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Drosophila melanogaster (from the Greek for black-bellied dew-lover) is a two-winged insect that belongs to the Diptera, the order of the flies. The species is commonly known as the common fruit fly, and is one of the most commonly used model organisms in biology, including studies in genetics, physiology and life history evolution. Flies belonging to the Tephritidae are also called fruit flies, which can lead to confusion, especially in Australia where the term fruit fly is used to refer to the Tephritidae, an economic pest in fruit production.
Wildtype fruit flies have brick red eyes, are yellow-brown in colour, and have transverse black rings across their abdomen. They exhibit sexual dimorphism: females are about 2.5 millimetres (0.1 inches) long; males are slightly smaller and the back of their bodies is darker. Males are easily distinguished from females based on colour differences, with a distinct black patch at the abdomen, less noticeable in recently emerged flies (see fig), and the sexcombs (a row of dark bristles on the tarsus of the first leg). Furthermore, males have a cluster of spiky hairs (claspers) surrounding the reproducing parts used to attach to the female during mating. There are extensive images at Fly Base
The D. melanogaster lifespan is about 30 days at 29 °C (84 °F).
The developmental period for Drosophila melanogaster varies with temperature, as with many ectothermic species. The shortest development time (egg to adult), 7 days, is achieved at 28 °C (82 °F). Development times increase at higher temperatures (30 °C (86 °F), 11 days) due to heat stress. Under ideal conditions, the development time at 25 °C (77 °F) is 8.5 days, at 18 °C (64 °F) it takes 19 days and at 12 °C (54 °F) it takes over 50 days. Under crowded conditions, development time increases, while the emerging flies are smaller. Females lay some 400 eggs (embryos), about five at a time, into rotting fruit or other suitable material such as decaying mushrooms and sap fluxes. The eggs, which are about 0.5 millimetres long, hatch after 12–15 h (at 25 °C (77 °F)). The resulting larvae grow for about 4 days (at 25 °C) while molting twice (into 2nd- and 3rd-instar larvae), at about 24 and 48 h after eclosion. During this time, they feed on the microorganisms that decompose the fruit, as well as on the sugar of the fruit itself. Then the larvae encapsulate in the puparium and undergo a four-day-long metamorphosis (at 25 °C), after which the adults eclose (emerge).
Females become receptive to courting males at about 8-12 hours after emergence. Males perform a sequence of five behavioral patterns to court females. First, males orient themselves while playing a courtship song by horizontally extending and vibrating their wings. Soon after, the male positions itself at the rear of the female's abdomen in a low posture to tap and lick the female genitalia. Finally, the male curls its abdomen, and attempts copulation. Females can reject males by moving away and extruding their ovipositor. The average duration of successful copulation is 30 minutes, during which males transfer a few hundred very long (1.76mm) sperm cells in seminal fluid to the female. Females store the sperm, which may need to compete with other males' stored sperm to fertilize eggs.
Drosophila melanogaster is one of the most studied organisms in biological research, particularly in genetics and developmental biology. There are several reasons:
Charles W. Woodworth is credited with being the first to breed Drosophila in quantity and for suggesting to W. E. Castle that they might be used for genetic research during his time at Harvard University. Beginning in 1910, fruit flies helped Thomas Hunt Morgan accomplish his studies on heredity. "Thomas Hunt Morgan and colleagues extended Mendel's work by describing X-linked inheritance and by showing that genes located on the same chromosome do not show independent assortment. Studies of X-linked traits helped confirm that genes are found on chromosomes, while studies of linked traits led to the first maps showing the locations of genetic loci on chromosomes" (Freman 214). The first maps of Drosophila chromosomes were completed by Alfred Sturtevant.
The genome of D. melanogaster (sequenced in 2000, and curated at the FlyBase database) contains four pairs of chromosomes: an X/Y pair, and three autosomes labeled 2, 3, and 4. The fourth chromosome is so tiny that it is often ignored, aside from its important eyeless gene. Its sequenced genome of 120 million base pairs has been annotated and contains approximately 13,767 protein-coding genes which comprise ~20% of the genome. More than 60% of the genome appears to be functional non-protein-coding DNA involved in gene expression control. Determination of sex in Drosophila occurs by the ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes, not because of the presence of a Y chromosome as in human sex determination.
Drosophila genes are traditionally named after the phenotype they cause when mutated. For example, the absence of a particular gene in Drosophila will result in a mutant embryo that does not develop a heart. Scientists have thus called this gene tinman, named after the Oz character of the same name (Cf. Azpiazu & Frasch (1993) Genes and Development: 7: 1325-1340.). This system of nomenclature results in a wider range of gene names than in other organisms.
Embryogenesis in Drosophila has been extensively studied, as its small size, short generation time, and large brood size makes it ideal for genetic studies. It is also unique among model organisms in that cleavage occurs in a syncytium. During oogenesis, cytoplasmic bridges called "ring canals" connect the forming oocyte to nurse cells. Nutrients and developmental control molecules move from the nurse cells into the oocyte. In the figure to the left, the forming oocyte can be seen to be covered by follicular support cells.
After fertilization of the oocyte the early embryo or (syncytial embryo) undergoes rapid DNA replication and 13 nuclear divisions until approximately 5000 to 6000 nuclei accumulate in the unseparated cytoplasm of the embryo. By the end of the 8th division most nuclei have migrated to the surface, surrounding the yolk sac (leaving behind only a few nuclei, which will become the yolk nuclei). After the 10th division the pole cells form at the posterior end of the embryo, segregating the germ line from the syncytium. Finally, after the 13th division cell membranes slowly invaginate, dividing the syncytium into individual somatic cells. Once this process is completed gastrulation starts.
Nuclear division in the early Drosophila embryo happens so quickly there are no proper checkpoints so mistakes may be made in division of the DNA. To get around this problem the nuclei which have made a mistake detach from their centrosomes and fall into the centre of the embryo (yolk sac) which will not form part of the fly.
The gene network (transcriptional and protein interactions) governing the early development of the fruitfly embryo is one of the best understood gene networks to date, especially the patterning along the antero-posterior (AP) and dorso-ventral (DV) axes (See under morphogenesis).
The embryo undergoes well-characterized morphogenetic movements during gastrulation and early development, including germ-band extension, formation of several furrows, ventral invagination of the mesoderm, posterior and anterior invagination of endoderm (gut), as well as extensive body segmentation until finally hatching from the surrounding cuticle into a 1st-instar larva.
During larval development, tissues known as imaginal discs grow inside the larva. Imaginal discs develop to form most structures of the adult body, such as the head, legs, wings, thorax and genetalia. Cells of the imaginal disks are set aside during embryogenesis and continue to grow and divide during the larval stages - unlike most other cells of the larva which have differentiated to perform specialized functions and grow without further cell division. At metamorphosis, the larva forms a pupa, inside which the larval tissues are reabsorbed and the imaginal tissues undergo extensive morphogenetic movements to form adult structures.
Since then, Benzer and others have used behavioral screens to isolate genes involved in vision, olfaction, audition, learning/memory, courtship, pain and other processes, such as longevity.
The first learning and memory mutants (dunce, rutabaga etc) were isolated by William "Chip" Quinn while in Benzer's lab, and were eventually shown to encode components of an intracellular signaling pathway involving cyclic AMP, protein kinase A and a transcription factor known as CREB. These molecules were shown to be also involved in synaptic plasticity in Aplysia and mammals.
Male flies sing to the females during courtship using their wing to generate sound, and some of the genetics of sexual behavior have been characterized. In particular, the fruitless gene has several different splice forms, and male flies expressing female splice forms have female-like behavior and vice-versa.
Furthermore, Drosophila has been used in neuropharmacological research, including studies of cocaine and alcohol consumption.
The compound eye of the fruit fly contains 760 unit eyes or ommatidia, and are one of the most advanced among insects. Each ommatidium contains 8 photoreceptor cells (R1-8), support cells, pigment cells, and a cornea. Wild-type flies have reddish pigment cells, which serve to absorb excess blue light so the fly isn't blinded by ambient light.
Each photoreceptor cell consists of two main sections, the cell body and the rhabdomere. The cell body contains the nucleus while the 100-μm-long rhabdomere is made up of toothbrush-like stacks of membrane called microvilli. Each microvillus is 1–2 μm in length and ~60 nm in diameter. The membrane of the rhabdomere is packed with about 100 million rhodopsin molecules, the visual protein that absorbs light. The rest of the visual proteins are also tightly packed into the microvillar space, leaving little room for cytoplasm.
The photoreceptors in Drosophila express a variety of rhodopsin isoforms. The R1-R6 photoreceptor cells express Rhodopsin1 (Rh1) which absorbs blue light (480 nm). The R7 and R8 cells express a combination of either Rh3 or Rh4 which absorb UV light (345 nm and 375 nm), and Rh5 or Rh6 which absorb blue (437 nm) and green (508 nm) light respectively. Each rhodopsin molecule consists of an opsin protein covalently linked to a carotenoid chromophore, 11-cis-3-hydroxyretinal.
As in vertebrate vision, visual transduction in invertebrates occurs via a G protein-coupled pathway. However, in vertebrates the G protein is transducin, while the G protein in invertebrates is Gq (dgq in Drosophila). When rhodopsin (Rh) absorbs a photon of light its chromophore, 11-cis-3-hydroxyretinal, is isomerized to all-trans-3-hydroxyretinal. Rh undergoes a conformational change into its active form, metarhodopsin. Metarhodopsin activates Gq, which in turn activates a phospholipase Cβ (PLCβ) known as NorpA.
PLCβ hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP2), a phospholipid found in the cell membrane, into soluble inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylgycerol (DAG), which stays in the cell membrane. DAG or a derivative of DAG causes a calcium selective ion channel known as TRP (transient receptor potential) to open and calcium and sodium flows into the cell. IP3 is thought to bind to IP3 receptors in the subrhabdomeric cisternae, an extension of the endoplasmic reticulum, and cause release of calcium, but this process doesn't seem to be essential for normal vision.
Calcium binds to proteins such as calmodulin (CaM) and an eye-specific protein kinase C (PKC) known as InaC. These proteins interact with other proteins and have been shown to be necessary for shut off of the light response. In addition, proteins called arrestins bind metarhodopsin and prevent it from activating more Gq.
A sodium/calcium exchanger known as CalX pumps the calcium out of the cell. It uses the inward sodium gradient to export calcium at a stoichiometry of 3 Na+/ 1 Ca++.
TRP, InaC, and PLC form a signaling complex by binding a scaffolding protein called InaD. InaD contains five binding domains called PDZ domain proteins which specifically bind the C termini of target proteins. Disruption of the complex by mutations in either the PDZ domains or the target proteins reduces the efficiency of signaling. For example, disruption of the interaction between InaC, the protein kinase C, and InaD results in a delay in inactivation of the light response.
Unlike vertebrate metarhodopsin, invertebrate metarhodopsin can be converted back into rhodopsin by absorbing a photon of orange light (580 nm).
Approximately two-thirds of the Drosophila brain (about 200,000 neurons total) is dedicated to visual processing. Although the spatial resolution of their vision is significantly worse than that of humans, their temporal resolution is approximately ten times better.
It was long thought that the characteristics of Drosophila flight were dominated by the viscosity of the air, rather than the inertia of the fly body. However, research in the lab of Michael Dickinson has indicated that flies perform banked turns, where the fly accelerates, slows down while turning, and accelerates again at the end of the turn. This indicates that inertia is the dominant force, as is the case with larger flying animals.


