text:
Catalytically dewaxed lubricating base stock oils that have improved resistance to oxidation are produced by pretreating the waxy furfural raffinate with a zeolite sorbent prior to dewaxing with a zeolite catalyst such as ZSM-5, and conducting the dewaxing at a reduced temperature not to exceed about 675░-700░ F.
1. In a process for preparing a high quality lube base stock oil having a predetermined pour point in the range of about -25░ to +30░ F. from waxy crude oil, which process comprises:
extracting a distillate fraction that boils within the range of 450░ to 1100░ F. or a deasphalted short residuum fraction of said waxy crude with a solvent selective for aromatic hydrocarbons to yield a raffinate from which undesirable compounds have been removed;
contacting the raffinate and hydrogen gas with a dewaxing catalyst under dewaxing conditions effective to impart said predetermined pour point, said catalyst comprising a first crystalline zeolite having a dry crystal framework density of not less than about 1.6 grams per cubic centimeter and a constraint index of about 1 to about 12, thereby converting wax contained in the raffinate to lower boiling hydrocarbons; and,
topping the dewaxed raffinate to remove therefrom components of a low molecular weight; the improvement, whereby the resistance to oxidation of said dewaxed raffinate is increased, which comprises:
pretreating said raffinate, prior to dewaxing, with a sorbent comprising a second crystalline zeolite having an effective pore diameter equal to or larger than said first crystalline zeolite, said pretreating being conducted under a combination of conditions selected from a temperature of about 35░ to about 350░ F., a pressure of 0 to 3000 psig, and a contact time equivalent to a LHSV of 0.1 to 100 hr.-1, said combination being effective to provide a pretreated raffinate characterized by an initial equilibrium temperature not exceeding about 675░ to 700░ F. and at least 25░ F. lower than that obtained with said raffinate without pretreatment when dewaxed at about 1 LHSV; and dewaxing said raffinate at a temperature not to exceed the lesser of said equilibrium temperature of said raffinate without pretreatment minus 25░ F., or 700░ F.
2. The process described in claim 1 wherein said first crystalline zeolite is selected from the group consisting of ZSM-5, ZSM-11, intergrowths of ZSM-5 and ZSM-11, ZSM-12, ZSM-23, ZSM-38 and ZSM-48.
3. The process described in claim 1 wherein said first and said second crystalline zeolite are each individually selected from the group consisting of ZSM-5, ZSM-11, intergrowths of ZSM-5 and ZSM-11, ZSM-12, ZSM-23, ZSM-38 and ZSM-48.
4. The process described in claim 3 wherein said first and said second crystalline zeolite have the same crystal structure.
5. The process described in claim 3 wherein said first and said second zeolite have the same crystal structure and the same chemical compositions.
6. The process described in claim 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 wherein said crystalline zeolites are selected from the group consisting of ZSM-5, ZSM-11 and intergrowths thereof.
7. The process described in claim 2 wherein said second crystalline zeolite is hydrogen mordenite.
8. The process described in claim 7 wherein said first crystalline zeolite is selected from the group consisting of ZSM-5, ZSM-11 and intergrowths thereof.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention is concerned with processes that employ crystalline molecular sieve zeolites as catalysts. It is particularly concerned with processes that use a fixed bed of catalyst to convert an appropriate feed to desired products, and with pretreatment of the feed to make it more readily converted by the catalyst. This invention is advantageous for the catalytic dewaxing of petroleum fuels and lubricants.
2. Prior Art
Modern petroleum refining is heavily dependent on catalytic processes which chemically change the naturally occurring constituents of petroleum. Such processes include hydrocracking, catalytic cracking, reforming and hydrotreating. Historically, the processes all depended on the discovery that chemical change could be induced by contacting a suitable petroleum fraction with a suitable porous inorganic solid at elevated temperature. If hydrogen under pressure is essential to the desired conversion, such as in hydrocracking, a hydrogenation metal is included with the porous catalyst to make the hydrogen effective.
The porous inorganic solids that were originally found useful for catalytic processes included certain clays, aluminas, silica-aluminas and other silicas coprecipitated with magnesia, for example, and such solids are still extensively used in the industry. In general, all of these solids had pores that were not of uniform size, and most of the pore volume was in pores having diameters larger than about 30 Angstroms, with some of the pores as large or larger than 100 Angstroms. As will become evident from the paragraphs which follow, a large fraction of the molecules present in a hydrocarbon feed, such as a gas oil, is capable of entering the pores of the typical porous solids described above.
In recent years much attention has been given to the synthesis and properties of a class of porous solids known as "molecular sieves." These are porous crystalline solids usually composed of silica and alumina, and, because the pore structure is defined by the crystal lattice, the pores of any particular molecular sieve have a uniquely determined, uniform pore diameter. The pores of these crystals are further distinguished from those in the earlier used solids by being smaller, i.e., by having effective pore diameters not greater than about 13 Angstroms. These solids, when dehydrated, act as sorbents that discriminate among molecules of different shape, and for that reason were first called "molecular sieves" by J. W. McBain. The term "effective pore diameter" as used herein means the diameter of the most constricted part of the channels of the dehydrated crystal as estimated from the diameter of the largest molecule that the crystal is capable of sorbing. Zeolite molecular sieves are available that have effective pore diameters ranging from about 3 Angstroms, which is too small to allow occlusion of any hydrocarbon in the pores, to about 13 Angstroms, which allows occlusion of molecules as large as 1,3,5-triethylbenzene. The structures and uses of these solids are described in "Zeolite Molecular Sieves," by Donald W. Breck, John Wiley and Sons, New York (1974), the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference for background purposes. As indicated by Breck, the zeolite molecular sieves are useful as adsorbents (ibid, page 3), and in catalysts (ibid, page 2).
In spite of the small pores which are characteristic of zeolite molecular sieves, certain of these materials have been found to be highly effective as hydrocarbon conversion catalysts. The conversion of gas oil to gasoline and distillate by catalytic cracking, the alkylation of benzene to ethylbenzene, the isomerization of xylenes and the disproportionation of toluene all involve molecules which are smaller in critical diameter than 1,3,5-triethylbenzene, and such molecules are occluded and acted upon by zeolite molecular sieves having an effective pore diameter of about 10 Angstroms. A particularly interesting catalytic transformation which requires a molecular sieve catalyst is the reduction of the pour point of waxy distillates and residual hydocarbon fractions. Effective pour point reduction depends on the selective convesion of normal, high melting point paraffin molecules that have an effective critical diameter of about 5 Angstroms to substances of lower molecular weight that are easily separated from the low-pour product. Effective catalytic dewaxing depends at least in part on the regularity of the pore size of the crystalline zeolites, which allows selective conversion of unwanted constituents.
The developments briefly described above are only indicative of the commercial importance of the molecular sieve zeolites and of the academic interest in these materials, which is more accurately reflected by the thousands of patents and publications on the subject. By far the major part of this importance stems from the catalytic properties that may be found in appropriate circumstances within the relatively small pores, together with the regularity in the shape of the pores which permits the molecular sieve catalyst to act selectively on molecules having a particular shape. This latter phenomenon has come to be known as "shape-selective catalysis." A review of the state of the catalytic art is found in "Zeolite Chemistry and Catalysis" by Jule A. Rabo, ACS Monograph 171, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. (1976), the entire content of which is herein incorporated by reference for background purposes. See particularly Chapter 12 titled "Shape Selective Catalysis."
The dewaxing of oils by shape selective cracking and hydrocracking over zeolites of the ZSM-5 type is discussed and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. Re. 28,398 to Chen et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,956,102 discloses a particular method for dewaxing a petroleum distillate with a ZSM-5 type catalyst. Typical aging curves are shown in sheet 2 of the drawing of the U.S. Pat. No. 3,956,102. U.S. Pat. No. 3,894,938 to Gorring et al discloses that the cycle life of a ZSM-5 dewaxing catalyst is longer with a virgin feed stream than it is with the same feedstream after it has been hydrotreated. Catalytic dewaxing of petroleum stocks in which a mordenite type of molecular sieve catalyst is used is described in the Oil and Gas Journal, Jan. 6, 1975 issue at pages 69-73. See also U.S. Pat. No. 3,668,113. All of the foregoing patents and the literature reference are herein incorporated by reference.
It has now been found that in general a dewaxing process in which a zeolite molecular sieve dewaxing catalyst is used becomes more effective when the feed, prior to dewaxing, is contacted under sorption conditions, as more fully described hereinbelow, with a zeolite molecular sieve having an effective pore diameter at least as large as the dewaxing catalyst. The terms "more effective" as used herein means that the dewaxing catalyst behaves as if it were catalytically more active or more resistant to aging when the feed stream is pretreated as disclosed. Thus, the refiner, when using the improved method of this invention to reduce the pour point of a waxy feed to some predetermined temperature, may elect to take advantage of the increased catalyst activity by reducing the inventory of dewaxing catalyst; or, by reducing the operating temperature of the zeolite dewaxing catalyst from the temperature required by the prior art; or, he may elect to increase the space velocity of the feed and obtain more product with the same pour point reduction as was obtained by the prior art method; or, he may extend the cycle life of the dewaxing catalyst by running the process with a lower initial equilibrium temperature and finishing with the same end of cycle temperature as in the prior art.
It is not known precisely why pretreating the feed with a zeolite molecular sieve maintained under sorption conditions serves to increase the effectiveness of the dewaxing catalyst. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it may be postulated that the feed contains minute amounts of catalytically deleterious impurities which, in the prior art, were sorbed by the catalyst and served as catalyst poisons. It is further speculated that the content of these poisons is reduced by the pretreatment method of this invention with the effect that the catalytic activity of the dewaxing catalyst appears to be increased, or, that the reactivity of the feed has been increased. It seems appropriate to consider the pretreatment described herein as a method for refining the feed, and that term will be used herein in the context and spirit of this paragraph. The precise nature or composition of the catalyst poisons is not known, but again one may speculate that basic nitrogen compounds, and oxygen and sulfur compounds, may be involved.
It should be noted that the zeolite molecular sieve sorbent, as will be illustrated further below, is unusually effective in increasing the apparent activity of the dewaxing catalyst. Substitution of a clay or other sorbent for the zeolite also may produce some increase, but of much lesser magnitude, even though the clay may remove a greater fraction of nitrogen compounds than is removed by the zeolite. And, although it may prove useful in some instances to measure basic nitrogen level, for example, as an index for degree of refinement of the feed, an example later presented herein suggests that such a measurement by itself may be misleading.
In brief, it is conceivable that the zeolite sorbent selectively removes and effectively retains those poisons that have a shape sufficiently small to enter the catalyst pores, leaving only the larger poisons available for contact with the catalyst. Since these can act only on non-selective surface sites, they may in some cases serve to increase the shape selectively of the dewaxing catalyst, or at worst to do little harm.
Contemplated as within the scope of this invention is to regenerate the zeolite molecular sieve sorbent at intervals, as needed.
The FIGURE illustrates one embodiment of the dewaxing process of this invention.
The feed to be dewaxed by the process of this invention may be any waxy hydrocarbon oil that has a pour point which is undesirably high. Petroleum distillates such as atmospheric tower gas oils, kerosenes, jet fuels, vacuum gas oils, whole crudes, reduced crudes and propane deasphalted residual oils are contemplated as suitable feeds. Also contemplated are oils derived from tar sands, shale, and coal. For purposes of this invention, all of the above described feeds may be considered suitable and all of these feeds are expected to benefit when dewaxed by the method of this invention.
The first step of the process of this invention requires that the feed be treated by contact with a sorbent under sorption conditions effective to remove at least some of the deleterious impurity. These conditions may cover a fairly wide range of time, temperature and pressure, and may be conducted in the absence or presence of hydrogen. The conditions, both broad and preferred, for this step of the process are indicated in Table I.
The catalytically deleterious impurities, or poisons, will be referred to herein as "contaminants" regardless of whether these occur naturally associated with the feed or are acquired by the feed from some known or unknown source during transportation, processing, etc.
TABLE I______________________________________SORPTION CONDITIONS Broad Preferred______________________________________Temperature, ░F. 35-350 65-200Pressure, psig 0-3000 25-1500LHSV, hr-1 0.1-100 0.2-20______________________________________
In general, although it is preferred to conduct the treating step in a flow system, wherein the sorbent particles are in the form of a fixed bed of 1/16 inch to 1/4 inch extrudate or pellets, other modes of contact may be employed such as slurrying the feed oil with a finely powdered sorbent followed by centrifugation and recycle of the sorbent. The precise conditions selected for the sorption step will be determined by various considerations, including the nature of the feed and the desired degree of refinement, the latter being judged from the observed catalytic consequences of the treatment.
For purposes of this invention, the sorbent consists of a molecular sieve zeolite having pores with an effective diameter of at least about 5 Angstroms. Illustrative of zeolites with pores of 5 Angstroms are zeolite A in the calcium salt form, chabazite and erionite, which sorb normal paraffins but exclude all other molecules of larger critical diameter. Other zeolites which may be used which have larger pore diameters include zeolite X, zeolite Y, offretite and mordenite. The last group of zeolites sorb molecules having critical diameters up to about 13 Angstroms, and all of them sorb cyclohexane freely.
In addition to the zeolites already enumerated, any of the zeolites described more fully hereinbelow which are useful as dewaxing catalysts also may be used as sorbents. In fact, in a preferred embodiment of this invention, the zeolite utilized as sorbent and as dewaxing catalyst have the same crystal structure. Since the dewaxing catalyst will be more fully described hereinbelow, it is unnecessary at this point to repeat the description.
In general, the pretreated feed is separated from the sorbent and passed to the catalytic dewaxing step where its pour point is reduced, usually by selective conversion of the high molecular weight waxes to more volatile hydrocarbon fragments.
Various embodiments of the present invention are contemplated. In one of these, the feed is contacted with a dewaxing catalyst under sorption conditions, after which a pretreated feed is recovered and passed to storage. The material used as sorbent is now treated, for example with steam at elevated temperature, to remove the sorbed deleterious impurity, and the stored treated hydrocarbon is passed over the regenerated sorbent now maintained at dewaxing conditions. In general, however, it is more effective to employ at least one separate bed of molecular sieve zeolite as sorbent, as will now be illustrated by reference to the FIGURE of the drawing.
The FIGURE of the drawing illustrates one embodiment of the present invention. A hydrocarbon oil feed, such as a gas oil with a pour point of 75░ F., is passed via line 1 to sorption tower 2 which is filled with a molecular sieve zeolite such as ZSM-5 containing a small amount of nickel. Valve 3 is of course open in this stage of the operation, and valve 4 is maintained closed. The treated oil passes out of sorption tower 2 via line 5 and is heated to dewaxing temperature in furnace 6. Valve 7 is maintained open during this phase of the operation and valve 8 is maintained closed. The heated oil is passed from the furnace via lines 9 and 10 along with hydrogen introduced via line 11 to the catalytic dewaxing reactor 12 filled with ZSM-5 dewaxing catalyst that contains a small amount of nickel. The dewaxed oil and cracked fragments together with excess hydrogen are passed from the dewaxing reactor 12 via line 13 to high pressure separator 14. The excess hydrogen passes from high pressure separator 14 via lines 15 and 11 and is recycled to the dewaxing reactor. Fresh make-up hydrogen is added via line 16. A bleed stream of gas is removed via line 19. The dewaxed oil and light ends are removed from the high pressure separator via line 17 and are passed to downstream facilities for recovering a dewaxed oil having a pour point of 20░ F., for example, and the separated light fraction.
After a certain period of operation, the sorbent contained in vessel 2 becomes ineffective and needs to be regenerated. This may be done by shutting valves 3 and 7 and introducing stripping steam via line 18 and valve 4 into vessel 1 and removing the excess steam and deleterious impurities via valve 8 and line 20. Various stripping gases may be used in place of steam such as heated air, nitrogen or hydrogen gas. The sorbent also may be regenerated by burning in air at elevated temperature. The preferred method of regeneration are to use steam at about 350░ F. or hydrogen gas at about 900░ F.
It will of course be evident to one skilled in the art that instead of the single sorption tower shown in the FIGURE, two such towers may be used such that one of them is being regenerated while the other is on stream to permit continuous rather than intermittent dewaxing.
The step of catalytically dewaxing the pretreated feed is illustrated for different hydrocarbon oils in U.S. Pat. No. Re. 28,398 and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,956,102 and 4,137,148, for example. The entire content of these patents are herein incorporated by reference. It will be understood that the reaction conditions will be milder, in general, when adapting the dewaxing step to the pretreated feed as described herein. The dewaxing step may be conducted with or without hydrogen, although use of hydrogen is preferred. It is contemplated to conduct the dewaxing step at the dewaxing conditions shown in Table II.
TABLE II______________________________________DEWAXING STEP Broad Preferred______________________________________ Without HydrogenTemperature, ░F. 400-1000 500-800LHSV, hr-1 0.3-20 0.5-10Pressure, psig 0-3000 25 to 1500 With HydrogenTemperature, ░F. 400-1000 500-800LHSV, hr-1 0.1-10 0.5-4.0H2 /HC mol ratio 1-20 2-10Pressure, psig 0-3000 200-1500______________________________________
A particularly preferred embodiment of the dewaxing process of this invention is provided when the molecular sieve zeolite of the dewaxing catalyst is selected from a member of a novel class of zeolitic materials which exhibit unusual properties. Although these zeolites have unusually low alumina contents, i.e. high silica to alumina mole ratios, they are very active even when the silica to alumina mole ratio exceeds 30. The activity is surprising since catalytic activity is generally attributed to framework aluminum atoms and/or cations associated with these aluminum atoms. These zeolites retain their crystallinity for long periods in spite of the presence of steam at high temperature which induces irreversible collapse of the framework of other zeolites, e.g. of the X and A type. Furthermore, carbonaceous deposits, when formed, may be removed by burning at higher than usual temperatures to restore activity. These zeolites, used as catalysts, generally have low coke-forming activity and therefore are conducive to long times on stream between regenerations.
An important characteristic of the crystal structure of this novel class of zeolites is that it provides a selective constrained access to and egress from the intracrystalline free space by virtue of having an effective pore size intermediate between the small pore Linde A and the large pore Linde X, i.e. the pore windows of the structure are of about a size such as would be provided by 10-membered rings of silicon atoms interconnected by oxygen atoms. It is to be understood, of course, that these rings are those formed by the regular disposition of the tetrahedra making up the anionic framework of the crystalline zeolite, the oxygen atoms themselves being bonded to the silicon (or aluminum, etc.) atoms at the centers of the tetrahedra.
The silica to alumina mole ratio referred to may be determined by conventional analysis. This ratio is meant to represent, as closely as possible, the ratio in the rigid anionic framework of the zeolite crystal and to exclude aluminum in the binder or in cationic or other form within the channels. Although zeolites with silica to alumina mole ratios of at least 12 are useful, it is preferred to use zeolites having higher ratios than about 30. In addition, zeolites as otherwise characterized herein but which are substantially free of aluminum, that is zeolites having silica to alumina mole ratios of up to infinity, are found to be useful and even preferable in some instances. Such "high silica" or "highly siliceous" zeolites are intended to be included within this description. Also included within this definition are substantially pure silica analogs of the useful zeolites described herein, that is to say those zeolites having no measurable amount of aluminum (silica to alumina mole ratio of infinity) but which otherwise embody the characteristics disclosed.
The novel class of zeolites, after activation, acquire an intracrystalline sorption capacity for normal hexane which is greater than that for water, i.e. they exhibit "hydrophobic" properties. This hydrophobic character can be used to advantage in some applications.
The novel class of zeolites useful herein have an effective pore size such as to freely sorb normal hexane. In addition, the structure must provide constrained access to large molecules. It is sometimes possible to judge from a known crystal structure whether such constrained access exists. For example, if the only pore windows in a crystal are formed by 8-membered rings of silicon and aluminum atoms, then access by molecules of larger cross-section than normal hexane is excluded and the zeolite is not of the desired type. Windows of 10-membered rings are preferred, although in some instances excessive puckering of the rings or pore blockage may render these zeolites ineffective.
Although 12-membered rings in theory generally would not offer sufficient constraint to produce advantageous conversions, it is noted that the puckered 12-ring structure of TMA offretite does show some constrained access. Other 12-ring structures may exist which may be operative for other reasons such as the presence of cations which may restrict the pore diameter. Therefore, it is not the present intention to entirely judge the usefulness of a particular zeolite solely from theoretical structural considerations.
Rather than attempt to judge from crystal structure whether or not a zeolite possesses the necessary constrained access to molecules of larger cross-section than normal paraffins, a simple determination of the "Constraint Index" as herein defined may be made by passing continuously a mixture of an equal weight of normal hexane and 3-methylpentane over a sample of zeolite at atmospheric pressure according to the following procedure. A sample of the zeolite, in the form of pellets or extrudate, is crushed to a particle size about that of coarse sand and mounted in a glass tube. Prior to testing, the zeolite is treated with a stream of air at 540░ C. for at least 15 minutes. The zeolite is then flushed with helium and the temperature is adjusted between 290░ C. and 510░ C. to give an overall conversion of between 10% and 60%. The mixture of hydrocarbons is passed at 1 liquid hourly space velocity (i.e., 1 volume of liquid hydrocarbon per volume of zeolite per hour) over the zeolite with a helium dilution to give a helium to (total) hydrocarbon mole ratio of 4:1. After 20 minutes on stream, a sample of the effluent is taken and analyzed, most conveniently by gas chromatography, to determine the fraction remaining unchanged for each of the two hydrocarbons.
While the above experimental procedure will enable one to achieve the desired overall conversion of 10 to 60% for most zeolite samples and represents preferred conditions, it may occasionally be necessary to use somewhat more severe conditions for samples of very low activity, such as those having an exceptionally high silica to alumina mole ratio. In those instances, a temperature of up to about 540░ C. and a liquid hourly space velocity of less than one, such as 0.1 or less, can be employed in order to achieve a minimum total conversion of about 10%.
The "Constraint Index" is calculated as follows: ##EQU1##
The Constraint Index approximates the ratio of the cracking rate constants for the two hydrocarbons. Zeolites suitable for the present invention are those having a Constraint Index of 1 to 12. Constraint Index (CI) values for some typical materials are:
______________________________________ C.I.______________________________________ZSM-4 0.5ZSM-5 8.3ZSM-11 8.7ZSM-12 2ZSM-23 9.1ZSM-35 4.5ZSM-38 2ZSM-48 3.4TMA Offretite 3.7Clinoptilolite 3.4Beta 0.6H-Zeolon (mordenite) 0.4REY 0.4Amorphous Silica-Alumina 0.6Erionite 38______________________________________
The above-described Constraint Index is an important and even critical definition of those zeolites which are useful in the instant invention. The very nature of this parameter and the recited technique by which it is determined, however, admit of the possibility that a given zeolite can be tested under somewhat different conditions and thereby exhibit different Constraint Indices. Constraint Index seems to vary somewhat with severity of operation (conversion) and the presence or absence of binders. Likewise, other variables such as crystal size of the zeolite, the presence of occluded contaminants, etc., may affect the constraint index. Therefore, it will be appreciated that it may be possible to so select test conditions as to establish more than one value in the range of 1 to 12 for the Constraint Index of a particular zeolite. Such a zeolite exhibits the constrained access as herein defined and is to be regarded as having a Constraint Index in the range of 1 to 12. Also contemplated herein as having a Constraint Index in the range of 1 to 12 and therefore within the scope of the defined novel class of highly siliceous zeolites are those zeolites which, when tested under two or more sets of conditions within the above-specified ranges of temperature and conversion, produce a value of the Constraint Index slightly less than 1, e.g. 0.9, or somewhat greater than 12, e.g. 14 or 15, with at least one other value within the range of 1 to 12. Thus, it should be understood that the Constraint Index value as used herein is an inclusive rather than an exclusive value. That is, a crystalline zeolite when identified by any combination of conditions within the testing definition set forth herein as having a Constraint Index in the range of 1 to 12 is intended to be included in the instant novel zeolite definition whether or not the same identical zeolite, when tested under other of the defined conditions, may give a Constraint Index value outside of the range of 1 to 12.
The novel class of zeolites defined herein is exemplified by ZSM-5, ZSM-11, ZSM-12, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-38, ZSM-48, and other similar materials.
ZSM-5 is described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,702,886 and Re. 29,948. The entire descriptions contained within those patents, particularly the X-ray diffraction pattern of therein disclosed ZSM-5, are incorporated herein by reference.
