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Secret Life of the American Teenager
7 Things We DON'T Want to Happen Next Season on Secret Life of the American Teenager
We can't wait for Secret Life of the American Teenager to come back into our Ricky-less lives, but we're worried — will the second half of the season live up to the sausage fest that was the first half? The Secret Life writers giveth and then they taketh away, and we're worried that some of our favorite couples will be ripped apart at the sexy seams in 2012!
Check out our list of 7 things we don't want to happen next season. Your job? Sound off on our Secret Life Facebook page and add to the list!
1. We don't want Ricky and Amy to Break Up! We have a lot riding on Ricky and Amy's relationship. Namely — our sanity. Who knows what fans will do if these renties break up before their off-white wedding, but we have a feeling girls will dress up in their best prosthetic bellies and riot in the streets. The horror!
2. We don't want Adrian and Ricky to hook up! The only way Ricky and Amy will break up is if Adrian decides to put on her pink velour jumpsuit and go crazy again. Sure, she's over Ricky for now, but will she change her mind next time he "kisses her for practice"?
3. We don't want Adrian to get pregnant again! Everyone knows ladies go bat-crazy when they're preggo, but Adrian's raging hormones are still lurking in her hot bod. Maybe it was the disgusting combo of churros and pickles that altered her mind, but girlfriend was seriously certifiable. Watching someone put on lip gloss has never been more terrifying.
4. We don't want Ben and Alice to hook up! Alice, Ben and Henry have been besties since they were kids, but now that Alice and Henry are dunzo, that's all over. We're crossing our fingers that Ben won't hook up with Alice, because then there will be no chance of repairing their friendship! Keep your sausage to yourself, Ben.
5. We don't want Jack to give his STI to Grace! The Secret Life writers seem to have forgotten that they devoted an entire episode on Jack and his mysterious STI. As far as we know this dude is walking around with all kinds of diseases, and to make matters worse, Grace doesn't seem to remember. Luckily, she went to "Med Camp," so she can probably just write herself a prescription and clear that sitch up.
6. We really don't want Ricky to leave for college! Ricky's going to the community college down the street, but will a campus full of experimental ladies change him for the worse? Hopefully, he won't end up in some drunken orgy. Oh wait, that already happened at Grant High graduation.
7. We don't want to hear another graduation speech. You guys, we're worried. Only half of the Grant High crew graduated from school, which means we're going to have to sit through another graduation sometime next year. Better stock up on tissues.


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Residential: $9,050
Commercial: $192,000
Residential: $1.81/W
Commercial: $1.92/W
'''''Note: This program is currently not accepting applications. Check the program web site for information regarding future solicitations. '''''
City of Shasta Lake Electric Utility is providing rebates to their customers for the purchase of photovoltaic (PV) systems. The rebate levels will decrease annually over the life of the program. For fiscal year 2012-2013 the rebate level is $1.81 per watt for residential systems and is capped at $9,050. The fiscal year 2012-2013 rebate for commercial systems is $1.92 per watt capped at $192,000. Interested customers should contact Efficiency Services for more information.
All PV modules and inverters must be on the California Energy Commission's list of approved equipment.

subset: commoncrawl


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"Fura da Nono" is one of the most cherished local food drinks in Northern Nigeria, yet, one hardly passes through the ever -busy streets of Lagos without catching a glimpse of women hawking the local drink, which comes chilled in bottles.
Inside the scorching sun of Lagos, a middle aged woman, one afternoon, stood before a white plastic container filled with chilled Fura da Nono, at the top of her voice, she called out for customers. Her effort was not in vain as some passers-by stopped to buy the drink.
To Inna Ibrahim, as the woman identified herself, the scorching sun was a cue for a good market, because the demand for the drink is always high.
Lagos being a humid state in most months of the year, the weather always provides a ready-made market for soft drinks, thus, allowing a brisk business for Fura hawkers.
In many of parts of the North, "Fura da Nono" or just "Fura" as some people prefer to call the local drink which is prepared from milk derived from cows (yoghurt) mixed with parboiled, mashed millet grains and spiced with ginger, pepper and sugar, is usually served in a small metal container or even a calabash. But the availability of small containers with firm covers has brought about a revolution that is a departure from the way it is served, especially in emerging mega cities like Lagos.
Although many Fulani women who hawk Fura in small calabashes or metal bowls can still be found at strategic places in and around Lagos, the bottled (recycled table water or mineral drinks bottles) Fura appears to be available in many places.
The local cuisine which originated from the Hausa-Fulani ethnic group, is today found in many areas of Nigeria and even beyond, where for instance in Lagos, one comes across different ethnic groups engaged in trading the local soft drink, this is because, as our correspondent gathered, the business brings in money due to the acceptability of the drink.
"In Lagos, any food item that is acceptable to the people, such as Fura da Nono, it is likely to attract brisk business , that is why you see people of different ethnic backgrounds engaged in selling Fura da Nono, we have people from Benin Republic, Ghana, Cameroon and Togo who are residents in Lagos and are enjoying high patronage and sales from this business," said Ladidi Abdul Azizi, a Ghanaian, who also sells the drink.
According to Halimatu Sadiya Isma'il, a Hausa woman who sells the drink, the number of people in Lagos that sell Fura, is quite large, adding, "in Obalende area alone, I know more than 40 women who sell this drink. Ee are not even talking about areas like Agege, Mile 12, Ketu, Sabo and the rest of them, honestly speaking, we are many."
The benefits derived from the business, she said, are many; such as giving their children the opportunity to go to good school and one always has the chance of sending money back home.
Depending on the market, the hawkers revealed that they make about N5,000 daily, especially when the weather is hot.
But despite the array of assorted soft drinks, one wonders why many opt for Fura da Nono, Segun Abayomi explains: "Actually it was curiosity that pushed me initially to taste the drink. I used to see these women selling it, one day said let me taste it and to my surprise it tasted good, that was how I started buying Fura."
Elizabeth James on her part said she likes Fura and nono because she got use to it when she was staying at Agege with her uncle. "I buy it whenever I can afford to and my younger ones always ask me to come with some whenever I am going out."
She added "the sugar in Fura is regulated, but the sugar content in most of these soft drinks comes in high quantity and the nutritional value is okay."
The nutritional value of the drink cannot be quantified, especially if properly handled. Doctor Bupwatda Pokop, a Public Health practitioner said, "Fura da nono has carbohydrate, protein and quite a number of other useful ingredients that are of benefit to health. I think it is safe to say that the drink is better than the assorted drinks we have, especially when the milk is properly boiled before packaging and apart from that Fura does not contained any preservative."
The price of a bottle of Fura has risen over time; a bottle now goes for a N100 in Lagos, according to Maryam Musa, another Fura seller reminiscing that "when the business first came to Lagos, with N10 you can have your Fura, but because of the rise in prices of food items, especially, the ingredients we use, a bottle usually goes for N100."
On the whole, the business of selling Fura, as our correspondent also gathered, does not require a huge capital to start as with of N5,000 one can venture into the business.
But is the business devoid of any challenges? Maryam replies: "Our greatest concern is the way we are sometimes being maltreated by the law enforcement agents when we are doing our business. I want to appeal to the authorities to consider our plight and allow us to contribute our own quota to the state. We chose to do this business because we want to remain productive citizens not a burden to the society."


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Congratulations, you are a senior! It can be exciting and scary to think of life off The Hill and in the 'real world.' If you take advantage of our resources, you'll be much better prepared for success.
Find out what you can do with your major by looking at our Tiger Tracks
Tiger Tracks help build the gap between majors HSC offers and your possible career interests by creating a road map of classes, extracurricular activities, and alumni connections to help you chase your dream
Learn how to tailor your resume and cover letter
Be sure to tailor your resume and cover letter to the specific job or internship for which you are applying
Building your network of professional contacts is essential
Start the process of getting to know people and building relationships that are mutually beneficial with the goal of gaining greater knowledge about career paths and organizations
Think graduate school may be an option? Applications are usually due at the end of Fall and beginning of Spring semesters, so start researching now.
Take into consideration different schools and programs, the timeline of this process, entrance exams, financial aid and more
Begin searching for jobs early, even in the Fall semester
Break this process down into steps: assess, research, prepare and search
Start preparing for interviews early with these tips and tricks
Practice the do's and dont's of interviews and remember to always dress for success
Learn the value of professionalism, and don't let a great opportunity slip by
Be aware of some important criteria as you begin your new opportunity
Life after Hampden-Sydney College