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High in the oakland hills, above the Tarot readers, buskers and bead sellers of Telegraph Avenue and the tree-covered Berkeley campus of the University of California, Beverly Reiser works on her latest piece of art. Her easel and palette are a powerful PC, a pen-shaped stylus and Painter, a painting program from Fractal Design.
Reiser is creating stills for what will eventually be animated artwork sold on a CD-ROM entitled The Voice Garden. Viewers will be able to wander through the work's 'mythical spaces' and she hopes they will muse over its ideas in their own time. This is a way of experiencing a work of art that CD-ROM is ideally placed to provide. But Reiser does not see CD-ROM as the sole medium for interactive art, as an earlier work demonstrates.
Temple of the Goddesses, which she describes as a virtual visit to a holy place, uses computer animated ...
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text: The Prairie Dresser Collection is hand crafted in our Brooklyn workshop. The styling takes cues from the Arts and Crafts movement of the early 20th Century. All piece in the collection are available in American Black Cherry (as shown here) or American Walnut. The construction of our Prairie Collection features mortise and tenon joinery in solid wood, through dovetail drawer boxes, and arched aprons. The beauty of the wood is highlighted by a natural oil and wax finish. Typical … [Read more...]


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Franchise Encyclopedia ▪ Previous Season ▪ Next Season
Record: 26-40, Finished 5th in NBA Northwest Division (Schedule and Results)
Coach: Rick Adelman (26-40)
PTS/G: 97.9 (10th of 30) ▪ Opp PTS/G: 100.1 (25th of 30)
SRS: -1.83 (21st of 30) ▪ Pace: 93.3 (4th of 30)
Off Rtg: 104.3 (18th of 30) ▪ Def Rtg: 106.6 (25th of 30)
Expected W-L: 28-38 (21st of 30)
Arena: Target Center ▪ Attendance: 577,197 (15th of 30)
Our primary support comes from users like you. Sponsor this page for $20. Your message will replace this ad.
Transactions listed are from July 1, 2011 to June
30, 2012.
Click on the Team for team roster and stats.
Click on the Player for career stats and accomplishments.
September 12, 2011
Hired Rick Adelman as Head Coach.
December 13, 2011
Traded Lazar Hayward to the Oklahoma City Thunder for Robert Vaden, a 2012 2nd round draft pick (Robbie Hummel was later selected) and a 2013 2nd round draft pick (Bojan Dubljevic was later selected).
December 14, 2011
Signed Jose Barea as a free agent.
December 15, 2011
Signed Bonzi Wells as a free agent.
December 23, 2011
Waived Bonzi Wells.
February 6, 2012
Assigned Malcolm Lee to the Sioux Falls Skyforce of the D-League.
February 12, 2012
Recalled Malcolm Lee from the Sioux Falls Skyforce of the D-League.
February 29, 2012
Assigned Malcolm Lee to the Sioux Falls Skyforce of the D-League.
March 9, 2012
Recalled Malcolm Lee from the Sioux Falls Skyforce of the D-League.
June 26, 2012
Traded a 2012 1st round draft pick (Terrence Jones was later selected) to the Houston Rockets for Chase Budinger and Lior Eliyahu.
June 28, 2012
Drafted Robbie Hummel in the 2nd round (58th pick) of the 2012 NBA Draft.


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The stereotype is always racialized, which isolates contestants of color and makes them even less likely to win.
Deep breath: The black community cannot pretend that the stereotype of black men as violent comes out of nowhere.
Kelley has been aggressively fighting the stereotype of the social gadfly and temptress.
1798, "method of printing from a plate," from French stéréotype (adj.) "printing by means of a solid plate of type," from Greek stereos "solid" (see sterile) + French type "type." Noun meaning "a stereotype plate" is from 1817. Meaning "image perpetuated without change" is first recorded 1850, from the verb in this sense, which is from 1819. Meaning "preconceived and oversimplified notion of characteristics typical of a person or group" is recorded from 1922. Stereotypical is attested from 1949.
A too-simple and therefore distorted image of a group, such as "Football players are stupid" or "The English are cold and unfriendly people."
A generalization, usually exaggerated or oversimplified and often offensive, that is used to describe or distinguish a group.


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One of several Metropark golf courses in the Detroit area, this track was designed by Sue Nyquist and opened in 1994. It's south of Detroit, the course is accessed from W. Jefferson Avenue. Go past the main entrance to the course entry road. A Metropark pass is not required.
At 6,472 yards ( 71.0/125 rating) the layout is not lengthy but one needs to be straight as the terrain is littered with wetlands and ponds. The course is flat and easily walked which, together with its relatively short length makes the 18 popular with seniors. There is a modest amount of bunkering and the greens tend to be relatively level and moderate in size.
No golf course reviews have been submitted on this course.


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Drizzt10's Stream - Diablo III Live Stream (Offline)
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Description: Hello I am David Jordon "Price/Drizzt" Lawerence.
I am a diamond protoss player.
I also on the side raid Heroic mode bosses in World of Warcraft.
Twitter: @DavidLawerence3
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Video: New owner Jimmy Haslam down in the Dawg Pound
CLEVELAND -- Not everyone at Cleveland Browns Stadium recognized Jimmy Haslam III. But fans quickly found out, he was not just another face in the crowd.
"He said, 'Hi, I'm Jimmy.' And I'm thinking, 'Holy cow!'" said Lisa Haynes-Henry. "It's the man. It's the new man, who's hopefully going to bring really great things back to Cleveland. And bring us a winning team and a really great environment."
Haslam wanted to see Browns Town top to bottom during the preseason home opener against the Philadelphia Eagles.
He started with an inside look of WKYC's production with General Manager Brooke Spectorsky.
Friday it was a Haslam Family affair for Jimmy, his wife Dee, even his dad Jim Jr. was on the field before the game began.
Some couldn't believe their eyes as Haslam walked the concourse and stopped in at Stadium Grill.
"This is the first time you've gotten to see him. He's here!" said Browns fan Dustin Kessler. "You don't see owners that much. It's pretty nice."
"Randy Learner never came out here and shook anybody's hand. You know, this guy's in a bar. He's a billionaire. He's in a bar. With the common people," said Dan Newland.
Haslam says for now he's here to ask questions. He even went down to the Dawgs. Haslam sat in the Dawg Pound in Section 120 for much of the first half.
He told listeners on the Cleveland Browns Radio Network: "We have been just blown away by how excited everybody is about football. We feel the excitement ourselves. And we're committed to doing everything we can to bring a winner back here to Cleveland."
Fans say it's a winning start for the man that just bought the Browns.
"Let's hope this guy's in it for good," said Newland.


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Personally, i watch out of habit and try to avoid spoilers as best as i can. Just pay no attention to what people say and you'll enjoy it much more :)Quote:
Hey guys long time reader but first post here so be nice :-). Here goes! With all the posts and blogs in regards to the Royal Rumble and people clearly not happy about The Rock potentially winning the title, I thought I would just ask this one simple question and that is what happened to just being entertained?
Personally I really don't want Punks streak to end but if the Rock wins i'm still happy because it will be extremely entertaining and potentailly bring new life into the title. What I dont undertstand is why us (as the fans) feel the need to worry about what is fair for the full time wrestlers, why cant we just chill out a bit and be entertained ? Its not even like the people posting are bothered about how fun the Rock winning will or won't be, they're worried about the future of the buisness and talents. Why! surely people are being paid a lot of money to worry about that so we dont have too.
Its not just The Rock and Punk, the same can be said for The Miz and Flair were people think it should have by all rights been Ziggler (p.s. Love the way Ziggler is at the moment with A.J and Big E and really want to see more of it.) I think Miz and Flair were excellent together and the passing on of the figure 4 was really cool.
Those are just two examples but I am interested to hear your opinions?


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Make running a luxurious ride with the 1080v4, a men's shoe that combines the deluxe fit of a FantomFit upper with the stability of T-Beam and an asymmetrical heel counter. The premium cushioning of N2 in the heel and N2 Burst in the forefoot gives you exceptional response as you push off, and the no-sew material application means a snug, firm fit. The synthetic/mesh upper comes in a number of stylish designs; look fast and feel fast with the 1080v4. - S.C.
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North Arkansas College will strive to support the local community and the providers of goods and services whenever possible within the limits of the procurement laws of the State of Arkansas.
All purchases for North Arkansas College, regardless of the source of funds, are subject to Arkansas laws, regulations, and procedures, and should be for the official business of the College. All types of purchases from College budget accounts are subject to these regulations and procedures and require prior approval in the form of an official North Arkansas College Purchase Order. Purchases made without prior approval are not legal obligations of North Arkansas College and any individual making a purchase without following proper purchasing procedures is assuming a personal obligation to the vendor and he/she may be held personally liable for the expense.
The purchasing department can be found within the Finance and Administration offices on the fourth (4th) floor of Northark's Center Campus located at 303 North Main Street.


