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Since the work of Franz Boas and Bronisław Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, anthropology has been distinguished from other social science disciplines by its emphasis on in-depth examination of context, cross-cultural comparisons (socio-cultural anthropology is by nature a comparative discipline), and the importance it places on long-term, experiential immersion in the area of research, often known as participant-observation. Cultural anthropology in particular has emphasized cultural relativity and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques. This has been particularly prominent in the United States, from Boas's arguments against 19th-century racial ideology, through Margaret Mead's advocacy for gender equality and sexual liberation, to current criticisms of post-colonial oppression and promotion of multiculturalism.
Ancient and medieval writers and scholars may be considered forerunners of anthropology, insofar as they conducted or wrote detailed studies of the customs of different peoples, including the Greek writer Herodotus, often called the "father of history" and the Roman historian Tacitus, who wrote many of our only surviving contemporary accounts of several ancient Celtic and Germanic peoples. A candidate for one of the first scholars to carry out comparative ethnographic-type studies in person was the medieval Persian scholar Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī in the 11th century, who wrote about the peoples, customs, and religions of the Indian subcontinent. Like modern anthropologists, he engaged in extensive participant observation with a given group of people, learnt their language and studied their primary texts, and presented his findings with objectivity and neutrality using cross-cultural comparisons. He wrote detailed comparative studies on the religions and cultures in the Middle East, Mediterranean and especially South Asia. Biruni's tradition of comparative cross-cultural study continued in the Muslim world through to Ibn Khaldun's work in the 14th century.
Most scholars consider modern anthropology as an outgrowth of the Age of Enlightenment, a period when Europeans attempted systematically to study human behavior, the known varieties of which had been increasing since the 15th century as a result of the first European colonization wave. The traditions of jurisprudence, history, philology, and sociology then evolved into something more closely resembling the modern views of these disciplines and informed the development of the social sciences, of which anthropology was a part. Developments in systematic study of ancient civilizations through the disciplines of Classics and Egyptology informed both archaeology and eventually social anthropology, as did the study of East and South Asian languages and cultures. At the same time, the Romantic reaction to the Enlightenment produced thinkers, such as Johann Gottfried Herder and later Wilhelm Dilthey, whose work formed the basis for the "culture concept," which is central to the discipline.
Institutionally, anthropology emerged from the development of natural history (expounded by authors such as Buffon) that occurred during the European colonization of the 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. Programs of ethnographic study originated in this era as the study of the "human primitives" overseen by colonial administrations. There was a tendency in late 18th century Enlightenment thought to understand human society as natural phenomena that behaved in accordance with certain principles and that could be observed empirically. In some ways, studying the language, culture, physiology, and artifacts of European colonies was not unlike studying the flora and fauna of those places.
Early anthropology was divided between proponents of unilinealism, who argued that all societies passed through a single evolutionary process, from the most primitive to the most advanced, and various forms of non-lineal theorists, who tended to subscribe to ideas such as diffusionism. Most 19th-century social theorists, including anthropologists, viewed non-European societies as windows onto the pre-industrial human past. As academic disciplines began to differentiate over the course of the 19th century, anthropology grew increasingly distinct from the biological approach of natural history, on the one hand, and from purely historical or literary fields such as Classics, on the other. A common criticism has been that many social science scholars (such as economists, sociologists, and psychologists) in Western countries focus disproportionately on Western subjects, while anthropology focuses disproportionately on the "Other; this has changed over the last part of the 20th century as anthropologists increasingly also study Western subjects, particularly variation across class, region, or ethnicity within Western societies, and other social scientists increasingly take a global view of their fields.
In the twentieth century, academic disciplines have often been institutionally divided into three broad domains. The natural and biological sciences seek to derive general laws through reproducible and verifiable experiments. The humanities generally study local traditions, through their history, literature, music, and arts, with an emphasis on understanding particular individuals, events, or eras. The social sciences have generally attempted to develop scientific methods to understand social phenomena in a generalizable way, though usually with methods distinct from those of the natural sciences. In particular, social sciences often develop statistical descriptions rather than the general laws derived in physics or chemistry, or they may explain individual cases through more general principles, as in many fields of psychology. Anthropology (like some fields of history) does not easily fit into one of these categories, and different branches of anthropology draw on one or more of these domains.
Anthropology as it emerged among the colonial powers (mentioned above) has generally taken a different path than that in the countries of southern and central Europe (Italy, Greece, and the successors to the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires). In the former, the encounter with multiple, distinct cultures, often very different in organization and language from those of Europe, has led to a continuing emphasis on cross-cultural comparison and a receptiveness to certain kinds of cultural relativism. In the successor states of continental Europe, on the other hand, anthropologists often joined with folklorists and linguists in the nationalist/nation-building enterprise. Ethnologists in these countries tended to focus on differentiating among local ethnolinguistic groups, documenting local folk culture, and representing the prehistory of the nation through museums and other forms of public education. In this scheme, Russia occupied a middle position. On the one hand, it had a large Asian region of highly distinct, pre-industrial, often non-literate peoples, similar to the situation in the Americas; on the other hand, Russia also participated to some degree in the nationalist discourses of Central and Eastern Europe. After the Revolution of 1917, anthropology in the USSR and later the Soviet Bloc countries were highly shaped by the need to conform to Marxist theories of social evolution.
E. B. Tylor (2 October 1832 – 2 January 1917) and James George Frazer (1 January 1854 – 7 May 1941) are generally considered the antecedents to modern social anthropology in Britain. Though Tylor undertook a field trip to Mexico, both he and Frazer derived most of the material for their comparative studies through extensive reading not fieldwork: Classics (literature and history of Greece and Rome), the work of the early European folklorists, and reports from missionaries, travelers, and contemporaneous ethnologists. Tylor advocated strongly for unilinealism and a form of "uniformity of mankind". Tylor in particular laid the groundwork for theories of cultural diffusionism, stating that there are three ways that different groups can have similar cultural forms or technologies: "independent invention, inheritance from ancestors in a distant region, transmission from one race [sic] to another. Tylor formulated one of the early and influential anthropological conceptions of culture as "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. However, as Stocking notes, Tylor mainly concerned himself with describing and mapping the distribution of particular elements of culture, rather than with the larger function, and generally seemed to assume a Victorian idea of progress rather than the idea of non-directional, multilineal cultural development proposed by later anthropologists. Tylor also theorized about the origins of religious feelings in human beings, proposing a theory of animism as the earliest stage, and noting that "religion" has many components, of which he believed the most important to be belief in supernatural beings (as opposed to moral systems, cosmology, etc.). Frazer, a Scottish scholar with a broad knowledge of Classics, also concerned himself with religion, myth, and magic. His comparative studies, most influentially in the numerous editions of The Golden Bough, analyzed similarities in religious belief and symbolism worldwide.
Neither Tylor nor Frazer, however, were particularly interested in fieldwork, nor were they interested in examining how the cultural elements and institutions fit together. Toward the turn of the twentieth century, a number of anthropologists became dissatisfied with this categorization of cultural elements; historical reconstructions also came to seem increasingly speculative. Under the influence of several younger scholars, a new approach came to predominate among British anthropologists, concerned with analyzing how societies held together in the present (synchronic analysis, rather than diachronic or historical analysis), and emphasizing long-term (one to several years) immersion fieldwork. Cambridge University financed a multidisciplinary expedition to the Torres Strait Islands in 1898, organized by Alfred Court Haddon and including a physician-anthropologist, W. H. R. Rivers, as well as a linguist, a botanist, other specialists. The findings of the expedition set new standards for ethnographic description.
A decade and a half later, Polish-born anthropology student Bronisław Malinowski (1884-1942) was beginning what he expected to be a brief period of fieldwork in the old model, collecting lists of cultural items, when the outbreak of the First World War stranded him in New Guinea. As a subject of the Austro-Hungarian Empire resident on a British colonial possession, he was effectively confined to New Guinea for several years. He made use of the time by undertaking far more intensive fieldwork than had been done by British anthropologists, and his classic ethnography, Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922) advocated an approach to fieldwork that became standard in the field: getting "the native's point of view" through participant observation. Theoretically, he advocated a functionalist interpretation, which examined how social institutions functioned to meet individual needs.
British social anthropology had an expansive moment in the Interwar period, with key contributors as Bronisław Malinowski and Meyer Fortes
A. R. Radcliffe-Brown also published a seminal work in 1922. He had carried out his initial fieldwork in the Andaman Islands in the old style of historical reconstruction. However, after reading the work of French sociologists Émile Durkheim and Marcel Mauss, Radcliffe-Brown published an account of his research (entitled simply The Andaman Islanders) that paid close attention to the meaning and purpose of rituals and myths. Over time, he developed an approach known as structural-functionalism, which focused on how institutions in societies worked to balance out or create an equilibrium in the social system to keep it functioning harmoniously. (This contrasted with Malinowski's functionalism, and was quite different from the later French structuralism, which examined the conceptual structures in language and symbolism.)
Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown's influence stemmed from the fact that they, like Boas, actively trained students and aggressively built up institutions that furthered their programmatic ambitions. This was particularly the case with Radcliffe-Brown, who spread his agenda for "Social Anthropology" by teaching at universities across the British Commonwealth. From the late 1930s until the postwar period appeared a string of monographs and edited volumes that cemented the paradigm of British Social Anthropology (BSA). Famous ethnographies include The Nuer, by Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard, and The Dynamics of Clanship Among the Tallensi, by Meyer Fortes; well-known edited volumes include African Systems of Kinship and Marriage and African Political Systems.
Max Gluckman, together with many of his colleagues at the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute and students at Manchester University, collectively known as the Manchester School, took BSA in new directions through their introduction of explicitly Marxist-informed theory, their emphasis on conflicts and conflict resolution, and their attention to the ways in which individuals negotiate and make use of the social structural possibilities.
In Britain, anthropology had a great intellectual impact, it "contributed to the erosion of Christianity, the growth of cultural relativism, an awareness of the survival of the primitive in modern life, and the replacement of diachronic modes of analysis with synchronic, all of which are central to modern culture.
Later in the 1960s and 1970s, Edmund Leach and his students Mary Douglas and Nur Yalman, among others, introduced French structuralism in the style of Lévi-Strauss; while British anthropology has continued to emphasize social organization and economics over purely symbolic or literary topics, differences among British, French, and American sociocultural anthropologies have diminished with increasing dialogue and borrowing of both theory and methods. Today, social anthropology in Britain engages internationally with many other social theories and has branched in many directions.
In countries of the British Commonwealth, social anthropology has often been institutionally separate from physical anthropology and primatology, which may be connected with departments of biology or zoology; and from archaeology, which may be connected with departments of Classics, Egyptology, and the like. In other countries (and in some, particularly smaller, British and North American universities), anthropologists have also found themselves institutionally linked with scholars of folklore, museum studies, human geography, sociology, social relations, ethnic studies, cultural studies, and social work.
Cultural anthropology in the United States was influenced greatly by the ready availability of Native American societies as ethnographic subjects. The field was pioneered by staff of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Smithsonian Institution's Bureau of American Ethnology, men such as John Wesley Powell and Frank Hamilton Cushing. Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881), a lawyer from Rochester, New York, became an advocate for and ethnological scholar of the Iroquois. His comparative analyses of religion, government, material culture, and especially kinship patterns proved to be influential contributions to the field of anthropology. Like other scholars of his day (such as Edward Tylor), Morgan argued that human societies could be classified into categories of cultural evolution on a scale of progression that ranged from savagery, to barbarism, to civilization. Generally, Morgan used technology (such as bowmaking or pottery) as an indicator of position on this scale.
Influenced by the German tradition, Boas argued that the world was full of distinct cultures, rather than societies whose evolution could be measured by how much or how little "civilization" they had. He believed that each culture has to be studied in its particularity, and argued that cross-cultural generalizations, like those made in the natural sciences, were not possible. In doing so, he fought discrimination against immigrants, African Americans, and Native North Americans. Many American anthropologists adopted his agenda for social reform, and theories of race continue to be popular targets for anthropologists today. The so-called "Four Field Approach" has its origins in Boasian Anthropology, dividing the discipline in the four crucial and interrelated fields of sociocultural, biological, linguistic, and prehistoric anthropology (i.e., archaeology). Anthropology in the U.S. continues to be deeply influenced by the Boasian tradition, especially its emphasis on culture.
Boas used his positions at Columbia University and the American Museum of Natural History to train and develop multiple generations of students. His first generation of students included Alfred Kroeber, Robert Lowie, Edward Sapir and Ruth Benedict, who each produced richly detailed studies of indigenous North American cultures. They provided a wealth of details used to attack the theory of a single evolutionary process. Kroeber and Sapir's focus on Native American languages helped establish linguistics as a truly general science and free it from its historical focus on Indo-European languages.
The publication of Alfred Kroeber's textbook, Anthropology, marked a turning point in American anthropology. After three decades of amassing material, Boasians felt a growing urge to generalize. This was most obvious in the 'Culture and Personality' studies carried out by younger Boasians such as Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict. Influenced by psychoanalytic psychologists such as Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, these authors sought to understand the way that individual personalities were shaped by the wider cultural and social forces in which they grew up. Though such works as Coming of Age in Samoa and The Chrysanthemum and the Sword remain popular with the American public, Mead and Benedict never had the impact on the discipline of anthropology that some expected. Boas had planned for Ruth Benedict to succeed him as chair of Columbia's anthropology department, but she was sidelined by Ralph Linton, and Mead was limited to her offices at the AMNH.
True anthropology began with a Government department: the Geological Survey of Canada, and George Mercer Dawson (director in 1895). Dawson's support for anthropology created impetus for the profession in Canada. This was expanded upon by Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier, who established a Division of Anthropology within the Geological Survey in 1910. Anthropologists were recruited from England and the USA, setting the foundation for the unique Canadian style of anthropology. Early scholars include the brilliant linguist and Boasian Edward Sapir.
Anthropology in France has a less clear genealogy than the British and American traditions, in part because many French writers influential in anthropology have been trained or held faculty positions in sociology, philosophy, or other fields rather than in anthropology. Most commentators consider Marcel Mauss (1872-1950), nephew of the influential sociologist Émile Durkheim to be the founder of the French anthropological tradition. Mauss belonged to Durkheim's Année Sociologique group; and while Durkheim and others examined the state of modern societies, Mauss and his collaborators (such as Henri Hubert and Robert Hertz) drew on ethnography and philology to analyze societies which were not as 'differentiated' as European nation states. Two works by Mauss in particular proved to have enduring relevance: Essay on the Gift a seminal analysis of exchange and reciprocity, and his Huxley lecture on the notion of the person, the first comparative study of notions of person and selfhood cross-culturally.
Throughout the interwar years, French interest in anthropology often dovetailed with wider cultural movements such as surrealism and primitivism which drew on ethnography for inspiration. Marcel Griaule and Michel Leiris are examples of people who combined anthropology with the French avant-garde. During this time most of what is known as ethnologie was restricted to museums, such as the Musée de l'Homme founded by Paul Rivet, and anthropology had a close relationship with studies of folklore.
Above all, however, it was Claude Lévi-Strauss who helped institutionalize anthropology in France. In addition to the enormous influence his structuralism exerted across multiple disciplines, Lévi-Strauss established ties with American and British anthropologists. At the same time he established centers and laboratories within France to provide an institutional context within anthropology while training influential students such as Maurice Godelier and Françoise Héritier who would prove influential in the world of French anthropology. Much of the distinct character of France's anthropology today is a result of the fact that most anthropology is carried out in nationally funded research laboratories (CNRS) rather than academic departments in universities.
Other influential writers in the 1970s include Pierre Clastres, who explains in his books on the Guayaki tribe in Paraguay that "primitive societies" actively oppose the institution of the state. Therefore, these stateless societies are not less evolved than societies with states, but took the active choice of conjuring the institution of authority as a separate function from society. The leader is only a spokesperson for the group when it has to deal with other groups ("international relations") but has no inside authority, and may be violently removed if he attempts to abuse this position.
The most important French social theorist since Foucault and Lévi-Strauss is Pierre Bourdieu, who trained formally in philosophy and sociology and eventually held the Chair of Sociology at the Collège de France. Like Mauss and others before him, however, he worked on topics both in sociology and anthropology. His fieldwork among the Kabyles of Algeria places him solidly in anthropology, while his analysis of the function and reproduction of fashion and cultural capital in European societies places him as solidly in sociology.
Germany and Norway are the countries that showed the most division and conflict between scholars focusing on domestic socio-cultural issues and scholars focusing on "other" societies.
In the 1950s and mid-1960s anthropology tended increasingly to model itself after the natural sciences. Some anthropologists, such as Lloyd Fallers and Clifford Geertz, focused on processes of modernization by which newly independent states could develop. Others, such as Julian Steward and Leslie White, focused on how societies evolve and fit their ecological niche—an approach popularized by Marvin Harris. Economic anthropology as influenced by Karl Polanyi and practiced by Marshall Sahlins and George Dalton challenged standard neoclassical economics to take account of cultural and social factors, and also employed Marxian analysis into anthropological study. In England, British Social Anthropology's paradigm began to fragment as Max Gluckman and Peter Worsley experimented with Marxism and authors such as Rodney Needham and Edmund Leach incorporated Lévi-Strauss's structuralism into their work.
Structuralism also influenced a number of developments in 1960s and 1970s, including cognitive anthropology and componential analysis. Authors such as David Schneider, Clifford Geertz, and Marshall Sahlins developed a more fleshed-out concept of culture as a web of meaning or signification, which proved very popular within and beyond the discipline. In keeping with the times, much of anthropology became politicized through the Algerian War of Independence and opposition to the Vietnam War; Marxism became a more and more popular theoretical approach in the discipline. By the 1970s the authors of volumes such as Reinventing Anthropology worried about anthropology's relevance.
Since the 1980s issues of power, such as those examined in Eric Wolf's Europe and the People Without History, have been central to the discipline. In the 80s books like Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter pondered anthropology's ties to colonial inequality, while the immense popularity of theorists such as Antonio Gramsci and Michel Foucault moved issues of power and hegemony into the spotlight. Gender and sexuality became popular topics, as did the relationship between history and anthropology, influenced by Marshall Sahlins (again), who drew on Lévi-Strauss and Fernand Braudel to examine the relationship between social structure and individual agency. Also influential in these issues were Nietzsche, Heidegger, the critical theory of the Frankfurt School, Derrida and Lacan.
In the late 1980s and 1990s authors such as George Marcus and James Clifford pondered ethnographic authority, particularly how and why anthropological knowledge was possible and authoritative. They were reflecting trends in research and discourse initiated by Feminists in the academy, although they excused themselves from commenting specifically on those pioneering critics. Nevertheless, key aspects of feminist theorizing and methods became de rigueur as part of the 'post-modern moment' in anthropology: Ethnographies became more reflexive, explicitly addressing the author's methodology, cultural, gender and racial positioning, and their influence on his or her ethnographic analysis. This was part of a more general trend of postmodernism that was popular contemporaneously. Currently anthropologists pay attention to a wide variety of issues pertaining to the contemporary world, including globalization, medicine and biotechnology, indigenous rights, virtual communities, and the anthropology of industrialized societies.
The four fields are:
A number of subfields or modes of anthropology cut across these divisions. For example, medical anthropology is often considered a subfield of socio-cultural anthropology; however, many anthropologists who study medical topics also look at biological variation in populations or the interaction of culture and biology. They may also use linguistic analysis to understand communication around health and illness, or archaeological techniques to understand health and illness in historical or prehistorical populations. Similarly, forensic anthropologists may use both techniques from both physical anthropology and archaeology, and may also practice as medical anthropologists. Environmental or ecological anthropology, a growing subfield concerned with the relationships between humans and their environment, is another example that brings cultural and biological—and at times, archaeological—approaches together, as it can deal with a broad range of topics from environmentalist movements to wildlife or habitat conservation to traditional ecological knowledge and practices. Biocultural anthropology is a broad term used to describe syntheses of cultural and biological perspectives. Applied anthropology is perhaps better considered an emphasis than a subfield in the same sense as the standard four; applied anthropologists may work for government agencies, nongovernmental agencies, or private industry, using techniques from any of the subfields to address matters such as policy implementation, impact assessments, education, marketing research, or product development.
More recently, anthropology programs at several prominent U.S. universities have begun dividing the field into two: one emphasizing the humanities, critical theory, and interpretive or semiotic approaches; the other emphasizing evolutionary theory, quantitative methods, and explicit theory testing (over idiographic description), though there have also been institutional pressures to rejoin at least one high-profile split department. At some universities, biological anthropology and archaeology programs have also moved from departments of anthropology to departments of biology or other related fields. This has occasioned much discussion within the American Anthropological Association, and it remains to be seen whether some form of the four-field organization will persist in North American universities.
As might be inferred from the above list of subfields, anthropology is a methodologically diverse discipline, incorporating both qualitative methods and quantitative methods. Ethnographies—intensive case studies based on field research—have historically had a central place in the literature of sociocultural and linguistic anthropology, but are increasingly supplemented by mixed-methods approaches. Currently, technological advancements are spurring methodological innovation across anthropology's subfields. Radiocarbon dating, population genetics, GPS, and digital video- and audio-recording are just a few of the many technologies spurring new developments in anthropological research.
Some commentators have contended:
Attempts to accuse anthropologists of complicity with the CIA and government intelligence activities during the Vietnam War years have turned up surprisingly little (although anthropologist Hugo Nutini was active in the stillborn Project Camelot). Many anthropologists (students and teachers) were active in the antiwar movement and a great many resolutions condemning the war in all its aspects were passed overwhelmingly at the annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association (AAA). In the decades since the Vietnam war the tone of cultural and social anthropology, at least, has been increasingly politicized, with the dominant liberal tone of earlier generations replaced with one more radical, a mix of, and varying degrees of, Marxist, feminist, anarchist, post-colonial, post-modern, Saidian, Foucauldian, identity-based, and more.
Professional anthropological bodies often object to the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state. Their codes of ethics or statements may proscribe anthropologists from giving secret briefings. The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth (ASA ) has called certain scholarships ethically dangerous. The AAA's current 'Statement of Professional Responsibility' clearly states that "in relation with their own government and with host governments … no secret research, no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given."
However, anthropologists, along with other social scientists, are once again being used in warfare as part of the US Army's strategy in Afghanistan The Christian Science Monitor reports that "Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs" in Afghanistan, under the rubric of Human Terrain Team (HTT)
In France, the study of existing contemporary society has been traditionally left to sociologists, but this is increasingly changing, starting in the 1970s from scholars like Isac Chiva and journals like Terrain ("fieldwork"), and developing with the center founded by Marc Augé (Le Centre d'anthropologie des mondes contemporains, the Anthropological Research Center of Contemporary Societies). The same approach of focusing on "modern world" topics by Terrain, was also present in the British Manchester School of the 1950s.
It has been reported that there has been an "institutional and academic apartheid" between the two sorts of anthropology, the one focusing on the "Other" and the one focusing on the "Self" contemporary society; an apartheid ranging from a "no contact" status to even open conflict. The countries where this was greater were Germany and Norway, but it was also significant in the 1980s France.


