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Nearly two months after providing developers with the first beta, Apple is closing in on releasing OS X Mavericks 10.9.3 to the public. OS X 10.9.3 will mark the third point-release update to OS X Mavericks, which arrived on the Mac App Store last October. Earlier this week, Apple provided build 13D55 of 10.9.3 to developers, and Apple, today, provided employees with a newer 13D57 build. In addition to the increase in seed frequency, today's internal seed includes a set of release notes. The inclusion of release notes in beta OS X releases typically indicates that a public release is close…
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A broad-scope intrusion detection system analyzes traffic coming into multiple hosts or other customers' computers or sites. This provides additional data for analysis as compared to systems that just analyze the traffic coming into one customer's site. Additional detection schemes can be used to recognize patterns that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to recognize with just a single customer detector. Standard signature detection methods can be used. Additionally, new signatures can be used based on broad-scope analysis goals. An anomaly is detected in the computer system, and then it is determined which devices or devices are anticipated to be affected by the anomaly in the future. These anticipated devices are then alerted to the potential for the future anomaly. The anomaly can be an intrusion or an intrusion attempt or reconnaissance activity.
1. A method of alerting at least one device in a networked computer system comprising a plurality of devices to an anomaly, at least one of the plurality of devices having a firewall, comprising:
detecting an anomaly in the networked computer system using network-based intrusion detection techniques comprising analyzing data entering into a plurality of hosts, servers, and computer sites in the networked computer system;
determining which of the plurality of devices are anticipated to be affected by the anomaly by using pattern correlations across the plurality of hosts, servers, and computer sites; and
alerting the devices that are anticipated to be affected by the anomaly.
2. The method of
determining which of the plurality of devices have been affected by the anomaly; and
alerting the devices that have been affected by the anomaly.
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9. A method of alerting a device in a networked computer system comprising a plurality of devices to an anomaly, comprising:
detecting an anomaly at a first device in the computer system using network-based intrusion detection technicques comprising analyzing data entering into a plurality of hosts, servers, and computer sites in the networked computer system;
determining a device that is anticipated to be affected by the anomaly by using pattern correlations across the plurality of hosts, servers, and computer sites; and
alerting the device that is anticipated to be affected by the anomaly.
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19. An intrusion detection and alerting system for a computer network comprising:
a plurality of devices coupled to the computer network, each device adapted to at least one of: (1) sense data and provide the data to a data collection and processing center, and (2) be adjustable; and
the data collection and processing center comprising a computer with a firewall coupled to the computer network, the data collection and processing center monitoring data communicated to at least a portion of the plurality of devices coupled to the network, detecting an anomaly in the network using network-based intrusion detection techniques comprising analyzing data entering into a plurality of hosts, servers, and computer sites in the networked computer system, determining which of the devices are anticipated to be affected by the anomaly by using pattern correlations across the plurality of hosts, servers, and computer sites, and alerting the devices.
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26. A data collection and processing center comprising a computer with a firewall coupled to a computer network, the data collection and processing center monitoring data communicated to the network, and detecting an anomaly in the network using network-based intrusion detection techniques comprising analyzing data entering into a plurality of hosts, servers, and computer sites in the networked computer system.
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The present invention relates in general to intrusion detection systems for computer systems and, more particularly, to network-based intrusion detection systems.
Numerous present-day computer installations, be they provided with centralized processor units or be they organized in networks interconnecting geographically distributed processor units, have various access points for serving their users. The number of such points and the ease with which they are often accessible have the drawback of facilitating attempts at intrusion by people who are not authorized users and attempts by users of any kind, whether acting alone or in concert, to perform computer operations which such users should not be capable of performing legitimately. These unauthorized users are typically called "hackers" or "crackers".
Moreover, the open network architecture of the Internet permits a user on a network to have access to information on many different computers, and it also provides access to messages generated by a user's computer and to the resources of the user's computer. Hackers present a significant security risk to any computer coupled to a network where a user for one computer may attempt to gain unauthorized access to resources on another computer of the network.
In an effort to control access to a network and, hence, limit unauthorized access to computer resources available on that network, a number of computer communication security devices and techniques have been developed. One type of device which is used to control the transfer of data is typically called a "firewall". Firewalls are routers which use a set of rules to determine whether a data message should be permitted to pass into or out of a network before determining an efficient route for the message if the rules permit further transmission of the message.
One fundamental technique used by firewalls to protect network elements is known as "packet filtering". A packet filter may investigate address information contained in a data packet to determine whether the source machine, from which the packet originated, is on a list of allowed addresses. If the address is on the list, the packet is allowed to pass. Otherwise the packet is dropped. Packet filtering using lists of allowed protocols (e.g., file transfer FTP, web access HTTP, email POP) is also sometimes done, either alone or in combination with the more stringent address-based packet filtering method.
One problem with address-based packet filtering is that hackers have developed a technique known as "address spoofing" or "P spoofing" wherein address information within a fabricated packet is manipulated to bypass a packet filter (e.g., by placing the address information of a machine which is on the allowed list within the packet, even though the true source address which would normally be placed within the packet is different and disallowed). Address spoofing may also be used to make it appear that the packet originates in the network that the firewall protects, and thus is on a default allowed list.
An example of a conventional firewall arrangement is depicted in FIG. 1. A host computer 100 communicates with an institutional computer system 106 over a public network 102 through a router 104. A router is a network element that directs a packet in accordance with address information contained in the packet. The institutional computer system 106 supports a variety of applications including a Web server 108, and an e-mail system 114. A firewall system 110 with ports 111, 112, 113 is placed between the router 104 and the institutional computer 106. Port 112 connects an internal network 116 to the firewall 110, while ports 111 and 113 connect the public network 102 and the institutional computer 106, respectively. The internal network 116 may support communication between internal terminal(s) 118 and a database 120, possibly containing sensitive information. Such a firewall system 110, however, although intended to protect resources 118 and 120 connected to the internal network 116, is subject to attack in many ways.
A hacker operating the host computer 100 can utilize publicly accessible applications on the institutional computer system 106, such as the Web server 108 or the e-mail system 114, to attack the firewall system 110 or connect to the internal network port 112. The Web server 108 or the e-mail system 114 may have authority to attach to and communicate through the firewall system 110. The hacker might be able to exploit this by routing packets through, or mimicking these network elements, in order to attach to, attack, or completely bypass, the firewall system 110.
Most conventional firewalls, unless configured otherwise, are transparent to packets originating from behind the firewall. Hence, the hacker may insert a source address of a valid network element residing behind the firewall 110, such as the terminal 118, to a fictitious packet. Such a packet may then be able to pass through the firewall system 110. The hacker may even set the packet to be configured to contain a message requesting the establishment of a session with the terminal 118. The terminal 118 typically performs no checking itself, instead relying on the firewall, and assumes that such a session request is legitimate. The terminal 118 acknowledges the request and sends a confirmation message back through the firewall system 110. The ensuing session may appear to be valid to the firewall system 110.
The hacker can also initiate multiple attempts to attach to the port 111. Technically, a connection to the port is formed before the firewall 110 is able to filter the authority of the request. If enough connection requests hit the port 112, it may be rendered unavailable for a period of time, denying service to both incoming requests from the public network, and more importantly, denying access to the internal network 116 for outgoing messages. It is readily apparent that conventional firewall systems, such as the one depicted in FIG. 1, are unacceptably vulnerable in many ways.
Hackers have also developed other ways which may be helpful in bypassing the screening function of a router. For example, one computer, such as a server on the network, may be permitted to receive sync messages from a computer outside the network. In an effort to get a message to another computer on a network, a hacker may attempt to use source routing to send a message from the server to another computer on the network. Source routing is a technique by which a source computer may specify an intermediate computer on the path for a message to be transmitted to a destination computer. In this way, the hacker may be able to establish a communication connection with a server through a router and thereafter send a message to another computer on the network by specifying the server as an intermediate computer for the message to the other computer.
In an effort to prevent source routing techniques from being used by hackers, some routers (including some firewalls) may be configured to intercept and discard all source routed messages to a network. For a router configured with source routing blocking, the router may have a set of rules for inbound messages, a set of rules for outbound messages and a set of rules for source routing messages. When a message which originated from outside the network is received by such a router, the router determines if it is a source routed message. If it is, the router blocks the message if the source routing blocking rule is activated. If blocking is not activated, the router allows the source routed message through to the network. If the message is not a source routed message, the router evaluates the parameters of the message in view of the rules for receiving messages from sources external to the network. However, a router vulnerability exists where the rules used by the router are only compared to messages that are not source routed and the source routed blocking rule is not activated. In this situation, the router permits source routed messages through without comparing them to the filtering rules. In such a case, a computer external to the network may be able to bypass the external sync message filter and establish a communication connection with a computer on the network by using source routed messages.
A typical secure computer network has an interface for receiving and transmitting data between the secure network and computers outside the secure network. A plurality of network devices are typically behind the firewall. The interface may be a modem or an Internet Protocol (IP) router. Data received by the modem is sent to a firewall. Although the typical firewall is adequate to prevent outsiders from accessing a secure network, hackers and others can often breach a firewall. This can occur by a variety of methods of cyber attack which cause the firewall to permit access to an unauthorized user. An entry by an unauthorized computer into the secured network, past the firewall, from outside the secure network is called an intrusion. This is one type of unauthorized operation on the secure computer network.
There are systems available for determining that a breach of computer security has occurred, is underway, or is beginning. These systems can broadly be termed "intrusion detection systems". Existing intrusion detection systems can detect intrusions and misuses. The existing security systems determine when computer misuse or intrusion occurs. Computer misuse detection is the process of detecting and reporting uses of processing systems and networks that would be deemed inappropriate or unauthorized if known to responsible parties, administrators, or owners. An intrusion is an entry to a processing system or network by an unauthorized outsider.
Misuse detection and reporting research has followed two basic approaches: anomaly detection systems and expert systems.
Anomaly detection systems look for statistically anomalous behavior. Statistical scenarios can be implemented for user, dataset, and program usage to detect "exceptional" use of the system. Since anomaly detection techniques do not directly detect misuse, they do not always detect most actual misuses. The assumption that computer misuses would appear statistically anomalous has been proven unreliable. When recordings or scripts of known attacks and misuses are replayed on computers with statistical anomaly detection systems, few if any of these scripts are identified as anomalous. This occurs for a variety of reasons which reduce the indirect detection accuracy.
In general, anomaly detection techniques cannot detect particular instances of misuses unless the specific behaviors associated with those misuses also satisfy statistical tests (e.g., regarding network data traffic or computer system activity) without security relevance. Anomaly detection techniques also produce false alarms. Most of the reported anomalies are purely coincidental statistical exceptions and do not reflect actual security problems. These false alarms often cause system managers to resist using anomaly detection methods because they increase the processing system workload and need for expert oversight without substantial benefits.
