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Tune into CBC this fall to see our co-founder and co-owner Manjit Minhas
on Season 10 of Dragons' Den,
the top-rated Canadian unscripted program on TV!
Find out more about her story and the Dragons' Den announcement HERE.
The Minhas Micro Brewery is based in scenic Calgary, AB and offers the Best Brewery Tours in Alberta. On the tour, you'll learn how our award-winning beer is made, what makes ours the best and the answers to craft beer questions such as "What is an IPA?" or "What's the difference between an ale and lager?" - all in a relaxed, family-friendly atmosphere!
Conveniently located just 8 minutes from the Calgary International Airport so whether you're on your way downtown or out to Banff and the Rocky Mountains, the Minhas Micro Brewery tour is a "must do" in Calgary for visitors. Locals in-the-know also love our adjoining casual restaurant and taproom, Pizza Brew - voted the best pizza in Calgary!
Click here to learn more about the Best Brewery Tour in Alberta, the Minhas Micro Brewery in Calgary!
The Minhas Craft Brewery is located in historic Monroe, WI, is the Midwest's oldest brewery and the second-oldest in the entire nation. It has survived the Depression, Prohibition, brushes with the mob and two major fires. We're now one of the top ten largest breweries in America.
With the Best Brewery Tour in Wisconsin, beer lovers from all over the state, Illinois and around the world come to experience our daily, guided craft brewery tours and beer tastings. We also house the largest brewery memorabilia museum in the United States.
Learn what an IPA is, why we make the best craft beer and hear the amazing tales of inspiring entrepreneurs who have run our brewery for more than a century and a half!
Located only 45 minutes from Madison, 10 minutes from New Glarus and 90 minutes from Chicago, make the Minhas Craft Brewery part of your perfect weekend getaway in Wisconsin!
Click here to learn more about the Minhas Craft Brewery Tour and book your tour today!
The Minhas Micro Distillery is located in friendly Monroe, Wisconsin - just 45 minutes from Madison, WI and 15 minutes from the Illinois border. Whether you're a proud local or a day-tripper from Chicago, the Best Distillery Tour in Wisconsin is the perfect activity anytime of year. Visitors can see firsthand how our products are crafted, and sample some of the best-tasting vodka, rum, gin and other craft spirits and liquors around.
Also on the tour, you will discover:
Aspiring mixologists (or aspiring tasters!) will also learn how to make a Moscow Mule, a great tequila margarita, a classic Manhattan, a tasty mojito and, of course, a perfect martini.
Click here to learn more about the Minhas Micro Distillery Tour and book your tour today!


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Penny Prouty, 82
Penny Prouty
of Poulsbo
April 26, 1926
to May 2, 2008
Penny Prouty, 82, of Poulsbo died peacefully at her home with her children by her side on May 2, 2008.
She was born April 26, 1926 in Sumner, Illinois to Merit and Fern Lathrop. Penny married Bob Prouty in Portland, Oregon on June 17, 1946. Penny enjoyed sewing, growing roses and spending time with her dog, Teddi. She was preceded in death by her husband Bob and her brother Mervin Lathrop.
She is survived by son Michael Prouty; daughters Genie Deakin, Patty Horn and Debbie Bacher and grandchildren Jonathon, Brian, Kevin, Kaela and Karyn. A private family service will be held.
Penny will be inurned with her husband Bob at Cherry Grove Memorial Park. Memorial contributions may be given to Group Health Community Foundation Hospice Fund, Dept. 4194, P.O. Box 34936, Seattle, WA 98124-1936. Arrangements entrusted to The Stone Chapel "Poulsbo Mortuary."
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subset: commoncrawl


text: Snooki Wrestlemania By Tony Kerns March 15, 2011 6:56 PM Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Category: Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Leave a comment Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! Best of 92.9 KNIN How Not to Handle Your Fireworks This 4th of July [Video] All-Time Genius Can Stick Nerf Darts to His Eyes Car Sets Record for Fastest Mile — Oh, Yeah, On Two Wheels TVLand Pulls 'Dukes of Hazzard' Episodes From Lineup, Guess Why Recommended For You Best of the Web


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waste management professionals Companies in Germany
Bergmann, Heinz, e.Kfm.- Machines for Waste Management
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Mobile Compactors, Roll-Packers and Roto Compactors. BERGMANN Waste Disposal Equipment offers his customers in trade and industry waste disposal solutions which help to significantly lower disposal costs. BERGMANN´s success in this industry is based on its 3 decades of experience and on the large amount of worldwide patents for it space-setting developments. Bergmann, the ...
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Vileda Professional offers cleaning solutions and innovative systems for professional users. With over 30 years in the business we know what needs professional users in different environments are looking for, and we offer solutions that help you clean faster, more effective and to lower total costs.
Chartered Institution of Wastes Management (CIWM)
based in Northampton, UNITED KINGDOM
The Chartered Institution of Wastes Management (CIWM), is the professional body which represents over 7,000 waste management professionals - predominantly in the UK but also overseas. The CIWM sets the professional standards for individuals working in the waste management industry and has various grades of membership determined by education, qualification and experience. ...
Air & Waste Management Association (A&WMA)
based in Pittsburgh, PENNSYLVANIA (USA)
The Air & Waste Management Association (A&WMA) is a nonprofit, nonpartisan professional organization that enhances knowledge and expertise by providing a neutral forum for information exchange, professional development, networking opportunities, public education, and outreach to more than 8000 environmental professionals in 65 countries. The Association's goals are to ...
Institute of Professional Environmental Practice
based in Pittsburgh, PENNSYLVANIA (USA)
IPEP is a not-for-profit, professional organization that administers the Qualified Environmental Professional (QEP) and Environmental Professional Intern (EPI) certifications. The QEP certification confirms that you have demonstrated a broad understanding of the environment and environmental issues through successfully completing a rigorous application and examination ...
Pegasus Waste Management Ltd
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Pegasus Waste Management Ltd began trading in 1996 as a waste management company specialising in the removal of commercial hazardous and chemical waste.We provide quality on-site waste management for our customers by establishing appropriate methods of identifying, packaging, transporting and disposing of their hazardous waste.Pegasus Waste Management provides a ...
Total Waste Management Ltd
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Total waste solutions from Total Waste Management Ltd. A scrap metal yard, waste disposal and recycling facility and skip hire company based in Essex, Total Waste Management Ltd is committed to responsible waste disposal and operates throughout the UK, covering every aspect of the recycling chain.From collection to recovery we help businesses in Essex, Harlow and across ...
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We provide a professional one-stop service for waste management. We are big enough to cope yet small enough to care. We offer professional dedicated services to many of the large reputable company's local to our region and we have extensive experience of waste management within the Highlands of Scotland.Our services range from providing: Skips for Hire, Recycling, SWMP's, ...
International Waste Working Group
based in Padua, ITALY
The aim of the IWWG is to provide an intellectual forum to encourage and support economic and ecological (integrated and sustainable) waste management world-wide and to promote scientific advancement in the field. The IWWG is a non-profit organisation, founded by a group of waste professionals from the academic and private sectors.


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kawasaki triple owners club
Up for auction is a 1974 KAWASAKI H2 750 with only 3,816 Primary MILES! Yes, what a find! This motorcycle is very neat, starts up hands down and runs splendidly. I had Kawasaki triples Guru George Nash verify the whole bike over. He also pulled off one of the heads and confirms that the bike is sample jade. Everything on the bike works as it should. The bike had been in storage for a eat one's heart out duration and the paintwork was not bad, but not up to the paragon that I like when I sell down the river a bike, so I had the bike profesionally repainted back to precise mill specs. The paintwork is polished. The old tires looked new, but where seedy checked, so I had name brand new old teaching dash tires tailor-made. The indigenous exhuast pipes that where on the bike are - pleasantly, but not refine, so I replaced them with a set of label new FBG enlargement chambers that outlay $1,100. The bike sounds superlative with them on! If the conqueror of the bike prefers the card exhuast pipes, I will shift the FBG chambers and put the starting effluent system back on, but I keep the FBG chambers. The bike also have the real sparkplug holder, ornament kit and owners guide and they will go with the bike. The site has the unprecedented counterpane on it and it looks cordial, but it does have two insufficient imperfections, one on each side adjoining the back, as can be seen in the pictures. These are not holes, impartial blemishes. I didn't in need of to rub out the archetypal seatcover for such insignificant imperfections, but I will give the champion of the bike a label new duplicate ass cover-up if you demand to transform it. I took the bike on a 15 mile run and it drew alot of prominence. This bike is in awful all circumnavigate silhouette and needs nothing but a rider. Look at the pictures and appraiser for yourself. I have infatuated the topmost amount of pictures that can be put on a listing. Please swatting the pictures before you bid. A $100.00 non-refundable precipitate, paid with Paypal is required within 24 hours of the end of the auction and the poise is due by cashiers monitor or bank to bank wire shift within 7 days of the end of the auction. The bike must be picked up within 21 days of the end of the auction. I will not vessel the bike, but can put the prizewinner in spark off with superb motorcycle shippers that I use. They will be proficient to take off this bike anywhere in the turn down 48 states to your door for between $300- $400. Thanks for looking and permissible good break instruction! On Feb-07-10 at 21:22:22 PST, seller added the following intelligence: Motorcycle Transportation Tools powered by Shipping Sacrifice Estimator Transport Zipcode: uShip is the first and largest auction- latest thing marketplace for shipping and transportation services. Learn more Guides & Articles Choosing a Motorcycle Hauler Door-to-Door Motorcycle Shippi... Motorcycle Elysian Fields Trailer T... Warranty for Shipping a Motor... Preparing for Motorcycle Movin... scrutinize allDirectory Conde Del Valle Disaste (32) First Option (35) Mach 1 Expeditedtranspo (327) Valuable Tools & Links About uShip eBay Shipping Center Add uShip Widget to your Auction Referral Program uShip Stories eBay Certified Elucidation eBay Auction Tools
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- Grahm and Jane's Kawasaki Triples Homepage
- Kawasaki 750 Triple Motorbike


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To breast-feed
properly and prevent problems, you will need to learn the basics of breast-feeding. You will want to get ready before each feeding and find a position that is comfortable for you and your baby. Doing this will help you get your baby to latch on, so that you can provide a complete feeding each time. If you do have trouble with breast-feeding, get support from family, friends, your doctor, or a lactation consultant.
