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By NATHAN GREGORY
After two failed city facility bond referendums — the most recent one in 2011 — 2012 will be remembered as the year when city officials found a way to fund construction of a new city hall and renovations to turn the current facility into a revamped police station without the use of taxpayer dollars.
However, that way was also without a city-wide vote, which was met with opposition from outspoken taxpayers and aldermen against the board majority who approved the project in June. That taxpayer opposition forced the project through the legal system in which a Circuit Court judge ruled in the city's favor in December before it could go forward, causing city staff to delay breaking ground on the new facility at the former site of Starkville Electric Department and continue operating in a 24,000-foot structure many officials said the city has long outgrown.
While discussion of a non-taxpayer-funded plan to construct the new municipal facility was ongoing during the aldermen's open winter retreat and the board approved a proposal from West Brothers Construction in February as the contractor, a motion regarding approval of the $8 million plan didn't make it onto a board agenda until June 4 in the form of a 118-page lease-purchase contract. The city is to use a combination of budgeted funds, retired debt and projected future tax revenue to make monthly payments for the improvements for the first three years before tax revenue dollars are phased out of the payments after 2015.
After Demery Grubbs, a financial consultant who had been working with the city on the project, presented short-term payment figures for the city as it begins construction and renovation, contention among city leadership set off what would become a six-month debate over whether the city's decision to validate certificates of participation to fund the project without giving residents a chance to vote was fiscally responsible and honest to taxpayers. After lengthy discussion, a 4-3 vote pushed the measure through, with Ward 2 Alderman Sandra Sistrunk, Ward 3 Alderman Eric Parker, Ward 4 Alderman Richard Corey and Ward 5 Alderman Jeremiah Dumas voting in favor.
The board member most vocally opposed to the project was Ward 6 Alderman Roy A. Perkins, who spoke for approximately 30 minutes detailing the reasons why the certificates of participation plan should not be supported.
"We want to at least talk about paying for this $8 million on some anticipated growth? Is that a prudent and conservative and fiscal way to conduct business? No. (Do) you think I'm going to build a home if I didn't have one on future income? I'll be in line, maybe, for unemployment (or) foreclosure … You don't commit yourself out like that. You are setting future boards and future administration up for failure. If you want to have a municipal complex, it's not about what we individually think. It's about what the people think," Perkins said.
He also likened the city's current administration to a "dictatorship," and called for new leadership, adding that just because the plan does not call for a tax increase in the short term does not mean it won't in the event of a future shortfall.
"What (the majority in favor of the plan is) doing is they're trying to set you up for failure so you have a tax increase. That's what's going to happen. What if the future growth falls short? Where's the revenue going to come from? … You don't commit … future growth in terms of repaying a long term indebtedness," Perkins said. "This (project plan) … doesn't look good. It doesn't smell good. It doesn't taste good. And when it doesn't look good and doesn't smell good and doesn't taste good and doesn't walk good, there's nothing good about it. It has a poor appearance. We need to kill it."
Shortly after board approval, Starkville resident William McGovern filed a bill of exceptions appeal to Oktibbeha County Circuit Court and a complaint to the Mississippi Ethics Commission stating members of the board held clandestine meetings in violation of the state's Mississippi Open Meetings Act when drafting a plan for how the project could be passed without a referendum while withstanding legal challenge. When asked to comment in June, McGovern said his intent was not to keep the city from having better facilities to conduct business in or for the police department to have an updated base of operation, but to allow for an open, democratic process to take place.
"If we got to vote on the justice complex and wanted that, that's fine. But doing it like they're doing it, I just believe in a democracy that if you do these things I just think there's a right and a wrong way to do them. If you're not going to do it the right way, you have a problem with me," McGovern said. "I think the people ought to get to vote on these things and that's what I've been for from the very beginning. If it were being done correctly I wouldn't have any problem with it. I'm not a troublemaker; I just want the process to be done openly. If it's done openly, I don't care."
In response to the appeal, Dumas said he felt the discomfort was simply with the unconventional method of getting the project started, but objection to the plan was holding the city back.
"It's unfortunate that there are people against change so much that they'll do anything to stop it, even in the event that it's a great project that will not compromise their financial position one bit," Dumas said in June.
McGovern later dismissed the bill of exceptions appeal voluntarily on the grounds that it was not the proper vehicle for challenging the adopted public-private partnership plan, but he filed an objection to Circuit Court in September.
Representing 347 fellow objectors, McGovern, through attorney Charles Yoste, came before 14th Chancery District Judge Jim Davidson Jr. in November to contest the city's project in an all-day event of testimony from city leadership, including Mayor Parker Wiseman, Chief Administrative Officer Lynn Spruill and several aldermen as well as other officials involved in the project's formation.
Yoste questioned the lack of detail in the board's Feb. 7 minutes when it approved West Brothers' proposal without specifying what the proposal was or how much money was involved.
Two weeks after the session in Circuit Court, a preliminary response from the Mississippi Ethics Commission found the city violated three sections of state code in failing to keep minutes for public meetings, provide proper notice of meetings and strictly comply with the Open Meetings Act.
The city did not challenge the report.
The report did not help McGovern's case in the verdict handed down by Davidson in December.
He ruled in favor of the city in a 13-page opinion, which said McGovern made two allegations: The board violated Open Meetings Act and failed to specify the lessee corporation and the property to be leased, leaving those sections blank.
"The proof showed that meetings had taken place before the June 5, 2012 regular meeting at which the resolution was adopted. There was not a quorum of the board present, nor was there any affirmative action taken," the opinion said. "If this was a violation of the Mississippi Open Meetings law, it is properly to be determined by ... the Mississippi State Ethics Commission. McGovern's objection indicates that there is a pending complaint before the Ethics Commission. Even if the commission's decision is in the affirmative for McGovern ... The Board can conduct violative meetings for years and then convene in a regular, properly called meeting and pass a resolution with impunity."
"McGovern asserts that the places left blank are fatal to the approval of the procedure by this court and that the public's right to know the details of the project have been diminished," the opinion continues. "Both the ground lease and the lease contained an attachment describing the real property and the improvements to be constructed. The court does agree that the blanks create possible suspicion of impropriety to the layman, but disagrees that this is fatal."
Perkins presented a one-page motion at the board's Dec. 18 meeting to rescind all action pertaining to the certificates of participation and launch a June 4, 2013 bond referendum for a $3.5 million police station, citing requests from constituents and taxpayers he had spoken with. The same four aldermen who voted in favor of the issuance of the certificates were the ones who shot down Perkins' motion.
Wiseman said he was pleased with Davidson's ruling and eager to proceed with the project.
"It's a big step forward for city in two respects. First of all, it's meeting pressing needs in respect to infrastructure and physical needs.
Knowing that the city workforce is on track to have adequate workspace and the public will have facilities that meet building code standards and the Americans with Disabilities Act is a significant step forward for the city," Wiseman said in December. "Also, it's a step forward because it gives us an opportunity as a community to put the issue behind us. I certainly don't believe this issue has stopped progress over the past decade, but at times it has kept us from making as much progress as we otherwise could have made. I think in the long run, the public is going to be very proud of these facilities ... We must continue to address new challenges and hope we don't get bogged down for a decade in trying to address the challenges of tomorrow."
News editor Carl Smith and education reporter Steven Nalley contributed to this report.