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Yolanda in pictures: Super typhoon ravages central Philippines
Entire nation on alert as Yolanda barrels towards Friday landfall. Typhoon Yolanda is seen approaching the Philippines in this NOAA satellite image taken Wednesday, November 6, at 23:13 UTC (7:00 a.m. Thursday, PHL time). Local authorities evacuated coastal areas and put emergency workers on alert as the storm is expected to grow into a super typhoon headed towards the Visayas, which is still recovering from a 7.2 magnitude earthquake that hit last month. Reuters/NOAA
Most of the world could only watch on edge from afar as Super Typhoon Yolanda slammed its way through the central Philippines on Friday. But for many Filipinos, the storm was an inescapable experience that inspired equal parts of awe and fear.
Here, in pictures, is the face of Yolanda that the rest of the world couldn't see for themselves:
—Compiled by Roehl Niño Bautista/TJD, GMA News
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WASHINGTON—On that humiliating night last Nov. 22 in Phoenix, Kirk Hinrich did a slow burn as he dressed in front of his locker, angry and embarrassed after the Bulls tied a franchise record by falling to 0-9.
"I hope we let this hurt," Hinrich said then. "Because this has to change."
With four rookies in their regular rotation backed by unheralded veterans, the Bulls earned their first playoff berth since the dynasty ended in 1998, compiling a nine-game winning streak during March and April to distance themselves further from that painful Phoenix memory.
But on Friday night at the MCI Center, Hinrich's early-season words applied anew.
The Bulls will have all off-season to ponder becoming just the ninth team to lose a 2-0 lead in a best-of-seven playoff series after a bitter 94-91 loss to Washington in Game 6 of these Eastern Conference quarterfinals.
That the Bulls lost a seven-point lead with 8 minutes 40 seconds to play and surrendered the winning points on a freak play makes the loss tougher to bear.
On an inbound play off a timeout with the score tied and 34.9 seconds left, Hinrich threw a pass that Chris Duhon never sawhis back was turned as he ran the play.
The ball bounced off Duhon's back to a streaking Jared Jeffries, who broke free for a dunk and 93-91 lead.
"We had two options," coach Scott Skiles said. "Kirk thought 'Du' was open and 'Du' already was spinning out to go to the second option."
Jannero Pargo followed Jeffries' dunk with a wild air ball with 17.2 seconds remaining, forcing the Bulls to foul.
Juan Dixon made the second of two free throws with 16.4 seconds left to give the Bulls one final chance, trailing by three.
Andres Nocioni, who had been more effective at self-flagellation than scoring since his Game 1 outburst, couldn't add to his productive night of 22 points and seven rebounds, missing a wide-open three-pointer.
Tyson Chandler, also huge with 14 points and 11 rebounds, snared the rebound but inexplicably shot a two-pointer instead of kicking it out for one more three-point try.
From nine straight losses to begin the season to four straight losses to end it, the Bulls had come full circle. But once the pain etched in every player's face in a pin-drop quiet locker room eases, the Bulls will realize they traveled even further.
"They have brought pride back to the franchise," said Scottie Pippen, who knows a thing or two about such matters.
In winning its first playoff series in 23 years, Washington advances to a second-round matchup against Miami.
Skiles had implored his team to play harderand it responded in a big way. The Bulls' intensity was palpable, from Hinrich snarling at the Wizards' mascot at halftime to Duhon diving on the floor for loose balls despite back pain so severe he couldn't sit on the bench.
When Hinrich banked in a shot for three of his 22 points during a third-quarter run, you started to sense maybe this was the Bulls' night.