Being ready for a feeding will help you relax. And being relaxed will help your let-down reflex, which occurs just before or soon
after feeding begins. It's helpful to wear a loose blouse or a shirt that can be raised easily. If you want more privacy, use a lightweight blanket over your shoulder and chest to cover your breasts and your baby.
It is likely that you will have to breast-feed around other people, even strangers, when you are feeding your baby on demand. In many states and on federal property, your right to breast-feed in public is protected by law.
To get ready, you can also do things like:
Breast-feeding in the proper position will help your baby latch on and breast-feed correctly. There are several breast-feeding positions, such as the cradle hold, the football hold, and the side-lying position.
As you start to
breast-feed, try different positions to find those that
are most comfortable for you and your baby. For example, use the cross-cradle
hold at one feeding, and then use the football hold at the next. Feeding in different
positions may reduce nipple soreness. Also, start each new
feeding with the opposite breast you started with at the last feeding. This
routine helps you to empty each breast completely.
For more help with finding the best position, see the topic Breast-Feeding Positions.
A proper latch helps prevent problems such as sore nipples, blocked milk ducts, breast infections, and poor infant weight gain. An improper latch is painful and frustrating. It causes some women to stop breast-feeding.
The steps to get your baby latched on are about the same for all breast-feeding positions. Latching on in the cross-cradle position is an easy one to start with.
When your baby is done breast-feeding, you can break the latch by using your pinky finger. Place one finger into the corner of your baby's mouth. This will gently break the seal. You can also use your pinky to break the latch if you experience pain after your baby first latches on. Then you can start again.
If you don't break the latch before you remove the baby from your breast, your nipples may become sore, cracked, or bruised.
Let your baby feed until he or she is satisfied.
To learn more about babies' feeding patterns, see Feeding and Diapering Habits.
The first two weeks of breast-feeding usually are the most challenging. You may have other times when you need extra help. Know who you can contact, such as friends and family who have breast-fed or a lactation consultant. Other support is available through local hospitals or clinics and support organizations, such as La Leche League.
Last Revised:
October 31, 2011
Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
Sarah Marshall, MD - Family Medicine & Kirtly Jones, MD - Obstetrics and Gynecology
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text:
Super Quiz: Boston
Posted: January 17, 2014 at 2:17 a.m.
In what stadium do the Boston Red Sox play?
What is the city's most popular nickname?
This 1773 protest by the Sons of Liberty was against a taxation policy.
This park is the oldest public park in the United States.
By what name is the Central Artery/Tunnel Project known?
This church was founded in Boston in 1879 by Mary Baker Eddy.
The MBTA is known as the "T." What is the full name?
Name Boston's principal airport.
The British knew this event of 1770 as the "Incident on King Street."
Fenway Park
The Boston Tea Party
Boston Common
The "Big Dig"
Church of Christ, Scientist
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
Logan Airport
The Boston Massacre
MovieStyle, Pages 41 on 01/17/2014
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text:
Originally written on Tireball.com | Last updated 1/19/13
The Chicago White Sox have reached an agreement with reliever Matt Lindstrom. Lindstromg will assume a setup role in Chicago after being a part of the Orioles and Diamondbacks last season. Lindstrom's deal also calls for an option for the 2014 season. Last season Lindstrom compiled a 2.68 ERA in 47 innings of work. After serving as a member of the Orioles bullpen to start the season, Lindstrom was traded to the Diamondbacks on August 26 for Joe Saunders and cash.
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Matthew Coleman Announces Release of THE DINOSAUR CONSPIRACY
"The Dinosaur Conspiracy" (published by AuthorHouse), author Matthew Coleman's new thriller, takes readers on a journey through the Bible and shows them how truth can be obtained if sought after.
Cathy Jurkovich, John Bush and Carl Bennet are on a hunt to unravel one of mankind's greatest mysteries - if man really lived alongside dinosaurs. Hindering their path is a dark foreign government organization that is bound to stop the three at all costs.
With each step Cathy, John and Carl take, they come closer to the truth. But each step also brings them closer to their own death - spiritually and physically. Readers will watch these three battle assassins, world organizations and themselves as they try to unravel one of the greatest lies in human history.
An excerpt from "The Dinosaur Conspiracy":
"A desperation settled in the bones. "Don't panic. Stay cool," he thought to himself. "I am almost there." But with desperation also comes reflection. He thought of what Cathy had to go through the last three years. He knew it was his fault for their relationship to have weakened, to be become broken. There was no excuse given today's vast array of technology to communicate from emails to video calls. He didn't write or call. The research, and her, needed to be protected. Now, without any reason, he was rushing to her. Now he realized he should have included her but the father's instinct of protection was strong. So strong that it clouded out common sense."
"The Dinosaur Conspiracy"
By Matthew Coleman
Hardcover | 6 x 9in | 330 pages | ISBN 9781481706865
Softcover | 6 x 9in | 330 pages | ISBN 9781481706841
E-Book | 330 pages | ISBN 9781481706858
Available at Amazon and Barnes & Noble
For the last 15 years Matthew Coleman has been happily married. He and his wife have three children. He is an elementary school principal and has been an administrator for six years. He holds a bachelor's and two master's degrees from the University of Idaho. He enjoys playing basketball.
AuthorHouse, an Author Solutions, Inc. self-publishing imprint, is a leading provider of book publishing, marketing, and bookselling services for authors around the globe and offers the industry's only suite of Hollywood book-to-film services. Committed to providing the highest level of customer service, AuthorHouse assigns each author personal publishing and marketing consultants who provide guidance throughout the process. Headquartered in Bloomington, Indiana, AuthorHouse celebrated 15 years of service to authors in Sept. 2011.For more information or to publish a book visit authorhouse.com or call 1-888-519-5121. For the latest, follow @authorhouse on Twitter.
About Author
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text:
Awakening 2015: A Woman's New Beginning
- 153-10 Jamaica Avenue, Jamaica, New York, NY, 11432
2013 Pastors Appreciation Luncheon
AM 570 The Mission
Thursday, September 26, 2013 from 10:00 AM to 2:00 PM (EDT)
Keynote Speaker: Dr. David Jeremiah
Dr. David Jeremiah, founder of Turning Point Radio and Television Ministries and senior pastor of Shadow Mountain Community Church, felt God's calling on his life at a very early age. Born February 13, 1941 in Toledo, Ohio, Dr. Jeremiah was raised in a family deeply committed to ministry. At the age of eleven, Dr. Jeremiah and his family moved to Dayton, Ohio where his father, Dr. James T. Jeremiah, was the Pastor of Emmanuel Baptist Church, and in 1953 became the President of Cedarville College in Cedarville, Ohio. Read more here.
What are my transport/parking options getting to the event?
We are encouraging public transit. Closest stations are Penn Station (1,2,3) and Herald Square (N,Q,R). If you need to park check here for closest lots.
What can I bring to the event?
Each Pastor is allowed one (1) guest.
Is my registration/ticket transferrable?
No. If you need to transfer a ticket please have the new Pastor register.
Do I have to bring my printed ticket to the event?
No, your name will be on file.
The name on the registration/ticket doesn't match the attendee. Is that okay?
No, the attendee must match the name on file at registration.
AM 570 WMCA is New York's Christian Talk
Join millions of people on Eventbrite.
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Methods are provided for stimulation of hydrocarbon production from low permeability formations by hydraulic fracturing, acid fracturing, and hydraulic fracturing followed by gravel packing in a single operation. The methods use a first injected viscous pad made with low concentration uncrosslinked polymer to initiate and propagate the fracture and control fluid loss, followed by a second injected fluid gelled with a viscoelastic surfactant for carrying proppant or acid into the fracture.
1. A method of stimulating production of fluids from a subterranean formation penetrated by a wellbore comprising:
i) injecting a first fluid comprising:
a) an aqueous carrier fluid; and
b) an uncrosslinked polymer at a concentration of less than about 15 pounds per thousand gallons fluid; and
ii) injecting a second fluid comprising a thickening amount of a viscoelastic surfactant.
2. The method of
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28. A method of stimulating production of fluids from a subterranean formation penetrated by a wellbore comprising:
i) injecting a first fluid comprising:
a) an aqueous carrier fluid; and
b) an uncrosslinked polymer at a concentration of less than about 15 pounds per thousand gallons fluid; and
ii) injecting a second fluid comprising a thickening amount of a surfactant.
29. A method of stimulating production of fluids from a subterranean formation penetrated by a wellbore comprising:
i) injecting a first fluid comprising a hydrocarbon gelling compound and a gellable oil; and
ii) injecting a second fluid comprising a thickening amount of a viscoelastic surfactant.
[0001] This application claims the benefit of provisional application serial No. 60/312,340 filed Aug. 14, 2001.
[0002] This Invention relates to stimulation of wells drilled into subterranean formations to improve recovery of hydrocarbons. In particular it relates to hydraulic fracturing and acid fracturing of low permeability producing zones to improve the flowpath available to oil and gas flowing to the wellbore. Most particularly it relates to using less expensive chemicals, less complicated procedures, and less hydraulic horsepower to create fractures that have greater width and higher conductivity than would be produced by other methods when fracturing comparable formations.