Another limitation with anomaly detection approaches is that user activities are often too varied for a single scenario, resulting in many inferred security events and associated false alarms. Statistical measures also are not sensitive to the order in which events occur, and this may prevent detection of serious security violations that exist when events occur in a particular order. Scenarios that anomaly detection techniques use also may be vulnerable to conscious manipulation by users. Consequently, a knowledgeable perpetrator may train the adaptive threshold of detection system scenarios over time to accept aberrant behaviors as normal. Furthermore, statistical techniques that anomaly detection systems use require complicated mathematical calculations and, therefore, are usually computationally expensive.
Expert systems (also known as rule-based systems) have had some use in misuse detection, generally as a layer on top of anomaly detection systems for interpreting reports of anomalous behavior. Since the underlying model is anomaly detection, they have the same drawbacks of anomaly detection techniques. Expert systems attempt to detect intrusions by taking surveillance data supplied by a security system of the computer installation and by applying knowledge thereto relating to potential scenarios for attacking the computer installation. This is not fully satisfactory either, since that method only detects intrusions that correspond to attack scenarios that have previously been stored.
In contrast to the two research approaches, most recent practical attempts at detecting misuse have relied on a signature or pattern-detection mechanism with a signature being the set of events and transitions/functions that define the sequence of actions that form an attack or misuse. A signature mechanism uses network sensors to detect data traffic or audit trail records typically generated by computer operating systems. The designer of the product which incorporates the mechanism selects a plurality of events that together form the signature or the attack or misuse. Although the signature mechanism goes a step beyond expert systems, it is similar to an expert system because it relies upon signatures or rules.
Importantly, intrusion detection methods used today are plagued by false positive events, and the inability to detect the earliest stages of network attacks. Conventional intrusion detection techniques are based on specialized equipment located at a specific customer's premises and hence cannot see the hacker's activities over a broader scale. A need exists for an intrusion detection system which can provide early warning of potential misuses and intrusions with greater knowledge than can be obtained from detection at a single customer's premises. Early warning can be provided by specially examining detection events over a broader scale or scope, i.e., that of many aggregated customers or of the intervening network.
Intrusion detection products and services presently available are directed to the analysis of a single customer's data to determine intrusion events, but lack the capability to perform broad-scope intrusion analysis/detection.
It is readily apparent that the design, implementation, and limitations of conventional firewalls has rendered them highly vulnerable to hacker attack. What is needed is an improved firewall functionality or system that overcomes the foregoing disadvantages and is resistant to hacker attack.
It is also readily apparent that the design, implementation, and limitations of conventional intrusion/misuse detection systems has rendered them unreliable and inefficient. Furthermore, these intrusion detection systems are vulnerable to hacker techniques which render them insensitive to misuse. What is needed is an improved intrusion detection functionality or system that overcomes the foregoing disadvantages and is resistant to hacker attack.
In security, there is a trade-off between safety and other conflicting goals such as usability, usefulness, allowed features, freedom of action, etc. Firewalls currently must be configured non-optimally, i.e., at one extreme of the security trade-off since they cannot react to the current and/or future security environment, and lacking this ability, security must err on the side of safety. Without knowledge of the current (and potentially the expected/predicted) security forecast, the firewall must be configured for the worst-case scenario. But in reality, the security forecast is seldom so extreme. Thus, the firewall should ideally be configured much of the time on a less strict basis, allowing many additional services to be opened through the firewall which, although adding potential vulnerabilities, also add considerable value for the user and the organization/enterprise. However, if this somewhat lax configuration is maintained even in the face of attacks, when the potential vulnerabilities introduced by the presence of the valuable services are much more likely to be exploited, then overall security is lost. So it is desirable for security in this case to have the ability to rapidly respond in the appropriate manner to deteriorating forecast conditions by closing the firewalls (i.e., adding the required firewall filtering) when the situation deteriorates. Feedback to security devices from broad-scope monitoring is needed to make such optimal configuration control/adjustment possible, thereby solving the current problems and thus improving the value of security by avoiding the need for excessive "worst-casebased" restrictions.
The present invention is directed to a system and method for broad-scope intrusion detection. The system analyzes traffic coming into multiple hosts or other customers' computers or sites. This provides additional data for analysis as compared to systems that just analyze the traffic coming into one customer's site (as a conventional intrusion detection system does). Therefore, additional detection schemes can be used to recognize patterns that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to recognize with just a single customer detector. Standard signature detection methods can be used. Additionally, new signatures and methods/algorithms can be used based on broad-scope analysis goals.
Other embodiments of the present invention are directed to a system and method of alerting a device in a networked computer system comprising a plurality of devices to an anomaly. An anomaly is detected in the computer system, and then it is determined which devices or devices are anticipated to be affected by the anomaly in the future. These anticipated devices are then alerted to the potential for the future anomaly. The anomaly can be an intrusion or an intrusion attempt or reconnaissance activity.
According to aspects of the invention, the devices are polled in a predetermined sequential order, and a device anticipated to be affected by the anomaly is a device that has not been polled.
According to other aspects of the invention, an anomaly warning is transmitted from a first device to a central analysis engine, responsive to detecting the anomaly at the first device. Preferably, the anomaly warning comprises a unique device identifier.
According to further aspects of the invention, detecting the anomaly comprises analyzing a plurality of data packets with respect to predetermined patterns. Analyzing the data packets can comprise analyzing data packets that have been received at at least two of the plurality of devices including the first device.
According to further aspects of the invention, alerting the device comprises alerting a firewall associated with the device that an anomaly has been detected. Moreover, the device that is anticipated to be affected by the anomaly can be controlled (e.g., have its firewall adjusted).
The foregoing and other aspects of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 depicts a computer network arrangement having a conventional firewall arrangement;
FIG. 2 shows in, schematic form, a computer network system including an intrusion detection system in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a detailed block diagram of an exemplary computer system with which the present invention can be used;
FIG. 4 shows in block form aspects of the intrusion detection system in accordance with the present invention; and
FIG. 5 shows a flow chart of an exemplary intrusion detection method in accordance with the present invention.
The invention uses components, such as a computer system with a multi-tasking operating system, a network interface card, and network surveillance software, acting together to provide system functionality. This combination of hardware and software attached to a network is described more fully below and will perform the processes described below.
FIG. 2 shows in, schematic form, a computer network-system including an intrusion detection system in accordance with the present invention. A plurality of network devices such as hosts, servers, and personal computers attached within customer site networks (shown here as customer site networks 220, 230, 240, 250), are shown coupled to an intervening computer network 204, such as a public network like the Internet. Routers (not shown) are typically used in the coupling. The customer site networks represent "internal" protected networks local to a particular corporation or site, for example. The customer site networks may or may not be publicly accessible or may comprise a publicly accessible network and an internal "private" network. Each customer site network or LAN (Local Area Network) comprises one or more hosts (e.g., customer site network 220 is shown with hosts 224, 226; customer site network 230 is shown with host 234; customer site network 240 is shown with hosts 244, 246; and customer site network 250 is shown with hosts 254, 256). Each site network is connected to the intervening computer network 204 via a firewall (e.g., host 220 is shown with firewall 221; host 230 is shown with firewall 231; host 240 is shown with firewall 241; and host 250 is shown with firewall 251).
A firewall connects the network 204 to an internal network. The firewall is a combination hardware and software buffer that is between the internal network and external devices outside the internal computer network. The firewall allows only specific kinds of messages to flow in and out of the internal network. As is known, firewalls are used to protect the internal network from intruders or hackers who might try to break into the internal network. The firewall is coupled to an interface (not shown). The interface is external to the internal network and can be a modem or an Internet Protocol (IP) router and serves to connect the internal network to devices outside the internal network.
A separately maintained data collection and processing center, comprising a computer or server 205 with firewall 210, is also coupled to the computer network. Although the data collection and processing center is implemented as a network device which is part of a wired local network, it is also envisioned as possibly being connected to the network 204 by a wireless link.
Each network device can be considered a node because each device has an addressable interface on the network. As can be appreciated, many other devices can be coupled to the network including additional personal computers, mini-mainframes, mainframes and other devices not illustrated or described which are well known in the art.
The system performs broad-scope intrusion detection by monitoring the communications on a network or on a particular segment of the network. The data collection and processing center receives information from the various network devices attached to the computer network 204. For example, all communications sent to each host 220, 230, 240, 250 are forwarded to, or otherwise captured by, the data collection and processing center. Thus, the data collection and processing center receives all communications (i.e., the data) originating from a user on the computer network 204 and flowing to host 220 (and vice versa), for example, as well as all communications originating from the computer network 204 and flowing to all other hosts (and vice versa).
It should be noted that certain devices can be used as sensors to sense data traffic and pass their findings on to the data collection and processing center or other central processing system, and other separate devices may include computer hosts, firewalls, and other systems which may be the potential targets of attack by a hacker, and/or may be adjusted in response to detected attacks, either manually or automatically.
The present invention is usable on such networks as ARCnet, Ethernets and Token-Ring networks, wireless networks, among other network types. The network, in this example, has a network cable, also known as media, which may be of any known physical configuration including unshielded twisted pair (UTP) wire, coaxial cable, shielded twisted pair wire, fiber optic cable, and the like. Alternatively, the network devices could communicate across wireless links.
The system of the present invention is designed and intended to operate compatibly on networks which communicate using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) standard, although other communications standards (or even proprietary protocols) could be used. Network TCP/IP data is packetized, and sent in frames which are structured to be compatible with any network device which complies with the TCP/IP standards. A typical frame or packet transmitted across the Internet contains a preamble, destination address, source address, type field, data field, and a cyclical redundancy check (CRC). The preamble contains data used by the communicating computer systems to synchronize or handshake. Destination and source Internet Protocol (IP) addresses represent the principals communicating and the packet type indicates the type of communication. The data field contains the actual information content of the dialogue. The CRC is an integrity check facilitated between the two systems participating in the conversation.
The present invention provides aggregate traffic/intrusion monitoring in the provider network. This allows for a broader scope of network activity to be considered and analyzed, not just relevant to a single customer, but across some or all customers. The additional data is valuable because the probing/reconnaissance activities of would-be intruders typically cover a large number of customers, so as to select those with security weaknesses for more in-depth attack. Additional patterns of broadly suspicious activity can thus be correlated/recognized across many customers.
The present invention uses a multi-stage technique in order to improve intrusion detection efficacy and obtain broader scope detection. First, suspicious network traffic events are collected (potentially in context) and forwarded to a central database and analysis engine, then the centralized engine uses pattern correlations across multiple customer's events in order to better determine the occurrence and sources of suspected intrusion-oriented activity prior to actually alarming. Second, upon detection of suspected reconnaissance and probing, the detection process can adjust its matching parameters and alarm thresholds to focus sensitivity on attacks from suspected sources (hackers) against specific targets (customers). Third, actual occurrence of anticipated attacks against specific targets can be used to adjust the broad-scope matching parameters, providing both positive and negative feedback which selectively adjusts specific pattern sensitivity. This process is different from conventional approaches, in that a broader scope of data is utilized in new ways. It should be noted that, in addition to multistage techniques, the present invention can implement monolithic techniques in which a broad scope of customers' events are correlated at a central analysis engine.