text: Micro G Defend training shoe features an ultra lightweight HeatGear construction that delivers a second skin fit and offers support where the athlete needs it. Lightweight, breathable mesh upper. Full-length Micro G midsole is lighter and lower than traditional midsoles, so you're closer to the ground and more stable. 4D foam sockliner conforms to your foot's exact shape, eliminating internal slipping for the ultimate in locked-in comfort. Non-marking, solid-rubber outsole with lateral outrigger provides an added layer of stability without compromising flexibility.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
This model is based on a Faulhaber Series 0615 DC-Micromotor. For the 1.5V variant, equivalent circuit parameters are given as:
Rotor resistance R=3.9 Ohms Rotor inductance L=12uH Back emf constant K=0.072mV/rpm Rotor inertia J=0.01gcm^2 Friction torque Mr=0.02mNm
The model uses these parameters to verify manufacturer-quoted no-load speed, no-load current, and stall torque, which are:
No-load speed = 19,100rpm No-load current = 0.03A Stall torque = 0.24mNm
When running the simulation, for the first 0.1 seconds the motor has no external load, and the speed builds up to the no-load value. Then at 0.1 seconds the stall torque is applied as a load to the motor shaft. Zooming in on the RPM and Motor Current scopes shows a good level of agreement with manufacturer data.
Often manufacturers do not quote the equivalent circuit parameters, and they must be estimated from information such as no-load speed, stall torque, and efficiency. A test harness such as this model can then be used to test the estimated equivalent circuit prior to using the motor model in a complete system simulation.