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|30 posts found
Originally posted by evilastro
Hmm I haven't been told to respec as a tanky Engineer when going into dungeons. I can usually get conditions off of group, provide good heals and AoE. DPS is not spectacular but normally there are others in the group who can put it down.
Not saying it doesn't happen, just havent had it happen to me.
Survivor of the great MMORPG Famine of 2011
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Basing viability of a class based on a few dungeon paths that are still heavily biased on fps checks and dodge checks that hopefully Anet will keep changing is not that fair.
Currently playing: GW2
Elite Member
Joined: 1/04/05
Originally posted by ignore_me
The elitism is there, just as the min/max groups are there, but as always it depends on who you run with. Using GW2lfg tends to help (at least a little bit), as most groups will say in the description if they are being ultra picky or not about members. Ultimately, the best thing to do is to find a good guild / group of people to play w/ anyway. In which case you don't have to worry about what Evil's talking about.
Realistically, the elitists in the game mostly overreact about this kinda crap. I've done most of the dungeons with a full group of nakeds just for kicks. Outside of a select few encounters in the game class doesn't really matter. It's really more about whether or not the group members know wtf they are doing.
A lot of people also assume that partying the (assumed) optimal group comps guaruntees a good run, which is absolutely untrue. All classes in this game are viable, but that won't stop ignorance =/.
Originally posted by aesperus
This is good info :) I agree with you that some people just need to be stat nerds lol.
Survivor of the great MMORPG Famine of 2011
Elite Member
Joined: 1/04/05
Originally posted by ignore_me
Lol aye, the funny thing is, a lot of times the 'stat nerds' get it wrong. They either A) follow top-end PvP teams and fail to understand that the decisions made in high-end spvp / wvw don't really effect the rest of the game, or B) See some obscene burst damage (i.e. Warrior or Mesmer) and then assume that's always best.
Prime example is the Necro. A lot of players today STILL assume necros either suck, or are largely broken as a class. Most of these same players will point to a thief, or a warrior, or a mesmer as examples of solid damage.
Now, lets take warrior for example. As a DPS warrior, the most damage I've ever done with 100 blades was just over 30k damage (not counting special boss mechanics that artificially increase damage output). My auto-attack? ~3-4k. Good thieves can do ~24k dmg in a second or two with a burst combo, but it also has a cooldown and can't be spammed. Mesmers? Same deal, they can do ~20k dmg or so with multi-shattering, BUT all clones have to hit and there is a cooldown.
Well, what about necros? A good power necro can repeatedly hit a target for around 4-6k dmg once they get going. They can spike a target (if they have wells) for close to 20k dmg over a few seconds. They also have one of the largest health pools (alongside warrior) sitting at around 20k hp without even trying to boost vit. Additionally they have a 2nd health pool (death shroud) which effectively makes them invulnerable for a few seconds, making them one of the tankiest glass cannons in the game. When you do the math, you find that their damage (over time) is on par with the other 3 classes, they just lack the same burst everyone is so keen on. However, when played right, a necro can effectively negate all of the above 3 classes burst abilities, while all 3 of the above 3 classes have to put up with a constant (ranged) barrage of heavy damage.
Rangers & Engineers have similar examples. It's all about understanding class dynamics, and how each class functions. Often times, whether or not a class is considered 'viable' is determined by a VERY specific situation (i.e. tournament pvp, or CoF farming) which literally has no bearing on the rest of the game.
Advanced Member
Joined: 4/03/12
Originally posted by ignore_me
I got a guildie who plays a Ranger who is bent on maxing out magic find over all other stats. Youd think he'd be the last guy you would want in your groups. But he gets the job done, he knows the runs inside and out and knows every boss' mechanic and weaknesses and every group we've been in has always gone smoother then when he's not. And yet, I've also PuG'd CoF path 1 with players fully decked out in CoF gear who don't know they have to stand in their own flame cage to open the door to the final boss. (That one, I still can't figure out)
Hard Core Member
Joined: 4/23/08
To say turrets and minnions are useless is either lack of knowing the profs. or just stupidity.
Howmany enemyes I have obliterated with my minnions and turrets... countless.
Originally posted by mazut
For the record, I feel that turrets, while not worthless, do not have the staying power I would prefer. They do kill shit though, especially if you have 3 up.
Survivor of the great MMORPG Famine of 2011
Originally posted by GeezerGamer
for sure. There is a big skill element to the dungeons. Gear won't compensate for inexperience/bad playing.
Survivor of the great MMORPG Famine of 2011
Novice Member
Joined: 4/07/04
Let's keep this simple for a new player.
If you want a pet class and, as stated, you don't care about WvW or end game power, Ranger is the easy choice.
If you like the style of the Necromancer and don't care that you have no active control over your pets other than triggering, necro is a viable alternative as well. I found Necromancer to be fairly boring to play, but that's just me.
Mesmer. IMO, Mesmers are one of the most frustrating professions for a new player to learn the game playing. Save Mesmer for some future time after you've leveled a few professions to 80 and really know the ins and outs of the game.
As to Ranger, Melee is just as viable as Ranged. I preferred playing my ranger as a totally melee pet profession, much like the White Lion from Warhammer Online. Totally ranged or melee/ranged works fine as well. What ever you have most fun playing. As to pets, they aren't as sturdy as Hunter Pets in WoW or other similar MMOs. It takes some active monitoring and pet management to keep your pet alive. Pet rotation is crucial and you will be using your heal skill as much as any other profession, but almost always to heal your pet, rather than heal yourself.
Welcome to the game. The game is great. The combat can be pretty dynamic and there is a ton of soloable content in a very massive game world. If you are an MMO vet, there can be a bit of a learning curve, or unlearning curve, as you adapt to the things that are different in this game vs. the MMO norm. Stick with it and have fun!
One last newb tip. It's a good idea to make use of a second starting zone for your first 10 levels or so. Many people who stick to one zone hit a couple bumps in the leveling road where they end up a level or two behind the next chunk of content in the zone. This ceases to be an issue once you hit level 15+, where there is actually way too much content. Get the first few levels in your racial starting zone, do your personal story to level 4 as well, then hop over to another race's starting zone to level 6 or 7, then hop back to your race's zone, catch up your story and progress as you desire.
(To get to other racial cities easily, hit P for the PvP tab, select "be in the mists" up near the top of the PVP window. Your first time on an account, there will be a PvP tutorial zone. You can do the tutorial, or just head across to the exit on the opposite end. After that, selecting "Be in the Mists" will always put you in the PvP lobby just across from a portal that leads to the city of Lion's Arch. Once there, behind you there will be Portals to WvW. Don't take those portals, but rather head North across a bridge to the Lion Fountain. SW of the Fountain is an area with portals to all the racial cities. This provides a quick, free transit system to the other cities in the game world. From each city, there is pretty easy acces to that race's starting zone).
Want to know more about GW2 and why there is so much buzz? Start here: Guild Wars 2 Mass Info for the Uninitiated


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The Best New Exercises for Every Part of a Man's Body
By: Adam Campbell, M.S., C.S.C.S.
Cable Pull Through
The benefit: This exercise targets your glutes, which are not only your body's largest and most powerful muscle group, but typically the most ignored. However, training these muscles will make you stronger in nearly every lower-body exercise, help you jump higher, and reduce your risk of knee, hip, and lower-back injuries.
How to do it: Attach a rope handle to the low pulley of a cable machine. Grab an end of the rope in each hand and stand with your back to the weight stack. Stand with your feet slightly wider than shoulder-width apart, and your knees slightly bent. Without changing the bend in your knees, bend at your hips (don't round your back), and lower your torso until it's almost parallel to the floor. Pause, then thrust your hips forward and raise your torso back to the start.
Another glute exercise you must do: The hip raise.


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These days, there's a different kind of wildly well-to-do — 9 million of them — living large and loving it, and changing the profile of America's super rich. Their options are so limitless, the rules by which they exist are so different from "old money's" day-to-day, that it's as if they live in an imaginary land all their own.
Author Robert Frank is the Columbus of this new world; as revealed in the title of his book, he calls it "Richistan."
"This is really a world unlike the world that you and I live in," he says. "Never before have so many Americans become so wealthy, so quickly … What we have today are people who worked like dogs all their life to get where they are, and that defines them."
Residents of this new world — Richistanis — are workaholic winners who savor their spoils. "This group loves to live large," Frank says. "They love their boats, they love their planes, they love their big houses."
Houses don't come much bigger than the 700-year-old French chateau, 45 minutes outside of Paris, that belongs to 57-year-old American billionaire Tim Blixseth. It boasts rooms full of extravagant furnishings, like a $20,000 bed, a courtyard with Old World grandeur, a medieval chapel, and some modern amenities, too, like a spa.
Blixseth made more than a billion dollars in timber and real estate — yet, he flinches when anyone calls him rich.
"It's a connotation to me, like snooty, arrogant, nose in the air, and 'Oh, they're rich,'" he says. "I don't like rude rich people who [don't] treat the working class with respect."
That attitude may have started in his youth, when he was a "welfare kid," enduring the insults of fellow students back in Oregon. "When you had hot lunches at school," Blixseth explains, "they'd say 'welfare kids get over there,' and the rest of the kids would start heckling us — and that was really, really degrading."
But revenge would be his. "Later on in life, the school district sold that school, and I bought it," he says. "I walked past that counter, where I'd get those lunches. And that was the 'yeah, baby!'"
Now, Blixseth can celebrate just about anywhere he feels like it: aboard one of his yachts, on one of his private jets, on his private island in the Caribbean, his ski and golf spot in Montana, or at that place in the sun in Mexico. So what does it feel like to be a winner? "It feels good," he says. "It feels really good."
In Palm Beach, Fla., George Cloutier and his fiancée Tiffany Spadafora feel the same way — especially when they're throwing one of their charity balls. They're extravaganzas filled with flesh and fantasy — snoozy old school balls, they're not.
"Yeah, I'm a Johnny-come-lately in their world," Cloutier says with a smile. "You do get that feeling, because you're saying, 'What are all these people doing? This is boring. Let's change that.'"
"George and Tiffany, they love to have fun," Frank says. "They don't care what your last name is. They don't care who your parents were or what boarding school you went to. If you're nice and fun, you can go to their party."
Cloutier donates some $600,000 a year to charity balls and galas; Spadafora helps him raise even more, while her stunning party dresses raise a few pulse rates in the process. But it doesn't come cheap: every party requires a new dress, and those frocks start in the thousands — and that's not counting the pricy jewelry.