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So You Think You Can Dance
SYTYCD Atlanta: Best and Worst Auditions
Following each audition episode of So You Think You Can Dance, we'll be rating the good, the bad, and, yes, sometimes the ugly from each city. Here are the best and worst solos from Atlanta ... in our humble opinions, of course.
Best: Melanie Moore
This art major from NYC's Fordham University claims she used to be a terrible dancer. Um, how? Melanie is amazing, like pee-your-pants good. Her feet, her extensions, her sheer artistry ... so incredible! We know it's early, but we'd be willing to bet money that this contemporary dancer ends up in the Top 20. Plus, the fact that she's a dead ringer for adorable Keri Russell from Felicity scores her major extra points.
Worst: John Palermo aka "White Chocolate"
The most disappointing aspect of John's hip hop audition was how much he talked himself up before hitting the stage. We were all sorts of fired up to see this guy rip it up on the dance floor. Maybe his freestyle rapping in the intro should have been a clue of the nonsense ahead ... or the fact that he didn't know the meaning of the word "surname." At least he got a few hugs out of it.
Who were your faves from the Atlanta auditions? Tell us on Facebook!

subset: commoncrawl


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New Year, New Goals, Looking To Meet That Special Someone
One of the hardest things for me to do is talk about myself as it is not generally in my nature so let's give it a try. I am an honest, loyal, down to earth person seeking the same. I am one with a sense of humor, outgoing personality, and know what I want and what I am looking for. Looking to meet someone that is driven and motivated, has a sense of humor, down to earth, and knows what she wants. I love trying and doing new things so if that is you PLUS. Ultimately, looking to find that person that compliments me and is looking for more... I love good conversation so if you would like to chat and learn more I am always up for good conversation.
Coffee and conversation , Business networking , Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Performing arts , Playing cards , Playing sports , Religion/Spiritual , Watching sports
Baseball, Basketball, Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Dancing, Golf, Running, Swimming, Tennis / Racquet sports, VolleyBall, Weights / Machines
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Dogs, Fish, Horses
Middle of the Road
I love to eat out any try new things. I am trying to plan a vacation this year and I am not sure where I want to go. Any ideas?? I am thinking maybe Vegas, Arizona, Cancun or Italy
Oakland University, Rochester, MI
I love all kinds of food so its really hard to name a favorite, but I will say garlic mashed potatoes are very high up on my list. I love all types of music too. You can summarize me a open minded, laid back person who like to have a good time.
I enjoy hanging out with my friends, sports, movies, music, cooking, read, and traveling. I like to stay active so really if there is anything going on I am up for it!! I love being with and around people that like to do things and have fun
"The Last Lecture" by Randy Pausch. It was truly an amazing story about Randy and the way he choose to live his life. If you havent read the book yet I highly recommend it.
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Artichoke Cheese Bites
Serves: 12
These ingredients are:
Vegetarian Corn-free Peanut-free Soy-free Tree nut-free
A fun and tasty appetizer with artichokes hearts and cheese that can be prepared ahead of time.
- 1 (15-ounce) can artichoke hearts, drained and finely chopped Add to list
- 1 cup dry breadcrumbs Add to list
- 3 eggs, lightly beaten Add to list
- 6 tablespoons grated Parmesan cheese, divided Add to list
- 2 tablespoons grated Romano cheese Add to list
- 2 tablespoons lemon juice Add to list
- 2 cloves garlic, minced Add to list
- 1 tablespoon olive oil Add to list
- 1 tablespoon minced shallots Add to list
- 1 tablespoon chopped fresh parsley Add to list
- 1 teaspoon chopped fresh thyme Add to list
- Salt and pepper, to taste Add to list
Preheat oven to 350° F. Lightly grease a baking sheet or line with parchment paper.
In a bowl, combine artichoke hearts, breadcrumbs, eggs, 2 tablespoons grated Parmesan cheese and remaining ingredients. Form mixture into 1-inch balls and roll them in remaining Parmesan cheese. Place on the prepared baking sheet.
Bake until heated through and lightly brown, 10 to 15 minutes. Serve hot or at room temperature.
Artichoke bites can be prepared up to 6 hours before baking and then refrigerated. If chilled, bake for an additional 5 minutes.
Recipe by, PCC Chef
Chime in! (our commenting policy)
Please use proper table manners when sharing food for thought on this or any other PCC Natural Markets forum. If a food fight starts, email firstname.lastname@example.com to blow the whistle.


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KINGSTON, R.I. -- February 26, 2003 -- To educate the public about the nature of the ongoing violence in India, the University of Rhode Island has rescheduled a lecture that was cancelled due to the recent blizzard.
Smita Narula, a senior researcher for the Asia Division of Human Rights Watch will speak on "Communal Violence in Gujarat, IndiaCrimes Against Humanity on March 4 at 7 p.m. Her talk will be held in Room 271 of the Chafee Social Science Center and is free and open to the public.
Communal violence in India has become too serious for the international community to ignore. In February 2002, in Gujarat alone, about 2,000 people have died, women have been sexually violated, more than 150,000 people rendered homeless and turned into refugees in their own homeland, and millions of dollars worth of property destroyed and burned.
Since then, the violence has been continuing on a smaller scale at different places throughout India. The perpetrators have been continuously threatening to replicate the Gujarat experiment in all the states of India, according to Mohammed Sharif, economics professor at URI. Sharif, president of the Southern Rhode Island Islamic Society, helped organize the lectures.
Narula is the author of We Have No Orders to Save You: State Participation and Complicity in the Communal Violence in Gujarat. The 75-page report documents state and police participation in anti-Muslim violence in Gujarat. She is also the author of Broken People: Caste Violence Against Indias Untouchables, a Human Rights Watch report on caste-based violence and discrimination that affects at least 160 million "untouchables" in India.
Before Narulas lecture, there will be a screening of a video, Hey Ram: Genocide in the Land of Gandhi.
Narula will be available for interviews with the media, providing arrangements are made in advance. For more information call Sharif at 401-874-4119, e-mail him at email@example.com or call the URI News Bureau at 401-874-2116.
URIs Honors Program and Visiting Scholars Committee, and URIs Womens Center sponsor the event.
Copyright © 1999
University of Rhode Island
For more information about this site, contact email@example.com
File last updated: Monday, March 3, 2003
The University is an affirmative action/equal opportunity employer.
All rights reserved. URL: http://www.uri.edu/news/


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chinchilla177's's Gamespot Rank
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SAN FRANCISCO A tsunami-producing fault in Lake Tahoe is overdue for another earthquake, scientists said here Tuesday at the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union.
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FT. LAUDERDALE, Fla. – Posting a second-round 288 (+4), the Saint Leo men's golf team jumped two spots to close the first day of action at the Sunshine State Conference Tournament sixth. The Lions completed the first two rounds with a 18-over-par 586 (295-288—586) at the par-71, 6,680-yard Grande Oaks Golf Course in Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. The tournament is being hosted by Nova Southeastern.
Overall, Barry University sits in first, combining to shoot a seven-under-par 559 (282-277—559). The Bucs also have the top individual performer as Carlos Velez posted a five-under-par 66 in the first round, and followed with a three-under-par 68 in round two to finish with an eight-under-par 134 (66-68—134).
Barry is followed by Nova Southeastern and Florida Southern, as they closed with identical scores of six-under-par 562. In fact, slots 1-through-5 are separated by just five strokes in the nine-team, 44 member field.
As for SLU, senior Cole Cisbani recovered from a first round 75, to shoot a team-low 69 in the second round. He closed played with a two-over-par 144 (75-69—144). Freshman Nick Brothers posted a pair of solid rounds, also finishing with a two-over-par 144 (71-73—144). Both sit in a tie for 17th.
JP Albuquerque wrapped-up the day in tie for 32nd, firing a seven-over-par 149 (73-76—149). Tom Lynn (76-73—149) also concluded the day with a seven-over-par 149, improving three shots from his first round 76 to shoot a second round 73.
Senior Mark McGuire rounded-out the Lions' group by solidifying an nine-over-par 151. McGuire (78-73—151) did show improvement, however, tallying a two-over-par 73 in the second round, shaving five strokes off his total.
The third and final round will tee-off tomorrow morning at 8:00 a.m. at the Grand Oaks Golf Course.