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Classic Footless One Piece
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سوسية Arabic
סוּסְיָא Hebrew
|Coordinates: 31°23′30.67″N 35°6′44.45″E / 31.3918528°N 35.1123472°E
|West Bank
|Judea and Samaria Area
|• Council
|Har Hebron
|Time zone
|• Summer (DST)
Susya (Arabic: سوسية, Hebrew: סוּסְיָא) is the site of an ancient Jewish village in the southern Judaean Mountains of the West Bank, a Palestinian village established by the 1830s and a religious communal Israeli settlement under the jurisdiction of Har Hebron Regional Council established in 1983.
The Palestinian community has a population of 250 residents as of 2013.[1] The Israeli settlement was established between May and September 1983 on 1,800 dunams of land. It had a population of 737 in 2006.[2][3][4] The Israeli government in a petition to the High Court, has proposed demolishing the village and removing its inhabitants to Yatta,citing archaeological reasons. [5]
The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this.[6]
Susya, whether it refers to the site of the synagogue or the ruins of the contiguous ancient and large settlement of some 60 dunams, is not mentioned in any ancient text, and Jewish literature failed to register an ancient Jewish town on that site.[7] It is thought by some to correspond to the Biblical Carmel (Josh 15.5), a proposal made by Avraham Negev.[8][9] Others argue that, in the wake of the Second Revolt (AD 132-5), when the Romans garrisoned Khirbet el-Karmil, identified as the biblical Carmel, religious Jews uncomfortable with pagan symbols moved 2 km south-west to the present Susya, which they perhaps already farmed, and that, while they still regarded their new community as Carmel, the name was lost when the village's fortunes declined in the early Arab period, perhaps because the new Muslim overlords would not have tolerated its economy, which was based on wine.[10][11]
The site, in Arabic Khirbet Susiya/Susiyeh, "Ruin of the Liquorice Plant" was first described by V. Guérin in 1869, who first recognized its importance.[12][13] The spelling Susya represents the Hebrew name, as determined by the Israeli Naming committee.[14] In the Survey of Western Palestine, based on an observation in 1875 on the area of the southeastern slope of a hill west of Susya, Charles Warren and Claude Conder labeled Susya as an 'Important public structure'. German accounts later stated that it was a remnant of an ancient church.[15] In 1937, the building to the north was identified by L. A. Meyer and A. Reifenberg as the site of a synagogue.[13]
Ancient synagogue[edit]
The site was examined by Shemarya Gutman in 1969, who uncovered it during a trial dig the narthex of a synagogue. He, together with Ze'ev Yeivin and Ehud Netzer, then conducted the Israeli excavations at Khirbet Suseya, (subsequently named by a Hebrew calque as Horvat Susya) over 1971-1972,[13][16][17] by the Palestinian village of Susiya Al-Qadime.
Such remains are intriguing because so far no excavations have uncovered undisputed evidence for synagogues before the 2nd century CE in Judea. The excavated synagogue dates from the 4th to the 7th century CE and was in continuous use until the 9th century CE.[18][19] It is one of four of an architecturally unique group in the Southern Judean Hills,[20] of the six synagogues identified in Judea as a whole, the lower number probably reflecting a shift in the Jewish population from Judah to Galilee in the 2nd and 3rd centuries. The other three of this distinctive group are those of Eshtemoa, Horvat Maon, and 'Anim.[20] Three outstanding characteristics of the Susya-Eshtemoa group, group are their width, entrances at the short eastern wall, and the absence of columns to support the roof [21]
According to David Amit, the architectural design, particularly the eastern entrance and axis of prayer, which differ from the majority of Galilean synagogues, exhibits the ramifications of the earliest halakhic law conserved in southern Judea for generations after the destruction of the Temple. This was forgotten in Galilee, but in Judea there was a closer adherence to older traditions reflecting closer proximity to Jerusalem.[22] The eastern orientation may be also related to the idea of dissuading heretics and Christians in the same area, who bowed to the east, in the belief that the Shekinah lay in that direction.[23]
The synagogue was built as a broadhouse, rather than along basilica lines,[24][25] measuring 9 by 16 metres (27 by 48 feet[26] built in well-wrought ashlar construction, with triple doorway façade in an eastward orientation, and the bema and niche at the centre of the northern wall. There was a secondary bema in the eastern section. Unlike other synagogues in Judea this had a gallery, made while reinforcing the western wall. East of the synagogue was an open courtyard surrounded on three sides by a roofed portico. The western side opened to the synagogue's narthex, and floor of narthex composed of coloured mosaics set in an interlaced pattern. This model was of short duration, yielding in the late Byzantine phase (6th/7th) to the basilica form, already elsewhere dominant in synagogue architecture.[27]
In contrast to most Galilean synagogues with their façade and Torah shrine on the same Jerusalem-oriented wall, the Judean synagogue at Susya, (as well as Esthtemoa and Maon) has the niche on the northern Jerusalem-oriented wall and entrances on the east side wall.[28] The synagogue floor of white tesserae has three mosaic panels, the eastern one a Torah Shrine, two menorahs, one on a screen relief showing two lamps [29] suspended from a bar between the menorah's upper branches,[30] perhaps, since the Torah shrine flanked by lampstands, symbolizing both a connection between the synagogue and the Temple[31] for spotlighting the bema and giving light for scriptural readings, were by the reverse mirroring of the menorah pattern in the mosaics, heightened the central significance of the Torah shrine in the hall[32] a lulav, and an etrog with columns on each side. Next to the columns is a landscape with deers ands rams. The central panel composed of geometric and floral patterns. A spoke-wheel design before the central bema, has led Gutman to believed it is the remnant of a zodiac wheel. Zodiac mosaics are important witness to the time, since they were systematically suppressed by the Church, and, their frequent construction in Palestinian synagogue floors may be an index of 'the "inculturation" of non-Jewish imagery and its resulting Judaization'.[33] The fragmentary state of the wheel mosaic is due to its replacement by a much cruder geometric pavement pattern, indicative of a desire to erase what later came to be thought of as objectionable imagery.[34][35]
A motif that probably represented Daniel in the lion's den, as in the mosaics discovered at Naaran near Jericho and Ein Samsam in the Golan[36][37] was also tesselated, surviving only most fragmentarily. The figure, in an orans stance, flanked by lions, was scrubbed from the mosaics in line with later trends, in what Fine calls a 'new aesthetic' at Khirbet Susiya, one that refurbished the designs to suppress iconographic forms thought by later generations to be objectionable. We can only reconstruct the allusion to Daniel from the remaining final Hebrew letters remaining, namely -el, אל.[38]
Another unique feature is number of inscriptions. Four were laid in mosaics: two in Hebrew, attesting perhaps to its conservation as a spoken language in this region[39] and two in Aramaic. Nineteen fragmentary inscriptions, some of which were in Greek,[40] were etched into the marble of the building. From these dedicatory inscriptions the impression is given that the synagogue was run by donors [41] rather than by priests (kōhen).[42]
The abandoned synagogue, or its atrium or courtyard, was converted into a mosque around the 10th century.[13] A niche on the northern wall used as a mihrab/mahrab dates to Saladin's time,[43] according to local tradition.[44] In the 12th–13th centuries Crusaders garrisoned at nearby Chermala and Eshtemoa, and, in their wake, a few families, moved into the ruins to exploit the rich agricultural land.[12]
The settlement on the hill contiguous to the synagogue seems to have once had a thriving economy. A fine store has been excavated from its ruins.[45] It seems to have undergone a decline in the second half of the 4th century, and again in the 6th century. Some speak of abandonment though the evidence from the synagogue suggests continuity into the medieval period.[46] After the Islamic conquest, the archaeological evidence appears to suggest that a new Muslim population immigrated to the South Hebron hills and settled next to the Jewish population.[47]
Modern era: local population, Israeli settlement and conflict[edit]
Palestinian Susya, called Susya al-Qadima ('Old Susya')[48] is a centuries' old village which written records attest the existence of from 1830.[49] It is constituted of permanent cave homes.[50] The construction the Israeli settlement in the neighbourhood of Palestinian Susya, called Susya Al-Qadime, their ownership of which land has been established in law, and which was located near the ancient synagogue,[49] was decided by Israel and the World Zionist Organization in 1982, as part of 8 new settlements.
Funding of 20 million shekels was provided to settle between 50 and 60 families.[51] and was established from May[52] to September 1983, on 1,800 dunams of land.[2][3] In June 1986, Israel expropriated the village's residential ground for "public use", for an 'archeological park', evicting villagers from their homes and lands. The expelled Susyans settled in cave and tin shacks 500 metres away, at a site now called Rujum al-Hamri, to restart their lives.[49][49][53] According to David Shulman, the number of Palestinians of Susya affected by the 1986 expulsion was over 1,500 people, and they resettled nearby on land they owned at a site called Rujum al-Hamri, near the new Israeli settlement at Susya. For some decades they were subject, Shulman states, to many violent attacks, and settler recourse to both civil and military courts, to drive them out.[48] The BBC broadcast film of settler youths beating an old woman and her family with cudgels to drive them away from their land, in 2008.[54]
Since then the local villages, like Palestinian Susya, have been losing land, and being cut off from each other, as the nearby settlements of Carmel, Maon, Susya and Beit Yatir began to be built and developed, and illegal outposts established.[55] The second expulsion took place in 1990, when Rujum al-Hamri's inhabitants were loaded onto trucks by the IDF and dumped at the Zif Junction, 15 kilometres northwards[49] a roadside at the edge of a desert. Most returned and rebuilt on a rocky escarpment within their traditional agricultural and grazing territory. Their wells taken, they were forced to buy water from nearby Yatta.[48] Israel sheep-herding settlers expanded their unfenced land use at Mitzpe Yair and the Dahlia Farm.[49] According to B'tselem, by 2010 settlers were cultivating roughly 40 hectares, about 15% of the land area to which they deny access to the traditional Palestinian users of that area.[1] Since 2000 Jewish settlers in Susiya have denied Palestinians access to 10 cisterns in the area, or according to more recent accounts, 23,.[1] and try to block their access to others.[56] Soil at Susya, with a market value of NIS 2,000 per truckload, is also taken from lands belonging to the village of Yatta.[57]
The third expulsion occurred in June 2001, when settler civilians and soldiers drove the Palestinians of Susya out, without warning, with, reportedly violent arrests and beatings,[49] destroying their tents and caves, blocking their cisterns, killing their livestock and digging up their agricultural land. The settlers established a "Dahlia Farm" in the same year, and an outpost was set up on the archeological site.[58] On Sept 26 of the same year, by an order of the Israeli Supreme Court, these structures were ordered to be destroyed and the land returned to the Palestinians. Settlers and the IDF prevented the villagers from reclaiming their land, some 750 acres. The villagers made an appeal to the same court to be allowed to reclaim their lands and live without harassment. Some 93 events of settler violence were listed. The settlers made a counter-appeal, and one family that had managed to return to its land suffered a third eviction.[59] Land next to the Palestinian village of Susya was confiscated from the village of Yatta, from which a dozen local families had been expelled to make way on the pretext of archeological digs, according to one source.[60] A major expansion of the new settlement began on 18 September 1999, when its boundaries expanded northwards and eastwards, with the Palestinian Shreiteh family allegedly losing roughly 150 more dunams.[3]
According to B'tselem, the Palestinians that remain in the area live in tents[61] on a small rocky hill between the settlement and the archeological park which is located within walking distance.[62][63] According to Amnesty International, ten caves inhabited by Susya Palestinian families were blown up by the IDF in 1996, and some 113 tents were destroyed in 1998. Amnesty International also reports that official documents asking them to leave the area address them generically as 'intruders' (polesh/intruder).[64] Most of the rain-catching water cisterns used by the local Palestinian farmers of Susya were demolished by the Israeli army in 1999 and 2001. A local Susya resident told Amnesty International,
'Water is life ; without water we can't live; not us, not the animals, or the plants. Before we had some water, but after the army destroyed everything we have to bring water from far away ; it's very difficult and expensive. They make our life very difficult, to make us leave.'[65]
On 7 June 1991 a settler from the Israeli settlement of Susya shot dead a local Palestinian shepherd, under circumstances that were never clarified.[66] On 23 March 1993, Musa Suliman Abu Sabha[67] a Palestinian was arrested outside Susiya by two guards, Moshe Deutsch and Yair Har-Sinai, either on suspicion he had stolen 60 sheep from the latter's flock,[68] or because they suspected he was planning an attack on Jews.[69] Taken for questioning, he stabbed in the shoulder or back one of the guards, Moshe Deutsch, while the two were in a car, and, wrestled to the ground, was bound hand and foot. Another settler from nearby Maal Hever, Yoram[70] Shkolnik[71] shot him eight times, killing him.[72] According to the IDF he was found bearing a grenade. Reports differ as to whether he still had the grenade when bound, or whether it had been taken from him after his arrest.[73] In 2001, Yair Har-Sinai was killed in a brawl[74] with local Palestinians. A Palestinian, Jihad Najar, was convicted of murder and received a sentence of life imprisonment.[75] The IDF then evicted the 300 Palestinians in the area, demolishing some of their makeshift homes. They have sought redress in an Israeli court.[76] Jewish residents of Susya have harassed local Palestinians, destroyed their property,[77] and hindered them from gathering their crops from olive groves.[78] In 2009 Yaakov Teitel, was indicted for the 2007 murder of a Palestinian shepherd from Susya.[79][80]
While the Israeli settlement has mains power and piped water from Israel, the Palestinians depend on solar panels and wind turbine energy made possible by a Palestinian/Israeli NGO – Comet - and on wells.[81][dead link] This project has been shortlisted for the BBC World Challenge which highlighted the involvement of two Israeli physicists, Elad Orian and Noam Dotan.[82] According to David Hirst, the inhabitants of al-Amniyr, at-Tuwani and the other villages that comprise Susiya, are faced with a catch-22. If they comply with the law they cannot build cisterns and collect even the rainwater. But if they fail to work their lands, they lose it anyway.[83] One small enclave that remains for a Bedouin pastoralist's family suffers from further encroachment, with one settler, according to David Shulman, managing to wrest 95% of the family's land, and still intent on entering the remainder.[84]
In a ruling delivered in December 2013, the Israel High Court of Justice accepted that Yatta Palestinians had shown their legal attachment to a stretch of land between Susya and the illegal settlement of Mitzpe Yair, but requested them to withdraw their petition against the settlers who are alleged to have illegally seized these lands. The subject of a petition concerns 300 dunams of agricultural land, and a further 900 dunams of pasture of which, the Palestinians argue, they were forced by violent attacks from using for agriculture and herding. The court held that the proper option open to the Palestinians was recourse to a civil legal action.[85] Of the 120 complaints registered with Israeli police in Hebron by Palestinians of Susya, regarding alleged attacks, threats, incursions, and property damage wrought by settlers down to 2013, upwards of 95% have been dismissed, without charges being laid.[1]
Demolition Orders[edit]
Palestinian Susya has been razed 5 times, in 1985, 1991, 1997 and twice in 2001.[citation needed] Since it is classified within Area C of the West Bank, it lies under Israeli military occupation and control. Though they own much of the land, Susya's residents are denied permits to build structures, and therefore build without permission from Israeli authorities.[86] No master plan exists for the Palestinian Susya as opposed to the Israeli settlement of Susya, and Palestinians are required to obtain permits from the Israeli Civil Administration.
On November 24, 2011 bulldozers razed two tents where the Mughnem family dwells on their own land in Susya.[87]