ZSM-11 is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,709,979. That description, and in particular the X-ray diffraction pattern of said ZSM-11, is incorporated herein by reference.
ZSM-12 is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,832,449. That description, and in particular the X-ray diffraction pattern disclosed therein, is incorporated herein by reference.
ZSM-23 is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,076,842. The entire content thereof, particularly the specification of the X-ray diffraction pattern of the disclosed zeolite, is incorporated herein by reference.
ZSM-35 is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,016,245. The description of that zeolite, and particularly the X-ray diffraction pattern thereof, is incorporated herein by reference.
ZSM-38 is more particularly described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,046,859. The description of that zeolite, and particularly the specified X-ray diffraction pattern thereof, is incorporated herein by reference.
ZSM-48 is more particularly described in U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 56,754 filed July 12, 1979 and in Ser. No. 207,897 filed on or about Nov. 18, 1980, a continuation of Ser. No. 064,703.
The specific zeolites described, when prepared in the presence of organic cations, are substantially catalytically inactive, possibly because the intra-crystalline free space is occupied by organic cations from the forming solution. They may be activated by heating in an inert atmosphere at 540░ C. for one hour, for example, followed by base exchange with ammonium salts followed by calcination at 540░ C. in air. The presence of organic cations in the forming solution may not be absolutely essential to the formation of this type zeolite; however, the presence of these cations does appear to favor the formation of this special class of zeolite. More generally, it is desirable to activate this type catalyst by base exchange with ammonium salts followed by calcination in air at about 540░ C. for from about 15 minutes to about 24 hours.
Natural zeolites may sometimes be converted to zeolite structures of the class herein identified by various activation procedures and other treatments such as base exchange, steaming, alumina extraction and calcination, alone or in combinations. Natural minerals which may be so treated include ferrierite, brewsterite, stilbite, dachiardite, epistilbite, heulandite, and clinoptilolite.
The preferred crystalline zeolites for utilization herein include ZSM-5, ZSM-11, ZSM-12, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-38 and ZSM-48, with ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 being particularly preferred.
In a preferred aspect of this invention, the zeolites hereof are selected as those providing among other things a crystal framework density, in the dry hydrogen form, of not less than about 1.6 grams per cubic centimeter. It has been found that zeolites which satisfy all three of the discussed criteria are most desired for several reasons. When hydrocarbon products or by-products are catalytically formed, for example, such zeolites tend to maximize the production of gasoline boiling range hydrocarbon products. Therefore, the preferred zeolites useful with respect to this invention are those having a Constraint Index as defined above of about 1 to about 12, a silica to alumina mole ratio of at least about 12 and a dried crystal density of not less than about 1.6 grams per cubic centimeter. The dry density for known structures may be calculated from the number of silicon plus aluminum atoms per 1000 cubic Angstroms, as given, e.g., on Page 19 of the article ZEOLITE STRUCTURE by W. M. Meier. This paper, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, is included in PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE ON MOLECULAR SIEVES, (London, April 1967) published by the Society of Chemical Industry, London, 1968.
When the crystal structure is unknown, the crystal framework density may be determined by classical pycnometer techniques. For example, it may be determined by immersing the dry hydrogen form of the zeolite in an organic solvent which is not sorbed by the crystal. Or, the crystal density may be determined by mercury porosimetry, since mercury will fill the interstices between crystals but will not penetrate the intracrystalline free space.
It is possible that the unusual sustained activity and stability of this special class of zeolites is associated with its high crystal anionic framework density of not less than about 1.6 grams per cubic centimeter. This high density must necessarily be associated with a relatively small amount of free space within the crystal, which might be expected to result in more stable structures. This free space, however, is important as the locus of catalytic activity.
Crystal framework densities of some typical zeolites, including some which are not within the purview of this invention, are:
______________________________________ Void Framework Volume Density______________________________________Ferrierite 0.28 cc/cc 1.76 g/ccMordenite .28 1.7ZSM-5, -11 .29 1.79ZSM-12 -- 1.8ZSM-23 -- 2.0Dachiardite .32 1.72L .32 1.61Clinoptilolite .34 1.71Laumontite .34 1.77ZSM-4 (Omega) .38 1.65Heulandite .39 1.69P .41 1.57Offretite .40 1.55Levynite .40 1.54Erionite .35 1.51Gmelinite .44 1.46Chabazite .47 1.45A .5 1.3Y .48 1.27______________________________________
When synthesized in the alkali metal form, the zeolite is conveniently converted to the hydrogen form, generally by intermediate formation of the ammonium form as a result of ammonium ion exchange and calcination of the ammonium form to yield the hydrogen form. In addition to the hydrogen form, other forms of the zeolite wherein the original alkali metal has been reduced to less than about 1.5 percent by weight may be used. Thus, the original alkali metal of the zeolite may be replaced by ion exchange with other suitable metal cations of Groups I through VIII of the Periodic Table, including, by way of example, nickel, copper, zinc, palladium, calcium or rare earth metals.
In practicing a particularly desired chemical conversion process, it may be useful to incorporate the above-described crystalline zeolite with a matrix comprising another material resistant to the temperature and other conditions employed in the process.
Useful matrix materials include both synthetic and naturally occurring substances, as well as inorganic materials such as clay, silica and/or metal oxides. The latter may be either naturally occurring or in the form of gelatinous precipitates or gels including mixtures of silica and metal oxides. Naturally occurring clays which can be composited with the zeolite include those of the montmorillonite and kaolin families, which families include the sub-bentonites and the kaolins commonly known as Dixie, McNamee-Georgia and Florida clays or others in which the main mineral constituent is halloysite, kaolinite, dickite, nacrite or anauxite. Such clays can be used in the raw state as originally mined or initially subjected to calcination, acid treatment or chemical modification.
In addition to the foregoing materials, the zeolites employed herein may be composited with a porous matrix material, such as alumina, silica-alumina, silica-magnesia, silica-zirconia, silica-thoria, silica-beryllia, and silica-titania, as well as ternary compositions, such as silica-alumina-thoria, silica-alumina-zirconia, silica-alumina-magnesia and silica-magnesia-zirconia. The matrix may be in the form of a cogel. The relative proportions of zeolite component and inorganic oxide gel matrix, on an anhydrous basis, may vary widely with the zeolite content ranging from between about 1 to about 99 percent by weight and more usually in the range of about 5 to about 80 percent by weight of the dry composite.
Certain aspects of the present invention will now be illustrated by reference to examples which are not to be construed as limiting the scope of this invention, which scope is determined by this entire specification including the claims thereof.
A Nigerian gas oil having a nominal boiling range of 625░-775░ F. was taken as one example of a contaminated feed. The raw gas oil had the properties shown in Table III.
TABLE III______________________________________Raw Nigerian Gas Oil______________________________________░API 29.2Pour Point, ░F. 75Wt % S (Sulfur) 0.18Wt % N (Nitrogen) 0.03ppm Basic N 262______________________________________
Portions of the raw gas oil were mixed with varying amounts of crystalline zeolite ZSM-5 that had been incorporated in a matrix and extruded to form 1/16 inch extrudate that contained about 65 wt.% zeolite. The particular ZSM-5 used as sorbent was H-ZSM-5 with a SiO2 /Al2 O3 ratio of 70:1 and an "alpha" value of 175. The dried, calcined extrudate had the properties shown in Table IV. After the mixtures of oil and extrudate had been allowed to stand overnight at 200░ F., the oil was decanted and analyzed with the results shown in Table V.
TABLE IV______________________________________ZSM-5 Extrudate______________________________________Density, GM/CCPacked .59Particle .89Real 2.66Surface Area, M2 /GM 365.Pore Vol., CC/GM .748Ave. Pore Dia., A 92.______________________________________
TABLE V______________________________________ZSM-5 Refining of Nigerian Gas OilExtrudate/Oil (Wt/Wt) PPM Basic N Wt % N WT % S______________________________________0 262 .0340 0.18.034 235 .0300 0.17.068 192 .0260 0.16.136 166 .0230 0.14______________________________________
Example 1 illustrates the method of this invention for refining a waxy hydrocarbon oil feed. The permitted contact time was dictated by convenience, it being indicated by other experiments that equivalent results would be obtained with about one hour contact.
A ZSM-5 extrudate was placed in a fixed-bed catalytic reactor. The particular ZSM-5 used as catalyst had been activated by calcination, and had a silica to alumina ratio of about 160, an "alpha" activity of 114, and contained 0.54 wt.% nickel and about 0.02 wt.% sodium. The raw gas oil having the properties shown in Table III and hydrogen were passed over the catalyst under dewaxing conditions, in this instance at 400 psig, 1 LHSV with a hydrogen circulation rate of 2500 SCF/Bbl. The temperature was adjusted periodically to give a 330░ F.+ product having a pour point of about 0░ F. The temperature required for the first seventeen days of operation are given in Table VI.
TABLE VI______________________________________Days on Stream Operating Temperature, ░F.______________________________________1 5653 6355 6858 72511 75014 75216 75417 755______________________________________
Example 2 illustrates a typical prior art dewaxing run. It will be noted that a relatively rapid increase in temperature is required for about the first eleven days to maintain product quality, after which a relatively steady temperature may be maintained, in this instance at about 750░ F. The temperature at which this steady operation sets in is referred to herein as the "initial equilibrium temperature." It will be recognized that this temperature may slowly increase with catalyst age until some prescribed limit is reached, necessitating regeneration of the catalyst. In any case, the initial equilibrium temperature is determined predominantly by the nature of the feed, all else being equal. The equilibrium temperature observed after the initial equilibrium temperature is equal to it or higher in normal, steady operation.
A batch of refined Nigerian gas oil was prepared from the raw gas oil described in Table III by the method described in Example 1 except that a sorbent to oil weight ratio of 0.071 was used and the oil was treated for 16 hours at 200░ F. The refined oil had 215 ppm basic nitrogen.
The prior art catalytic dewaxing run described in Example 2 was terminated at 17 days by switching from the raw gas oil feed to the above-described refined feed, without changing the catalyst.
The temperature required to maintain a 0░ F. pour point, 330░ F.+ product was observed to decrease over the next four days to 655░ F., with an indication that a new initial equilibrium temperature would set in at about 650░ F. or lower.
This example illustrates one embodiment of the dewaxing process of the present invention wherein a refined feed, although still containing a substantial amount of basic nitrogen, is dewaxed at an equilibrium temperature substantially below that required for the raw feed.
This example is provided to show the effect of pretreatment of the raw gas oil with a clay sorbent compared with refining according to the present invention. A commercial clay sorbent known as "Attagel 40" was prepared as extrudate with the properties shown in Table VII.
TABLE VII______________________________________Density, GM/CCPacked .47Particle .82Real 2.55Surface Area, M2 /GM 139.Pore Vol., CC/GM .828Ave. Pore Dia., A 238.______________________________________
A portion of the raw gas oil described in Table III was treated in the same manner as described in Example 3 except that the clay sorbent was substituted for the crystalline zeolite sorbent. The treated oil was found to have a basic nitrogen content of 230 ppm.
The catalytic dewaxing run described in Example 3 was terminated after the catalyst had been on stream for a total of 21 days, by switching from the refined gas oil feed to the pretreated feed of Example 4, without changing the catalyst.
The temperature required to maintain 0░ F. pour point 330░ F.+ product was observed to increase from about 665░ F. to about 755░ F. over four days of operation, at which point the run was terminated.
Example 5 illustrates that removal of basic nitrogen does not necessarily provide a feed which is more readily dewaxed. Thus, for purposes of the present invention, the terms "refine" and "refined," as used herein, refer to treatment with a crystalline zeolite sorbent as described herein and to a product that evidences a demonstrable catalytic advantage, such as a reduced initial equilibrium temperature, an increased rate of conversion, or the like.
This examples illustrates the process of this invention applied to a hydrotreated Occidental Shale Oil. The raw feed had the properties shown in Table VIII.
TABLE VIII______________________________________Properties of Hydrotreated Shale Oil______________________________________░API 36.1Basic N, ppm 340Pour Point 55░ F.B.P., ░F.IBP/5% 153/29520/50% 441/58170/95% 690/905E.P. 1027______________________________________
The oil was refined by contacting 5 parts by weight of oil with 1 part by weight of ZSM-5 extrudate as sorbent. The ZSM-5 content of the extrudate was about 65 wt.%, the balance being an alumina matrix, and the ZSM-5 had a SiO2 /Al2 O3 ratio of 70. The refined oil contained less than 5 ppm of basic nitrogen.
Both the untreated oil and the oil refined as described were dewaxed at 0░ F. pour point for the 380░ F.+ fraction and the initial equilibrium temperature was determined in each case. The dewaxing conditions were the same as those described in Example 2, and the catalyst was similar to that used in the Example except that it had a slightly lower "alpha" value of 101.
The initial equilibrium temperature determined for the raw oil was 775░ F. The refined oil treated under the same conditions gave an initial equilibrium temperature of 650░ F., i.e., 125░ F. lower than for the raw oil.
The process of this invention has been described up to this point in terms of removal of wax from any hydrocarbon oil, including jet fuels, gas oils, whole crudes, etc. A particular embodiment of this invention is applicable to lube oil stocks, and this embodiment may be used to prepare low pour point lube oil stocks with superior oxidation resistance compared with such stocks catalytically dewaxed without benefit of this invention.
Refining suitable petroleum crude oils to obtain a variety of lubricating oils which function effectively in diverse environments has become a highly developed and complex art. Although the broad principles involved in refining are qualitatively understood, the art is encumbered by quantitative uncertainties which require considerable resort to empiricism in practical refining. Underlying these quantitative uncertainties is the complexity of the molecular constitution of lubricating oils. Because lubricating oils for the most part are based on petroleum fractions boiling above about 450░ F., the molecular weight of the hydrocarbon constituents is high and these constituents display almost all conceivable structures and structure types. This complexity and its consequences are referred to in "Petroleum Refinery Engineering", by W. L. Nelson, McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1958 (Fourth Edition), relevant portions of this text being incorporated herein by reference for background.
In general, the basic notion in lubricant refining is that a suitable crude oil, as shown by experience or by assay, contains a quantity of lubricant stock having a predetermined set of properties such as, for example, appropriate viscosity, oxidation stability, and maintenance of fluidity at low temperatures. The process of refining to isolate that lubricant stock consists of a set of subtractive unit operations which removes the unwanted components. The most important of these unit operations include distillation, solvent refining, and dewaxing, which basically are physical separation processes in the sense that if all the separated fractions were recombined one would reconstitute the crude oil.
A refined lubricant stock may be used as such as a lubricant, or it may be blended with another refined lubricant stock having somewhat different properties. Or, the refined lubricant stock, prior to use as a lubricant, may be compounded with one or more additives which function, for example, as antioxidants, extreme pressure additives, and V.I. improvers. As used herein, the term "stock", regardless whether or not the term is further qualified, will refer only to a hydrocarbon oil without additives. The term "raw stock" will be used herein to refer to a viscous distillate fraction of crude petroleum oil isolated by vacuum distillation of a reduced crude from atmospheric distillation, and before further processing, or its equivalent. The term "raffinate" will refer to an oil that has been solvent refined, for example with furfural. The term "dewaxed stock" or "dewaxed raffinate" will refer to an oil which has been treated by any method to remove or otherwise convert the wax contained therein and thereby reduce its pour point. The term "waxy", as used herein will refer to an oil of sufficient wax content to result in a pour point greater than +30░ F. The term "stock", when unqualified will be used herein generically to refer to the viscous fraction in any stage of refining, but in all cases free of additives.
Briefly, for the preparation of a high grade distillate lubricating oil stock, the current practice is to vacuum distillan atmospheric tower residuum from an appropriate crude oil as the first step. This step provides one or more raw stocks within the boiling range of about 450░ to 1050░ F. After preparation of a raw stock of suitable boiling range, it is extracted with a solvent, e.g. furfural, phenol, or chlorex, which is selective for aromatic hydrocarbons, and which removes undesirable components. The raffinate from solvent refining is then dewaxed, for example, by admixing with a solvent such as a blend of methyl ethyl ketone and toluene. The mixture is chilled to induce crystallization of the paraffin waxes which are then separated from the dewaxed dissolved raffinate in quantity sufficient to provide the desired pour point for the subsequently recovered raffinate.
Other processes such as hydrofinishing or clay percolation may be used if needed to reduce the nitrogen and sulfur content or improve the color of the lubricating oil stock, and to improve oxidation resistance.
Viscosity index (V.I.) is a quality parameter of considerable importance for distillate lubricating oils to be used in automotive engines and aircraft engines which are subject to wide variations in temperature. This Index is a series of numbers ranging from 0 to 100 which indicate the rate of change of viscosity with temperature. A viscosity index of 100 indicates an oil that does not tend to become viscous at low temperature or become thin at high temperatures. Measurement of the Saybolt Universal Viscosity of an oil at 100 and 210░ F., and referral to correlations, provides a measure of the V.I. of the oil. For purposes of the present invention, whenever V.I. is referred to it is meant the V.I. as noted in the Viscosity Index tabulation of the ASTM (D567), published by ASTM, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia 3, Pa., or equivalent.
To prepare high V.I. automotive and aircraft oils the refiner usually selects a crude oil relatively rich in paraffinic hydocarbons, since experience has shown that crudes poor in paraffins, such as those commonly termed "naphthene-base" crudes yield little or no refined stock having a V.I. above about 40. (See Nelson, supra, pages 80-81 for classifications of crude oils). Suitable stocks for high V.I. oils, however, also contain substantial quantities of waxes which result in solvent-refined lubricating oil stocks of high pour point, i.e., a pour point substantially greater than +30░ F. Thus, in general, the refining of crude oil to prepare acceptable high V.I. distillate stocks ordinarily includes dewaxing to reduce the pour point to not greater than +30░ F. The refiner, in this step, often produces saleable paraffin wax by-product, thus in part defraying the high cost of the dewaxing step.
Raw distillate lubricating oil stocks usually do not have a particularly high V.I. However, solvent-refining, as with furfural for example, in addition to removing unstable and sludge-forming components from the crude distillate, also removes components which adversely affect the V.I. Thus, a solvent refined stock prior to dewaxing usually has a V.I. well in excess of specifications. Dewaxing, on the other hand, removes paraffins which have a V.I. of about 200, and thus reduces the V.I. of the dewaxed stock.
In recent years catalytic techniques have become available for dewaxing of petroleum stocks. A process of that nature developed by British Petroleum is described in The Oil and Gas Journal dated Jan. 6, 1975, pages 69-73. See also U.S. Pat. No. 3,668,113.
In U.S. Pat. No. Re. 28,398 (of U.S. Pat. No. 3,700,585) to Chen et al is described a process for catalytic dewaxing with a catalyst comprising zeolite ZSM-5. Such processes combined with catalytic hydrofinishing is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,894,938. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,755,138 to Chen et al is described a process for mild solvent dewaxing to remove high quality wax from a lube stock, which is then catalytically dewaxed to specification pour point. The entire contents of these patents are herein incorporated by reference.
It is interesting to note that catalytic dewaxing, unlike prior art dewaxing processes, although subtractive, is not a physical process but rather depends on transforming the straight chain and other waxy paraffins to non-wax materials. The process, however, is more economical and thus of industrial interest, even though at least some loss of saleable wax is inherent. Commercial interest in catalytic dewaxing is evidence of the need for more efficient refinery processes to produce low pour point lubricants.
Poor resistance to oxidation, which forms corrosive products, sludge, or both, is highly undesirable in a quality lubricant. In general, improved resistance to oxidation is imparted by hydrotreating the lube base stock to the point at which it passes an industry accepted oxidation resistance test.
It has been observed in some instances that catalytic dewaxing in the presence of hydrogen gas with a catalyst such as ZSM-5 tends to produce lube base stock oils with increased bromine number and degraded resistance to oxidation when the dewaxing is conducted at a temperature higher than about 675░ F. or 700░ F. and under moderate pressure, such as less than 1000 psig. This deficiency becomes difficult to correct by ordinary mild hydrotreating. Because of this effect, it is preferred to dewax lube base stock oils at as low as temperature as is practical with said temperature not to exceed 700░ F., and most preferably not to exceed 675░ F. Thus the particular conditions shown in Table IX are preferred for dewaxing lube base stock oils, and at least in some cases, become mandatory if very good resistance to oxidation is to be achieved.
TABLE IX______________________________________DEWAXING STEP, LUBE BASE STOCKS Most Preferred Preferred______________________________________ Without hydrogenTemperature, ░F. 400-700 500-675LHSV, hr-1 0.3-20 0.5-10Pressure, psig 0-3000 25 to 1500 With HydrogenTemperature, ░F. 400-700 500-675LHSV, hr-1 0.1-10 0.5-40H2 /HC mol ratio 1-20 2-10Pressure, psig 0-3000 200-1500______________________________________
Certain waxy lube base stock raffinates exhibit an initial equilibrium temperature above 675░ to 700░ F. when dewaxed at about 1 LHSV. Dewaxing such stocks catalytically to an end-of-run temperature not to exceed 675░ to 700░ F. requires such frequent regeneration as to become excessively costly. However, by pretreating said raffinate with a sorbent, as described hereinabove, the initial equilibrium temperature is reduced to 700░ F. or less, and the dewaxing operation with production of low pour point oil of very good oxidation resistance becomes feasible.
Since in general the oxidation resistance of a catalytically dewaxed lube base stock reffinate is improved by reduction of the dewaxing temperature, any waxy raffinate that contains a catalytically deleterious impurity will benefit in oxidation stability if pretreated with a sorbent, as described hereinabove, followed by dewaxing at a temperature at least 25░ F. lower than would be required to produce the same pour point reduction without pretreatment and under otherwise the same process conditions.
In order for a lube base stock raffinate to be suitable for the process of this invention, it must contain a contaminant, i.e. a catalytically deleterious impurity, or at least exhibit behavior consistent with such contamination. When it is not known whether or not the raffinate does contain such contaminant, a relatively simple test which is conducted as follows will resolve the question. About two parts of the raffinate is mixed with one part of dewaxing catalyst at room temperature, or at a higher temperature in the range of 20░ F. to 212░ F. if needed to make the hydrocarbon feed fluid enough for effective mixing and contact with the catalyst. The mixture is allowed to stand for about one hour, after which the treated oil is separated from the catalyst. A test is now made comparing the treated feed with the raw feed under practical catalytic dewaxing conditions or a realistic variant thereof, using, of course, fresh catalyst. If the initial equilibrium temperature of the raffinate and the pretreated raffinate are substantially the same, then the raffinate may be regarded as substantially free of contaminant and unsuitable for purposes of this invention. If, however, the initial equilibrium temperature of the raffinate is reduced from a temperature above 700░ F. to 675░-700░ F. or less, the raffinate is suitable for purposes of this invention. Also, if the initial equilibrium temperature of the untreated raffinate is below 675░ F. but is reduced by at least 25░ F. in this pretreatment test, the untreated raffinate is deemed suitable.
For purposes of the present embodiment of this invention, the preferred crystalline zeolites are ZSM-5, ZSM-11, intergrowths of ZSM-5 and ZSM-11, ZSM-12, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-38 and ZSM-48. As is known to those skilled in the art, any of these zeolites may be recognized from its x-ray diffraction pattern which results essentially from its crystal structure, the alumina and cation content of the crystal having but little effect on the pattern. Thus, as illustrated previously, the crystalline zeolite used to refine the feed and that used as catalyst may have the same crystal structure and either the same or a different chemical compositions. Also within the scope of this invention is to refine the feed with a crystalline zeolite having a crystal structure different from that of the zeolite used in the catalyst. For purposes of this invention, the preferred crystalline zeolites are ZSM-5, ZSM-11 and intergrowths thereof.
In concluding this description, the inventors wish to emphasize that the term "contaminant," as used herein, refers to whatever substance behaves in a deleterious way in catalytic dewaxing, and that the chemical composition of the contaminant need not be ascertained. Furthermore, the term "contaminant," or the phrase "catalytically deleterious impurity," is intended to include deleterious organic substances which occur in natural association with the hydrocarbon oil or its precursor, such as a crude petroleum, as well as materials which may be formed during processing of the oil. The term also include, of course, contaminants of well defined and known chemical structure such as furfural, sulfolane and the like which are used for extraction or separation of fractions.
The reader's attention is called to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 225,293 filed on even date herewith which describes the embodiment of this invention concerned with catalytic conversion of contaminanted hydrocarbons, and to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 225,294 filed on even date herewith in which an embodiment of this invention is described in which high octane gasoline is produced as a by-product.
Citas de patentes
Citada por
Eventos legales
Imagen original