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Stratos 4 OVA: Return to Base (DVD)
The four gorgeous girls, the elite interceptor force known as the "Meteor Sweepers", return to relax and celebrate their latest success. Annette and Chizuru fly in to visit while their orbital station is taken offline for repairs. Their brief time off soon turns to tragedy when an accident in space sends Orbital Station 7 hurtling on an uncontrollable crash course to Earth! The visiting girls are quickly launched back up to the station to help: however, the station's lifeboat leaves without them. It's now up to Mikaze, Shizuha, Ayamo, and Karin to save the planet! But will they be able to save their friends during the process!
Stratos 4 is one of those anime that brought a very realistic and methodical look at science fiction – all of the technology is rooted in current science, and no pieces of equipment seem extraordinary in their use or design. To me, it beckons to a more pioneering experience instead of the ho-hum approach to space flight. "Pfft lasers? I eat lasers all the time!". The OVA starts off pretty much where the anime left off, with the girls just having saved the planet.
Code X-1: Return to Base
The girls are ready to return to Earth for a little R&R, but wouldn't you know it? Nothing goes right. On approach, their landing gear won't descend properly, and they end up fighting over who will go check on it. Despite the girls' status as saviors of the Earth, they haven't exactly arrived, as they quickly get suckered into helping at Ko-chin before they can finally go for a swim. Annette and Chizuru report to the base to meet with the Commander, and they come bearing information. The disc is from the personal effects of Miharu Ohzora, and it's a video diary from her past: starting out with her exuberance at being pregnant, you slowly see the changes to her personality from her time with the agency, and the eventual lunacy during her time
building the Comet Blasters base. It scares everyone one else to realize that the agency was experimenting with their own people, and that Karin could have ended up the same way if she wasn't saved.
Mr. Sako goes to visit his wife in the hospital, but while he's leaving – he's approached by a security guard who seems insistent on having him examine something. While he looks at the object in question, two girls beckon him from behind bars telling him
that they were former subjects who want to escape, and that the Comet Blasters may be disbanded soon. They state that he should tell the Commander as soon as possible, and so he heads back to base as fast as he can go. The next morning, Annette and Chizuru have awoken before the 4 girls, and so they head into base. When the others finally arrive, they learn that those 2 have a small plan for some fun – a joyride in the trainers. While tower control watches the girls wreak havoc on the planes, they learn of an accident on the station. As a result of a collision with debris, the Orbital Station 7 has sustained damage and is losing orbital altitude, and is going to start to enter the atmosphere in 72 hours.
Code X-2: Dispersion
The on board repair crew tries desperately to escape, but they have become trapped in a sealed room. They are without pressure suits, and cannot escape. Annette and Chizuru are summoned back to their home base, they are going to be the rescue team for the Station. Immediately launching, the two make way and link up with the station; they quickly find the survivors, one of whom is seriously hurt, and put them into their shuttle. They intend to set explosives to blow up the station, then escape using the drop-ship.
In the mean time, the station has entered the atmosphere and interceptors are being prepared for duty. The girls manage to snag both prepped ships and are on stand-by to launch. Once cleared, they are appraised that the drop-ship has left the station so they prepare to fire, except another hit on the station caused a massive explosion near the drop-ship and it has started re-entry without any passengers. Annette and Chizuru are now looking frantically for an escape, and they believe that they've found one – the launch bell that the girls brought to the station originally. So the two are going to launch the bell in less time than it takes for the interceptors to have to abandon their mission due to fuel concerns. They're going to try it, and they launch missiles just as they have to return to base. Thankfully, the pair were able to get clear and the base was destroyed before it hits anything important. The episode ends with everyone finally making some decisions about what they want to do: the girls have decided to become Comet Blasters, and their foils have decided to step out on their own – they're going to enter the test pilot program! It's changes abound at the end.
This OVA has certainly told a succinct story and given some nice closure on the characters. Decent little plot-line, excellent character development, worth it for fans of Stratos 4.
- Tazman
2, 2005)
"It'll be good if you're a funny looking kid who doesn't know they suck."
"I'm a 'coming, Krusty!"
- Krusty and Milhouse (Simpsons)
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Spotlight Article:
Beyond Zero Energy in European Homes
Where is energy efficiency in buildings headed in Europe? Key trends in Germany, Europe's leading construction market, provide useful insight.
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"I've learned that people will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people ...
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At the ACI National Conference this year, I was remiss that there was no official presence of Women in ...


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Podcast 8/28/2012
Dear Two Johns,Long time listener, first time emailer.I am convinced that Vinokourov is Rolf from the Sound of Music. I mentioned this to my wife whilst watching this movie with her and she thought I was crazy and proceeded to get mad at me for always bringing cycling into every conversation we have. How can we be sure that Vino is Vino and not some child movie star or descendant thereof, perhaps he's a vampire and will never age, which would explain his blood doping suspension a few years back. Just look at them. They look IDENTICAL.Robbie Canuck
*** errors and omissions:
– We apologize for the sometimes garbled audio feed. We continue to work on polishing the production level but this podcast had an occasional audio feed issue
-We are aware there is a riders' union
-We are aware of the inconsistency of some of our content and rider commentary with the Olympic winner and other issues discussed in the podcast. ***
Much has happened since our last podcast, 5 new iphones have been released, the world knows a new boy band and we have both probably gotten 1/16″ shorter. None the less, the Two Johns are back and podcasting! The promise of another cyclocross season has got us all a chatter talking about Kingswood TT's, equipment and a bigger than ever. The podcast starts off covering some of the events that transpired since our last podcast. We wind up griping about how modern bikes don't meet the quality of previous eras…
Among the endeavors since the last podcast…


text:
Here's where I'm headed in a few minutes:
Mayoral candidates Joe Tuman, Jean Quan and Rebecca Kaplan had confirmed their attendance, as of this afternoon. So had Gary Yee and Ben Visnick, candidates for school board. I look forward to hearing the students' questions and seeing who wins their mock election. Stay tuned.


text:
Guangzhou Hongnice Beauty & Body equipment Co.,Ltd
HONGNICE Beauty and Hairdressing Products Company develops, designs, produces and manages beauty and hairdressing products as well as equipments. The company owns HONGNICE Electronics Factory, which has strong technical strength, manufactures "HONG NICE" and "MEI BO SHI''beauty and hairdressing equipments. These Products quickly win good reputation among both domestic and overseas customers with their outstanding quality, reasonable price and excellent after-sale service. They are popular all around China as well as in Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Korea, Russia and Italy.
"We believe in Quality First and Customer First."
Quality is life of our factory, sincerity and credit is foundation stone of our company. In order to suite modern development of beauty industry, we are keeping improving the quality of our products, developing more and better products to satisfy all our customers.