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The best invention since sliced bread! This amazing machine gives you bakery fresh bread at the push of a button! Whether you are a beginner or a professional baker, the variety of easy, but customizable settings will suit any preference. The dual knead blades provide thorough dough kneading for a lighter taste and higher rise. With the delayed start cycle, you can set it in the morning and come home at the end of the day to the heavenly scent of freshly baked bread. From West Bend.
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K132670 — West Bend 41300 Hi Rise Breadmaker
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D Varee Diva Bally Sukhumvit Bangkok is a great find for those
looking for a bargain home away from home in the centre of Bangkok.
The hotel offers studios, deluxe rooms and one bedroom suites to
urban adventurers looking for a quieter spot that is still only 1
km from the BTS Skytrain at Phrom Phong. The exterior of the hotel
doesnt really stand out, but inside, the 78 guestrooms are spacious
and clean. Some of the furnishings are little dated in terms of
style but this is still an excellent three star property.
The pale wood and cream design scheme looks charming with large windows allowing plenty of light to flood the property and sophisticated blinds to keep privacy at night. The one bedroom suites have space for a kitchenette with full cooking facilities and all rooms have comfortable sofa and coffee table, flat screen TV with satellite and air-conditioning. ... [+] More


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The College Baseball Blog continues our tradition of naming a Player and Pitcher of the Week. This week we honor South Alabama third baseman Jake Overstreet and South Florida's Randy Fontanez.
Tag Archives: South Alabama
My Sunday Thoughts
Here are a couple of my thoughts from the games over the weekend.
Ritch Price of Kansas has to be happy to head down to Baton Rouge and pick up a series victory over the number 1 ranked LSU Tigers. His son Robby Price lead the Jayhawks attack on Friday night by having three hits and two RBI. On Sunday, Robby continued his strong hitting by going 3-5 with an RBI.
Alex Wimmers of Ohio State pitched eight strong innings on Sunday as he led the Buckeyes to a 2-0 victory over Tennessee. He is now 3-0 on the year with an ERA of 2.84 while striking out 23 batters in 19 innings pitched.
Foley's Friday Thoughts
Here are my thoughts about the day of College Baseball action around the nation on Friday.
The Virginia Cavaliers showed some grit tonight by going into Dick Howser Stadium and shutting out the Florida State Seminoles by a score of 5-0. The Seminoles before tonight's game were averaging over 11 runs per game but they couldn't get anything going tonight against Virginia's Danny Hultzen. He went six innings allowing only two hits as he improved his record to 3-1 on the year.
SEC Recap for February 21st
Here is your SEC Recap for February 21st
#2 LSU 4 Centenary 0
BATON ROUGE – Home runs by first baseman Blake Dean and catcher Micah Gibbs, along with a brilliant LSU debut by starting pitcher Joey Bourgeois led the second-ranked Tigers to a 4-0 shutout of Centenary Sunday afternoon in Alex Box Stadium.
With the series sweep, the Tigers (3-0) captured their 11th-straight season-opening series victory dating back to 2000. Centenary dropped to 0-3 with the loss.
The Tigers will be back in action Wednesday when they face in-state foe McNeese State at 4 p.m. in Alex Box Stadium.
SEC Recap for February 20th
Here is your SEC Recap for February 20th.
#2 LSU 25 Centenary 8
BATON ROUGE — Led by a two-homer performance by designated hitter Matt Gaudet and a six-RBI evening by first baseman Blake Dean, second-ranked LSU exploded for 23 hits en route to 25-8 victory over Centenary, giving head coach Paul Mainieri his 1,000th career victory Saturday night in Alex Box Stadium.
The Tigers (2-0) scored the most runs of any LSU team since 1999 when they defeated Ohio 26-5. Centenary dropped to 0-2 with Saturday's loss.
Sun Belt Announces 2010 Preseason All-Conference Team and Coaches Poll
NEW ORLEANS – Middle Tennessee, the defending Sun Belt Conference regular season and tournament champion, has been tabbed the preseason favorite to win the 2010 league title in a vote of the league's head coaches. The Blue Raiders received eight of 11 first-place votes from the coaches.
MT is led by junior Bryce Brentz, the reigning SBC Player of the Year and the 2010 SBC Preseason Player of the Year, and Kenneth Roberts, the 2010 SBC Preseason Pitcher of the Year. Both Brentz and Roberts were first-team All-SBC selections a season ago as they led the Blue Raiders to a 44-18 and its 14th NCAA appearance.
Continue reading Sun Belt Announces 2010 Preseason All-Conference Team and Coaches Poll
South Alabama releases 2010 Baseball Schedule
MOBILE, Ala. – University of South Alabama baseball head coach Steve Kittrell announced the Jags' 2010 regular season schedule Wednesday afternoon. The 56-game slate features 32 home games, including the 25th annual South Alabama Classic.
"I think it's a very competitive non-conference schedule, and it should prepare us for Sun Belt Conference play, which is getting better every year," Kittrell said. "We're excited about the challenges ahead and look forward to starting practice on Jan. 29."
Continue reading South Alabama releases 2010 Baseball Schedule
South Alabama Players and Diamond Girls help Salvation Army
MOBILE, Ala. – Members of the University of South Alabama baseball team and the USA Diamond Girls, a volunteer group dedicated to helping the program, have assisted with a Salvation Army holiday program each of the last two weekends.
Continue reading South Alabama Players and Diamond Girls help Salvation Army
Early Signing Classes for November 18th
Here are your Early Signing Classes releases for November 18th.
Georgia Tech signs 18 for 2010-2011 season
ATLANTA – – Eighteen of the nation's top high school baseball standouts, including three prep All-Americans, have signed National Letters of Intent to play baseball at Georgia Tech beginning next fall, head coach Danny Hall announced Wednesday.
Early Signings from November 16th
Here are the listings of the Early Signings for November 16th. Click on the respective link for the full article.
EIU adds seven for spring of '11
CHARLESTON, Ill. – Striving to build on two Ohio Valley Conference championships the last two years, head coach Jim Schmitz has announced Eastern Illinois baseball's seven-player recruiting class set to join the program for the 2011 season.