text:
SEA LIFE UK - London >
News and events >
News Archive >
Cuban Crocodiles
The SEA LIFE London Aquarium has become the only UK home to a pair of the world's rarest reptiles, as two critically endangered Cuban Crocodiles settle into a wetland habitat at the attraction. The arrival of the pair of first generation captive-bred females from a Denmark zoo marks the beginning of an important new research and breeding programme to help protect the decimated species.
Only a few thousand Cuban Crocodiles remain in the wild living in just two swamps, and the newly arrived females are among a mere handful in captivity in Europe. Once they have settled into their new home at the London Aquarium the team plan to introduce a male with the intention of continuing breeding as part of an international programme to protect the survival of these critically endangered creatures.
"These creatures have been hunted to the point of extinction and we have an exciting opportunity to understand them better and help protect them" commented Paul Hale, Head Curator at the SEA LIFE London Aquarium. "They have highly evolved senses and are undoubtedly unique in the crocodile world. We want to research their behaviour more thoroughly and also raise awareness of the threats faced by endangered aquatic species and habitats throughout the world."
The experts at the London Aquarium will be monitoring the creatures' behaviour closely in a bid to understand more about their reportedly high intelligence levels and behaviour. Despite only growing to a length of around 3.5m, Cubans are amongst the most dangerous of crocodile species and are notorious for their unique ability to leap out of the water in pursuit of their prey.
The crocodiles will join a host of other creatures including Poison Arrow Frogs and Piranha Fish in the Rainforests of the World area at the aquarium, and guests will be able to learn more about these fascinating creatures through family friendly talks.
Organise your day!
Learn about your favourite animals
How we help with conservation
Join SEA LIFE for news and special offers!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Air & Water Treatment BV
P.O. Box 1309
NL-3600 BH Maarssen
Ambachtsweg 46
3542 DH Utrecht
The Netherlands
Phone : +31 30 242 61 75
Fax : +31 30 242 61 80
Contact : Mr. Wilfred Sprang
WTN Air & Water Treatment BV is active is several fields:
The technologies used depends on the situation and are tailor
made. But frequently used technology is:
Air Pollution Control Systems are:
Please have a representative phone me
We apologize for the inconvenience, but spambot mail required
that we add an anti-spambot question --
What is the first letter in the word "zombie"?
Back to finishing.com Home Page View
click-thru log.