text:
R Con R Enterprises, Inc filed as a Domestic for Profit Corporation in the State of Florida on Monday, September 26, 2005. This corporation is no longer active according to documents filed with Florida Department of State.
Patricia's past corporate interests include the President of R Con R Enterprises, Inc .
Key roles for Patricia Rubio
President, Treasurer, Director


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Best way to ID my protein
Hi guys
I Just wanted to try get a general conscious on what is the best approach I should take. Im undertaking an industrial PhD were I am identifying novel enzymes, over the past year I have been quite successful and been able to purify and identify my protein using Maldi (as a related genome had already been sequenced it was relatively easy)
I am about to start work on a new enzyme from a different organism, as my work is part of a bigger project there is generally a strong emphasis on indentifying the protein ASAP so that I can work on making this enzyme a product. If I go down the same route I doubt I will be able to identify the protein by tryptic digestion (no similar genomes have been sequenced)
As far as I can figure out I have four options:
*Maldi -Post source decay sequencing, but been told very time consuming
*Send away for N-terminal sequencing then do degenerate PCR, but I believe this approach can be a bit hit a miss.
*Edman sequencing (limited to short aa lengths but can be done if protein digested, does anyone do a full protein service?)
*Get entire bacteria genome sequenced (I know it sounds daft but have read prices dropped dramatically to around US $1000 ) that way I could just do the relatively easy tryptic digest and use Maldi.
Given I need results ASAP (cant spend over a year trying to find the sequence of my protein) what approach would you guys take?
Are there any other ways I could identify my protein sequence?
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Vistas: Geri Stengel's Blog: Nonprofit scaling
Business Plan for Nonprofit Growth: Organization and Infrastructure
Editor's Note: This is the fifth of a 7-part series on Developing A Growth Business Plan. The series is based on presentations made at the Social Impact Exchange Symposium on Scaling Impact held June 14 and on the experiences of nonprofits that participated in the business plan competition.Organization and Infrastructure was presented by Mike Burns, partner in BWB Solutions.
Before you scale, be sure the structure of your organization can support growth. You'll need to assess your nonprofit's management team, governance, and staffing.
Business Plan For Nonprofit Growth: Planning for Scale
Editor's Note: This is the third in a 7-part series on Developing A Growth Business Plan. The series is based on presentations made at the Social Impact Exchange Symposium on Scaling Impact held June 14 and on the experiences of nonprofits that participated in the business plan competition. Scaling Plan was presented by the managing director of Social Impact Architects.
Scaling doesn't necessarily mean new sites or more clients. It could mean "going deeper," that is, providing a broader range of services for the communities you already serve. Or it could mean expanding your indirect influence through increased advocacy and influence on public policy. It may mean promoting your model, packaging it or licensing it.
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Having the Potential to Scale
This year's Social Impact Exchange conference was a great opportunity to bring people together from traditional philanthropy and donor advised funds, as well as high net worth individuals, to engage in a dialogue about the complex issues that are inherent in trying to drive innovation and impact. We've walked away better able to understand how we scale promising innovation. We recognize the solutions that we're all trying to work toward require us to enter into strategic collaborations with many different kinds of partners. We cannot scale something on our own.
Six Nonprofits That Have Successfully Scaled: Hats Off!!
It was called "Scaling In Action," but it was really about giving the best and brightest in nonprofits going to scale the opportunity to address an audience of funders at the June 14 Symposium On Scaling Social Impact, sponsored by the Social Impact Exchange.
Scaling In Times of Tight Money: What Can We Do?
Big solutions – scaling – is needed for big societal challenges, such as housing, health and education, according to Gara LaMarche, president and CEO of The Atlantic Philanthropies.
LaMarche was the luncheon speaker at the 2011 Social Impact Exchange's Conference On Scaling Impact.
Intermediaries Can Leverage Impact of Philanthropic $$$
It may seem like that dreadful "overhead," but using an intermediary to put together funding options for scaling a nonprofit … well, it's an investment in expertise, not a frivolous expense.
That was the point very clearly made by the panel, Intermediaries and Impact: How Can We Make Our Philantrhopic Dollars Go Further By Leveraging the Work of Intermediaries? at the 2011 Social Impact Exchange's Conference On Scaling Impact.
Government as a Catalyst for Change and Scaling
Stephen Goldsmith, deputy mayor of New York City, sees government as the catalyst for bringing effective nonprofits to scale. Its role will not be to provide direct services, he said, but to create networks and leverage resources.
Among Goldsmith's many accomplishments in civic life is that he is director of the Innovations in American Government Program at Harvard's Kennedy School Of Government. And, as keynote speaker at the 2011 Social Impact Exchange's Conference On Scaling Impact, innovate is exactly what he challenged funders and philanthropists to do.
Learn From Micro-credit Mistakes: Grow Wisely
With the Social Impact Exchange Conference coming soon, I want to keep the focus on scaling well rather than just getting bigger. As I wrote before, the micro-credit industry provides examples of the good and the bad of growth and private-sector investment in nonprofits as well as a fine example of sharing lessons learned.
Social Impact Exchange Conference on Scaling: What's Next?
Yves Salama, CEO of Charity Matrix
It's hard to imagine an inaugural conference spurring more thought, discussion and contacts than spurred by the Social Impact Exchange Conference on bringing nonprofit innovation to scale. That all participants are eager for the follow-up next year is undeniable. The question is where will the conversation pick up? Will it take off from where it ended on June 18, or leapfrog to encompass ideas generated during the next 12 months?
Successful Scaling Requires Staffing Plan
Gayle A. Brandel, President/CEO, Professionals for NonProfits
As I listened to the impressive speakers at the Social Impact Exchange Conference: Taking Successful Innovation to Scale, I was excited by what I heard. In particular, I was awed by the outstanding nonprofits that successfully serve various communities in the most amazing ways and are now planning to expand their services and mission to larger communities.