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Practice Midterm #1 Answers
Question 1
What is the frequency associated with radiation of 4.59 x 10-8 cm wavelength?
a. 6.54 x 1017 s-1
b. 6.54 x 1015 s-1
c. 1.53 x 10-8 s-1
d. 13.8 s-1
e. 2.18 x 107 s-1
First, we must convert the given wavelength back into the standard units of meters to allow us to plug it into the wave equation:
4.59 * 10-8 cm * (1 m / 100 cm) = 4.59 * 10-10 m
For all EM radiation, c = vλ, so:
(2.998 * 108 m/s) = (4.59 * 10-10 m) v
Solving for v, we find that the frequency of the radiation is 6.54 * 1017 Hz.
Question 2
What is the wavelength, in nm, of light with an energy content of 550 kJ/mol?
a. 0.217 nm
b. 0.419 nm
c. 157 nm
d. 217 nm
e. 6579 nm
Converting the given energy content in kJ/(moles of photons) into J/photon:
(550 kJ / 1 mol ) * (1000 J / 1 kJ) * (1 mol / 6.023 * 1023 photons)
E = 9.13 * 10-19 J/photon = hv = h(c/λ) = (6.626 * 10-34 J s) * (2.998 * 108 m/s) / λ
Solving for λ, we find that the wavelength is 2.17 * 10-7 m, which is equivalent to 217 nm.
Question 3
Select the correct statement...The photoelectric effect:
a. was discovered by Max Planck.
b. describes the phenomenon of producing a beam of electrons by shining light on any metal surface.
c. contradicted the view that light energy was dependent upon intensity only.
d. was explained by classical physics wave theory
e. results in a beam of electrons which increases in number, but not velocity, as the wavelength of
incident light decreases.
Going through each of the statements:
A is incorrect as the photoelectric effect was first observed by Heinrich Hertz.
B is incorrect as electrons are only ejected if the frequency of the light overcomes the metal's threshold frequency.
C is correct, as the photoelectric effect showed that light energy was dependent on frequency of the light, contrary to Maxwell's wave theory.
D is incorrect, as the theory contradicted classical wave physics.
E is incorrect as decreasing wavelength increases frequency, and will increase the KE of the electrons and increase their velocity. Only intensity of the light increases number of electrons ejected.
Question 4
In comparing UV and microwave electromagnetic radiation, which statement is correct?
a. Photon energy for microwave > Photon energy for UV
b. ν for UV > ν for microwave
c. λ for UV > λ for microwave
d. UV travels faster than microwave radiation in a vacuum
e. two of these statements are correct
Going through each of the statements:
A is incorrect as UV has higher frequency than microwaves, and thus UV has more energy.
B is correct (see table of EM waves).
C is incorrect as if UV has higher frequency, then microwaves will have the larger wavelength.
D is incorrect as they are both EM waves and travel at the speed of light.
E is incorrect as only one statement is correct.
Question 5
How many electrons would be found in the n=6 level if all possible orbitals were completely filled with electrons?
a. 18
b. 32
c. 72
d. 50
e. none of these
Easy way:
Number of electrons in a given energy level is given by the formula: # of e- = 2n2 = 2(6)2 = 72 electrons.
Proof (much longer): Will type up later.
Question 6
The possible values of the orbital angular momentum quantum number of a 3p electron are:
a. +1/2, -1/2
b. -1, 0, +1
c. 0, 1, 2
d. 1, 2, 3
e. none of these
We can determine from the given information that the principle quantum number 'n' = 3, as we are in the '3'p orbital.
This makes the possible orbital angular momentum quantum numbers (l): 0, 1, 2
But since we already know we are already in the p orbital, we can only use the corresponding 'l' quantum number (0 = s, 1 = p, 2 = d for your reference). Thus, the answer is none of the above, as the only possible answer is l = 1.
Question 7
The ratio of the radius of the 8 orbit of He+ to the radius of the 4 orbit for H is:
a. 1⁄4
b. 2
c. 4
d. 1⁄2
e. 1
I keep getting 2 for this question, either I don't know how to do ratios or I suck at chem, but could someone else check this out? The answer is in fact b, "2" there is a mistake in the anwsert key
solution: r = n2 a/Z for He- r=((82)(52.9))/ 2 = 1692.8 for H r==((42)(52.9))/ 1=846.2 therefore the ratio is 2:1 or 2
Question 8
The ground state electron configuration of Au is:
a. [Xe] 4f13 5d9 6s2
b. [Xe] 5d10 6s1
c. [Xe] 5d9 6s2
d. [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
e. none of these
From the periodic table, working through:
Using noble gas abbreviation, we find that the closest one to Au is [Xe]. Working past that, we reach the s block and counting down families, we find that it is 6s2. We hit the lanthanide series (f block), but since Au is past the entire series, we can simply write down 4f14. Finally, counting through the d block, we find that Au contains 5d9, making our initial electron configuration Au = [Xe]4f145d96s2.
Au is an exception, as 5d9 is relatively unstable compared to the full orbital of 5d10, so Au will take an electron from an outer energy level to reach that stability in n = 5 level. Thus, we remove an electron from the furthest energy level (6s2), which becomes 6s1, making our final electron configuration Au = [Xe]4f145d106s1.
Question 9
[Ar]3d10 is the ground state electronic configuration of which species:
a. Zn
b. Cu2+
c. Ge2+
d. Ga3+
e. none of these
Easiest way to do this problem is to simply count electrons. [Ar]3d10 has 18 (from Ar) + 10 = 28 total electrons
A. Zn has 30 electrons.
Cu2+ has 29 - 2 = 27 electrons.
Ge2+ has 32 - 2 = 30 electrons.
Ga3+ has 31 - 3 = 28 electrons, which matches our initial amount and is the correct answer.
Alternatively, we can count backwards from the ground state of each element. Ga has a ground-state configuration of [Ar]4s24p13d10. The ion Ga3+ loses 3 electrons, which are always removed from the highest principal shell first—the orbitals with a principal quantum number of 4. This leaves us with [Ar]3d10.
Question 10
The quantum numbers of the last electron of Antimony (Sb) could be:
a. n = 5, l = 0, ml = 0, ms = 1/2
b. n = 4, l = 2, ml = -2, ms = 1/2
c. n = 5, l = 1, ml = 0, ms = 1/2
d. n = 5, l = 1, ml = -2, ms = 1/2
e. n = 4, l = 3, ml = 3, ms = 1/2
We start out by writing out the electron configuration for Sb:
Sb = [Kr]4d105s25p3
Noting the last electron is in 5p3, n = 5, and l = 1 (as l = 1 corresponds to the orbital p). We are left with answers C and D, but a further examination of D shows that the ml value = -2, which is impossible for a l value of 1 (as ml can thus only be -1, 0, or 1). Thus, n = 5, l = 1, ml = 0, and ms = 1/2.
Question 11
The ion represented as 48Ti4+ (Ti is atomic number 22) has:
a. 22 electrons
b. 48 neutrons
c. 26 protons
d. 4 3d electrons
e. 0 4s electrons
Going through each of the answers:
A. Ti in its uncharged form has 22 electrons, and the 4+ charge means it has 4 less electrons, so it only has 18 electrons at this point.
B. # of neutrons = mass number - atomic number = 48 - 22 = 26 neutrons, not 48.
C. Atomic number 22 means it has 22 protons, not 26.
D. Writing out the electron configuration: Ti4+ = [Ar], so it has 0 3d electrons.
E. Since electron configuration Ti4+ = [Ar], it has 0 4s2 electrons, and this is the correct answer.
Question 12
The orbital in which the last electron of Tantalum (Ta) is placed will have a total of how many nodes
(both radial and angular)?
a) 5
b) 3
c) 4
d) 6
e) none of these
This is another question that involves a simple formula but takes time to prove. The proof will be left for later, but basic equations will be given for now:
The electron configuration of Ta = [Xe]6s24f145d3, so the last electron is the one placed on 5d3.
The number of radial nodes on a subshell is given by the formula # of RN = n - l - 1, where n and l are the principle and azimuthal quantum numbers, respectively. Since we are on the 5d orbital, n = 5 and l = 2, so the # of RN = 5 - 2 - 1 = 2 radial nodes.
The number of angular nodes is simply equal to l, the azimuthal quantum number, so # of AN = 2 angular nodes.
# of RN + # of AN = 2 + 2 = 4 total nodes
Question 13
Which species is the most paramagnetic?
a) Cr+
b) Mn+
c) Ag
d) Fe
e) As
The most paramagnetic species will have the most unpaired electrons. Thus, going through the list:
A. Cr+ = [Ar]3d5 → 5 unpaired electrons
B. Mn+ = [Ar]3d54s1 → 6 unpaired electrons
C. Ag = [Kr]4d105s1 → 1 unpaired electron
D. Fe = [Ar]3d64s2 → 4 unpaired electrons
E. As = [Ar]3d104s24p3 → 3 unpaired electrons
Question 14
Which of the following electron transitions in the He+ ion results in absorption of light of the longest
a) n = 8 to n = 7
b) n= 4 to n = 5
c) n = 1 to n = 8
d) n = 2 to n = 3
e) n = 1 to n = 2
Energy is absorbed when an electron transitions from a low to high energy level. Immediately, we can eliminate A, as photons will be emitted rather than absorbed.
Since the change in energy during an electron transition is given by ΔE = Z2hcRh[(1/ni2) - (1/nf2)], and energy is inversely proportional to wavelength, we want to find the electron transition that gives us the lowest amount of energy absorbed. The smallest transition farthest from the lower energy levels will thus give the smallest energy absorption, making n = 4 to n = 5 the correct answer. (Alternatively, you can plug in values into the equation and find which one provides the smallest ΔE.)
Question 15
What would be the ionization energy for a B4+ ion on another planet where a high surface
temperature resulted in the third principle energy level being the ground state for the B4+ ionic under
these extreme extraterrestrial conditions?
a) 25/9 hcRH
b) -25/9 hcRH
c) 5/9 hcRH
d) -1/9 hcRH
Ionization energy is given by the following general equation:
E = (Z2hcRH)/(n2)
Plugging in Z = 5 (the atomic number of boron) and n = 3 for the third principle energy level, we obtain (52/32) hcRH = (25/9) hcRH.
Question 16
The nth orbit of a hydrogen like species has a radius of 441 pm and an energy of -7.84 x 10-19 J. Identify the correct H-like species and electron orbit.
a) He+, n=3
b) He+, n=4
c) Li2+, n=4
d) Li2+, n=5
e) Be3+, n=5
The radius of a Bohr atom is given by the equation rn = (n2ao)/Z and the energy of that orbit is given by E = -Z2hcRH/n2.
First, taking the radius equation and plugging in the given radius:
(441 pm) = [(n2)(53 pm)]/Z
Solving for n2, we obtain the formula:
n2 = (441 pm / 53 pm) * Z = 8.32 * Z
Next, using the second equation, and plugging in the given energy:
-7.84 * 10-19 J = -Z2[2.179 * 10-18/(n2)]
Substituting the first equation (solved for n2) into the second equation yields:
Solving the equation yields Z = 3, so the species must be Li2+ (Lithium has an atomic number of 3).
Plugging back Z = 3 into n2 = 8.32 * Z = 8.32 * 3, and solving yields the solution n = 5.
Question 17
For the ion Be3+, an emission line is detected at 5.816 nm. This line is due to an electron transition
from the nth orbit to the ground state orbit of this ionic species. Identify the value of n for the initial orbit
for this emission line
a) 1
b) 4
c) 5
d) 7
e) 9
We must set the Planck postulate and Balmer equation equal in order to solve this question:
E = hv = hc/λ
E = Z2hcRH[(1/ni2) - (1/nf2)]
Equating and eliminating common terms yields:
1/λ = Z2RH[(1/ni2) - (1/nf2)]
Plugging in all values:
-[1/(5.816 * 10-9 m)] = (4)2(1.097 * 107) [(1/ni2) - (1/12)]
(note: energy here is negative as energy is being emitted)
Solving for ni, we get ni = 7.
Question 18
The energy of a laser beam that excites a two-photon absorption in a particular element is 1.22x105
J/(mol of photons). What would be the wavelength of light that would excite a one-photon absorption
between the same states in the material?
a) 980 nm
b) 1960 nm
c) 490 nm
d) 8.11 x 10-31 m
e) none of these
1.22 * 105 J/(mol of photons) * (1 mol of photons / 6.023 * 1023 photons) = 2.03 * 10-19 J/photon
Using E = hv = hc/λ:
2.03 * 10-19 J = (6.626 * 10-34 J s) (2.998 * 108 m/s) / λ, and solving yields λ = 980 nm.
However, since this λ provides the energy that excites a two-photon absorption, all we must do is divide by 2 to obtain the wavelength to excite a one-photon absorption:
980 nm / 2 = 490 nm.
Question 19
What would be the atomic number for the undiscovered element which would have four electrons in
its 6f orbitals?
a) 120
b) 122
c) 125
d) 157
e) 154
I personally believe the answer to this question is wrong, as it doesn't take into consideration the g orbital, which should begin after element 121.
The correct answer to this question should be element 142, Uqb, not element 125.
Question 20
Assume the Laws of Nature were different and Hund's rule required that unpaired electrons fill
empty degenerate orbitals singly with all electrons in a spin up configuration for every atom, before a
second electron with opposite spin could be added to each orbital. What would be the outcome of the
Stern Gerlach type experiment where a beam of vanadium (V) atoms are passed through a magnetic
a) The V atoms would pass through the magnetic field undeflected and produce one spot on the detector.
b) The V atoms would be deflected in two separate directions by the magnetic field and produce two
spots on the detector.
c) The V atoms would be deflected in three separate directions by the magnetic field and would produce
three spots on the detector.
d) The V atoms would be deflected backwards by the magnetic field would not reach the detector.
e) The V atoms would be deflected in one direction by the magnetic field producing one spot on the
In the original Stern-Gerlach experiment, silver atoms that were shot at from an electron gun had half deflected upwards by the magnetic field and half deflected downwards by the magnetic field. This is due to the fact that in the silver atom, the one unpaired electron it has will determine the direction of the magnetic field generated, which will determine the direction in which it is deflected.
Looking at the electron configuration for V ([Ar]3d34s2) we can expect a similar outcome due to its unpaired electrons.
However, if hypothetically, the Laws of Nature™ are changed such that each degenerate orbital is filled up first with a spin-up electron, the generated magnetic field will always be in the same direction, and the V atoms will only be deflected in one direction.
Question 21
A US car company lists the mass of a particular model as 3142 pounds. If the velocity of the car is
measured to be u = 1.20 x 102 km/hour using a radar speed gun with a 2 % uncertainty, what is the
uncertainty (∆x) in the position of the car? (1 pound = 453.59 g)
a) ≥ 5.55 x 10-38 m
b) ≥ 3.08 x 10-43 m
c) ≥ 1.54 x 10-41 m
d) ≥ 5.55 x 10-41 m
e) none of these
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle is expressed in the equation:
∆x∆p ≥ h/4π
However, we must first convert all given information into a usable form first:
m = 3142 pound * (452.49 g / 1 pound) * (1 kg / 1000 g) = 1422 kg
u = (1.20 * 102 km / 1 hour) * (1 hour / 3600 seconds) * (1000 m / 1 km) = 33.3 m/s
p = mu = (1422 kg) * (33.3 m/s) = 47,400 kg m/s
∆p = (0.02) * (47,400 kg m/s) = 948 kg m/s
Substituting back into the original equation:
∆x ≥ h / (4π * ∆p) ≥ (6.626 * 10-34) / (4π * 948) ≥ 5.55 * 10-38 m.
Question 22
If light of a frequency of 1.50 x 1015 s-1 directed at a copper surface, electrons are ejected from the
copper and are measured to have a velocity of 7.40 x 105 m s-1. What is the work function of copper in
units of eV? (1eV = 1.602 x 10-19 J)
a) 9.94 x 10-19 eV
b) 4.65 eV
c) 6.20 eV
d) 1.19 x 10-37 eV
e) 1.50 eV
Using the mass of the electron and the given velocity, we can find the kinetic energy:
KE = (1/2)mu2 = (1/2)(9.11 * 10-31 kg)(7.40 * 105)2 = 2.49 * 10-19 J
Since KE = E - Eo = hv - ϕ:
2.49 * 10-19 = (6.626 * 10-34) (1.50 * 1015) - ϕ
Solving yields ϕ = 7.45 * 10-19 J = 4.65 eV.
Question 23
The measured values for the work function of some metals are Al = 4.19 eV, Zn= 4.33 eV, Mg = 3.66
eV, Na = 2.7 eV and Cs = 2.14. If light having a wavelength of 414 nm is directed on samples of these
metals, what would you expect to observe experimentally? (KE means Kinetic Energy in the answers;
1 eV = 1.602 x 10-19 J)
a) electrons would be ejected by Na and Cs with KE e- Cs > KE e- Na
b) electrons would be ejected from Al, Zn, and Mg with KE e- Zn > KE e- Al > KE e- Mg
c) electrons would be ejected from Al, Zn with KE e- Al > KE e- Zn
d) electrons would be ejected from Mg, Na, and Cs with KE e- Cs > KE e- Na > KE e- Mg
e) none of these would occur
Electrons will be ejected with a kinetic energy (KE) if the energy of the light (E) shone on the metal is greater than its workfunction (∅). Thus:
E = hv = hc/λ = (6.626 * 10-34 J s) * (2.998 * 108 m/s) / (414 * 10-9 m) = 4.80 * 10-19 J = 3.00 eV
Since the energy of the shone light is greater than the workfunctions of Na and Cs, but lower than Al, Zn, and Mg, only Na and Cs will have electrons ejected.
Since KE = E - ∅, then KE (Cs) > KE (Na).
Question 24
Which is not a valid set of quantum numbers for an electron?
a. n = 5, l = 2, ml = -2, ms = 1/2
b. n = 3, l = 0, ml = 0, ms = 1/2
c. n = 10, l = 2, ml = 2, ms = 1/2
d. n = 5, l = 4, ml = 4, ms = -1/2
e. n = 6, l = 3, ml = -4, ms = -1/2
|The value of ml can only be integers between the value of l and - l. Thus, E is not valid, as -4 does not fall in the range -3 ≤ ml ≤ 3.
Question 25
What would be the ground state electronic configuration for In+?
a. [Kr]4d95s25p1
b. [Kr]4d105s15p1
c. [Kr]4d105s25p2
d. [Kr]4d105s25p1
e. none of these
The standard electron configuration for In = [Kr]4d105s25p1.
With the positive charge, one electron is removed from the furthest energy level in the furthest shell, so the correct ground state electronic configuration would be [Kr]4d105s2.
Question 26
What would be the wavelength of an electron that is moving at 1.5% of the speed of light?
a) 74 pm
b) 162 pm
c) 52.9 pm
d) 1.62 pm
e) 7.4 pm
λ = h/mu = (6.626 * 10-34 J s) / [(9.11 * 10-31 kg) * (.015 * 2.998 * 108 m/s)]
Solving the equation yields λ = 162 pm.
Question 27
How many of the following species would you expect to be diamagnetic?
Be, Cd, Cl- , Y+, Ti2+ Ag+
a) one diamagnetic species
b) two diamagnetic species
c) three diamagnetic species
d) four of them
e) all of them
A species is diamagnetic if it has no unpaired electrons. Going through each of the species:
Be = 1s2 2s2 → No unpaired electrons
Cd = [Kr]5s24d10 → No unpaired electrons
Cl- = [Ar] → No unpaired electrons
Y+ = [Kr]4d15s1 → 2 unpaired electrons
Ti2+ = [Ar]3d2 → Two unpaired electrons
Ag+ = [Kr]4d10 → No unpaired electrons|
Thus, there are four diamagnetic species.
Question 28
What ionic species with a 3+ charge would you expect to have the following electronic
configuration: [Kr]4d5
a) Ru3+
b) Fe3+
c) Pd3+
d) Ni3+
e) Zr3+
A species with a 3+ charge means that the original element has lost three electrons. Taking a look at each element:
A. Ru3+ = [Kr]4d5
B. Fe3+ = [Ar]3d5
C. Pd3+ = [Kr]4d7]
D. Ni3+ = [Ar]3d7
E. Zr3+ = [Kr]4d1