text:
Billiards and Snooker collectors web-sites
The Cues n Views Web Site is the web site in Britain that focuses on the collecting of English Billiards and Snooker . Co-creator and chief writer for the site is David Smith, a collector of antique Billiards and Snooker cues. His knowledge of the subject and current collection are amongst the most complete in the country.
The Norman Clare Collection at Thurston (formerly E.A. Clare and Son), St Anne Street, Liverpool, is probably the largest collection of billiards and snooker memorabilia in the world. Only the Heinrich Weingartner Museum in Vienna compares with it, and that is devoted to carom billiards (the European / American version of the game played on pocketless tables).
Anyone who visited the Snooker Heritage Room, which used to be set up each year at Sheffield during the World Snooker Championships, will have seen items from The Norman Clare collection, as Thurston not only supplied many of the items on display but also help set the room up each year.
Yet only the keenest collectors and snooker cognoscenti are aware of it and of the vast range of fascinating and historical pieces to be found there. It includes the weird and the wonderful - ancient cue tips, a variety of tables, ivory and early composite balls, Eralc chalk, maces and even pocket plates damaged during prison riots! So for those of you previously unaware of this collection, perhaps a little background information will be of interest.
These links have not been assigned a group.
Contact Us | Terms of Use | Trademarks | Privacy StatementCopyright © 2009 Vintage Billiards. All Rights Reserved.
Designed by Anvil.