The system analyzes traffic coming into multiple hosts or other customer's computers or sites. This provides additional data for analysis as compared to systems that just analyze the traffic coming into one customer's site (as a typical firewall does). Therefore, additional detection schemes can be used to recognize patterns that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to recognize with just a single customer detector. Standard scanning patterns can be used for the data as well, such as sequential or pseudorandom techniques.
The data collection and processing center collects data from multiple or all the customers and analyzes the data. In this manner, the number of false alarms is decreased (because multiple occurrences of an activity may trigger an alarm, but the present invention can scan a large number of customers, so certain types of harmless activity that otherwise would be perceived as a threat can be viewed and discounted as not a threat). Moreover, predictions can be made about future events that may affect customers in the sequence. Thus, the present invention can be used to block future hacks and determine the source address of the hacker.
The present invention monitors the traffic from a plurality of customers. Different types of algorithms can be used to look for different types of patterns that would not be recognizable by a conventional intrusion detection system at a single customer site. The algorithms preferably reside in a back end data center. Data from existing customer's conventional intrusion detection system is provided to the central database and then analyzed. Data records comprise, for example, a time-stamp, a description of the activity, and the source of the probe.
FIG. 3 is a detailed block diagram of an exemplary computer system 205 of a data collection and processing center with which the present invention can be used. The system includes a bus 302 or other communication mechanism for communicating information, and a processor 304 coupled with the bus 302 for processing information. The system also includes a main memory 306, such as a random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device, coupled to the bus 302 for storing information and instructions to be executed by processor 304. Main memory 306 also may be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions to be executed by processor 304. The system further includes a read only memory (ROM) 308 or other static storage device coupled to the bus 302 for storing static information and instructions for the processor 304. A storage device 310, such as a magnetic disk or optical disk, is provided and coupled to the bus 302 for storing information and instructions.
The system 205 may be coupled via the bus 302 to a display 312, such as a cathode ray tube (CRT) or a flat panel display, for displaying information to a computer user. An input device 314, including alphanumeric and other keys, is coupled to the bus 302 for communicating information and command selections to the processor 304. Another type of user input device is cursor control 316, such as a mouse, a trackball, or cursor direction keys for communicating direction information and command selections to processor 304 and for controlling cursor movement on the display 312.
The system 205 also includes a communication interface 318 coupled to the bus 302. Communication interface 318 provides a two-way data communication as is known. For example, communication interface 318 may be an integrated services digital network (ISDN) card or a modem to provide a data communication connection to a corresponding type of telephone line. As another example, communication interface 318 may be a local area network (LAN) card to provide a data communication connection to a compatible LAN. Furthermore, the communication interface 318 may be coupled to the network cable 302. Wireless links may also be implemented. In any such implementation, communication interface 318 sends and receives electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals which carry digital data streams representing various types of information. Of particular note, the communications through interface 318 permits the transmission or receipt of broad-scope intrusion detection information. The system 205 receives data from each of the nodes being monitored on the network.
The system 205 collects the data, filters the data, and processes the data to provide security indications and warnings.
The processor 304 can execute sequences of instructions contained in the main memory 306. Such instructions may be read into main memory 306 from another computer-readable medium, such as storage device 310. However, the computer-readable medium is not limited to devices such as storage device 310. For example, the computer-readable medium may include a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, or any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave embodied in an electrical, electromagnetic, infrared, or optical signal, or any other medium from which a computer can read. Execution of the sequences of instructions contained in the main memory 306 causes the processor 304 to perform the process steps described below. In alternative embodiments, hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions to implement the invention. Thus, embodiments of the invention are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software.
FIG. 4 shows in block form aspects of the system 205 in accordance with the present invention. The intrusion detection portion of the system receives data from the various intrusion detection systems on the network and analyzes this data to detect an attempted intrusion or an intrusion or reconnaissance activity. The data is logged and analyzed. If an intrusion is detected, an alert is logged.
The broad-scope intrusion monitoring system operates through a computer, attached to the network, in the preferred embodiment by an interface card or network interface board 340. In the preferred embodiment, the network interface board 340 contains a preset and unique identifier such as an Internet address or a hardware address. The unique address provides the means for an attached computer system to identify intended packets and ignore the rest, as is well known in the art. The system utilizes standard device drivers 350 to forward all packets into the host 205 from the network 204 regardless of the address in the packets. Preferably, the system is transparent and inaccessible to an intruder, thereby preserving the authenticity of the logged entries made by the system. To this end, encryption and authentication means can be used, as known to those skilled in the art.
The system preferably monitors the network traffic substantially in its entirety. Upon receipt of the network packets, the interface board 340 passes the packet and all data contained within to the operating system 305 of the system computer. Once there, it is stored in memory (e.g., memory 306) awaiting entry to the next phase which is the intrusion detection process 360, described below. In the intrusion detection process, the data is first logged into a data log 362. The data is then analyzed 364, and alerts or notifications 366 are thereafter generated.
The computer equipment configuration which may be used in the preferred embodiment may be, for example, conventional computer running a conventional operating system, available as commercial-off-the-shelf products as known to one skilled in the art.
FIG. 5 shows a flow chart of an exemplary intrusion detection method in accordance with the present invention. At step 400, data is collected or otherwise received at the data collection and processing center from the sensors coupled to the network, whether they be computers or special-purpose devices. Preferably, the data is collected in a predetermined order from the hosts. At step 410, the data is analyzed to determine if any intrusions have been (or are being) attempted. At step 420, if any intrusions or attempted intrusions or reconnaissance activity have been detected, the appropriate alerts or notifications are transmitted to the pertinent administrators of the hosts on the network. In this manner, the administrators, and thereby the hosts for which they are responsible, can be prepared for an incoming intrusion, or can take other precautions against future intrusions, or can check their systems to determine if any access was gained in previous intrusion attempts. Because the data is determined in a predetermined order from the sensors, an intrusion attempt that is detected at an earlier, already polled sensor, can be determined and administrators of other hosts, that have not yet been hit by the intrusion attempt, can be alerted about the possibility of such an intrusion attempt. Thus, the present invention gathers and exploits intrusion monitoring data related to many customers rather than just a single customer, thereby reducing inaccurate declarations of intrusion events and more readily detecting the earliest stages of attempted attacks.
It is contemplated that feedback from the broad-scope intrusion detection system is provided to firewalls, secondary (narrow-scope) intrusion detection system devices, hosts (computers), routers, etc. so that the associated firewalls can adjust in response to expected attacks determined to be forthcoming by the intrusion detection system. Such feedback to customer site devices (of all sorts, and especially the firewalls) is useful to enhance security. Such feedback can also be provided to a service provider's network to further deter the attack.
To prevent this approach from itself being attacked, exploited, or fooled by hackers, secure feedback connectivity could be accomplished using encrypted communication via either specially-designed encrypting methods or tunneled via standards such as IPsec (IETF "IP security" standard) or SSL ("secure sockets layer") or SSH ("secure shell"), which provide authentication and encryption functions to secure the transmitted feedback or "configuration change" data. Via the encrypting protocol or inside the encrypted "tunnel," standard data transfer protocols such as FTP could be used to actually transfer information and SNMP to collect/poll status (additionally or alternately, CORBA objects or JAVA programs or applets could be transferred back and forth). These are exemplary methods, and proprietary protocols rather than standards could also be used. These could be done on virtually any sort of network.
Each device and each type of device being controlled/adjusted/reconfigured preferably has that capability in software, which could be done via a device driver or API (application programming interface) or other technical means which allows control or adjustment. It is contemplated that, in addition to notifying the firewall or other host device of an impending attack, the system could control the firewall or other host device to reconfigure or adjust pertinent parameters in anticipation of the attack, at optional step 430. For each type of device, the parameters or items controlled/adjusted would be different (e.g., filtering parameters/rules for firewalls, allowed services and open ports for hosts, detection parameters or "extent of detection" parameters for intrusion detection system devices, etc.). The present invention provides the ability to detect pre-attack events—this provides lead time to adjust the firewall (or other device) parameters on each of a plurality of hosts before the actual attack occurs. Adjustments after the fact are a less desirable way to maintain security. The broad-scope intrusion detection system algorithms and operation can be adjusted and tuned to specifically gather the information needed to specify the configuration changes/adjustments needed.
Conventional intrusion detection systems merely provide indications of already occurred hacker events and attacks. There is no functionality or capability present in conventional intrusion detection systems to determine near-real-time parameter adjustments for firewalls, etc. which solve the problem. Even if a conventional intrusion detection system was improved so that it could adjust firewall parameters based on what it detects, this adjustment would necessarily happen after the attack, and thus be of little value.
It should be understood that the inventive principles described in this application are not limited to the components or configurations described in this application. It should be understood that the principles, concepts, systems, and methods shown in this application may be practiced with software programs written in various ways, or different equipment than is described in this application without departing from the principles of the invention.
Although illustrated and described herein with reference to certain specific embodiments, the present invention is nevertheless not intended to be limited to the details shown. Rather, various modifications may be made in the details within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims and without departing from the invention.
Patent Citations
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Winter!: Prepare for holiday gaming!
Game Night!: This weekend! https://www.facebook.com/events/317792721696252/
New Releases: What upcoming games are you looking forward to?
Answer this question....: Eyup or Nope?
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Gamers......: meh
Closing in:
Chuck Norris can slam a revolving door. Overlord can slam a Chuck Norris.
Game Traits applied to Overlord II (X360) by stukinit
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Overall VERY fun and cheap game, cost me less than $10 and yet supplied me with days of fun, the...
Loads of fun for a while, but began to piss me off because it brings my Computer to its knees, oh...
Honestly a buckeltoad of fun, but who has the time for a 4 hour (single multiplayer match) game...
got it for the EVE-mod, loved it but hey, its old, and i beat the campaign in less than 4 hours,...
Awesome game, no limits, not even the sky, and the user content is quite literally endless as you...
1 out of 5
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I think it would be interesting to see 'Taker have one more run with a big championship before he retires.
Hey.. I'm not telling you anything that you don't already know.
Want to join EWN's original e-fed? Join EWNCW NOW!Want details? Just ask me!
Hey.. I'm not telling you anything that you don't already know.
Kaige Chamberlain
Ballad of an Asshole
Former RTE Tag-Team Champion(w/ Xavier Hightower[1])
Current EWNCW Tag-Team Champion (Solo; 3/30/14) [1]'Father' Black Angel:
Preacher of the Voices
Winner of BotN[Seraphim]
I'm trying to be number one, why would I settle?
@IWACreative_Parody Tweeter
I get that Big E Langston dropped the NXT CHAMPIONSHIP
but....to Bo Dallas out of all people? WTF!