text:
I am an IT student on sophomore years here in the Philippines.I am specializing on multimedia and software engineering. I have been researching about the different solutions that will help me with the web development projects we have for our school community.
I am interested about learning the solution that daz3d can give for improving the multimedia designs for website development through active discussions. I join the forum so that I can gain more information and ideas in order I may improve my web application projects. I am looking forward to be learning a lot through forums. Thanks.
Better Graphic Design Ideas


text:
The following is an archive of a post made to our
'vox-tech mailing list'
by one of its subscribers.
On Thursday 31 August 2006 13:51, Peter Jay Salzman wrote:
> i'm getting hammered with email containing text designed to trick bayesian
> filters....
I think content filtering is almost a waste of time. As you see,
spammers can always design content that gets past the filters. What
else are you doing to combat spam?
The blacklists (RBLs) are my core defense, however some stuff
inevitably gets through.
vox-tech mailing list
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text:
GREENFIELD — Greenfield-Central came up short in its bid to win the inaugural Lady Cougar Holiday tourney, but the host team felt like it came out ahead on the basketball learning curve.
A veteran Fishers squad defeated G-C 46-27 in the championship, outscoring the Cougars 28-7 from the middle of the third quarter.
Senior guard Alex Hochstedler, an All-Hoosier Crossroads Conference guard last season, led Class 4A Fishers (11-3) with 17 points, including 11 points over the pivotal final 12 minutes.
It was the second straight in-season tournament championship for the Tigers, who went 3-0 to capture the Rumble on the River in southern Indiana last week.
"It's a seasoned team," said G-C coach Doug Laker, whose squad countered with a pair of freshmen and a sophomore in its starting lineup. "Coach (Michael) Gaines does a great job and that's why we wanted to get them on the schedule.
"If we want to compete at the big-school level, we've got to keep playing these kind of teams. Nothing to be ashamed about. We competed and we played hard."
Gaines, Fishers' eighth-year head coach (and a 1996 Greenfield-Central graduate) was forced to make adjustments to hold off the up-and-coming 4A Cougars (7-4).
Thanks to solid, physical defense on both sides, the early score didn't reflect the quick nature of play. Greenfield-Central took a 16-14 lead into halftime and held a 20-18 advantage following a pair of Madison Wise free throws with four minutes, 21 seconds remaining in the third quarter.
Wise, the Cougars' freshman five-foot-11 all-around talent, got plenty of good looks at the basket into the third quarter as her teammates took care of the basketball.
That's when Gaines switched things up.
"The biggest thing was we actually stopped pressuring them so much," said Gaines, who battled G-C as the Shelbyville head coach prior to taking over at Fishers. "We normally experience some pretty good success with pressuring teams, but their guards handled our pressure extremely well.


text:
Pink Heals
Winnebago County, IL Chapter
To provide Visionary Leaders and Local Businesses with a program that maintains fundraising dollars locally in support of women and their families!
Pink Heals brings a community together out of Love, Not on behalf of a cause, a ribbon, or a large corporate charity. Pink Heals uses the color PINK to represent women and their families, NOT a specific disease. This is NOT about breast cancer, but about ALL illnesses and needs within a community that can be cured or supported by keeping fund raising money local!


text:
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270 tractor trailer accident shuts down Father Hurley ramp
December 21, 2012 - 04:58 am
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A tractor trailer accident along I-270 northbound has closed the on and off ramp at Father Hurley Blvd.
Montgomery County Police are responding to that accident, which happened early Friday morning.
The tractor trailer has been towed away from the scene.
Would you like to contribute to this story? Join the discussion.