[0003] Stimulating the production of hydrocarbons (or other fluids such as water, brine, and carbon dioxide) is well known. Hydraulic fracturing (pumping a fluid into a wellbore at a pressure and rate sufficient to split open the formation rock), acidizing, or a combination of the two (called acid fracturing or fracture acidizing) are the most common techniques. In hydraulic and acid fracturing, a first, viscous fluid called a "pad" is typically injected into the formation to initiate and propagate the fracture and often to contribute to fluid loss control. This is followed by a second fluid. In hydraulic fracturing the second fluid contains a proppant that keeps the fracture open after the pumping pressure is released. In acid fracturing, the second fluid contains an acid that can dissolve part of the rock, causing irregular etching of the fracture face and removal of some of the mineral matter, resulting in the fracture not completely closing when the pumping is stopped. The choice of the pad fluid depends upon the nature of the subsequently injected fluid and of the formation and on the desired results and attributes of the stimulation job.
[0004] Occasionally, hydraulic fracturing is done without a highly viscosified second fluid; this choice is made primarily as a way to reduce the deleterious effect of polymers described below. This technique, sometimes called a "water-frac" involves using extremely low polymer concentrations, so low that they cannot be effectively crosslinked, throughout the job. This alternative has a major drawback: since there is inadequate viscosity to carry much proppant, high pump rates must be used and only very small concentrations (pounds mass proppant added per gallon of fluid), called "PPA", of proppant can be used. Very little proppant will be placed in the fracture to keep it open after the pumping is stopped.
[0005] Pads and fracturing fluids are usually viscosified in one of three ways. If the injected fluid is an oil, it is gelled with certain additives designed for the purpose, such as certain aluminum phosphate compounds. If the fluid is water or brine, for hydraulic or acid fracturing, it is gelled with polymers (usually crosslinked with a boron, zirconium or titanium compound), or with viscoelastic fluids ("VES's") that can be formed using certain surfactants that form appropriately sized and shaped micelles. Polymers, especially crosslinked polymers, often tend to form a "filtercake" on the fracture face, that is they coat out on the fracture face as some fluid leaks off, provided that the rock pores are too small to permit entry of the polymer or crosslinked polymer. Some filtercake is generally desirable for fluid loss control. This process of filtercake formation is also called wallbuilding. VES fluids do not form filtercakes as a result of leak-off. VES leak-off control is viscosity controlled, i.e., the resistance due to the flow of the viscous VES fluid through the formation porosity limits the leak-off rate. The viscosity controlled leak-off rate can be high in certain formation permeabilities because the highly shear-thinning fluid has a low apparent viscosity in high flow velocity areas. Reducing the flow velocity (by correspondingly reducing the pressure gradient or simply as a result of the same injected volumetric flow rate leaking off into the formation through a greater surface area as the fracture grows in length and height) will allow micelle structure to reassemble and will result in regeneration of viscosity and fluid loss control. On the other hand, polymers have two major deficiencies: a) the filtercake, if left in place, can impede subsequent flow of hydrocarbons into the fracture and then into the wellbore, and b) polymer or crosslinked polymer will be left in the fracture itself, impeding or cutting off flow, either by physically blocking the flow path through the proppant pack or by leaving a high viscosity fluid in the fracture. VES fluids do not form a filtercake or leave solids in the fracture. VES fluids therefore leave a cleaner, more conductive and therefore more productive fracture. They are easier to use because they require fewer components and less surface equipment, but they may be more expensive and less efficient than polymers, depending upon the formation permeability and the specific VES system and polymer system.
[0006] For expediency, pads are typically chemically similar to the fracture fluids used in the same job. Thus in hydraulic fracturing with water-based crosslinked polymer-containing fluids, the pad is typically a water-based crosslinked or uncrosslinked polymer. Crosslinking decreases the amount of polymer needed but increases complexity and often the cost of the job and usually leaves a more harmful residue on the fracture face or in the fracture after the job. In hydraulic fracturing with water-based VES fluids, the pad is typically also a water-based VES fluid, but all of this fluid leaks off, and it may be expensive.
[0007] U.S. Pat. No. 5,036,919 (Ronnie L. Thomas and Curtis L. Boney, issued Aug. 6, 1991), hereby incorporated by reference, describes the benefit and importance of a method of fracturing designed to minimize damage to the fracture proppant pack conductivity by using a less damaging, less thermally stable, viscosifier in the fracture fluid than in the pad. In that case, the pad was an organo-metallic crosslinked polymer-based system and the fracture fluid was preferably a borate-crosslinked polymer-based system.
[0008] Whereas, the pad is typically the same chemical system (albeit at different concentrations as the proppant-laden or acid containing stages), optimal performance may be realized by using substantially different fluid chemistry or fluid types for both the pad and proppant-laden or acid containing stages. The pad need not be chemically the same as the fluid used in the later stages since the pad does not need to transport proppant or acid and the stimulation plan may include greater pad leak-off than leak-off of subsequent fracture stages. There is a need in hydraulic and acid fracturing to provide an inexpensive material for the pad that will a) create and propagate a sufficiently wide fracture, b) minimize chemical, equipment and hydraulic horsepower expense, c) form a filtercake to control leak-off during the job (not absolutely needed in all cases, for example not required when acid fracturing with a low viscosity acid) and d) be degradable to maximize subsequent production.
[0009] In low permeability formations being fractured with VES fluids, a low concentration (such as about 10 to about 15 ppt (pounds per thousand gallons fluid)) of uncrosslinked polymer may be used in the pad and provide an inexpensive and effective material for the pad that will a) create and propagate a sufficiently wide fracture, b) minimize complexity and chemicals, equipment and hydraulic horsepower requirements, c) form a filtercake to control leak off during the job (not absolutely needed in all cases, for example not required when acid fracturing with a low viscosity acid) and d) be degradable to maximize subsequent production. This optimizes the pad and the fracture fluid separately for low permeability formations. The viscosity of the uncrosslinked polymer may actually be lower than that of the VES fluid subsequently pumped, but the uncrosslinked polymer is less expensive than crosslinked polymer or than VES, less complicated to use and requires fewer chemicals and less equipment than crosslinked polymer, and, in low permeability formations, will still form a filtercake to increase fracture generation efficiency. Either the pad or the subsequent fracture fluid or both can be foamed or energized, if the surfactants selected to form the VES are known to create stable foams, or if the fluids further comprise foamers and the VES surfactants selected are not anti-foamers. The pad and subsequently pumped fracture fluid may have all the additives typically used in such fluids. The job may be a hydraulic fracture, an acid fracture or a fracture immediately followed by gravel-packing, for example with a screen in place, in a single operation. It is a particularly important aspect of the Invention to employ these fluids and methods in fracturing jobs in which only a small amount of proppant is used (commonly called "waterfracs" or "water-fracs" or "slickwater fracs". It is another particularly important aspect of the Invention that the methods allow pads ahead of VES fracture fluids to be pumped with minimized hydraulic horsepower, number of pumps, etc. relative to conventional fracturing with pad compositions previously known in the art for VES based fluids. It is another aspect of the Invention to generate a higher conductivity fracture than if crosslinked polymer or a high concentration of uncrosslinked polymer was used in the pad. It is yet another aspect of the present Invention to provide sufficient fracture width and fluid loss control while minimizing damage to the proppant pack when proppant is used. A particularly preferred embodiment of the Invention is a method of stimulating production of fluids from subterranean formations penetrated by a wellbore involving injecting a first fluid (the pad), made from an aqueous carrier fluid containing an uncrosslinked polymer at a concentration of less than about 15 pounds per thousand gallons fluid, and then injecting a second fluid containing a thickening amount of a viscoelastic surfactant. The key unifying element of the methods of the Invention is a low concentration of an inexpensive, easy to use uncrosslinked polymer used in the pad to minimize damage due to the pad while then subsequently using a fracturing fluid that is completely non-damaging but nonetheless has excellent proppant carrying properties.
[0010]FIG. 1 shows results predicted when fracturing with low proppant concentrations and only water and a friction reducer in the pad and the proppant stages.
[0011]FIG. 2 shows results predicted when fracturing with low proppant concentrations, the uncrosslinked low polymer concentration pad of the Invention, and a VES fluid in the proppant stages.
[0012] In hydraulic fracturing according to this Invention, most of the injected fracturing fluid contains a proppant such as sand or synthetic ceramic beads, so that when the pressure is released the proppant is trapped between the fracture faces and prevents the fracture from completely closing, thus leaving a flowpath open. The injected fracturing fluid is viscosified. Increased viscosity results in formation of a wider fracture, thus a larger flowpath. A minimal viscosity is also required to transport adequate amounts of proppant; the actual viscosity required depends primarily upon the fluid flow rate and the density of the proppant. In a typical fracturing process, such as hydraulic fracturing with aqueous fluids, the fracture is initiated by first pumping a high viscosity crosslinked polymer-based aqueous fluid with good to moderate leak-off properties, relatively low polymer loadings, and typically no proppant, into the formation. This initial fluid, typically referred to as a "pad", is usually followed by a second fluid (fracturing fluid) of similar viscosity carrying an initially low concentration and then a gradually increasing concentration of proppant into the extended fractures. The pad initiates and propagates the fracture but does not need to carry proppant. All the fluids tend to "leak-off" into the formation from the fracture being created. Commonly, by the end of the job the entire volume of the pad will have leaked off into the formation. This leak-off is determined and controlled by the properties of the fluid (and additives it may contain) and the properties of the rock. A certain amount of leak-off greater than the minimal possible may be desirable, for example a) if the intention is to place some fluid in the rock to change the rock properties or to flow back into the fracture during closure, or b) if the intention is deliberately to cause what is called a "tip screen-out", or "TSO", a condition in which the proppant forms a bridge at the end of the fracture, stopping the lengthening of the fracture and resulting in a subsequent increase in the fracture width. On the other hand, excessive leak-off is undesirable because it may waste valuable fluid and result in reduced efficiency of the job. Proper leak-off control is therefore critical to job success. Many solid particulate additives, such as silica, mica and starch, have been developed to control leak-off.