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The Bachelorette
Bachelor Pad 3, Episode 3 Recap: Jamie Cries, Reid Lies, and Jaclyn and Ed Couple Up
Have you finally recovered from last week's episode of Bachelor Pad? Neither have we, which is why we're writing this while surrounded by empty Slim Jim wrappers and cutouts of Chris Bukowski's face.
Well, the time has come to pop open a wine cooler and prepare your body, because this week's challenge is ice cream sundae themed. Yep, everyone is covered in fudge, and all we want to do is lick them. Are you happy, Chris Harrison? Are you happy?
Also, we gained five pounds watching this episode.
Hot Sludge Funday
Chris Harrison might seem like an innocent curly-haired angel, but this dude has a secret whipped cream fetish and he wants nothing more than to see his bachelor/ettes half naked and flopping around in fudge. Without further ado, we present Hot Sludge Funday, a challenge wherein the ladies and gents tackle an obstacle course, complete with a "pool of ice cream" and "field of whip cream." Excuse us while we pass out into a puddle of drool.
Obviously, these ladies haven't seen ice cream since the '90s, and their pure excitement at the possibility of accidentally eating some carbs causes them to complete the course in record time. The winner? None other than our girl Jamie, who eats her way through that whipped cream like a pro, and hops all the way to Ed in a peanut sack. Looks like these two have it in the bag — but wait! Ed totally sucks at scaling hot fudge walls (had the wall been made of pickles, it'd be a different story), and David gobbles up his maraschino cherry first! That's right, Davy Crockett and Rachel are the winners, and we're going to celebrate by pouring rainbow sprinkles down our throats.
Also, the competition ends with Reid hosing whipped cream off all the ladies. One can only assume that he was singing "The Thong Song" in his head the whole time.
Time for Rachel's three-on-one date at Madame Tussaud's — a religious evening of spiritual awakening, wherein she, Tony, The Stag, and Nick join hands and pray to Chris Harrison's wax figure. Only — psych! It's actually real Chris Harrison (what a prankster)! Turns out Chris wants the fab four to paint their faces with bronzer and stand still for upwards of ten minutes while nerdy fans stare at them, and poor Tony has to suffer the humiliation of a plebeian peasant calling him pathetic.
After pranking with Chris Harrison (sigh, the things they do to make him happy), Rachel spends some quality time with her three amigos, but ends up giving Michael the rose so they can make out by a wax figure of Robert Redford. In The Stag's lyrical words, "it's a beautiful thing."
Prom 2012!
Break out your most bedazzled dress, ladies — it's prom night (aka the night all your friends cashed in their v-card)! David decides to take Jamie, Erica, and Blakeley on his one-on-one date, and uh oh, guys. Need we remind you of the fact that Jamie and Blakeley are bitter enemies? Jamie better guard her lady parts from unexpected hot wax bombs, that's all we're saying.
After the ladies get ready (yes, Erica is wearing a tiara), they meet David in an abandoned gym filled with balloons and bump 'n' grind to the dulcet tones of some random band ABC found on MySpace. David gets a chance to talk to each of his high school sweethearts, but ultimately it's Jamie who gets the rose thanks to an ugly crying session about her tragic childhood. Well played, girl.
Back at The Pad
We know you are currently in the fetal position, but the time has come to hit up The Pad and check in on the poor souls who haven't been let out of their cages. These guys and dolls spend the better part of their evening throwing limes at each other (Chris won't let them play with real toys), and before we know it, The Stag breaks out his acoustic guitar and all hell breaks loose.
First, Ed and Jaclyn hook up while he makes his usual sex noises ("uh uh uh, what are you gonna do with it"), and then Chris makes the mistake of giving Jamie the "it's not you, it's me" treatment when she shows up by his bunk bed with a vat of white wine. Sadly, this causes her to indulge in even more ugly crying — this time because she has no one to "spend the holidays with." As usual, we're worried. Someone send this gal a Christmakkuh card.
Meanwhile, Sarah rats on Reid and tells Ed about the conspiracy against him, which causes Ed to spiral into a tunnel of ennui. After thinking about his feelings for a while, Ed goes on a mission to take Ried down with his flying pickle, and alliances are forming all over the place. The house is divided into underdogs who want to vote off Blakely and Ed, power players who want to vote off Ried and Donna, and a few randoms that couldn't give less of a fudge. By the way, we have fudge on the brain.
Ultimately, Donna and her Double Ds get deflowered by the men, and the ladies band together to support Ed, taking Reid down to Chinatown in the process. So long, lovah!