text:
A device for controlling an accessory based on the detection of transmissions of appropriate input frequency exceeding a minimum threshold amplitude from a nearby cellular telephone. The device includes an independent receiver for directly detecting the transmissions from the nearby cellular telephone and a controller connected to the receiver for controlling the accessory device based on the detection of the transmission from the nearby cellular phone. The independent receiver includes a frequency discriminator of a totally digital design for detecting a signal which is greater than a predetermined threshold frequency and amplitude.
1. A device for controlling an accessory based on the detection of carrier frequency transmissions of appropriate input frequency exceeding a minimum threshold amplitude from a nearby cellular telephone, comprising:
(a) an independent receiver for directly detecting the transmissions from the nearby cellular telephone, said receiver including a wideband front end; and,
(b) a controller connected to said receiver for controlling the accessory device based on said detection of the transmission from the nearby cellular phone, wherein said frequency discriminator serves to determine whether the input frequency is greater than a certain pre-determined threshold frequency and amplitude; said frequency discriminator comprises a clock oscillator, a counter for counting incoming pulses from the received carrier frequency, an accumulator for determining whether the number of counter pulses exceeds a minimum number, M, a transfer flip-flop connected to the output of the accumulator, a memory element for storing the accumulator output and a clock delay element connected between the clock oscillator and transfer flip-flop for transferring the accumulator output to the memory element.
2. The device of claim 1, wherein said receiver includes an amplitude detector for determining the presence of the transmissions with amplitudes above a pre-determined threshold amplitude.
3. The device of claim 1, wherein said receiver includes a frequency divider connected to said wideband front end for dividing input frequency of the transmissions, said frequency divider having an input noise margin.
4. The device of claim 3, wherein said wideband front end and said frequency divider together perform amplitude detection and wherein the amplitude detection threshold is established by said frequency divider input noise margin.
5. The device of claim 1, wherein said receiver includes a frequency translator following said wideband front end.
6. The device of claim 1, wherein said frequency discriminator serves to determine whether the input frequency is greater than a first pre-determined frequency and less than a second pre-determined frequency.
7. The device of claim 6, further comprising a monostable multivibrator, a low-pass filter, and a window comparator.
8. The device of claim 1, wherein the accessory device includes an audio system.
9. The device of claim 8, wherein said controller serves to mute said audio system.
10. The device of claim 8, wherein said controller serves to lower the sound level of said audio system.
11. The device of claim 1, wherein said controller serves to cut off power to the accessory device.
12. The device of claim 1, wherein said controller serves to apply power to the accessory device.
13. The device of claim 1, wherein said controller serves to periodically cut off power to the accessory device, or to periodically apply power to the accessory device.
14. The device of claim 1, further comprising a transmission duration discriminator.
15. The device of claim 14, wherein said transmission duration discriminator includes a turn-on delay which serves to determine whether the transmission duration is greater than a certain pre-determined minimum threshold transmission duration.
16. The device of claim 1, further comprising a turn-off delay.
17. The device of claim 4, further comprising a processor for operating said controller in response to said amplitude detection and said frequency detection.
18. The device of claim 1, further comprising an input attenuator.
19. The device of claim 1, wherein said receiver includes a frequency discriminator connected to said wideband front end for dividing input frequency of the transmissions, said frequency discriminator having an input noise margin.
20. The device of claim 19, wherein said wideband front end and said frequency discriminator together perform amplitude detection and wherein the amplitude detection threshold is established by said frequency discriminator input noise margin.
The present invention relates to a device which detects activity of a cellular telephone in its close proximity, without direct connection to the cellular telephone, and which controls one or more accessory devices, in response to the activity of the cellular telephone, and, more particularly, relates to an inexpensive wideband radio receiver which incorporates means for determining that a cellular telephone conversation is in progress, in a cellular phone nearby, and which, in response to this determination, operates an output control device to appropriately control operation of an accessory device to which it is usually directly connected for cost reasons, although non-galvanic connection means may also be used, such as an auxiliary radio link, or an optocoupler, for example, in cases where electrical isolation is required, as for safety reasons.
Prior-art devices require direct connection to the cellular telephone, typically to its input power supply line, to monitor the supply current, to indirectly determine activity of the cellular telephone. This is disadvantageous, since it does not allow the detection of a conversation in a portable, handheld cellular phone, which contains its own battery power supply, and which will not remain in the vicinity of the activity-detecting device for a substantial time, before being carried by the user with him to another location. Further, in prior-art, the control input to the accessory device is usually its supply line, which is disadvantageous in the usual case of disabling an audio source in close proximity to the cellular telephone, since this may often result in "popping" of the audio output when the power is restored to the audio device, due to dc bias conditions in the audio device at the time of the restoration of its power.
The usual application which inventors, in particular, are addressing, is the case of a cellular telephone, installed in a car, with radio or other audio accessory. During a telephone conversation, it is clearly desirable to remove competing sound sources, as has been addressed in the prior art. Earlier related work includes removing power to the audio portions of an accessory unit, or removing power totally, or switching the speaker connections. Earlier related work uniformly requires direct electrical connection to the audio accessory.
In an automotive environment, every connection is costly to the original-equipment manufacturer, and, in the after-market, to the individual owner. Hence, it is desirable to reduce requirements for connections, and especially, as the inventors have anticipated, to the cellular phone, since, this permits now use of a battery-operated cellular phone in the car, with the same convenience as a hard-wired unit. Thus, the device of the invention is an independent device, i.e., a device not directly connected to the cellular phone. Further, the connection to the cellular phone power source was used to monitor supply drain as an indicator of activity; this is unit-dependant, and implies a possible compatibility problem of the threshold detection.
A further advantage of this invention is the ability to quiet audio accessories due to compensation from more than one cellular telephone unit. For example, if the driver and one or more passengers have cellular phone, any of the three may be in use individually or simultaneously.
Such audio accessory to be quieted during the cellular telephone conversation may be an audio system, including an audio amplifier or a compact disc player or a tape player or a radio or a cb radio or a phonograph or a stereo system or the like, or any combination of these.
In more detail, the following prior art references may be pertinent to the present invention:
U.S. Pat. No. 1,909,843, Squires, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,389,543, Grainier and Jason, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,233,646, Kuromi, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,993,061, Hsiehm and U.S. Pat. No. 4,591,661, Bendetto and Shepherd, all make direct electrical connection to the normal, wired, telephone line pair to detect off-hook and possibly ringing conditions.
Concerning cellular phones, U.S. Pat. No. 5,241,582, Park, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,712, Porco, and article Ser. No. 196,954, ORA Devices, use direct wired electrical connection to the cellular telephone power supply to sense increased supply drain of the cellular phone during times of activity (ringing and off-hook), providing an indirect measurement of activity. Park and Porco switch off power to the audio system in the car; ORA switches off power to the car radio.
Further, sensing of audio energy is used by other, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,524,461, Kostanty, Sciabarrasi, and Grossman, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,027,249, Calman.
Rogers, U.S. Pat. No. 4,105,974, combines a received-audio detector from a CB receiver with sensing of transmitted rf from a CB transmitter to switch a shared speaker between a CB transmitter/receiver and a broadcast receiver. This is not uniquely related to telephony, but uses an rf detector for transmission sensing.
The present invention relates to cellular telephone activity sensing, uses no direct electrical connection to the cellular phone, whether to its power supply line or to its audio circuits or to its rf circuits, senses rf transmissions to the cellular telephone system cell "central office" as its means of activity detection. The activity detector of the invention is designed uniquely to detect cellular telephone activity of cellular telephones in its close proximity, as will be described, and preferably mutes an audio output by non-catastrophic means--i.e., it does not switch off a whole unit, but rather effects electronic attenuation of the audio signal, e.g., by electrical connection to the mute function of the automobile radio receiver, etc. The cellular telephone activity detector of the invention is most conveniently, but not necessarily mounted inside the automobile radio receiver.
According to the present invention, there is provided a wideband radio receiver, including both an amplitude-detecting capability, and a frequency-discriminating capability, and a transmission duration discriminating capability, and, further, incorporating a "processor" to determine from the amplitude information and from the frequency information, whether a cellular telephone transmission or conversation is in progress in its close proximity. The processor outputs a control signal for interfacing to an accessory device via a controller, in the manner appropriate to the accessory device, and the type of control to be exercised over it. The transmission duration discriminator prevents activation of the controller if the duration of the transmission is less than a certain predetermined minimum threshold transmission duration in order to ignore cellular telephone status-checking and signalling transmissions.
According to further features in the preferred embodiments, the activity-detection range may be adjusted, by receiver-sensitivity attenuation, to avoid signals emanating from cellular telephones in nearby vehicles, or in use by passers-by; or, maximized, for use, for example, for radio controlled door and window locking and closing, when the owner carries his phone outside the car, and uses it to trigger the activity detector.
According to further features in the preferred embodiments of the invention described below, the amplitude-detecting and frequency-discriminating circuitry may be implemented in one circuit block, not necessarily as two separate circuit functions, providing economic benefit.
According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the frequency discrimination circuitry may be realized by substantially totally "digital" circuitry means, or by combination of digital and analog techniques, and may provide either the equivalent functionality of a high-pass filter or bandpass filter function, when viewed from a system functionality level.
The output connection is normally a galvanic connection to an audio accessory, which mutes or quiets the audio output, by a dc control voltage which controls the audio level. Hence, the audio level may be either reduced to a low level, or completely shut off, and may be restored without "popping" by smooth change of the control voltage from that corresponding to the reduced-audio level to that corresponding to normal audio level.
According to another embodiment, the output means is a relay, optocoupler, radio link, or similar which provides galvanic isolation.
According to another embodiment, the output accessory device to be controlled, may be lights, horn, windows, door-locks, or similar non-audio load.
The present invention successfully addresses the shortcomings of the presently known configurations, by providing a cellular telephone activity detector, which does not require galvanic connection to the cellular telephone, or to its power supply line, as in prior art. The invention discloses novel activity-detection means, including transmitted-signal amplitude detection, frequency discrimination, processing to analyze these, and turn-on delay and turn-off delay of the control output, to assure smoothness of operation of the complete system.
The invention is herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1a is a block diagram of an activity detector according to the general concept of the present invention;
FIG. 1b is a representative flow chart of a representative decision logic employed by the processor unit of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a sketch of signals in the block diagram of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is an alternative frequency-discriminator embodiment.
The present invention is of a cellular telephone activity detector which can be used for control of various accessory devices, in response to activity of the cellular telephone. Specifically, the present invention can be used to mute the audio output of an automobile radio when a cellular telephone is in use in the car.
The principles od operation of a cellular telephone activity detector according to the present invention may be better understood with reference to the drawings and the accompanying description.
Referring now to the drawing, FIG. 1a illustrates a representative block diagram incorporating the concept of the cellular telephone activity detector of the present invention. This block diagram does not represent the only possible implementation of the invention; rather, many implementations are possible and are included within the scope of the invention.
The cellular telephone activity detector is generally referenced 100, and comprises an antenna, 101, for reception of signals from the cellular telephone during its operation, an input attenuator, 102, for sensitivity adjustment, a wideband receiver, 103, a coupling means, 104, an amplitude detector, 105, and a frequency-discriminator, 106, a processor, 107, turn-on and turn-off delays, 108, and an output interface, 109.
The wideband receiver, 103, is employed for its low-cost, and for the resulting simplicity of the system. Use of narrow-band tuned circuits in the receiver front-end would necessitate tuning to monitor the wide 800 MHz to 1.3 GHz cellular telephone spectrum for activity. Such tuning would require frequency-sweeping, and would result in slow response of the activity detector. This receiver, 103, passes energy in the whole cellular telephone spectrum, via coupling means, 104, to the amplitude detector, 105, and to the frequency-discrimination, 106.
Antenna, 101, receives transmitted energy in its proximity, in particular from the cellular phone in use near it. The antenna output is variably, appropriately attenuated by attenuator, 102. This is advantageous as an activity detector range limiter and has the benefit of reduces intermodulation products generation in the receiver from end. The wideband receiver, 103 provides necessary gain, and may include frequency translation, to frequencies more convenient for the signal conditioning. The wideband receiver front end output is coupled to the amplitude detector, 105, and frequency discriminator, 106, by coupling means, 104, which is often a series coupling capacitor, as will be discussed later. The amplitude detector and frequency discriminator functions are shown here as two separate blocks, but their functionality may be realized in one combined block, as will be discussed. The signal processor, 107 receives the results of the amplitude detection and frequency discrimination, and operates to determine whether a cellular telephone is active in its near vicinity.
When activity is detected, an appropriate output is provided to the controlled device by output interface, 109, after a turn-on delay provided by delay block, 108, and when activity ceases the output is removed after a turn-off delay provided by block, 108. Although both delays are shown here in one block, in general, these may be two different delay, implemented by separate circuitry.
FIG. 1b provides a representative flow chart of the logic of the operation of an implementation of an activity detector system according to the invention. The activity detector limits its detection to presence of cellular telephone activity by means of the frequency discriminator. This minimally determines that the frequency of the received signal is above about 800 MHz, the low-end of the cellular telephone frequency range of 0.8 to 1.3 GHz. This wide frequency range results in use of a wideband receiver for response time and cost considerations, as above. A bandpass frequency-discriminator may alternatively be employed, but the low-cost solution of a "high-pass" frequency discriminator is adequate to reject most radio transmissions that would normally be encountered as possible false triggering energy sources, since most commercial and amateur radio allocations are below this range.
The amplitude detector has a sufficiently high detection threshold to limit detection to signals in very close proximity, at maximum sensitivity, say, within three meters, for example to quiet a radio receiver when the wife listening to the radio in her kitchen receives or places a call, and with input attenuation, as usually employed to, say, about one meter, for example, in the usual automotive application. The gain required of the wideband receiver front end is determined by the detector threshold setting corresponding to the minimum detected signal level defined as indicating a valid transmission signal strength. The amplitude required in the preferred embodiment is taken as 20 mVrms minimum.
A further feature of the activity detector, the turn-on delay, provides smooth operation, by avoiding triggering in response to status-checking transmissions, or transient, spurious, non-cellular phone transmissions or noise sources.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the invention. It features frequency division by 256, to reduce the wideband front-end output signal to a more convenient frequency for the following counter circuitry. An additional amplifier is provided after this frequency changer, followed by a series coupling capacitor. In the preferred embodiment of FIG. 2, the input noise margins of the frequency divider block, 202, provides the threshold detection level corresponding to 20 mVrms at the antenna, 200. The input wideband front-end block, 201, gain, is the input noise margin divided by 20 mVrms (56 mVp-p). The noise margin of the frequency divider, 202, is the voltage difference between its input "high" level and its input "low" level. Amplifier block, 203, provides interfacing and level-shifting to counter, 204, the input of the frequency discriminator portion of the system, generally referenced, 220, which consists of 204 through 209.
If no frequency divider were included in the system, but if the wideband front end output were applied directly to the frequency discriminator, then its input noise margin could be used for amplitude detection, resulting in the combination of amplitude detection and frequency discrimination in one block.
The frequency discriminator of the cellular telephone activity detector embodiment of FIG. 2, is a totally digital design, and is therefore, especially well-suited for implementation in a digital VLSI integrated circuit. This is both cost-effective, and manufacturable, requiring no production adjustments. In FIG. 2, the input frequency is divided by a factor of 256. When the amplitude is sufficient to trigger the input of divider, 202, then a sufficient signal strength has been determined by "empirical" processing to have been received to indicate a valid transmission signal strength. The counter, 204, is reset by a clock oscillator, 208, on a 50 percent duty cycle basis, so it counts incoming pulses of carrier frequency that are received in one half cycle of the oscillator. The counter output pulses are accumulated in accumulation block, 205, which determines when a minimum number of counter output pulses have been input to it. When this number, M, of pulses has been received, the accumulator, 205, provides a pulse to the set input of the following transfer flip-flop, 206. At the end of the half-clock period of counting, the counter, 204, will be reset, resetting accumulator, 205. The clock edge will also transfer into the D-flip-flop memory element, 207, the status of the Q output of flip-flop, 206. In order that the data at the D input of memory element, 207, be stable during its clocking time, a delay is provided by delay block, 209, before resetting transfer flip-flop, 206. The frequency discriminator is followed by a transmission duration discriminator turn-on and a turn-off delay block, 210, and by an output controller, 211, which may be of any appropriate design; a representative design being shown. The turn-on delay provides immunity to spurious transmission which would give false indication of cellular phone activity; the turn-off delay similarly gives immunity to false indication of cessation of cellular phone activity.
The frequency discriminator operation can be more easily understood by examination of the timing information in FIG. 3. Oscillator, 208, output provides the reset signals, and determines the duration of the counting interval. In out example, the input frequency is divided by 256. So pulses of fin/256 are being counted in 204 accumulated in 205. When M pulses are accumulated, an output is transferred to 207, on the following clock reset edge. 207 then drives the appropriate output driver for the given application. The minimum input frequency can be easily calculated. It is just 256 time M times twice the clock frequency (since we only count during one-half of the clock period).
Re-arranging and writing this in symbols, we solve for M as a function of fin: ##EQU1## In our example:
So accumulator 205, is set to give an output when it accumulates 39 pulses from U4 within one-half of the period of the clock, 208. This provides the desired equivalent, inexpensive, "high-pass" equivalent frequency discriminator function.
While a minimal-cost preferred embodiment, employing a high-pass frequency discriminator has been described above, a bandpass frequency discriminator may alternatively be employed, probably at greater cost. The principle of such a circuit is illustrated in FIG. 4, and will be briefly described. The bandpass frequency discriminator, 300, consists of a monostable multivibrator, 301, which generates a fixed-width output pulse each time it is triggered. The output pulse-width must be less than the minimum time between input pulses. The output pulse train is low-pass filtered, say, by an RC network, low-pass filter in block, 302, to provide a DC level to window-comparator block, 303. This includes no voltage comparators with reference voltages corresponding to minimum and maximum input pass-band frequencies. The two comparators with references are labelled as 303a and 303b. Details of their construction is not shown. Their outputs are combined and drive the output interface block when the input frequency is in range.
While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, it will be appreciated that many variations, modifications, and other applications of the invention may be made.
For example, various amplitude detector and frequency discriminator implementations are possible. The wideband receiver front end has not been described in detail, but could be any of a number of configurations. Input attenuator, output interface, and counters may all be any of a variety of designs.
In order to fully appreciate the invention, it is necessary to mention the feature of the operation of cellular telephones which the invention depends on. Just as in a wired telephone system, in which the individual telephones are connected by twisted pair to the central office, there is an indication to the central office of a continued off-hook condition, due to continued DC current flow in the user loop, so also, in the cellular telephone system an indication of continued off-hook condition of the individual cellular phone is provided to the central office. This is done by either continuous carrier transmission to the central office or by transmission of periodic bursts at carrier frequency to the central office, to indicate the continued off-hook condition. It is these transmissions to the central office which the cellular telephone activity detector of the present invention depends on.
The present invention measures directly, activity of the cellular phones in its proximity by monitoring the transmission medium, the communications channel, for activity. It does not indirectly measure activity by testing for an artifact of the activity, as in prior-art systems, which monitor increased supply drain of the cellular phone during periods of activity; thereby requiring direct connection to each of the phones to be monitored, and with the associated problem of lack of knowledge of the proper supply-drain threshold to use.
The present invention not only overcomes these problems, but monitors activity of all cellular phones in its proximity without direct connection to any of them.
This invention is a true cellular telephone activity detector, not an artifact detector as in the prior art supply-drain detection techniques.
While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, it will be appreciated that many variations, modifications and other applications of the invention may be made. For example, coupling means 105 may include a frequency translator.
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Stanley Pranin recently uploaded a video detailing a common problem seen in the execution of kotegaeshi techniques. This video engendered many comments on Facebook and the Aikido Journal blog site. Here are three videos linked by participants in the discussion that illustrate solutions to the kotegaeshi problem, the first by Hitohiro Saito Sensei, the second by Christian Tissier Sensei, and the third by Tsutomu Chida Sensei…
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Leaving a Legacy
Achieving true positive social change is a long-term proposition. As an engaged and thoughtful individual, your values are an integral part of the legacy you leave. How do you plan to make a difference in the world, today – and tomorrow? What are the mechanisms that ensure your philanthropic wishes will be carried out? Whether you currently work with Tides to facilitate your philanthropy, or are looking for a flexible way to ensure that your principles and priorities are honored far into the future, Tides provides a range of planned giving options that leave your legacy in reliable and experienced hands.
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If you have a donor advised fund with Tides, a charitable memo of intent will ensure that your philanthropic vision and values will continue either guided by Tides or your designated successors. You can also designate Tides as a beneficiary of your retirement account, charitable remainder trust, or make a testamentary gift through your will.
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CEDAR RAPIDS -- 'On Iowa Live' returns to talk about Iowa and Iowa State sports. The panel discusses the death of former Iowa defensive coordinator Norm Parker, as well as Iowa's big victories from last weekend in basketball and wrestling.
Part 1 features Iowa basketball talk with Mac McCausland and Kent McCausland. Part 2 has a reflection on Parker's life and career, plus wrestling talk with former Hawkeye Mark Ironside. Part 3 continues wrestling talk and wraps up the show with a lighting round.
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LONDON – Prime Minister David Cameron acknowledged Sunday that he wooed Rupert Murdoch as he attempted to win power in Britain, but insisted he never struck a tit-for-tat deal to support the media mogul's business dealings in return for favourable coverage. Ties between Cameron's government and Murdoch's News Corp. are under scrutiny after Britain's judge-led inquiry... Read more »
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Filmmaker Karan Malhotra, who is gearing up for his second film "Shuddhi", says the leading lady for the film is not yet finalised. However, there were reports that Kareena Kapoor has been roped in for the project opposite Hrithik Roshan.
"The leading lady of the film is not yet finalised. So far it is only Hrithik Roshan who has been finalised. I can't talk much about whether Kareena is in the film as long as Karan (Johar) doesn't make an official announcement," said Karan Malhotra.
Nevertheless, the director of the 2012 film "Agneepath", the remake of the 1990 film of the same name, says he has his "wish list ready".
"My fingers are crossed and I hope the best actress, who fits the bill, becomes a part of the film," he added.
Karan Malhotra said the film will be shot in Mumbai and Uttarakhand.
"The film will go on floors in November by the end of this year. The film will be widely shot in Mumbai and Uttarakhand. It is slated for release in 2014," he said.
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Edited 6/27/11, to better explain the issue of Nozick's conception of justice.
One of the indispensable attributes for any libertarian in the early 21st-century is a very thick skin. We must constantly hear our ideas misrepresented, twisted, summarily dismissed via idiotic pop economic reasoning, summarily dismissed via even-more-idiotic Keynesian economic reasoning, and/or generally placed on a par with some combination of devil-worship and geocentrism. In most cases, if we are to maintain both our sanity and good relations with our fellow human beings, we must rise above such episodes with little more than a knowing smile. However, slate.com recently published an article by Stephen Metcalf that is so egregiously awful that it cannot be passed over in silence. It is titled "The Liberty Scam - Why even Robert Nozick, the philosophical father of libertarianism, gave up on the movement he inspired." The author claims that libertarianism, which, as we all know, is little more than an excuse for rich capitalist people to continue their never-ending quest to exploit the poor, gained a potentially troublesome veneer of intellectual respectability when Harvard philosophy professor Robert Nozick published Anarchy, State, and Utopia - a book-length defense of libertarian ideas - in 1974. But not to worry: our hero has identified a fatal flaw in Nozick's reasoning; moreover, he informs us that Nozick himself abandoned libertarianism later in his career. And while libertarian ideas continue to exert a regrettable influence on real-world events (such as when the Federal Reserve bails out Too Big To Fail banks) we can rest assured that with the movement's erstwhile champion safely disposed of, the rest of the civilized world will soon come around to the author's final conclusion that a political organization based on unfettered freedom of individual action (and its counterpart, unmitigated individual bearing of risk) is "not only sad, but repugnant."
How does a libertarian respond to this? What has our fearsome adversary gotten wrong in his bold assault? In a word: everything. Even sparing any extended response to the absurd motive-mongering association of libertarian ideas with the interests of the wealthy - which ought to be an outright embarrassment to intellectually-mature readers of any political persuasion - we are still spoiled for choice when it comes to points of rebuttal.
First, Mr Metcalf badly overestimates Nozick's stature within the libertarian movement. It is doubtless true that the popularly-accessible style of Anarchy, State, and Utopia has been responsible for a more widespread familiarity with libertarian ideas among the general populace. But while serious libertarians remain grateful for this high-profile effort on their behalf, (and for the not-infrequent moments of genuine philosophical brilliance contained in the book), this is mixed with a tinge of embarrassment at the shallow treatment that Nozick gives to the ultimate foundations of the libertarian edifice in comparison with writers such as Jan Narveson, in The Libertarian Idea, or Roger Pilon, whose obscure but brilliant essay "Ordering Rights Consistently: Or What We Do and Do Not Have Rights To", published in The Georgia Law Review of 1979, may be the most convincing purely philosophical treatment of all. But by far the greatest shortcoming in the author's implied hierarchy of libertarian ideas is the short shrift given to the so-called Austrian economists - in particular, the triumvirate of Mises, Hayek, and Rothbard. To be fair, the author does grant a passing reference to the first two: these economists, perhaps the two greatest thinkers in the history of the Austrian tradition, are included by Mr Metcalf among the "nutters and shills" of post-WWII libertarians, not on the basis of any direct evaluation of their writings, but because the solid, if unspectacular, roster of professorial appointments they held in their careers (which, of course, is the ultimate standard by which a thinker's ideas are to be judged) was apparently tainted by the influence of (gasp!) corporate sponsorship; and because the infallible John Maynard Keynes once deigned to write a critical note in the margin of his copy of Hayek's Prices and Production, thereby settling the matter once and for all. Meanwhile, Mises's American protege Murray Rothbard, who was known in his lifetime as "Mr Libertarian", who was directly responsible for sparking Nozick's interest in libertarian ideas (as Nozick states in the preface of ASU) and who explored these ideas at much greater depth than Nozick (cf. The Ethics of Liberty), is never even mentioned. Once one is aware of the awe-inspiring depth with which these thinkers treat libertarian themes, it becomes clear that at an attempt to discredit libertarianism via an attack on Nozick is like trying to refute the theory of relativity by quibbling with a Bill Nye presentation.
It may be objected at this point that our author's primary concern is the status of libertarian ideas within the general zeitgeist of American thought, and that the timing of the publication of Nozick's book fits so closely with the increase in prominence of these ideas that it must have played a causal role. While this may be correct to some degree, it is both irrelevant to any serious critical evaluation of libertarian thought (which should clearly focus on the best writings from that tradition, not merely the most popular) and grossly overstated - Mr Metcalf suggests, with no apparent trace of irony, that the publication of a pop philosophy account of libertarianism somehow resulted in the award of Nobel Prizes in economics to Hayek in 1974 (after all, thanks to Keynes's marginal scribblings, we know that he couldn't have won it on his own merits) and Milton Friedman in 1975. In fact, a much more plausible explanation for the sudden academic success enjoyed by free-marketeers at this time is the dismal economic performance of the 1970s. It became apparent to a great many people with a modicum of economic literacy (a subset that our author has clearly not bothered to join, judging by his rather confused references to Keynes throughout the article, among many other errors) that the interventionist Keynesian orthodoxy of the time was inadequate, leaving Milton Friedman's monetarism as the dominant tradition in macroeconomic thought. The 1970s also featured the incipient resurgence of the Austrian school, which has continued an accelerating expansion to this day; they can now boast of faculty appointments at several prominent American universities, with no corporate sponsorship involved.
Second, the claim that Nozick "abandoned" his earlier libertarianism is simply incorrect. Here is what Nozick himself had to say, in an interview shortly before his death in 2002: "What I was really saying in The Examined Life was that I was no longer as hardcore a libertarian as I had been before. But the rumors of my deviation (or apostasy!) from libertarianism were much exaggerated." As we can see here, it is true that Nozick did indeed soften the stance set forward in ASU. Had Mr Metcalf seen fit to quote these modifications in their proper context, and subject them to substantive discussion, they could conceivably have provided interesting material with which to criticize the libertarian position. Instead, he crudely distorts this modulation of Nozick's thought in order to use it as a would-be point of fact in support of his simplistic hatchet-job on the libertarian movement. The loss that results accrues entirely to his own credibility.
Perhaps Mr Metcalf thought it unnecessary to explore Nozick's deviation from ASU in any meaningful manner because he was so confident in his own criticism of Nozick's earlier work. But this attack (which, like many critical responses to ASU, focuses on the famous "Wilt Chamberlain example") is thoroughly defective. In his book, Nozick introduces Wilt Chamberlain in order to illustrate the point that any chosen end-state conception of justice (D1) is liable to be upset - virtually instantaneously - by voluntary transactions to the mutual benefit of all parties, such as when a large number of people pay to watch Wilt Chamberlain play basketball. The resulting end-state D2 is highly different from D1 (Wilt Chamberlain has become much wealthier) but surely, no matter how great one's attachment to the D1 pattern, there can be nothing unjust about D2, if it was reached in this manner. All of this is dutifully summarized by Mr Metcalf. Then he goes on the attack: the Wilt Chamberlain example is used as a justification of capitalism...but what relevance can it have in this context when it makes no reference to "real" capitalist activity? He suggests that by focusing on the similarities between Chamberlain profiting from his talent and a capitalist profiting from his nefarious activities, while ignoring the potential morally-relevant differences, Nozick is surreptitiously smuggling exploitative conduct into his vision of justice, hidden behind an example that is carefully chosen not to offend the moral sensibilities of his readers. (In one of the article's particularly cringe-worthy nadirs, Mr Metcalf even brings up the spectacularly irrelevant factor of Chamberlain's race.)
Mr Metcalf has erred here by imposing onto the discussion of justice the very element that Nozick seeks to call into question. In a sense, he misrepresents Nozick's thought experiment as being of the form: "You say D1 is OK, by end-state principles. But surely D2 (with a rich Wilt Chamberlain) is OK by end-state principles too! Doesn't he deserve his money?" In fact, by hypothesis, D2 is supposed to be (and remain) unacceptable according to the chosen end-state principles that generate D1, which is stipulated to be of a sufficiently egalitarian bent that no one should be as wealthy as Chamberlain becomes under D2. Nozick's point is not that D2 is just because Chamberlain "deserves" his money (in an end-state sense) in a manner that a capitalist might not (although it should be noted that beyond allusions to the general horror of "capitalist" activity so oddly de rigeur among modern intellectuals, Mr Metcalf provides no substantive argument for such a moral difference.) Nozick's claim is that since D2 was reached by taking unobjectionable deviations from an unobjectionable starting point, but violates D1 in the process, that D(x) will not work as a criterion for justice - that no matter how strongly our intuitions (or viscera) point to end-states as the barometers of justice, such an account is likely to prove untenable when subjected to rigorous analysis, and we may need to conclude that justice is determined, first and foremost, by the process through which an end state came into being. (Nozick provides his own solution in accordance with this framework, which he calls the Entitlement Theory of Justice - this, along with the direct attacks on Rawls, are probably the most rewarding material to be found in the book.) It is true that Nozick chose a particularly uncontroversial example for the transition from D1 to D2, but this is because the existence of a single such acceptable transition is sufficient to establish the difficulty faced in maintaining a patterned conception of justice. It appears that Mr Metcalf believes that the legitimacy of this particular D1-D2 transition is supposed to imply the acceptability of other (capitalist) D1-D2 transitions. But this is incorrect: in an extreme case, we could even stipulate that no other transition would be allowed, and Nozick's point would still be made, provided that the information of the resulting D2 end-state were not contained in the original formulation of D1. The Wilt Chamberlain example does indeed function as a defense of capitalism, but only indirectly - it seeks to undermine the end-state-derived conception of justice that is invoked whenever income inequality, per se, is used as evidence against the moral legitimacy of capitalism. The subtlety of this thought process is entirely lost on Mr Metcalf.
That Mr Metcalf has badly misunderstood Nozick's thought would be obvious from the outset to any reader familiar with ASU, and would already suffice to render his continued discourse on the subject unworthy of further attention (anyone who was wise enough to skip over the next few paragraphs would have spared themselves the particularly galling experience of reading the author's fatuous and impertinent suggestion - offered more than once - that Nozick's analysis confuses capital with human capital. I shudder to think how many intellectually-chic Slate readers are eagerly parroting this worthless bromide in conversation even as I write.) However, he manages to compound his error still further in his pre-emptive counterattack on what he envisions as a possible libertarian rejoinder. He suggests that a libertarian might obviate the distinction that he has drawn between Chamberlain and a proper capitalist (which we have already seen to be thoroughly irrelevant) through an economic argument showing that there is no difference between the market process by which Chamberlain's services are ultimately priced, and the analogous framework through which capitalists reap their ill-gotten gains - that in a competitive market, as he puts it, "rewards commensurate [sic] perfectly with utility." That such a statement (once it is converted into proper English) is in fact true - at least to close approximation - is suggested by a long-established body of economic theory. Has our intrepid author prepared a well-chosen piece of recent scholarship with which to launch his assault on this venerable proposition? Bah, such a tedious approach is for the plebeians! Our author has seen right to heart of the matter: he notes that this analysis, invoking a state of affairs where unseen economic processes bring about an optimal result, possesses utopian characteristics - a "free-market paradise," as he puts it. To which he offers, as his sole point of response: "Maybe; and maybe in a socialist paradise, no one will catch the common cold." Let us draw the curtain of charity over the rest of the scene.
Thus far, we have seen that with his article's main thesis, Mr Metcalf has managed to achieve the rarely-seen Triple Crown of rhetorical failure: his central (indeed, titular) fact - that Nozick "abandoned" the libertarian movement - is simply wrong; his implication that this fact, were it true, would deal a significant blow to the libertarian edifice rests on a risibly shallow understanding of the history of libertarian ideas; and finally, his attempt to reinforce his anti-Nozick conclusion via his own original analysis is based on a complete misunderstanding of the latter's argument. At this point, having conferred such ignominy upon our author's effort, we might be expected to ease up on our critical tone, offer a generous remark by way of a conciliatory conclusion, and move on to other pursuits. In fact, we are just warming up, as the errors exposed to this point - grievous though they are - pale in comparison with the author's truly stunning ignorance of what libertarianism even is. This will be explored in Part 2 of this review.