text:
STS Mixed-Frequency Nitride PECVD System
Data Process (pdf)
Instruction Set (pdf)
The STS Mesc Multiplex PECVD is a dual frequency (13.56 MHz and 380 kHz) silicon nitride deposition system. Silicon nitride can be grown in either high-, low- or mixed-frequency modes in order to tailor the film stress to a particular application. . The tool is set-up to handle 4" or 6" silicon wafers, or piece-parts mounted to 4" or 6" silicon wafers or alumina sample carriers.
Surface Technology Systems plc
Imperial Park
Newport, NP10 8UJ
Tel: +44 1633 652400
Fax: +44 1633 652405
ST Systems USA Inc
77A Portsmouth Avenue
Stratham, NH 03885
Tel: (603) 775 0840
Fax: (603) 775 0441


text:
As I read through the articles for today's discussion, the one that really stuck out to me was "Misguided, Dangerous, and Wrong." As a young woman who holds herself to a certain standard, I've always seen pornography and the porn industry as being wrong. I have always seen intercourse as something that is supposed to remain intimate between two people and have, quite frankly, been quite disgusted with some of the things in the media (including the porn industry today). To me, it's always been a questions of morals and moral issues, though. It has not been about what the industry itself is saying about women and this, so called, intimacy shown in porn. I always thought that these women that performed in these films were wrong in themselves. That there was something morally wrong about them and that they had it wrong. It was their decision to act a certain way and they had complete control over what they were doing regarding the film. As I read through the article, however, I found myself taking a bit of a different stance on the issue of porn. Reading through the article, I found myself sort of taking the side of these women. It became less of an issue of their own moral identities and more about how the system has driven them into such a field. Many of these women come from underprivileged backgrounds and are not given a good example of how they should be intimate with another person or how they should use themselves and their minds to get into a career to support themselves. They don't seem to know much else other than to use their body to make some sort of money. On top of that, once they begin filming and being a part of this video making process, they're exploited like no other. They are violated and taken advantage of to the fullest extent with no regards to them as human beings. And the images that they are often forced to film surely do not help the idea that men have power over women, especially those in the porn industry. It's one of the most degrading things that I personally believe a woman can do or choose to do. I guess this article gave me new eyes to see women in porn and to sympathize with them rather than point fingers and criticize them for the ways in which they're leading their lives. Yes, to an extent it is the woman's choice whether or not to be in a porno, but they are often times fully taken advantage of once they agree to be in the video.
Overall, I found this article very interesting in the sense that it gave me a new way to look at the porn industry and see just how patriarchal our society really is. I guess my question for discussion this week is: Do you think that, if the tables were turned, and MEN were in the position that women are in (within the porn industry) today, would we be having a difference discussion? Would people put up more of a fight? Because this type of exploitation has become okay..since it's women. Would it be different if roles were reversed and men were being taken advantage of?


