will be led by Cameroonian-born American and professonal hunter, Cam Greig. Cam provided much of the consulting during the Newmac Expedition and was a great asset. He has conducted fifty expeditions in Cameroon and seven expeditions in the Congo. One such expedition had rendered him stuck in the Congo when the civil war broke out in 1997.
My new expedition will have complete transparency and the proper management that caused the first expedition to fail. Furthermore, the reason that the Newmac Expedition twitter account had gone quiet is because I was the glue holding the media and online presence together. Once I realized that I could no longer risk being associated with Stephen Mccullah, I made arrangements to transfer the website and the domains over to him. Prior to this, I had personally financed these activities with my own resources.
If anyone is wondering why things went quiet or why the website went down, it's because I was no longer involved in the Newmac Expedition. My efforts and resources are being devoted elsewhere.
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Joined: Jan 2008
Location: Jacksonville, FL
Oddometer: 19
New web concept and an answer to the copyright map bitching.
Would everyone lay off this quasi-copyright/intellectual argument about the Trans-America Trail. Sam worked very hard to lay out the route and if you are going to ride an entire segment the cost of the maps is peanuts compared to your total trip cost and the time you take off of work.
I wanted to offer a constructive product idea and recommendation not a pissing contest of perceived intellectual property rights and morals, etc. This conversation comes up all the damn time and it is tiring. Whomever records the tracks and shares them is the owner of them. The underlying maps are not the basis for the derived work. Therefore, while it is tacky and destructive for the hobby as a whole, an individual sharing tracks is not breaking the law. Furthermore in my morality the bullying of this individual and the using of lies to convince this person that what they are doing is illegal is a bigger moral travesty then sharing tracks from "there trip".
The problem is, the opposition to GPS technology, availability of reversed roll charts, and the use fact that everyone seems to want to buy a section not sold as an individual item. Here is the gray area... If one were to ride the thing and simply share there GPS tracks, this information, while useful and time saving is not all Sam offers with the TAT and others offer. Lat-Lon coordinates are good for the machine but english is nice too. Is Sam's market really such bottom feeders that they would not see value in the roll-charts and the written instructions even if someone gave them a complete set of tracks?
Here is what I propose... I'm willing to work with any route planner who has a cool route to develop a web based system for generating tracks and pdf based roll charts to be trimmed down. I come from an IT background and have significant experience in spatial and mapping software as well as formal education in tons of GIS topics (not applicable here). The site would include trip log functions, photo albums, integration with spot for riders, and many other value adds. This site would be a sort of Map-Blog, where individuals can offer there own maps and routes to share and others can offer ride reports. Hopefully if I get such a project off the ground, the owners of these "copyrighted maps" might like to find a way to integrate into this system while increasing their revenue. Such a system isn't clear yet, but something worth exploring.
I would love to here what the community has to say about a sort of community-based map blogging site. Also, if you have a commercial interest in your route (and are already selling them) and have an idea about how to utilize a venue like this, I would love to here it.
Matt Walston
Authorized Autocom, Garmin, Escort, Techmount Dealer
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Joined: Apr 2006
Location: Bakersfield CA & Sammamish WA
Oddometer: 1,384
How would this differ from GPXchange?
Maybe I'm missing your point, but....
While I fully agree with you that the right to use/distribute GPS data you have recorded is your own prerogative and legal I think there are other issues.
One you have already touch on is the intellectual rights problem. I have been shown "private" trails on condition that I not record and disclose the GPS data. It is not a matter of who owns the data but that I gave my word that I would not reveal the location via GPS data. A matter of principle, not legality.
Another problem and peeve of mine is the ease with which GPS data can be altered or fabricated. Once the data is several times removed from the original source how can I or the original supplier be confident the data hasn't been altered and is a true representation. Many times well intended ADVers have posted GPS data for which they have no personal knowledge of who or how it was generated. GPS data generated or modified at home on a computer often contains serious flaws which can make it impossible to navigate.
You mention PDF files. Isn't a significant element of that software the built-in security and password protection to preserve the integrity of the original (in addition to protecting copyrighted materials)?
I have struggled with the question of who owns GPS data myself when I bought the first edition of the Baja GPS Guidebook Vol 1, by Kacey Smith in 2000. It didn't come with a file, only paper waypoint lists! She would upload the data to your GPS if you sent the unit to her but would not email a file. It was her way of keeping some control over her work.
In the end I think it comes down to trust and personal ethics. For me the data recorded, while navigating data supplied by someone who has asked that it not be redistributed, is the same as making a copy and redistributing it.
mcnut screwed with this post 08-27-2009 at 11:10 PM
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Joined: Jul 2007
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I prefer to keep it in the hood. I charge one cold beer, in meatspace.