[0013] In acid fracturing methods of the Invention, the injected fluid contains an acid that dissolves a portion of the rock by a process like etching so that, when the pumping is stopped and the pressure is released and the fracture closes, the fracture faces no longer match up and an open path to the wellbore is left in place. This serves the function of the proppant in conventional hydraulic fracturing. The acid may also create wormholes into the rock to form additional pathways, which is usually undesirable in acid fracturing because it wastes acid and draws the acid in undesirable directions. Acids are often viscosified to increase fracture width and to reduce the rate of acid leak-off into the fracture face. Acid fracture jobs are also typically preceded with pads, typically crosslinked polymers, or extremely high concentration uncrosslinked polymers, as in hydraulic fracturing.
[0014] Fracture fluids described herein typically also contain other materials such as demulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, friction reducers, clay stabilizers, scale inhibitors, biocides, breaker aids, mutual solvents, alcohols, surfactants, anti-foam agents, defoamers, viscosity stabilizers, iron control agents, diverters, emulsifiers, foamers, oxygen scavengers, pH control agents, and buffers, and the like. The fracture jobs of the Invention are conducted normally except for the composition, and sometimes amount, of the pad. The pad and the fracturing or other stimulation fluid and their additives are transported to the site, mixed, stored, and pumped in the usual ways for the respective chemicals. In the term "fracture" we include hydraulic fracturing, acid fracturing and combined fracturing followed by gravel packing in a single operation.
[0015] The Invention is carried out by considering information about the well, the formation, the fluids available, and criteria for a successful fracture stimulation, and preparing an optimized plan for maximizing stimulated well performance according to the data and the criteria. Such a design will include injection of an amount of a selected pad fluid and an amount of a selected fracture fluid. This is usually done by analyzing the well using fracturing design and evaluation software in which pressure gradients are combined with fracture length and height evolution algorithms, complete leak-off information, and the effects of multiple fluid injections and their temperature changes. Given low concentration uncrosslinked polymer fluids as options for the pad and VES fluids as options for the fracturing or other stimulation fluid, this job design is well within the capability of those skilled in the art.
[0016] The theory and practice of hydraulic fracturing, acid fracturing, and fracturing with deliberate tip screen-out are given in detail in Michael J. Economides and Kenneth G, Nolte, eds., Reservoir Stimulation, John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, 3rd Edition, New York, 2000, in particular Chapter 5, "Basics of Hydraulic Fracturing" by M. B. Smith and J. W. Shlyapobersky (pp.5-1 to 5-28); Chapter 7, "Fracturing Fluid Chemistry and Proppants" by Janet Gulbis and Richard M. Hodge (pp. 7-1 to 7-23); and Chapter 10, "Fracture Treatment Design" by Jack Elbel and Larry Britt (pp. 10-1 to 10-50).
[0017] We define low permeability formations here as having permeabilities of less than about 20 mD, especially less than about 10 mD, and most especially less than about 2 mD. One important issue with polymer-free fluid systems, in low permeability formations, if they are used for both the pad and the proppant carrying fracture fluid, is that there are no solids to aid in controlling fluid loss to the formation during fracturing. In these cases it would be desirable to pump a polymer-based fluid for the pad followed by a VES-based (or other solids-free) fluid to carry proppant or to divert or delay an acid. This might cause some fracture face damage as a result of the solids in the pad, which can be addressed by chemical (usually encapsulated) breakers, which in some cases are chemically equivalent to the chemistry needed to promote faster cleanup of the VES-based fluids.
[0018] The pad of the Invention comprises a carrier fluid and a viscosifying polymer. It may additionally contain other additives normally used in such fluids, provided that none of the components of the pad is deleterious to the formation or to the fracture fluid. Fluids used as the pad in the present Invention may typically contain materials such as corrosion inhibitors, friction reducers, clay stabilizers, scale inhibitors, biocides, and the like.
[0019] The carrier fluid provides a medium for the transport of the other components into the formation. Preferably, the carrier fluid can be water or brine. Selected organic or inorganic salts or mixtures can be used, provided that they are compatible with all components in the pad, the fracture fluid, the formation and the formation fluids. Solutions containing 1 to 5% by weight potassium chloride (KCl) or ammonium chloride are often used as the base liquid in fracturing fluids and pads to stabilize clays and prevent swelling. Sometimes other brines or sea water may be used. An organic cation salt, such as, in particular, tetramethyl ammonium chloride, is an effective salt at about 0.2 to about 0.5 percent by weight.
[0020] Typically, the polymer is water-soluble. Common classes of effective water-soluble polymers include polyvinyl polymers, polymethacrylamides, cellulose ethers, polysaccharides, lignosulfonates, and ammonium, alkali metal, and alkaline earth salts thereof. Specific examples of typical water soluble polymers are acrylic acid-acrylamide copolymers, acrylic acid-methacrylamide copolymers, polyacrylamides, partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides, partially hydrolyzed polymethacrylamides, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinly acetate, polyalkyleneoxides, carboxycelluloses, carboxyalkylhydroxyethyl celluloses, hydroxyethylcellulose, galactomannans (e.g., guar gum), substituted galactomannans (e.g., hydroxypropyl guar, carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar, and carboxymethyl guar), heteropolysaccharides obtained by the fermentation of starch-derived sugar (e.g., xanthan gum), and ammonium and alkali metal salts thereof. Preferred water-soluble polymers include hydroxyethyl cellulose, starch, scleroglucan, galactomannans, and substituted galactomannans.
[0021] The uncrosslinked polymer pad is used at a concentration of up to about 10 ppt if the pad fluid is foamed or energized and up to about 15 ppt if the pad fluid is not foamed. This concentration is lower than that used in pads in fracturing procedures in the past, in which the minimal polymer concentration was about 15 ppt if the polymer was crosslinked or foamed and about 20 ppt if the polymer was uncrosslinked. U.S. Pat. No. 5,036,919 (Ronnie L. Thomas and Curtis L. Boney, issued Aug. 6, 1991), hereby incorporated by reference, describes hydraulic fracturing with crosslinked guar-based polymer fluids, which may be foamed, and states that the polymer loading in the pad may be from about 20 to about 80 ppt (pounds per thousand gallons fluid). The minimal polymer concentration depends upon the dimensions of the pore system of the formation, the pump rate, the desired fracture dimensions, and the choice of polymer and its properties as they affect wallbuilding and the ability of the polymer to viscosify the pad fluid. The minimal polymer concentration is about 2 ppt for synthetic polymers such as polyacrylamide and about 10 ppt for natural polymers such as guars and substituted guars. These minima are the same whether the pad fluid is foamed or not. The optimal polymer concentration can be determined by choosing the desired leak-off parameters and measuring leak-off with samples of the intended fluids and of the formation or of a rock similar to the formation. Leak-off is defined by three terms: "spurt", which is the initial rapid leak-off of fluid before a filtercake barrier is formed on the fracture face and is measured in gallons/100 square feet, and, for the subsequent leak-off that occurs even after a filtercake is formed and is governed by the viscosity and the wall-building propensity: Cw, the wall-building fluid loss coefficient, and Cv, the viscosity controlled fluid loss coefficient. Cw is not applicable where there is no wall-building material present. Cv is not applicable where there is a low, finite Cw. Cw and Cv are measured in ft/min�. Preferred values of spurt, Cw and Cv respectively are 0 to about 5, about 0.001 to about 0.05, and about 0.001 to about 0.05; more preferred values are 0 to about 2, about 0.001 to about 0.008, and about 0.001 to about 0.008; most preferred values are 0 to about 1, about 0.001 to about 0.003, and about 0.001 to about 0.003. A test method for determining these values is given in Navarrete, R. C., Caweizel, K. E., and Constien, V. G.: "Dynamic Fluid Loss in Hydraulic Fracturing Under Realistic Shear Conditions in High-Permeability Rocks," SPE Production and Facilities, pp 138-143 (August, 1996).
[0022] The pad may be foamed or energized with a gas such as air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide or mixtures thereof to provide some energy and to decrease the amount of chemicals needed. In this embodiment, any surfactant capable of allowing sufficient foaming of the fluid (i.e. at least about 50%, preferably about 70%, gas by volume at one atmosphere pressure and about 20-40� C.) can be used in the fluid. The selection of a suitable surface active agent or agents to form the foam is within the ability of those skilled in the art. Preferred surfactants are those that are effective when incorporated into water in a concentration of about 5 volume percent or less and are compatible with all components in the pad, the fracture fluid, the formation and the formation fluids.
[0023] In a typical propped hydraulic fracturing treatment, the pad fluid is designed to completely leak off into the formation; this complete leak-off ideally coincides precisely with the termination of pumping of the proppant stages (pumping a slurry containing proppant) so that the newly created fracture is propped open. Thus the volume of the pad, relative to the volume of the fracture fluid, is determined by a large number of factors governed by the properties of the fluids and of the formation and the desired final fracture dimensions. The selection of a suitable pad volume is within the ability of those skilled in the art, taking into account the affects of the lower polymer concentration of the Invention on pad viscosity and fluid loss.
[0024] Because the polymer in the pad is pumped only ahead of the polymer-free fracture fluid containing the proppant, the proppant bed left in the fracture after the job does not contain significant and deleterious amounts of solids, as would be the case if the fracture fluid contained any polymer.
[0025] The methods of the present Invention work satisfactorily in formations in which the pore throats at the fracture faces are sufficiently small that the uncrosslinked polymer molecules in the pad cannot enter the formation, but rather form a filtercake on the fracture faces (except in some cases, for example acid fracturing with a low viscosity ungelled fluid). The most common way to determine whether this criterion is met is through measurement or estimation of the formation permeability. The preferred formation permeability for the present Invention is less than about 20 mD; more preferred is less than about 10 mD; most preferred is less than about 2 mD. If this criterion is not met, then a pad having a composition known in the art, such as a crosslinked polymer, a high concentration of an uncrosslinked polymer or a VES fluid, must be used. In low permeability formations, only minimal fluid loss control is generally needed, and provision of viscosity to widen the fracture is a relatively more important role of the pad fluid. In high permeability formations, fluid loss control is more difficult and more critical and uncrosslinked polymer permeates the formations.