The Jewish settlers of Susya and the Israeli pro-settler association NGO Regavim petitioned the High Court to demolish Palestinian Susya, defining the villagers as 'trespassers' living in 'illegal outposts', terms usually applied to illegal Jewish outposts on the West Bank.[88]
On June 14 an Israeli court issued 6 demolition orders covering 50 buildings including tent dwellings, ramshackle huts, sheep pens, latrines, water cisterns, a wind-and-sun powered turbine, and the German-funded solar panels in most of the Palestinian village of Susya.[88] Over 500 people from Tel Aviv, Beer Sheva, and Jerusalem came to mount a peaceful protest on June 22.[48]
According to Amira Hass, before fifteen senior EU diplomats visiting the area on 8 August 2012, Susya villager Nasser Nawaja'a complained that "(t)here are in this village octogenarians who are older than the State of Israel . . . How can they be told that their residence here is illegal?" The EU has declared it does not expect that the demolition order will be executed.[89]
On the 26th of June, 2013, the Israeli Civil Administration, a military body, raided Palestinian Susya and handed out 40 demolition orders for many structures, tents, hothouses, a water well and a solar panel, established on humanitarian grounds by the European Union. Nearby Israeli settlers built two additional and unauthorized houses in the Mitzpeh Avigayil outpost, without interference.[90]
A local Palestinian declared to the Hebrew press:
They're calling our village an illegal outpost. These lands are ours from before there was a State of Israel. My father is older than your state—and I am an illegal alien on my own land. I ask where is justice? Your courts distinguish between the settler and the Palestinian…We're surrounded by illegal outposts [built by settlers] that have everything—infrastructures of water and electricity— despite the fact that these settlements are illegal even under Israeli law. And now you want to expel this old man from his home once again? To expel all of us who own these lands, who have lived on them for generations in this space that is ours, which is all we know?[48]
On 24 August, a further demolition took place. On 29 August 2012 the IDF destroyed a sheepfold and two tents, one a dwelling and the other for storage, donated to villagers of Palestinian Susiya by the United Nations' Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.[91]
In May 2015, the Israel High Court approved the demolition of Palestinian Susya. The implementation of the plan will leave 450 villagers homeless.[92]
- ^ a b c d 'Khirbet Susiya,' B'tselem 1 Jan 2013.
- ^ a b Unispal, 'Israeli Settlements in Gaza and the West Bank (Including Jerusalem) Their Nature and Purpose, Part II, United Nations, New York 1984.
- ^ a b c Applied Research Institute Jerusalem, (ARIJ), 18 September,1999
- ^ אודות סוסיא
- ^ Chaim Levinson,'Israel seeks to demolish Palestinian village on 'archaeological' grounds ,' Haaretz 28 March 2015.
- ^ "The Geneva Convention". BBC News. 10 December 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
- ^ Zeev Safrai, The Missing Century: Palestine in the fifth century:growth and decline, Peeters Publishers 1998 p. 101
- ^ Günter Stemberger, Jews and Christians in the Holy Land: Palestine in the fourth century, tr. Ruth Tuschling, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000 p. 151
- ^ Avraham Negev, Shimon Gibson, Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land, rev. ed. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005 p.484
- ^ 1 Samuel:25
- ^ Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, The Holy Land: an Oxford archaeological guide from earliest times to 1700,5th ed. Oxford University Press US, 2008 pp.351-354, p.351
- ^ a b Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, The Holy Land: an Oxford archaeological guide from earliest times to 1700, 5th ed. Oxford University Press US, 2008 p. 351
- ^ a b c d Avraham Negev, Shimon Gibson Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land, ibid. p. 482
- ^ 'A unique case is Susya. The existence of the ancient Jewish town was unknown in Jewish sources, but was discovered in archaeological excavations . . . the settlers are not free to decide on the names chosen: the National Naming Committee at the Prime Minister's Office has that responsibility and considers various factors. The settlers, however, being well acquainted with the territory and its history, play a significant role in the decision.' Michael Feige, Settling in the Hearts: Fundamentalism, Time, and Space in Judea and Samaria, Wayne State University Press, 2009, pp. 75–76
- ^ Vilnai, Ze'ev (1978). "Susiya—Judea". Ariel Encyclopedia (in Hebrew). Volume 6. Tel Aviv, Israel: Am Oved. pp. 5352–5353.
- ^ David Amit, 'Architectural plans of Synagogues in the Southern Judean Hills and the 'Halakah'.' In Dan Urman, Paul Virgil McCracken Flesher, Ancient Synagogues: historical analysis and archaeological discovery, Brill, 1998 pp. 129–156 p.132.
- ^ David Milson, Art and architecture of the synagogue in late antique Palestine: in the shadow of the church,Brill, 2007 p.56
- ^ Post-byzantine according to the language of an inscription. See Zeev Safrai, The Missing Century: Palestine in the fifth century : growth and decline, Peeters Publishers 1998 p.149
- ^ 'The synagogue is tentatively dated to the end of the 4th-beginning of the 7th.century AD, and was used as a Jewish prayer house until the 9th century.' Avraham Negev, Shimon Gibson Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land, ibid. p.482
- ^ a b David Amit, 'Architectural plans of Synagogues in the Southern Judean Hills and the 'Halakah'.' ibid p. 129.
- ^ David Amit, 'Architectural plans of Synagogues in the Southern Judean Hills and the 'Halakah'.' Ibid. p. 138
- ^ David Amit, ibid pp. 148–155, pp. 148, 152
- ^ p. 146
- ^ 'Uniquely Jewish adaptations of Christian architecture did occur. The synagogues at Khirbet Shema, in the Upper Galilee, Horvat Rimmon 1 in the southern Shephelah, at Eshtemoa, and Khirbet Susiya were built as broadhouses and not as longhouse basilicas. In these buildings, the basilica form is turned on its side, and the focal point of the synagogue is the wide wall of the hall. Benches were built round the interior walls of these synagogues, focusing attention on the centre of the room. This architecture is a continuation of the house-synagogues that literary sources suggests existed from the second and third centuries.' Steven Fine, Art and Judaism in the Greco-Roman world: toward a new Jewish archaeology, Cambridge University Press, 2005 p.88
- ^ Eric M. Meyers, Galilee through the centuries: cultures in conflict, Eisenbrauns 1999 p.233
- ^ Avraham Negev, Shimon Gibson,Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land, ibid.p.482
- ^ David Amit, 'Architectural plans of Synagogues in the Southern Judean Hills and the 'Halakah'.' p.156
- ^ Rachel Hachlili, 'Jewish Art and Iconography in the Land of Israel,' in Suzanne Richard (ed.), Near Eastern Archeology: A Reader, Eisenbrauns, 2003 pp.445-454 p.449
- ^ or incense censers. See Steven Fine, ibid. p.195
- ^ Rachel Hachlili, The menorah, the ancient seven-armed candelabrum: origin, form, and significance, Brill 2001, pp.67,228. For its reconstruction see p.53.
- ^ Steven Fine, p.195
- ^ Eric M. Meyers Galilee through the centuries: confluence of cultures, Eisenbrauns, 1999 p.231
- ^ Steven Fine, Art and Judaism in the Greco-Roman world, pp.196-7
- ^ Steven Fine, ibid.p.95
- ^ John Brian Harley, David Woodward, The History of Cartography: Cartography in prehistoric, ancient, and medieval Europe and the Mediterranean, Humana Press, 1987 p.266. 'since mosaics were disapproved of by the Jews as graven images, they were both removed. In other mosaics of the Byzantine period from the Holy Land, the zodiac is represented only by the names of its signs rather than by their graphic representations'.
- ^ Steven Fine, 'Archeology and the Interpretation of Rabbinic Literature: Some Thoughts' in Matthew Kraus (ed.) How should rabbinic literature be read in the modern world? , Gorgias Press LLC, 2006 pp.199-217 p.214
- ^ Eric Meyers, Galilee through the centuries, ibid.p.232
- ^ Steven Fine, ibid.p.96. Fine speculates whether reluctance to erase these letters reflects a religious reluctance among iconoclasts to delete letters that spell out the Divine name El, for, again highlighting the distinctiveness of the synagogue, 'in no instance does an explicit Divine name appear in any Jewish synagogue inscription.'
- ^ David Amit, ibid.pp.152-3
- ^ The Israel yearbook, Zionist Organization of America, Jewish Agency for Israel. Economic Dept. Israel Yearbook Publications, 1981 p.120
- ^ in Aramaicbenei qartah, in Hebrew benei ha'ir (sons of the town), especially of residents of a small agrarian village. See Stuart S. Miller, 'Sages and commoners in late antique 'Ereẓ Israel: a philological inquiry into local traditions' in Peter Schäfer, Catherine Hezser (eds.), The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graeco-Roman culture, Mohr Siebeck, 1998 p.65
- ^ Meyers, Galilee throughout the centuries, ibid.p.265. The 'rabbi' in these epigraphs appears to be an honorific for 'master', and the role of such rabbis in the synagogue seems to have been that of being donors. For an early dating based on the rare 'qedushat' (to his holiness') address used in amora'im correspondence (qedushat mari rabbi Issi ha-cohen ha-mehubad berabi) see Aharon Oppenheimer, 'The Attempt of Hananiah, Son of Rabbi Joshua's Brother, to Intercalate the Year in Babylonia' in Peter Schäfer, Catherine Hezser (eds.), The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graeco-Roman culture, ibid. pp.255-264 p.260; A'haron Oppenheimer, Nili Oppenheimer, Between Rome and Babylon: studies in Jewish leadership and society, Mohr Siebeck, 2005 p.389, sets it in the amoraic period.
- ^ Daniel Jacobs, Shirley Eber, Francesca Silvani, Israel and the Palestinian Territories. 2nd ed. Rough Guides, 1998 p. 414
- ^ David Amit, 'Architectural plans of Synagogues in the Southern Judean Hills and the 'Halakah'.' p. 132
- ^ See the drawing of the reconstruction and groundplan in Zeev Safrai, The economy of Roman Palestine, Routledge, 1994 p.127
- ^ Zeev Safrai, The Missing Century,ibid. p.149
- ^ Gideon Avni (2014) The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach, OUP, p225
- ^ a b c d e David Shulman, ''I Am an Illegal Alien on My Own Land,' at The New York Review of Books, June 28, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g 'Susya: A History of Loss,' Rabbis for Human Rights 7 November 2013.
- ^ Nadia Abu. Zahra, 'IDs and Territory: Control for Resource Expropriation,' in Deborah Cowen and Emil Gilbert (eds.),War, citizenship, territory , Routledge, 2008, pp-303-326, p.322.
- ^ 'Report of the Special Committee to investigate Israeli practices affecting the human rights of the population in the occupied territories,' A/38/409 14 October 1983 Unispal, citing the Jerusalem Post 6 September 1982.
- ^ 'ISRAELI SETTLEMENTS IN GAZA AND THE WEST BANK (INCLUDING JERUSALEM):Their Nature and Purpose Part II,' Unispal 1 July 1984.
- ^ Aggressive Zionist body wins court order to demolish Palestinian village, at Jews for Justice for Palestinians, 14 June 2012.
- ^ Tim Franks, 'West Bank attack filmed,' BBC News 12 June 2008
- ^ Julie M. Norman, The second Palestinian Intifada: civil resistance, Taylor & Francis, 2010 p.43.
- ^ Amanda Cahill Ripley, The Human Right to Water and Its Application in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, Taylor & Francis, 2011 p.155.
- ^ Chaim Levinson, 'West Bank settlers stealing tons of soil from Palestinian land,' at Haaretz, 10 October 2012
- ^ Ta'ayush,'Aggressive Zionist body wins court order to demolish Palestinian village,' at Jews for Justice for Palestinians, June 14, 2012.
- ^ Ta'ayush, 'Aggressive Zionist body wins court order to demolish Palestinian village,' at Jews for Justice for Palestinians, June 14, 2012.
- ^ Zahra, ibid.p.322 n.11
- ^ Nasser Nawaj'ah, 'How can you weather the storm when you're barred from building a home?, B'tselem, 8 January 2015.
- ^ David Dean Shulman,Dark hope: working for peace in Israel and Palestine, University of Chicago Press, 2007 pp.37f.
- ^ 'Twenty years ago, the cave dwellers of Susya were evacuated from their original village on the pretext of archeological digs in the area. Some of the evacuees went to live on their lands close to the Israeli settlement which was founded a short time before. Five years ago the Israeli army destroyed the caves of these families, and since then they continued to live there in impermanent and improvised housing.(Krinis and Dunayevsky 2006)', Deborah Cowen, Emily Gilbert, War, Citizenship, Territory, Routledge, London 2007 p.322.
- ^ Amnesty International. Israel-rapport 17.09.2001
- ^ Amnesty International,'Wire' Vol.39, Issue 001, February/March 2009 p.7
- ^ Ami Pedahzur, Jewish Terrorism in Israel, Columbia University Press, 2011 p.183.
- ^ Associated Press, 'Jewish settler kills bound Palestinian,' Houston Chronicle, 23 March 1993 p.7, refers that Army radio had identified him to be a Jawad Jamil Khalil Husiya, 19, of Yatta.
- ^ Zvi Bar'el, 'Citizens in enemy territory,' at Haaretz, July 17, 2001:'Har-Sinai perhaps did not bear arms for ideological reasons, but a few years ago he and his friend Moshe Deutsch seized Mussa Abu Sabha, whom they suspected of stealing 60 head of sheep from Har-Sinai's flock. In the fight that ensued, Abu Sabha stabbed Moshe Deutsch in the back before the two pinned him to the ground and tied him up. Not long afterward another settler, Moshe Skolnik, arrived on the scene, cocked his rifle and murdered the bound man.'
- ^ Associated Press, Jewish settlers kills bound Palestinian,' at Houston Chronicle, 23 March 1993
- ^ Sources differ. Pedahzur writes Yoram, as does the Associated Press. Doug Struck for the Baltimore Sun writes Urim. Zvi Bar'el writes Moshe.
- ^ Ami Pedahzur, Jewish Terrorism in Israel, p.184.
- ^ Associated Press, 'Jewish settler kills bound Palestinian,' Houston Chronicle, 23 March 1993 p.7,
- ^ Doug Struck, 'Jews react to slayings with bullets Cycle of reprisals claims another life,' at Baltimore Sun, March 24, 1993.
- ^ David Shulman, Dark Hope, University of Chicago Press, 2007 p.61 writes: 'Yair Har-Sinai, . terrorized the Palestinians of South Hebron until he was killed in a brawl some years ago.'
- ^ Efrat Weiss,'6 years later: Life sentence for Palestinian who murdered Israeli,' in Ynet, 12 October 2007.
- ^ 'The state admitted the demolition was executed illegally. Justice Procaccia said that "the state did not establish a legal procedure which would allow for a building permit, hence the state is not carrying out its duties and is creating a situation under which a human's basic existence becomes impossible." Justice Hayut pointed to the absurdity of the situation, saying "the state admits an unauthorized action was carried out, which resulted in the demolition of structures that constituted the bare minimum in living conditions." Yuval Yoaz,'Court: Palestinian homes in southern Hebron Hills can stay,' Haaretz, 08/09/2004.
- ^ Shulman, 2007, pp. 57-63.
- ^ Gideon Levy, 'Adding insult to injury,'Ha'aretz, 5 September 2010.
- ^ Alleged Jewish terrorist: I know God is pleased Haaretz. 12 November 2009
- ^ Teitel indicted for murder, attempted murder YNet. 12 November 2009
- ^ Susya Sustainable Energy Project, Comet Middle East (Comet-ME)
- ^ BBC World Challenge
- ^ David Hirst, West Bank villagers' daily battle with Israel over water,' at The Guardian, 14 September 2011.
- ^ David D. Shulman, 'Truth and Lies in South Hebron,' Jewish Quarterly June, 2013.'May 7th 2011. The settler in his Shabbat white, a huge knitted skullcap on his head, takes a pebble and holds it out on his fingertips to a Palestinian woman from Susya as he clucks his tongue at her, beckoning her as one would a dog. He has already taken 95% of the family's land, and now he bullies his way into the tiny patch that is left in order to harass and humiliate further. As if throwing a dog a bone, he tosses the pebble at her and laughs..'
- ^ Amira Hass,Court asks Palestinians to drop land case against settlers,' at Haaretz, 23 December 2013.
- ^ Anne Barker, Palestinians fighting order to demolish their village in the West Bank, ABC News, Monday, July 2, 2012
- ^ Amira Hass, 'Israeli demolition firm takes pride in West Bank operations,' at Haaretz, November 28, 2011
- ^ a b Kate Laycock West Bank village struggles against demolition at Deutsche Welle, 5 July 2012.
- ^ Amira Hass, 'EU: We expect Israel to cancel demolition orders for Palestinian villages in Area C of West Bank,' at Haaretz, 9 August 2012.
- ^ Chaim Levinson, 'The end of an EU international sustainability project? Israel orders demolition of West Bank village's tents, solar panels,' at Haaretz, 27 June 2013.
- ^ Amira Hass, IDF razes Palestinian infrastructure in West Bank communities at Haaretz, 30 August 2012.
- ^ 'Israeli court approves demolition of Palestinian village,' Ma'an News Agency 4 May, 2015.
- Conder, Claude Reignier; Kitchener, H. H. (1883). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology 3. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. (pp. 414 -415)
- Guérin, Victor (1869). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). 1: Judee, pt. 3. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale. (pp. 173 )
- Palmer, E. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. (p. 433)
External links[edit]
- SWP map 25, The Israel Antiquities Authority
- Website for Israeli communal settlement of Susya (Hebrew)
- Website for The Susya Sustainable Energy Project, Comet Middle East (Comet-ME)[dead link]
- Susiya, Palestine Solidarity Project
- Susya, from Ta'ayush