text:
Written by Stanislaw Roszkowski and Jaroslaw Wartacz of Warsaw Poland
(Translated by Monika Krosnicka)
Where do Poland's come from? Is there any common foremother of them? Why are there various names of Poland's in different countries? These are really interesting and fascinating questions. For sure, there are no breeders of Poland's in Europe, or maybe even in the whole World, who wouldn't wonder about this subject. How big emotions are here, how many arguments. There is no reason to be surprised about this - because in case of Poland's, this is a matter of the most beautiful hen (chicken) in the World. Until this time due to many years of isolation of Poland on international area, our breeders had no possibility to present their arguments. There is occasion today to catch up with backing. We hope, that our western colleagues will be interested to read, what opinions do we have in this matter.
After gaining an insight into this problem and penetrating consideration in all possible areas – genetic, historic, geographic, culture, language – we will try to present clear picture of descent for both Poland's and related races.
* *
It is commonly accepted, and we also induce to this theory, that Poland's began their conquest of Europe from areas of southern Russia. Primordial Poland's came to these areas from Asia in 13th century together with nomadic Mongolian people and with Chyngis-chan, which empire in those times ranged from Pacific to Black Sea.
Nowadays, after tens years of non-existing there are regenerating the Pavlovskaya fowl in Russia (about this race we will write more detailed in further part of this special issue), which nowadays are practically unknown in Europe due to many years of isolation of this country on international arena. Even Pallas mentioned at second half of 18th century about this fowl describing its silver and gold variety. We are disposed to give a thesis, that the Pavlovskaya fowls survived until our times with unchanged form due to mentioned isolation of Russia – probably this is exactly or similar haw the foremother of present Poland's looked like in middle-age.
Surprising is also unusual and non-accidental similarity of Pavlovskaya fowl to Sultans, what is a proof of heir common roots.
Subsequently chickens were taking over by Ruthenian and as result of Union of Lublin they occur within borders of Poland. XVI century in Poland, it was a period of forming magnates, but the biggest properties was built on Eastern Border Lands. Owners of latyfundias see their way to "tourist" traveling and also to give their sons education in European universities. They were traveling in most of cases to Italy. Those days there were two universities in the running – in Bologna and in Padua. Because of technical reasons such traveling was taking a long time, so master was going with all his property, he was taking with him everything, what was needed and necessary – even animals. At 17th century magnates also supported private army, usually they were foreign soldiers of fortune, which after agreement period came back to their countries taking with them everything they collected. Those times it was a period of growing of barter exchange, with leadership of Holland
Poland of XV, and especially of XVI century was the biggest country of contemporary Europe. Frequent contacts with Tatars – economic or military had to be everyday life. Borders of Poland leaded almost to Krym – from that place probably Polish chickens dispersed through all contemporary eastern Poland – present Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and western Russia. At these times Poland was wealthy, rich and peaceful, and those factors always helps to development of stable breeding, even if breeding work at those times wasn't of course similar to present one, which use scientific knowledge, including genetics. Every breed needs much peace for tens of years. That's why even little war cause huge devastation of it. If the husbandry is carrying out to feast our eyes on, wonted or not for further breeding there are chosen witch characteristic features – in this case with characteristics crest. So even at those times people living Eastern Europe area was carrying out almost incidentally, first breeding works.
In our opinion all contemporary Poland's in Europe came to it on two different trails. The first one is north trail. On this way hens from area of Eastern Europe migrated directly to Netherlands and to Germany. To testify to it there are many local types existing, starting from houdans, creve cour, breds, Brabant and finishing on Appenzellers, which from the look are similar to Pavlovskaya fowls. The second is south trail. Polish crested chicken, which got to Italy as a result of crossing with local chickens, lost parts of their features - these was namely heavily feathered shanks and the fifth finger, and because of the fact, that all Mediterranean races have very uniform types, they form population with very regular shape of body– nucleus of future race. Primordial Poland's was speckled almost for sure, similar to contemporary (and also those, described by Pallas) Pavlovskaya fowls, and as well as appenzellers, barbarian or eulens. In this moment of our research we cannot answer the question, did crested chickens get characteristic scaly in Italy? Maybe it was later, when English, Germans and Dutchmen started work on Poland's. Related Italian races doesn't have such a draw, what means, that they didn't have it long time ago. The only exception is Andalusia's, which have black scales on blue background. What is interesting, so perfect scales on this blue background we saw only at big crested chickens during last year exhibition in Radom city in Poland. Blue varieties of these races doesn't have so distinct draw.
Special instance – Aldrovandi (border I)
For separate discussion deserve amazing instance of Italian ornithologist Ulisses Aldrovandi, who published his work "Ornithologiae" in the year of 1600, where was described among other things black crested chickens, which was met in place Pilferer in neighborhood of Padua. The author and his work are present in all compilations which ambition is to give presentation of history of genesis of Poland's. These are keywords, skeleton keys which make easier to open every door and which explain every doubt. They are like Buddhist mantra, something in sort of spell, which there are not speak about but which we accept a'priori. No else that Aldrovandi is "maker" of name, which is used in German languages countries to describe crested breaded chickens – Padoue, while he never use such a term.
Somebody will say – this is the oldest source describing crested, from which we should take knowledge on interested for us subject. Beside lets give some respect to the history, to the author who scooped others ornithologists and scientists for about one hundred years. Of course we should admire old masters. But we cannot be impressionable like in this case, unfortunately we have met such an instance here. What did this ornithologist do? He described race of hens met in neighborhood of Padua. He didn't describe any other crested fowls, which was popularly occurring even at those times not only on areas on east from Poland, in Poland as in Western Europe. Furthermore – he didn't describe also other crested fowls, which was occurring on other areas of Italy, he concentrated on this one, Italian place. His drawing signed Gallus Patavinus – concerning to mythological at some part, known form Aristotle patavinian fowls. It follows that he didn't think about Crested fowls as indigenous Italian race. He wrote, that he s a w in Padua crested chickens and named theme patavian, so is name Padoue rather questionable merit of translators "Ornithologiae"? So this wasn't him, but all following scientists started to use name Padoue, and they as an ironic invoked to him. Why? Word "padoue" made international career while the Italian weren't know as an empire of breeding Crested fowls in opposite to English, Dutchmen or Germans. What would be happened if Aldrovandi met this type op fowls for example in Rome, or even worse in Paris? How would we call them? Roman or Parisian? If our hens took their name from any of English or Dutch cities instead from Padua – it would have its own historical logic. Padua has no logic. Great works of history are great because each individual case is analyzed on wider background, historical background. We could say in commonly way – from detail to totality. In this specified instance, we have nothing to do with such a thing. This is author in neighborhood of Padua met s o m e crested hens, he gave them s o m e name. That's all. Once again let us ask, why others did start to use name "Padoue" so eagerly? Well that's why, that name "Poland's", as well as any other polish things, to put it mildly, somehow associated with something worse. They preferred "Padoue" even though this name had and still has no historical reason. In addition, presented on drawing Patvinian fowl and Poland's (Padoue) are as different as chalk and cheese.
By the way we can't to resist to some reflection. On example of Aldrovandi we can see haw strong magic a written word has Average readers of newspapers take as an axiom this, what is printed on a paper. Many times we can hear this kind of opinion, when some "doubting Thomas" has doubts about some event – but they w r o t e t h i s in newspaper! One of he authors of this elaboration was a journalist in one of the biggest weekly magazines with half of million editions for several years. He perfectly knows mechanisms, how mass media can make a beautiful, Arabian mare form poor jade. Some of them go further – they can do beautiful mare form a ram.
It is needed to notice, that Poland Fowls didn't migrate from East to West through Poland country with unchanged form. Originally they had rather thin and ruffled crests, as well as Pavlovskaya fowls or Brabarian, but later polish authors give attention to distinct development of crest. Konstanty from Siemuszkowo in the year of 1866, in his excellent Historyi naturalnej < (Natural history) > Swojskie kury < (Familiar fowls) which is reading even today because of its interesting language, he mentioned just like that about chickens with full and filled crest, in additional they was very popular, and 20 years later Gaff was describing white crested black. This is interesting, because this kind of flows survived until these days, as wrote our contemporary author prof. Ksiazkiewicz, in Malopolska (Little Poland) and Kielecczyzna region. One of the authors of this publication has seen this kind of hens by his own science he was a child in his neighborhood it's mean in Lubelszczyzna region. These fowls were and they are quite often occurring on the villages, where for sure they weren't treat as decoration, but as usable poultry. They are occurring the most frequently in colors red, black, hawk and goshawk, in their crests there is often quite big number of white feathers. Their crests consist of not very long feathers, but they are dense and ball shaped. They combs are quite well grown-up, but it is like it "pushed" to the front of head, rotated and sometimes divided on two. Older chatelaines remember, that at past times quite often there was occurring among them hens with five fingers. These fowls have much more massive structure of the body and they was heavier then present Poland's – this is conform to Graff's description. Only addition of Mediterranean blood gave them slight structure of the body.
It is well known, that big contribution to breeding of Poland's had English. In their case we have big dilemma – if there was using name Padoue in German language countries, why were they known in England since ever as Polish fowls? In our opinion it is easy to explain. Unfortunately the politic have here big meaning. Because England lays in some way next to Europe, the word Poland haven't disturb ever to English (we will give more wide comments about polish nature of our fowls later). They have ability to be neutral and not to change functioned since centuries name. What is interesting, in English language countries white crested fowls are one of colors variety of non bearded Poland's – they do not divide Poland's for white crested and bearded like in our country, but they divided them to bearded and non-bearded.