[0026] While this Invention is not bound by any particular mechanism of operation or theory, it appears that one can define three permeability ranges for a given polymer, crosslinked polymer, or VES fluid:
[0027] First, a high permeability range, above which the polymer, crosslinked polymer, or VES fluid micelles can enter the formation without forming a filtercake such that leak-off is high in the absence of added leak-off control agents such as mica or starch.
[0028] Second, an intermediate permeability range, depending upon the dimensions of the polymer, crosslinked polymer, or VES fluid micelles, and the stability of the micelles of the VES fluid, the crosslinked polymer could not enter, the uncrosslinked polymer could enter, and the micelles either could enter or could break, then enter as surfactant molecules, and then reform.
[0029] Third, a lower permeability below which, still depending upon the dimensions of the polymer, crosslinked polymer, and VES fluid micelles, and the stability of the micelles of the VES fluid, the crosslinked polymer could not enter, the micelles either could enter or could break and enter as surfactant micelles and then reform or not reform, and the uncrosslinked polymer could not enter. (Polymer or crosslinked polymer that does not enter forms a filtercake.)
[0030] One skilled in the art and knowing the properties of the formation and the properties of the fluid components could determine when a VES fluid might extensively enter (leak-off into) a formation but an uncrosslinked polymer would not. This would depend, for example, upon the nature of the VES, the structure and molecular weight of the polymer, and the formation permeability and pore structure. In that case, the methods of this Invention would be most valuable. U.S. Pat. No. 5,964,295 (Brown, et. al., issued Oct. 12, 1999; hereby incorporated by reference) describes several types of effective VES fluids, although the Invention is not limited to those VES fluids, and explains the inter-relationships of viscosity, and fluid loss and leak-off in relatively low permeability formations (less than about 10 mD for the VES fluid surfactants described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,964,295, but different for different VES fluid surfactants).
[0031] In most, if not all, fracture treatments, leak-off in excess of the minimal amount required for optimal fluid efficiency and fracture dimensions is inevitable and undesirable. Moderate leak-off of the pad in the present Invention, in excess of this minimum, can be acceptable because the pad fluid is less expensive than pad fluids used previously in the art, is less complicated and easier to use than most, and in particular is less expensive than the subsequently injected, proppant-carrying VES fracture fluid.
[0032] Reduction of the deleterious effects of polymers left in the fracture is usually brought about by "breakers" that are intended literally to destroy the polymer. These are usually oxidizers or enzymes. VES fluid micelles are usually broken by the natural inflow of hydrocarbons and water or brine, but breakers such as certain salts or alcohols are sometimes also used. Breaker aids such as activators, delay agents or stabilizers may also be used specifically in conjunction with the breakers.
[0033] Examples of breakers suitable for use in the method of the present Invention include enzymes such as galactomannanase (for breaking polysaccharides based on galactomannan) and oxidizers such as ammonium persulfate (for breaking all polymers by oxidation and for breaking some of the VES micelles by increasing the salinity). Additionally, the breakers can be encapsulated to delay their release, as is well known in the art. Encapsulation is advantageous because most or all of the polymer to be broken will be in the filtercake and, with encapsulation, that is where the breaker will be after the job. If the breaker is not encapsulated, at least some of it will leak off and not be in contact with the polymer in the filtercake, although some may flow back into contact with the polymer when the fracture pressure is released. Encapsulation is also advantageous because a breaker can be chosen that will break both the polymer and the micelles in the VES. Encapsulation is also advantageous for the delayed reaction it provides.
[0034] Any VES based fluid can be used, after the pad, that is compatible with the formation, the formation fluids, and the pad fluid and its components and additives. Particularly effective non-limiting examples of fluids are those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,551,516; 5,964,295; 5,979,555; 5,979,557; 6,140,277; and 6,258,859, all hereby incorporated by reference.
[0035] Although the Invention has been described throughout using the term "VES", or "viscoelastic surfactant" to describe the non-polymeric viscosified aqueous fluid in the second stage, any non-polymeric material may be used to viscosify the aqueous fluid provided that the requirements described herein for such a fluid are met, for example the required viscosity, stability, compatibility, and lack of damage to the wellbore, formation or fracture face. Examples, without regard to whether they form, or are described as forming, vesicles or viscoelastic fluids, include, but are not limited to, those viscosifiers described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,035,936 and in GB application No. 2,366,307A.
[0036] The proppant may be any synthetic or natural proppant used in hydraulic fracturing, including but not limited to glass beads, ceramic beads, sand, and bauxite. The proppant may be resin coated, provided that the resin and any other chemicals in the coating are compatible with the other chemicals of the Invention, particularly the components of the viscoelastic surfactant fluid micelles.
[0037] Also optionally, the fracturing fluid can contain materials designed to limit proppant flowback after the fracturing operation is complete by forming a porous pack in the fracture zone. Such materials can be any known in the art, such as are available from Schlumberger under the tradename PropNET™ (for example see U.S. Pat. No. 5,501,275). Exemplary proppant flowback inhibitors include fibers or platelets of novoloid or novoloid-type polymers (U.S. Pat. No. 5,782,300).
[0038] This Invention may be practiced at any formation temperature, taking into account any cool-down that may occur, at which the pad and fracture fluids and their components, in particular the polymer in the pad and the VES and micelles in the fracture fluid, have the needed properties, in particular stability.
[0039] A small amount of proppant may be included in the later stages of the pad, but the proppant would tend to fall out and the pad fluid would not be able to suspend the proppant evenly within the fracture being generated. Low concentrations of proppant, between 0.25 and 1.0 pounds of proppant added per gallon of fluid are often added to the pad stage for a variety of reasons including the following: to cause erosion of perforations, to reduce fluid leak-off into formations with natural fractures or fissures, to reduce near wellbore friction, to bridge at the fracture perimeter to reduce fracture propagation downward, or as a propping agent for improving fracture conductivity. The mass of proppant employed in the pad for these reasons ranges from a few hundred pounds to several tens of thousands of pounds (or from about 0.01% of the total proppant mass to about 10% of the total proppant mass). These proppant sweeps as they are called can be distributed through out the pad, although, they typically are not pumped in the first 10% of the pad. Also, the sweeps tend to be discrete, i.e., a 2500 lb slug of 0.25 pound of proppant added per gallon of fluid (ppa) will be pumped, followed by 10,000 or 20,000 gallons of clean fluid, followed again by another 2500 lb slug of 0.25 ppa fluid.
[0040] The pad can also be a gelled oil such as a gelled refined oil (commonly called a "frac oil" in the industry) or any similar material that provides some viscosity, reduces fluid loss, and does not leave damaging solids in the fracture. The following products of Dome Petroleum Limited of Calgary, Alberta, may be used: FRAC OIL 120, FRAC OIL 200, FRAC OIL 300, FRAC OIL 500; as well as SUPER FRAC™ available from Home Oil Company Limited of Calgary; as well as kerosene, diesel fuel, condensate, and crude oil. All of these we will term "gellable oils". In order to prevent any tendency of the oil to break the VES micelles, an aqueous spacer can be used to separate the gelled oil pad from the VES fracture fluid.
[0041] In some cases, a certain amount of leak-off is desired, sometimes so that a tip screen-out occurs, a condition in which the proppant forms a bridge at the end of the fracture away from the wellbore, stopping the lengthening of the fracture and resulting in a subsequent increase in the fracture width. For example, hydraulic fracturing followed by gravel-packing in a single operation, sometimes called a frac-pac, fracpac, frac pac, frac and pac, or StimPac, sometimes with a deliberate tip screen-out to generate a short wide fracture, is usually performed in relatively high permeability formations for sand-control purposes. However, such operations are sometimes performed in low permeability formations, occasionally for sand control, but also for other reasons, for example to bypass permeability damage near the wellbore caused by scaling or to improve upon poor communication between the wellbore and the formation or a previous fracture, or in formations in which perforating creates damaging fines, or for other reasons. Such jobs designed to generate short wide fractures may also be performed without subsequent gravel-packing when sand control is not an issue. The methods of the present Invention can be used in any of these cases (fracturing followed by gravel packing and/or fracturing for short wide fractures, in either case with or without deliberate tip screen-out) in low permeability formations.
[0042] The acid used in the acid fracturing methods of this Invention can be any acid used in acid fracturing, including gelled, self-diverting, and delayed acids. Commonly used, but not limiting, acids are hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, fluoboric, acetic, and formic acids and mixtures thereof and those acids in the form of oil external emulsions (for reaction rate retardation), or oil internal emulsions (for hydrocarbon solvency). The acids can contain additives such as corrosion inhibitors and chelants used to help dissolve rock components and keep them in solution. Gelled, self-diverting, and delayed acids can be gelled by polymers or by VES's.
[0043] Although in proppant fracturing the most common way to control fluid loss is to build an impermeable or reduced-permeability filtercake on the fracture walls, in acid fracturing, especially with a low viscosity ungelled acid, pad viscosity is important for fluid loss control. In fact, if the pad of an ungelled acid fracturing treatment is an uncrosslinked polymer fluid, some leak-off control will still result even if no or little filtercake is formed, because as the pad leaks off into the formation it will form a layer of viscous fluid in the first several inches of the formation adjacent to the fracture. This layer can reduce low viscosity ungelled acid leak-off better than a wallbuilding system that dissolves or decomposes in acid. In this special case, an uncrosslinked polymer, at least some of which (depending upon the permeability and the dimensions of the polymer) leaks off into the formation and does not form a filtercake, can be chosen for the pad. Furthermore, the viscous pad could slow acid entry into natural fractures. If a filtercake does form in the treatment, and is desirable but would otherwise decompose or dissolve due to the acid, this problem may be alleviated by either periodically replenishing the filtercake, or utilizing a more stable polymer such as certain polyacrylamide copolymers known in the industry to be more stable to acid. The methods of the Invention can be used in these ways with low-viscosity acid-fracturing fluids in low permeability formations.