text:
Manzanita Perch for Birds
|North American Pet Products Manzanita Perch is made of tough manzanita wood makes the best perch your bird could ever have! The hard, irregular surface exercises feet, and manzanita stands up to more chewing than softer woods. Durable Manzanita perch Use several size perches inside your cage for variety Thickness and shape will vary on each perch since this is a natural product
ZuPreem FruitBlend Premium Daily Bird Food with Natural Fruit Flavors - Medium / Large Birds
|ZuPreem Fruit Blend With Natural Fruit Flavors Premium Bird Food is formulated for various species of adult psittacines (hookbills) and passerines (softbills). Nutritionally balanced and available in various pellet sizes. Larger pellet sizes have five different fruit shapes and colors Naturally Preserved ZuPreem is the No. 1 selling pelleted bird food brand in the US Recommended for Conures, Amazons, Greys, Pionus, Caiques, Senegals and other medium to large parrots.Feeding Instructions: Feed free choice and assure your bird always has fresh food and water. Adjust amounts to ensure your bird's optimum body condition – most birds consume 20% of their weight daily. Make this diet at least 80% of what your bird eats every day. Vitamin and mineral supplements are not required and could be harmful. Do not leave moistened food in the cup for more than 2 hours.Storage Instructions: Store in a cool dry place, free of pests and insects. Gently push air from bag and reclose after each use.Ingredients: Ground corn, Soybean meal, Ground wheat, Wheat germ meal, Sugar, Vegetable oil (preserved with mixed tocopherols), Oranges, Apples, Calcium carbonate, Dicalcium phosphate, Grapes, Bananas, Iodized salt, Natural fruit flavors, DL-Methionine, Choline chloride, Vitamins (Vitamin E supplement, Niacin, Calcium pantothenate, Vitamin A supplement, Biotin, Riboflavin, Pyridoxine hydrochloride, Thiamine mononitrate, Menadione sodium bisulfite complex (source of Vitamin K activity), Vitamin B12 supplement, Vitamin D3 supplement, Folic acid), L-Lysine monohydrochloride, preserved with Citric acid and Mixed tocopherols, Yellow 5, L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate (a source of Vitamin C), Red 40, Yellow 6, Minerals (Manganous oxide, Zinc oxide, Copper sulfate, Sodium selenite, Calcium iodate), Color added, Blue 1, Red 3, Rosemary extractGuaranteed Analysis: Crude Protein (min) - 14% Crude Fat (min) - 4.0% Crude Fiber (max) - 3.5% Moisture (max) - 10%
Kaytee Forti Diet Pro Health Oat Groats Treat for All Birds
|Kaytee Forti Diet Pro Health Oat Groats for All Birds is fortified with vitamins and nutrients to add variety and flavor to your bird's regular diet. These natural oat groats are a good source of protein for all birds, and contain only natural, delicious tasting ingredients. Good source of protein Fortified with vitamins and nutrients Adds variety and flavor to any bird's diet Packed in a resealable canister for lasting freshness.Ingredients: Oat Groats, Artificial Color. Manufactured in a facility that processes peanuts and other tree nuts.Guaranteed Analysis:Crude Protein (min) - 14.0%Crude Fat (min) - 5.0%Crude Fiber (max) - 3.5%Moisture (max) - 12.0%


text:
San Francisco, CA (PRWEB) April 03, 2014
Why watch when you can do? Viator, the leading provider of tours and activities worldwide, has a collection of experiences that bring travelers and fans "on location" of some of today's most watched and most talked about television shows. "Game of Thrones," "Mad Men" and "Deadliest Catch" provide thrilling and chilling on-screen drama that leads to amazing real-life explorations in places like Dubrovnik, New York City and the Bering Sea of Alaska.
Game of Thrones
Despite one of the bloodiest and deadliest season finales, this season of the HBO series Game of Thrones returns with plenty of action and intrigue April 6. Travelers can walk among the beautiful and bewitching backdrops of this blockbuster show in Dubrovnik, Belfast and Valletta (Malta), and brand new to the Viator line-up, Akureyri, Iceland.
Mad Men - NEW
While the era of the sophisticated style of 1960s Madison Avenue may be coming to its AMC series conclusion, the Mad Men Cocktail Tour of New York will make sure the legends of Betty and Don Draper live on. With afternoon and evening options, fans of the show (who are encouraged to dress in vintage style) will sip cocktails from Mad Men-featured establishments as they learn about the history of NYC's ad industry.
Deadliest Catch - NEW
Travelers can find out what life is like as a commercial fisherman in Alaska during the Bering Sea Crab Fisherman's Tour from Ketchikan. Board the Aleutian Ballad, a commercial fishing boat that was featured on the Discovery Channel's popular show Deadliest Catch, to watch the expert fishing crew set their pots and haul their catch of king crab, box crab, and more on deck.
Viator's selection of insider, on-location experiences include Downton Abbey, Lord of the Rings, Sex and the City, The Sopranos and more. Travelers can visit the Viator Travel Blog for inspiration, and stay up-to-date with the latest from Viator on Facebook (ViatorTours) and Twitter (ViatorTravel).
About Viator
Viator is the leading global tours and activities provider for travelers, delivering online and mobile access to thousands of curated trip activities including tours, attractions, shore excursions and private guides, in more than 1,500 destinations worldwide. In-house travel experts work with trusted local operators to ensure the quality and value of every experience, all backed by Viator's 24/7 customer service and global low-price guarantee. With more than 500,000 verified reviews plus exclusive videos and insider travel tips, Viator has everything a traveler needs to find and book the best things to do worldwide. In addition to the flagship site – Viator.com – travelers can book in advance or in-destination via the Viator Tours and Activities App, as well as local-language sites for European, Latin American and Asian travelers. Viator also provides tours and activities to more than 3,000 affiliate partners including some of the world's top airlines, hotels and online travel agencies. Founded in 1995, Viator is a privately held company headquartered in San Francisco with regional offices in Sydney, London and Las Vegas. Viator – travel with an insider.