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Awards season is upon us, darlings, and while my stylist was showing me possible Golden Globes gowns, I received my ballot to vote not for the Oscars or the BAFTAs, but for my very favorite awards, The Razzies! The Razzies honor not the best of Hollywood but the worst, and are always on point with the most awful movies and actors.
And while I may giggle with cruel delight, the nominations are not good news for some celebs, namely Liam Hemsworth and Selena Gomez, who are both up for "awards" for their terrible movies and acting.
Not only did we all have to endure Liam's romance with Miley but audiences also had to sit through not one but two big-screen bombs he starred in, Paranoia and Love and Honor. I can tell you from personal experience that both are absolutely unwatchable.
But, sadly, Liam wasn't half as bad as Selena Gomez was in the dreadful Getaway costarring Ethan Hawke–who made that casting decision??–and quite frankly I didn't like Spring Breakers any better, did you?
Check out the full list of nominees here–which includes Lady Gaga and Kim Kardashian--and tell me which movies and celebs should've made the cut for their horrible films?


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Copy this Code

'Chasing Life': Brenna tells Kieran about her feelings for Greer
Brenna decides to be honest with Kieran about the new person she has feelings for. How will he take it that it's a girl, and specifically, Greer? "Chasing Life" airs Tuesdays at 9 p.m. ET/PT on ABC Fa ily. « Less ... Show More »
© 2015 Tribune Media Services, LLC


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Way back in the day when I was just a mere independent blogger and not THE MEDIA ENTIRE I wrote about the practice lobbyists engaged in on the climate change bill, forging letters to members of Congress and claiming they came from grassroots organizations. I labeled the practice "astroforging."
As U.S. Rep. Tom Perriello was considering how to vote on an important piece of climate change legislation in June, the freshman congressman's office received at least six letters from two Charlottesville-based minority organizations voicing opposition to the measure.
The letters, as it turns out, were forgeries.
"They stole our name. They stole our logo. They created a position title and made up the name of someone to fill it. They forged a letter and sent it to our congressman without our authorization," said Tim Freilich, who sits on the executive committee of Creciendo Juntos, a nonprofit network that tackles issues related to Charlottesville's Hispanic community. "It's this type of activity that undermines Americans' faith in democracy."
The faked letter from Creciendo Juntos was signed by "Marisse K. Acevado, Asst Member Coordinator," an identity and position at Creciendo Juntos that do not exist.
This was a fairly noteworthy scandal, and it appeared that no lobbyist would try such a tactic ever again.
That took about a year.
Chana Joffe-Walt reports for Planet Money on the exact same strategy used in the public comment period on derivatives rules. Forged letters were sent to the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, claiming to come from ordinary Americans and businesses, in support of the banking lobby line on new rules on trading and exchanges.
Silla Brush, a reporter with Bloomberg News, has been checking them out from time to time to see who is writing in. One morning last year, he saw a peculiar signature.
"The names are usually big banks on Wall Street, some financial institutions that are based around the world," he says. "I just hadn't seen Burger King."
Not even Burger King headquarters, but a Burger King franchise in northwest Arkansas. So Silla called them up.
Terra Brace, the franchise's treasurer, answered the phone.
"We had no idea what they were talking about," Brace says. "It was far beyond our usual areas of expertise. We were completely baffled."
The letter, it turned out, was a fake. Sill went on to find six more fakes, ostensibly from a sheriff, two lawyers, a mental health counselor and an Arkansas county judge, who does not sound like someone you want to cross.
"I don't like people signing my signature that doesn't have authorization to do so," says the judge, Marilyn Edwards. "Let's just put it this way: I was not happy."
Basically, a company, unknown at this point but almost certainly a financial services giant, hired a PR firm to create a "grassroots" campaign in favor of bank-friendly derivatives rules.
The full story by Planet Money shows how hollow the "public comment" period is for rulemaking like this: the lobbyists are the only people represented at the table, and even what appears to be the voice of the public is nothing more than a forgery. I doubt this forgery swayed many regulators, or even needed to – the lobbying at the public meetings is probably enough – but it adds to the sense that the government long ago stopped working for regular people. These meeting rooms are where the real decisions get made, ones that have a spectacular impact on all of our lives. Dodd-Frank wasn't a bill but a promise to write one later. And the people writing it only see lobbyists and forged grassroots letters as the public input into their decisions.
The only solution to this is more engagement with the actual public. On an issue like derivatives, that's going to be a tough road. This is where the lack of a progressive infrastructure on economic issues, which can channel grassroots action, really hurts. The lobbyists can invent their own.


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A hollow ball in latex revolves around a metallic mast (1,70m high) which is linked by a nylon thread (fishing thread type) of 1,70m length. The thread is knotted to the mast by a loop or a plastic ring freely revolving around a reel. The mast is fixed in a base from 40kg to 90kg. The ball is elliptic and is hit with a rigid plastic racquet with a small handle and a strings around 25cm of diameter. The speed-ball court is about 6x4 m. for the single match and 8x6 m. for the doubles.
Speed-ball is played alone (super-solo), with two players (single match), or four players (double match).
In Super-solo, the aim is to hit the ball a maximum times in one minute. At first with the right hand, then a minute again with the left hand, then with two racquets in fore-hand only, then with two racquets in back-hand only. The number of hits of each movement is added to make the final score of the solo.
The duration of one movement is 30 seconds for the players under 14 years old and one minute for older players. A break of 30 seconds for all classes is granted behind each movement.
The best players can do up to 150 hits in one minute!
The single match, contrary to the solo, is played with only one racquet. In a single match, there is two players, each one has his own ground. The two grounds are separated by a neutral strip of 60cm wide (diameter of the speed-ball's base). A match is divided into games of 10 points. The players hit the ball once each one and invert the rotation wise. To score points, the ball must run twice successively across the opponent ground without the player can return it. If there is a fault, the point is missed and there is a new service. The service is alternated, whoever is the point's winner. The first player who wins 10 points wins the game. The first player who wins two games (three games for men's seniors) wins the match.
The double match takes place like the single, in two teams of two players. In each team, the players serve and hit the ball alternatively. The general rules are the same as the single.
Specific mistakes involve the player's rotation and reception of the ball.
The International Federation of Speed-Ball (FISB) was founded in 1984 by the membership of Egypt, France, and Japan. Several other countries joined the federation (USA, Canada, China, Austria, Swiss, Slovenia, Denmark, ...).


text:
Originally written on Fox Sports Ohio | Last updated 9/27/12
Holding Manny Acta accountable for what the Cleveland Indians season became would be sort of like saying a leak in the aqueduct led to the fall of the Roman Empire. The Indians have issues. Lots of issues. The manager was not among the most prominent. Manny Acta actually had his positive attributes. He was patient and honest. And he knows baseball. For three-quarters of one season and about half of another, he kept a team that had absolutely no business being in contention in contention. If the definition of managing is getting the most from players, then that might have been getting a lot from the players. But in baseball if the ownership is not willing to change the front office or its approach, it's always the manager who suffers. Always. Even the last time the Indians fired a manager -- Eric Wedge -- Paul Dolan referred to the tried-and-true baseball way of changing managers. How'd that work out? The negatives about Acta are seen in two numbers: 15 and 42. That's the rec...
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High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) is the future for HDTV, as it enables only one cable to deliver both high-definition video and multi-channel, digital audio to digital display devices such as DTVs, plasma displays, LCD TVs and projectors. HDMI also enables an all-digital connection between digital source devices, such as DVD players, DVD recorders, digital set-top boxes, D-VHS players and A/V receivers.
Customer Reviews of Belkin AV52300-08 PureAV HDMI Audio Video Cable, 8 ft
Quality Product - Reasonable Price5/12/2009
The PureAV HDMI cable is being used to connect a Sony Bluray DVD Player to a Sony 32 inch XBR HDTV. The quality of the picture is excelltent. I have used this brand HDMI for other applications and is very pleased with the quality.
High Priced cables better?12/13/2008
The cables were received in a few days. They perform as good as I am able to discern with my entertainment setup which is not bottomline. I have not made a comparison with the "super" hdmi cables but I have compared other a/v "super" cables. The PureAV cables rate with the best and the price was good. Can the super cables be as much better as the price indicates? I don't think so.
HDMI Cables12/3/2008
cables worked flawlessly. compared these cables to a good set of component cables and the difference was night and day. the cables look good but work a lot better.
Great buy...1/28/2008
Excellent product at a good price...less than half what it would have cost a BB