[0044] Sometimes acid fracturing is performed with a series of alternating pad, acid, pad, acid, etc. stages. The first non-acidic pad initiates a fracture for the first acid stage to follow. That first acid stage etches a portion of the fracture face. Subsequent stages of pad and acid repeat the process until the designed treatment volumes have been injected and the desired fracture has been created. In the past, this process has always used a gelled pad, such as crosslinked polymer, or uncrosslinked polymer at high concentrations such as 40 to 60 ppt. The method of the Invention can be used in low permeability formations in at least the first pad and sometimes in all the pad stages. If wormholes are formed, or very fine natural fractures are encountered, that attract acid and minimize the amount of acid that travels down the intended hydraulic fracture (which is commonly found in the types of limestone and dolomite formations subjected to acid fracturing or fracturing with alternating pad and acid stages), later pads may need additional components such as fine sand, oil-soluble resins, or fine salt, to act as a solid particulate fluid loss control additive and block the wormholes or undesirable natural fractures.
[0045] In otherwise conventional hydraulic fracturing, acid fracturing, or fracturing immediately followed by gravel-packing, this Invention allows pads ahead of VES fracture fluids to be pumped with minimized hydraulic horsepower, number of pumps, etc. relative to fracturing with pad compositions previously known in the art for VES-based fluids. This reduced pump expense results from the ability to optimize the viscosity and fluid loss properties of the pad independently from those of the subsequently pumped fluids. Relative to VES pads, the methods of the present Invention are less expensive. Relative to crosslinked polymer pads, the methods of the present Invention are less damaging to the formation and to the fracture (and so result in higher conductivities) and also are less chemically complicated so they are less sensitive to mix-water composition and require less skill, less equipment and less pre-job testing to perform.
[0046] Relative to the special case of water-fracs (high rate, fresh water fracturing treatments commonly pumped in Southeast Texas in formations such as the Cotton Valley Taylor Sand), the pad of this Invention with low concentrations of uncrosslinked polymer will a) have better fluid efficiency (due to better fluid loss control) b) enable greater width creation (due to higher viscosity than the pad of a water-frac job that may have only a very small amount of polymer used as a friction reducer) c) will have superior proppant carrying capacity in the proppant-laden stages, and d) will result in lower friction pressure in the proppant-laden stages.
[0047] The key unifying element is the low concentration of uncrosslinked polymer used in the pad.
[0048] The present Invention can be further understood from the following example. These treatments were compared by modeling using FracCADE, a fracture simulator available from Schlumberger.
[0049] Identical proppant quantities were used in both fracture designs illustrated in this example (218,000 lb of 30/50 CarboE, which is EconoProp available from Carbo Ceramics, Dallas, Tex.). The Conventional Water-Frac Method required almost 200,000 gallons more fluid than the method of the Invention. Moreover, the Conventional Water-Frac Method was pumped at 100 barrels per minute compared with 50 barrels per minute for the method of the Invention. Despite the high pump rate, and additional fluid, the fracture created by the method taught in this Invention had a higher conductivity over a longer length of created fracture than the conventional method. The fracture created by this Invention had a conductivity of >800 mD-ft (millidarcy-feet) for a length of 850 feet along the fracture, whereas the Conventional Water-Frac method created a fracture that had a maximum conductivity of only 600 mD-ft, and that conductivity declined to less than 250 mD-ft within a length of 500 feet down the fracture. Thus, the fracture of this Invention was more effective at producing hydrocarbons in this example. The primary reason for the difference is that the proppant in the water-frac example settled to the bottom of the fracture and was not transported along the fracture length efficiently, whereas the proppant in the treatment designed following the method of the Invention was efficiently transported down the fracture and experienced minimal settling due to the superior proppant transport characteristics of the fluid. It is important to note that in the method of the Invention, the small amount of uncrosslinked polymer in the pad initiated a fracture into which more proppant could be effectively pumped.
[0050] Conventional Water-Frac Method: (Slick water pad followed by slick water proppant-laden stages.)
[0051] Slick water means an essentially unviscosified aqueous fluid. (In this example the slick water contained about 1.4 ppt polyacrylamide as a friction reducer; that value is given in the "Gel. Conc." (Gel Concentration) column.) The results are shown in FIG. 1 and Tables 1 and 2. Note that in the figures, the right-hand scale (conductivity in mD.ft) increases vertically from 0 to 600 in FIG. 1 and from 0 to 1400 in FIG. 2. In the Tables, Water PAD means a pad stage containing no proppant, Gelled Water PAD means a pad stage containing uncrosslinked polymer but no proppant, 0.XY PAD means a pad containing proppant at a concentration of 0.XY PPA (pounds proppant added) per gallon of fluid, flush means a fluid added after the last proppant-laden stage, and, because it contains no viscosifier here, Water-FRAC means slick water with or without proppant. Note that uncrosslinked polymers or VES's can form gels, that is, gelled does not necessarily mean crosslinked.
[0053] Method of the Invention: (Gelled Water Pad followed by VES Proppant-Laden Stages.)
[0054] The results are shown in FIG. 2 and Tables 3 and 4. Terms in these tables have the same meanings as those in Tables 1 and 2. In addition, "Uncrosslinked Polymer" is an uncrosslinked polysaccharide, "VES" is a viscoelastic surfactant, and "VES Gel" is a gel that naturally forms when the viscoelastic surfactant is added to water containing a salt.
[0056] In the tables, PPA is pounds of proppant added per gallon of fluid; bbl is barrels (equal to 42 U.S. gallons), mgal is thousand gallons, min is minutes, gal is gallons, lb is pounds mass, and psi is pounds force/square inch.
[0057] An important purpose of water-fracs is to use as little viscosifier and proppant as possible to create a hydraulic fracture. There are significant drawbacks; very high pump rates and very high total slurry volumes must be used, and success is uncertain because it is possible that the fracture may not be adequately propped open. In conventional fracture jobs, these problems are avoided by using highly viscous fracturing fluids and slurries having high proppant contents. Examples 1 and 2 above show that the method of the Invention can use a much smaller total slurry volume to deliver the same amount of proppant at only half the pump rate and at much lower surface pressures. This is accomplished in part by using a low concentration of an uncrosslinked polymer in the pad.
[0058] The preceding description of specific embodiments of the present Invention is not intended to be a complete list of every possible embodiment of the Invention. Persons skilled in this field will recognize that modifications can be made to the specific embodiments described here that would be within the scope of the present Invention. For example, while the Invention will have its greatest application in oilfield operations, it may also be utilized in production of other subterranean fluids such as water and carbon dioxide, or in stimulating geothermal wells.
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'Visual Learning Robot' Identifies, Extracts Vital Info From Any Webpage
App developers, start your engines.
Diffbot is a new form of visual-based content extraction technology that views and understands Web content the same way human beings do. The technology identifies and extracts the important objects on any Web page using artificial intelligence, computer vision, machine learning and natural language processing.
And the technology is for everyone. Diffbot's APIs give application developers a way to instantly utilize data from any Web page in their own applications, effectively turning the entire Web into a usable database. Diffbot is now processing 100 million API calls per month on behalf of its customers, who are using it for Web site mobilization, content management system migration, tag generation, article grouping/clustering and a host of other functions.
How is it being used so far? Diffbot's website gives the following example:
Editions by AOL uses Diffbot to pull relevant content from the web and lay it out into an easy-to-use iPad magazine. Using Diffbot AOL is able to identify headlines, full-text, authors and related images; deliver new content by tracking article changes; generate tags for every article; and automatically group similar items using Diffbot clustering algorithms.
Diffbot just secured a $2 million investment from technology veterans, including Sky Dayton, founder of EarthLink; Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems; Joi Ito, Director of the MIT Media Lab; Brad Garlinghouse, CEO of YouSendIt, and other top executives and founders from Facebook, Twitter and Yahoo, with participation from Matrix Partners.
"Diffbot is an incredibly sophisticated tool for developers to rapidly build compelling applications around Web content," Dayton said. "The more developers use Diffbot, the more it learns about and adds structure to data on the Web. This technology is becoming the basis for a new kind of Web experience enhanced by machine interpretation of content."
Diffbot has categorized the Web into about 20 different page types that can be visually analyzed using layout and contextual cues, including everything from product and review pages to social networking profiles and recipes. Amazingly, this visual-based processing lets Diffbot instantly understand and extract the content on any page, in any language. To date, the company has released developer APIs for two of the most commonly consumed page types, Front Pages and Articles. The Front Page API is designed for analyzing home and index pages using common layout markers (headlines, bylines, images, articles, ads and more), while the Article API is used to extract clean article text, related images and videos and generate unique cross-referenced tags from news and blog Web pages.
"Our goal with Diffbot is to understand every corner of the Web, and make every bit of it accessible for developers trying to create new, rich applications and experiences," said Michael Tung, Diffbot Founder and CEO.
Visit the website to test-drive Diffbot right now.


text:
The Scottish Archaeological Research Framework website
The Scottish Archaeological Research Framework (ScARF) reflects the current state of knowledge regarding Scotland's past. As understanding of the past changes, so too will ScARF. It should be seen as a live document that will be constantly updated, edited and improved. The people developing ScARF are the people who use it: those who research Scotland's past for enjoyment, employment, or frequently both.
NEW Directory of Archaeological Scientists now open for registration
All scientists interested in working on Scottish archaeological material are invited to register in the new ScARF Directory of Archaeological Scientists.