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Film and Media: Books
To find books in our collection, search QCAT by author, title, subject heading, or keyword.
To find specific movies, use QCAT's Videos/DVDs limit. You may also search by author (use name of director, actor ...) or film title. To find books on film topics, try a subject search using the following sample LC subject headings:By Film:
- Norma Rae
Paths of Glory
- Hitchcock, Alfred
Metro Goldwyn Mayer
- Film noir
Documentary films
Western films
Academy awards (Motion pictures)
Animation (Cinematography)
Film criticism
Motion picture actors and actresses
Motion pictures--Censorship
Motion pictures--Canada
Motion pictures, American
Violence in motion pictures
Cinematography - TR 850
Film Criticism - PN 1994
History of Film - PN 1993.5
Motion Pictures - PN 1995
Westerns - PN 1995, 1998
Actors/Actresses - PN 2287, PN2308, PN2329
- women in motion pictures--bibliography
- motion pictures--united states--history--sources
Last Updated: 13 August 2009


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By Black Ice Applications
Open iTunes to buy and download apps.
63 – the 6.3 liter V8 engine that has powered so many famous Mercedes cars.
This classic puzzle game is optimized for the iPad and features some of the most awesome and bulletproof performance cars to come out of Germany.
This is our tribute to the 6.3 as it is about to be replaced. The international press has declared it the 2010 Engine Of The Year in the Best Performance Engine in the Above 4 liters category. For the second time in a row the AMG V8 has beaten its competition.
The hand built Mercedes 6.3 AMG engine develops between 457 hp and 571 hp, depending on the model it powers, and 630 Nm of torque.
We have featured the C63 AMG, SL63 AMG and the CL63 AMG.
Due to efficiency concerns Mercedes will replace the M156 6.3 with a new 5.5-liter V8 biturbo engine. Some have said that the large V8 "is the epitome of a German hot rod".
The 6.3 started in 1966 when Mercedes engineers took the M100 engine from the Mercedes-Benz 600 limousine and installed it into the W109 S-Class. This resulted in incredible performance for the time and the car was officially launched at the Geneva Motor Show in March 1968.
Mercedes went on to install smaller V8's into the W109. The 300SEL 4.5 was available in the USA, while the 280 SE 3.5 Coupé could also be ordered in Europe.
This puzzle features seven images and five levels of difficulty ranging from tough to incredibly hard. Also included are tools to help out when you get stuck.
This version is optimized for the iPad.
iPad Screenshots
Customers Also Bought
- $0.99
- Category: Games
- Released: Aug 31, 2010
- Version: 1.0
- Size: 4.5 MB
- Language: English
- Seller: john limbuvala
- © 2010 BlackIceApps
Compatibility: Requires iOS 3.2 or later. Compatible with iPad.


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What can you expect from your new baby's sleeping and feeding cycles? You might be surprised, so read on to find out more.
During the first two weeks, your baby's feeding and sleep cycles will usually be the main focus for both you and your newborn baby. You will soon discover that everything you do revolves around when your baby feeds and sleeps (as well as how much sleep you get). As every person is different, so every baby will be too. If your baby is not behaving the way the 'text books' (or we) say they should, it may be more to do with how your individual baby is, rather than what you are (or are not) doing.
Most full term babies will spend a great deal of their first few weeks eating and sleeping. On average, a newborn baby will sleep from 16 to 19 hours a day - but not all at once (sorry!) When awake, babies will feed, and at times be 'unsettled' and/or cry. They will not usually need (or want) to be entertained for very long (if at all), until they are at least 6 to 8 weeks old.
Newborn babies generally have ever-changing feeding and sleep cycles to suit their individual sleep and food needs. We now know that if we encourage 'baby-led', or 'demand' feeding, (rather than a rigid, timed feeding pattern), newborn babies will usually get into a 'good' routine sooner themselves, put on weight more quickly and be more settled.
Trying to feed a baby that is not ready, or 'putting off a feed' because it is 'too soon', can make the feed an inefficient and/or unrewarding one for both of you. This is because the baby is usually too sleepy, or they have become exhausted with excessive crying. As they say - 'you can lead a horse to water, but you can't make him drink'.
Trusting (and believing) that very young babies (up to 3 to 4 months) just rely on their instincts to survive can often be half the battle for new parents. Babies are not 'knowing' or 'manipulating' at this early time. Therefore, accepting what your baby is doing in the early weeks, rather than trying to change it, will usually make everyone feel much better about what is going on. After the first 12 weeks or so, you may choose to start 'training' your baby into more 'adult friendly' habits. However, you may not feel ready to do this for a while (if your baby is not already sleeping more on their own). Trust your own instincts with what is right for you and your baby.
Be aware that not all babies will be able to follow a demand- feeding regime. For example, babies who are born to diabetic women, large babies over 4,500 grams, small babies less than 2,800grams and premature babies (before 37 weeks) may need to feed on a regular basis (every 3 hours or so). This is because these babies usually have different energy requirements, possibly fluctuating blood sugar levels and/or problems maintaining their body temperature. Caregivers will usually recommend waking these babies for regular feeds, whether they are ready or not, which can be difficult.
Parents of twins or more may find that gently 'coaxing' all their babies into a similar schedule is more practical, thus making them easier to care for.
Last revised: Saturday, 15 December 2012
This article contains general information only and is not intended to replace advice from a qualified health professional.
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Pure white is red hot for summer! This monochromatic look is fresh and easy (but not strain proof) and is easily dressed up or down depending on the occasion you are attending!! Just as Miley Cyrus rocked an all white frock while filming her latest music video "Big Big Bang" in Los Angeles, CA on June 9, 2010 did; try one a simple white sundress with a white boyfriend blazer, or a white shorts with a drappy white tank top adorned with long necklaces. Don't want to look like a bride? Try pairing a white tiered ruffle tank top with your favorite jean shorts! Any way your rock the all white look, you can be sure you'll look incredibly bronzed(white makes you look tanner without the deadly UVA/UVBs) yet alluringly innocent.
White items that will be red hot!
Free People Chiffon and Lace Tiered Slip
Cost: $68.00
BeBe White Milan Linen Capri Pants
Cost: $119.00
Free People White Convertible Ruffle Skirt
Cost: $88.00
Central Park West Seaside Linen Blazer
Cost: $152.00
Michael Stars Luxe Slub Braided Scoop Neck Tee
Cost: $62.00
What did you think of this review?
Use Trust Points to see how much you can rely on this review.