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Learn more about LG 47LS5700 47" LED HDTV 1080p 120Hz Smart TV:
|Want limitless entertainment access to movies, shows and apps from the Internet, straight to your TV without a computer? With LG Smart TV access on the LS5700, you can. Or you could view sports and fast action like you were actually there, in stunning detail? With its 1080p Full HD and TruMotion 120Hz refresh rate, you can have that too.
Customer Reviews of LG 47LS5700 47" LED HDTV 1080p 120Hz Smart TV
Great TV7/29/2013
I love the TV. The picture is terrific. It has a large number of input ports and it has a tremendous range of video and audio adjustments. It more than meets my needs. The "Magic Remote" is another story. My wife and I hate it. It is slow and clumsy to use. It looks cute and sexy, but it does not fit the hand correctly The buttons you use most are hard to reach. The thumb wheel you are supposed to push down to execute a menu item does not naturally fall under the thumb, so most the time you accidentally hit the mute button. The screen pointer pops up when the Magic Mouse is waved around. Then you try to align that pointer to the menu item you want, but the pointer usually is not in line with the axis of the remote. If you have the remote in your hand and you accidentally move it, you will get that obnoxious pointer on your picture. LG needs to loose that lousy remote. They let cuteness get in the way of functionality. That remote is going to hurt their sales. I would not have given the TV 4 stars if there were not a work around to this problem. I found out from LG that there is an alternative remote from last year that will work with the TV. I bought a new AKB72914042 LG remote on eBay for $14.99 + CA sales tax, shipping included. That remote has a keypad. It can also be programed to operate your DVD and VHS machines. There is a button right on the remote for most of the functions you want to access instead of having to go through a complicated series of on-screen clicks with the Magic Remote. This remote will access most, but not all the TV control functions. On the rare occasion when it does not, you can always use the Magic Remote. My bottom line: Buy the TV for the picture, and then buy the alternate remote.


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The Mark Thomas Group, Inc. filed as a Domestic for Profit Corporation in the State of Florida on Tuesday, October 9, 2012 and is approximately three years old, according to public records filed with Florida Department of State. The filing is currently active as of the last data refresh which occured on Sunday, June 7, 2015.
Mark Thomas serves as the President
Mark C. Thomas is also the registered agent for the company. Also known as a statutory or resident agent, the registered agent is responsible for receiving legal notifications regarding court summons, lawsuits, and other legal actions involving the corporate entity.
Key roles for The Mark Thomas Group, Inc.
Mark C. Thomas
|Filing Type:
|Domestic for Profit Corporation
|State ID:
|Date Filed:
|Tuesday, October 9, 2012
|Registered Agent
|Mark C. Thomas
Comprehensive Insight Plus Report
|Learn More
|The D&B Comprehensive Insight Plus Report for The Mark Thomas Group, Inc. combines D&B's proprietary statistical scoring with business, payment and financial information all in one report.
US Company Profile Report
|Learn More
|The D&B U.S. Company Profile contains basic information such as address and telephone number, executive names and titles, line of business and SIC codes, D-U-N-S Numbers, organization status, and year and location of incorporation for The Mark Thomas Group, Inc..


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RBS World Credit Card with Rewards
The YourPoints World Mastercard from RBS is an all-rounder credit card offering a little of everything. An interest rate of 17.9% representative APR (variable) is decent enough in this day and age, while the card also features 0% introductory deals for 13 months on BOTH purchases and balance transfers.
So far, so middle of the road.
What sets this card apart though is the YourPoints reward program. By moving your everyday spending onto the card you'll build up points which you can redeem agains the usual suspects such as flights and holidays, entertainment and experiences. Somewhat more unusually you can also turn the points into shopping vouchers for major retailers such as M&S, Boots, Amazon, and Harvey Nichols.
This makes the rewards program especially attractive compared to cards offering a more limited way of using your points, and makes it stand out from the crowd.
In short, although the World card's individual features are far from market leading, in combination they add up to more than the sum of their parts making this a very attractive card, especially if you use it for your daily spending and don't build up too much of a balance.
RBS World In Brief
|Standard Rate:
|17.9% Representative APR (variable)
|Balance Transfer Deal?
|0% APR for 13 months (2.9% transfer fee applies)
|Purchases Deal?
|0% APR for 13 months
|Minimum Balance Transfer Fee:
|Introductory Cashback
|Standard Cashback
|Rewards Program
|RBS YourPoints redeemable against flights, holidays, Amazon and more
|Annual Fee:
|Interest Free Period:
|Up to 56 days on purchases
|Minimum Repayment:
|The greater of 1% of balance plus interest and charges, or £5
|Minimum Credit Limit:
|Maximum Credit Limit:
|Subject to status
|Minimum Applicant Age:
|Decent introductory offers, rewards program, and 2,500 bonus points on account opening
|Representative Example:
|Assumed borrowing of £1200, representative 17.9% APR (variable). Purchase rate 17.9% PA.


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Waterloo Crushed Stone Chess Pieces
Bring your imagination to life with our wide range of figurine chess pieces. Each Chess Piece is crafted from crushed stone. The battle of Waterloo is a defining moment in the history of Europe, where Napoleon Bonaparte of France was finally defeated by the combined forces of England and Prussia under the Duke of Wellengton This chess set depicts several of the major players in that conflict.
Polystone is a compound made up of polyurethane resin mixed with powdered stone, which gives the chess pieces added weight and a porcelain or "stone-like" feel that is fairly durable. Additionally, polystone is slow to wear, making it ideal for collectors and casual players alike.
This is a full set of 32 Chess Pieces. Chessboard not included.
Please note that this item is special order, and may ship separately from the rest of your order. Please feel free to ask us if you have any questions about delivery.


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We design our collection to help women feel stylish during pregnancy. Throughout this season, we have asked several fashion bloggers how they would style some of our key maternity pieces. Here are some of our favourites…
Jennifer from BelledeCouture wearing the Olivia Dress in Wine.
What we like: This jewel toned dress flatters Jennifer's curves perfectly and creates a classy, sophisticated, sexy look.
Jennifer says: 'I am smitten with this red wine dress… I am such a fan of a dress with a ruched body (especially during pregnancy — so flattering), and the chic neckline is another fave of mine! This dress makes me feel absolutely beautiful'.
Marion from Marionberry Style wearing the Ruched Midi Dress in Cobalt Blue.
What we like: This is a versatile piece, we like how she's wearing the cobalt blue hue for a chic, smart casual look.
Marion says: 'I just adore the fabric, cut and color. It is a maternity design, however I will definitely be wearing this dress for years to come (the fabric is stretchy and will cover a flat stomach just as beautifully)'.
Andrea from For The Love Of wearing the the Isla Stripe Dress in Caramel & Black.
What we like: The effortless stylish and comfortable look. Matching the hues of the dress with her bag and Andrea's statement necklace works perfectly on her.
Andrea says 'This dress is utter perfection, and I'm already thinking of ways I can wear it after the baby comes'.
Audrey from Casual Glamorous wearing The Urban Ruched Dress in Steel Grey.
What we like: The simplicity of her style. The warm grey coloured dress creates an easy yet sophisticated and calm look. Audrey opted for an easy clutch and black peep toes making a great classic look.
Audrey says: 'There's something about a high neckline that's ultra feminine, elegant and timeless'.
We love the way each of these bloggers have individually styled our pieces and their comments and feedback are amazing!
We thank them for all for taking part and for showing us all how effortless maternity style can be. We hope you've been inspired.