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Leave it to Freddie Gibbs to completely dominate Room 501 at Ace Hotel New York, where we have been filming bands all week. Gibbs is a secret veteran of the rap industry, pushing through major label purgatory and coming out the other side with literally hundreds of unreleased songs and a grip of mixtapes that are as cohesive and solid as albums. This week, Gibbs has been rapping all over New York city, and here raps all over our room at the New York outpost of the Levi's®/FADER Fort. Watch the video above.
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Feedback mentions investing in the future to encourage time travellers to pay you a visit (30 July). The week before that piece will be out, a time traveller came (or is that "is coming"?) to visit me from the future to tell me not to read the article yet to be printed, because I would be wasting my money the week after publication when I had put the $1 down as an investment.
The future government has, apparently, taxed the recent past (my distant future), with a retrospective future tax that will mean the time travellers' fund could not afford to repay my investment in the future.
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.


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Memorials Details Search Results
(Use your browser to return to the previous page)
Memorial Number: 35036-054
Type: Wooden cross and metal plaque
Location: Royal Military College of Canada
Address: 100 Montreal Street
Reference: in the Armoury, on the west wall
Kingston, ON
Surveyor: Capt. Roger Partridge
Photo Credit: David G. Lucas
The Vimy Cross Standing indented into the north wall, in a place of honour directly visible when one enters the Armouries, is a cross - The Vimy Cross -- approximately ten feet high and three feet across, with the 21st Battalion cap badge at its feet and surrounded by the Regiment's 19 current Battle Honours. In May 1917, the Officers of the 21st Battalion had this cross built to commemorate their comrades lost in the hard fighting for Vimy Ridge. Private George Williams of Cornwall, Ontario was a carpenter by trade before enlisting in the Canadian Expeditionary Force. Returning to the 21st Bn, and still on light duties after hospitalization and convalescence from having suffered a poison gas attack at the Somme, Pte Williams salvaged wood from the battlefield to make the cross. The cross was painted white and bore a metal plaque, purchased by the officers, reading, IN MEMORY OF OFFICERS, NCOs AND MEN; 21ST CANADIAN INFANTRY BATTALION KILLED IN ACTION APRIL 9th 1917. The cross was erected near the village of Thelus, France, in what would become the Thelus Military Cemetery, which holds the remains of 116 Canadian soldiers. After several years, surviving members of the 21st Battalion campaigned to have the cross returned to Kingston. Aided by the significant efforts of Lieutenant-Colonel H.E. Pense, DSO, MC, the cross was returned to Kingston and erected on the grounds of the Royal Military College. After several decades of weathering, in 1994 it was decided to refurbish the cross and move it into the Regimental Armouries, where it currently resides on a Wall of Honour overlooking the parade square. Services are held by the Regiment and Association every April, during which the name of every 21st Battalion soldier killed at Vimy is read aloud, so that we will remember their sacrifice.
21st CANADIAN
APRIL 9th


text:
Classical Music Jukebox
My entry to the Mozilla Devderby for January 2013
This application is a music jukebox containing classical music records, you can listen to compositions of famous composers like Beethoven, Vivaldi, Mozart and Chopin.
Developed using Twitter Bootstrap for layout and styling, Backbone, Underscore and Mustache for Javascript interactions. Audio link sources are from the Wikipedia.
Audio works only for browsers supporting OGG audio format and the audio tag
Build to work with the native Drag and Drop API from HTML5


text:
Door Problem
4 Attachment(s)
Hi all,
Installed my casa 2g80 and their is about a 1/2 inch gap on each side at the top. Been in contact with Forno Bravo for weeks and now they claim it is the correct door but that I didn't use enough sand under the tiles. Well it is too late to add sand without destroying and replacing the tiles. I also followed installation instructions exactly and there is no way I was 1/2 inch off on the amount.
Any ideas to seal the door and if another casa 80 owner could give me the measurements of their door so I can check it?
Unfortunately I don't trust FB on this because they initially sent me a oven without a chiminey, then claimed they shipped me a new door and it had been delivered, except the package they cited was the brick arch I ordered. Now it's the right door?
any help on sealing the door if it is the right one would be appreciated.
Re: Door Problem
Hi Dan,
We do apologize for the confusion regarding your door. We know one of our tech support reps have been in contact with you and has worked on your issues. Please note that it is very important to add sand under your cooking floor or it will be unleveled. If you are still missing any items, please contact us immediately and we will be more than happy to help you in anyway we can. We want all of our customers to have an enjoyable experience with Forno Bravo and will do whatever possible to make sure customers are satisfied.
Thank you.
Re: Door Problem
That doesn't help me at all. I used my notched trowel of the size and depth specified in the installation instructions and leveled the fire brick. My door opening is 10 1/8 inches high. It is listed on your website as 10 x 17. My gap is about 1/2 inch.
How about somebody from FB give me the proper dimensions of the door. I will compare so if it is the right door, I can try to find another solution. That should be the first step if somebody thinks they have the wrong door.
If I have the right door, the installation instructions need to be improved in that regard.
Re: Door Problem
That door does not seem to be wide enough for the opening either. It appears to be the wrong shape.
Re: Door Problem
1 Attachment(s)
If FB cant resolve the problem....
if you have a hand-grinder, you could get a piece of angle iron from the hardware (1.5-2") and attach to bottom of door using screws. (see pic I attached) This will raise your door off the bottom. Then you can use the grinder to re-shape the top arch to fit your oven.
Good Luck!
Re: Door Problem
Good suggestion Jeepiper, and I agree Deejayoh, it does appear to be the wrong shape and it isn't quite wide enough. If it is the right door, it isn't fitted as well as I would expect from standardized production.
Re: Door Problem
Hi Dan,
We are currently working on your door and will resolve this matter as soon as possible. Please stand by. Our sales representative has been in contact with you via email and will be in touch. Please feel free to give us a call if you have any other questions or requests.
Thank you for your patience and cooperation.
Re: Door Problem
Hi Daniel,
My name is Byron and I am the office manager here at Forno Bravo. I have tried to call a few times to get this situation taken care of but always seem to get your answering machine. Could you please call me at 831-384-6488 so we can get this situation resolved once and for all? Our hours are 8 am to 430 pm Monday through Friday.
Thank you
Byron Bland
Office Manager
Forno Bravo
Re: Door Problem
Dan - I'm going to jump in here on the side of FB. If there is a problem they obviously want to correct it. If your door was that far out of whack, you could probably send them a paper template and they will cut one to fit. I would not modify the one they sent.
Re: Door Problem
Hi Dan,
This is Byron again. Thank you for calling me and allowing me to get this situation taken care of. I apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused and hope you will contact me personally if by chance any more problems arise.
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This month, we've partnered with our good friend, Jeff McIntosh, over at Church Motion Graphics to bring you an awesome motion. This freebie comes from their Monthly Mega Pack from September 2013 and will be a great addition to your motion library. You can get the rest of the pack here.
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This download includes HD, SD, and Still versions.
This motion is free to download, but please do not redistribute. (Please link back to this page.)
To get this free motion, simply subscribe to receive our weekly email newsletter. You'll receive your download link via email within the hour.


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This profile for Bruce E Mones is located in Kensington, MD. Bruce E Mones industry is listed as Business Services at Non-Commercial Site. There are no officers listed for this company.
Bruce Mones served as the Principal
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Bruce Mones
Comprehensive Insight Plus Report
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|The D&B U.S. Company Profile contains basic information such as address and telephone number, executive names and titles, line of business and SIC codes, D-U-N-S Numbers, organization status, and year and location of incorporation for Bruce E Mones.


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1. Please select your bouquet size:
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Created for Teleflora's exclusive Flowers-in-a-Gift collection, this versatile cube features a distinctive bronze "mirror" finish. Filled with flowers or used as a candle holder, it will be a treasured keepsake for years to come.
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NKEC Tier 1 playoff hopes take a hit
© John DeCoste
Horton's Robert Adams continued an outstanding second season with the Griffins' football team, rushing for 194 yards and five touchdowns in a 48-2 thumping of the Sackville Kingfishers Oct. 22 in Wolfville. Adams now has 1,211 rushing yards this season for Horton, which improved to 4-3 with the win.
Kings County Advertiser/Register
The Horton Griffins continued their march toward an NSSAFFL Tier 1 playoff berth with a convincing 48-2 win over Sackville Oct. 22 in Wolfville.
The NKEC Titans' hopes of securing a Tier 1 playoff berth took a hit, with a 13-8 loss to Cole Harbour Oct. 22 in Burnside.
In Wolfville, Horton led Sackville 28-0 at halftime en route to a lopsided win, which improved the Griffins' season record to 4-3 with one regular season game remaining.
Robert Adams ran wild against the Kingfishers' defense, racking up 194 yards on 28 carries (giving him 1,211 rushing yards on the season) and scoring five touchdowns.
Greg Brown shook off a hit to the head in his previous game to complete 6-8 passes for 142 yards and a pair of touchdown passes, one to Noel Morgan and the other to Sam Crawford.
"The pass over the middle was there for us all day," said Horton head coach Alec Hyndman, adding Crawford did a great job subbing for Robert Lannan, who left the game after turning an ankle.
"I figured we would win," he said, "but not nearly that easily."
Above and beyond the offensive performance, the Horton defense "was just awesome," recording "five or six" quarterback sacks and picking off three interceptions.
"Our defense has been great all season," Hyndman said. "That's one reason we've been able to score as much as we do, because the defense keeps on giving us such great field position to work with."
Horton clinched a Tier 1 playoff position with the win. Where the Griffins will finish, and who they meet in the playoffs, will depend on the rest of the season results, including their season finale Nov. 8 against NKEC.
As for the Titans, they missed a chance to keep pace with Horton, dropping a disappointing 13-8 decision to Cole Harbour.
"Defensively, we played great, but our offense simply didn't show up," said a disappointed NKEC head coach Wally Archer, who saw his team fall to 3-3 with two regular season games remaining.