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Medical students are susceptible to alcoholism, drug abuse, and mental illness. Given their high levels of stress and access to and knowledge of drugs of abuse, medical students may be at an even greater risk for chemical dependency and mental health issues than the general population.
Recognizing its responsibility for maintaining a high quality of medical education and for promoting the overall well-being of all its members, Alpert Medical School and the Brown University Medical Student Senate have established a Student Health Council that will consist of physician faculty and medical students.
The goals of this council are to:
- Provide peer counseling to students suffering with these issues;
- Provide help in a way that fully protects the rights and privacy of students to receive treatment;
- Assure that students are able to continue their medical education without stigma or penalty;
- Protect patients and others from the harm that impaired students may cause;
- Bring awareness to the prevalence of mental health and substance abuse issues within medical education; and,
- Promote student health and wellness by advocating for improvements in Alpert policies and curriculum.
Substance Abuse:
The council is designed to protect both students and those who find it necessary to report the impairment of a colleague. At no time during the process will the identity of the impaired student be known to anyone other than the council member to whom the report is made, the co-chairpersons and the intervention team if necessary. Other council members will know of the student only by case number. All files will be kept at the Rhode Island Medical Society building or secure online forums, and be accessed only by the faculty and student co-chairpersons. Students referred to Student Health Council will be known by name only by the 4th year chair and the council member providing counseling. If impairment is found to exist, a treatment plan will be offered to the student. The Office of the Dean of Medicine will neither be notified nor involved if the student accepts and follows the treatment plan. Should the student refuse to accept the treatment plan or violate the treatment plan, the Dean's office will be notified.
Mental Health
The Student Health Council also serves as a support to students suffering from depression or mental illness. Students can seek peer counseling from council members or consult with Dr. Christine Montross to obtain a referral for local counseling services.
Any person who has just cause for suspecting that a medical student may be impaired by substance abuse or mental illness can and should enlist the assistance of the council by contacting any of the student or faculty members of the Student Health Council. A strict code of confidentiality is maintained by the Student Health Council. For the 2014-2015 academic year the student council chairs are Katie Brooks and Lianna Karp. Student Health Council Chairs can be reached via email at: email@example.com.
Students who have just cause for suspecting that a physician may be impaired can and should contact the Physicians Health Committee of the Rhode Island Medical Society (401-331-3207).
The administration of the Brown Medical School strongly supports the Student Health Council. The administration's position is one of support and cooperation.
Our desire is that students who are impaired by substance abuse or issues of mental health receive proper counseling and treatment and that they recover. We do not seek to punish such students. Our hope is that all students successfully overcome these challenges and complete their medical education. Our belief is that the Student Health Council offers the best available mechanism to achieve these ends.
Copies of the by-laws of the Student Health Council are available from the Medical Student Senate, the Office of Student Affairs, or the Rhode Island Medical Society.


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Babel Rising 3D
26 reviews
By installing you agree to the Terms of Use and other terms
More from Ubisoft
File weight72 MB
Content rating
Last updated05/06/2013
Works with
- Windows Phone 7.5
App requires
- Xbox
- photo, music, and video libraries
- data services
- movement and directional sensor
- WVGA (480x800)
*Not available for all phones Learn more
Supported languages (7)
Deutsch English (United States) Español (España, alfabetización internacional) français italiano português (Brasil) русский
There's an enjoyable, lighthearted god sim here (Pocket Gamer.co.uk) The sheer wealth of gameplay alone makes the investment well worth it. So get out there and raise some hell, er, heaven. (148apps.com) It has polish, solid graphics, unique game mechanics and, most importantly, is just a downright fun game to play. (Gaming illustrated) Step into the sacred sandals of a great, almighty, and very angry deity. Hurl bolts of holy lightning, summon punishing earthquakes, and unleash vengeful floods upon the foolish and irreverent Humans to prevent them from building the tower of Babel. - Destroy the Defiant Idols of Human Vanity Prevent towers of Babel at various times in history, featuring an exciting 15 mission, single-player campaign. Improve your Godly stamina in Survival Mode. - Only a God can rise to the challenge! Express your wrath against insolent workers led and strengthened by: o Protective Priests who shield workers from your spells. o Sacred Urn Porters who slow down your powers. o Siege Towers that help humans to access upper levels faster. o Cargo Ships bringing stones to the yard. - Control the Elements Learn elemental attacks based on fire, water, earth and air, each with its unique effect depending on the target: the Rolling Stone, Sirocco, Meteorite Shower and many more. - Expand the Experience Collect Babel currency through gameplay or via in-app purchase and use it to buy scrolls, passive powers and levels to improve your skills and your gaming experience. What's new : • New units: big worker, slave masters and super priests! • New tower: Ishtar Gate! • Facebook integration
15/12/2013Works on lumia 710
02/02/2013Nokia 920. Game doesn't load. Would get '0' Stars, but it wont let me do that, will adjust review if its fixed.
07/01/2013-_- I don't like
20/12/2012Does not actually even run : (
20/12/2012Blank screen on my Nokia 920...doesn't work
20/12/2012No idea if this is a good game or not - just crashes, constantly. Even after re-installing.
19/12/2012Does not work on Nokia 920, nothing but a black screen at launch then game exits after about 5min of black nothing
06/11/2012A decent game, although I would have gone with a different style for the graphics. The controls aren't nice to use either, with the different swipes, etc.
24/10/2012It seems like a good game concept at first, but the control input implementation is poor and the game reacted to virtually none of my input rendering the game completely unplayable
24/10/2012Hard to play


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Sunday School: 9:15AM
Morning Service: 10:30AM
Evening Service: 5:30PM
Prayer Service: 7:15PM
History: In October 2004, we officially began a relationship with Cherrydale Elementary School that has blossomed into a warm friendship. With the permission of Scarlet Black, the school principal, and the blessing of many parents, we were afforded the opportunity to pick up students from school on Wednesday afternoons during the final half hour of the school day. After transporting the students to our church, we spend about one hour in Bible class activities, have a tasty snack, and then work away at homework until about 4:30.
We hold separate classes divided either according to academic grade or gender. The leadership team in each class consists of a teacher, an assistant teacher, and, if possible, other helpers. The teacher coordinates the involvement of the leadership team in the singing, lessons, activities, etc.
Released Time Ministry Team (2014-15)
Busdrivers: Nathan Dion, Malcolm Evans, Jesse Keck, Pastor Vincent
Bus riders: T. Payne (1), Vincents (3), Dahlhausens (3), Naselli (arrive in time to depart for CES by 1:55)
Coordinating Teacher: Cathy Payne
Assistant Teachers: Elena Reyes, Susan Evans, Sophia Vincent, Elijah Buffalino
First Grade:
Coordinating Teacher: Valorie Barnett
Assistant Teachers: Kathy Oliver, Heidi Barnett, Anna Burrell
Second Grade Girls:
Coordinating Teacher: Jeanne Vincent
Assistant Teachers: Margaret Sterr, Leah Buffalino
Third Grade Girls:
Coordinating Teacher: Dottie Smitley
Assistant Teachers: Mary Kraus, Chris Dewey
Helper: Allison Sterr
Fourth Grade Girls:
Coordinating Teacher: Amanda Barley
Assistant Teachers: Anne Sterr, Chloe Buffalino
Fifth Grade Girls:
Coordinating Teacher: Cyndi Wiginton
Assistant Teachers: Linda Baker, Anna Vincent (1st semester),
Homework: Wendy Naselli
Second Grade Guys:
Coordinating Teachers: Betty Dahlhausen
Assistant Teachers: Anna Dahlhausen, Tim Dahlhausen
Third Grade Guys:
Coordinating Teachers: Tim Petersen / Claire Petersen
Assistant Teachers: Michael Frederick, Asher Vincent, Haddon Wiginton
Fourth Grade Guys:
Coordinating Teacher: Arlene Still
Assistant Teachers: Kyle Frederick, Micaiah Wartak
Fifth Grade Guys:
Coordinating Teacher: Tony Payne
Assistant Teachers: Malcolm Evans, Daniel Smitley, Lydia Vincent
Hostess: Elena Reyes
Refreshment Coordinators: Jeanne Keck, Yvonne Farnsworth, Toni Goodall
Childcare: Jacki Gillow
115 Cedar Lane Road Greenville, SC 29601 | (864) 233-1684
©2009-2012 Mount Calvary Baptist Church | Web site design by Your Creative People (Greenville, SC). Easy site updating through Backstage CMS.