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Castaic Cub Scouts
Pack 583
Welcome to the #1 Cub Scout Pack in the Country!
Please join us for our Pack meeting on November 20, 2014 at 7 pm, at Castaic Elementary School MPR
Hope to see you there!
If you are part of our Pack, we hope that this site will be a resource to help you keep track of upcoming events. If you are not part of our Pack, we hope that this site will provide useful information and guidance.
Pack 583 is in
This Pack is committed to helping young boys (1st – 5th grade) grow in character and leadership skills while they have a blast doing it! Our pack is 40 boys strong with an outstanding volunteer leadership staff of approximately 15 men and women. Together, with a group of very supportive parents, we are a strong and vital part of our growing community.
Pack 583 participates in many events that are fun and educational for the boys including hiking, camping, Pinewood Derby races, Bottle Rocket Launches and many field trips to various local places of interest.
Being a Cub Scout means making contributions not only to your family and to your Pack, but also to the community. Our Pack is involved in service to the community in a variety of ways. We participate in a program called Scouting for Food wherein the boys collect canned goods from families in their community and donate them to those in need. Other community activities include helping to keep our local lake,
Our Pack meets monthly in the MPR at
If you would like to learn more about Pack 583 or if you would like to obtain information about joining Cub Scouts, we would love to talk to you and answer any questions you may have. Pack 583 is always looking for more members to join us on the scouting journey! Please contact us via this site by emailing our Committee Chair at email@example.com and we will get back to you quickly.
Thank you for stopping by. We hope you enjoy looking around the site!