Cole Harbour scored both its touchdowns on special teams, via a kickoff return and a blocked punt. Jeff Longaphy had the lone NKEC touchdown.
NKEC hosted Halifax West October 30 in Canning, and wraps up the regular season with a make-up game against Horton Nov. 8 at 7 p.m. at Acadia.
"If we're successful this weekend," Archer said last week, "our game with Horton will be for the Tier 1 playoffs." Simply put: "if we win, we're in. If we lose, we're out."
Central Kings, which had the Oct. 22 weekend off, was back in action this past weekend, tangling with the Dr. J.H. Gillis Royals in Antigonish in their regular season finale.
Avon View continued a truly forgettable season with a 42-0 loss to Dr. Gillis Oct. 24 in Windsor. The Avalanche wrapped up their regular season October 30 against the Sir John A. Macdonald Flames.


text:
From the article: Limewire P2P Client - Free and Pro Downloads
Peer to Peer (P2P) is one of the most popular technologies on the Internet for file sharing. Many popular software programs called P2P clients allow searching and transferring files over these P2P networks. Some P2P clients and networks may offer faster download speed, better stability, a nicer user interface or other qualities you are looking for in a software application. Some may also be missing important features or suffer from serious technical glitches.
This page contains feedback from our readers explaining which P2P client they use, and why.
Try this (advice from a pro)
- 1st hide your surfing from your ISP with a Free or Paid CyberGhost account. P2P is NOT allowed from USA servers-Canada is the closes to USA. 2nd try using Tixati as your client. 3rd sign up for a Demonoid account make sure the one you click on ends in ph. Registrations are open for new users which is usually by invite by members when they shut off. Demonoid is back on line now after being down for a long time. 4th try using a torrent search engine with 28 torrents listed such as TorrentPond, you can search multi torrents from one site till you find what you looking for. 5th for verified torrents try TorrentBox click on the one that ends sx, is a torrent site that provides fast torrent search and download. Get rid of fakes, spam, virus infected or password protected torrent files - on TorrentBox you'll find only verified files. 6th set your homepage as ixquick.com and change it's filters in settings and stop using other search engines like the major ones.
- —Guest Cocobit
- I have been using uTorrent, Bittorrent and many other Torrent clients for years. uTorrent is the best I have found till date. But it hardly depends on the client. If you have got a good torrent to download, the downloading speed is almost same in every client.
- —Guest Gurleen Singh Thind
LimeWire is dead
- LimeWire is now in a MAJOR lawsuit for their upload and download infringements, and big brother is trying to get the program shut down.
- —Guest tuitch 95
- I use Vuze. It's pretty good, no lag and most files I want r on there.
- —Guest Memines
Utorrent was great, until...
- I used to use Utorrent, which was great. Then I started getting emails from my ISP about downloading illegal files. The only problem with that was my PC was in the shop both times. I had to change my Network id and password 6 times in the past year. I am now petrified to download anything.
- —Guest fyredawn
Greedy, Nasty RIAA
- I'm in the same predicament: trying to find the best P2P since Limewire went. I can say stay away from LimeWire Turbo. The files are fake, containing lectures about how your downloading music , when you're too poor to buy it, is illegal and you're bad bad bad. I gave them thousands of $ over the years for CDs for maybe 2 good songs on each and it's enough. Art should be for all. So anyway, rant aside, my search continues for a better P2P. More suggestions people?
- —Guest Lenoir
Aarrrrr... - Pirate Bay is the way 2 go
- In my experience, Pirate Bay is the best p2p site going. Ease of use - never got a virus - and they let downloaders leave comments. Just by reading a few of these comments, you can tell if the torrent is bulls%!* . Once you establish a rapport with one of the more prominent uploaders, they'll usually have what you're lookin' for. I suggest however you first download Miro, and from there you can download Pirate Bay. Good luck and enjoy, but most of all be careful!
- —Guest aidensdad
Still looking for a better network
- Since LimeWire got shut down, I have also used FrostWire, and it is almost identical to LimeWire. I'm still looking for a better P2P program.
- —Guest johnd
BitTorrent has always worked well for me
- Bit torrent does it all for me - music, movies etc.
- —Guest lilleyen
Not sure which ones are legal anymore
- I am scared to death to download music from P2P sites since so many people seem to get in trouble for doing so (even though it is P2P!).
- —Guest Ashley
It's a matter of personal choice
- I have been in the same predicament as many here. Limewire had its downsides, but it is all I have used since Napster was forced to change, and I really enjoyed Limewire. Now I am stuck trying to find the "best" p2p software merely to be met with disappointment. The best I have ran into so far is Shareaza, however unless you really know what you're doing it is difficult to regulate bandwidths, queue positions, etc to make the software behave as you wish at maximum potential. Tried Vuze, Bearshare, and a few others but none really matched the standard I became accustomed to with Limewire. It would make it much easier to find the best p2p software if so many download sites weren't flooded w/ B.S. reviews merely to push their product. For the most part Id have to say the best is for the most part up to the person. Depending on what files, features you want incorporated into the software. I'm trying find out about a new p2p called "Anubis."
- —Guest DarkExiztance
LimeWire is shut down
- I am an old guy here and I need some help with getting mp3 music from the internet to burn to disc for my own enjoyment. Seems like the last 4 so called free mp3 music companies i have tried have all wanted money after using them for a lil while....I feel like Big Brother has taken over the Internet .....Wish I had the knowledge you young people have to know what to do here.
- —Guest cliff cartwright
Problems with them all
- SHAREAZA sucks for my needs. LIMEWIRE used to be OK but has gotten filled with fake files that are nothing but advertising or worse. ARES works well for me but is slow. I'm going to try another P2P...maybe BIT TORRENT. I'll let you know how it works out.
- —Guest BigFuzzyBear
BitTorrent - easy to use
- Because BitTorrent has got the simplest interface and I am comfortable with it.
- —Guest humanbot
I've tried (some of) them, and...
- So far, Limewire seems to be the best...both from a software point of view and speed. However, it seems to me a little limited in it's available files...not as good as Ares which I also use. Ares has good software but it's speed is slower and it doesn't seem to have as much 'umph' in getting me files. Shareaza has (for my interests) limited utility and is not too fast either. Just my 2 cents
- —Guest FuzzyBear


text:
Adeline Foster
~if There Be No God - Poem by Adeline Foster
If there be no God,
Then all the stars, that in their place
Have aeons roamed abroad,
Would long ago have lost the trace
Of orbits-if there be no God.
If there be no God,
Then justice in the heart of man
Would be a fake-a senseless fraud;
Each for himself alone would stand-
No honor-if there be no God.
Comments about ~if There Be No God by Adeline Foster
Herbert Guitang (7/3/2015 8:07:00 PM)
So wonderful poem. I am really touched with this poem. (Report) Reply
L. E. O. Gibraltar (1/19/2015 12:52:00 PM)
What a wonderful piece that conveys the undeniable truth. There is a God whose law is written on the stars and the hearts of men. Thanks a lot! (Report) Reply
Patricia Grantham (6/30/2014 9:17:00 AM)
An excellent poem Adeline and very well written in
short verses. Surely there is a God who knows it
all and who also rules the Earth. Well done my poet
friend. (Report) Reply
Deepak Sawhney (9/13/2013 11:38:00 PM)
: -) A free for all. A chaotic world. Every man for himself. No datum or yardstick, everything subjective & interpreted as per one's own convenience. Too true! ! (Report) Reply
Prasanna Kumari (11/26/2012 5:24:00 AM)
whether God created man or man created God it is essential to have faith in God to have a peaceful and happy life ultimately.... (Report) Reply
Matthew Fowler (11/18/2012 8:56:00 PM)
I believe that if there was no god, there would be no war, scientific advancements would come uncontrollably, there would less racism, and man would be able to look at the stars and not think of letting god do all the work but helping to move humanity forward. (Report) Reply
Gillian Commerford (11/17/2012 8:46:00 AM)
Howard 'the motivational poet' Simon (11/16/2012 10:08:00 PM)
The raw, rabid reality of a world without God is here excellently expressed. (Report) Reply
Mark Dillon (11/15/2012 11:57:00 PM)
we all believe in a higher power, and we all aspire to do whats right an just in its presence, if that was not there what would we all aspire to? short and to the point. (Report) Reply
Cynthia Buhain-baello (11/15/2012 8:36:00 PM)
Excellent discourse on the proof that there is indeed -God. Brilliant in brevity and deeply profound in Truth. (Report) Reply
Nurain Ali-balogun (11/15/2012 1:03:00 PM)
If there be no God, then there will be no order in the world. Good poetry! (Report) Reply
Ifetayo Abiola (11/15/2012 7:56:00 AM)
Babatunde Aremu (11/15/2012 5:48:00 AM)
You are totally correct. Only the fool denies God. Great write, I like it (Report) Reply
Sandra Feldman (11/15/2012 1:11:00 AM)
I like it very much, but please tell me is there any Honor or Justice left, anyplace, anywhere? ? ? (Report) Reply
Sangnam Nam (11/14/2012 6:13:00 PM)
Majestic...! God's protections are everywhere including in our hearts and the universe..Well done, my friend! (Report) Reply
Sunil Babu (9/5/2012 10:36:00 AM)
great and grand...if there be no god, devils will rule the roost (Report) Reply
Frank Mceleny (9/3/2012 11:43:00 PM)
Very good Adeline. I worte something in that theme it is called If I did not believe. (Report) Reply
Joseph Anderson (8/31/2012 2:22:00 PM)
If there be a God he needs to make an appearance now. We and nature are in dire straits.
A truly provocative poem of depth..My faith is in an uneasy mode (Report) Reply
Bonnie Lundgren (1/31/2012 6:56:00 PM)
Astute and unflinching reasoning. Concise writing. This poem stands straightedged in the winds of thought. (Report) Reply
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Adeline Foster's Other Poems
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Caged Bird
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Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening
Robert Frost
A Dream Within A Dream
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