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Results 1 to 6 of 6
Thread: New born.Unknown to all
July 29th, 2009 #1
New born.Unknown to all
Human race has disappeared. Cities, buildings have ruined. The era of intelligent animals has begun. Theyd talk tales about human being and wizard goats have created a human, unknown to all of her character she can be goddess or devil.
Its not finished yet.
- Similar Threads
- Art: Unknown Artist
- Unknown coast
- New Born: Born with destiny
- The Unknown
- Art: kin ::: the unknown gun
Last edited by legionare; July 29th, 2009 at 05:31 AM.
Hide this ad by registering as a memberJuly 29th, 2009 #2
Last edited by legionare; July 29th, 2009 at 10:05 PM.
July 30th, 2009 #3
July 31st, 2009 #4
Thats Finished
July 31st, 2009 #5
beautiful... I am looking forward that you can submit the final rendering in time... good luck...
August 6th, 2009 #6


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ProdamSam.com offers 4 types of advertising space - banners, as shown on the following picture:
Top banner has dimensions of 728x90 pixels, and can be in any of the formats (GIF, JPG, PNG, SWF), maximum weight 20KB. Top banners are displayed in share mode, meaning that it is possible to display banners from several clients at the same time. Top banners are displayed on all pages except the homepage.
Left banner and Right banner have fixed width of 150 pixels, their height can vary (from 50 to 150 pixels). They can also be in any of the formats, maximum weight 10KB. Left or right banners are displayed in non-share mode on all pages.
Central banner has dimensions of 468x60 pixels. Central banners are displayed in share mode.
ProdamSam.com adapts to each individual client, thus we can adapt advertisement campaign according to our client's needs.
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The voter registration exercise is still unnecessarily cumbersome and is discouraging the younger generation in the country to register as voters, the deputy Minister of Justice said on Friday.
Speaking on SW Radio Africa's Election Watch program, Senator Obert Gutu said there are still a lot of hurdles that people come across if they want to register, especially tenants in urban areas.
'One needs to have proof of residence to register and this depends on the benevolence of the landlord or landlady to help by supplying a copy of any utility bill. In the rural areas you need a letter from a Sabhuku (headman) and people feel discouraged being tossed from office to office
'An average person will end up giving up because of the amount of time spent trying to get the right papers,' Gutu said, adding that a much simpler way should be found to allow everyone who is qualified and eligible for the registration to do so without any hassles.
The Senator explained that these were some of the issues that were tackled during a two hour meeting between Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai, the top hierarchy of the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC) and several cabinet ministers.
'The Prime Minister wanted to hear it from the horse's mouth the state of the preparedness of ZEC to hold the referendum and the elections next year. This was an amicable and candid meeting where ZEC were able to explain some of their pitfalls as a result of lack of resources,' Gutu added.
He continued: 'They mentioned the state of the voters' roll, which is still shambolic and which they said would take up to 18 months to clean up.
ZEC admitted the voters' roll still contained a staggering number of individuals who are not supposed to be on the list. Gutu said this scenario poses a big threat to plans to hold clean and credible general elections next year.
'They painted a not-so-rosy picture of the voters' roll during the meeting,' Gutu said, amid reports it had an unusually high number of older voters between the ages of 65 to 100.
The registrar-general Tobaiwa Mudede has been accused of deliberately manipulating the roll in favour of President Robert Mugabe's regime.
However, Gutu said there is no evidence yet that the new independent ZEC will try to deliberately manipulate the figures to subvert the electoral process.
'It is crucial that ZEC cleans up the roll of dead voters if we are to have clean, free and fair elections. A clean voters' roll is the basis upon which we can have genuinely free and fair elections.
'On the other hand a defective roll can destabilise the electoral outcome and raises questions of legitimacy of the whole exercise,' the Senator explained.


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A stack of profiles for the characters of upcoming obscurely named slice of life, "GJ-bu", are available now – and for the most part, relatively unique one must admit, despite not being totally pleasant to look at.
An interesting arrangement of shapes makes these character designs especially laudable – looking at the female above for a case in point, the seifuku is clearly rather abnormal. The shirt remains loose, which aside from being unorthodox in itself, also gives an intriguing form for the upper body. There is a jacket as part of her attire, although it possesses traits only subtly unusual – such as the fact it ends short in circumference.
There's a difference even more dramatic than any of that however – but similarly, it's so discreet, it will hardly be noticed. The shapes are all sharp, stiff, and straight edged. The curves, if any, are kept very minimal – the girl's physique is no more than a pair of lines traveling down, and then another set aimed down. As result of this, the characters are left feeling rather linear – which is strange.
Onto another odd detail, the bottom of the hair has no outline – peculiarly managing to give it some texture and volume, particularly with the encompassing shadow that darkens the further it gets inward.
The final striking facet is the color consistency and repetition – these character designs utilize an odd palette of colors albeit one which is predominately appealing and implemented marvelously. The aesthetics alone make this series worth watching simply to see how they will ultimately function with a setting and active, vitalized surrounding – and if the story proves superb, that would be even better.


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Stop ticking boxes and start getting value from competency management
Making the most of the talent in your organisations.
Competencies have a chequered history, so why spend time building or renewing competency frameworks... can you afford not to?
Capturing value from mergers
A merger or acquisition is one of the biggest changes a company can go through.
The rationale behind M&A activity is to drive growth and/or lower a company's cost base. However, judging from past experience, capturing these benefits as part of an integration programme is far from simple.
Creating value in private equity: in a tougher market, how have funds become smarter?
As the rate and scale of private equity investment has increased over recent years, creating value has become more challenging. The market is more competitive, compounded by difficult macro-economic conditions.
This paper focuses on portfolio management. It is a collaboration by two firms: Concentra, a business improvement consultancy with deep ties in private equity, and Hatton Grange, a boutique headhunter with expertise in supporting funds on transactions and making board appointments to private equity portfolio companies.
How the development of Business Intelligence is changing the science of price management
Improving the way that organisations manage pricing is an area of potential benefit that is underexploited.
The evolution of Business Intelligence (BI) tools and techniques has created an opportunity to improve the way that organisations manage their price management processes Business Intelligence allows organisations to use smaller external teams effectively, while better leveraging internal resources, and ensuring that a sustainable solution is implemented.
Benefits tracking: How to make your cost control count
Establishing a robust benefits tracking process.
As the global economy continues to undergo challenges, UK businesses are facing a tough choice – just which cost-cutting moves will best deliver against key corporate objectives and what criteria could be used to see if they have?
Building the case for an Intranet
Everything you need to think about when planning your upgrade, migration or new Intranet implementation.
It's harder than ever to get budget approval for projects. A good business case is essential to demonstrate that an intranet is not a 'nice to have' place to store information and documents but a fully-fledged means of creating efficiencies and saving your business time and money.
Business Intelligence for Health - The Cancer Commissioning Toolkit
Business Intelligence (BI) for health refers to skills, knowledge, technologies, applications, quality, risks, security issues and practices which support health improvement and its financial implications.
CCT is an example of a novel approach to Business Intelligence in healthcare. It uses web-based technology which means its processes and decisions are transparent to stakeholders from different sectors tied into legacy IT systems.
The Challenges of Implementing Business Intelligence
A discussion of three of the top challenges businesses face when attempting to implement business intelligence.
Business Intelligence consistently ranks in executives' top three priorities and tops the list of corporate IT objectives. So why are so few organisations currently using it to gain the competitive advantage it promises to deliver?


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Mancow Dumped by Q101/Chicago
OK, now for a bit of terrestrial news... Q101, the flagship station for morning
dolt jock "Mancow" Muller, officially will be dropping Mancow's Morning Madhouse as of July 14th. This after Mancow issued a statement that he's seeking a new home for his syndicated morning show, trying to spin the situation towards his favor.
Q101 is opting to extend their "shuffle" format into mornings, which currently gets broadcast for the remainder of the day.
Come September, Emmis will unveil an "unconventional morning show" with a "broader appeal."
I'll forgo any speculation of him joining up with either XM or SIRIUS, simply for the fact that he's annoying as hell.