Other interesting case is white crested called in Europe Holland's. This Fowl has no similarity to fowls from northern-western Europe, but it has almost identical structure of the body as crested bearded (Padoue). There is little probability that Dutchmen had some special contribution with creating of archer of this fowl variety. Beside Gallus Patavinus of Aldrovandi is in fact white crested black. Graff conform this, describing white crested as native polish fowls in the year of 1887. These fowls as well as other varieties came from Italy to England – probably it was not until 17th or even in 19th, they came already as completely formed race. Why has white crested a name of Holland's in Western Europe countries, especially in German language countries? Well because, that without any discussion Dutchmen had eminent effect to present look of these fowls. Fact, that it looks like this, and not in other way it is their merit. To such an extent that Dutchmen absolutely deserve to consider white crested (Hollander haubenhunter) as one of their native races.
Even in 19th century Polish fowls had name Noble fowls. But not only this group of society adored these fowl. Yes, magnates and middle class of that time, it means nobility was breeding poultry for a pleasure, poorer and estates owners, taking in to consideration a big usability of these fowls and also calculable profits. There is no literature from those times, especially science researches, because it couldn't be, nobody at those times treated poultry breeding in serious way. Our arguments we based on usually incidental mentioning in works of history or literature. Results from all these sources are, how much popular at those times crested fowls were. As a proof we mention some examples:
* * *
Jacób Kazimierz Haur, in his work from the year of 1693 "Sklad albo skarbiec znakomitych sekretov o Ekonomii ziemianskiej" ("Store or vault of excellent secrets about economy of estate owning gentry") he recommends for stud "wybierac albo k u r y c z u b a t e albo grzebieni wynioslych z puszkami czerwonemi. Te sa pewniejsze do plodu, pozytku i upatrywac i tego, aby mialy u stopy piec palców. Cudzoziemskich kokoszy nie brac, bo swojskie lacniejsze, do okarmienia y owocu niesienia.(to choose either crested fowls or fowls with haughty comps with reds puffs. These are more reliable for procreation, benefits and it should be observed if they have feet with five fingers. Do not take foreign hens, because familiar are better to feeding and for laying).
* * *
Adam Mickiewicz, our national bard, the greatest polish poet gave us a proof, how common were crested fowls in Poland at the beginning of 19th century. There is mentioned about feeding poultry by Zosia in national epopee "Pan Tadeusz".
Do nóg jej bieglo ptactwo; stad kury szurpate
(Fowls were running to her; crested hens from here)
Tocza sie klebkiem, stamtad k o g u t k i c z u b a t e
(They are rolling like a ball, crested cooks from there)
Wstrzasajac koralowe na glowie szyszaki
(Shaking coral helmets on their heads)
I wioslujac skrzydlami przez bruzdy i krzaki,
(And rowing through furrows and bushes with their wings)
Szybko wyciagaja ostrozaste piety.
(They are pulling out spurred heels).
* * *
Already cited Konstanty Pietruski wrote in his > Historya naturalna < (Natural history) at the year of 1886:
"Temu trzy lata dowiedziawszy sie, ze w mojem sasiedztwie, w Tustanowicach, znajduja sie paradne czubatki, poslalem dozorce mojego kurnika, azeby mi kupil kilka, dla porównania tych krajowych pieknosci z moimi polandami. Dostalem cztery przecudne kureczki, których jedna byla czysto brabancka z czubem wiszacym na bakier i z ogromna broda; druga równie piekna, podobna do polandów, chociaz zupelnie czystej rasy, cala mieniaca – czarno-zólto centkowana, z przepysznym bialym czubem na glowie; a dwie sliczniutkich czubatek wlasciwych. Pytam sie, jak to wytlumaczyc? Ta panna, od której te kury nabylem, trudnila sie od wielu lat hodowla czubatek galicyjskich, gniazda nigdy nie odswiezala. A co w tem wszystkiem najwazniejszego, to to, ze trzymala sobie do tych pieknosci kurzych koguta z bardzo malym czubem, a wielkim grzebieniem; ten zas wydawal po sobie kurczeta z tak ogromnymi czubami, ze im zupelnie wzrok zaslanialy".
(When I found out three years ago, that there are parade crested fowls in my neighborhood, in Tustanowice, I sent my guard of hen house to buy me a few, just for comparison of this national beauties with my Poland's. I have got four marvelous chickens, one of theme was pure Brabant with crest hanging slantwise and with huge bread; second one as well beautiful as first one was similar to Poland's, even it was pure race, it was shining – with spotted black and yellow, with delicious white crest on it's head, two others was lovely specific crested fowls. I asked him, how could you explain this? This miss I bought these hens from, she was carrying of breeding Galician fowls for many years, she had never make refreshing of nest. And what is the most important she had for these hen beauties a cook with very small crest but with huge comb, and this cook made chickens with so big crest that it curtained their eyes at all.)
* * *
Serious polish and foreign scientists confirmed thesis about unusual popularity of our crested fowls many years later. Joseph Viktorinii wasn't going to proof in his book "Hodowla Drobiu" (Breeding of poultry) that he wrote in the year of 1921, that crested flows of different varieties of feathers and also of shape and size of crest are very common in our country. >Jest to rzecza zbyt dobrze znana, o której mozna sie naocznie w kazdym miejscu, w kazdym dworze, w kazdej niemal zagrodzie wloscianskiej na kazdym podmiejskim podwórku przekonac. Znalezc mozna wsród nich okazy zblizone do wszystkich 7 szlachetnych ras czubatych i to w miejscowosciach, gdzie nie tylko nikt nigdy nie sprowadzal zadnych kur, ale gdzie nawet pojecia o tem nie maja, z kury rozplodowe moga byc przedmiotem zamiejscowego handlu<
(This is a thing known too good, which we can check with own eyes in every place, in every manor, almost in every estate, in every suburb house. Among theme we can find all 7 noble, crested races, and there are in places, where even nobody ever import chickens, but also in places where nobody knows that study hens could be subject of foreign trade).
* * * *
Let's take care of case, which is much more thorny, and which is a reason of big emotions until these days – case of polish nature of our beloved hens.
All available for us sources marked at the same time, that all crested fowls was called Poland's at Middle Ages and than at 17th and 18th century, until beginning of 19th century. For sure they where ones of the most frequent bred hens due to their good looks. Joseph Victorinii dedicated a lot of work for this issue in his book "Hodowla Kur" (Breeding of hens) from 1921 year. > Badaniami czaszki tych kur zajmowali sie przyrodnicy w czasach bardzo odleglych. C. Borelli juz w 1656 roku stwierdzil obecnosc guzowatosci czaszki u p o l s k i c h c z u b a t e k. Nastepnie studiowal to zjawisko Bechstein w roku 1790, Blumenbach w roku 1805, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, a w koncu K. Darwin poswieca temu przedmiotowi kilkanascie stron w swoim dziele p.t. "Zmiennosc zwierzat i roslin itd." Na podstawie wlasnych obserwacji, jak równiez spostrzezen swoich poprzedników , wypowiedzial K. Darwin w tej kwestii zdanie, iz okazaly czub szlachetnych polskich czubatek, doprowadzony zostal do swoich rozmiarów droga selekcji, co w nastepstwie wplynelo na modyfikacje czaszki.
(Natural scientists were taking care of examination of those hens' skulls long time ago. C. Borelli certified present of skull nodularity of Polish crested fowls already at 1656 year. Than this effect was studied in 1790 year by Bechstein, in 1805 by Blumenbach, by Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, and at last C. Darwin dedicated several pages for this subject in his work "The Variation of Animals and Plants etc." Basing on his own observations, as well as his predecessors observations, C. Darwin said his opinion on this matter, that splendid crest of nobles Polish crested fowls, was brought to its size on the way of selection, what in succession had result in modification of skull.)
"Przyrodnik i badacz tej miary co K. Darwin, stwierdza dalej niezbicie, iz nasze czubatki sa protoplastami innych odmian czubatek, gdyz wspominajac o tych ostatnich, powiada wyraznie, ze czaszki tychze przedstawiaja prawie te same wlasciwosci w strukturze co czaszki >p r a w d z i w y c h p o l s k i c h k u r<. Dalej w tym samym dziele przytacza Darwin, to co obecnie jest oczywiste jak to, ze 2x2=4, a wczesniej wcale takim oczywistym nie bylo, iz tak jak za pomoca starannego i celowego chowu mozna wytworzyc odrebna i doskonalsza rase, której cechy charakterystyczne staja sie coraz bardziej wybitniejsze, az w koncu linia ta moze sie przeobrazic w nowa rase lub odmiane, tak jak o s t a t n i o s t a l o s i e z k u r a m i p o l s k i m i."
(Natural scientist and researcher with the same reputation as C. Darwin said with no doubts, that our crested fowls are ancestors of others varieties of crested fowls, because when he had mentioned about them, he said clearly that skulls of this fowls have almost the same features of structure as skulls of >true polish hens<. Further, in the same work Darwin cites this, what today is obvious as 2x2=4, but earlier it wasn't so, that as well as thanks to sedulous and purposeful breeding it is possible to create separate and more perfect race, which characteristic features becoming more and more remarkable and at last this line can turn itself into new race or variety, just like it was happened with polish fowls latterly).
"Dodac nalezy, ze dzisiejsze czubatki szlachetne maja bez porównania bujniej rozwiniete i pelniejsze czuby od kur polskich czubatych z XVII i XVIII wieku, a doprowadzenie tych czubów do obecnych rozmiarów jest wlasnie dzielem doby wspólczesnej Darwinowi. Az do tej pory i lat pózniejszych nie bylo mowy w Niemczech o kwestionowaniu nazwy k u r y l s k i e"<.
(It is needed to be added, that nowadays noble crested have more luxuriantly and better filed crests without any comparison to polish crested fowls from 17th and 18th century, and bringing these crests to present sizes is made by period contemporary to Darwin. Until this time and until later years there wasn't any idea to call into question the name of polish fowls in Germany.)
Dr.Adolfr Drechsler, secretary of Poultry Science Association in Dresden, membership of many nature associations didn't mention about any Padoue, fowls in his book "Die Zuchthuhhner", published in the year of 1857, but he did describe polish fowl (Polnisches Schleierhuhn, Polnisches Haubenhuhn), mentioning that according to colors of feather there are many variety of polish fowls
Was this political movement to constitute the name of Padoue fowl on congress in Dresden at the year of 1869? Opinions to this subject differ. Ones think simply that this name was using in Germany earlier. The others remind that at these times there was no Poland on map of the World thanks to three invaders – Russia, Germany and Austria. Therefore everything what was polish brings something bad to their minds. It was natural that "polish crested fowls" didn't fit to contemporary political realities. Additionally, during last one hundred and fifty years, our German colleges next to Dutchmen and English had the biggest contribution to creating look of this race, which is currently obligatory, so we cannot decrease their merits. What is interesting, not always and not everybody agree to this senseless "political" name. In the year 1873, so after congress in Dresden, Oettel gave his protest by publishing of first detail description of crested fowls races. But even he make division to Polish and Dutch