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The following is an archive of a post made to our
'vox-tech mailing list'
by one of its subscribers.
Brian Lavender wrote:
> On Tue, Oct 28, 2008 at 07:22:49PM -0700, Alex Mandel wrote:
>> Jeff Newmiller wrote:
>>> harke wrote:
>>>> On Tuesday 28 October 2008 08:49, Tim Riley wrote:
>>>>> On Mon, 2008-10-27 at 18:56 -0700, Jeff Newmiller wrote:
>>>>>> harke wrote:
>>>>> <snip>
>>>>>>> You could use cpio with the pass-through option. his does
>>>>>>> not use or create an archive. You'll probably need some other options
>>>>>>> like make-directories
>>>>>> I am mystified why (or how) one would use cpio to copy files to a cdrom.
>>>>>> Can you elaborate?
>>>>> $ find . -print | cpio -p /dev/cdrom ? ;-)
>>>> You'll first need a file system on the cd
>>>> so you could do
>>>> mkfs -t ext2 /dev/cdrom
>>>> Notice that it is perfectly feasible to put an ext2 file system
>>>> on a cd Of course certain other operating systems will not be
>>>> able to read it.
>>>> If you prefer to stick to an iso file system, just use the usual tools.
>>> I suppose if you want to be obscure, dumping data to /dev/cdrom is
>>> one way... I prefer making my backups as self-documenting and simple
>>> as possible.
>>> I also recognize that it is feasible to put alternate filesystems on a CDR,
>>> but the above mkfs command won't work, given the fact that any data written
>>> to a CDR must be written in one pass with no modifications, and mkfs lays
>>> out data structures throughout the device file in random access fashion
>>> with the expectation that data and directory entries will be modified later.
>>> I think Brian's requirement to support multi-disk backups in standard
>>> directory layout is a tall order... though there might be a tool out there
>>> that supports this. Seems like it would be hard to allocate disk usage
>>> among small and large files in arbitrary directories on multiple volumes.
>>> Read-only LVM? (very obscure... why bother with the directory structure?)
>> This reminded me, back in the day when you could span zip files at
>> 1.44MB in order to put it across multiple floppies.
>> And hence a solution...
>> tar them with a max size option, the archive will be split at the given
>> size and start a new file.
>> http://www.base64.co.uk/splitting-large-files/
>> Maybe not exactly browsable, but probably so from a graphical archive
>> tool except for the 1 split file between the spans.
> No, no, no. This is a very simple problem. No splitting of files is
> allowed. These are all files that will fit within one CD.
> https://answers.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/k3b/+question/11427
> K3b doesn't seem to work, and the multicd seems to still use commands
> from 2001. It refers to the CD burner as a scsi device. But, I can
> probably hack multicd. I just want a CD I can put in the CD drive and
> browse the files so that they are in the same directory structure as
> original.
I'm a little confused. I thought the goal was to burn more than what fit
on 1 cd and preserve directory structure. I see how the multicd concept
is a better solution but a spanned tar would also achieve similar
results, with the exception of an additional abstraction layer, the tar.
Using a graphical tool though exploring the tar would appear as a
filesystem(nautilus file-roller) without need for extraction.
Now if we're talking about 1 cd, I'm so lost because k3b or any data
disc burner seems to do what you want, although maintaining the full
directory path requires that you either build the folder structure or
add the whole thing and delete out things you don't want.
Maybe I'm missing some key goal you have in mind or we're visualizing
the data differently.
Oh well, all that matters is you found a solution,
vox-tech mailing list
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The 25-year-old, who only arrived at Freiburg last summer from St Pauli, has signed a four-year contract with the Foals and will join them in July.
"We are pleased that Max Kruse has chosen us," Gladbach's director of sport Max Eberl said on his club's website.
"He is a quick, technically strong and versatile player who will strengthen our attack."
Kruse passed a medical in Monchengladbach today before returning to Freiburg, with whom he will complete the current season before switching allegiances.
He has scored nine goals this term, having previously appeared in the top flight for Werder Bremen as well as St Pauli, scoring two further goals in a total of 62 Bundesliga appearances.
He has also played 63 times in the second division, scoring 20 goals, and was capped by Germany Under-21s once in 2008.


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- 17Promote
Canvas Print
Secret of French manby Seeds Of Joie
Fine art print on bright white, fine poly-cotton blend, matte canvas using latest generation Epson archival inks. Individually trimmed and hand stretched museum wrap over 1-1/2" deep wood stretcher bars. Includes wall hanging hardware.
Wonderful work in the world of illustration....have you illustrated any books?...if not...you should !!! ☺
Thank you so much. Luda and bsvc.
I have not illustrated any book yet. I like to do that in the future.
I have not illustrated any book yet. I like to do that in the future.
You should look into www.blurb.com ( self publishing) I have two published books there..it doesn't cost you anything to publish the books ( very good quality imo)
Thank you so much. I was thinking to make a book.
love it so much!!!!!!!!!!! :)
Thank you so much.
See More Comments


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Blogs from expats in Quebec
Would you like to work, live, move to Quebec? Or just to find out how is life in Quebec? We've got much more than travel brochures: read blogs written by expats living in Quebec!
Sorry, there isn't any expat blog registered in English in this section. Discover the blogs in other languages (select a language flag above), or be the first one to add your blog :)
Free advice and quotation service to choose an expat health insurance in Quebec.>> Click here


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Results 1 to 5 of 5
Thread: Creatures, Robots and Vehicles
December 14th, 2011 #1Registered User
- Join Date
- Dec 2011
- Location
- Germany
- Posts
- 4
- Thanks
- 4
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Creatures, Robots and Vehicles
Hi there
My name is Christian Grajewski I am a Professional Automotive Interior Designer and working for the Volkswagen Design Center Potsdam.
During my study i was crazy about concept Design. This got stuck with my permanent job at VW, wich is mega great but as well really time consuming...
Approximately a year ago, I forced my self to start again with "concept design" in my little spare time. Almost all of the sketches are done with a ballpoint pen and sometimes I used a marker.
So If you like the little notch here, you can see everithing from this "year" on my new blog http://christiangrajewski.blogspot.com/
I would really like to improve my creature and concept Design, so all your Feedback is very welcome!
Thank you!
- Similar Threads
- freelance concept designer for environments/vehicles/creatures
- Concept Artist looking for full-time work (characters, robots, vehicles, weapons)
- Experienced concept artist- vehicles, enviros, characters, creatures
- Concept Artist looking for work-Characters,vehicles,aliens,creatures,robots,envir.
- Art: Vehicles, Robots, some other stuff
Hide this ad by registering as a memberDecember 16th, 2011 #2
i REALLY dig the way you push the shapes. it does some awesome work for your designs.
The Following User Says Thank You to reverendK For This Useful Post:
December 16th, 2011 #3
This stuff is great! Just subscribed to your blog. I like seeing how you approach your subject from a industrial design stand.
The Following User Says Thank You to Shorinji_Knight For This Useful Post:
December 17th, 2011 #4
Yeah I'm liking these drawings a lot. I WISH I could do technical drawing like you. You have the skill and creativity to do concept art. Honestly--probly not having enough free time is the only thing keeping you from it.
If you do find some time--try to make some more complete designs. They don't need to be in color, but they shouldn't look like sketches. Then put them together into a nice presentation. Try to make a concept art portfolio, in other words. Then stick it up here on the artists looking for jobs forum and maybe you can do some freelance gigs in your free time! Or hell, just look into what game companies you might apply for.
Good work!
The Following User Says Thank You to Artfix For This Useful Post:
December 17th, 2011 #5Registered User
- Join Date
- Dec 2011
- Location
- Germany
- Posts
- 4
- Thanks
- 4
- Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts
to reverendK: Thanks man!!!
to Shorinji_Knight: Thank you for subscribing my blog , and for your compliment!
to Artfix: WOW, thank you very much Artfix for your really kind reply! I will try to do some more finished designs...