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The University of South Dakota Foundation has locations both on the USD Campus in Vermillion, SD and in Sioux Falls, SD.
Vermillion OfficeWagner Center1110 North Dakota StreetVermillion, SD 57069
Sioux Falls OfficeCNA Surety101 S. Reid Street #203Sioux Falls, SD 57103
Mailing AddressP.O. Box 5555, Vermillion, SD 57069
Phone (605) 677-6703 or 1 (800) 521-3575
email@example.com or email@example.com


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Our Medieval Custom Surcoat (parti colors) comes with the same features as our TT-11 Surcoat. As the use of heraldry grew, it was often necessary to combine two or more coats of arms. The resulting surcoats and shields were often made in parti colors with the charges of each family on its' respective side. As a further customization we offer this surcoat in PARTI (Two Color) choices to mix and match garment and trim. Machine Washable.
Size Chart
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Contact Us: firstname.lastname@example.com


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720 Chicago Ave.
Oak Park
(708) 386-9853
Preschool Pop-In lets kids from 0-5 explore art with playful lesson plans - or you can make up your own. Kids can have fun while developing motor and social skills. Stay as long as you like. Times vary throughout the year, so call for hours and fees.
Log In or Join Now and become a member so that you can write a review.


text:
Hillary Copsey: Sunset views at The Deck, Killbillies show a perfect mix
A few weeks ago, I shared some of the things I hoped to see and do on the Treasure Coast this year with my family.
Subscribe to TCPalm
Ready to subscribe to TCPalm? Choose between a Premium or Digital subscription below.
Need Help? Call us at 1-877-710-6180.
Monday-Friday: 6am-3pm / Saturday: 6:30am-10:30am / Sunday: 7am-11am


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United States
Asia & Oceania
Central & South America
Lumber prices remain low. Lumber supply is coming online from mills and the CME July futures are showing at $282.20 per thousand (as of June 18, 2013). The hardwood softwood market for 2013 is almost at the half way point. So why are prices still low? Housing starts are inching up and approaching the magic […]
Lumber: Hardwood lumber and softwood wholesale lumber supply appear to be firming up. Lumber prices as listed by the CME futures are close to $273 for November. Housing start numbers for August were a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 750,000 units, which was about 29% above the July 2011 rate of 581,000. The demand for […]
Lumber prices are slightly up. Sawmills with timber supply of species such as SY pine lumber, hemlock, and Douglas fir may find that markets are improving. Hardwoods and reclaimed lumber also appear firm as the suppliers search to fill green building demand. On May 21, 2012, lumber price futures for July were listed at $287.90, […]
Lumber prices for Hardwood lumber and softwood lumber continue to fluctuate. Wholesale hardwood lumber suppliers for red oak, white oak, walnut, cypress, cherry, maple and others still face uncertainty. Lumber price futures are up as the housing market continues to improve. As of 12/23/11, they were at 243.50, which was an improvement of 2.5 points […]


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This full record display is using an old version of our collections database until it has been reconfigured to work with our new Collections Explorer.
In the meantime, if the record has been edited recently, the version you see here may contain out of date information. To be sure of finding the most up-to-date records please run the search again in Collections Explorer. This is a temporary measure, in place only whilst the new system is being developed, and we apologise for any inconvenience. If you have any questions about the data in this record please contact the Documentation Office
Click on image(s) for larger view
Unknown (maker)
brisé fan
Chinese feather fan with painted goose feather (?) leaves and lower sticks and guards of pierced and carved ivory. The front is decorated with a central garland cartouche within which are colourful designs of birds and flowers. This is flanked by two sets of floral sprays and the whole is bordered with flowers, leaves, birds and bows. The reverse is decorated with blue, green and red flowers. Metal alloy (?) rivet and hoop.
Production Notes
Cantonese, for the export market.
Production Place
Canton (maker) (place)
China (maker) (country)
Chinese (maker) (nationality)
height: (guards): 27.2
1st quarter 19th century
circa 1815 to 1825
bought: Anne, Countess of Rosse 1985-01-28 (Filtered for: Applied Arts collection)Colonel Leonard C. Messel (1872-1953); Anne, Countess of Rosse (1902-92)
Purchased with a grant from the National Heritage Memorial Fund and a gift from The Friends of the Fitzwilliam Museum
Other Notes
Accession Number
M.398-1985 (Applied Arts)
Related Image/s


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Politics in Hawaii: Is Something Broken?
By Randall W. Roth
(page 7 of 7)
Karen Keawehawaii Farias expressed something similar during the Bishop Estate controversy. After encouraging her daughters to get involved, she said to herself, "If I tell them to do something, and then I do nothing, what does that make me?"
I only hope that a culture as diverse as Hawaii's can find room for and maybe even appreciate a few civic commandos.
Now, like any true academic, I will end with a series of questions rather than answers: When the people to whom we entrust the awesome power of government fail to provide a reasonable degree of transparency, or flatly refuse to be accountable for their actions, whose responsibility is it to stand up?
If not us, who? If not now, when?


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Mammut Chalten with 'Pinecone Effect' Temp ControlŁ350, added May/2010, see all Mammut news & reviews
announcement by Mammut
This announcement has been read 4,973 times
Mammut's new Chalten jacket for men is a warm weather jacket offering reliable protection in high alpine terrain. The jacket uses intelligent schoeller® c_change™ membrane that opens and closes like a pinecone according to the ambient temperature.
Find one here: www.mammut.ch
The structure of the membrane opens at higher temperatures or at times of high activity in response to heat. This releases excess water vapour to the outside. The membrane closes at lower temperatures or when activity levels are low to conserve heat around the body, effectively preventing chills. The Chalten jacket provides protection against rain, snow and stormy weather making it the perfect jacket for all mountain/alpine activities.
Other features:
- New tailored hood construction, can be adjusted vertically or horizontally, helmet compatible with reinforced shield. Can be rolled down as a collar
- Two spray-proof front pockets
- One arm pocket
- Underarm ventilation with spray-proof two-way zip
- Adjustable hem
- Pre-shaped sleeves with Velcro cuffs
- Spray-proof YKK zips
UK stockists:
Find one here: www.mammut.ch
For more information visit Mammut
Gear Forum ( Read more | 1 comments, 24 May 2010 )
This announcement has been read 4,973 times
Gear News and Outdoor Industry News at UKC and UKH presents climbing, walking and mountaineering equipment and stories that will be of interest to UKClimbing.com's readers. They are not gear reviews and are provided by companies that advertise with UKClimbing Limited. Please feel free to comment about the stories and products on the associated thread.


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In our latest edition of Phenomenal Pulls we check out Lance B's 2011 Upper Deck Legends Football pull, something he purchased from us based on an old card design he fell in love with. Here is what Lance B had to say; 'I had purchased a box of this from Dave & Adam's based on […]
Tag Archives | On-Card Autograph
Phenomenal Pulls: Cam Newton Autograph
By Dave and Adam's Card World on June 26, 2012 in #dacwpulls
June 'Hit of the Month' Entry #12 – Andrew Luck
By Dave and Adam's Card World on June 13, 2012 in Hit Of The Month
We have our first Andrew Luck Autograph of the contest, and its about time!! Tom R. strolled into our Sheridan retail location with confidence, as he normally does and busted some 2012 Press Pass Fanfare. He was happy with the results; This is an on-card Autograph #'d to 25. Excellent pull Tom, the card is […]


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Dell Latitude E6410 Notebook PC - Intel Core i5-520M 2.4GHz, 4GB DDR3, 250GB HDD, DVDRW, 14.1" Display, Windows 7 Professional 64-Bit (Off-Lease) - RB-810576020964Item#: D57-141210 | Model#: RB-810576020964
Currently Out Of Stock!
You May Consider This Alternative
Dell Latitude E6410 Notebook PC Product Details
Please Note: Dell® Refurbished PC is offered for sale under a Third-Party Warranty provided by Dell®
Dell® Latitude E6410 Notebook PC (RB-810576020964)
Take your work with you wherever you go, using the Dell® Latitude E6410 Notebook PC. This PC is powered with Intel Core i5-520M processor that gives a higher performance with a speed of 2.4GHz. Built with 4GB of DDR3 memory, this PC boots and runs complex applications smoothly without any delay. The 250GB HDD storage capacity gives enough storage space for storing and retrieving data whenever needed. You can also watch movies through DVDs using its DVDRW optical drive. The 14.1 in. display produces stunningly clear images with a 1280 × 800 maximum resolution. With the Windows 7 Professional 64-Bit operating system, experience a complete user friendly interface. Grab the Dell® Latitude E6410 Notebook PC soon!
What It Is And Why You Need It:
- Intel Core i5-520M processor; gives a higher performance with a speed of 2.4GHz
- 4GB of DDR3 memory; boots and runs complex applications smoothly without any delay
- 250GB HDD storage capacity; gives enough storage space for storing and retrieving data whenever needed
- DVDRW optical drive; allows watching movies through DVD formats
Manufactured by: DELL
Warranty provided by: DISCOUNT LAPTOP SHOP INC
Limited Warranty: 12 months parts; 12 months labor
Mfg Part No: RB-810576020964
UPC No: 810576020964
Box Size: ( Length:18, Width:5, Depth:16)
Shipping Weight: 7.7500 pound(s)
Click here for full warranty and support information
- Limited Warranty: A full text version of the limited warranty
may be obtained by mailing a self addressed, stamped envelope to the
address below and requesting the warranty for item number: D57-141210
Warranty Information
7795 W. Flagler St. Suite 35
Miami, FL. 33144
- DELL logos are registered trademarks of DELL. All others trademarks and copyrights mentioned herein are the property of their respective owners.


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Adrenaline was first discovered in Japan in 1990. It is reported that sheep would bark out sarcastic wisecracks at red foxes, then attempt to outrun them when they became agitated. On several occasions, sheep were found tangled in the tops of cherry blossom trees distressed and bleating profusely. Experience a fun, safer adrenaline-charged activity for humans with today's deal: Save 50% on go-karting for one or two people at Kenilworth Karting.
Faster than an ewe on a pair of fire-powered rollerblades, go-karting is indeed a thrill inspiring adventure; and on the Kenilworth Karting track, the story is no different. Armed with racing speed-machines for almost all ages, the activity hails excited chatter from everyone jumping aboard a kart. With safety being as important as the thrill, even the hardest of riders will be given a full safety briefing before the race; rest assured, your thrill-seeking ride will be as safe as a needle in a haystack.
With a fast and well-built 310 meter track and 160cc racing karts, you better believe that you're going to burn up that track faster than a monkey burns toast. Other than being an entertaining, adrenaline-pumping activity, there's no better place to challenge your chums than on the race track. With dirt on your wheels, the wind brushing past your helmet and up to ten laps for the taking, it won't be too long until you prove your worth, leaving opponents tending to bruised egos and rumpled racing dreams.Fast Fact: Workers at a carnival in North Carolina created the fastest go-kart race in the world. Made entirely of tinfoil, oak and AA batteries the car can achieve speeds of 200kmp/h.