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Bill on Bankruptcy: Lawyers Must Disclose What Clients Pay
Bill on Bankruptcy: Stockton May Win the Battle, Lose the War
Corporate Law Report: Global HR, Textual Harassment, Working Interviews, and Other Workplace Issues
NHL's Lawyer: Lockouts Are 'Necessary' Weapons
What a quagmire we find ourselves in. Actually, that the NLRB finds itself in. Although continuing to issue rulings and advice memoranda in a sort of free- and unfettered-looking way, the question of the NLRB's authority to...more
Many non-unionized employers might be surprised to learn that they, too, are governed by the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). In fact, in 2012, the NLRB launched a website directed at non-union employees, which details...more
In 2012, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB or Board) aggressively staked out positions on employment policies and practices prevalent in both union and nonunion workplaces. These issues include social media policies...more
In addition to the significant actions taken by the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB or Board) in 2012 that affect all employers, the NLRB late last year issued several important decisions that affect unionized employers...more
The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) recently overruled its longstanding precedent that categorically protected confidential witness statements taken during internal disciplinary investigations from disclosure to a...more
As a result of a recent ruling by the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), non-union employers who have a practice or policy that prohibits employees from discussing ongoing internal investigations of workplace misconduct...more
In This Issue:
- NLRB Continues To Set Sights On Healthcare Employers By Jim Kurek (Cleveland):
The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) has continued its aggressive attack on employers in the healthcare...more
The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) has continued its aggressive attack on employers in the healthcare industry and nonunion employers generally. With a membership majority that is widely recognized as being pro-union,...more
The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) continues to challenge previously unscrutinized workplace policies and practices that restrict communications among employees of either a non-union or union employer. The latest...more
In a ruling that affects both union and non-union employers, the National Labor Relations Board held that an employer must establish a specific legitimate business justification for requiring employees to maintain...more
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The fresh information followed a high-profile exhumation at Old Monkland Cemetery, Coatbridge, North Lanarkshire last month that failed to find Moira's body.
The investigation dates back to February 1957, when 11-year-old Moira disappeared in the town after catching a bus while on an errand. She is believed to have been abducted and murdered.
Recent reports have suggested detectives are now looking at the possibility Moira's remains may be in disused mineshafts under a housing estate following new witness evidence.
Police declined to comment on the details of the investigation, but said the mineshaft possibility was looked at when first raised by a television documentary some years ago.