text:
Mt Ventoux stage chosen for amateur's legendary Etape de Tour
The Etape stage is chosen…its coming our way. La Madelene will host a cycling party via specialists cyclomundo who will take part in the Montelimar-Ventoux stage on the 20th July next year…full details:
Monday 20th July
Montelimar to Mont Ventoux, 172km
"Ride a classic mountain stage of the Tour de France"
Last visited in 2000, the Etape du Tour will return to the Mythical Mont Ventoux in 2009 on Monday July 20th, and will follow the exact route of stage 20 of the 2009 Tour de France.
This will be the 17th edition of the famous Etape du Tour, the stage of the Tour de France that the public can ride, and over the years, we have seen many famous stages replicated but only few live up to the sensations of climbing and finishing on top of Mont Ventoux.
Mont Ventoux "The Giant of Provence" is seldom visited by the Tour de France and when it is everyone hopes it will be the stage chosen for L'Etape du Tour. Well, in 2009 your wishes have been granted….
This will be an extremely popular Etape du Tour that appeals to all cyclists. The route is challenging enough for the hardened cyclo sportive rider yet within the capabilities and a huge achievement for the Etape virgins.
The stage route starts from the city of Montelimar, on the Rhone valley and features four smaller climbs (3rd & 2nd category climbs (Côte de Citelle 19km, Col d'Eye 70km, the Col de Fontaube 92km, and the Col de Notre-Dame des Abeilles 126km) before a long descent to Bedoin and the 21.5km climb to Mont Ventoux.
Route details19km Côte de Citelle 5.2km at 3.9% (3rd Category)70km Col d'Eye 6.3km at 5% (2nd Category)92km Col de Fontaube 4.7km at 4.3% (3rd Category)126km Col de Notre-Dame des Abeilles 7.8km at 4% (2nd Category)172km Mont Ventoux 21.2km at 7.6%
The start in Montelimar is only 70km from the base of Mont Ventoux and therefore makes it possible to offer fixed centre location packages.


text:
A publication of the Archaeological Institute of America
Summary: Phiale mesomphalos
Material: Gold, 99 percent pure (almost 24-karat) (energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, Metropolitan Museum of Art)
Period: Hellenistic (323-146 B.C.)
Decoration: Three rings of 36 acorns and a fourth, inside, of beechnuts. Alternating with the acorns in the outermost ring are bees, the two symbolizing the earth's "victual in plenty," as described by Hesiod. In the center is a large knob representing the omphalos, the mythic navel of the universe.
Dimensions: Diameter 23 cm, height 4 cm, weight 982 grams
Recent history: Collection of Vincenzo Pappalardo, Catania, Sicily, ca. 1977-1980. Collection of Vincenzo Cammarata, Enna, Sicily, 1980-1991. Collection of Michael Steinhardt, New York City, 1991-1995. Seized by U.S. Customs, 1995. Currently under litigation.
Bibliography: Giacomo Manganaro, "Darici in Sicilia e le emissioni auree delle poleis siceliote e di cartagine nel V-III sec. a.C.," Revue des Études Anciennes, 91:1-2 (1989), pp. 302-304. Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, 39 (1989), no. 1034.
Comparison: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 62.11.1


text:
A Resounding Success
The community celebration, which raised nearly a half million dollars for Marywood's Learning Commons, was held on Thursday, April 24, 2014, at the Center for Athletics and Wellness.
School of Architecture First Graduating Class
After five years of continued enrollment growth and educational experimentation, the School of Architecture produced Marywood University's inaugural class of students.
Perfect Pitch
For the first time since 1995, Marywood University won the Colonial States Athletic Conference Softball Championship with a 3-2 victory over Cabrini College in the first game of the softball championship.
Reunion Weekend
With nearly 400 alumni attending events throughout the weekend, generations of alumni had the opportunity to meet and mingle, reconnect, and re-engage. For many, it felt as though they had never left.
Zest for Life Inspires Appetizing Career
Class of 1964 Presents Reunion Gif
Class of 2009 Establishes Sarah Beth George Endowed Scholarship
Goal-Oriented: Ryan Jones '13 Plays Professional Soccer in Finland
Dr. Lisa Antoniacci is First Gerod Schierling Endowed Chair
IHM Sisters' Selfless Commitment Endures
Sister Margaret Gannon, IHM Educator and Social Justice Advocate Retires
Melody Collins (M.S.W. '14): Experience, Education, Advocacy, and Vocation
Kasey Lee Lynn '14 Presents Undergraduate Research at Capitol Hill Event
Colorful Sichuan Opera to Take the Stage in October
New School of Business and Global Innovation
Vice President's 18-Year Tenure Was "All about the Students"
Teaching English, Learning Polish
Distinguished Educator Awarded Three Fulbright Scholarships
|2300 Adams Avenue, Scranton, PA 18509
570-348-6211 | toll free: 1-TO-MARYWOOD
| Copyright © 2015 by Marywood University. All rights reserved.
Sponsored by Sisters, Servants of Immaculate Heart of Mary


text:
Our network of bloggers finished off the last week in January in style.
While Saucy Glossie sported ski gear while covering the X Games in Aspen, Something Navy and My Style Pill got ready for spring with layers and light jackets. Click through the gallery to see the rest of this week's curator street style.
For more on Style and Lifestyle, visit AOL.com.
More From StyleList:
Shop Like a Pro: How to Navigate Forever 21
This Week's Curator Street Style: Week 9
This Week's Curator Street Style: Week 8
Photo Credit: Saucy Glossie


text:
DENVER — Denver police say a man's body was found in an alley after he was run over by a vehicle.
Department spokesman Sonny Jackson tells The Denver Post (http://goo.gl/ZJLwj2 ) the victim, whose name has not been released, was found unresponsive after he was hit at about 5:30 a.m. Monday.
Investigators have not released any other information about the hit-and-run.
Information from: The Denver Post, http://www.denverpost.com


text:
These are my last Whitworth Today words. Good. I'm out of words. That's why I had to quit my job. I ran out of words. Nah, that's a lame excuse. Words are reusable. It's a good thing. If they weren't, I'd spend the balance of my life pointing at stuff. I can just see myself at dinner, pointing silently at the salad bowl, followed by Bonnie looking silently back at me, and then busting the salad bowl over my head. I used to teach non-verbal communication. That would be a fine example. So I'll be reusing please and thank you, both with Bonnie and with you.
Under the please category, I have two requests. First, if you can make Beck Taylor feel as accepted as I have felt in this job, you will be doing a great service to Whitworth and to him. It shouldn't be hard. He absolutely loves Whitworth's mission, he is immensely talented, and, like his predecessor, he married over his head. Please love the Taylor family. We certainly do. We are just thrilled they have been called to Whitworth.
Please support Whitworth. Pray for this school every day. Love and support our students. Over the past 18 months, the challenges of the economic downturn have created several amazing opportunities for us to invest in resources that add great security to our future. These investments have, however, made budgets tight for the next two years. Sustaining our financial aid program during this tough period will depend significantly on your gifts.
For my two thank-you items, I'll pick up where I left off. Thank you for the support you have provided for Whitworth during the last two decades. It has been thrilling to watch how you have contributed to the transformation of our campus.
Thank you for the warmth with which you have embraced my family and me. I will always think of Whitworth as my life's work, and our whole family will forever picture Hawthorne House when we hear the word home. As Bonnie and I prepare to leave, I've been surprised at what little sense of loss I have felt so far. Though I certainly had a lump in my throat at commencement, this has been a very joyful year. When I try to understand why I'm not feeling more sentimental, I keep coming upon the difference between my job and my school. Stepping out of this job has both positives and negatives, and I find myself focusing on the positives. But leaving or replacing Whitworth would be excruciating. I'd be crying like Bonnie or Rick Hornor (my two favorite criers). We'll never really leave Whitworth, though. No matter how behind-the-scenes or invisible I will be in supporting Whitworth and Beck in my role as president emeritus, this will still be our school. My biggest loss will be an amazing relationship I enjoy with our students. But I have a lifetime's worth of great memories and durable friendships that will keep before me the students with whom I have walked this campus.
So I step out of this job with immense thankfulness to God. And I thank you for allowing me to do my best in lifting the Whitworth mission to honor God, follow Christ and serve humanity.
Copyright © Whitworth University. All Rights Reserved.


text: Wash Up Hooded Towel & Washcloth Set (Pink) $30.00 Generously sized hooded towel and coordinating washcloth are super soft and gentle for a comfy bath time experience, in the tub and out. Hooded cotton terry towel is double layered, making it extra absorbent and durable. Four-layer washcloth gets softer after each wash, thanks to unique 100% cotton muslin fabric.Details, details Made by aden + anais Washcloth features a playful printed fish design and hanging loop for quicker drying ImportedShow 'em what you're made of Towel: 100% cotton terry Washcloth: 100% cotton muslinCare instructions Machine washableColor options Pink trim Blue trim Orange trim view full details


text:
CRESTVIEW — A 23-year-old man has been arrested and charged in a late-night armed burglary at the Ritz 1 gas station on South Ferdon Boulevard.
About 11:30 p.m. Sunday, Crestview police officers responded to an alarm call at the store. When they arrived, they saw Christopher Allen Jeter, who lives in Crestview, inside the store, according to a news release from the police department.
Jeter fled on foot and was quickly captured without further incident, the release said.
He was armed with a large kitchen knife, according to police.
Jeter was arrested and charged with armed burglary, criminal mischief under $1,000, resisting an officer without violence and petty theft.
He was being held in the Okaloosa County Jail on $13,000 bond Monday afternoon.