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Small-scale farmers who are members of the Commercial Sugarcane Association of Zimbabwe last year produced at least 42 357, 36 tonnes of raw sugar, a 40 percent increase from 2011, an official said on Friday. The association's secretary-general, Mr Darlington Chiwa, told New Ziana that the high price of sugar encouraged farmers to increase production.
"The increase in raw sugar production is because growing the crop is rewarding, so everyone involved is positive and working hard to earn more," he said.
"Other factors include funding availed under the Successful Rural Sugarcane Farming Community Project and extension services that Tongaat Hulett provides."
When the 2012 marketing season closed in December, raw sugar was fetching US$700 a tonne. Mr Chiwa said most farmers had gained experience in sugarcane production since they had been in the business for the past 10 years.
Prior to the land reform programme, sugar cane production was the monopoly of Tongaat Hulett, a South African company that still controls the local milling and marketing of the crop.
Co-operation between the Government, the southern Lowveld communities, the European Union and Tongaat Hulett is expected to boost rural sugar cane farming.
Already, some 15 000 hectares have been allocated to 870 indigenous farmers who are producing about 20 percent of national output.
Zimbabwe has the potential to produce up to 4,4 million tonnes of sugarcane annually. Sugar cane production takes place under irrigation the Lowveld.
New Ziana


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Midwest Living Review
The Potted Rabbit is hard to define. It sits below a large sign that reads Gastronomy. It's a bakery and a deli. It's a stand-up coffee bar. It's a high-end specialty food store in downtown Rapid City, South Dakota, which isn't usually a magnet for high-end foods. But hard-to-define is a good way to describe chef M.J. Adams, who opened the Potted Rabbit with husband Walter Albasi in December 2010. Right next door, their Corn Exchange Restaurant and Bistro is a tiny eatery -- just 28 seats -- with a big, award-winning reputation. The Corn Exchange opened in 1996 as a storefront bakery and eatery. Just six months later, a spectacular downtown fire destroyed eight businesses, including M.J.'s. She regrouped, and reopened around the corner, this time as a sit-down restaurant. But her dream of a small bakery stayed with her. The Potted Rabbit realizes that dream. It features house-baked pastries, espresso coffees, soups, artisan breads and a variety of specialty foods. But you might be surprised to discover that there are no chairs. Customers stand at the coffee bar or at the table toward the front windows, in the European style of coffee shop. Downtown Rapid City has no shortage of Wi-Fi-connected coffee shops where people can sit down, log on and hang out. The Potted Rabbit's emphasis remains on the food, which is very, very good. We had a latte and a fruit galette, a sweet, fruity, crispy cake with a dusting of powdered sugar, and loved it. In the gleaming white refrigerator cases along the wall, you can find items such as goose, squab, specialty yogurt, organic butter, organic cream, upscale cheeses and other gourmet items that are all but impossible to find in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Beginning in the summer of 2011, the Potted Rabbit will offer organic picnic baskets and hiker packs for visitors to the Black Hills.


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|Girlichef: Pumpkin Doughnuts w/ Spiced Buttermilk Glaze
Food that inspires, shocks, intimidates and leaves one trembling with envy and desire - it's what I call Fetish Worthy food. What is Food Fetish Friday?
Welcome BackAfter a month-long hiatus, Food Fetish Friday is finally back - bigger photos and even better promotion of your incredible creations! I've received so many supportive emails and messages regarding the series and I really appreciate all the kind words. If you're wondering what happened to Food Fetish Friday, you can catch up by reading this previous post.
Over the next couple of months, I will be restoring access to all previous Food Fetish Friday posts as I complete fixes to the series. I have already restored access to previous Featured Foodie posts (for those Foodies I have received photo authorization from); for now, the Featured Foodies section is on hold until I have completed fixes to the remainder of the series.
Thank you all for your support and patience and I hope you enjoy today's collection of mouth-watering creations! Welcome back to Food Fetish Friday!
Special Thanks to this week's Food Contributors
Learn how.
Girlichef: Pumpkin Doughnuts w/ Spiced Buttermilk Glaze
Alexandra's Kitchen: Rotini with Butternut-Sage Sauce
Lavender and Lovage: Redcurrant Fairy Cakes with Raspberries
Jungle Frog Cooking: Celeriac Soup with Crunchy Bacon Bits
Chocolate Moosey: Pumpkin Tiramisu with Pumpkin Butter Caramel Sauce
Barefeet in the Kitchen: Italian Herb Meatball Soup
Passionate About Baking: Chocolate-Pear Tea Bread
Prevention RD: No-Bake Sweet & Salty Peanut Butter Pretzel Bars
Just Putzing Around the Kitchen: Tex-Mex Burger
That Skinny Chick Can Bake: Cinnamon Twist
Manu's Menu: Maple Pear Mousse Shooters with Chocolate and Hazeluts
Damn Delicious: Sloppy Joes with Avocado and Fried Egg
All Day I Dream About Food: Magic Cookie Bars
Crumb: Iced Pumpkin Chocolate Spice Bundt Cake
Tracey's Culinary Adventures: Fig-Balsamic Jam
Week of Menus: Blueberry Lime Cupcakes
Buns In My Oven: Brioche Au Chocolat
Bakeaholic Mama: Pumpkin Applesauce
I Breathe...I'm Hungry: Low Carb Raspberry Cheesecake Bars
Not Quite Nigella: Bloody Popcorn Brains
Cooking Classy: Amazing Dinner Rolls
Vivian Pang Kitchen: World's Quickest Yeasted Coffee Cake
Averie Cooks: Chocolate Chip Peanut Butter Oatmeal Skillet Cookie
Portuguese Girl Cooks: Roasted Butternut Squash Soup
Fragrant Vanilla Cake: Raw Mini Pumpkin Doughnuts with Caramel
Indigo Scones: Caramel Pumpkin Black and White Cookies
Vegan Yack Attack: Cajun Mac 'n' Cheese
Pass the Sushi: Pumpkin Cinnamon Rolls
Spicie Foodie: Quinoa Muffins with Apple and Coffee Spiced Pecans
Cravings of a Lunatic: Chocolate Fudge Brownie Ice Cream
Savoring Time in the Kitchen: Creamy Corn Muffins
Pastry Affair: Black Velvet Spider Cupcakes
Chocolate Log Blog: Cornish Sea Salted Caramel Birthday Cake
Une Gamine dans la Cuisine: Butterscotch Chocolate Sandwich Cookies
Chin Deep: Sweet Potato & Apple Latkes
Haniela's Food & Photography: Pumpkin Spice Meringue Cake with Ganache Cream Filling
Citrus and Candy: Brioche Chocolate Buns
Erica's Sweet Tooth: Raspberry Fro Yo Bon Bons
Simply Recipes: Sesame Brittle
Pinch of Yum: Caramel Rolls with Apples and Walnuts
Sprinkle Bakes: Coconut Cappuccino Muffins
Rock Recipes: Sticky Toffee Apple Cake
Juanita's Cocina: Biscuits and Chocolate Gravy
If your food has appeared in the Food Fetish Friday series, you can tell others by adding the Featured Foodie badge to your blog. For details and badge sizes, visit the Food Fetish Friday page.