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The U.S. Treasury Department has also accused Hezbollah of raising funds by counterfeiting U.S. currency. Researchers at the American Naval War College claimed that Hezbollah raises $10-million annually in Paraguay, which may, in some cases, be extorted. Dr. Matthew Levitt told a committee of the US Senate that Hezbollah engages in a "wide variety of criminal enterprises" worldwide in order to raise funds. Such as illegal sales of cigarettes in America, which amount up to $120 million annually.
Money is also received from supporters abroad. Mohammed Hammoud was convicted in the United States for "violating a ban on material support of groups designated as terrorist organizations". The amount was USD 3,500, which Hammoud claimed was to "support Hezbollah's efforts to distribute books at schools and improve public water systems.
Mahmoud Ali Suleiman, the Hezbollah operative captured in August 2006 by the IDF for his role in the kidnapping of two Israeli soldiers in a cross-border raid on July 12, admitted during his interrogation that he received weapons-training and religious instruction in Iran. He told his interrogators that he rode in a civilian car to Damascus, from where he flew to Iran. Other than the Russian-made Katyusha, Hezbollah's reported artillery cache is entirely Iranian-made.
On August 4 2006, Jane's Defense Weekly, a defense industry magazine, reported that Hezbollah asked Iran for "a constant supply of weapons to support its operations against Israel" in the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict. The report cited Western diplomatic sources as saying that Iranian authorities promised Hezbollah a steady supply of weapons "for the next stage of the confrontation".
Iran long denied supplying Hezbollah with weapons, despite persistent reports to the contrary. However, "Mohtashami Pur, a one-time ambassador to Lebanon who currently holds the title of secretary-general of the 'Intifada conference,' told an Iranian newspaper that Iran transferred the missiles to the Shi'ite militia, adding that Hezbollah has his country's blessing to use the weapons in defense of Lebanon". The Israel Defence Forces regard Hezbollah as virtually an arm of the Iranian armed forces; a senior Israeli defence official told Jane's Defence Weekly that "we should consider that what we are facing in Lebanon is not a militia but rather a special forces brigade of the Iranian Army. In an interview in 2007, Hezbollah Deputy Secretary-General Naim Kassem told the Iranian Arabic-language TV station al-Qawthar that all terrorist attacks and suicide bombings in Lebanon must be approved by the ayatollahs in Tehran; in 2008 Iran issued a stamp commemorating a recently-killed Hezbollah leader.
Similar claims and denials regarding supply of weapons have been made with respect to Syria Many have accused Syria of funneling the weapons to Hezbollah from its border with Lebanon. Hassan Khalil, a top political adviser to Nasrallah, said that the group "firmly opposes the supervision of the Syrian-Lebanese border," adding that "Hezbollah has enough weapons to defend Lebanon against [an] Israeli aggression, even if borders with Syria are completely closed".