Momentum is your friend, and never trust a grapevine.
"For a boy,it was a kind of paradise.
I wasn't just playing Indian, I was living Indian."
XTique Rider
Joined: Dec 2006
Location: Arkansas USA
Oddometer: 7,927
This will not end well.
Ok you say you own the data your GPS recorded right?
Did you create the route that the GPS recorded? NO.
It would be not much different than taking a video recorder in the theater and recording the moving. Do you own the movie now that you seen? No.
its really no different.
From the TAT reports I've read the TAT maps from Sam are not exactly accurate today in Oregan and other places where there was gas at one time, there is not any longer. Well if Sam wants to keep the fruits of his labor WTF is he not updating it and fixing errors and Route changes to make it relevant for 2009.
I'm not trying to get other either side of the argument but its all been covered before. But there is honest questions there.
Google Earth GPS Howto (still a work in progress) use USGS TOPO Maps to layout trails.
The Early Bird gets the worm, but the second mouse gets the cheese.
Joined: Aug 2005
Location: Central Ohio
Oddometer: 13,516
As it related to the original topic, so long as this discussion stays civil, it will live.
ADV Mod
Joined: Jan 2008
Location: Jacksonville, FL
Oddometer: 19
Obviously recreating a recording of a movie is simply copying the original work to a second medium. Sharing device recorded tracks are showing the trip and pace of an individuals trip. Now, if there is a license agreement where the purchaser of the roll charts was not allowed to record such tracks... now it is a contract matter. Tracks are different then routes. If I sent someone the tracks, is that the same as sending them the route? Were the tracks created as a copy of the route or a record of my ride? A lot boils down to the intention. If the tracks were meant to highlight a certain spot or to chronicle my trip then that is one thing. If the tracks were never road and just convert via software into a route then I would say it is simply a copy.
Matt Walston
Authorized Autocom, Garmin, Escort, Techmount Dealer
Joined: Jan 2008
Location: Jacksonville, FL
Oddometer: 19
Agreed on first part. But that is a contract, albeit verbal, but still... You could have also said no thank you if it was a deal breaker.
The quality of the data is important and in any case should be viewer be ware. I always check my routes and use google earth as a sanity check. I'm proposing a map based riders blog where the rider still needs to verify and validate the route but have ideas and a few tracks from different trails as a place to start. If I didn't want to do any route planning, I would probably use an organized tour company or buy the very affordable TAT maps. I have had good and bad routes that people have sent me. The best routes are tracks of anything not a road in current maps broken at roads and a list of good roads. Show all the sections and connect what I want to do by waypoints. I will then turn the route into a routable path using some software. Works for me. The value is the friend telling me of some power-lines you can ride by or a lake to ride around.
The Kacey Smith example is pretty interesting... if you had the waypoints would the book have still been worth buying? The goal should be to offer more than a few coordinates laid out.
Matt Walston
Authorized Autocom, Garmin, Escort, Techmount Dealer
Beastly Adventurer
Joined: Apr 2006
Location: Bakersfield CA & Sammamish WA
Oddometer: 1,384
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Silverdream wrote:
Add this image.
BFenix wrote:Silent-sigfig wrote:
Coolest 1000th post ever
Zupponn wrote:I thought Canadia was supposed to be peaceful and not anarchistic.
Bragallot wrote:Just ask Silverdream. He decides what's true and right, and what someone said or meant at some point, even if they didn't. Clearly he is the most suitable person for fixing this mess.
Bluefog wrote:I mean, I could just throw my feces at you and my feelings would be conveyed adequately.
stubby wrote:For guerrilla postering I understand the tool of choice is still rollers and paste. But it might be better to Banksy it and just cook up some tailor-made spraypaint stencils instead.
stubby wrote:omg noob, balrogs are maiars too, don't you know anything
Keldoclock wrote:The whole frog and boiling water thing.
Keldoclock wrote:The whole frog and boiling water thing.
Tzan wrote:Semaj Nagirrac wrote:Well, I took some land without checking if it was owned by a faction or not. I'm not going to be banned, am I? I can destroy everything if need be.