text:
Pittsburgh, PA (PRWEB) June 13, 2012
invivodata inc. ® the industry leader in reliable electronic solutions and strategic consulting services for successful Clinical Outcome Assessment (COA) data collection in global clinical research, today opened registration for its PROficiency™ 2012 Regional Conference Series. Occurring throughout Europe and the US, this series of 1-day educational events will provide biopharmaceutical researchers with current, relevant information on effectively using COAs in clinical development, with focus on recent trends pertaining to regulators' increasing emphasis on all patient centered data, including patient, clinician, and observer reported outcomes (PRO, ClinRO, and ObsRO).
The series, which is an extension of invivodata's ongoing educational initiative, PROficiency™ 2012: PROs and Beyond, has been expanded to ten locations on the following dates:
"We've designed the series' agenda with practical topics pertaining to the scientific and regulatory considerations of capturing patient perspective in clinical development," said Dr. Jean Paty, invivodata's Chief Scientist and Regulatory Officer. "Our goal is for attendees to walk away from each conference with real-world information that can be used day-to-day in their clinical research."
Each conference agenda includes sessions focused on meeting current, global COA regulations, developing effective COA endpoint strategies for Phase II and III research, and implementing COA / electronic COA (eCOA) data capture in clinical development. Presentations will be delivered by a diverse faculty of international biopharmaceutical professionals and industry and regulatory experts, including:
Post-conference surveys from last year's series indicated that 96% of attendees said the knowledge gained from the conferences would make them more effective in their job. After participating in the series, an Associate Clinical Program Director from Astellas Pharma Europe remarked, "Great meeting! Very informative, good discussions, some new insights gained…truly back to the patient!"
invivodata is offering a discount of over 30% off registration fees for attendees who register before July 31, 2012. For additional information and to register for the series, visit http://www.invivodata.com/resource-center/proficiency-educational-series/proficiency-regional-conferences.
About invivodata
invivodata is the only fully-integrated Clinical Outcomes Assessments (COA) company delivering regulatory-proven strategic consulting and practical electronic solutions to biopharmaceutical companies who depend upon patient-centered research. From reliable and scientifically sound consulting that helps research teams effectively develop, execute, and document COA strategies to electronically collecting COA data in global clinical development programs, invivodata helps its customers strategically use patient, clinician, and observer reported outcomes data (PROs, ClinROs & ObsROs) to support labeling claims, enhance reimbursement strategies, and meet other clinical program objectives. Through partnerships with leading CROs and eClinical technology providers, invivodata seamlessly integrates into the clinical trial ecosystem, helping to minimize operational risk and maximize efficiencies. invivodata's electronic solutions and strategic consulting services have been used in over 600 clinical projects and are built upon the industry-leading ePRO system in delivering primary efficacy data for global drug approvals. invivodata, inc. is a privately held company with global headquarters in Pittsburgh, PA., USA; its European headquarters is in London, England; and its technology development center is in Scotts Valley, CA., USA. For more information, visit http://www.invivodata.com.


text:
Oil Market Update (April 16, 2013)
Oil – A brief overview of oil price developments, supply and demand and significant market movers.
Oil – A brief overview of oil price developments, supply and demand and significant market movers.
Oil – The death of Hugo Chavez and the prospect of a regime change in Venezuela are likely to attract investor interest in the short term.
Gold – The $4.75-per-share offer announced on Monday bests Alamos Gold's hostile bid for Aurizon, thus creating a company worth $1.6 billion.
Oil – Bloomberg reported that West Texas Intermediate oil dropped for the fourth time in 5 days after data showed an increase in US inventories, higher than last week's forecast.
Oil – Bloomberg reported that the late president Hugo Chavez leaves his successor the job of reviving the country's oil fields after his policies of limiting investment and banning drillers from the US have lowered their production by 13% over the last decade.
Oil – Relations between Russia and Venezuela were boosted recently when Russian oil companies confirmed plans to invest $17.6 billion in the South American country's energy sector.
Oil – A brief overview of oil price developments, supply and demand and significant market movers.
The country's long-time president has rankled foreign miners with harsh restrictions and outright expropriation. Would a post-Chavez Venezuela be any different?
Gold – As the price of gold appears to spiral continually upward among pervasive fears of economic security, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez has made wide sweeping policy changes in Venezuela to redistribute gold assets and nationalize the industry.
Get our independent commentary on resource trends and companies delivered to your inbox.
The long-term outlook for Resource is positive and the worlds largest Resource producers are confident that the next few years will see a return to robust demand growth. The main growth markets for the metal are the BRIC countries, but demand from Western economies is expected to rise as well. The automotive and aerospace industries are seen as the main catalysts for new growth as manufacturers seek to reduce fuel consumption by creating lighter weight vehicles.
Resource Investing News is one of the leading providers of news and education on the Resource market. We pride ourselves on delivering quality, independent news to our investor audience. Our newsletters feature the latest Resource market commentary for investors interested in Resource stocks so you can stay up to date on the markets and leading companies.
Please sign up now to receive exclusive Resource articles delivered to your email account every week.
With your subscription, Resource Investing News will also send you a Stock Catalysts report at the beginning of the month that addresses sponsor company upcoming milestones which could positively impact a companys stock price.


text:
Drunk driver makes plea deal in fatal crashBy ERIC FRANCIS
CORRESPONDENT | May 01,2013
WHITE RIVER JUNCTION The drunk teenager who hit a pair of Texas women head-on in front of the Sharon fire station in October 2011, killing one and leaving the other handicapped for life, reached a plea agreement Tuesday.
Carlos Garcia, now 20, who had moved from California to Sharon just a few months before the fatal crash, pleaded guilty to two felony counts of drunken driving, first offense, with death and serious injury resulting.
A witness to the accident on October 13, 2011, told investigators that Garcias green Volkswagen had been passing cars at 60 mph and weaving across the road before it struck a car in the opposite lane without putting on its brake lights.
The collision destroyed both cars, sending the VW flying over an embankment and the other car into a granite monument and flag pole in front of the fire station.
Police said the impact killed the oncoming cars front-seat passenger, Zyra Flores, 53, of San Antonio, Texas. The driver, a Texas judge named Karen Crouch, 51 at the time, suffered serious leg injuries.
The women had been attending a conference at the Vermont Law School in nearby South Royalton.
Police said Garcias blood-alcohol level was more than three times the legal limit for driving. He has been in jail awaiting trial on six felony counts.
With the pair of guilty pleas and four felony counts dropped, the court is awaiting the results of a pre-sentencing investigation. Sentencing will take place later this year.
Under the terms of the plea agreement, the judge could impose up to 15 years in prison. But prosecutors have already agreed they will argue for 10 years, while the defense can argue for less.
Deputy States Attorney David Cahill told the court that Crouch will travel from Texas to give a victims impact statement on behalf of herself and her dead friend.MORE IN Southern VermontBENNINGTON — Ask author and Bennington College graduate Charlotte Silver if the title of... Full StoryPresident Calvin Coolidge was remembered in all sorts of ways Saturday on the 143rd anniversary... Full StoryPresident Calvin Coolidge was remembered in all sorts of ways Saturday on the 143rd anniversary... Full Story
- Most Popular
- Most Emailed
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day 1739, 'Richard Palmer' identified in prison at York Castle as the notorious outlaw DICK TURPIN; IN 1836, Battle of the Alamo begins near San Antonio de Bexar, Texas; 1896, the Tootsie Roll invented by LEO HIRSCHFELD.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1472, Orkney, Shetland islands put up as collateral by Norway to Scotland in lieu of dowry for MARGARET OF DENMARK on her marriage with JAMES III, king of Scotland; 1962, JOHN GLENN first American to orbit Earth.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: City mayoral candidates debate campaign issues; Hartford, Conn., woman still missing; Neal Goswami reports attempts to legislate suicide; local woman loses 100 pounds through TOPS program.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1878, JOHN TUNSTALL murdered near Lincoln, New Mexico, by the outlaw JESSE EVANS; in 1930, ELM FARM OLLIE first cow to fly in aircraft, first to be milked airborne; 1955, nuke test WASP; '79, snow in Sahara.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: Rutland Herald News Editor Alan J. Keays and staff writer Gordon Dritschilo discuss stories planned for the February 18, 2015, edition of the newspaper: Winter budgets maxed, legal marijuana, Springfield bank job, USPS slowdown
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1249 AD, ANDRE of LONGJUMEAU is dispatched by LOUIS IX of France to meet the KHAGAN, ruler of the Mongol Empire; in 1804, during 1st Barbary War, STEPHEN DECATUR scuttles the pirate-held USS Philadelphia in Tripoli.


text:
Is the audio quality from the dock different than from the headphone jack? Specifically would attaching a DAC to dock to stereo make sense?
Hooking up iPhone3G to stereo through digital audio convertor.
- Asked by Bruce R from New York
Apple iPhone 3G Dock
Product No Longer Available
1 Answer from the Community
No. You can only use the analog output to connect it to a stereo, or use the USB output from the dock to connect it to a computer. You cannot connect the USB output from this dock to a DAC.
- Answered by Eric K from Clayton


text: "The beauty of self-confidence…Make yourself a confidence boosting mantraDid you ever notice how when you're feeling confident, happy, positive and I-feel-oh-so-fabulous people tell you how great you look? Well, that's no surprise. The authentic quality of confidence is the oldest beauty secret in the book. No bronzer or shimmery blush can create it. Not even high lights, low lights or a blow out can produce that internal shine that comes from a truly confident woman.Woman, you need confidence with where you are in your life, career-wise, relationship-wise, body-wise, health-wise. If you don't love and accept yourself right here, right now, it doesn't matter what beauty tip you apply; you will always be missing something."Published on September 01, 2009


text:
You won't be able to dismiss this by usual means (escape or click button), but you can close it programatically based on user choices or actions.
"The designer of the card was great. They reworked the spacing because my information was a lot more than the sample. They were really able to make the card feel like it was made for my wedding"
"The invitation came out great. On the backside of the invite, I chose the red/maroon color with hotel accommodations listed. In the picture the red/maroon did not look like it matched the blossoms on the front too well. When I received it, the colors matched perfectly!! i have had so many comments about how simple, but beautiful the invite is!"
"We are so happy with how our wedding invitations turned out! I can't believe how much we love them. The colors are vibrant and elegant and are perfect for our Dallas rooftop wedding. I give this product 5 stars for sure and nothing less."
"These cards are great - simple and elegant. They arrived super quickly and the customer service / designer that assisted us was fantastic. The process was smooth and effortless."
"Ordering my invitations from Wedding Paper Divas was overall one of the best online shopping experiences I've ever had, and I shop online all the time. I actually ordered 2 different designs for the 2 different wedding celebrations we're having. Both sets required some editing of the standard design, and the process of making all desired changes was quick, seamless, easy. Everything arrived when expected, as expected. Excellent quality. I would recommend Wedding Paper Divas to anyone!"


text:
Contained Places
Research Tips
Erewash, Derbyshire in A Vision of Britain Through Time
Erewash is a local government district and borough in eastern Derbyshire, England, to the east of Derby and the west of Nottingham. It contains the towns of Ilkeston, Long Eaton and Sandiacre and fourteen civil parishes.
The borough was formed on 1 April 1974 by the merger of the Borough of Ilkeston, the Long Eaton urban district and part of South East Derbyshire Rural District.
The borough council's headquarters are split between each of the main urban areas at Long Eaton and Ilkeston Town Halls.
The borough is home to the public school, Trent College, The Long Eaton School In Long Eaton, Erewash and its junior / prep school The Elms School.