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A Celebration Seven And A Half Years In The Making
With the countdown to the twelfth Siyum HaShas of Daf Yomi now down to the single digits, organizers of the event are working furiously to ensure that the massive event, for which all 93,000 available tickets have been sold, goes off without a hitch.
Logistical preparations for an event of this magnitude might seem daunting to some, but for Rabbi Yosef C. Golding, executive director of Rofeh Cholim Cancer Society (RCCS) and director of logistics for the Siyum HaShas, it is all in a day's work.
"Because we started working on this event so long ago, it was all pretty easy," said Rabbi Golding, a veteran coordinator for the Siyum HaShas, taking place on Wednesday, August 1. "I have been working on this siyum for two years. The past week or two has been a little intense, but we do the best we can."
MetLife Stadium, which opened in 2010, is not only the most expensive NFL stadium ever built, it also has the largest number of permanent seats in the league with a capacity of 82,566. Transforming MetLife Stadium from a football arena into a venue for a massive Torah gathering is no small undertaking. In addition to bringing in approximately 10,000 folding chairs for the event and removing the goalposts, hard plastic flooring will be brought in, completely covering the stadium's turf with its distinctive markings. While the stadium boasts the highest quality sound system, a separate sound company has been brought in for the event, one that, according to Rabbi Golding, has been used at some of the largest rock concerts throughout the country.
Much discussion has been made about the $250,000 mechitzah being installed. Previous plans to place all the women at one of the narrower ends of the oval stadium, with supports drilled into the stadium to hold up the gargantuan mechitzah, have been scrapped. Instead, women who do not have tickets for one of the over two hundred luxury suites, will be seated in the upper deck of the stadium, with a four tier dark colored curtain, ranging in length from eight to twelve feet, moving into place only during davening. It will take a crew of 60 people, working from Tisha B'av through the actual day of the siyum, to erect the two and a half mile long mechitzah.
"This mechitzah was designed by a crew of engineers and will be held in place by massive weights," explained Rabbi Golding. "There will be no need to drill any supports into any part of the stadium at all. This is a very strong pipe and drape system, with a lightweight curtain that allows the wind to pass through and the mechitzah has been approved by the fire department."
The decision to move the women to the upper level was made for logistical reasons, according to Rabbi Golding, who was quick to assure female attendees that being placed in the upper echelons of the stadium would not in any way detract from their enjoyment of the milestone event, noting that viewers in the top tier of the stadium would have the best view of the four 116-foot-wide high definition video screens that hang in each corner of the upper deck.
"You have to understand that there is not a bad seat in the house here, although we are working hard to place the women who ordered more costly seats in the first four rows of the upper level," noted Rabbi Golding. "They spent $1.7 billion to build this stadium and whoever built this facility really built it right."
In fact, the stadium itself is home to a command center, featuring hundreds of security cameras, a mini emergency room and has 40 medics and nurses on call, which will be supplemented for the Siyum HaShas by 150 Hatzalah members, as well as a minimum of 20 ambulances. Two-thousand plasma screens located throughout the interior portions of the stadium will give those who leave their seats the ability to follow the program from locations within the venue.
Stadium concessionaires will be selling snacks whose kashrus has been approved by the Agudah, including cakes, ices, soda and water. While food can be brought into the stadium in bags no larger than 12 by 12 by 12 inches, siyum attendees will only be permitted to bring one plastic, 20-ounce, sealed beverage into the stadium with them. Laptops and iPads will not be permitted into MetLife stadium, and given the extremely tight security that is expected for the Siyum HaShas, every person entering the stadium will be searched.
Over 90,000 programs have been printed for the event, each one weighing in at over one pound and featuring over two hundred pages. Forty-thousand copies of HaSiyum Junior, an accompaniment to the program, have been printed for children as well.
"There will be a special presentation made to the Masmidei HaSiyum, a group of 16,000 children who have been learning Mishnayos and Gemara in honor of the siyum," reported Rabbi Golding. "Over 1.5 million lines of Mishnayos have been learned, in memory of the 1.5 million children who died during the Holocaust, while over six million lines of Gemara have been learned in memory of the six million Jews who perished during that terrible time."
Five hundred rabbonim will be seated on the dais, with another 1,000 rabbis who give Daf Yomi shiurim to be seated directly behind the dais. While Agudah representatives have been tight lipped when it comes to divulging the names of those who will be speaking at the siyum, Rabbi Malkiel Kotler, rosh yeshiva of Beis Medrash Govoha of Lakewood will be making the Hadran, and renowned lecturer Rabbi Yissocher Frand will be one of the guest speakers. Each of the speakers will be allotted a four to 12 minute time slot, and in an effort to prevent overly lengthy addresses, a series of colored lights will inform speakers both when their time is about to end and when they have gone over their allocated amount of time.
While there will be no live streaming of the Siyum HaShas, nine video cameras will be placed through the stadium for remote hookups, with satellite feeds and high quality web feeds going out to over one 100 sites, including locations in Los Angeles, Chicago, Baltimore, Toronto, Montreal, Mexico City, Uruguay, Argentina, Melbourne, Lublin and Hong Kong.
"We are using the same video company that was hired for the Super Bowl," said Rabbi Golding.
With over 500 people expected to attend the siyum from Spanish speaking countries, there will be headsets available for rent featuring an FM transmission in Spanish throughout the stadium.
According to Rabbi Golding there will be a "major musical aspect to the siyum," but he would only confirm that it would feature world-renowned vocalists Rabbi Abish Brodt and Shloime Daskal, with choral accompaniment by Hamizamrim. Legendary Chazan Yitzchak Meir Helfgott will be making the Kel Maley Rachamim in honor of the six million Jews who died during World War II. The Siyum HaShas will continue its tradition of featuring a one-man band in place of a full orchestra, with musical accompaniment by Shabsy Parnes.
Given the number of people attending the Siyum Hashas, both transportation and parking will be a major issue. The Agudah advises everyone to make use of mass transit whenever possible, which includes New Jersey Transit trains, Metro-North and Coach USA bus service from the Port Authority Bus Terminal. Separate parking areas and management teams will be in place to deal with the many buses that are expected to be arriving at the stadium, and coordinators anticipate a large number of buses will be coming in from summer camps in the Catskills as well.
Should inclement weather prove to be an issue, organizers will announce any decision to postpone the siyum by 8 a.m. the day of the event. Tens of thousands of ponchos have been ordered in case of any unsettled weather that may take place during the siyum.
With so many logistics to be seen to, it is easy to lose sight of what the Siyum HaShas is all about and Rabbi Golding stressed that the Agudah has worked diligently to make this an all-inclusive event.
"We tried very hard to make sure not to bore people with long interminable speeches," said Rabbi Golding. "The purpose of the siyum is to inspire others to learn and we tried very hard to make sure that everyone will walk away from the event inspired, from people who have never learned a daf in their entire lives to chassidim who have learned their entire lives. We hope that people who come to this siyum as observers will be so inspired that when it comes time to plan the thirteenth Siyum HaShas, they will be coming back as participants."
Sandy Eller is a freelance writer who has written for various websites, newspapers, magazines and private clients in addition to having written song lyrics and scripts for several full-scale productions. She can be contacted at firstname.lastname@example.com.
About the Author: Sandy Eller is a freelance writer who writes for numerous websites, newspapers, magazines and many private clients. She can be contacted at email@example.com.
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Research: My lab is interested in the process of morphogenesis, the development of shape and form. What are the molecules that regulate the behavior of cells as they change their shape, position and adhesiveness to generate their three-dimensional form during morphogenesis? The answer to this question will certainly add to our understanding of the role of cell adhesion and cell signaling during tissue inflammation and metastasis. We use the genetic model organism Caenorhabditis elegans to study simple examples of morphogenetic movements. The well defined anatomy of C. elegans will allow us to analyze these processes at a level of precision not easily attainable in other organisms. My lab uses genetic, molecular biology, biochemistry, and state of the art video microscopy techniques to elucidate the mechanisms by which tissues and organs are generated. In previous work we have shown that ephrin signaling is required for proper C. elegans morphogenesis.
Ephrin Signaling in C. elegans:
The Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands, the ephrins, are an exciting class of molecules that play a wide variety of roles in development, including axon guidance, blood vessel formation and cancer. C. elegans mutants that are defective in ephrin signaling have abnormal morphogenetic cell movements during embryogenesis and as a result usually die . The identification of ephrins and their receptor in an animal amenable to genetics makes it feasible to dissect the entire network of ephrin signaling in an organism. To understand the roles of Eph signaling during C. elegans development we will identify the downstream genes of the Eph receptor and how other genes might act redundantly or in parallel with Eph signaling during morphogenesis. These studies complement the approaches taken to understand Eph signaling in more complex animals and will expedite our understanding in the signal transduction pathways controlling morphogenesis. Further, Eph signaling has been linked to events of vertebrate neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and cancer, the latter of which is a prime candidate for anti-tumor therapies. It is expected that work done in model organisms will generate mechanistic information required to improve the efficacy of such treatments.
»» Lab Website »« email: firstname.lastname@example.com »« telephone: 613-533-6124 ««
Some Recent Publications:


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- Women's measurements
- Big Mac
- Brain membranes
- The Number Three in American Culture
- Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria
- Three Furies
- How many triangles?
- Pythagoras - three is the perfect number
- Threes.com featured on the BBC2
- Simon Cowell: You Never Want The People That You Work With To Do Well
- Trinity symbol
- id, ego, superego
- Third Eye - Pineal Gland
- Featured Article - Allen H. Merriam
- Three Holy sites of Islam
- Empirical rule - The 68-95-99.7 Rule
- Periodic Table - Law of Triads
- Palaestrae
- Monty Python and the Holy Grail - Bridge - Three Questions
- Three Foil Cross
|The Mayan Calendar
Among their other accomplishments, the ancient Mayas invented a calendar of remarkable accuracy and complexity. At right is the ancient Mayan Pyramid Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico. The Pyramid of Kukulkan at Chichén Itzá, constructed circa 1050 was built during the late Mayan period, when Toltecs from Tula became politically powerful. The pyramid was used as a calendar: four stairways, each with 91 steps and a platform at the top, making a total of 365, equivalent to the number of days in a calendar year.
Three dating systems
The Maya calendar uses three different dating systems in parallel, the Long Count, the Tzolkin (divine calendar), and the Haab (civil calendar). Of these, only the Haab has a direct relationship to the length of the year.
A typical Mayan date looks like this: 188.8.131.52.6, 3 Cimi 4 Zotz.
What is the Long Count?
The Long Count is really a mixed base-20/base-18 representation of a number, representing the number of days since the start of the Mayan era. It is thus akin to the Julian Day Number.
The basic unit is the kin (day), which is the last component of the Long Count. Going from right to left the remaining components are:
The kin, tun, and katun are numbered from 0 to 19.
Although they are not part of the Long Count, the Mayas had names for larger time spans. The following names are sometimes quoted, although they are not ancient Maya terms: 1 pictun = 20 baktun = 2,880,000 days = approx. 7885 years
The alautun is probably the longest named period in any calendar.
When did the Long Count Start?
Logically, the first date in the Long Count should be 0.0.0.0.0, but as the baktun (the first component) are numbered from 1 to 13 rather than 0 to 12, this first date is actually written 184.108.40.206.0.
The authorities disagree on what 184.108.40.206.0 corresponds to in our calendar. I have come across three possible equivalences:
184.108.40.206.0 = 8 Sep 3114 BC (Julian) = 13 Aug 3114 BC (Gregorian)
Assuming one of the first two equivalences, the Long Count will again reach 22.214.171.124.0 on 21 or 23 December AD 2012 - a not too distant future.
The date 126.96.36.199.0 may have been the Mayas' idea of the date of the creation of the world.
What is the Tzolkin?
The Tzolkin date is a combination of two "week" lengths.
While our calendar uses a single week of seven days, the Mayan calendar used two different lengths of week:
As the named week is 20 days and the smallest Long Count digit is 20 days, there is synchrony between the two; if, for example, the last digit of today's Long Count is 0, today must be Ahau; if it is 6, it must be Cimi. Since the numbered and the named week were both "weeks," each of their name/number change daily; therefore, the day after 3 Cimi is not 4 Cimi, but 4 Manik, and the day after that, 5 Lamat. The next time Cimi rolls around, 20 days later, it will be 10 Cimi instead of 3 Cimi. The next 3 Cimi will not occur until 260 (or 13 x 20) days have passed. This 260-day cycle also had good-luck or bad-luck associations connected with each day, and for this reason, it became known as the "divinatory year."
The "years" of the Tzolkin calendar are not counted.
When did the Tzolkin Start?
Long Count 22.214.171.124.0 corresponds to 4 Ahau. The authorities agree on this.
What is the Haab?
The Haab was the civil calendar of the Mayas. It consisted of 18 "months" of 20 days each, followed by 5 extra days, known as Uayeb. This gives a year length of 365 days.
The names of the month were:
In contrast to the Tzolkin dates, the Haab month names changed every 20 days instead of daily; so the day after 4 Zotz would be 5 Zotz, followed by 6 Zotz ... up to 19 Zotz, which is followed by 0 Tzec.
The days of the month were numbered from 0 to 19. This use of a 0th day of the month in a civil calendar is unique to the Maya system; it is believed that the Mayas discovered the number zero, and the uses to which it could be put, centuries before it was discovered in Europe or Asia.
The Uayeb days acquired a very derogatory reputation for bad luck; known as "days without names" or "days without souls," and were observed as days of prayer and mourning. Fires were extinguished and the population refrained from eating hot food. Anyone born on those days was "doomed to a miserable life."
The years of the Haab calendar are not counted.
The length of the Tzolkin year was 260 days and the length of the Haab year was 365 days. The smallest number that can be divided evenly by 260 and 365 is 18,980, or 365×52; this was known as the Calendar Round. If a day is, for example, "4 Ahau 8 Cumku," the next day falling on "4 Ahau 8 Cumku" would be 18,980 days or about 52 years later. Among the Aztec, the end of a Calendar Round was a time of public panic as it was thought the world might be coming to an end. When the Pleaides crossed the horizon on 4 Ahau 8 Cumku, they knew the world had been granted another 52-year extension.
When did the Haab Start?
Long Count 184.108.40.206.0 corresponds to 8 Cumku. The authorities agree on this.
Did the Mayas Think a Year Was 365 Days?
Although there were only 365 days in the Haab year, the Mayas were aware that a year is slightly longer than 365 days, and in fact, many of the month-names are associated with the seasons; Yaxkin, for example, means "new or strong sun" and, at the beginning of the Long Count, 1 Yaxkin was the day after the winter solstice, when the sun starts to shine for a longer period of time and higher in the sky. When the Long Count was put into motion, it was started at 126.96.36.199.0, and 0 Yaxkin corresponded with Midwinter Day, as it did at 126.96.36.199.0 back in 3114 B.C.E. The available evidence indicates that the Mayas estimated that a 365-day year precessed through all the seasons twice in 18.104.22.168.0 or 1,101,600 days.
We can therefore derive a value for the Mayan estimate of the year by dividing 1,101,600 by 365, subtracting 2, and taking that number and dividing 1,101,600 by the result, which gives us an answer of 365.242036 days, which is slightly more accurate than the 365.2425 days of the Gregorian calendar.
(This apparent accuracy could, however, be a simple coincidence. The Mayas estimated that a 365-day year precessed through all the seasons twice in 184.108.40.206.0 days. These numbers are only accurate to 2-3 digits. Suppose the 126.96.36.199.0 days had corresponded to 2.001 cycles rather than 2 cycles of the 365-day year, would the Mayas have noticed?)
In ancient times, the Mayans had a tradition of a 360-day year. But by the 4th century B.C.E. they took a different approach than either Europeans or Asians. They maintained three different calendars at the same time. In one of them, they divided a 365-day year into eighteen 20-day months followed by a five-day period that was part of no month. The five-day period was considered to be unlucky.
Related Items
|Spanish proverb
Old friends and old wine and old gold are best.
In Spanish, Amigo y vino, el mas antiguo.


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GeForceFX owners thread
View Single Post
Registered User
Join Date: Aug 2002
Posts: 90
Zimm, how well does AC2 run on the FX?
I have a Radeon 9700 Pro and it's driving me crazy.
Some of my biggest gripes are the problems in AC2... specifically, Pixel Shaders cause all sorts of visual artifacts that get worse over time. Shadows cause horrible lagging.
And the cat 3.3 betas crash after about 30 seconds in game (3.2s crash less often, and 3.0s the least.... funny how that works).
I'm considering the move to a 5800U if I can find one, after reading of BK's satisfaction with the card.
So what problems have you had with AC2? It *is* a system resource hog... but I'm okay with that
No memory leaks in the game (any more) as far as I can tell.
New! Compy 8.0
- Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 @ 3.0Ghz - EVGA Nvidia nForce 680 - 4GB DDR800 - 2x WD Raptor 10,000RPM 74GB in RAID 0 - 2x 300GB 7200RPM local storage - Geforce 8800 GTX 768MB - HP 23" Widescreen
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The following is an archive of a post made to our
'vox mailing list'
by one of its subscribers.
On Thursday 16 January 2003 09:45 pm, Richard S. Crawford wrote:
> ...
> /dev/hda9 9930 10451 4192933+ 6 FAT16
> Oh, and thanks also to Pete Salzman, who reminded me that I could use
> mkfs.vfat to turn a FAT32 partition into a FAT16 partition even when
> Windows said it was impossible. ;-)
Hmm. I thought fat16 maxes out at 2GB.
Rod Roark, Sunset Systems http://www.sunsetsystems.com/
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|Dan Dry is one of America's most widely recognized photographers. He has won over 400 national and international photography awards. Dan has also been named the National Press Photographer of the Year and worked eight years professionally for National Geographic Society. His work appears in over 20 coffee table books including America 24/7 and A Day in the Life of America. Dan was selected official portrait photographer for President Obama.
|Chris Bucher's work, assignments and clients are extremely diverse. Over the past few years, Chris has been widely recognized for his documentary style, fine art photography of an inner city boxing gym which has shown in galleries all over the country and will culminate in a solo exhibition in 2010.
|Chuck Browning spent his days as the general manager of a radio station group in Tulsa, Oklahoma, but his travel photographs show his passion. Chuck was born on the outskirts of Birmingham, Alabama but left home at 17 for a prominent career in radio. His photo essay of Amsterdam in this issue is both intimate and artful.
|Robin Moro's illustrations have appeared on numerous greeting cards and her design work graces products and holiday packaging in nearly every retail store in the United States and abroad. An award-winning illustrator, she began her career at a Gibson cards and now owns a design and art licensing studio.
|Tyler Hildebrand is a graduate of the Ringling School of Art and Design in Sarasota, Florida. His work was chosen for the Best of Ringling Art Exhibit and was recognized by the society of Illustrators Student Competition in New York. Tyler has published work in several regional magazines in the Midwest and Florida. In his late 20's, Tyler is on a path to be one of the countries most prolific and respected illustrators.
|Greg Hoard has been a frequent contributor to The Sporting News, Sports Illustrated, Baseball America and Baseball Digest and has received numerous awards for his work. In 1990, he left journalism for a career in television as a sports director for 15 years. A native of the farmland of southern Indiana, he spends as much time as he can in the garden. "Beats the hell out of studio lights and make-up," he says. Greg has recently completed a book on Radio Hall of Fame personality Gary Burbank entitled "The Voices in My Head."
|Matthew Kelly was born in Sydney, Australia. Over the past 10 years more than three million people in 50 countries have attended his talks, seminars, and retreats. Kelly has also gained acclaim as an author. His most recent books include: "The Rhythm of Life", "The Book of Courage" and "The Dream Manager." Collectively his titles have been published in over a dozen languages and have sold more than a million copies. Kelly possesses a powerful ability to capture imaginations and helps people become "the-best-version-of-themselves."
|Katie Scarlett Brandt is a feature writer and editor based in Chicago. She recently completed a biography of Janet Rowley, who helped discover the link between cancer and genetics. She is a frequent contributor to the University of Chicago publication, Medicine on the Midway and various regional publications in the Midwest.


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Company seeks virtual charter school from NC court
A North Carolina appeals court hears arguments Wednesday on whether a for-profit company should get taxpayer money to operate a virtual charter school that offers online-only classes to public school students.
The state Court of Appeals was to hear a bid by Virginia-based K12 Inc. to offer classes to students whose parents opt out of existing public school classrooms. The company backed a North Carolina non-profit called N.C. Learns that sought a charter giving it special permission to operate outside many normal rules.
K12 is the nation's largest online educator and has managed online schools in 29 states with mixed academic success. Florida education officials launched a probe into whether K12 violated state law by using uncertified teachers and then tried to cover it up.
The State Board of Education decided in 2011 that it would not approve any virtual charter schools for the next school year, arguing the General Assembly had lifted a statewide limit on the number of charter schools but did not address what to do about online versions.
N.C. Learns then tried to set up a charter school with a statewide reach in a deal with the Cabarrus County Board of Education. The company agreed to pay 4 percent of its revenue to the school system in Cabarrus, located north of Charlotte.
"This would be the first time that the approval, monitoring, and oversight of a charter school would be vested solely in a single, politically-elected, local school board, including the oversight of all curriculum, fiscal matters, attendance, federal programs, and compliance with all laws and regulations," assistant state attorney general Laura Crumpler wrote in a court filing.
But a state judge last year blocked the plan from advancing without approval of the State Board of Education. The online school anticipated enrolling about 1,800 students and could have collected about $18.5 million in state and local funds, Wake County Superior Court Judge Abraham Penn Jones ruled last year.
The state already offers some online classes through the N.C. Virtual Public School. The proposed online charter school would be the first of its kind in North Carolina.