That's what Hitler said,
in 1938.
mgb519 wrote:I'm not familiar with that metaphor.
stubby wrote:omg noob, balrogs are maiars too, don't you know anything
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text: The first Wii release to exclusively use the Nunchuk for controls, Opoona is a role-playing game featuring whimsical, bulbous characters and a cartoon-like art style. Young Opoona and his family are separated after their spaceship crashes on Planet Landroll. Before Opoona can begin the epic trek to locate his family, he must first befriend the local populace and enlist in various jobs to contribute to the close-knit community. When Opoona learns that evil creatures known as Dark Rogues are threatening the planet, he vows to stop them using skills passed down to him from generations of noble warriors called "Cosmo Guards. "Opoona's primary attack involves flinging an "energy bonbon," a spherical projectile controlled with the Nunchuk's analog stick. Together with his new friends, Opoona will engage in numerous real-time battles while searching the world for his revered relatives. ~ Scott Alan Marriott, All Game Guide


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Jack Irish Black Tide 2012 BDRiP XviD-TASTE
Scene group TASTE have released the BDRip of Jack Irish Bad Debts, a crime drama mystery movie starring Guy Pearce, Marta Dusseldorp and Aaron Pedersen, directed by Jeffrey Walker. Led by Emmy award-winning actor Guy Pearce, an outstanding cast of Australia's best talent feature in the Jack Irish telemovies.
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Genre: Crime | Drama | Mystery
IMDB Rating: 6.7/10 from 137 users
Directed by: Jeffrey Walker
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Tim Cahill is poised to complete a shock move to New York Red Bulls after Everton and Major League Soccer agreed a fee for the midfielder.
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The move would come as something of a surprise although Cahill's departure could pave the way for Steven Pienaar to re-sign for Everton, following a noteworthy loan spell from Tottenham Hotspur last season.
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Trainer's Other Specialties: Youth, Amateur, Open
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Exodus Transitional Living Center filed as an Articles of Incorporation in the State of California and is no longer active. This corporate entity was filed approximately seven years ago on Thursday, October 23, 2008 as recorded in documents filed with California Secretary of State.
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Professor Rob Stammers
Emeritus Professor
My career has involved research, teaching and consultancy in Occupational Psychology and Ergonomics. I have BSc and PhD degrees from the University of Hull. I am a chartered occupational psychologist and a fellow of both the British Psychological Society and the Ergonomics Society.
My specialist fields are task analysis, training and cognitive ergonomics. I have published books, papers and reports on these topics. In recent years I have focused my research on the history of ergonomics and occupational psychology. I was the General Editor of the journal Ergonomics for ten years.
I was presented with the Ergonomics Society's Otto Edholm Award in 1989, for "contributions to research and application, particularly in training and systems ergonomics".
Recent Publications
- Shepherd, A. & Stammers, R.B. (2005) Task analysis. In J.R. Wilson & N. Corlett (eds.) Evaluation of Human Work (3rd Edn). (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press), pp. 129-157.
Bonney, K. & Stammers, R.B. (2006) Exploring the impact of psychological assessment for disabled job seekers. Journal of Occupational Psychology, Employment and Disability, 8, 147-152.
Stammers, R.B. (2006) What did you do in the War Hywel? Some foundations of ergonomics. In. P.D. Bust (ed.) Contemporary Ergonomics, 2006. (London: Taylor and Francis), pp. 132-136.
Stammers, R.B. (2006) Histories of ergonomics. Ergonomics, 49, 741-742.
Stammers, R.B. (2007) Hywel Murrell at the Naval Motion Study Unit and the development of ergonomics. In, P.D. Bust (ed.) Contemporary Ergonomics, 2007. (London: Taylor and Francis), pp. 93-98.
Stammers, R.B. (2008) Charles Babbage and the "facility of using". In. P.D. Bust (ed.) Contemporary Ergonomics, 2008. (London: Taylor and Francis), pp. 252-257.
Stanton, N.A. & Stammers, R.B. (2008) Bartlett and the future of ergonomics. Ergonomics, 51, 1-13.**
Stanton, N.A. & Stammers, R.B. (2008) What would Bartlett have made of the future past? Ergonomics, 51, 76-84.


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Originally written on Mets Merized Online | Last updated 6/4/13
Last Night's Quick Scores Las Vegas shut down Fresno, 8-0. Binghamton had the day off. St. Lucie dropped to Lakeland, 2-1. Savannah had the day off. Prospect Pipeline Travis d'Arnaud was seen yesterday at the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York for follow up on his fractured toe. Travis was cleared to begin weight bearing rehabilitation, but will remain in a boot for the next week. After only two rehab appearances, Mets prospect Luis Mateo has found himself back on the DL this evening. Mateo, since returning from the DL on May 30th, has made two appearances. He allowed two hits in a scoreless inning on the 30th, but he ran into some trouble in his last outing on June 2nd. He allowed four runs off four hits, including a home run, and a walk. The unmistakable traits of Noah Syndergaard's blistering fastball were on display once again Monday — only the fourth time at Tradition Field — and his latest showcase for the St. Lucie Mets offered more promise for the future. Reaching...
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