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Las Vegas
Las Vegas is the wedding capital of the world. To get married, first go to the County Clerk's Office and apply for a marriage license. Both parties must have valid ID, such as a driver's license or passport. The cost is $60 per opposite-sex couple. The Las Vegas Wedding Bureau is open from 9AM-midnight seven days a week, including holidays. No blood test or waiting period is required. The marriage license itself is valid for one year. The minimum age to marry is 18; a 16 or 17 year old may marry if one parent is present or has given notarized permission.
Once you have a marriage license, the wedding ceremony can be performed by any priest, minister, rabbi or Justice of the Peace authorized to perform weddings with in the Las Vegas area. Numerous wedding chapels are located around the Wedding Bureau and on the Strip. You can choose an elaborate theme wedding, such as an Elvis impersonator as officiant, or a simple ceremony and reception celebration.
Most major hotels and Vegas wedding chapels offer wedding packages for those who wish to plan a larger wedding ceremony. But don't let a lack of planning stop your nuptials; all Vegas wedding chapels can perform immediate weddings with no prior appointment, although it is recommended to make a reservation for your wedding. If you make a reservation most chapels will provide courtesy limousine transportation from your hotel to the chapel and back. Making a reservation also decreases the likelihood of having to wait. Source Wikitravel.org


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San Francisco's Tea Leaf Green headed to Proud Larry's with the Jamie McLean Band
OXFORD TOWN – The San Francisco rock band Tea Leaf Green is headed to Proud Larry's next Wednesday (April 27). Page 9 in this week's issue of Oxford Town has an in-depth interview with the band's singer/songwriter/keyboardist Trevor Garrod (pictured) as he and the band tour in support of their new album, "Radio Tragedy!" "Soulful, southern fried roots rockers," the Jamie McLean Band, are scheduled to open the much anticipated night of rock at Proud Larry's next Wednesday. (April 21, 2011, Page 9)


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Kristian Hammerstad's teen comic style is fantastically skewed-nostalgic
Archie comics lose their charm once the late-teens kick in, but then there's Kristian Hammerstad to coax you in to his world where the characters look like Archie and Betty and Veronica but are definitely not them. Wave goodbye to milkshakes and beach volleyball and say hello to discoloured skin, mutant ape men and throbbing eyeballs. The work of Kristian Hammerstad is simultaneously reminiscent of old garage metal gig posters and those Archie comics that it is all at once a charmingly nostalgic sight to behold.


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Marilyn McKnight, as a former teacher, traveled, lived and worked in a variety of educational settings around the world. McKnight taught all levels from pre-school to graduate level students, worked in an educational publishing company developing individualized reading programs and served as an educational consultant with national and international organizations and companies. She served as a Peace Corps Volunteer in the Philippines doing teacher training, served as a Fulbright exchange teacher in Finland and taught English in Colombia.
Summer 2015 Osher Catalog
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"I find membership to be fulfilling. I enjoy the friendships I've made. The courses are intellectually stimulating."
- Stephanie Kasper


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Booth: Continental Industrial Tires
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text: Rape is only really rape if it involves force. So says the new House Republican majority as it now moves to change abortion law. For years, federal laws restricting the use of government funds to pay for abortions have included exemptions for pregnancies resulting from rape or incest. (Another exemption covers pregnancies that could endanger the life of the woman.) But the "No Taxpayer Funding for Abortion Act,"a bill with 173 mostly Republican co-sponsors ... Full Story »Posted by Chris Finnie - via Peter Daou, Siva Vaidhyanathan, David Corn, Mother Jones, Memeorandum, David K. Miller (t), Malorie Jae Lucich (t), Ron Steffens (t), barbara trummpinski-roberts (t), Seth Roberts Farber (t)


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Dakar — Public universities in Nigeria are resuming classes this week after a nearly six-month teacher strike.
Here at Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University in Bauchi, history lecturer Maimuna Sadiq tries to pick up where she left off in June. "We had treated three topics. You mean, you can't remember? So you mean you were not reading?" said Balewa.
Students at public universities around the country told VOA they feel a mix of relief and stress to be back. "I am excited, apprehensive," one student stated. "You know, exams is next month so we have a lot of things to do. My project work is not completed. I have a lot to do."
Another student added, "We have to rush the semester to end it early so that we start our next section early. Even today, Saturday, we had a lecture and also a test at the same time in order to make up the time that we spent on the strike."
Lecturers told VOA it is the students who lose in this scramble to make up for lost time. Repeated strikes can add months, even years, to the time it gets to get a degree.
Most say "let us wait and see" what the results of the extended strike may be.
The Academic Staff Union of Universities, known by its acronym ASUU, suspended the strike in December.
The government has agreed to invest billions of dollars annually in university infrastructure during the next five years. The government has also pledged to gradually devote one-quarter of the nation's budget to the education sector.
There are also provisions related to staff, like working conditions and payment of allowances for those in administrative positions.
But lecturers, like Laz Emetike of Delta State University, said the strike was really about pushing the government to make Nigeria's universities better.
"You can not churn out half-bit graduates. You do it to the detriment of the development of that country. Consequently if there is improvement in the infrastructure, [if] there are good laboratories and so on, then we compete favorably with other parts of the world," Emetike said. "It's for the benefit of all, not a benefit of lecturers only."
Countries throughout the region, not just Nigeria, are reflecting on how to accommodate exploding demand for university admission, while also improving academic standards and paying teachers enough to keep them.
Experts told VOA that Nigeria can not afford to not address this. Hundreds of thousands who pass the college entrance exams each year already can not enroll in public universities because there is not room. Those lists are only going to get longer. Nigeria's population is expected to double by mid-century.
University lecturers said they will be watching to make sure their institutions get, and effectively use, the funding the government has promised.
But for the time being, the nation's halls of learning are once again filled with students and that is a good thing.
Ardor Hazzad contributed reporting from Bauchi, Nigeria, Ibrahima Yakubu contributed from Kaduna, Nigeria, Hilary Uguru contributed from Warri, Nigeria.


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Find hotels in Espiritu Santo using the list and search tools below. Search for the cheapest discounted hotel and motel rates in or near Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu for your personal leisure or group travel. Explore the most favored Espiritu Santo hotel and motel rooms. Browse the Espiritu Santo area hotels to find the perfect lodging! Please use the provided map of the Espiritu Santo hotels.
Next: See My Espiritu Santo Hotels with Pricing >


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Originally written on Fox Sports West | Last updated 5/9/12
ANAHEIM, Calif. (AP) -- Center Saku Koivu has re-signed with the Anaheim Ducks, agreeing to a one-year deal worth 3 million to return for his 17th NHL season. The Ducks announced the deal Wednesday on Twitter. The 37-year-old Koivu scored 38 points in 74 games for the Ducks last season, his third in Anaheim. The former captain of the Montreal Canadiens is a valuable two-way player for the Ducks while centering a line with Teemu Selanne, his friend and longtime teammate with the Finnish national team. Koivu spent his first 13 NHL seasons in Montreal before joining the Ducks as a free agent. He played in his 1,000th career NHL game on March 12, becoming just the fifth Finnish player to reach the milestone. Selanne hasn't announced whether he'll return next season.
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Join the artists of the Flat Iron as they present the Holiday sm ART show ! & Sale. Browse the work of 100 of Chicago's most exciting artists as they offer specially selected works at prices perfect for holiday gift giving.
The Holiday sm ART show ! is open to all, everyone is welcome!
Flat Iron Arts Building
1579 North Milwaukee Avenue
Chicago, IL 60622


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1/7 previous photo next photo Holiday Gift Ideas for Teachers
Gift Cards: When presented in an unique cup and saucer, a gift card to your local coffee shop or tea house seems more special. The delicate shape of this set makes the gift feminine, but you can easily swap it for a sizable mug to make it more manly.
Fill the cup or mug with coffee beans to help the gift card stand up, and wrap with a bag and matching ribbon.