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German Unification Twenty-Five Years Later
May 20, 2013 // 4:00pm — 5:30pm
After the first quarter century of development since the overthrow of Communism and the reunification of East and West Germany, how does one draw up a balance sheet? How can one assess the transfer of political institutions, the economic crises, the difficulties of women's adjustment? There were substantial successes but also significant failures. Many of the international moves of the Berlin Republic can only be understood by considering the difficult process of adjustment during and after unification.
Lincoln and Emancipation: Presidential Intent at Home and Abroad
May 13, 2013 // 4:00pm — 5:30pm
During the American Civil War Abraham Lincoln stated that his paramount object was to save the Union, leading many since to question his reputation as "The Great Emancipator." Emancipation and the nation's unity were indivisible in Lincoln's mind, and it was for the fusion and pursuit of these two ideas that British and other foreign progressives of the time esteemed him so highly. What were the international repercussions of Lincoln's actions? Even more basically, what were his actual motivations?
American Tapestry: The Story of the Black, White, and Multiracial Ancestors of Michelle Obama
May 06, 2013 // 4:00pm — 5:30pm
American Tapestry illuminates the lives of the ordinary people in Mrs. Obama's family tree who fought for freedom in the Revolutionary and Civil Wars; who endured the agonies of slavery, the disappointment of Reconstruction, the displacement of the Great Migration, and the horrors of Jim Crow to build a better future for their children.
Getting Out of Iraq in 1932
April 29, 2013 // 4:00pm — 5:30pm
Iraq was the single mandated territory—out of fourteen—to achieve independent statehood while still under the jurisdiction of the League of Nations. Overseeing this process, the League's expert bodies became ever more skeptical of the panacea of independent statehood. Through this case, we can see this modern state system in the making.
The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia
April 26, 2013 // 9:30am — 11:00am
Andrei Lankov will discuss his new book, "The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia"
Bureaucracy, Citizenship and Remembrance in Wartime Iraq
April 22, 2013 // 4:00pm — 5:30pm
The Iraq war was a form of everyday bureaucratic governance with the Iraq government managing resistance and religious diversity and shaping a public culture in which soldiering and martyrdom became markers of privileged citizenship. The men and families of those who fought and died during the Iran-Iraq and First Gulf wars have memories not only of the political, social, and cultures changes in Iraq but also of the "normalization" of war.
The Senate and Nonproliferation: Reflections over Two Decades
April 19, 2013 // 12:00pm — 1:30pm
The Woodrow Wilson Center and the Los Alamos National Laboratory presents "The Senate and Nonproliferation: Reflections over Two Decades" with Thomas Moore, Deputy Director, Proliferation Prevention Program, Center for Strategic and International Studies and former Senior Republican Professional Staff Member, Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
Six Moments of Crisis: Inside British Foreign Policy
April 15, 2013 // 4:00pm — 5:30pm
Gill Bennett, former Chief Historian of the British Foreign & Commonwealth Office leads a discussion entitled "Six Moments of Crisis: Inside British Foreign Policy."
Historical Perspective on the Arab Spring
April 08, 2013 // 4:00pm — 5:30pm
In the Middle East, a parallel pattern can be seen in the history of the first Middle Eastern constitutional revolutions in the political movements of the 1870s. What does an examination of the role of constitutionalism in the Arab revolutions of 1923-2011 reveal about prospects for constitutional governments in the Middle East?
Celebrating the Legacy of Daniel Patrick Moynihan: The Launch of "Moynihan's Moment," a New Book by Gil Troy
April 04, 2013 // 3:30pm — 5:00pm
McGill University Professor of History Gil Troy leads on expert panel on his latest book, "Moynihan's Moment: America's Fight Against Zionism as Racism" which explores the legacy of Daniel Patrick Moynihan.


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Voting Information
Our Voice and Our Vote Will Change the Direction of the Country on Election Day - November 6, 2012.
When the small business community has banded together, they have moved legislation, impacted elections, and changed the course of the country. But, now more than ever, it's critical for entrepreneurs to unite as one voice and once force.
Get information and application forms for early voting, absentee voting, overseas voting, and voter registration. Start by entering your five digit zip code...
(If you are currently living overseas, enter the zip code for your last residence in the United States.)
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A single-car accident in Carbon County Sunday night closed Route 209 in Nesquehoning for more than hour and injured the driver.
The driver reportedly was ejected from the car in the 9 p.m. accident. The car was heading north when it crashed just north of Wash Shanty Hill.
The driver was transferred by ambulance to a medical helicopter, which landed at Panther Valley High School in Lansford. The driver then was flown to a hospital in the Lehigh Valley.


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