Authors of this elaboration got to Russian sources during collecting materials thanks to their inquisitiveness. Vyacheslav Komov from St. Petersburg gave us access to inspect Abozin's book form the year of 1882, where author describing crested fowls has no doubts – he present them as polish fowls. Fact that there is beautiful portrait of Polish crested hen with big beard on the cover, gives us a proof that even he did appreciate the beauty of this fowl. How brutal the true is at this place: absents have no right. Poland disappeared from world map for over 120 years. So if there was no Poland at that time, it was natural that the name > Polish crested fowls< also had no right to exist. Breeding of this primeval Polish fowl was slowly rebuilding in Poland at twenty years of interwar period. Many publications about crested fowl, which we readily used in this elaboration, came exactly from this period. Unfortunately The Second World War and then the omnipresent communism made successive, huge devastations in breeding of decoration fowls during over 50 years. Only since the 1990 Polish can enjoy their freedom and there are no barriers, which can limit developing of our wonderful hobby.
During collection of materials for this elaboration, we thumbed many of earlier works and publications about crested fowls. One train is unchangeable and leading in all of this works – this is analyze of the name of crested fowls, especially analyze of word "Polish". We have to admit that we had extremely good fun during reading of some "works".
We think we tackled the name "Padoue" distinctly enough. Now its time for other names:
Cited above Konstanty from Siemaszkowa Pietruska wrote in his "Swojskich kurach"(Familiar fowls) from the year of 1886, that English called crested fowls Polish not because they would come from Poland, but from the reason of crest of these fowls, which is similar to elf-lock, which in Latin has a name "Plica polonica". You have to admit dear readers, that this is not a good reason to be pride with. If even we the Polish could stand this unpleasant name in relation to our selves, we would agree. But there is no agreement to give such a nasty name to our beloved, the most beautiful of the world fowls.
Wiaczeslaw Komov adduced few Russian author in St. Petersburg, among of them there was Obozin, they said that name "Polish" was taken from decorative szyszak (helmet), a headgear, something in kind of decorative helmet with feathers, which Polish knights used to wear. We treat this case much better. The Polish was known from their gallantry and fantasia. Not always they were dutifull enough, but they always be able to enjoy their lives especially to use their freedom, sometimes too much.
Unusual is also anecdote about French name of our fowls. In the year of 1885, on meeting of "Acclimatisation Association", Mrs. Passy presented wide elaboration, in which she wrote that crested fowls so applied to famous margrave Pompadour and they was so beloved by her that they even had got a name P o m p a d o u r , with this name become shorted to P a d o u e , an at last it was reduced to P a d o u e. It seems, that even French didn't like city Padua with its Padoue fowls. It's a pity that . Margrave Pompadour ended so badly.
Much more likely is origin the name of crested fowls from part of contemporary Poland, nowadays of Ukraine – called Podole. Maybe crested fowls came to Italy of 16th century under the name of "podolskie", and it was modified there to more familiar for Italian. Maybe was it made by Aldrovandi?
Also the Polish took part in complicated translation of name "Polish". Despite all these functioned in different countries names, it is commonly acknowledged that bearded crested fowls are descended from Poland, for long time our compatriots couldn't find explanation where did the name "white crested Hollands" (hollander haubenhunter). Finally they said it is an effect of mistake in translation, because Poland and Holland are very easy to confuse.
In many western elaborations published - it worth to mark this – in period when there was no Poland on map of the World for over 120 years, so it is from the year of 1792 to 1917, there were occurring opinions that crested fowls commonly present on yards was Russian fowls. This point of view is presented by one of the biggest authority of ornithology area, especially of poultry, Mr Brunon Durigen. He says, that either Italy as Dutch countries was carrying out dynamic trade with East and that crested fowls could be easy imported to them from– here is quote - >Polish-Russian<AREAS. from are they that be of is the in and have as for which crested This to similar was example an quotes author countries. German various ruling dukes Russian gift a Germany Poland bringing notoriously were fowls added, finally Durigen B. Furthermore, fowls. French races new create used where France, imported especially more, more popularized would countries above mentioned From earlier. now very Polish-Russian blood fowls, Polverar;s quantity small Padoue think senior, Marten H. e.g. Durigenie, on based authors, other remember, worth It>Polish fowls< sent by Russian tsar to Frederic Wilhelm III (1668-1713), Prussian king, they were putted on Peacock Island next to Potsdam. From this moment (by Durigen) their English names Polish fowl, Polish are dated.
What conclusions we can use to connect this section of our elaboration. Taking in consideration, that Russian episode has very big meaning in this place. It's worth to ask, haw should they call Polish fowls when word Poland was very disturbing? And it was disturbing for all three conquerors – Austria, Prussia and Russia. What is the conclusion at this moment? We will answer but not in simple way: In Poland there is very popular dictum – point of view depends from point of sitting. Even in such trivial case, like it could be seemed, as the name of one of decorative fowl race, politics shows its teeth.
Oh irony! For many years this native Polish fowl, Polish crested fowl wasn't in Poland. And these few persons, which came a long way "z ziemi wloskiej do Polski" (From Italy to Poland), they came via Germany, so what name should they have if I wouldn't Padoue? Practically in Poland we have known about Polish fowls from England and USA only several, maybe twenty years ago, at this time first specimens came to us from there, and it wasn't as usual from National Republic Of Germany or Czechoslovakia – and suddenly occurred surprising: Is it our race? One of undersigned bought his first hens as Padoue, only in the year of 1997 or 98 he found out haw this race is commonly called on the world, when he was browsing atlas of poultry "American Standard of Perfection" By the way: presuming European can't see, that now a lot of work for our fowls give …. Americans. Exactly they, the Americans, and not the starchy and "fossil with their rules" europeans, create new color varieties – even those like khaki, chocolate or porcelain – lets think for a while, isn't it the ability to show our talents also for Polish breeders. Slowly this fowl becoming to be called national fowl, what our western colleges amd breeders should understand and don't see this as something wrong.
This is one more digression. Authors of different elaborations are sniveling, that there is less and less of crested fowls breeders. We cannot agree with this statement. It depends, where is less of theme. Western colleges didn't notice, that in other countries, even in Poland, snappy development of decoration fowls breeding, including Polish fowls since opening of European borders. Until end of September 2005, declaration to submit to our Polish Fowls Club was filled up by 162 persons. In this moment we can remind anecdote about a king, who traveling in his beautiful, gold coach, stepped off for a moment to have a pee, and he looked on his pennies so intensively, that he didn't notice that his coach had gone away. Maybe it is good time, to find a place for new membership on this long breedership bench. With benefits for all of us.
Making conclusion – although cradle of this race is deep Asia, although that the Polish didn't have breeding of contemporary Polish fowls for many years, although that during centuries we had no idea, that somewhere on the world this fowl is breeding, changing, ameliorating, we have moral right to the name of Polish fowls, we have this right because the Polish started planned breeding, made standardization of stock, created colors varieties, and a last they showed Polish fowls to the World and if our forebears from Eastern Border Lands didn't have romantic souls, thanks to which they was traveling and taking together with them everything what was beautiful and precious, or as result of dynamic trade contacts they "borrowed" their treasures to Italian or Dutch merchants, the most beautiful fowl on the World wouldn't exist!
In closing we cannot resist to deeper reflection. Following lots of forming of either present model as the name of our beloved hen, it is hard not to noticed on this example how strength and complicated is history of Europe. Haw huge there is penetration between cultures, traditions, customs. Haw long way did it make to become due to her beauty a Quinn of all fowls – through Russia, Poland, Italy England, Holland, Germany, United States - she came back to Poland again. An in each of this country, more or less thousands or maybe hundreds of thousand of breeders gave their participation to development of this race. Is it worth to make lactation – who is more important and has bigger merits? Should we break up a war because of it? On the contrary – this is perfect opportunity to this fowl to connect us. So enjoy its beauty, enjoy every new color variety occurring, simply lets enjoy our lives and our selves thanks to it. Today in the era of internet and globalization lets talk – Englishman with American, Dutchman with Dutchman and German with Pole.
Stanislaw Roszkowski - Jaroslaw Wartacz
* * *References * * *
Graff K.(1887) Hodowla zwierzat. Wydawnictwa rolnicze pod redakcja Aleksandra Trylskiego, tom 2 (Animals breeding. Agriculture publications edited by Aleksander Trylski, volume 2)
Noskowski Printer's, 11 Mazowiecka St., Warsaw
Ksiazkiewicz J.(2005) Kury Czubate – najstarsza rodzima rasa ptaków uzytkowych, Wiadomosci Zootechniczne ....(Crested Fowls – the oldest familiar race of usable birds. Zootechnical News…)
Oettel r.(1873) Der Huhner- oder Geflugelhof, Weimar, Bernhard Fridrich Boigt.
Pietruski S.K.(1866) Historya naturalna i hodowla ptaków zabawnych i uzytecznych. Tom IV. Kury swojskie. Lwów, Nakladem Karola Wilda. (Natural History and risible and usable birds breeding. Volume IV. Familiar fowls)
Lwow, Edition of Karol Wild.
Peschke F, Schone F.(2004)Praxis der Huhner- und Zwerghuhnzucht...
Victorini J.(1921) Hodowla Drobiu. Nakladem Ksiegarni Polskiej Bernarda Polonieckiego. (Breeding of poultry) Edition of Bernard Poloniecki 'a Polish Bookshop
Abozin I.I (1882) Kurowodstwo, podrobnoje opisanie, kur rozlicznych parod
Gierasimow D.I. (1914) Osnowy promyslawogo pticewoztwa.
Haur Jakób Kazimierz (1693) Sklad albo skarbiec znakomitych sekretów o Ekonomii ziemianskiej etc. (Store or vault of excellent secrets about economy of estate owning gentry)
Drechler Adolf (1857) Die Zuchthuhner
Guide du promeneur (1865) au Cardin zoologique d'Acclimattation de Bois de Bologna
Darwin Karol (1868) Das Variieren der Tiere und Pflanzen
Bulletin de la Societe d'Acclimation II (1885)
Durigen Bruno (1860) Katechismus der Geflugelzucht
Malsburg Karol(1896) O pochodzeniu naszego drobiu i jego hodowli w dawnej Polsce. (About descent of our poultry and its breeding in former Poland)


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