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Beastly Adventurer
Joined: Jan 2012
Location: Indiana
Oddometer: 1,001
Spring Break 2013 - 450EXC, XT350, and DRZ400 take on the Tail
Long time lurker, first time ride report poster. Ive been riding for about three years now, and have been wanting to do a longer-duration ride for a long time. When one of my friends mentioned that he wanted to do the same thing, we eventually decided that the week we had off from school for spring break would be as good a time as any to do it. Of course, being that were both in school, neither of us really had a bunch of time or money; just a week off and a desire to get away from school for a bit (both of us are Mechanical Engineering students at Purdue University, and I should really be doing homework instead of writing this ). That was last semester.
This semester, about a month before spring break (March 11th through the 15th) we finally decided to make it a reality. My steed for the journey would be my 1986 Yamaha XT350 that I had picked up over the summer for a paltry $400 with a major oil burning problem. It was my first off-road motorcycle, and since I had rebuilt most of the engine shortly after getting it, I figured it would be reliable enough to make the trip. The main reason I didnt take my old Suzuki was that my buddy rides a 2004 KTM 450EXC, so wed definitely be planning to at least ride some dirt roads.
The initial plan was to ride from West Lafayette down to the Tennessee/North Carolina border to ride the Tail of the Dragon and other fantastic roads in the area. Neither of us has a truck, so we were planning to do the whole thing on the bikes. Problem was, the KTM had been in storage for a year for various reasons, and I only had about 500 miles on the XT since buying it so it was still a bit of a question mark. Luckily around then, a third friend with a DRZ400s expressed interest in coming. Conveniently, he also owns a Dodge Ram, so once we regained our sanity, we decided to change plans a bit.
We eventually decided on this: On Monday of break, we would ride from Purdue down to Seymour, IN where we would meet up with the guy with the truck. He had graduated a few years earlier and works full time, and as such could only get off Thursday and Friday. George (the KTM guy) and I would spend the first three days of break riding the twisties in southern Indiana and figuring out where to ride down south. On Wednesday night, we would load up and drive to the Deals Gap area and stay in a hotel for the night. Wed then ride around there for a day, pack up, and drive to Asheville NC to meet up with Georges sister, who happened to be able to hook us up with a place to stay and could show us around town, along with being a cool person to hang out with. On one night, wed load the bikes up and stay at a campground somewhere, just to get a little adventure in. This would really be a week of testing the bikes and finding weak points so that wed know what to do for future longer rides.
I have a pretty good portion of the RR written up already, but I'll be posting it in chunks like this. Sorry for the dearth of pics; I have some good ones and some video to come, but there will be a lot of words and probably a lot of TL;DR.
Since I know its wrong to start a thread without pics, here are some of the engine damage that the XT came with, and why you should always make sure the tensioner works...
The XT as I got it:
2005.5 KTM 950 Adventure and 2012 KTM 200 XC-W
1991 BMW 318is turbo track car
1989 Chevrolet Caprice Classic Wagon sleeper tow car
1992 Subaru SVX daily
3 Months Exploring the US on a 950
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When buying a computer, it's important to make sure you get a great deal. Now that there are so many to choose from such as desk tops, tablets, and more, it's hard to decide on what you want. Many people end up with lap-tops. Also known as notebook computers, lap-tops have many good benefits. Many people think just because they are expensive, they aren't a right fit. But luckily, there are a few key benefits of owning a lap-top.
You can use it on the go
Now a days, people are always on the run. With appointments to attend, school to go to, or jobs that need us at a certain time on a certain day, you need a computer that can travel. What's better than having a computer that can be used at your office, in the car, or even at McDonald's? Notebook computers can allow you to do everything that other computers do, all while you are on the go.
More features
The lap-top can offer many features. Some that come to mind are; built in webcams and microphones so you can Skype with anyone at any time, bigger hard drives, better video cards, and more. Depending on the lap-top, it can offer tons of features that you don't need to buy while buying the lap-top. Just think; you can get extras that you would usually buy for something like a desk-top, already built in to a lap-top.
It's practically weightless
Some people care about how light a computer is. If you're a person that wants a computer under a certain weight, you can definitely find that in a notebook computer. Most lap-tops range between 5-8 pounds. It's like having technology the weight of a bird's feather, and that's something most people seem to want in a computer in todays world.
They are completely easy to use
No matter what age you are, you can use a lap-top. It's easy to use, fun to navigate, and quick for people to learn. If you're looking to get this computer for a young child or an elderly loved one, each person can use it and know what they're doing within a couple hours, maybe less.
Better resolution
People care about screen resolutions, and compared to normal computer monitors, they are the best of the best. They happen to be clearer, brighter, and make colors sharper and brighter. They're worth every cent.
It's important to do research on every type of computer to find your fit, but lap-tops seem to be the best for people. No matter what age you are, or what you need your computer for, you can find it in a lap-top. Don't settle when you deserve the absolute best.


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The Bachelorette
Ali Fedotowsky in Rainbow Leopard Print Spandex — Flashback Friday!
Ali Fedotowsky pretty much always looks fashionable and flawless, and now I think we know why. It looks like she was making bold fashion-forward wardrobe choices even at an early age!
Here's Ali back in the early '90s serving up Lisa Frank realness. She's the one in the truly outrageous rainbow-colored, leopard print Spandex pants. They may be a total don't now, but back in the day those were the most!
Source:Ali Fedotowsky's Instagram
Need your daily dose of The Bachelorette? Like us on Facebook or follow us on Twitter. After all, you'd get our final rose.


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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Lost Foam Casting Benefits
A selection of articles related to lost foam casting benefits.
Original articles from our library related to the Lost Foam Casting Benefits. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Lost Foam Casting Benefits.
- Casting and Closing a Cricle
- Casting the Circle | Closing the Circle | Casting the Celtic Circle There are many, many ways of casting and closing the Circle. Here is one that I find very complete. Make sure you choose the deity/angel/spirit you invoke carefully. You don't want to call an...
Paganism & Wicca >> Ritual
- Manifesting World Enlightenment: Part 5
- All things in the universe have at their basis, one fundamental essence which governs their creation, destruction and on-going actions. That singular essence is consciousness, (also known by some as God, or the Unified Field). Everywhere in Nature does...
Mind >> World Mind
- OBE, Understandability & Memory Download Problems
- The mind boggles at the potential complexities of interdimensional subtle-body relationships and energetic conflicts created during OBE; most especially during wake-induced OBE. Consider the memory compatibility problems that could arise between different...
Astral Projection >> Out of Body Experiences
- Atlantis
- There are fragments of the 'Atlantis' legend in almost every culture around the world. This suggests, but does not prove, that the legend is based on a very ancient truth that was known by the forebears of each of these cultures. Our main source of...
Saga of Times Past >> Legend and Prehistory
- The Celtic Vedic Connection, Part I
- Of all the great ancient cultures perhaps no two share more parallels than those of the Celtic and Vedic peoples. A deep rooted affinity runs between them, what is present in one is mirrored in the other. Myths, Gods, Goddesses, even fairy tales bear a...
Religions >> Druidism
- King James Bible: Luke, Chapter 15
- Chapter 15 15:1 Then drew near unto him all the publicans and sinners for to hear him. 15:2 And the Pharisees and scribes murmured, saying, This man receiveth sinners, and eateth with them. 15:3 And he spake this parable unto them, saying, 15:4 What man of...
New Testament >> Luke
Lost Foam Casting Benefits is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Lost Foam Casting Benefits books and related discussion.
Suggested Pdf Resources
- Casting. Benefits of using the lost foam casting process. Diversa Cast.
- www.foseco.com.tr
- Offering Unique Casting Design Solutions - Lost foam council
- This conference will benefit casting buyers, designers and producers.
- www.lostfoamcouncil.de
- ITP Metal Casting: Success Through Partnership: Lost Foam
- of this approach is Lost Foam Casting.
- www1.eere.energy.gov
- lost foam.qxp
- castings are made from polystyrene foam patterns that evaporate once the molten metal is introduced into the sand casing. Advantages.
- www.nyserda.org
- Title Page -- GM Engine Block
- following advantages -- simplest design, lowest number of parts, inherently .
- www.sfsa.org
Suggested Web Resources
- Lost-foam casting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- en.wikipedia.org
- Lost Foam Foundry Patterns
- Lost foam casting offers design flexibility and consolidation of multiple castings into one component.
- www.achfoam.com
- Iron & Steel Lost Foam Castings - Lost Foam Benefits
- Tolerances The most important feature regarding lost foam is the tight tolerances that it can hold. It is second only to investment casting for tolerance control.
- www.aesirmetals.com
- Lost Foam
- The balance of the casting cleaning operations (cut-off, grind, shot blast, etc.) are similar to other casting processes. Lost Foam Casting Advantages.
- www.ctiparts.com
- Casting. Benefits of using the lost foam casting process. Diversa Cast.
- www.foseco.com.tr
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Lost Foam Casting Benefits Topics
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History: This collection was donated to the Library by Prof. Maury Klein in 1999.
Scope: Comprised of the research for and original drafts of Professor Maury Klein�s publications on railroad history, including his work on the Louisville and Nashville railroad and on several leaders of the railroad industry. Much of this material is photocopied. The collection is organized in series relating to Dr. Klein�s published works and sub-series that divide the works into research materials and various drafts.
Holdings: 96 Boxes
Access: B-9
*Important* Collection B-9 is housed in an off-site location and is therefore not available on demand. Patrons are urged to contact the library at least one week before their arrival. Contact information is provided below.
A Finding Guide to the Collection is available at the St. Louis Mercantile Library Reference and Rare Book Reading Room.
Special Collection B-9 may be photocopied, digitally scanned, or photographed depending on condition.